200 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY. was announced and "Uncle" John, being a Presbyterian, and a U.P. at that, proceeded to have family worship. As a matter of courtesy his guests kneeled with him. The back of the chair at which Mr. Finney knelt was to the window looking toward the barn. A member of the family had given the window tip to leave. "Uncle" John literally obeyed the command to "watch and pray." He prayed long and earnestly and watched anxiously and did not say "amen" until he saw the last fugitive leave the barn. He then requested his guests to join him in singing the 119th psalm, which was sung to slow music. Breakfast was then served and as much time as possible consumed in the different homely courses. After the close of the meal the party returned from Mansfield with the warrants, but it was discovered the fugitives had fled. As the house was not suspected, it was not searched, and the women and children in gattet were not molested. An instance is given of Mfr. Finney driving, to Mansfield one winter morning with a sled load of "wheat," but a sudden lurch of the sled in a gutter revealed the true nature of the load, which was a load of fugitive niggers instead of bags of wheat. The darkies were reloaded into the sled and taken on to Savannah, Ashland county, the next station on the underground road. And in writing of Savannah, I am reminded of a hoax that was played on Neverson Sherman, an alleged abolitionist of that place, in the year 1842. Mr. Sherman was the keeper of a hotel in that village, professed to be an ardent abolitionist and frequently expatiated upon the sad condition of the poor down-trodden slaves. But the people of Savannah, notwithstanding Mr. Sherman's professions of piety and his devotion to negro freedom and race equality, were led to doubt his sincerity, and a number of them concluded to put the matter to a test, which they did in the following manner : They circulated a story that several fugitive slaves had been seen lurking around in the community, and that handbills had been posted at Orange and other towns offering a reward of five hundred dollars for their apprehension. When this news reached Mr. Sherman he at once began to lay plans to capture the fugitives and obtain the reward. Fearing that abolitionists might prevent the capture of the fugitives, he raised a posse of men to assist in their capture. The members of the posse, or at least a number of them, knew of the hoax, but entered into the plan for fun. After standing guard all night in the vicinity of a house where it was thought the fugitives were concealed, in the morning word was passed around that they had escaped, Sherman, thinking he knew the trail they had taken, started after them, it being said that he leaped off like an antelope, but not being acquainted with the route, he took across a piece of low, marshy ground, and in attempting to jump across a wide ditch, landed in mud and water up to his knees, but this did not deter him from the pursuit. After." chasing" the fugitives all day the party returned to Mr. Sherman's hotel in the evening. Sherman was confident of finally making the capture, and in the ecstasy of the thought that he would eventually have the five hundred dollars reward,. he treated the whole company, and thee crowd accepted the invitation and soon the fora commenced upon the landlord's apple pie and brandy. While the refreshments were circulating among his guests, the elated host did not forget to partake of the viands himself. The firewater soon got possesion of HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 201 both stomach and brain, and his feelings soon rose accordingly. He frisked about like a dancing master, and insisted that the boys should eat and drink their fill, as it was not every day that a man made five hundred dollars. Sherman was informed of the hoax next day and concluded that he was not wanted Savannah, and left the place. MILITIA. Prior to the erection of Ashland, Richland county had two regiments of militia, one of which was a rifle regiment. They organized in 1824. The rolls of the companies having been destroyed, only traditionary history of the some can he given. The organization of which the Richland county militia was a part, was known as the "First Regiment of the First Brigade, of the Eleventh Divison of the Ohio Militia.'' The regimental officers were: FIELD AND STAFF. Colonel John Oldshue, Lieutenant Colonel William Scott, Major William Roller, adjutant Sage Kellogg, Surgeon Joel Luther. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Burr Kellogg, Montgomery; Captain Absalom Newell, Montgomery; Captain James Doty, Muffin; Captain Huth Burns, Milton; Captain John Woodburn, Milton; Captain Thomas Ford, Clearcreek; Captain John McWilliams, Clearcreek; Captain Joseph Bishop, Orange; Captain William Patterson, Orange; Captain Joseph Strickland, Vermillion. During the existence of the first organization, many changes took place in the regimental and company officers. John Latta, Zachariah Newell, Christian Bush, Burr Kellogg, and Jacob Heckard acted part of the time as captains. REORGANIZATION In 1834 the regiment was reorganized, but retained its original place in the Ohio militia. Colonel John Oldshue resigned, and was succeeded by Alexander Miller; Major William Roller resigned, and was succeeded by Richard P. Fulkerson. The regimental officers then were: FIELD AND STAFF. Colonel Alexander Miller, Lieutenant Colonel William Scott, Major Richard P. Fulkerson, Adjutant Ephraim R. Eckley, Surgeon Joel Luther. 202 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Richard P. Fulkerson, Montgomery; Captain Alanson Walker, Montgomery; Captain Zachariah Newell, Montgomery; Captain James Doty, Mifflin; Captain John Woodburn, Milton ; Captain Hugh Burns, Milton: Captain Christian Bush, Orange; Captain Joseph Bishop, Orange; Captain Thomas Ford, Clearereek; Captain Joseph Strickland, Vermillion. In a short time, Samuel W. Russell succeeded William Scott as Lieutenant Colonel; and Colonel Alexander Miller having resigned, Lieutenant Colonel Russell became Colonel, and John Madden lieutenant Colonel. In the meantime, Adjutant Ephraim. R. Eckley resigned, and Paschel Whiting was appointed to fill the vacancy. When Captain Richard P. Fulkerson became major, William Sheets was elected to fill the vacancy. There were other changes not now remembered. The regiment maintained its organization until about the year 1844, when the militia system- of Ohio practically expired. Colonels Oldshue and Russell, and Major Madden removed west. Colonel Alexander Miller died in .1860. Adjutants Kellogg and Whiting, Dr. Luther and Colonel Scott, and a majority of the captains, have responded to the last roll call, and gone to a grand encampment across the great river, Captain Alanson Walker served honorably in the war of 1861-5; and Major Richard P. Fulkerson accompanied the "Squirrel hunters'' to Cincinnati, during the apprehended invasion of General Kirby Smith, of Kentucky. The regimental musters, for many years, took place on a small prairie below the village of Mifflin, on the banks of the Blackfork. This field gave simple room for maneuvering and regimental display. The privates were death destitute of firearms on train day, and the performance was a mere pastime, and regarded as a dry affair. For many years the companies were conditionally kept in existence. . The privates, under the law, could either train or work two days on the public highway. Many preferred to repair the roads and this sapped the vitality of the organization. Train days, however, were not wholly destitute of excitement. Such assemblages gave an opportunity for the "roughs" to concentrate their forces to settle old griefs and grudges. In the earlier years of the militia system, there seems to have been a bitter feud between the pugilistic chiefs of the CIearfork and the Whetstone. The Clearcreek chiefs consisted of the Slaters and Brawdys and their backers, while those of the Whetstone were led by the Montgomerys Burgetts, Bradens and others. There were also many game men on the military quarters in Montgomery and Orange townships, known as members of the "sixteen nations," who were ready, on all occasions, to see a fight well regulated, and generally took a hand in such contests. When the great chiefs of the Whetstone and the Clearfork met, their friends accompanied them. They were, generally, men of large size and .famous for their muscle and courage. At the dismissal of the companies in the evening, the respective chiefs' fired by bad whiskey, and eager for the fray, assembled their hosts. In a few moments the champions opened the contest, when large numbers of sympathizers would be drawn into the struggle to see fair play. A hand to hand contest HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 203 followed. Parties were knocked right and left. and the victims of the "manly art of self-defense" were found in every quarter, with bruised faces, and gouged and bitten fingers, stained with blood. It was no child's play. The heavy blows made fearful havoc. The war ended. The braves and their friend: marched to a brook, washed their faces, and then proceeding to a neighboring stillhouse, drank friends and buried the hatchet. These sturdy warriors are all gone. Their places are now filled by men of peace. Reason, instead of blows sways public gatherings, and intelligence, instead of brute force, rules along those beautiful streams. About the year 1852 an effort was made to revive the militia organization of the county, and create a brigade. To this end Captain John S. Fulton and Colonel George W. Urie visited the officers of the old regiment, who voted for Captain Fulton as their choice for brigadier general. He was accordingly commissioned by the governor as brigadier general, and appointed his staff officers. The brigade officers were Brigadier general, John S. Fulton, brigade inspector, George W. Urie, quartermaster, Jacob Crall. The other members of the staff were from Huron county. The attempt thereafter to revive the militia system was abandoned. THE RIFLE REGIMENT. About year 1826, a rifle regiment was formed within the territory now composing Ashland, Morrow and Richland counties. It was known as the First regiment, of the First brigade, of the Eleventh division of Ohio militia. The regimental and company officers were Captain N. S. henry, Lucas; Captain Robert W. Mitchell, Bloomfield; Captain John Baughman, Bellville. It will be seen that the regiment was composed of eight companies, which were elegantly uniformed and armed, and the glitter of, their burnished rifles, and their gay dresses, made a fine display in the field. The regimental and company officers attracted much attention in consequence of their size and soldier-like bearing. The regimental officers were superbly mounted, and their regalia was quite expensive. The first company was composed of volunteers from Clear Creek, Orange and Montgomery. The first captain was John Murray. He was succeeded by John Sprott, and he by George W. Uric. The company then disbanded, Captain Urie having been promoted to major. A new company was then formed. Jacob Oldshue was elected captain, and sometime afterward resigned. George McConnell succeeded him, and upon his resignation George Murray was elected captain, and remained in command until the regiment disbanded. Upon the resignation of Colonel Samuel G. Wolf, Lieutenant Colonel John Murray became colonel, and upon the resignation of Colonel Murray in 1840, Major Urie was elected colonel of the regiment. Colonel Urie appointed John Sherman, now secretary of the treasury. About the year 1841 a company of lancers was formed in Ashland, com- 204 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY posed of boys from fifteen to eighteen years of age, of which the late Bolivar W. Kellogg was captain. The members of the company possessed all the enthusiasm of regular soldiers, were handsomely uniformed and, made a fine display. It survived some three or four years. About the same time a light infantry company was formed, and the late William Johnston, of Mansfield, was elected captain. This company survived until about 1846, when it was merged into a new organization, sometimes called the Ashland guards. Captain Scott, Richard Emerson, John S. Fulton and Anthony Jacobs successively became its captains. It expired in 1852. ASHLAND COUNTY IN THE CIVIL WAR. Ashland county can point with pride to her Union troops in the war of the rebellion. She furnished her full quota and more, and the many death, the scars and missing limbs of a number of the survivors show that her sons did their full duty in fighting the battles of the Union. During that war the state of Ohio furnished three hundred and ten thousand six hundred and fifty-four soldiers, who were enlisted in the various counties in proportion to the number of inhabitants thereof. Of the seventy-flve thousand soldiers enlisted under the President's first call for troops, April 15, 1861 Ohio furnished twelve thousand, three hundred and fifty-seven. Of that number Ashland county furnished one company, which company became Company B, Sixteenth Ohio, the officers of which were: Captain, John S. Fulton; first lieutenant, Thomas J. Kenny; second lieutenant, William B. McCarty. The company rendezvoused at Camp Jackson, near the city of Columbus, Ohio, April 23, 1861, where it was enrolled to the 18th day of Angust, 1861. On the 3d day of May, 1861, Captain John S. Fulton was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and Thomas J. Kenny to be captain of Company B. On the 7th of May William B. McCarty was commissioned first lieutenant, Samuel L Wilson, second lieutenant, William P. Wright, ensign. The company became a part of Sixteenth Regiment, at Camp Jackson, Columbus, in May, 1861, under the command of Colonel James Irvine; John S. Fulton,. of Ashland, being lieutenant colonel by promotion. The regiment was immediately ordered to Bellaire, and thence to Grafton, West Virginia, where at met the Fourteenth, under Colonel James B. Steedman, and the Fifteenth, under Colonel Lorin Andrews, and a regiment of West Virginians under Colonel Kelley. The Confederate forces, on the approach of these regiments, retired from Grafton in the direction of Phillipi, and were pursued to that point, where a sharp skirmish ensued with Colonel Porterfield, who again retreated, and West Virginia was practically liberated. From Bellaire to Grafton the railroad track had been greatly damaged by the Southern forces, and the Ohio regiments immediately commenced repairs, and put the road in proper condition, placing guards to prevent further injury. To accomplish the task of restoring the road, the Sixteenth Ohio performed arduous duty. A short time after the affair at Philippi, General McClellan made a demonstration in the direction of Laurel HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 205 Hill, but, from delays, and want of concert in movement, nothing was accomplished beyond marches and countermarches. The Fourteenth regiment, under Colonel Steedman, was the first to cross at Parkersburg, and the Sixteenth, under Colonel Irvine, at Bellaire. The company was mustered out August 18, 1861. at Columbus, Ohio. THE TWENTY-THIRD REGIMENT, OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. The Twenty-third was commanded by Colonel E. P. Scammon. Under the call of July 22, 1861, for five hundred thousand men, Ohio furnished eighty-four thousand one hundred and sixteen men. These volunteers were divided among the various counties in the ratio of men. Ashland county raised two full companies, which were incorporated in the Twenty-third regiment. The roster shows the following officers, promotions and men COMPANY G--THREE YEARS' SERVICE. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain, Willard Slocum, resigned July 17, 1861 captain, James B. Drake, resigned September 24, 1862; captain, Henry G. Hood, mustered out; first lieutenant Henry G. Hood, promoted captain; first lieutenant, C. E. Reichenbach, promoted captain; first lieutenant, R. F. Cooper, mustered out; first lieutenant, Geirge W. Stevens, promoted captain ; first lieutenant, D. K. Smith, promoted captain, first lieutenant, M. B. Deshong, promoted captain ; second lieutenant. Addison Snively, mustered out; second lieutenant. George W. Stevens, promoted first lieutenant; second lieutenant, D. K. Smith, promoted first lieutenant; second lieutenant B. F. Cooper, promoted first lieutenant; second lieutenant. W. A. Stoner, mustered out; second lieutenant, C. A. Towslee, mustered out ; second lieuteanant M. B. Deshong,, promoted first lieutenant; second lieutenant, L. R. Gray,killed at Winchester; second lieutenant, Henry M. Beer, mustered out second lieutenant, James M. Craig, mustered out. The company was organized in Ashland, by Captain Willard Slocum, and went to Camp Chase, Columbus, Ohio, June 7, 1861 and on the 11th, was mustered into service. July 25, it was ordered to West Virginia. It particioated in nearly all the engagements against Generals Lee, Jackson and Floyd. In 1862, it was at the engagement at Jumping Branch. In May, it was at the battle of Parisburg. It was next in Pope's campaign. In September, it helped expel the enemy from Frederick City, and participated in the great battles at South Mountain and Antietam. In October, it returned to the Kanawha valley, and aided in expelling the Confederate forces. In February, 1863, it was engaged in watching the approach of the noted Confederate raider, General John Morgan. 206 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY COMPANY H—THREE YEARS' SERVICE. This company was organized by Captain James L. Drake and recruited in Hanover, Lake and Green townships, and was mustered in at Camp Chase, Columbus, Ohio, June 12, 1861. The officers and privates were: COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain, James L. Drake; first lieutenant, John P. Cunningham; second lieutenant DeHaven K. Smith. The Twenty--third was organized at Camp Chase, Ohio. Colonel William S. Rosecranz commanded. During the campaign in West Virginia he was promoted to the position of brigadier general, and Lieutenant Colonel Seammon promoted to the vacancy. On the 25th of July, 1861, the regiment was ordered to Clarksburg, West Virginia. On the 27th of July, it was ordered to Weston. Here it performed arduous duty in fighting guerillas. The regiment next marched to Carnifax Ferry, where General Roseeranz found the Confederates under General Floyd, The Forty-second Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in September, October and November, 1861, with James A. Garfield as colonel. Ashland county furnished two full companies for this regiment COMPANY C-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS Captain, Tully C. Bushnell ; first lieutenant, J. D. Stubbs, promoted assistant quartermaster, November 13, 1862; first lieutenant, William N. Starr, promoted captain, October 22, 1862; second lieutenant, John R. Helman, promoted first lieutenant, June 11, 1862; James S. Bowlby. promoted second lieutenant October 22, 1862, and resigned January 9, 1864. COMPANY H - COMMISSIONED OFFICERS Captain, Seth N. Barber, resigned June 11, 1862, transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps ; John R. Helman, transferred from Company C and promoted captain, June 3, 1864; first lieutenant, William S. Spencer, resigned June 5, 1862; first lieutenant, Peter Miller, transferred to Company H and promoted first lieutenant January 22, 1864; first lieutenant, Charles B. Howk. prmoted November 26, 1862, resigned October 23, 1863; second lieutenant. Edwin C. Leach, resigned June 5, 1862; second lieutenant, John F. Robinson. assigned to Company H, later transferred and promoted major Third Infantry. In an engagement near Memphis, Captain Seth N. Barber was wounded in the foot, which subsequently required amputation, and the occasion of his resignation and assignment to the Veteran Reserve Corps. Peter B. Johnson, of Ashland, then over sixty years of age, was appointed train master of the Forty-second regiment by General Garfield. Mr. Johnson was over three years in the service and lived to be honorably discharged, HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 207 In December 1861, the Forty-second was ordered to Kentucky . In January 1862, it arrived near Paintville, and on. the 8th marched under Lieutenant Colonel Sheldon to the fortified position of General Humphrey Marshall, and found the works evacuated and provisions carried away or destroyed. Colonel Garfield followed Marshall, and on the 9th the battle of Middle Creek took place, and Marshall again retreated and burned his stores. The Forty-second returned and passed up the Big Sandy and took possession of Pound Gap. The campaign was disastrous to volunteers of the Forty-second was whom died through exposure and disease. In March the Forty-second was ordered to Louisville, where it was attached to the brigade of General George W. Morgan, and moved by rail to Lexington, and from thence marched to Cumberland Ford, with only three hundred and fourteen men fit for duty. In June it marched to the rear of Cumberland Gap, amid continued skirmishing. On the 5th of August, the Forty-second engaged and held back the advance of General Kirby Smith. General Morgan after consultation, finally evacuated the Gap and fell back to, and crossed, the Ohio river at Greensburgh. The retreat was very rapid, and the men suffered severely for the want of clothing, proper food and rest. In the month of November, Morgan's brigade passed down to Memphis, Tennessee. In December the forty-second was ordered to the Yazoo, and led the advance against Vicksburgh. For three days the regiment held its position in line, when the army was compelled to retire. In January, 1863, the forces proceeded to White River, and thence to Arkansas Post, and captured Fort Hindman with seven thousand prisoners, all the guns, small arms and stores. The Forty-second then returned to the rear of Vicksburgh. In the engagements which followed, the regiment sustained heavy loss. After the surrender of Vicksburgh the Forty-second marched to Jackson, and participated in its capture, and then entered the department of the Gulf. It remained at Thebodeaux during the winter of 1864 and in the spring went on an expedition to Clinton, Louisiana, where it participated in a severe engagement. It was also in several other small expeditions and returned to Camp Chase where it was mustered out September 30. 1864. The Forty-second was engaged in eleven battles, in which it lost one officer and twenty men killed, and eighteen officers and three hundred and twenty-five men wounded. Its tattered banners show hard service. THE "FIRST CALL" TROOPS. The rebels opened fire on Fort Sumter at an early hour. on Friday morning, April 12, 1861. and continued the bombardment for thirty-four hours. It was an unequal contest—seven thousand rebels against seventy Union soldiers within the beleagured fort. There could be but one result, and on Saturday afternoon Major Anderson Yielded to the inevitable and surrendered, stipulating however, that he should salute and retain Sumter's flag. On Sunday, April 14, Major Anderson and his men were conveyed from the for to the Baltic, a vessel lying outside the bar. They were taken on board and the vessel proceeded to New York, where the old flag that had but a few days 208 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY before floated over Fort Sumter, was saluted by all the forts of the New York harbor. The fall of Fort Sumter aroused the North. ''Sumter has fallen,"was the tocsin of war. President Lincoln, with that prompitude for which he was noted seized the tide of patriotism at the flow and issued his call for laws of the noted thousand troops, to "aid in suppressing the rebellion against the laws of the United States, and to maintain the honor, the integrity and the existence of our National Republic, and to redress wrongs already long enough endured." The call was promptly answered and amid flying flags, waving handkerchiefs and beating drums, the whole North seemed to be marching to war. Men left their homes with tears and prayers to fight for their country and its flag. Ashland county furnished a company for this first-call service, which became Company B, of the Sixteenth Ohio Infantry. John S. Fulton was captain of the company. He was promoted to Lieutenant colonel, and was succeeded as Captain by Thomas J. Kenney, then a young and promising lawyer of Ashland. The first troops to arrive at Washington were four companies of ununiformed and unarmed Pennsylvanians, who expected to find uniforms, arms amd equipments at the capitol. Stones were thrown at them as they passed through Baltimore. Upon their arrival at 'Washington they were given quarters in the hall of the house of representatives. With one of the companies was a colored attendant called Nick Riddle, named, perchance, for the once famous financier Nicholas Biddle. This colored attendant had been struck on the head at Baltimore had tied a handkerchief over the wound, and then drew his cap down tightly over that. At 'Washington he removed cap and bandage and the blood ran down from the wound and dripped upon the marble floor of the blood of the capitol. The first blood of the civil war. On Saturday morning, May 25, they left. Columbus for Bellaire whee they arrived in the evening. On Sunday an incident occurred worthy of note Dan Rice's show boat came along the river with hand playing and some of the boys thought the boat was the advance of the rebel. Early on Monday morning. May 27, the Sixteenth crossed the Ohio river on the Brown Dick, and has the distinction of being the first regiment that crossed the river into Dixie. The Sixteenth advanced along the Baltimore and Ohio railroad to the Burnt Bridges, near Mannington, where the first halt was made. The next advande was to Grafton, then to Phillipi, where it participated in the first battle of the war. The batallion of the Sixteenth of which Captain Kennev's company was a part, returned to Grafton, then advanced to Rowlesburg, to Cheat Mountain, to the Red House, and to Oakland. At the expiration of their term of. boys returned home after having participated in all the stirring service and hard marches of that West Virginia campaign and were mustered out of service. Picture the event of the "boys" leaving Bellville for the ear. Roll back the forty-one years which have intervened between then and look at the scene as though it was present before you today. Main street is lined on either side with people, tearful and silent. Men, women and children have come HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 209 out fo see their sons and brothers leave. The hurrahs are hushed. The martial music and the tramp of the marching troops smite the silence with strokes of pain. The company boards the cars, the bell rings, the steam shrieks and the train moves on. The "boys" have tone to war. Three months and more go by and the scene changes. People are again on the street, but now it is to welcome the "boys" home. But it is difficult to write of soldiers returning to their homes. The pen, rarely failing when it depicts sorrow, often falters at the threshold of joy. Sorrow is so real, there is relief in its cry. But joy is so subtle and spiritual, its finest essence is but seldom imprisoned in words. The war continues and another scene is witnessed at Bellville. A squad of soldiers is seen marching with reversed arms. There is a hearse with nodding plumes and there is a coffin wrapped in the American flag. There are carriages filled with sorrowing friends. And there are many citizens in line following the mortal remains of an old friend to the cemetery. There have been thousands of similar scenes for Ohio alone had eleven thousand two hundred and twenty-seven soldiers killed in battle during the Civil War. The bodies of many were brought home for burial, while six thousand five hundred and sixty-three were left dead on the field of battle. There were also thirteen thousand three hundred and fifty-four Ohio soldiers who died of disease and wounds during their service, making the list of Ohio's died twenty-four thousand eight hundred and one. This does not include any who died after having been discharged from the service. Ohio's quota under President Lincoln's call for seventy-five thousand men was ten thousand one hundred and fifty-three, and within the week over thirty regiments were offered—six companies of which were from Richland county. The number of men accepted by the state under that call was twelve thousand three hundred and fifty-seven. The Sixteenth was the first regiment that crossed the Ohio river and entered the so-called Southern Confederacy. The Sixteenth did guard duty along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad for two hundred miles, repaired and rebuilt the bridges burned by the rebels; it did a great deal of hard marching, and was in the fight at Phillipi-the first battle of the war. It was in that trying march from Thornton to Phillipi, through the terrible storm, the night before the battle. General Lew Wallace. then colonel of an Indiana regiment, who has since attained world-wide fame as the author of "Ben Hur” was with us on that memorable march, when the lightning flashed along and athwart the mountain tops, and the thunder roared through the valleys and reverberated among the hills, and the rain poured in incessant torrents upon the boys in blue as we marched along unknown roads to—we knew not what. After that the Sixteenth was encamped at Rowlesburg, one of the most romantic places along the picturesque Baltimore and Ohio. Later the regiment under General Hill marched to the summit of Cheat Mountain to intercept Garnett’s retreating forces from Laurel TIill. At Carrick's Ford the rebel gneral Garnett. was killed while endeavoring to rally his men. The Sixteenth pursued the retreating rebel army to the Red House and beyond; the later went into camp at Oakland, Maryland, from which place they 210 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY returned to Ohio and were discharged, having more than completed their term of enlistment. Limit will not permit of details, or even of naming other companies organized later and for longer terms of service, except to state that Richland, county, throughout the above conflict did her duty nobly and that many of her sons won distinction in the field, as others had, and have since, on the forum and in legislative halls. It would be an honor to write the name of each private soldier, for their deeds are recorded in the blood of battle and are emblazoned in glory. But they need no encomium, for their patriotism will be remembered and cherished after official titles are forgotten. Many Richland county boys who then went forth to war never returned. Some were killed on southern battlefields and were buried where they fell, some died in hospitals, others in rebel prisons. The bodies of a fear were brought home and interred in our local cemeteries and their graves are annually decorated in the May time. The Duke of Wellington said : "Take my word for it, if you had seen but one day of war, you would pray that you might never see another." Those who have seen the carnage of war on the battlefield, will concur in that saying. What events have transpired, what characters have passed off the stage of action since the war! The majority of our Ashland county boys who so patriotically went forth in defense of liberty and union—one and inseparable have since answered the final roll call, And we'll find them camped in meadows where the waters stilly flow. Where the sward is soft and verdant and the flowers of heaven grow." President Lincoln was barely permitted to see the end of the struggle General Grant, who was wont to move upon the enemy's works immediately with intent to fight it out on that line if it took all summer, now sleeps at Riverside. Sheridan, who made that wonderful ride to victory, has since taken another ride on 'a pale horse through the valley of shadows. Sherman, who marched his valiant army from Atlanta to the sea, has gone up the hills of immortality. But none of these could have achieved such greatness and fame but for the valor and heroism of the private soldiers. General George B. McClellan, on May 14, was commissioned major general of volunteers, and assigned to the command of the department of Ohio, comprising Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and West Virginia. His first move was against Colonel Potterficld, who, with a force of confederates, was stationed at Grafton. West Virginia, under orders from General Lee to muster volunteers at that place. On May 27, Union troops, led by the Sixteenth Ohio Infantry, crossed the Ohio river at Bellaire, and proceeded along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and upon their advance, the rebel force abandoned Grafton and retreated to Phillipi, the county seat of Barbour county, twenty-two miles south of Grafton. On June 2,. General Morris and Colonel Kelley held a conference at Grafton and arranged for a movement on Phillipi. The plan was for simultaneous movement of two columns by different routes, one from Grafton, via Thornton under Colonel Kelley; the other from Webster, under Colonel Dumont. Colonel Kelley's division consisted of the First Virginia, a portion of the HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 211 Sixteenth Ohio, under Colonel Irvine, and the Ninth Indiana under Colonel Milroy. Colonel Kelley's column went by rail to Thornton, then marched south twenty-two miles to Phillipi. The latter part of the march was made in the night through a furious storm and drenching rain. Colonel Dumont's column left the railroad at Webster, and had twelve miles to march to Phillipi. This division consisted of the eight companies of the Seventh Indiana, four companies of the Sixth Indiana under Colonel Crittenden, four companies of the Fourteenth Ohio under Colonel Steedman, and a battery of Barnetrt's artillery, under command of Lieutenant Colonel S. B. Sturges. Colonel F. W. Lander, of General McClellan 'a staff, was with Colonel Dumont 's At early dawn on the morning of June 3, the artillery fired on the town. The first rounds were of canister. The third was a, six pound solid shot, and was aimed at a stable in the cavalry camp. In the stable, Mr. Hanger and a number of other confederate cavalrymen were sleeping, and on coming out at the alarm, Mr. Hanger was struck by this ball, nearly tearing off his left log below the knee. The ball had struck the ground, ricocheted, and then hit the isde of the door, and then struck Mr. Hanger, as stated above. The ball is now in his possession. After being wounded, Mr. Hanger managed to climb the ladder and take refuge in the hay loft, where he was found after the fight was over by H. A. Thomas, than a member of Company B, Sixteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, now a of Mansfield. Mr. Thomas saw a trail of blood, and following it up the latter, found Mr. Hanger hying in the mow, seemingly nearly dead from the loss of blood. The late Dr. J. D. Robison, of Wooster, the surgeon of the Sixteenth Ohio Infantry, was caIled, who, upon examination,, found it necessary to amputate the limb above the knee. Dr. Robison was assisted in performing the operation by Dr. Thorborne, and the amputation was so well done that Mr. hanger—then only eighteen years old—was able to get around on crutches in about a month. In August be was sent to Columbus as a prisoner of war; was afterwards ex-changed and returned to his home in Virginia: He soon tired of using crutches and made for himself an artificial limb—the first wooden leg worn by a confederate soldier. He soon had similar work to do for others, and at the close of the war, he got an order from the state of Virgina to make artificial limbs for all her maimed soldiers. In time he removed his plant from Richmond to where he now resides. The Battle of Phillipi resulted in the rout of Colonel Potterfield and his men, who retreated towards Beverly. They were pursued for some distance, and in a running fight, several were killed and wounded. While leading his men, Colonel Kelley was shot in the breast, producing an almost fatel wound. He was shot by Assistant Quartermaster Limms, of Potterfield staff. Among the prisoners taken was Colonel W. J. Willey, upon whose person were found important military papers, one of which was an order to destroy bridges of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The secession flag that floated over Phillipi was captured by the Seventh 212 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY Indiana, and in its stead was flung to the breeze the flag presented by the ladies of. Aurora. Indiana, to that regiment upon its departure to the front. And the Star Spangled Banner waved in triumph over the captured town. SIXTY-FlFTH REGMENT, OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY, The Sixty-fifth was a part of the brigade raised at Mansfield by Hon John Sherman, and organized at Camp Buckingham, and mustered into service December 1, 1861.Its term of service was three years. The regime was commanded by Colonel Charles G. Harker. Part of a company from Ashland county entered the Sixty-fifth under the following officers: COMMISSIONED OFFICERS Captain, Orlow Smith; first, Lieutenant, Charles Gregg; second lieutenant Charles O. Tannehill. Company G was mustered into the United States service at Camp Buckingham, Mansfield, Ohio, November 25, 1865, and discharged at Victoria, Texas, November 30, 1865. The mortality list was not included in the roll, and, hence, cannot appear Ire. It is certain, however, that the company performed arduous duty in the far South, and was considerably diminished by disease and death before its discharge. Captain Orlow Smith was promoted to lieutenant colonel, October 10, 1865 and to colonel, November 24, 1865. The Sixty-fifth was employed some months, in 1862. in Kentucky, repairing and guarding roads, then marched into Tennessee to Columbia, and thence to Savannah. Georgia, and from thence to Pittsburg Landing, and participated in that battle. It next moved to Corinth, and was at the seige, and returned to Louisville, Kentucky. It was ordered to march toward Stone River, and was in the battle of December 29, 1862. In June, 1863, it was ordered to Chattanooga, and participated in that battle. The Sixty-fifth passed on to Mission Ridge, and took part in that engagement. Then came the Atlanta campaign-the affair at Lookout Mountain, Resaca, Dallas, Marietta, Kenesaw, Peachtree Creek, and Jonesborough, in which the Sixty-fifth took a part. On the 29th of November, it was in the battle of Springfield; on the 30th, in the battle of Franklin, and afterwards, in the battle of Nashville. In June, 1865, the regiment was ordered to Texas, and remained at San Antonio until December, and Ivas ordered to Camp Chase, Ohio, where it was m out January 2, 1866. The Sixty-fifth came out of service scarred veterans. The Sixty-fifth was a part of the noted Sherman brigade. THIS EIGHTY-SECOND REGIMENT, OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. The Eighty-second was recruited in Ashland, Logan, Marion, Union and Richland counties. for three years. It was commanded by Colonel James Cant- HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 213 well, who was killed in the second battle of Manassas. The regiment was mustered into service December 31, 1861, and contained nine hundred and sixty-eight men, Ashland county had one company, K. Its officers were: COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain, David S. Sampsell, resigned July 30, 1862; captain, Francis S. Jacobs resigned, first lieutenant, John S. Fulton, died April 30, 1862; first lieutenant, Francis S. Jacobs, promoted to captain ; first lieutenant, John A. McClusky, resigned; first lieutenant, James J. Beer, killed May 3, 1863, first lieutenant, Warren Wasson, resigned; first lieutenant, George W. Youngblood, mustered out; second lieutenant, Francis S. Jacobs. promoted first lieutenant; second lieutenant, Janes J. Beer, promoted first lieutenant; second lieutenant, Warren Wasson, promoted first lieutenant; second lieutenant, George W. Youngbood, promoted first lieutenant. Company K. was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 24, 1865. , We are unalbe to make out the mortality list from the roll; but by reference to the regimental service, which follows, it will be seen that company K performed arduous duty, and that its ranks were greatly thinned by disease and the casualties of War. THE EIGHTY-SECOND REGIMENT. In January, 1862, the Eighty-second was ordered from. Kenton, Ohio, its places of rendezvous, to West Virginia, and went into camp near the village of Fettermen, for instruction and drill. In the spring the regiment, in the brigade of Generall Robert Schenck, was sent to various points in pursuit of guerillas, after which it was ordered to go to the aid of General Milroy, near McDowell. The confederate forces were attacked by Generals Schenck, and Milroy near Bull Pasture mountain, and compelled them to retreat. The Eighty-second the joined General John C. Fremont, and passed by rapid marches through Petersburg, when the battle of Strasburgh occurred, and the enemy again retreated under Stonewall Jackson. The column passed on to Cross Keys, where a running fight ensued, Jackson crossed the Shenandoah, destroying the bridge and marched leisurely away, having scattered the forces of General Shields. The tardiness of Fremont in the pursuit of Jackson, practically ended his military career. Severe campaigning followed. The troops returned to Middletown, and General Siegel took command of the division. The Eighty-second was transferred to an independent brigade, commanded by General Milroy. On the 7th of August Siegel 's corps moved to Culpeper; and on the 9th toward Cedar Mountain, where a battle was going on. Milroy moved to the front to relieve exhausted troops; and on the night of the 10th, the enemy retreated. The Eighty-second destroyed Waterloo bridge, and skirmished. continually for ten days. The second battle of Manassas took place, and Colonel Cantwell, in leading a charge, was killed. The Eighty-second was much exposed suffered severely in the battle. The National forces were finally 214 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY compelled to withdraw to Centerville. In September the Eighty-second moved to Fort de Kalb, Siegel's headquarters. On the 25th it advanced to Fairfax Court House and the campaign closed with the attempt to capture the heights of Fredericksburgh. The Eighty-second was transported to the division of General Schurz, and by him designated as a batallion of sharpshooters. In April. 1863, the Eleventh corps moved on the Chaneellorsvil]e campaign, crossing the Rapphannock, at Kelley's Ford, and the Rapidan, at Ely's Mills; and on the 30th arrived within three miles of the battle ground. The battle opened May 2, and the Eighty-second and others deployed with fixed bayonets, and fell back to the rifle-pits. The Eighty-second held, its position; but regiment after regiment was pressed back under the terrible charge of the forces of Stonewall Jackson and it finally fell. back. It took a new position, having but one hundred and thirty-four men with the colors. Here Captain James J. Beer, a gallant young officer from Ashland county, fell. After the battle, the remaining members of the Eighty-second returned to its old camp near Stafford. In June, the Gettysburgh campaign commenced. The Eighty-second participated in that arduous campaign. It was ordered to move over the plain to assail, with its brigade, the Confederate works. In the attempt it lost twenty of its remaining men. The gaps were promptly filled, and the Eighty-second advanced within seventy-five yards of the Confederate lines. It went into the battle with its two commissioned officers, and two hundred and thirty-six privates, and of these, nineteen officers and one hundred and forty-seven men were killed, wounded or captured. The balance of the regiment brought the colors, tattered and torn so shot and shell, safely from the field. The ranks of the Eighty-second were so thinned by disease and battle that when General Sherman reached Goldsboro it was consolidated with the Sixty-first Ohio. EIGHTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT, OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. The Eighty-seventh rendezvoused at Camp Chase in June, 1862, and was a three months organization. It was commanded by Colonel Henry B. Banning. A short time after its organization, it was ordered to Baltimore and placed under the command of Major General Wool, commander of the post. Upon the arrival of the reinvent in Baltimore it was assigned to a camp north of the city. The Ashland company in this regiment was officered by: Captain, Henry H. Otis; first lieutenant. William H. Johnston; second lieutenant James A. Landis. THE ONE HUNDRED AND SECOND REGIMENT The One Hundred and Second enlisted under the call of July 1, 1862, for three hundred thousand men. It was recruited from Ashland, Holmes. Richard and Wayne counties, and was commanded by Colonel William Given. It was organized at Camp Mansfield, on the 18th of August, 1862. Ashland county furnished two full companies. The officers were: HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 215 COMPANY B. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Capptain, John McNaull, resigned December 20, 1862; first lieutenant, JOseph R. FoIwell, promoted captain December 20, 1862, and discharged; first lieutenant. William A. Beer, of Company K, promoted captain in 1864; second lieutenant, Holiday Ames, promoted first lieutenant December 20, 1862; second lieutenant. John T. Robert, promoted second lieutenant December 20, 1862. COMPANY K. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain, John M. Sloan ; first lieutenant, William A. Beer; second lieutenant, Jerome Potter. The One Hundred and Second was ordered to Kentucky, and mustered into service at Covington, September 6, 1862. It was ordered to Louisville, and went into the trenches to defend that city. In October, it marched to Shelbyville, Franklin, and Perryville, and thence to Crab Orchard ; thence to Bowling Green. From thence it was ordered to Clarksville, Tennessee, for drill and camp duty. In September, 1863, it returned to Shelbyville, to aid in repelling the invasion of General Wheeler, of the Confederate army. It returned to Nashville, and went into winter quarters. In April, 1864, the One Hundred and Second marched to 'Tullahoma, and thence to Bellefonte, Alabama. Here it was ordered to patrol the Tennessee river, from Stevenson to Seven Mile island, a distance of fifty miles. On this line it erected twelve blockhouses and one fort. The regiment was frequently assailed by gaerillas, and suffered considerably from exposure and sickness. Shortly after the completion of its fort and other works, General Forrest, of the Confederate army, made a dash upon the One Hundred and Second with his cavalry, and captured a portion, of its men under Colonel Elliott, near Athens, after a severe fight forces, the afterward the prisoners were paroled and placed on board the ill-fated Sultana at Vicksburgh, and eighty-one men of the One Hundred and Second were lost. On the twenty-fourth of October, General flood, of the Confederate forces attacked the garrison at Decatur, Alabama, in which the remaining companies of the One Hundred and Second were on duty, and were conspicuous in the fight. After the evacuation of Decatur, the One Hundred and Second continued in active duty in Tennessee until June 30, 1865, when it was mustered out at Nashville; returned to Camp Chase, Ohio, and was paid and discharged July 8, 1865. The regiment was noted for its prompt obedience of orders, and gallantry in the face of the enemy. THE ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTIETH REGIMENT, OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. This regiment was organized at Camp Mansfield, under the call for three hundred thousand men, in August, 1862. The regiment was recruited from 216 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY Ashland, Holmes, Richland, and Wayne counties, and contained nine hundred and forty-nine men. It was commanded by Colonel Daniel French. Ashland county furnished two full companies. COMPANY C. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain, John F. McKinley; first lieutenant. Thomas Armstrong; second lieutenant, William Harvey. Company C rendezvoused at Mansfield, and was mustered into the United States service on the 17th of October, 1862, for three years. COMPANY F. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain, Henry Buck, resigned February 15, 1863; first lieutenant Robert M. Zuver, resigned June 14, 1863; second lieutenant, John Sloan, promoted captain, February 20, 1863. Company F was mustered into the United States service at Camp Mansfield October 14, 1862, and on. the 25th departed by rail for Covington, Kentucky, where it arrived on the 26th. The meanderings of the Twelfth will exhibit the history of its companies. The One Hundred and Second regiment suffered severely in the Sultana disaster, losing eighty-one of its men. On the 27th of April, 1865, just as the awful strife between the north and the south had come to a close, there occurred a most disastrous accident, a marine calamity, the like of which this world has never known. It occurred in the shadow of another great calamity—the assassinsations of President Lincoln; and for this reason was in a certain measure overlooke by the people at large. This is the only reason that can be given for the fact that the loss of the steamer Sultana and the perishing of nearly two thousand Union soldiers has never been given a due place in the history of the nation. It was a disaster of the most appalling nature. twenty-three hundred men, twelve women, over two thousand of the former being paroled soldiers who had just been released from rebel prisons, half starved and ill, were asleep on the decks of the Sultana, a Mississippi steamer, all bound homeward, with dreams of getting back again beneath the stars and stripes, under which flag they had been serving their country, for three years in the rebellious south The over-laden Sultana with its precious burden of human freight, was slowly steaming up the broad Mississippi, when between the hours of two and three o'clock a. m., with a rain slowly falling and darkness everywhere, one of the boilers exploded. Imagine the scene, for it cannot be pictured, neither will pen ever be able to describe it in the awfulness of the horrors that attended the scene. Many were maimed, others were scalded to death. The whole steamer took fire and in the light there were pictured scenes that tongue can never tell. Brave men, men who had faced rebel gains, men who had met the deadly fire of the enemy, were now helpless. They had to fight for their lives, but think HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 217 of the odds against them. The broad Mississippi had overflown its banks until it was nearly ten miles wide. Into this vast expanse of water leaped hundreds of men who were not killed nor pinioned down nor burnt to death. They were drowned in squads, sinking beneath others who had jumped on top of them. In on spot about three hundred were sunk to death by the huge iron-bound gangplank falling upon them. Cries, prayers, pleadings and curses from frenzied men filled the air. Every board or piece of wood was fought for by the men. crazed by excite neat and anxious to sieze upon something to keep there from sinking into the cold, deep waters of the Mississippi. Hundreds floated down the broad river for miles, many of them giving up the struggle by the way. Others were picked up from floating planks or logs or bales of hay. When daylight dawned it witnessed strange sad scenes. Perched in the limbs of the trees in the water wre half naked, half frozen men, while floating or lodged here or there were found the bodies of others whose lives had gone out. Brave and heroic, rescuers worked faithfully gathering up the living and taking them to the Memphis hospital, where the good women of the Christian Mission cared for them. But in spite of all, many died from the exposure of that awful night, A friend of the writer gives the following experience of that catastrophe. He is one of the survivors, and writes thus: "The first I knew anything had occurred. I was on the stern of the boat, and was trying to net my breath and didn't know what had happened, but when I realized what had happened I came to and the boat was all afire, and then I didn't know what to do at that time. I started forward to see if I could find any more of the comrades. Going forward I met Lash Holton, and Lash was like I was a little excited, I caught hold, went down, and Lash was injured in the face, and then he and I went together and started forward when we met Jacob Irons and Jacob Byerly and that left four of us together, and I suggested tha we get the gang plank and push that off and all get on and stay together and help each other. 'flat was agreeable to all, and we started forward for the front end of the boat to climb off, and when we got just above the wheel house the deck gave away and we all went down into the fire. The other three burned and I striking the stair steps pulled myself out. I was considerably burned, my face and hair, and then I concluded I didn't know what to do, but I finally found a deck bucket, I got water and poured that on myself. The reason I didn't go and jump over-board at that time, was because there were twenty or thirty in a bunch holding fast together going down. "When I went from there, I crawled up the steps and went up on top. I kept my deck bucket, and after I got up there the smoke stack had taken fire just as I got up. Then a sergeant of the First Ohio called for help, to help throw these men over who were caught under the stack. I assisted him. I threw over ten or twelve, but one survived, that was all, and one had both limbs broken and he got out, and then I went from there on the wheel house and remained there until it burned off, and I went with it and didn't succeed getting on the wheel house because there were so many around it. I struck out without anything. 218 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY "Some distance from the boat about a quarter of a mile I came across a man with two shutters; he was dead, I procured the shutters from him. I finally got on them myself and swam to an island and remained there until nine o'clock next day, in the water, and was finally rescued by a boat in about thirty feet of water. I had floated and swam six miles." From the poem .depicting the Sultana disaster. the following is copied: “Out on the river's rolling tide. Out from the steamer's burning side. Out where the circle was growing wide Men battling with the waves; And drowning, they each other clasped, And wreathing in death's closing grasp They struggled bravely, but at last Sank to watery graves." THE ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTIETH REGIMENT At the organization of the One Hundred and Twentieth. Lieutenant Willard Slocum, of Ashland, acted as adjutant, and was promoted to major February 18, 1863, and lieutenant colonel September, 8, 1863, and brevetted after the close of the war. Captain John McKinley was promoted to major September 8, 1863, and transferred to the One Hundred and Fourteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, when he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and mustered out. The One Hundred and Twentieth reported to General Wright at Cincinnati, on the 25th of October, 1862, for duty, and crossed to Covington, Kentucky, In November it was ordered to Memphis, Tennessee, where it entered the brigade of General George W. Morgan, .and moved to the mouth of the Yazoo river, and thence to Johnson's landing to attack the fortifications defending Vicksburgh. The attack commenced on the 26th, the One Hundred and Twentieth participating. It was actively engaged during the siege, and suffered severely in consequence of malaria and exposure. The regiment was ordered to Arkansas Post in January, 1863. When Fort Hindan had been surrounded, the One Hundred and Twentieth made a direct charge upon the works the enemy displayed a white flag and surrendered—the One Hundred and Twentieth having the honor of first entering the fort, as Sergeant Robert Wallace sealed the parapet and planted the. colors, for which he was promoted to first lieutenant. The regiment returned to Young's Point, where it suffered severely from malarious fever for nearly two months, more than half the privates being on the sick list. In consequence of delays several of the officers resigned. Early in the spring of 1863 the regiment was ordered to different points along the Mississippi, and finally to Fort Gibson, which was captured, the One Hundred and Twentieth losing one-eighth of its men in the battle. Jackson and Raymond were next captured, and the regiment remained at the latter place until May, 1863. The One Hundred and Twentieth returned to the rear of Vicksburgh and participated in the siege. In July it was ordered on another expedition to Jackson, and, during its investment, Colonel Spigel was severly wounded, and HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 219 the reiment considerably cut up by the artillery of the enemy. It returned to the Black River bridge in July; and went into camp at Vicksburgh. In September the regiment passed down the Mississippi and returned to Plaquemine, one hundred and ten miles above New Orleans, where it remained until March, 1864, when it joined the expedition under General N. P. Banks to invade Arkansas. At Red River Bend, near Snaggy Point., the "City Belle," on which the regiment was crossing the river, was suddenly attacked by about five thousand Confederates concealed behind the levee, who poured a murderous fire in the boat. It was soon disabled by the artillery of the enemy and floated to the opposite side of the river, where it displayed a white flat; and surrendered. Colonel Spigel fell, and Captains Elias Fraunfelter, Runnel, and Miller, and two hunded privates fell into the hands of the Confederates, and were marched off to Camp Ford. near Tyler, Texas, where they remained in a miserable prison for about one year. Those who escaped formed a battallion of three companies under Lieuteneant Colonel Slocum, and, after a march of twenty-three hours, arrived safely at Alexandria and joined the forces of General Banks. In May, General Banks began his retreat. The regiment returned to Morganza, Louisiana, and remained until September, and moved up White river to St. Charles, Arkansas, and thence to Duvall's bluff. In November the One Hundred and Twentieth and, of the One Hundred and Fourteenth Ohio were consolidated, Lieutenant Colonel Kelley, of the One hundred and Fourteenth, becoming colonel, and Major McKinley of the One Hundred and Twentieth, lieutenant colonel of the new regiment.. Lieutenant Colonel Slocum was honorably discharged, his position being rendered supernumerary by the consolidation of the regiments. This ended the career of the One Hundred and Twentieth regiment. It was organized in 1862 with nine hundred and forty-nine men, and, in 1864, received one hundred and fifty recruits, making ten hundred and ninety-nine men. At its discharge it contained only four hundred and forty men, showing a loss of six hundred and fifty-nine men during the service. The toil and suffering of this regiment were borne throughout with unshrinhing fortitude. Like the Eighty-second, the One Hundred and Twentieth returned, scarred and worn veterans, to the firesides of their friends. ONE HUNDRED AND NINETY-SIXTH REGIMENT. This regiment was organized at Camp Chase for one year, and was mustered into service March 25, 1865, Colonel R. P. Kennedy was in command. One of the companies contained thirty men from Ashland county. The company was Company A, and the following were the commissioned officers: Captain. Warren H. Wasson ; first lieutenant, P. M. Cowles; second lieutenant; James Campbell, promoted to first lieutenant. The regiment was ordered to West Virginia, where it was attached to the Ohio, brigade at Winchester. It was subsequently called to Baltimore, and assigned to duty in the fortifications around the city. It was mustered out September 25, 1865. The officers and men of the One Hundred and Ninety-sixth regiment were largely veterans, having served in other organizations in earlier enlistments. 220 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY FIRST REGIMENT OHIO LIGHT ARTILLERY. This regiment was composed of twelve batteries, and was mastered into service for three years, September 3, 1861. It was commanded by Colonel Janes Barnett. The command was organized and equipped at Camp Dennison and sent to the field. Battery D was raised principally in Ashland countyIts officers were: Captain, Andrew Conkle; senior first lieutenant, Paul H. Rohrbocger, resigned January 1, 1862; junior first lieutenant, Lemuel P. Porter. promoted to first senior lieutenant.. January 1, 1862 ; senior second lieutenant, William H. Pease, promoted junior first lieutenant, January 1, 1862; junior second lieutenant, Henry C. L. Lloyd, promoted senior second lieutenant. January, 1862. About one-half of the men in battery D were enlisted in Ashland county; hence the whole roll has been copied that the strength of the battery may be exhibited. Corporal John B. Deshong was promoted to second lieutenant of battery D, and was transferred and promoted to, first lieutenant in battery H; and Sergeant William Zimmerman was promoted to first lieutenant and transferred to battery G. of colored troops. Sergeant Joseph B. Charles was promoted captain, and took command of battery H, colored troops. Battery D left Camp Dennison in November, and reported to Brigadier General William Nelson, in Kentucky, and marched with his command up the Big Sandy to Piketon. It returned to Louisville, and thence to Mumfordsville, In February, 1862. the. battery reported at Nashville and moved to Pittsburgh Landing, thence to Corinth, Mississippi, and to Athens, Alabama, In September ber it returned to Mumfordsville, where it was captured by the Confederate forces, paroled and sent to Camp Chase, and exchanged in January, 1863. The battery was reorganized at Columbus, Ohio, and joined the Third brigade at Lexington, Kentucky, in March. In June, 1863, it went on a raid to East Tennessee, under Colonel Saunders, and burned many bridges, a large amount of ordnance and commissary stores. In July it marched with General Burnside to Cumberland Gap, which was captured. In August and September the battery went on a raid into Kentucky and Tennessee, with Colonel Woolford's cavalry. It next marched to Knoxville and participated in the siege. The battery reenlisted and was sent on a thirty days' veteran furlough to Ohio The ranks being recruited in January, 1864, it marched to Atlanta, Georgia, and joined the forces of General Sherman, and was in all the engagements of that campaign. It was also in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, and went to Wilmington, North Carolina, and bras finally clustered out at Cleveland, Ohio July 15, 1865. THE "SQUIRREL HUNTERS." In July and September, 1862, during the apprehended siege of the city of Cincinnati by John Morgan, the noted Confederate raider, an appeal was made to the famers and laboring men within the proper distance of the city to aid in its defense. A large number of men from the rural districts hastened to the rescue. On the 2d of September Governor Todd issued a proclamation authoriz- HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 221 ing General Lew Wallace to complete the organization, and stating that none but armed men would be received, and also.providing for their transportation by rail at the expense of the state. The Queen .City was speedily put in a position of defense by General Wallace. General Morgan failed to commence the seige, and the "Squirrel Hunters" were dismissed. Ashland county sent one hundred and four men. By a resolution of the legislature, in the winter if 1863, discharges, in due form, were furnished the "Squirrel Hunters" of 1862. THE ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-THIRD REGIMENT OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY, This regiment was mustered into the United States service at Camp Chase, Ohio, May 12, 1864, under Colonel Hiram Miller, and on the 13th proceeded to Washington city. D. C., under orders from General Heintzelman. commanding the department of the Ohio. The regiment remained at Fort Reno, when it was ordered to the front, and proceeded on transports to White House, Virginia, and thence to Bermuda Hundred. It then reported to General Butler at Point of Rocks, and on the 12th and 14th of June was in reconnoissance of the Petersburgh & Richmond railroad. On the 15th two hundred and fifty men were engaged in a heavy skirmish. On the 16th the regiment proceeded to Wilson's Landing. It assisted in building Fort Pocahontas. On the 29th the regiment was relieved from further duty and returned to Columbus, Ohio, and was mustered out September 10, 1864. Company I was from Ashland county. COMPANY I COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain. Joseph R. Remley; first lieutenant, Corpus C. Funk; second lieutenant Isaiah Mowry. The company was mustered into the one hundred days' service, but served a few days over tine. Samuel Friedline was transferred. George B. Eagle died at Wilson's Wharf, Virginia, June 8, 1864. Nicholas G. Glenn died in hospitall at Fortress Monroe, Virginia. COLONEL LORIN ANDREWS. Ashland and has the high distinction of having given the first citizen of Ohio to volunteer as a soldier for the Union army. This was Lorin Andrew's, who web born here in a log cabin. April 1, 1819, being the fourth child born in Ashland. His father, Alanson Andrews, later opened a farm southwest of the village. At the age of seventeen he delivered with great credit a Fourth of July oration at Carter's Grove ,lust east of the town. From 1840 to 1843 he was a student at Gambier, but from want of pecuniary means was obliged to leave, and then took charge of the Ashland Academy. He pursued his studies, without a teacher, and with signal success. He lectured before institutes throughout the state, and had scarcely an equal in influence as an educator. So greatly was he valued for power of intellect and general capacity, that; in 1854, he was chosen to the prsidency of Gambier, and he brought up the institution from an attendance of thirty to over two hundred pupils. Princeton conferred upon him the 222 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY degree of LL. D. He had peculiarly winning qualities that made him a born leader. It was in February, 1861, that. believing war inevitable, he offered his services to Governor Dennison. In April he raised a company in Knox county for the Fourth regiment, and was elected colonel. It was ordered to West Virginia, where, owing to exposure, he was taken sick of typhoid fever, and died September 18, 1861, and was buried at Gambier in a. spot of his own selection. He was but forty-two ,years of age—in his prime—and of great moral influence. He was about five feet eight inches in height, and weighed about one hundred and thirty pounds hair sandy, and inclined to curl. His eye was a clear gray, his face manly, full of benevolence, his carriage erect, with sprightly gait. IX. EDUCATION IN ASHLAND COUNTY. BY PROFESSOR J. C. SAMPLE. The history of education. in Ohio is a story of exceeding interest. It reaches back into the eighteenth century, finding its origin in the great ordinance of 1787, than which, no single act of any national organization has been more prolific of great and far reaching result. It is impossible to even trace the story in an article limited as is this, but some notion of educational advance is necessary, before either state or county academic historic can be understood. Ohio endowment by right of grant in this ordinance, was approximately twelve hundred square miles of her territory, consecrated to educational uses alone. The gift to the people, was to all, and for all time. Its intention was to make intelligence the common characteristic of her people. The conservation of this princely gift and its proper adaptation to the purpose intended was a new feature in government. The problem proposed for solution was; How far instruction, furnished at public expense should or could, in justice to all, be imparted to the individual. There were then, as today, two leading opinions. The first clearly asserts: "The maxim of state right to impart instruction is the minimum of individual need." This view of state rights gave birth to the famous three R's, Readin, Ritin and Rithmetic theory as the limit of public, right. All else must be attained by individual effort. It also obtained for almost or altogether fifty years, and more nearly than is now It all supposed, wrecked the cause of public or general, education. It was the hearty belief of such men as the Logans, Kentons, Poes, etc. who pushing on in the front of the great wave of immigration that entered Ohio at the beginning of the nineteenth century, moulded and largely controlled the public sentiment about them. They were men who cared little for the conveniences of society, greatly less for its luxuries and refinements, even despised there. They were the pickets of the outposts of civilization. Many of them did not know how' to read—did not even care to learn, but they were "men of good common sense ;" honest ; resolute ; fearless ; sterling frontier qualities. They settled the western and southwestern border of the state, but their influence was felt everywhere. We owe to them the peculiar characteristics that have consecrated the old HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 223 log schoolhouse to immortality - an institution which, if you study it closely the country over, rises in most questionable guise, but over which has been expended so much very twardy and very cheap sentiment and eloquence. The schoolhouse itself; its furniture; apparatus and library there were, absolutely, none; the "Master" himself; stern; bettle browed; his mental, moral, physical qualities, especially the physical; the bare, mud walls; the rickety backless benches; the old Cobb and Webster's spellers; the English reader; Columbian Orator; the Bible; even the old almanac: Pike's arithmetic, and Western calculator; the master's chair, behind which, on pins set into the walls by augers, lay the grewsome collection of gads, one of which was always worn to a frazzle; the huge open firplace; the long, almost lightless windows, all this forms a picture "Hung up on memories' wall" "Cujus magana pars fuimus." but which we would not forget if we could. The picture is utterly defective however, to realize it, you must have seen it in action. The writer has felt of it, has seen girls of sixteen and seventeen years old whipped—because "they needed it." Yet this system, with its sad defects and indescribable narrowness, was resolutely upheld as the best by these hones, but stern and severe men. There is one palliation for all this, which in justice to these men, we should not forget. The people were poor ; often without the most pressing demands of human existence—shelter, food and raiment. Money could not be obtained from the grant; the people practically had none. Men who held the second opinion, and from whom the educational reform, we are now enjoying, came, just as positively declared, "The minimum of state duty is the maximum of individual demand." It is only on a basis of assured wealth that the superstructure of an efficient and successful educational system can be built. To a fair degree this class possessed that wealth. Emigrant colonies, coming from the older northeastern states, bringing with them money sufficient to satisfy passing demands, settled along the eastern and northeastern border of the state. These colonies, as Anglo-Saxon emigrants always do, brought with them their wives, their children, their religion, their Bible. They first built their cabins and churches; then they built their schoolhouses. We owe to the men the settlement along the Maumee, the Muskingum and the Kokossing —the colleges, the academies they set up there: at Marietta, at, Columbus, Granville, Gambier, etc. There were established the first efficient schools, and these schools were moulded upon the colleges of the sections from whence they came. Their preachers became also their children's teachers--men trained and equipped in the best school on the continent. History teaches us that all social. reformation that shail effect society throughout, must begin with men who are found at the foundatiion. Christ's disciples were publicans and fishermen. He Himself, was the reputed son of a carpenter. Paul was a tent maker. Peter, the hermit, was a French Gascon peasant. Martin Luther was a German miner's son. Ulrich Zwingle was the child of Swiss shepherds. Knox and John Calvin were also peasants. Yet these men, peasants all, led victoriously in the greatest radical reforms known in history. Our present educational system has violated this 224 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY general law. We began to lay the foundation of our educational pyramid of the apex. The school system of today is an outgrowth of the past, moulded upon the academies and colleges founded by the Puritan emigrants just from the sacred shades of Yale and Harvard. The difficulties that today so persistently face our city superintendents may, perhaps, find solution in the careful study of the educational difficulties and differences of that older day. With this very interesting and important problem we have, here, nothing to do. Before the state was admitted into the Union, schools were opened at Athens, perhaps the first in Ohio, based upon the charter issued by the territorial government between 1790 and 1800. When, in 1802 state government came into existence, this charter was repealed. and a charter issued by the new' government, in 1804, fixing a state university at Athens, From this institution, the first college degree of A. B., granted in the northwest, was issued in 1815, to John Hunter and Thomas Ewing. Burton Acadent at Burton in Cuyahoga. county, so near as the writer can ascertain, was the first of, since then, nearly or altogether three hundred academies and seminaries that have flourished in our state and passed away. Of all these there are not likely more than eight or ten in healthy condition today. We do not wish to more than note the fact of their existence; their history would fill volumes; but we do wish to emphasize the influence which these educational institutions of the second class exerted, through all classes of society, and over all social and civil interests. Unlike the colleges, academic influence is chiefly local, reaching every class of society within the range of its patronage. With the colleges, they were, for more than fifty years, the only hope of anything worthy the name of intellectual culture. In many places in the state, from 1830 to 1840, graded schools were started. There was one high school-opened in 1840, but until 1850, except in Cincinnati, graded schools, such as are now found in every village. were unknown. The graded course had no prominence until in the '60s. This very imperfect sketch of Ohio's school condition at the beginning of, and up to the middle of the nineteenth century, shows the influence the academy exerted of state eductional interest; further, that without the academy, Ohio's educational status could not be at all what it is today. The story of these academies told, as it should be, would be one of the most interesting and instructive chapters in our history. The character and personnel of the men engaged in the work; their equipment for that work; their environment; the influence they exerted upon it; the results attained through the rude and meager resources at their command all this would form one of the most pleasing and attractive views in our fast fading but picturesque past. Said one of the old leading southern Presbyterian divines to the writer a couple of years ago : "Had it not been for small country academy of the south, the Confederacy could not have withstood the north a single year. They, really, furnished the army with such leaders as the Jacksons and the Johnstone, hood, Bragg, etc. They officered the line and field. They supplied the people with their doctors, attorneys, their teachers, often their preachers, and were always a' power for good. The character of the old south was framed and built in her old academies. How was it in this regard HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 225 with you northern people?" To answer the Doctor's query look back for a moment of over the history of our glorious Buckeye state—its school and civil history. Dr. Walden says "The character of the old south was framed and bult in our old academies. They furnished our field and line." Ohio has supplied, within fifty years, six presidents to the United States. It is the highest, the most powerful, the most honorable position in the world. Of these at least three owe the "framing and building'' of their character directly to the academies of Ohio—all were east in their mould. The greatest military leader of modern times; more than the peer of Gustavus Adolphus Turrene; Marlborough, Blutcher; Wellington ; Von Moltke—Grant stands out upon the page of history, and will so stand for all time, a veritable thunderbolt of war; his two great lieutenants, Sherman and Sheridan, on the "red blast of battle's lightning whirlwind," riding out to immortality—Ohio's academy boys. These three men in turn have won the highest military title known under our government. Their professional training was obtained in the military academy at West Point—their preparatory training in the eastern schools of Ohio. Of the ninetten major generals of the army of Ohio, thirteen were born and brought up under the same influences. Of the fifty-three brigadiers she supplied, forty-five were born and brought up under Ohio influence. Read over their names; Grant; Sherman, the Ney; Sheridan, the Murat of American story; Custer; Garfield, Buell; Hayes; Harrison; Stanley; the MeCooks; Wetzel; the poet soldier, Wallace; the having brothers; what words shall we find strong enough with which to wreathe the name of Lincoln's leonine war secretary, Edwin M. Stanton; to crown the head of his great treasure-finder, Jay Cook ? We need not continue this Roll Call of Glory; to us they are household words, familiar and almost as dear as the sacred terms "father" and "mother." It is a Roll great enough and grand enough to grace the `'throne-room" of the proudest emperor. A roll of Glory for an Empire. Ohio wraps these names as a laurel, chaplet immortal, round her queenly brows—her academy boys of sixty years ago. Her roll of statesman; John Sherman; William Dennison; William Allen; William McKinkley; John Brough; David Todd; Benjamin Wade; Joshua R. Giddings; Thurman, Woods; Mathews; Taft. Who at the Bar or in the Forum has ever surpassed the incomparable Thomas Ewing? When shall we hear again, equaled the brilliant wit and entrancing eloquence of the immortal Thomas Corwin, greater than whom, as wit or orator, the continent has not produced? Who in absorbing intensity, on the stump, on the platform, or in the pulpit, the glorious preacher soldier W. H. Gibson? Who shall more eloquently trace the course of the starry galaxy than our professor General, O. M. Mitchell? Who better translate the hieroglyphics traced by the finger of God in the shifting sands, or the mysterious history carved in the bosom of, the rocks than our own Norton and Newberry. It is a son of Ohio who has harnessed the lightning. In Divinity; in sculpture; in painting; in literature, who are they to whom the children of Ohio, during all the first half of the nineteenth century; are not peer? Yet these results incalculable in their force and sweep, are chiefly the fruits of a system that apparently has almost passed away—the academy and college of the past. Of these academic institutions, Ashland county has had at least her full 226 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY share.  Within her limits she has liberally supported six of these institutions and during the greater part of their existence usually three were successfully supported at the same time. "Ashland Academy," founded in 1836, under the control of the late Lorin Andrews, gained a fame wide as it was deserved. When he resigned to assume the presidency of Kenyon College at Gambier, Ohio the Academy was changed into the "Ashland High School" and until the present has been so maintained. The next academy established was the Sacvannah, Academy, at Savannah, in a village in the northern part of the county. It was founded in 1858. After varying fortunes in the spring of 1865, Captain Elias Frauenfelter just returned from the army, was elected professor of mathematics and at once assumed his duties there. Under the influence of his inspiring enthusiasm the school almost immediately assumed a commanding and important character. In 1875, he resigned to take the chair of mathematics in Buchtel College, Akron, Ohio. This place, in a few years, he resigned to become superintendent of the Akron City schools, which price he filled with marked ability until his decease. "Vermillion Institute" located at Hayesville, was first organized as a Bapttist institution, but not proving satisfactory, it passed into the control of Wooster Presbytery. Dr. Diefendorf, then pastor of a church at Nashville Ohio, was elected president of the school, and it soon became not only one of the most flourishing and successful denominational private schools in 0hio, but one of the largest and best Presbyterial schools in the country. Its term attendance sometimes reaching beyond six hundred students.. Dr. Diefendorf resigned, in a few years, but the school not succeeding, he was reelected. He again resigned in 1868 to assume the presidency of Otto University at Nebraska City, Nebraska, and Professor John A. Simpson was by the Presbytery appointed his successor, but the institute not proving satisfactory under his care, he resigned at the close of his second or third year, and his successors failing, in 1873, Dr. Diefendorf was recalled, but died before he succeeded in restoring it to its former reputation. Dr. Diefendorf may doubtless be regarded as one of the greatest educational forces of his day throughout this part of the state, though his rivals were such superb institutions a ; Oberlin, Kenyon and Dennison. His pupils were not limited to Ohio alone. The old catalogue of "Vermillion'' will show a strong clientage drawn from twelve or fifteen different states. Its influence is still widely felt, though thirty years have passed away since death called the Doctor from his work It is likely there is not a county in Ohio, in which his "Boys" will not be found leading in their professions; this influence reaches throughout the United States and extends into foreign lands. It would indeed be a pleasant task to record names of such men as Sheldon Jackson, the great modern apostle of the Indian; Hon. J. K. Cowan late pesident of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad; Rev. D. K. Nesbit, D. D., late pastor of the First Congregational church, Peoria. Illinois; Rev. M. N. Cornelius, D. D., late of the old South Presbyterian church, Washington, D. C.; Rev. John H. Hartman, D. D. late pastor of Euclid Avenue Baptist church, Cleveland, Ohio.; Judge Thomas Beer of Bucyrus, Ohio—all men of much more that state wide reputation, and all of whom owe their uplift, their victorious enthusiasm, to his wise. sympathetic, inspiring care. Men, such as HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 227 these, may he numbered by the score, running into the hundreds, who look back to the old Hayesville Academy--to Dr. Saunders Diefendorf, with inexpressibe gratitude. Before it he too late, another, more capable, than he who pens these defective broken lines should record the honorable story of his great work. Each of these three academy principals won more than state fame, by their ability, their their attainments and their devotion to their high calling. Two of them, Professors Andrews and Frauenfelter, won positions somewhat commensurate with their worth. Dr. Diefendorf died at his post. Haskell Academy located at Loudonville, was built and generously devoted to the cause of education by the late N. Haskell, esquire, a public spirited banker of that enterprising little city. It had a very successful career while under the care of the late Dr. A. J. Scott, M. D.. but after he resigned to follow in his chosen profession, the academy was closed. We omit from this outline of Ashland county schools, especial reference to the German Baptist College, located at Ashland. It is a most important member of this local group of institutions, showing healthy and vigorous growth, and giving flattering promise of future and continued usefulness. Its origin the course it has pursued within church lines, its educational influence has imparted to it a character of more than local or state interest. Within its own church organization, the college is, we believe, esteemed one of the chief educational forces at its command, and therefore passes the limit of our article. To its very able representative on the Advisory Board of this work, the Rev. A. L. Garber, we cheerfully and confidentially commend the full report of its history. Green Town Academy, located at Perrysville, was one of the last of these school enterprises in Ashland county. We offer here the merest outlines of its history, Indeed to write the history of each one of the hundreds of Ohio academies is simply impossible. Their real history lies buried in the dust of quiet village graveyards—hidden away in hearts long since at rest. Parental love for "Little Jim, who was never contented except with his books. "Molly," "Bill." "aenny"—gray haired grandsires and grandmothers now-the ceaselss longing,tugging at parental heart strings for broaden and more generoud opportunity for these than their present narrow limits and more narrow surrounding could possibly afford—these were the resistlessly eloquent orators officiated when the corner stones of these old academy buildings were laid. We think it was this holy consecration of love that lifted these schools, so cramped and limited in means to such beneficient and far reaching influence, and to which the history of our great state, and of our incomparably broader national history. bears testimony. For several years before the enterprise in Perryville was undertaken the need of a school of high character, which, at the same time sgiykd unpart to the social life of the village healthful intellectual and moral pulse, was seriously felt. In September of 1865 a public meeting was called by T. W. Coulter; Esquire. By a previous careful canvass of the community, he had interested such sufficient number of citizens in the movement, as to warrant the opening of a select school for the coming winter; but before 228 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY the appointed meeting Mr. Coulter died. He had, however, so aroused public spirit to the importance of the subject, that, at the meeting it was resolved to carry on the enterprise, and Miss. Rosella Rice, Drs. J. W. Griffith and J. F. Johnston were appointed a committee to employ a teacher and secure a speaker to address a meeting set for the following October. Eugene Pardee of Wooster was present and addressed the October meeting. Mr. James F. McCreedy of Hayesville, visiting with his sister, Mrs. J. F. Johnston, recommended J. C. Sample, at that time a student of Hayesville, for teacher. The openings of the school was set for the 14th of November, to be continued for a term of four months, and Mr. Sample was employed. The school opened at the appointed time with eleven students in attendance, but, during the term, forty-five names were enrolled. School was continued during the spring term. At a meeting of the citizens, shortly after the close of the spring term, a board of directors, constituted of Messrs. J. F. Johnston, J. W. Griffith, Judge John Taylor. A. N. Quick and S. B. Coulter, were elected and instructed to continue the school. The board organized by appointing Judge Taylor president and S. B. Coulter secretary and treasurer and Mr. Sample was employed for a period of two years at a salary of one thousand dollars per year.. Through the two following years 1867-68, the school grew rapidly, in importance, enrolling at their close between seventy and eighty students per term. At the close of the two years Mr Sample resigned and G. W. Mays D. B., of Mahoning town, Pennsylvania, was chosen to succeed him. At the close of the year, Mr. Mays resigned, and Professor Sample was recalled to the principalship and remained in charge until 1893, when he resigned in favor of Rev. E. of Hagerstown, Maryland. Rev. Schultz took charge, but at the end year he abandoned the school, and it was finally closed. The life of the thus passes over a period of thirty years. The greater portion of this time the enrollment was from pnk hundred and fifty to two hundred students, assuring a term attendance of from twenty to thirty for the winter term any often from seventy to one hundred for spring and fall. The school opened November 14, 1865, in the old Presbyterian church building, a house erected in 1836, but abandoned by the church tthe school, in the spring of 1866. When Professor Sample resumed control in the fall of 1869, plans were prepared by the board looking to the erection of a building commensurate with the aims and character of the school. Elias Groff and A. N. Quick, the committee appointed to select a site, chose a block of five lots on the western limit of the village. Professor Sample purchased this location, and on it was erected the building at an approximate cost of four thousand dollars. When Professor Sample resigned, the building was occupiel by the Lutheran congregation of the village as their place of worship. After a service held in it on a November Sabbath in 1895, the building took fire and was totally consumed. The academy had completed its work. During its existence between eight and nine hundred young men and women had come under its influence. The purpose of Professor Sample had been to establish and conduct a first class school of the second rank. He succeeded. Students from Perrysville Academy entered a number of the strongest colleges of Ohio in the advanced years and maintained their places with honor. HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 229 The also entered such eastern institutions as Lafayette at Easton. Pennsylvania, Harvard in Connecticut, Cornell in New York, with students from the best academies of the east, such as Philips Exeter Academy and Fort Edwards, and fairly divided the honors with their classmates. The college catalogue of LaFayette directly states: "Greentown Academy, located at Perrysville, Ashland county, Ohio, does work equal to the very best academies in the country." From among its own students were chosen the assistant teachers, "foreigners" being but twice employed. W. H. Pritchard was teacher and assistant principal for years; C. C. Wolf and his brother N. M. Wolf were teachers in mathematics; A. A. Douglass, R. B. Rice. S. H. Baughman, S. F. Griffith, Miss Jennie E. Ayres, were valuable and efficient assistants along with others whose names we do not recall, all of whom in business or in the professions on which they entered have made honorable mark. Of its assistant teachers, one died a full college professor. Two were academy principals; two have since served, each eight years as judges of court. One, after graduating at Harvard, died while serving his second term as county superintendent of schools for Brown county, Kansas. One, a graduate in the school of mining and engineering, Lafayette, Pennsylvania, has been for many Years employed on government surveys in the west. Its students are honored members of all the professions. Among them, it numbers one college president; two foreign missionaries; seven ministers of the Gospel; from twenty-five to thirty attorneys; at least as marry physicians; fourteen village and school principals; six judges of court ; between four and five hundred of its young men and women have been or are school teachers, and how many have passed through college we cannot tell. Young men; from its class rooms, have, in this and neighboring counties, filled all the county offices from coroner and shool examiner to the state legislature. This purports to be a mere outline of the organization, the progress, the results of a single academy. At least eight thousand young men and women have come under the moulding influence of these five Ashland county institutions. Who shall measure this greater force. What an army must have passed out into society during the seventy-five years of the healthy existence of the three hunded Ohio academies to influence with their youthful enthusiasm and ambition the advancing tide of civilization! Again, who shall measure the effect. ASHLAND COUNTY SCHOOLS. Ashlan county has from the first participated in the benefits arising from the liberal grants of land made for purposes of education within the. limits of Ohio, and from the many acts passed by the general assembly to facilitate and direct, the development of a uniform system of schools throughout the state. A more exhaustive history of these matters than is given in the preceding pages would not be profitable to the general reader; yet, as the foundation of all education in the state, no history of the schools of Ashland county should wholy overlook them. Prior to 1821 the state had provided no common system of eduation, and, 230 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY in the absence of authority to tax, schools were supported by the voluntary contributions of the people. Rude schoolhouses followed the erection of dwellings quite as rude, and no visions of the grander structures of the cooming days wrought in the pupils' mind discontent with the mud-clunked cabin and its rough slab bench,—that glorious seat of learning! Often the schoolhouse was delayed by the pressing needs of those who had yet. to clear the way for Ohio's advancing civilization. The boy and his sire wrought side by side until a clearing was made, when the light of the schoolmaster's face shone into it with a clear yet fitful ray, not quite so brilliabt as those of the sun. The teachers of Ashland county probably occupied a medial position, us to worth and intellect, between the Yankee teachers of the Western Reserve and those of southwestern Ohio. While the former were often men of culture, it is said of the latter that they "were selected more on account of their unfitness to perform manual labor than by reason of their intellectual worth," and were often "cripples, wornout old men, and women physically unable or constitutionally too lazy to scotch hemp or spin flax. " It was a common custom throughout the state to employ male teachers for a winter term and females for a smmer term. It was not to be expected that moral suasion would be a dominant instrumentality in securing discipline in the earlier times, when the near forests supplied sprouts which seemed divinely appointed to meet the ends sought in any well.-ordered school. "Hickory oil was known to be a good lubricator for the mental friction of a schoolboy, and its use in liberal quantities by the master or mistress was rarely the subject of complaint or criticism on the part of parents. " The teacher, as in other parts of the country, sometimes "boarded round," an ingenious way of converting tuition into sustenance without the intervention of any other circulatory medium than the schoolmaster himself, or schooimistress as the case might be. To the average schoolmaster of this portion of Ohio, in the days when cultvated intellects were as rare as cultivated {ields, no words apply more fittingly perhaps, than those of Goldsmith: "Beside yon straggling fence that skins the way With blossomed furze unprofitably gay, There, in his noisy mansion skilled to rule. The village master taught his little school. A man severe he was, and stern to view: I knew him well, and every truant knew, Well had the boding tremblers learned to trace The day's disasters in his morning face; Full well they laughed, with counterfeited glee, At all his jokes, for many a joke had he; Full well the busy whisper, circling round. Conveyed the dismal tidings when he frowned. Yet he was kind; or if severe in aught, HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 231 The love he bore to learning was in fault. The village all declared how much he knew: 'Twas certain he could write and cipher too; Lands he could measure, terms and tides presage, And e'en the story ran that he could gauge. In arguing, too, the parson owned his skill, For, c'en though vanquished, he could argue still; While words of learned length and thundering sound Amazed the gazing rustics ranged around; And still they gazed, and still the wonder grew, That one small head could carry all he knew. But past is all his fame: the very spot Where many a time he triumphed is forgot." In these primitive schools Dilworth's. Webster's, and the United States spelling books were used; for reading books, the Bible, Testament, and the English reader. Some were so stupid as to think that any book they possessed would do for a school reader. Daboll's, Jess', and Tike's were the. arithmetics used, all of which were superseded, about the year 1827, by the Western Calculator. It and Kirkham's grammar were the standards in these branches for many years. In writing metallic pens were unknown ; it was an important item for a teacher to make a good quill pen. This will soon be one of the lost arts. The writing exercises were first a straight mark between ruled lines, next a single curve, then a double curve, and the letters taken singly, beginning with "o" and following with the simpler ones. Large hand was first taught, and then small hand. The teachers made pens and set copy. For the latter quaint precepts were used: "A Man of Words, and not of Deeds, is like a Garden full of Weeds." "Command you may your Mind from Play." "Desire Wisdom from experience," etc. Windows were made in the old schoolhouses by having the space between the logs cut wider and a narrow, sash inserted. This was made to extend to nearly the whole length of one side. Before glass had become plenty, oiled paper was used in place of it. On it the roguish boys marked in letters and hieroglyphics some of the vulgar ideas that were uppermost in their minds. As time advanced the log schoolhouse gave way to a frame or brick structure, with an improved style of benches and desks. Progress was also made in the theory and practice of teaching. A session in a rural school becomes an important session. Before the free-school system was established, schools were made by subscription. The teacher first went around with an article of agreement, promising to teach a quarter provided enough pupils could be obtained. Each subscriber agreed to send and pay for the tuition of the number affixed to his name. The usual rate was one dollar and a half per quarter for each pupil. Many persons in this county have used teaching as a step to something that they considered higher. After a few terns of teaching they betook themselves to a business that appeared more permanent and lucrative. 232 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY HISTORY OF ASHLAND UNIVERSITY. About the year 1870 an interest in higher education developed among the adherents of the Tunker or German Baptist faith in Ashland and vicinity. There were prosperous farmers who desired to exert some influence in the educational sphere and it crystalized in the erection of Ashland College in 1878, clear of debt, Among the interested parties were H. K. Myers, Austin Moherman, I. D. Parker George Irvin, Elder Saddler, Cyrus Hoover and Josiah Kcim. The doors were opened to students in September, 1879, with S. Z. Sharp as president. The first terms were favored with fair success. A boarding hall was urged upon ihe trustees, and upon certain promises made by the president, one was erected a cost of over nineteen thousand dollars, and no means were in hand to pay it.is became a burden and the development of divisions in the church let it institution in the hands of the promoters. In 1882 the fraternity separated into three branches, and the one known as the Progressives embraced the interests of the trustees who built the college as private parties with the purpose of educating the young of the church the institution hung in the balance for six years, and was sold by the court in 1888. Members of the Progressive Tunkard or Brethren church bought the buildings, and former trustees of the Conservative Tunkard church purchased a part of the land. The debt on the college was cleared in 1908. The building is located on a beautiful site in south Ashland, high and dry on Bank street. The college building is one hundred by one hundred feet, three stories and cellar, and was erected at a cost of about fifty thousand dollars. It will accommodate five hundred students. The dormitory is forty by one hundred and ten and will house one hundred and twenty roomers, and is well equipped for convenience and comfort. A commodious gymniasium, was built, in recent years. In 1888 it was incorporated as Ashland University. New life entered into the work of the institution as the old debt passed, and recent years were filled with success, cheer and promising prospects. The courses maintained are the regular classical, scientific, philosophical preparatory, normal, divinity, music, fine art, and commercial. The college year is divided into three sessions. Students are admitted without regard to creeds and the highest moral and religious influences are exerted. The accessory societies, associations, etc., of well ordered college, are maintained. The work done testifies in the highest praise for thoroughness, practicability and usefulness. Dr. J. Allen Miller, Professor Levi L. Garber and Professor John R. Beal have been the staying strength of the faculty for ten to fifteen years. Other names, well woven in the history of the college are. H. K. Myers, David Bailey, A. L. Garber, Josiah Keim, John Keim, I. D. Bowman, H. R. Holsinger, Eli Yoder and J. L. Gillin. HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 233 X. HISTORY OF THE CHURCHES OF ASHLAND. WRITTEN BY AARON L. GARBER, EDITOR ASHLAND SUN. The introduction and development of the religious and spiritual interests of the people of Ashland, partook of the common practice of pioneer life and primitive christianity. The places of congregating were private residences, barns and in later years schoolhouses, until it became practical to build churches, and public buildings became available. The courthouse of Ashland, a relic of pionee methods, yet standing in Ashland, is sacred to the religious memory of many as a meeting place in the development of churches. The pioneer religious teachers were of the Presbyterian, Baptist and Tunker (Brethren) faiths; the last being confined to the country until recent years, and no record of their early activity has been made. THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. The first organization of Christians in the locality of Ashland was Presbyterian. Several Scotch-Irish families who located as early as 1814-1816, among whom were Robert Nelson, Abraham Doty, David McKinney, David Pollock and Abel Montgomery. Near the end of 1816, these people were visited by Rev. Joshua Beer, and soon after by Rev. William Matthews, who were candidates for settlement in the locality. In 1817 a society was formed under the name of "Montgomery." the Lord's Supper observed by an assembly of twenty-two persons holding certificates of membership and twelve who were received on examination. The organization Was completed by the choice of two elders, Robert Nelson and Abraham Doty. A log-cabin church was erected in 1819, one mile west of Ashland, then called Uniontown. In 1820, the name of the assembly was changed to "Hopewell." The next record of the church May 22, 1822, has Rev. Robert Lee in charge and later. Rev. Matthews succeeded, in 1826, for a period of eight prosperous years. On July 1, 1833, twenty-one members were dismissed to form a church at Clear Creek, seven miles north, and on August 5th, nineteen to establish a church at Orange, five miles northeast; on April 21, 1834, thirty-nine to begin a congregation at Olivesburg, six miles west. Rev. James Robinson succeeded as pastor until 1838. During these years the membership developed in Ashland, and in 1836. a house of worship was erected in the village. A spirit of opposition began to arise about this time between the country and village membership. The introduction of a choir in the service and abandonment of the practice of lining hymns for singing were made issues, and steps for the organization of a new church were taken, and in 1841 the Hopewell organization was declared dissolved by an authorized committee, and on the 29th day of July, 1841, the membership accepting the purposes of the committee, were organized under the name of The First Presbyterian Society of Ashland, Ohio. The opposition carried a complaint to the Presbytery, and the name of Hopewell was restored to them, and they continued as a separate church for years. 234 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY The first church of Ashland was organized with a membership of forty-three and the elders appointed were Joseph Wasson, Thomas Smith and Samuel Fulton. Rev. James Polland, and Revs. Robert and Samuel Fulton ministered to the church. On June 21, 1844, Rev. James Robinson was installed pastor, receiving five hundred dollars per annum. He continued the relation forty years, his compensation being raised from time to time. He resigned and closed his pastorate January 27, 1884. A call was extended to Rev. D. B. Duncan and he began his pastoral reltion April 8, 1884, and closed it October 26, 1892, nineteen years; he continued to fill the pulpit most of the time for several months afterward. Rev. Joel Clark Clover began his pastorate October 1, 1903, and ended his service, September 16, 1906. The Hopewell Presbyterian building erected in 1836, was sold to the Catholic church of Ashland, soon after the death of Rev. Samuel Moody in 1856. The original building of the First Presbyterian church cost two thousand two hundred dollars. It was enlarged twice, in 1851 and 1858. The present building on the corner of Third and Church streets was completed in 1883 and cost about twenty-two thousand dollars. In 1887-89, the church passed through much trouble. Some time before a spirit of rivalry arose among leaders of the republican party. The membership of the church became divided in feeling and sentiment; a rival republican paper was established, the Gazette and the church seemed to have been made on of the places of trouble, until those opposed to the course of the pastor, withdrew to the number of sixty, in 1889 and more followed later. These entered into the organization of a Congregational church. Times of great interest and ingatherings were 1857, '58, '68, '76, '87 and '94. The membership is about three hundred. In 1887 the parsonage was completed and cost four thousand dollars. The First Presbyterian Society of Ashland was incorporated by special act of the legislature February 26, 1842, but no organization was effected under the charter. August 1,1882, the matter of incorporation was taken up by J. O. Jennings, R. D. Freer, E. W. Wallack, S. W. Beer, B. S. Briggs and Alex. McDowell as trustees and an organization completed under the articles of incorporation as The First Presbyterian church of Ashland. This sketch was compiled from the church records written by Pastors Robinson and Duncan, papers in possession of J. W. Patterson and county histories. The pastor in charge at this date, 1909, is Rev. William E. Bryce. THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. This class was organized, in 1823, according to Hills' County History and was composed of seventeen members, eight males and nine females. James Swaney was the first class leader. The organization was effected by Revs. James Hazard and James Haney, at the residence of John Smith, in Ashland then called Uniontown. Services were held at his residence, in his barn during the summer, in a log building used as a schoolhouse. HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 235 About the year 1828 the trustees of the class purchased a lot of William Anderson, now a part of the courthouse square, and erected thereon a stone building and occupied it until 1846, when Ashland became the county seat of Ashland county, and the church house was sold and occupied as a courthouse about seven years. On March 31, 1847, the trustees, William Hough, William Mellington, John Mason, Aron Binckard, John Proudfit, Robert McMurry, Holiday Ames amd J. D. Stubbs as trustees, purchased one fourth of an acre, corner of Church and Fourth streets, and in 1848 bean services in a new house of worship and used it ten years before it was completed; it was remodeled twice during an occupancy of forty years. The lot was bought for one hundred dollars and sold for one thousand three hundred and fifty dollars, the house being destroyed by fire. In 1886, steps were taken to build a new house, and a lot was purchased west of the courthouse, a very desirable location. The new house was dedicated Sunday, June 10, 1888: The new building cost about twenty-four thousand dollars and on the day of dedication eight thousand dollars was subscribed to cover the indebtedness remaining. This work was clone during the labors of pastor G. W. Pepper, a patriotic son of Ireland, who gave the front window, bearing his own and also the names of Parnell, Emmet and Gladstone, defenders of the rights of Ireland. Through the generous gift of Mrs. Mary Free, Ashland was favored with a town clock in the steeple of this church. A parsonage was purchased at a cost of about three thousand dollars, May 1, 1884. The membership in 1909 was about eight hundred. The pastors serving the church since conference appointments began in 1839 are as follows : E. McClure; 1840, T. Barkdull ; 1841, J. McMahon; 1842, D. Gray; 1844, J. Mitchel; 1846, J. Kellain; 1848, D. Gray; 1849, H. G. Dubois;1850, S. C. Parker; 1851, R. H. Chubb; 1852, H. S. Bradley; 1854, Henry Whiteman; 1856, T. F. Hildreth; 1859, E. H. Bush; 1861, J. I. Kennedy; 1863, Charles Hartley; 1865, W. H. Seely; 1867, D. D. T. Mattison; 1869, T. K. Dissette; 1871, J. W. Buxton; 1873, P. B. Stroup; 1875, S. L. Yourtee; 1876, V. D. Lawrence; 1876, D. D. T. Mattison; 1877. Elsero Persons; 1880, M. P. Warner; 1883, O. A. Hughes; .1885, George W. Pepper; 1889, George Mates; 1893, P. B. Stroup; 1897, W. C. Dawson; 1901, Austin Philpott; 1907, B. F. Rhoads. The M., E. Church has been an important factor in the religious interests of Ashland, and its record indicates a healthy and uniform development. I. H. Good. long an official member is largely responsible for the facts of this sketch. THE EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH. The history of this church began in 1820, by A minister known as Father Stough, who preached to the Lutheran families scattered in the locality of Ashland for about ten years. He was followed by F. J. Ruth, who was active in pioneer ministry in the locality and filled his calling with much good work and 236 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY large success for about eight years. During his ministry David Schuh organized an assembly of German Lutherans north of Ashland, which later became a part of the Ashland congregation. In 1839, Rev. W. J. Sloan came to Ashland and established a regular Synod Lutheran church. He was a brilliant speaker, a determined temperance advocate, and an energetic revivalist. The Methodist church was opened for a revival service, with the fruit of forty-four conversions, who were equally divided between the two. With these twenty-two members and the ten or twelve constituting his following, he organized late in 1839. In the record of members appears the familiar names of McClellan, Maxwell, Grosseup, Imhoff, Frazee, Young Ruth, etc. The first deacons were W. Imhoff and Second the elders were, A. McClellan. and Father Young. The first house of worship involves a bit of moral romance. The burning temperance principles of Rev. Sloan rested upon the brewery on the southwest corner of Orange and Second streets with covetous desire. The pastor, supported by his congregation, boldly made a proposition of purchase; it was accepted, and the result is agreeably expressed by the pastor in 1909, Rev. A. H. Smith, as follows: The mault tubs, the barley mill, the fermenting vats, beer kegs, and beer drinkers too, were rolled out. The building was disinfected and thoroughly sanctified by washing and scrubbing; the partitions were torn out, the walls plastered, and all duly arranged for a holy purpose, when the noble band of Christain men and women entered with seats, pulpit, Bible, hymnbook and catechism to preach and worshiped Jesus Christ after the faith of their fathers. Great revivals were held in 1847 and the house became too small, and a new one was erected on the north side of Second street, at a cost of three thousand dollars. This building was destroyed by a disastrous fire which swept the street in 1884. Preparation was at once made to erect a new house, and it was located on the corner of Church and Third streets. east of the court-house square, at a cost of seventeen thousand dollars. In 1908 contracts were let for additions and improvements at a cost of twenty-three thousand dollars, making it the most elaborate church edifice in the city of Ashland. The dedication services of the rebuilt church were held May 23, 1909. The list of pastors is as follows: 1820, Father Stough; 1830, J. F. Ruth; 1838, W. J. Sloan; 1844, E. Eastman; 1846, Rev. Hoffman; 1847, W. A. G. Emerson; 1852, S. Ritz; 1855, Isaac Culler; 1858, S. W. McReynolds; 1861 W. A. G. Emerson; 1862, A. H. Myers; 1866, J. W. Swick ; 1875, M. L. Wilhelm; 1880, C. S. Spreeher; 1884, H. C. Haithcox; 1891, A. H. Smith; 1904, H. E. Simon; 1908, A. H. Smith. The pastorate was vacant in periods before new pastors were installed several times. Credit is due Rev. A. H. Smith and Hill's History of Ashland county for the facts of this history. THE BAPTIST CHURCH. A Baptist congregation was organized in Ashland, Rev. John Rigdon was the regular minister. A few years later he embraced the teaching of Alexander HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 237 Campell, and became an active minister in the Church of the Disciples of Christ. The congregation continued to worship in a church house near Ashland until about 1849, when it ceased to exist. Later Baptist families located in the town and near, under the leadership of Rev. I. N. Carman, built a church house on Walnut street. The congregation was not able to maintain regular service, abd the building was disposed of some years ago. THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. The history of this organization began. about 1829 when John Rigdon and Michael Riddle, a resident in the vicinity of Ashland, organized a congregation of twenty-one members. Rev. Rigdon was active as a Baptist minister, but passed under censure at a Baptist Association held in Tiffin township. He was present and heard the annoucement of his suspension on a charge of heresy in embracing certain teaching of the Disciples and Alexander Campbell. He there announced that he would preach from a stump nearby at an hour announced. The congregation follwed him except his brother ministers and a local elder, and nine were baptized as a result of his preaching. His labors continued to be fruitful. In 1836 a new organization was entered into, which embraced some of the membership of the first organization, and they met in the Whiting house, corner of Orange and Third streets in Ashland, where James Porter preached the first sermon. Meetings were held at the homes of Michael Riddle, John Mykrantz, F. Selcers, etc., until a house of worship was erected on Orange and Fourth streets, in 1843. The church has enjoyed seasons of great success and occasional difficulties that checked its progress. The old house of worship was replaced by a commodious structure of modern design, and dedicated December 30, 1888. The cost was eight thousand dollars. The membership in recent years ranged between three hundred and three hundred and seventy. The following pastors have served the church: James Porter, John Reed, J. D. Benedict, Henry Dixon, Andrew Burns, Isaiah Jones, J. N. Garman, L. H. Norton, John W. Lowe, J. L. Parson. John F. Rowe, Jacob Lowe, H. D. Carlton, R. G. White, N. P. Lawrence T. A. Cooper, S. J. White, J. H. Mohorter, C. H. Plattenburg, A. Martin, S. V. Williams, John Cronenberger, Byron C. Piatt, Grant W. Speer, C. A. Pearce. THE EMANUEL CHURCH OF THE EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION. During about thirty-six years previous to the organization of this church, ministers of the association preached in and about Ashland to the scattered families of that faith. In the '40s and '50s, Bishop John Seybert, in his missionary. tours, frequently stopped at the home of Joseph Heltman, west of Ashland preached to the scattered believers, and the pastors of the Richland circuit continued this ministering up to about 1860. About this time the membership was placed under the control of the Wayne circuit and its pastors 238 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY who preached in the Ashland courthouse and in private homes, A church house was completed in 1874 and dedicated by Bishop Dubbs. The lot and house on Third street cost about six thousand dollars. Rev. J. S. Felger was the last pastor to serve the congregation before the erection of the church. He was followed by D. H. Rosenberg, who continued his relation during 1875, when regular appoiiitments were made. In 1875 E. B. Crouse; 1877, J. 0. Stull; 1878, Noah Shupp; 1879, A. Vandersol; 1881, A. Evans; 1884, John Schneider; 1885, G. W. M eesie ; 1887, Rev. Stauffer; 1889 C. Vincent; 1891, A. W. Orwig; 1892, C. Vincent; 1893. W. A. Shisler; 1896, C. H. Schluter; 1898, J. A. Hensel; 1900, W. H. Gamertsfelder: 1903. J. M. Prickett; 1907, B. E. Reams. The congregation is planning to erect a new house of worship on a new location. THE UNITED BRETHREN CHURCH. The history of this society begins in 1867. Rev. R. Watson was serving a charge in the Western Reserve Conference and organized a class of eighteen members in Ashland. Jacob Stein was the first class leader, and William Binkard, Joseph Moore and Joseph Bechtel were the first trustees. The circuit minister preached in the Baptist church, courthouse, the Disciple church and wherever opportunity opened the way. A church building became a necessity and in January, 1870, a house of worship was dedicated on east Walnut street The development of the organization was constant with the exception of some agitation on the subject of secret societies and the withdrawal of nearly one hundred members in 1887. In 1894 a new church edifice was commenced and completed in. about three years. The sisters of the society purchase a lot on the southeast corner of Center and Washington streets, and their enterprise inspired the whole congregation to determined effort. The trustees then were, H. T. Imhoff, J. L. Corts, J. P. Michael, S. Stauffer, and C. A. McIlrain. The new church was dedicated on November 15, 1896. The cost was eight thousand five hundred and ninety-six dollars. The architecture is modern and tasty. Further improvement and additions were made in 1908, and rededicated February 14, 1909. In 1905 a handsome parsonage was built on a lot just east of the church, with modern equipment at a cost of twenty-four hundred dollars without cost of lot. The membership in 1909 was two hundred and seventy. The pastors serving the church were: 1867, R. Watson; 1868-1870, E. O. McIntire and J. Noel; 1870, C. A Slater: 1871, G. M. Triffit; 1872. N. Lewis; 1874, D. W. Sprinkle; 1877, J. Noel; 1878, J. W. Moody; 1880; J. G. Baldwin; 1883, :1 R. Watson; 1886, T). W. Sprinkle; 1887, W. S. Coder; 1889. D. Kosht; 1891, J. W. Shepard; 1893, W. A. Airhart ; 1894, Wm. Clark; 1897. W. S. Coder; 1898, J. A. and Emma Weiler; 1900, H. A. Dowling; 1901 Ellen. R. King; 1904 U. M. Roby; 1906, W. W. Gans; 1908, Sager Tryon. A record worthy of mention occurred in the pastorate of Rev. H. A. Dowling, who did not look with favor upon the methods for raising money HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 239 encouraged by his predecessors, and urgedthat all such methods be abandoned on the ground that they were not of the Lord. He proposed that pledges be taken to pay a sum equal to one cent per day. This plan was adopted and from that time suppers and socials for moneymaking were a thing of the past, and the society has prospered as never before, and rapidly discharged its financial THE BRETHREN CHURCH. This faith is known in many localities as the progressive Tunkers or German Baptist. During the years of 1878-82 there was great agitation among leaders of the German, Baptist congregations over rules of dress and the authority of elders. A division into three independent conferences was the result, in 1882. In the summer of 1879, after the completion of. Ashland College, a society was organized in Ashland, and worshiped in the chapel of the college. The majority of the members of this organization decided to cast their lot with the progressive element in the divide. The heavy debt on the college made it an undesirable property for adoption by the main body of the Tunkers, and it was espoused by the progressive people, who continued to use the chapel as a place of worship, with the iexecption of a short period, to the present. The rule of the Tunker churches was to elect from its membership men whose lives were exemplary and who were apt to teach as elders, and the ministerial responsibility was frequently divided between two or three. Before the division, the Ashland Brethren church was served by S. Z. Sharp, S. H. Bashar, John Worst, and Edward Mason. After the change, S. H. Bashar, John Worst,, Edward Mason, H. R. Holsinger, Eli Yoder. About 1886 W. C. Perry took the work and Isaac Kilhefner succeeded for a brief period. A. L. Garber became minister and continued in the service until 1894. S. H. Harrison followed. The work was associated with the college by the church conference soon after and J. Allen Miller became pastor and remained in charge to the present, with the exception of two years absence in which Zed H. Copp served, and another year by John L. Gillin. The membership is about one hundred and fifty, and the society is in a prosperous state. ST. EDWARDS CATHOLIC CHURCH. As early as 1873, Father Brennan, of Wooster visited Ashland and said mass in private homes, and he was followed by Fathers O'Neil, Maloney, and Rev. J. F. Gallagher. In 1863 the Hopewell Presbyterian church dissolved and sold their building to the Catholic church for six hundred dollars. This is the proper of the organization. In 1865 Rev. J. Khun, of Mansfield, visited the church about once a month. The church was repaired at an expense of about five hundred dollars. In 1867 Rev. A. Magenhann took charge and during his ministry the old church burnt and a substantial brick, thirty-six by fifty feet, was erected in 1870. In 1872, Rev. M. Schmidt, of Loudonville, took charge. He was 240 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY followed by Father Sproal, and during the past five years Rev. John Ryan had been in charge; he resides in Loudonville. THE GERMAN LUTHRAN CHURCH. This congregation stands in association with the Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio and other states. It was organized in 1865 and in 1868, a good brick building was erected on the corner of Broad and Main streets. The first minister was Rev. Schmidt. The interests of this organization has taken on new life. The inevitable dissolution was coining upon the society as a result of clinging to the German language in its service, in the midst of a developing English community. In recent years the services were conducted in both languages, and a new era of progress has entered its history. The first pastor was called in 1867, Rev. Schmidt; 1872, Rev. Muller; 1880; Rev. Graubner; 1881, H. Hunsicker; 1884, G. A. Barter; 1886, J. A. Shulze; 1894, E. Mack; 1895, E. Ahl ; 1897, A. Benzine. The pulpit was vacant for several years. In 1904 Rev. L. M. Mohrhoff became pastor, and continues in charge to date. The church was remodeled about 1906 at a cost of twenty-five hundred dollars. THE FIRST GERMAN EVANGELlCAL REFORM CHURCH On Monday, November 20, 1865, twelve persons assembled at the home of Louis Scherff, in Ashland, to unite themselves into a church society, and adopted the foregoing name. Trustees were elected as follows: Louis Seherff, Louis Call, Jacob Kreichbaum ; clerk, Charles W. Harmany. A frame church was erected on Sandusky street in the year 1867. The continued use of the German language alienated the ,young people and the strength of the society diminished, and on January 1, 1909, the property was sold and the proceeds devoted to general mission work, and the organization ceased to exist. THE FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. This organization was effected in 1889. On account of difficulty in the First Presbyterian church of Ashland, sixty members withdrew; and after due consideration, they decided to form themselves into a Congregational church. A delegation was sent to Mansfield to confer with Dr. Hubbell, pastor of the Congregational church. On May 14, the committee made its report, and a motion carried to form a Congregational church. At a meeting, June 4, officers were elected as follows: J. O. Jennings, d artin Mason, J. C. Sloan, U. S. Shelly, G. W. Uric, and G. H. Topping, deacons; R. C. Kinnaman, R. M. Campbell, E. S. Briggs, G. W. Ryall, E. A. Potter and E. P. Smith, trustees. A. G. Damp was chosen clerk and J. O. Jennings, treasurer. Services were held in the opera house for some time; the forst regular services of the organized church occurred June 7, conducted by Dr. Hubbell Rev. J. M. Merrell was called as pastor. HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 241 Steps were taken to erect a church home. In November, 1890, the new building. a heavy and elegant brick structure of Gallatian architecture, was occupied, and large success has attended the work. In 1895 Rev. S. B. Hershey became pastor ;1897,W. G. Schoppe; 1901, C. W. Wilson; 1905, Roy E. Bowers; 1908, William Smith. THE CHURCH OF JESUS. A small society organized a few years past which recognizes no denominational lines in the Christian faith; and no rules of discipline outside of the Bible. A. L. Garber is one of the active workers. THE SALVATION ARMY. The Army opened its work in Ashland in 1885, and for years the second story hall, corner of Orange and Second streets, opposite the postoffice, was used for a meeting place, and was begun by Captain and Mrs. Garner. Its forces held up for some years, then weakened, and services were abandoned for a period. In 1902 or 1903, Captain Holygrefe took up the work, full of determination and superior power, and succeeded in recruiting a large following. In 1904 a convenient frame building was erected on East Main street for a meeting hall and officer's quarters. Soonafter the dedication of the hail, the captain fell, dying amidet his successful work and "in the harness." His remains were lovingly laid to rest in the Ashland cemetery, a lasting inspiration to his compress the battle on. The workers die but, the work goes on. The living rooms are nicely furnished; and in 1909 Captain Baddy is in charge; the Army is prospering. To the foregoing sketch the author adds the following: No Protestant Episcopal church parish was ever founded in Ashland county, but services of the church have frequently been held there, usually at the home of Dr. and Mrs. Clark. Notwithstanding their isolation, they have ever remained steadfast and loyal to the faith once delivered to the saints. XI. THE PRESS AND THE LEGAL AND MEDICAL PROFESSIONS. ASHLAND COUNTY NEWSPAPERS. By George Hildebrand. Long before its career as a separate and distinct part of the commonwealth began. Ashland county recognized the vital importance of having newspapers to dissemmate its news, mould public opinion and to promote its growth and properity. Many able men have been connected with its journalistic enterprises. men of influence and power, who have given to their papers prestige that extended beyond county lines. 242 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY The first newspaper established in. the county was the Mohican Advocate and Hanover Journal, started at Loudonville in October, 1834. The first paper published in Ashland—"The Herald-"— appeared a few months later, in December of the same year. It was edited by J. C. Gilkinson and had a brief existence of eight months. Its successor was the Ohio Globe, published by Joshua Ruth a veteran printer who for many years was employed on the Ashland Times. The Globe continued to revolve only one year. The Western Phoenix, which preceded the Ashland Times was the first Whig paper in Ashland county. It was established in the presidentiai campaipn of 1836 and was edited by Samuel McClue. It continued to soar about one year. The Ashland Standard was the first paper established after the organization of the county in 1846. It represented the bank currency ring of the democratic party and in the same year another democratic paper, The Ashland Democrat, was established, to represent the hard money wing of the party. The rivalry between the two papers closed with their consolidation in 1848, under the name of The Ohio Union, with H. S. Knapp as editor. In 1855 this paper was sole to Collins W. Bushnell, who changed its name to Ashland Union. In 1857 Knapp repurchased the paper and continued its publication until 1860. was sold to John Jacobs. The Union then passed through the successive ownerships of B. F. Nelson and John 1W. Landis, then to Landis Brothers. In 1868 the paper was purchased by Dr. George Hill, who became state representative he changed its name to the States and Union. In 1887 the paper was sold to B. F. Nelson and W. H. Gates, the latter of whom is now its owner. Its was then changed to The Ashland Press." William T. Allerson and William G. Heltman then succeeded to its ownership. Then W. T. Allerson and William sole owner; and under his able management it became a power. Later W. H. Gates entered into partnership and in turn became sole owner of. the Press, and is its owner today, having long and faithfully served his county as a newspaper man and public official. Its editorial management is in charge of Hon. A. P. Black, state representative, find its city editor is Edgar Koehl. It is strongly and ably edited and is recognized as one of the best weekly papers in the state. The Ashlander which followed the Phoenix as a whig paper was established in 1850 by William B. McCarty. At the close of the presidential campaign of 1852 it was purchased by L. Jeff Sprengle, who changed its name to that carried today, "The Ashland Times," which is the oldest of any paper in the county under one name. The Times has seen Ashland county grow from a village of twelve hundred people to a prosperous and enterprising city of seven thousand and has had a part in that history. It was founded by L. Jeff Sprengle, a sturdy whig patriot. Its first editor was William Osborn an honored citizen afterwards elevated to judicial position. Under his management the paper began a term in the councils of the whig party. Mr. Osborn retired in 1855 to devote himself to the practice of the law. Josiah Locke had editorial charge of the paper a short time and then Mr. Sprengle took upon himself the editorial duties of the paper as well as its management. At the birth of the republican party the Times espoused its principles and in the dark days of the rebellion struck sturdy blows for the causee of union and liberty. During his adminis- HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 243 tration Mr. Sprengle was assisted by Mrs. Sprengle, J. L. Sanborn, J. J. Ashenhurst and Henry Robinson. In 1876 the paper was purchased by Joseph E. Stubbs, now president of Nevada State University. He wa succeeded by his brother, William G. Stubbs, who ably managed the paper. In 1883 the paper passed into the possession of W. H. Reynolds and George Hildebrand. This partnership continued up to October 29, 1887. When in a justice court at Nankin, where he had gone to protect a poor man from. fraud and oppression, W. H. Reynolds was cut down by an assassin's bullet. The tragic death of this fearless and outspoken soldier threw the management upon its present editor, George Hildebrand, who had entered the office as an apprentice in 1877, and has filled every position in it, being absent only from his post when he served as state senator from 1889 to 1893. In 1887 the Ashland Gazette was started by Thomas M. Beer, who owned it up to his death. It was managed and edited by his sons, Frank R. Beer and Harry C. Beer, who later started a daily. This paper continued up to August, 1893, when it was consolidated with the Ashland Times, under the ownership of the Ashland Printing Company. George Hildebrand continued in the editorial and business management, and this position he holds today in addition to his duties as postmaster. The publication of the daily has continued and it occupies a leading place in the newspaper field of the state. Charles L. Bowman is city editor and the foreman of its work room is A. A. Kerr, who has been continuously with the paper for thirty-four years. In the southern part of the county there are two strong and ably managed papers, the Loudonville Democrat, owned and edited by John P. Bowman and the Loudonville Advocate, owned and edited by H. E. Zimmerman. WILLIAM A. DUFF. William A. Duff, newspaper man and short story writer, resides in Ashland, in the old fashioned brick residence at the corner of Center and Walnut streets built by Jonas Freer more than sixty years ago, and in which Mr. Duff was born. He is the son of Captain John W. Duff, who at the outbreak of the Civil war was one of the few loyal people in Pleasant Mill, Missouri. Captain Duff served four years as captain of Company M, Sixth Kansas Volunteer Cavalry. While he was away at the war, Confederate troops destroyed his carriage factory which was full of finished work. Mr. Duff's maternal grandfather, Lafayette Markley, was a soldier in the Mexican war. Mr. Duff's mother died when he was three years old and he was reared by Mr. and Mrs. Jonas-Freer, noble people whose memory will be cherished. Mrs. Freer gave a ninety-three acre farm for the Ashland County Children's Bone, a soldiers' monument, a town clock and various other gifts. Mr. Duff, on account of ill health, did not finish his college course at Ohio Wesleyan University, but went into newspaper work, and was editor of the Ashland Daily News, the first daily paper published in the town. Afterward for over eight years he was on the Mansfield Daily News reportorial staff and for three one-half years was city editor of the Mansfield Daily Shield. For 244 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY some time he was engaged in newspaper work in Cleveland, doing police and later courthouse reporting for the Cleveland News. He has devoted considerable time to historical research in the preparation of special articles and dialect stories. IIe was united in marriage June 12, 1894 with Carrie C. Cowan, daughter of Dr. Frank Cowan and granddaughter of former United States Congressman Jacob P. Cowan. The children are Helen Elizabeth. born June 3, 1903. and John Williams born September 26, 1905. THE LEGAL PROFESSION. Before the erection of Ashland county, there were but few regularly admitted attorneys in Ashland. Elias .Slocum, Sterling G. Bushnell, Silas Robbins, Jr., Erastus N. Gates and J. W. Smith, of Ashland, and Nicholas M. Donaldson, of Loudonville, attended to the legal business of the county, which was pricipally before the justices of the peace, but occasionally they conducted trials in the. court of common pleas at Mansfield. Nicholas M. Donaldson, of Loudonville, was elected the first prosecuting attorney of Ashland county. Since Ashland. became the seat of justice for this county, the resident attorneys have been: Erastus N. Gates, James W. Smith, John S. Fulton, Bolivar W. Kellogg, John H. McCombs, William A. Hunter, Jonathan Moffitt, James Sloan, John W. Rankin, John Clark, Harvey H. Johnson, Ohio F. Jones, Willard, Slocum, S. W. Shaw, J. Vincent, A. M. Fulton, Albert L. Curtis, Alexander Porter, Thomas J. Kenney, William Osborn, John W. Fry, Almer R. Campbell, A. V. Watts, S. D. Gault, J. S. Wertman, F. C. Semple, T. J. Smilie, Geo. W. Geddes, Nicholas M. Donaldson, of Loudonville; Wm. Henry of Orange; and subsequently, Thomas J. Bull, of Loudonville; Amos Norris, of Orange; George W. Carey, of Rowsburgh ; John J. Gurley, of Hayesville; William Cowan of Green; Francis Kenyon, of Savannah, and John Scott, Jr., of Hayesville, became practicing attorneys. About the year 1849, William B. Allison, T. J. Kenny. George W. Hill, George H. Parker, William B. McCart, and Robert Beer were admitted, and shortly after, the list was enlarged by the names of John J. Jacobs, Robert M. Campbell, C. S. Van Arnam, J. D. Stubbs, and William T. Johnston, and has since been increased by the addition of the names of George B. Smith, H. S. Knapp, H. S. Lee, J. P. Devor, John. D. Jones, D. S. Sampsell, J. Hahn, John McCray, Henry McCray, Byron Stilwell, William O. Porter, Peter S. Grosscup, and Charles Dorland. In point of ability and learning the bar of Ashland will compare favorably with those of the surrounding counties. HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 245 THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. The following is a list of the Ashland physicians and the year they located there as near as can be gleaned: Drs. Joel Luther, 1816; Joseph Hildreth, 1824; William N. Deming, 1825; A.. L. Davidson, George W. Cochrane, Gustavus Oesterlin, 1834; Peoples, 1836; Burr Kellogg. 1842; Willard Slocum, 1834; John Hanna; Marshall, 1839; N. S. Sampsell, 1844; J. B. F. Sampsell, 1845; Bela B. Clark, 1846; W. R. S. Clark, 1846, Jacob W. Kinnaman, 1847; Benjamin F. Whitney, 1849; P. H. Clark, 1850; David S. Sampsell, 1851; I. L. Crane, 1856; J. P. Cowan, 1859; Jeremiah Hahn, 1846; Jacob Ayers, 1849; J. M. Diller, 1853; Samuel Riddle, 1853; Paul W. Sampsell, 1851; P. M. Miller, 1849; George W. Hill, 1861; Thomas S. Hunter, 1867; Samuel Glass, 1867; William S. Allen, 1869; Benjamin Myers, 1870; Robert Kinnaman, 1872; David S. Sampsell, Jr., 1873; G. B. Cole, 1874; J. C. Campbell,1874; Lamartine Greenwald, 1872; Frank Cowan, 1874; Joseph Sheets, 1862; John P. Cowan, 1874; W. K. Foltz, 1868; Dr. Gascia, 1872; J. E. Hoop, 1875; J. H.. Stoll, E. N. Dunham, H. P. Nelson, E. V. Cobb, A. L. Sherrick. XII. MISCELLANEOUS. There is much of interest concerning events which have left their impress upon the annals of the county that has been presented in the meetings of the Historial Society, the Pioneer Society and on other occasions of similar nature. From these we we have culled various items. MEETING OF ASHLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The seventh annual meeting of the Ashland County Pioneer Society was held at the courthouse in Ashland, August 18, 1881, President Hugh Burns, presiding. Colonel B. Burns, of Mansfield, made the address of the occasion, from which the following notes were taken: He gave a succinct account of the poverty and trials of the early settlers, their habits and customs, their toils and amusements, and concluded by summing up their great achievements. He said sixty-one years ago last June, a hatless, shoeless, little boy passed up the streets of Ashland (then Uniontown) with his father and family and went on to the place since known as the Kelly farm. We were then an unbroken family of seven, but now all the links are broken save your president, the oldest, and myself, the youngest of the family. We came on to the Kelly place in 1820 and moved on to the Hazlett farm in 1821. After several removals finally settled on the place known as the Burns farm, which my father occupied until he died. Among the earliest history of events, pioneers were spoken of and the very first was Cain, who pioneered into the land of Nod, and found a wife. Noah was the pioneer ship builder. Abraham was a pioneer, going out not knowing whither he went. Jacob was also a pioneer. He came to a well, met his cousin Rachel, kissed her, and lifted up his voice and wept. John the Baptist, preceding the Messiah, was a pioneer in the wilderness. Christopher Columbus conceived the idea that there was a western continent and he became a pioneer. 246 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY Washington was a pioneer. Benjamin Franklin was also a pioneer in drawing lightning from the clouds. Thomas Paine was a pioneer. Robert Fulton, the man who first applied the power of steam as a propelling power to vessels was a pioneer. Morse was a pioneer in utilizing electricity and giving to it the capacity of speech. The speaker here gave an anecdote, to wit, when Morse visited Washington to obtain an appropriation to assist in putting up the wire for his telegraph he consulted John Spencer, then one of the members of Tyler's cabinet, who inquired how much it would cost the government to send a "package" by telegraph to New York'? Like the Irishman who kissed the telegraph pole because he wanted to send a kiss to his wife. The speaker said that the village of Ashland was laid out in 1815, and then called Uniontown, but was changed to Ashland at the request of Francis Graham, who was obliged to have another name for the postoffice. He then gave a tribute to the memory of father Graham who has recently died.   PROMINENT PERSONS, AND FAMILIES Of the many prominent men who have lived in Ashland county the late Senator William B. Allison should be first mentioned. He was born in Perry township Ashland county, in 1829. After receiving a common school and other preparatory training, he entered Western Reserve College, and after graduation commenced the study of law. In 1857 he removed to the state of Iowa and took up his residence in Dubuque. After a short residence there, he was elected to congress and after serving, a term or two in the house of repesentatives, he was elected to the United States senate in 1873, where he served for over thirty years and until his death. Ilis public record is unblemished, and bears unequivocal evidence of conscientious devotion to his work as a United States senator. Another distinguished former citizen of Ashland county is Judge P. S. Grosseup of Chicago. He is a native of Milton township, Ashland county, and graduated from Wittenberg College in 1872, and from the law department of the Boston University in 1873. Upon his return to Ashland, he entered the practice of law as a partner of Judge William Osborn. Later he removed to Chicago and is now a United States judge. A prominent family in Ashland county was that of Thomas Beer, who located there in 1859. He was at one time pastor of the Presbyterian church it Jeromeville. He was the father of thirteen children, two of whom died in childhood. One of his sons was the late Senator Beer of Ashland county, another is Judge Thomas Beer, of Bucyrus. His children, upon arriving at the age of maturity, entered upon the business of life with energy. and attracted the good opinion of the public because of their ability and integrity. Prior to 1845, farmers "grew but little clover on account of the difficulty they experienced in getting the seed hulled, as no machinery for that purpose had prior been invented. But, as with other things, an invention came at last and the inventor's name, in this case, was Martin Henry Mansfield, a native of the city of. New York, At the time of his invention of the clover huller, he HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 247 was a resident of Juniata county, Pennsylvania. He later came to Ohio, where has huller seemed to be more appreciated. Still later he became a resident of Ashlandand erected shops in which he manufactured his hullers. The success of his machine caused clover to be generally raised by farmers. It was Mr. Mansfield's pride, not only to be a successful inventor but to aid the farmer in producing a valuable crop, as "He that causes one blade of grass to grow, where it had not previously grown," he is surely a benefactor of his race. After having accomplished much, Mr. Mansfield died April 4, 1880. Mrs. S. G. Weist, a daughter of Mr. Mansfield's, and a gifted lady, is now engaged in writing a history of the town of Ashland, in which undertaking she has the best wishes of the author of this volume. John H. McCombs was the first resident lawyer in Ashland. He was a went lawyer and a highly esteemed citizen. Among others prominent in the business interests of Ashland in former years are: Sheets, Markley, Croft, Montgomery, Kuykendall, Doty, Urie, Smith, Clark, Nelson, Graham, Davis, Jones, Burns, Riddle, Miller, McNulty, Gates, Shaffer. Gamble, Smith, Hull, Croft, Antibus, Knapp, Winbigler, Sprengle, Brubaker, Shillings, Slocum Swineford, Maize, Andrews, Clarke, Cowan, Freer, Kenny, Crall, Jennings, and others not now recalled. THE COPUS-ZEIMER MONUMENTS At a meeting of the Ashland County Historical Society held Saturday September 10, 1881, a movement was inaugurated to erect monuments to Martin Ruffner, James Copus and the Zeimers, killed by the Indians, September 15, 1812. A committee was appointed to solicit funds for that purpose and succeeded in getting a sum sufficient to purchase two monuments, one of which was placed at the graves of Martin Ruffner and the Zeimers, the other at the burial place of James Copus and the soldiers who were killed defending his home. At the suggestion of the late Rosella Rice a cenotaph was inscribed on the latter monument to Johnny Appleseed. These monuments were unveiled with appropriate ceremony on Friday, September 15, 1882, in the presence of over six thousand people. The day of the unveiling was pleasant and everything passed as pleasantly as the committee could have desired. All present seemed satisfied with the ceremonies and appreciated the purpose of the meeting—that of doing honor to those who had suffered death at the hands of the cruel savages. The exercises were held on the Copus hill and were opened with music by the Mt. Zion band, prior to the unveiling. After the announcement of the program by Dr. S. Riddle, the following solution was offered by A. J. Baughman, of Mansfield, and unanimously adopted. Resolved, That a vote of thanks be tendered on the part of the citizens of Ashland and Richland counties, to Dr. Riddle, who first offered the resolution to erect these monuments; also to Daniel Kauffman, Benjamin Croninger, Solomon Vail and Major G. W. Urie who have taken such an active part in carrying out this noble enterprise. 248 - HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY The following address was delivered by the Hon. Henry C. Hedges, of Mansfield at the unveiing of the Ruffner-Zeimer monument, September 15,1882. ADDRESS BY HENRY C. HEDGES. The exercises held this forenoon at the Copus farm as well as the program for this afternoon, remind us that an essential quality of the remarks by any one person must needs be brevity—even at the expense of sentiment. Martin Ruffner over whose dust and in whose memory we here and now unveil this monument at the distance of seventy years from the date of his tragic death in his heroic, but hopeless defense of the Zeimer family, was no common man, no ordinary personage. It is said to contemplate what possibilities of good to and for all the settlers of the valleys of the Mohican in the early days of perplexity, distress and danger were forever lost by his death. We have no authentic account of his ancestors, but he was of a German-saxon blood and this strain of blood coursing his veins gave assurance of tireless energy, calm courage and unquestioned fortitude. "That true fortitude which is seen in great exploits That justice warrants and wisdom guides." His was a nature free from the uneasy or painful emotion produced by and apprehension of danger, on the contrary he was fearless and bold. This much we know of him. He emigrated from Shenandoah county, Virginia, in 1807, to Fairfield county, Ohio, and thence in 1812 to this immediate locality, them apart of the unorganized county of Richland. A man of wonderful physical strength, endurance and activity, of large kind heart and generous soul, in every fact such an one as we would look for if we were seeking fora pioneer, one who who goes before to remove obstructions and prepare the way for others. There was nothing of rudeness or roughness in Martin Ruffner. There was in him the strength and courage of a man, but there was also in him the gentleness and heart of a woman. I make mention in this public way of these dominant traits in his character, as I have learned them from the fathers of some of you—the generations now gone—because there is with me an apprehension, a conviction, that by reason of some poetic license or liberty taken by writers of our own day, touching the lives and achievements of our first settlers, free rein has been given the imagination, and invention has been resorted to, sothat unless we are exceedingly cautious and careful. we may wholly misapprehend the true worth, the genuine character of Martin Ruffner. He never degenerated in his conversation, or musings into recklessness of statement, or impiety of thought. True, he was unlearned and artless, and did riot understand the cause and effect, and never could have framed in words such beautiful description of the brilliantly colored arch spanning the regions of the heavens, opposite to the sun, as Ralph Waldo Emerson, when he apostrophized the rainbow ''as the beautiful daughter of the morning, springing from the invisible." But the eyes .of Martin Ruffner 's soul, as he looked up and into the sky, as he gazed through the bright sunlight, and through the pearl HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY - 249 drops on the bow of promise, saw all the same beauty, and grandeur, and glory, so beautifully and exactly described by the philosopher of Concord. I shall have no care of my friends to recite to you the incidents in the early history of this locality, which led to, and became a part of the tragic events, which were enacted in September, 1812, in and about the cabin home erected on the spot where we are now assembled. I shall not undertake to picture to you the untamed savage and his remorseless cruelties nor shall I more than state the fact, that then as now, not all of cruelty nor all of barbarity was perpetrated by the Indian. There were some white men then. "Who wolves and bears were they, While wild in woods the noble savage ran." The story in detail, as well as in the main is familiar to you all. What I do want to do in the presence of this unnumbered multitude of the sons and daughters of men is to emphasize that seventy years ago in the sparse settlements in the homes of the pioneers, all the offices of love and humanity were promptly, lovingly performed and that our fathers before us failed and we who today live on the active theatre of life, have long delayed to do justice, to worthily mark the ground where rests, and for years has reposed, the mortal part of an heroic man, Tardily have we done our duty, yet better late than never. Not so Martin Ruffner, you will recall readily in your memories the immediate antecedents of his death, and from them we may learn with -what alacrity he ran, though danger and death were about him, to the help and succor of his neighbor. There was not the slightest hesitation. It was enough for Martin Ruffner that there was a possibility, a probability, of harm overtaking and empowering weakness and innocence—the weakness of old age and the helplessness of youth the innocence of venerable gray hairs, and the security of maidenly modesty and beauty. Then the fact was made known to him that the red man of the forest had drawn tight the strings of his bow, and refilled his quiver with death-dealing arrows he took no thought of his personal safety, but his eye traveled over hill and valley and rested upon the cabin home of the venerable Zeimer. To think with himwas to act. His presence might save the father from torture and death, and the daughter from a fate far worse. He reached it, and life and safety seemed secured with his coming. The foe same also, but Ruffner's presene was proof against direct open attack. Like the Greeks of old, bearing gifts, they gain admittance, they accept the proffered hospitality, they are about to eat the bread and salt of the white man prepared by his daughter, when at a signal, instead they commence the bloody butchery! For once Ruffner was deceived and taken unawares. His trusty rifle was near, but time was too precious to bring it to the shoulder, the tomahawk was casting its shadow as it flashed above the gray grown Zeimer. Ruffner discharged his rifle at the foremost Indian, who fell, a bleeding corpse, at his feet; and instantly clubbing his rifle dealt out several blows on the savages, and another Indian lay prostrate upon the floor; but in the act of raising his rifle for another assault, it struck a joist above his head, the blow was arrested. The Indians, taking advantage of this mishap, fired upon him, and the gallant Ruffner fell to rise no more. Two balls had pierced his body, either of which would have proved fatal.