100 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. tract adjoining the mountain of 988 acres ; one composed of several fragments, originally 6921 acres, and 23 perches, and including the borough of Carlisle, and then in the vicinity of the town ; one adjoining the North mountain 3600 acres ; another near the Kittatinny mountain of 55 acres ; two tracts in Hopewell township, most if not all of which are probably now in Franklin county, 4045 acres, 120 perches, and 980 acres ; making in all 26,536 acres. Much of the land which had been sold had been subjected by the terms of sale to a perpetual quitrent. During the war none of these quitrents had been collected, no further sales could be effected and no taxes could be collected from this large amount of property. Many persons, too, had settled upon such proprietary lands as were unoccupied without the form of any title, and were making improvements on them. In 1779 (Nov. 27th,) the Assembly passed resolutions annulling the royal charter, and granting to the Penn family as a compensation for the rights of which this deprived them one hundred and thirty thousand pounds sterling. This, however, did not affect their ownership of lands and quitrents as private persons, so that they still remained the largest land owners in the State. On a subsequent occasion (1780) these private estates were forfeited and vested in the commonwealth, by which act the state government became possessed of a large amount of lands which it bestowed upon officers and soldiers, or sold to private settlers for the profit of the state. ABOLITION OF SLAVERY. It was to the credit of the state that in the midst of the embarrassments of an exhausting war it was not unmindful of the claims of humanity. It was the first of the American commonwealths in which slavery had before existed which took actual measures for its abolition. No statistics now are known by which we can determine the number of slaves who lived in colonial times either in the state or in the county of Cumberland. A considerable number were doubtless held even in this agricultural region, and this is implied in the numerous advertisements which appeared in the newspapers of a later period. According to the census of 1790, the first in which the proportion of slaves to the whites is mentioned, they are said to have amountcd in Pennsylvania to 1737. Public sentiment in this state had never been favorable to this kind of possession. At an early period heavy duties were imposed by the Colonial Assembly upon the importation of slaves, sometimes amounting to a prohibition, and laws were enacted actually prohibiting their introduction, thus hoping to strike at the root of the evil, but the English privy council cancelled every act of the kind. The descendants of the Scotch and Irish settlers in this region were not as hostile to slavery as most of their Quaker fellow-citizens, and hence many of them supplied themselves with laborers and servants from among the Africans, who were numerous in this vicinity and were then to be had for a small price. We must also notice that slavery among them was a very different thing from what it afterwards became in more Southern states. Slaves were generally allowed to share in all family and domestic comforts, from long residence in families they attained to much consideration and affection, and seldom were made the subjects of cruelty. In many respects their position in the families to which they belonged was preferable to that which was awarded to hirelings for only brief terms of service. And yet any system which affords security to this kind of property must give to every master, whatever may be his disposition, the right to treat his slave as a mere chattel. Instances of oppression and cruelty must, as human nature is, be always frequent, but in even the most favorable circumstances, every man's consciousness of personal right shrinks from a system which gives such power. While therefore our people were so clearly discussing and so bravely contending for what they called the inalienable rights of man, their representatives in the Assembly saw the inconsistency of holding men in bondage. Their attention was especially called to the subject by the Supreme Executive Council, in which James McLene, (of Antrim township, now Franklin county, died March 13th, 1806), represented the county of Cumberland. On the 15th of February, 1779, the annual address in which the Council, as more recently the Governor, was in the habit of suggesting appropriate topics of legislation, contained the following paragraph, viz : " We would also again bring into your view a plan for the gradual abolition of slavery, so disgraceful to any people and more especially to those who have been contending in the great cause of liberty themselves, and upon whom providence has bestowed such eminent marks of its favor and protection. We think we are loudly called on to evince our gratitude in making our fellow men joint heirs with us of the same inestimable blessings, under such restrictions and regulations as will not injure the community and will imperceptibly enable them to relish and improve the station to which they will be advanced. Honored will that state be in the annals of history which shall first abolish this violation of the rights of mankind, and the memories of those will be held in grateful and everlasting remembrance who shall pass the law to restore and establish the rights of human nature in Pennsylvania. We feel ourselves so interested on this point, as to go beyond what may he deemed by some the proper line of our duty, and acquaint you that we have reduced this plan to the form of a law, which if acceptable we shall in a few days communicate to you." The Assembly declined action on the matter at that meeting, but in November George Bryan of Philadelphia, the author of the proposed law in Council, who had now become a representative in the Assembly, urged the passage of his bill. On the first of March, 1780, it was passed by a vote of thirty-four yeas to twenty-one nays. It should be remembered that the period when this act was under consideration was one of the darkest in our Revolutionary struggle, and that the Congress of the United States was in session in the same city. Although most of the states of that period anticipated similar action at some future time, most of them thought the moment peculiarly unwise at such a movement. Portions of this document are well worthy of being recalled to our recollection and of being recorded in every state and county history. In the preamble the Assembly gives utterance to the following noble sentiments, viz : HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 101 1. When we contemplate our abhorrence of that condition, to which the arms and tyranny of Great Britain were exerted to reduce us ; when we look back on the variety of dangers to which we have been exposed, and how miraculously our wants, in many instances, have been supplied and our deliverance wrought, when even hope and human fortitude had become unequal to the conflict, we are unavoidably led to a serious and grateful' sense of the manifold blessings which we have undeservedly received from the hand of that Being from whom every good and perfect gift cometh. Impressed with these ideas, we conceive that it is our duty, and we rejoice that it is in our power, to extend a portion of that freedom to others which hath been extended to us, and to release them from that state of thraldom, to which we ourselves were tyranically doomed, and from which we have now every prospect of being delivered. It is not for us to enquire why, in the creation of mankind, the inhabitants of the several parts of the earth were distinguished by a difference in feature or complexion. It is sufficient to know that all are the work of an Almighty hand. We fmd in the distribution of the human species, that the most fertile, as well as the most barren parts of the earth are inhabited by men of complexions different from ours, and from each other ; from whence we may reasonably, as well as religiously, infer, that He who placed them in their various situations hath extended equally His care and protection to all, and that it becometh not us to counteract his mercies. We esteem it a peculiar blessing granted to us, that we are enabled this day to add one more step to universal civilization by removing as much as possible the sorrows of those who have lived in undeserved bondage, and from which by the assumed authority of the kings of Great Britain, no effectual legal relief could be obtained. Weaned by a long course of experience, from the narrow prejudices and partialities we had imbibed, we find our hearts enlarged with kindness and benevolence rowards men of all conditions and nations ; and we conceive ourselves at this particular period extraordinarly called upon, by the blessings which we have received, to manifest the sincerity of our profession, and to give a substantial proof of our gratitude. 2. And, whereas, the condition of those persons who have heretofore been denominated negro and mulatto slaves, has been attended with circumstances, which not only deprived them of the common blessings that they were by nature entitled to, but has cast them into the deepest afflictions, by an unnatural separation and sale of husband and wife from each other, and from their children, an injury, the greatness of which can only be conceived by supposing that we were in the same unhappy case. In justice therefore to persons so unhappily circumstanced, and who, having no prospect before them wherein they may rest their sorrows and their hopes, have no reasonable inducement to render their service to society, which they otherwise might ; and also in grateful commemoration of our own happy deliverance from that state of unconditional submission to which we were doomed by the tyranny of Great Britain; Therefore be it enacted," &c. The Act provided for the registration of every negro or mulatto slave or servant for life or till the age of thirty one years, before the first of November, 1780 ; and also, " that no man or woman of any color or nation except the negroes or mulattoes who shall be registered as aforesaid, shall at any time hereafter be deemed, adjudged or holden within the territory of this commonwealth, as slaves or servants for life, but as free men and free women." The servants of members of Congress, foreign ministers and persons passing through or sojourning not longer than six months within the bounds of the state, were made an exception to the operation of this act. At the taking of the first census in 1790, there were found to be three thousand seven hundred and thirty-seven persons who were registered as slaves and by the provisions of the act to continue such until death ; in 1800 their number was reduced to 1,706 ; in 1810 to 795 ; in 1820 to 211 ; 1830 to 403 ; in 1840 to 64 ; and in 1850 to none. Cumberland county had in 1790, 223 slaves ; in 1800, 228 ; in 1810, 307 ; in 1820, 17; in 1830, 7 ; in 1840, 24 ; and in 1850 none. In the newspapers of Carlisle negroes were often advertised for sale, with all the unpleasant mention of desirable qualities for purchase until as late as 1830. On the 18th of July, 1802„ Chloe, a slave in one of the most respectable families in the county of Cumberland was executed for the murder of two children of her mistress, under circumstances well fitted to show the debasing influences of such a system, even under the most favorable circumstances, and the crimes to which it too often must give occasion. PREPARATIONS AGAINST THE INDIANS. During the latter part of the war the principal attention of the people of this region was turned to the threatened depredations of the Indians. Unfortunately for the American cause, most of our intercourse with the Indians in this province at the commencement of that contest was under the control of superintendents appointed by the crown. These being under obligations to and in the interest of the royal government, were inclined to use their influence wholly in behalf of the mother country and against the colonies. They insinuated into the minds of the Indians that the king was their true father, and that the colonists would as soon as practicable seek to extirpate the whole race of red men. The presents which well supplied British agents freely dispensed among them, and the industrious arts of numerous refugees among them were sufficient to stir them up to frequent hostile incursions. It was to the Johnson family and to his principal agent in western Pennsylvania, George Croghan, that the Indians of this region were accustomed to look for counsel in all their transactions with the whites. They had indeed been taught that no civil authorities had a right to treat with them except through these agents. It is sad to find that these long tried friends, and in fact every prominent trader among the Indians in western Pennsylvania were decidedly unfriendly to the American side. There were, however, no serious demonstrations of Indian hostility on the settlements east of the Allegheny until about 1778, when the massacre at Wyoming and 102 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. some other depredations up the Susquehanna startled the whole frontier. The whole disposable force of the state had been sent off under Gen. Wayne to the South, but the reserved classes of the militia had been called upon to hold themselves in readiness to meet the possible advance of the British from New York, once more into Pennsylvania. These were now commanded to muster at York, and a considerable number of Cumberland recruits had their orders to the eastward countermanded and changed to the frontier. Ample vengeance for the massacre at 'Wyoming was taken in several expeditions under Col. Butler to the sources of the Susquehanna, Col. Clarke at Vincennes, Gen. Sullivan into New York, and Col. Broadhead beyond Pittsburg, and in the much lamented slaughter of the peaceable Moravian Indians and the friendly Logan family. The disastrous expedition of Col. Crawford and his men in May, 1782, was, however, a severe blow to the people of this region, and some of the soldiers who suffered in it were from this and what is now Franklin county. Emboldened by their success in this affair, the Indians devised and entered upon a grand scheme for an invasion of the central and northern part of Pennsylvania. On hearing of this and of several incursions into the settlements, the Supreme Executive Council determined to collect a large force, a part of which was to proceed under General James Potter, to northern Pennsylvania and New York, and another part under General Wm. Irvine, (whom Congress had appointed to the command of Fort Pitt), was to march northwestwardly from Pittsburg toward Sandusky. The Lieutenants of Cumberland and the neighboring counties were directed to call into service the several classes which remained in those counties and to meet at Carlisle and at Fort Pitt as their places of rendezvous. With alacrity the people responded to this call, that they might inflict a signal vengeance on the cruel murderers of Col. Crawford, who was well known and loved by the inhabitants of this valley. Abraham Smith, Esq., the Lieutenant of Cumberland county was also directed (June 24, 1782), to order into service one company of not less than fifty men to march to Northumberland for the defence of that frontier against the Indians. In September (1782) it was ascertained that the British had recalled the Indians from their inroads upon the northwest and that the frontiers in that direction were altogether quiet. The expeditions under Generals Potter and Irvine were therefore given up, and the troops were disbanded. For a while all operations against the Indians were suspended. PUBLIC OFFICERS IN THE COUNTY. During the last years of the revolutionary war some of those who sustained civil offices have been incidentally mentioned. John Boggs succeeded James Johnston in the Sheriffalty in 1780, and was himself followed by Samuel Postlethwaite, Oct. 22, 1783. Wm. Rippey became Coroner Nov. 30, 1781, and John Rea, Oct. 22, 1783. William Irvine was the collector of excise Nov. 24, 1781, and John Buchanan Feb. 25th, 1782. In Oct. 22, 1783, James Poe became the Commissioner of the taxes .and Stephen Duncan, County Treasurer. Win. Lyon continued to be Prothonotary, Register of wills, Recorder of deeds, and Clerk of the Orphans Court. John Agnew also remained clerk of the court of Quarter Sessions, and John Rannells, Esq., presided in that court for some time after Jan. 20, 1778. At this last date, " The Grand Inquest for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the body of the county of Cumberland" made the following presentment, viz : " That the public Court House of the county of Cumberland, being now occupied by Captain Coral' and his men who are employed in the service of the U. S., as a laboratory and storehouse and has been occupied by the people in the service of the U. S. for a considerable time past, so that the county of Cumberland cannot have the use of the said Court House, but are obliged to hire other places for the county use ; they are therefore of opinion that the U. S. ought to pay to the Treasurer of the county of Cumberland after the rate of ten pounds per month, monthly and every month Captain Coran hath been possessed of said Court House and for every month he or they may continue to occupy it, not exceeding the 20th day of April next ; and of this they desire that Captain Coran or the commanding officer of the laboratory company may have notice. Per. Wm. Moore, foreman." Samuel Laird and Wm. Lyon were appointed March 3, 1781, auditors of depreciated accounts, i. e., to settle with officers and soldiers in the county the amount which should be allowed on their pay for the depreciated value of the notes paid them. General Wm. Irvine, of Carlisle, and James McLene, of Chambersburg, were chosen Oct. 20, 1783, to represent the county in the Board of Censors. This Council met at Philadelphia, Nov. 10th, the only time it ever assembled, for before another seven years recurred, the new Constitution abolished it. It continued its sessions for nearly a year, adjourning finally Sept. 26th, 1784, and after carefully scrutinizing the action of the state government they recommended its continuance and invoked for it the hearty support of the people. After the resignation of Gen. John Armstrong (1780), his seat in Congress was occupied by John Montgomery, until July 14, 1783. John Byers became a member of the Supreme Executive Council in 1781, and continued in that Board until Nov. 3, 1784.* Abraham Smith, Samuel Cuthbartson, Frederick Watts, Jonathan Hoge, John Harris, Wm. *John and James Byers can originally from Ireland. About 1742 John was the owner of land in West Pennsborough and contracted a mortgage of £53 on 233 acres in the Loan office. In 1751 he purchased 300 acres of John McCallister. His residence was on Prospect Hill, about five miles west of Carlisle, near a large spring and a stream flowing from it to the Conodoguinet. The spring is now known as Alexander's. James was never married but always lived with his brother. John was appointed a justice in 1758, and was occasionally recommissioned as such until 178), sat with Samuel Smith as associate Judge, and once sat as President Judge in the court of Common Pleas. In 1778 ho was Superintendent of purchases of flour and other provisions west of the Susquehanna. In 1781 he took his seat as a member of the Supreme Executive Council and remained a very active member during nearly all its sessions for two years. His daughter Jane married into the neighboring family of Alexander on Mount Pleasant and died in 1829. Another daughter, Mary, never married, and died in the house of Col. John Alexander on the same day and of the same prevailiag epidemic with him, Aug. 4, 1804. His family have intermarried with the Carothers, Alexanders and Hendersons. See a notice of him in the Pa. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 'Vol. II., pp. 230-1. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 103 McDowell and Ephraim Steel represented the county in the Assembly in 1779-80; Samuel Culbertson, Stephen Duncan, Wm. Brown, Jonathan Hoge, John Andrew, John Harris and John Allison in 1780-81 ; James McLene, John Allison, James Johnston, Wm. Brown, Robert McGaw, John Montgomery and Stephen Duncan in 1781-2 ; Stephen Duncan, John Carothers, James Johnston, William Brown, James McLene, Jonathan Hoge and Patrick Maxwell in 1782-3 ; William Brown, of Carlisle, Frederick Watts, James Johnston, John Carothers, Abraham Smith, Wm. Brown and Robert Whitehill in 1783-4. CHAPTER TWELFTH. ORGANIZATION. The Americans had now become by the Treaty of Paris (Sept. 3d, 1783), " free, sovereign and independent," the last regiments of a foreign army had left their shores (November, 1783), and their own troops had been disbanded with the exception of a few to act on the western frontier. But almost every thing in the way of organization as a nation and as separate states remained now to be done. Powers had been conceded to Congress, only as the necessities of war against the common enemy had demanded, but nothing had been settled with respect to a permanent national government. Even the several states were scarcely possessed of anything more than provisional organizations and constitutions, that of Pennsylvania containing a provision for a Council of Censors, and a designated time for its revision. Ecclesiastical affairs were in a similar uncertainty. Each denomination of religious people had scarcely gone beyond the establishment of a few congregations and small associations of ministers, but were entirely without national or general organizations. For purposes of higher education four or five colleges had been established in the eastern and middle states, but nothing of a general nature had been adopted by the state. The institutions which had been organ- ized were in some instances chartered by the state and favored by public lotteries, but in all cases were originated, managed and sustained by private associations. Systems of commerce were indefinite, and the laws of home and foreign trade were yet to be determined. We need not he surprised, therefore, if the present chapter should be principally occupied with efforts at organization in every department of society. DICKINSON COLLEGE. In the order of time, it was characteristic of the people in this region, that the first effort should be in behalf of a literary institution. From the subsequent correspondence of the board of Trustees of Dickinson College it appears " that the idea of the propriety and importance of a seminary of learning, to be located on the western side of the Susquehanna, had long been entertained by some gentlemen in the state." Before the revolutionary war, a movement had been made, but obstacles had been met with in obtaining a charter under the colonial government. During the closing years of the war much difficulty had been experienced in the education of young men, as none could be sent as formerly to England, and the college of Nassau Hall for which large collections had been taken up in the churches of this re, gion, and the Academy at Philadelphia which had been organized and sustained by the Synod with which those churches were connected; were now suspended by the necessities of the war. In 1781, an effort had been made to establish an Academy of a high order in Carlisle. In the book of minutes of the Presbytery of Donegal for Oct. 18,1781, we find that " a number of gentlemen, viz ; Col. John Montgomery, Robert Miller, Samuel Postlethwaite, Dr. Samuel A. McCoskry, Wm. Blair and others, who have the oversight of a grammar-school in this town (Carlisle), desired a conference with the Presbytery on the affairs of the school. They represent their desire that the Presbytery would take the said school under their care, and appoint a committee from time to time of their own number to examine the same at least twice a year. They further represent that it is their design to enlarge the plan thereof and to apply for a legal charter for it as an Academy under proper regulations, and they desired leave to mention some of the members of Presbytery as persons to be appointed together with others as trustees of said Academy." " The Presbytery heartily approved of the proceedings and laudable intentions of these gentlemen, and agreed to countenance the school as far as they could, and to appoint a committee twice in the year to examine it, and concur with them in every proper measure to advance the same to the most useful and respectable condition." Immediately after the cessation of hostilities and notwithstanding the exhaustion of the resources of the country, so great were the necessities of education, that the plan of an institution of learning was again revived and prosecuted with vigor. The views of the friends of the enterprise in this region did not appear at first to have risen higher than, as above indicated, an Academy of a higher order. Many of them believed that this was as much as was warranted by the resources or the present wants of the whole country 104 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA But the dissatisfaction which had now begun to be felt by some of the original friends of Nassau Hall and the Academy at Philadelphia, (which has since become the University of Pennsylvania), with the course pursued by the Legislature and the Trustees of those institutions, had turned the minds of many in the east to the establishment of a College to be located at Carlisle. In their correspondence they speak of the location in this town, as commended by its being central not only to the state of Pennsylvania but to the other states of the union, and by the healthfulness, fertility and pleasantness of the country around. They also add : " The great embarrassments which learning lay under during the war, and was still laboring under from its effects, pointed it out as a virtue, peculiarly commendable and necessary at this time, to use our best endeavors to revive the drooping sciences. Gratitude to the Author of our deliverance, in the prosperous conclusion of the war, laid us under obligations to exert ourselves in support of that, which had been under God the means of our happy and unexpected successr Our new connection with, and relation to, the other nations ; the management of our own peculiarly complicated form of union and government, and especially the important interests of religion and virtue in this growing empire—these were the motives which gave rise to this institution." Animated by such high motives the friends of education throughout the state united in obtaining a charter for a College in the borough of Carlisle, then " nearly one hundred miles to the westward of any American College." In the charter it is said " That in memory of the great and important services rendered to his country by His Excellency, John Dickinson, Esq., President of the Supreme Executive Council, and in commemoration of his very liberal donation to the Institution, the said College shall be forever hereafter called and known by the name of Dickinson College." It was also provided in the charter " That the head or chief master of the college shall be called and styled the Principal of the College." The Trustees mentioned in the charter and appointed the first year were Rev. Dr. Henry Muhlenburg, Wm. Hendel, John Black, Alexander Dobbins, Rev. Drs. John McKnight, John King and Robert Cooper, Rev. James Long, Rev. Samuel Waugh, Rev. Dr. Wm. Linn, Rev. John Linn, Christopher Shulze, James Sutton, James Boyd, John Dickinson, Henry Hill, James Wilson, Wm. Bingham, Dr. Benjamin Rush, John McDowell, James Jack, James Ewing, Robert McPherson, Henry Slegle, Thomas Hartley, Michael Hahn, John Armstrong, John Montgomery, Stephen Duncan, Thomas Smith, Robert Magaw, Samuel McCoskry, Peter Spiker, John Arndt, Wm. Montgomery, Wm. McClay, Bernard Dougherty, David Espy, Alexander McClean and Wm. McCleary. At the first meeting of this board Mr. Dickinson was chosen its President, and continued to sustain that office until his death in 1808. William Bingham, Esq., of Philadelphia, was sent at the first meeting to England and Scotland to solicit aid from the many friends of this country there, but he returned without much success. At the same meeting agents were sent for funds into every part of Pennsylvania and the neighboring states. A committee was also appointed " to make inquiry for a proper lot not less than twelve acres, in the borough of Carlisle, on which to erect the college, having a particular reference to the health and pleasantness of the situation ; to prepare a drawing of the college, and to make an estimate of the expense of the purchase and building." The next meeting of the board was held in the Court House, in Carlisle, April 6th, 1784. The amount of subscriptions in cash and in certificates of land was found to be £2,839, 12s. and 6d. ; and this was capable of yielding immediately £130 per year. Efforts were continued to increase this amount, and a Faculty was chosen, consisting of Rev. Charles Nisbet, D. D., of Montrose, Scotland, as Principal, and James Ross (the author of a Latin Grammar then much used) Professor of the Greek and Latin languages. The choice of Dr. Nisbet was influenced by his reputation for scholarship, his well known friendship for America and the personal acquaintance of Dr. Rush. After some correspondence and hesitation he accepted the appointment and removed at once to Carlisle, where he arrived on the day the inhabitants were celebrating the national independence (July 4th, 1785). A committee had escorted him from Philadelphia, and lie was met just before reaching Carlisle by a deputation of citizens and a troop of horse ; all of whom entered the town amid the ringing of bells and the gratulations of the people. The next day the oath of office was administered, his inaugural address was delivered and he entered upon the duties of his office. The institution was opened in a small building which the people of Carlisle had before erected on lot 219, near Bedford street, between Pomfret street and Liberty alley. The residence of the Principal and his family was for a few years at the barracks, which had been erected for the United States soldiers in the neighborhood of town, but which were not at that time in use. Unfortunately these barracks were then surrounded by woods and low grounds, which soon produced an ill effect upon the health of the Doctor and his family. This, with the failure of his efforts to induce the Trustees to raise the course of study in the new institution to as high a standard as he contended for, so discouraged him that on the 18th of October following he sent in his resignation and determined to return to Scotland. On the recovery of his health, however, he was induced to resume his duties, which he continued to discharge with great fidelity and success for eighteen years and six months, when he was removed by death Jan. 18th, 1804. Mr. Ross continued a Professor for about ten years, when he removed to Lancaster and was for a time a Professor in Franklin College. Rev. Robert Davidson, D. D., was chosen (Nov. 1st, 1784) for the " Professorship of History, Geography, Chronology, Rhetoric and Belles Lettres" a few months after the election of Dr. Nisbet, and soon after this he accepted a call to become the pastor of the Presbyterian church of Carlisle. Some success was attained in raising funds for the college, and in April, 1786, five hundred pounds in specie and 10,000 acres of unappropriated lands in this state were granted by the Assembly for its assistance. Extreme efforts were made in all this region for the support of the Professors and for the collection of a library. Contributions of money were taken up in all the churches, and books HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 105 were bestowed from the scanty libraries of the ministers and private citizens as well as from the book stores of the cities. Painful self-denials are recorded in making these contributions, and they show how strongly this great object had taken hold of the hearts of the people. With all these efforts the salaries of the Professors fell far behind the stipulations of the board, and it would have been impossible for these excellent men to have maintained a living had it not been for the salaries which they received from other employments. In 1785 Robert Johnston was appointed a teacher of Natural Philosophy, but the next year he was transferred to the chair of Mathematics, which he filled for about five years. We find also that from the first a Mr. Jait was appointed " to teach the students to read and write the English language with elegance and propriety." In the midst of many severe trials there was no serious discouragement from the small number of attendants on the collegiate classes, for before the close of the first year there were thirty-five regular students. For the first ten years no regular course of study or classification of the students was established by the board of Trustees, and there does not appear to have been a regular time for holding commencements and conferring degrees. And yet during that time commencements were held, and classes quite respectable in size were graduated every year except three. In the triennial catalogue which was published in 1814, there are set down in the list of graduating classes, one of nine for 1787, ten for 1788, nine for 1789, eleven for 1790, thirty-one for 1792, twenty for 1794, twenty-four for 1795, ten for 1797, twenty-four for 1798, eight for 1799, five for 1800, eight for 1802 and five for 1803. In 1787 efforts were made to obtain better accommodations than the small school room on Pomfret street, and $20,000 were offered the United States for the grounds on which the barracks were then built. In 1791 an act passed the Assembly granting £1500, which led to negotiations with the agents of the late proprietary family for a lot of ground in the borough on which to build a house, to prepare a plan for a building and to make an estimate of the expense. This committee was unsuccessful in its efforts, and it was not till 1798, when another grant from the Legislature of $3,000 had been obtained, that another committee was appointed, which selected and purchased the seven acres and a third which have since formed the " campus" of Dickinson College. Before this time the limits of the borough of Carlisle had been confined within the bounds of East, North, South and West streets, but they were about this time enlarged to the more extended boundaries of the present day. The grounds on which the college buildings now stand were previously open " out lots," which the people claimed to have been promised them by the proprietaries as a free pasture for their cattle. Fortunately such an engagement, if it ever had been made, was unable to be carried out. It was not, however, until 1802 that the Trustees were prepared to commence the erection of their building. With immense efforts they succeeded in raising funds to construct a single edifice, into which they were preparing to remove their Professors and students, with their libraries and instruments, when their work was entirely consumed by fire. Rooms for the accommodation of the Professors and students had been completed and occupied by them for a few months. The library and philosophical apparatus had not been removed, and hence were saved. The fire was occasioned by a spark in some ashes at a considerable distance being borne by the wind to some shavings in an unfinished part of the building. The progress of the flames was so rapid that although they were discovered when they were small, they could not be arrested. The gale was indeed so strong as to carry the flying coals over the whole extent of the town, and had there not come a slight fall of snow to moisten the roofs and other combustible matters in town, on which the living embers fell in showers, the whole borough would probably have been consumed. Only the east and west ends of the building were left entire by the conflagration, and these a blackened and dangerous ruin. The smoking walls had scarcely had time to cool before a subscription was opened, and almost without solicitation the inhabitants came together and offered liberal subscriptions for a new building. Political feelings which had been awakened by the decided part taken by the Professors and Trustees in the late election were now forgotten. The Trustees who had subscribed largely to the first now contributed still more liberally to the second structure. A subscription was opened in the city of Washington and it is said that out of seventeen contributors in the House of Representatives there, all were of the Republican party except one, and another who was doubtful, and President Jefferson not only received the deputation with courtesy but gave them a donation of one hundred dollars. One of the Trustees who had recently purchased the lot and building which had been formerly used by the institution, now freely offered them for the use of the Professors and students, so that when the coming year opened the exercises were uninterrupted. The first stone of the new edifice was laid August 3rd, 1803, and the plan of the present structure was furnished by Mr. Latrobe, the surveyor of the public works at Washington. By the first of November, 1805, the building was prepared for the occupancy of the Professors and students during the new collegiate year. But before this happy event the college experienced another misfortune in the death of its much admired Principal. Under the exhausting labors which his zeal impelled him to undertake, Dr. Nis-bet's vigorous system gave way to a severe cold, accompanied with inflamation of the lungs and fever, and after more than two weeks of intense suffering it entirely succumbed, and he died in the 68th year of his age. This event threw not only the college but the whole community into mourning. It was not easy to supply the place of a man of such intense activity and versatility. During the eighteen years of his presidency one hundred and seventy-five students had graduated from the college, a remarkable proportion of whom have since been distinguished in the political and ecclesiastical world. Besides attending to their usual collegiate studies he had given theological lectures to a large number of students in divinity, and occupied the office of Doctor in the Presbyterian congregation of Carlisle, which required him to preach once on each Sabbath day. 106 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. Dr. Davidson was now called upon to fill the vacant office, though accepting only the name of Vice Principal. In this position he remained five years, and in 1809, on the election of Jeremiah Atwater, President of Middlebury College in Vermont, to the Principalship, he resigned all connection with the Faculty of Dickinson College that he might devote himself to the pastoral work in his congregation. For more than a quarter of a century he had been in some position in the Faculty of the college, and he had done probably as much as any other man to give the institution its peculiar character. In 1794 Wm. Thompson, in 1804 John Borland and in 1807 John Hayes were made successively Professors of Languages ; and John McCormick in 1792 succeeded Robert Johnston in the Professorship of Mathematics, and also filled the chair of Natural Philosophy. It was usual also to employ nearly every year at least one person besides the regular professors under the name of preceptor or tutor. Among those who sustained this office during the period of which we are treating were Charles Huston (1792), Henry L. Davis (1793) and John Hayes (1805). Among the students who graduated during this period were David Watts, James Duncan, David Hoge, James Crawford, John Brackenridge, John Creigh, John Lyon, Robert Whitehill, Matthew Brown, Francis Herron, Callender Irvine, David McConnaughy, Roger B. Taney, Joshua Williams, Robert Kennedy, A. A. McGinley, Robert Proudfit, Henry R. Wilson, George Foulke, Samuel Woods, James Buchanan, Stephen Duncan, John Linn, David Elliott and Isaac Grier. " Before 1814 the course of study in college occupied only three years, the classes being called Freshman, Junior and Senior. The requisitions for admission in the Latin and Greek languages were nearly as extensive as at present. Nothing else, however, was required ; and the prosecution of these, with the study of Arithmetic, occupied also the first year of the college course. The instruction was principally given in lectures in the departments which would admit of them."* In 1806 the Legislature made another grant to the college of. $4000, five hundred of which were appropriated to the purchase of a philosophical apparatus. In February, 1808, the board lost its excellent President, John Dickinson, Esq, † whose influence and property had been so beneficial to the institution. He had seldom been absent from a meeting of the board from the commencement to the year of * Hist. Sketch of Dickinson College, in the American Quarterly Register, Vol. VIII., (1836) pp. 117-29. Prepared by Merritt Caldwell, Professor of Mental Phil., &c. † John Dickinson was born in Maryland, November 13th, 1732, studied law in Philadelphia and at the Temple in London, and practised his profession for a time in Philadelphia. He entered public life as a member of the Assembly in 1764, was a member of the Provinial Convention of 1774, the Prov. Conference of 1775 and the Convention of 1776, of the Continental Congress and the author of its resolutions and of the Committee of Safety in 1776. He attained celebrity as the author of the " Farmer's Letters to the inhabitants of the British Colonies," the petitions to the King and the "Address to the States." He opposed the Declaration of Independence as premature and declined signing it. For this he became unpopular, but subsequently ho served in the army, and was returned to Congress in 1779 from Delaware. He was afterwards President successively of the states of Delaware and Pennsylvania, and a member of the Federal Convention to frame a constitution. He was an able writer, a sincere Christian, a true patriot and a genuine philanthropist. his death. His office as President was filled by the Rev. John King, D. D., of Mercersburg, who also had been a member from the organization of the college. UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND RIOT. " The Revolutionary Government," as it has usually been called, was able to carry through the war, but it was entirely inadequate to the necessities of the new nation. The confederated states had given it no powers to regulate commerce or provide for the payment of a public debt of more than forty millions of dollars which now pressed for payment. In compliance with the action of the states of Maryland' and Virginia, Congress recommended to all the states to send delegates to a convention in Philadelphia on the second Monday in May, 1786, " to take into consideration the trade of the United States, and to report to the several states such an act as when ratified by them will enable the United States in Congress assembled effectually to provide for the same." The convention which assembled on this call soon found that it could do little for the object expressed in the invitation without going much further than was at first intended, and in the end it sent forth the carefully prepared constitution which has ever since been the national bond of union. It was four months in. session, and was specially prepared by a committee, of which James Wilson, formerly of Carlisle but now of Philadelphia, was a prominent member. When it was completed it was signed by all the members except three (Sept. 17th, 1787), forwarded to Congress and by that body sent to the Legislatures of all the states, that it might be submitted by them to their respective constituencies. The Assembly of Pennsylvania at once called a convention to deliberate upon its adoption, which met together in Philadelphia, Nov. 21st, 1787. James. Wilson was the only one in that convention who had had a seat in the body which framed it, and he now urged its adoption with all his. influence and eloquence. " I will confess," he said, " that I am not a blind admirer of this plan ; there are some parts of it which if my-wish had prevailed, would certainly have been altered. But when I reflect how widely men differ in their opinions, and that every man has an equal pretension to assert his own, I am satisfied that anything nearer to perfection could not have been accomplished. If there are errors, the seeds of reformation are sown in the work itself, for-with the concurrence of two-thirds of Congress and of the states, amendments and alterations may at any time be introduced. Regarding ib then in every point of view with a candid disinterested mind, I am bold to assert that IT IS THE BEST FORM OF GOVERNMENT WHICH HAS EVER BEEN OFFERED TO THE WORLD."* It was adopted by the convention * In addition to those services which our history notices as rendered to this county by James Wilson, Esq., he was called upon in a wider sphere to fill a number of public-offices. From 1779 to 1783 he held the position of Advocate General for the French Nation, whose business it was to draw up plans for regulating the intercourse of that country with the United States, and in this he gave special attention to national and maritime law, and for his services received a reward from the French King ofa thousand livres. He was at the same time a director in the Bank of North America. In 1779 (Oct. 9th) occurred the " Fort Wilson riot," so named because his house became, HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. PENNSYLVANIA - 107 (Dec. 12th, 1787) by a vote of forty-six yeas to twenty-three nays. The day after, the convention with the members of the Assembly went in procession to the Court House, where the ratification was solemnly proclaimed with the ringing of bells and the firing of cannon. The constitution had so many opponents in Pennsylvania that in most of the towns no public rejoicings were ventured upon. Parties were too evenly balanced, and the partisans of each were too much excited to make such demonstrations advisable. The exultation of the Federalists or Constitutionalists was only equalled by the chagrin of the Republicans or Anti-Constitutionalists. The former advocated it as giving much needed strength to a central and national government, and the latter opposed it because it was supposed to impair state rights. So determined was the opposition of the-members of the Assembly from this county (Robert Whitehill, Wm. Brown and others) that they absented themselves from the meeting and refused to take any part which would imply their assent to the proceedings. -The Assembly passed resolutions severely censuring this conduct as an inconsistency with the duties of representatives, and the primary principle of republican institutions requiring the submission of minorities. John Montgomery (then a member of Congress) wrote respecting them from Carlisle, Oct. 9th, 1787 (the day of the state elections), " This is one of the important days throughout the state, and especially in this county, the members from which have disgraced themselves and us by their late conduct in Philadelphia, by absenting themselves from their duty when the important affair of the new plan of government was the object. You will see by the enclosed resolve how our people here disapprove of such conduct. The plan is universally approved of here, and I have not the least doubt that it will be approved of in the state." It was soon found that this last expectation was too sanguine. Anti-Constitutionalists were on that very day elected for the Assembly, and influences were at work which soon made the opposition to the constitution formidable. Little agitation had been openly visible until the ratification of the convention had been proclaimed by the Assembly, and the friends of the constitution the scene of a serious assault from a mob from which a defence was made by the authorities. The house was on the south-west corner of Third and Walnut streets, Philadelphia, in the centre of a large garden and had somewhat the appearance of a Fort. Probably the rioters had no intention to attack him or his house, but the assault on that place was unpremeditated on finding some obnoxious persons there assembled. As an advocate he had defended some disaffected persons, but his patriotism was surely unquestionable. Nothing is said of him during the riot, perhaps he was absent. There was doubtless an entire misunderstanding at the bottom of the affair. Under the Federal Constitution he was appointed by President Washington one of the first Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, in which office he continued until his death. In 1790 he was appointed the first professor of law in the legal College sit Philadelphia, and when this was united with the University he remained in it. In 1791 the Legislature appointed him to revise the state laws, but the plan failed. He was honored with the degree of L.L D. and delivered one course of lectures to the students. He died in the discharge of his duties as a Justice of the United States at Edenton, N. C., August 26th, 1798, in the 58th year of his age. He did not loaf; reside at Carlisle, but about 177 8 he removed to Annapolis, where he remained only a year, ani then became a permanent resident in Philadelphia. His son Henry Bird, born at Carlisle, Jan. 28th, 1777, first a lawyer, then a Judge, but finally an Episcopal min-liter, edited his father's works and published them in two volumes. hoped as we have seen that the people would be nearly unanimous in its behalf. A public meeting was called, Dec. 26th, to express the views of the citizens on the action of the convention, and a cannon was planted in the public square for firing off for each of the states. Threats had already been freely expressed that such a display would not be permitted, and early in the day, before a single volley had been fired, a company from the country came up, spiked the cannon, assaulted the meeting and with much violence took possession of the public square. " On the morrow those who had met the day before assembled again in the Court House well armed with guns and muskets." They were not now molested, although those of the opposite party assembled on the square, kindled a bonfire and marched for some hours through the different streets. An effigy of Chief Justice McKean (said to be a good representation of his wig, dress and general appearance) was hawked through the streets and burned. John Montgomery wrote again from Carlisle under date of Jan. 9th, 1788, with reference to the first meeting : " The Federalists, not expecting opposition, did not come prepared, nor was there a gun or bayonet in their hands. Two persons were particularly active in destroying the gun-carriage. The effigy of the Chief Justice was pretty well dressed, a good coat, a pretty good hat and wig and a ruffled shirt. The fellow who gave the coat will repent of his liberality before the end of the winter. There is no hope of accommodating this unhappy affair, both parties are preparing for the law, and depositions have been taken by the Federalists to Philadelphia. What will be the issue I know not, but our situation is exceedingly disagreeable, neighbors rubbing against each other as they pass and not a word spoken. Great pains are taken to influence the minds of the country people, and there is now a great majority of them opposed to the new constitution. A piece in the paper of the second of this month laid the foundation for all this disturbance—it was a wicked, devilish piece. We have formed ourselves into a committee with a design to support the law, peace and good order, and to protect each other from outrage and insult." The Constitutionalists were not altogether agreed among themselves. Before the election (Sept. 25th, 1787) Thomas Duncan wrote—" The people in general seem well disposed to the Federal constitution, and it will be a difficult task for their former leaders to prevent them from exerting themselves to adopt it. But the Constitutionalists here are splitting about a councillor, Mitchell against Watts, the people on the hills against those in the valley. The Republicans are able to do little more than hiss them on and foment this division at the election. I think some of them will fight under General Watts' banner merely to disappoint Robert." The returns of the election soon proved that the Federalists were decidedly in the majority. Kennedy, Beals, Mitchell and Oliver were elected for the Assembly ; and Frederick Watts for the Supreme Executive Council ; and when the unhappy Christmas and New Year's days of which we have spoken above arrived, the reaction was for a while oppressive. Nothing of importance came of the proceedings against the rioters, several of them were arrested and lodged in jail, but a 108 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. compromise was ultimately effected, and they were liberated. State after state gave in its adhesion to the constitution, and on the 21st of June, 1788, when New Hampshire, the ninth and last state necessary to a two-thirds majority, sent in its ratification, all effective opposition ceased. Some in this county threatened still to refuse all subjection to the new order, but most of those who were bitterly opposed to it contented themselves with an agitation for amendments.* CONSTITUTION OF PENNSYLVANIA. The adoption of a new constitution for the United States prepared the way and almost made a necessity for a change in that of Pennsylvania. Great prosperity had been enjoyed by that commonwealth, so that it was then the second in the Union and its commercial metropolis, in spite of some disadvantages, was the principal mart of foreign and domestic trade. Yet for some reason the people were in perpetual political fermentation. One reason for this, aside from the character of their dominant classes and the presence of the Congress most of the time in their capital, was the peculiar nature of the constitution of 1776. The Legislature consisted of only one branch, and instead of a legislative council or a senate, bills were published after the second reading for discussion among the people themselves. This had the effect of preventing precipitate legislation, but it carried discussion into every corner and invited criticism from every private citizen. The singular institution of a Board of Censors every seven years opened a door for periodical scrutiny and discord. As Chief Justice McKean said : " The balance of the one, the few and the many is not well poised in the state, and the legislature is too powerful for the executive and judicial branches. We must have another branch, a negative in the executive, stability in our laws, and permanency in our magistracy." On the 24th of March, 1789, the year after the adoption of the National Constitution, the Assembly passed resolutions calling for a convention to form a new constitution for the state. The Supreme Executive Council, whose duty it was to do so, refused to promulgate the call. In September the Assembly reiterated its action, published its own appointment for an election of delegates, and at the usual season for an election delegates were chosen by the people. Great opposition was made to this whole proceeding, by the same party which had been opposed to the national constitution. Robert Whitehill, whose intense hostility to it had been exerted from the first in the Assembly, had great influence in forming a party against it in the county. With him acted William Brown, Wm. Blair, and others in Carlisle. But they were met by Montgomery, Ephraim Blaine, David Watts, Samuel M'Coskry, Wm. Lyon and Stephen Duncan. The controlling influence in Carlisle was almost entirely on the side of the Federalists, but at a county election, a multitude came from the surrounding towns which was of a different po- * Copies of MS. Letters of Gen. Wm. Irvine, in the possession of the Hist. Soc. of Pa. To this valuable corespondence the author is indebted for much important matter used in this History. litical complexion. The result was that the delegation from this: county was again divided, but a new constitution was obtained, which for another half century remained almost entire, and has been looked upon in many parts as a model. Among those who were prominent in its construction were such men as M'Kean, Mifflin, Ross and Addison, but especially James Wilson, whose familiarity with the work of the national convention a few months before, prepared him to see clearly what was needful to a correspondence with it. ORGANIZATION OF TOWNSHIPS. During the period of which we are now treating several new townships were organized by the Court at the request of a respectable number of those inhabitants who were most interested. In 1785 Dickinson was taken from West Pennsborough. When Franklin county was erected in 1784, the running of the boundary line between it and the old county of Cumberland disturbed the former arrangement of townships on the border, and Hopewell, Southampton, and Shippensburg received their present relations to each other. Silvers' Spring was set off from East Pennsborough in October, 1787, and Middleton was divided into North and South Middleton in November, 1810. THE PRESBYTERIAN CONSTITUTION. So universal was even then the adherence of the great body of the people to the Presbyterian organization, that a special prominence must be given to the adoption of a new constitution for that body. Hitherto the ministers and churches of that denomination had been contented to follow the rules, precedents, and constitutions of kindred churches in Europe, without a specific and recognized constitution. Even the ecclesiastical organization was incomplete and was hardly suitable for a national body. In 1786 a committee which had been appointed in the Synod of New York and Philadelphia, to prepare and report a draught of a plan for the better organization of the whole church, reported a scheme by which the Synod should be divided into three (afterwards changed to four) Synods ; and out of the body of these a General Assembly should be constituted bearing a national title and style. A constitution consisting of a Confession of Faith and Catechisms, a Directory for worship, and a Form of Government and Discipline, was adopted and subsequently sanctioned by the primary judicatories ; and the first General Assembly met in Philadelphia on the third Thursday in May, 1788, the same year and nearly the same time in which the civil Constitution of the United States went into operation. So influential was the portion of the denomination in this region at that time that the Fourth General Assembly (May, 1792) was convened in Carlisle and was presided over by Rev. John King, D. D., a member of the Presbytery of Carlisle ; three-years later the seventh Assembly met in the same place and was presided over by John McKnight, D. D., one of the sons and for the mostt of his life a member of the same presbytery, and the year after (1796) the same honor was bestowed upon another citizen of this county, Rev.. Robert Davidson, D. D. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 109 THE WHISKEY INSURRECTION. We must now encounter some of the difficulties which the people under these several constitutions were obliged to meet. We need not be surprised that sober and law-abiding as the inhabitants of this region were, their ardent jealousy for their rights, and their thorough participation in all civil affairs should sometimes betray them into collision with the national and state administration. We have already had occasion to notice the sympathy of their leading men with more than one party which was thus disorderly, and yet we have seen that warm as were their sympathies they were never induced to participate in an actual breach of law. After the adoption of the national constitution there were three or four disorders in various parts of the United States extensive enough perhaps to deserve the name of insurrections. But from the very first there were serious objections throughout the interior of Pennsylvania to the method which the government of the United States adopted to raise a revenue. The whole contest with the mother country had added to the natural hatred which is ordinarily felt to a direct taxation of the people, and most persons in this region were familiar with the exactions and vexations of excise laws in Scotland and Ireland. But the duties on imported goods were entirely inadequate to the raising of a revenue to pay large revolutionary claims and to sustain the government and its needful army against the Indians. It became absolutely necessary to lay a tax on articles of consumption at home, and a tax on distilled spirits was believed to be on an article of the least necessity. During the Revolutionary war the extensive manufacture of ardent spirits from grain which was so much needed for the support of the army was often complained of as a public grievance, and to check this the Assembly had several times passed a law for the levying of duties on domestic and foreign spirits. These, however, were but sparingly executed so far as related to domestic spirits, and toward the end of the war these acts were repealed. When Congress therefore passed a law (March 3rd, 1791) laying an excise of four pence per gallon on all distilled spirits, it was violently opposed by many who resided in the interior and western parts of Pennsylvania. The law bore with especial severity upon agricultural and commercial men in those quarters. They raised large quantities of grain which could find no market. Wheat, corn and rye became almost worthless, and were generally fed to cattle and hogs to fatten them. In these circumstances many of them began to distill their grain, so as to reduce its bulk and make it easily transferable across the mountains and by the bad roads to an eastern market. In many parts of the west every fifth or sixth farmer was a distiller of his own or of his neighbors' grain. In those times there was no serious dislike of this kind of manufacture on the ground of temperance, and all classes participated in the traffic. When therefore the excise began to be levied upon them it was felt to be oppressive and unequal in its bearings, The recent constitution of the United States had provided that " all duties, imports and excises should be uniform throughout the United States," but here was a tax which bore heavily on the only region where spirits were extensively manufactured. Nearly all the money brought into the country was carried out in the form of excise duties. The people were in hopes that the law, in view of their peculiar circumstances, would remain like the former state excise laws, unexecuted and like them be speedily repealed. They had seen how the taxes of the British government had been made inoperative by the want of officers to execute them, and they now hoped that none would be found to collect the excise in their districts. The officers were threatened, intimidated, and in some instances shockingly maltreated. Those who took part with the law were insulted, their property was destroyed and they were obliged to recant their obnoxious words or leave the country. Mass meetings of immense size, the forerunners of more recent similar assemblages were held, liberty poles were erected in public places, and preparations were made to resist any force which might be sent against them. Military companies were organized, officers general and special were chosen, addresses were sent forth to the people at home and in other states, signed by their leaders without reserve, and troops were called to rendezvous at Braddock's Field for an open resistance to the authorities. Even in Pittsburg Gen. Neville, the inspector, was unable to serve a writ upon a distiller, his house and property was destroyed, and although a deservedly popular patriot, his life was saved only by his accidental absence from home. It is no part of our history to give details of the subsequent war. Our only object thus far has been to show the grounds for the sympathy which was felt for these men in the commencement of their opposition. In this county there were few if any who did not openly express their sentiments until the result was approached of an open resistance to authority. Even the most prominent men in Carlisle were opposed to the law, but it was hoped that a few cases of trial before the courts would show the unequal bearings of the law and would lead to its modification or repeal. They only justified the demand that the trials should be in the counties where the offences were committed and not as was threatened in the eastern counties. But now after Congress had materially modified the law (May 8th, 1792) and President Washington had issued his first and second proclamations (Sept. 15th, 1792 and Aug. 7th, 1793) requiring all insurgents to retire to their homes and abstain from hostile demonstrations, and at the same time directing that troops should be raised and held in readiness to march at a moment's warning before the first of September, the leading men of the county were equally outspoken in favor of raising an army to quell the disorder. Pennsylvania was called upon for 5,200 men, as her quota for the twelve thousand nine hundred required of the four contiguous states, and commissioners (among whom was Gen. Wm. Irvine, of Carlisle) were sent to confer with such deputies as the insurgents might appoint. These commissioners returned with an unfavorable report, but they were followed by commissioners from the insurgents who were more softened. A great change had taken place when the serious nature of their opposition had been con- 110 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. sidered, and in an interview with Washington himself and some members of his cabinet at Carlisle, October 10th, assurances were given that submission and order could be obtained without the aid of the military. As the army, however, was already on its way to the disaffected region, the President declined recalling it, but assured the commissioners that no violence should be used if the people would come back to their allegiance. There were many in Cumberland county who were not always prudent in the expression of their sympathy with this insurrection. General Armstrong had during the Revolutionary war more than once shown his apprehension from the large amount of grain which he found distilled there into whiskey, and we have reason to believe that then and for many years afterwards the number of distilleries in the county was very large. As late as in 1827, when the temperance reformation had commenced, the business was extensive. In 1792 Colonel Thomas Smith, a Judge of the District composed of Cumberland, Mifflin, Huntingdon and Franklin counties, in his charge, censured a disposition among the people to resist the excise law. Dr. James Armstrong, who had been an Associate Judge, but was that year sent to Congress, joins with him in this complaint. Drs. Nisbet and Davidson, who preached on the same Sabbath temperate discourses by the request of the Session of the Presbyterian church of Carlisle, on the duty of the people expressing their views only in a constitutional way and in the mean time submitting to lawful authority, found that their views were very offensive to a portion, not of their regular hearers but of the community around them. A few days afterwards the town was taken possession of by a disaffected company from the country, which erected a liberty pole in the public square, and were restrained from an assault upon Dr. Nisbet's residence only from a regard to an invalid member of his family. A letter from Carlisle dated at a later period (Sept. 15th, 1794) tells us that a liberty pole had been erected on the night of the eighth of that month in the public square with " LIBERTY AND No EXCISE, O WHISKEY," inscribed thereon. " On the morning following a few friends to good government met and cut it down, which caused a great agitation ; but runners were despatched in every direction to inflame the minds of the country people and persuade them to assist in putting up a second pole. On the next Thursday, in the afternoon, a number, perhaps two hundred of the people from the country came in, some with firearms, and erected a much larger pole with " Liberty and Equality" thereon. Very few men of property appeared among them. The County Treasurer was a busy body among them, and threw out money to the insurgents to procure whiskey. The people who appeared in the affair seemed to shun the conversation of any person who they thought was opposed to their proceedings, and it was thought advisable to say but little to them, as we could not tell how far the inflammation had spread through the country. A guard has patrolled the streets every night since that time to take care of the pole or to prevent the peaceable inhabitants from sleeping by the firing of guns and other noise; which has been hard to bear ; and per sons in pursuit of their business have been stopped at the point of the bayonet and money extorted from them to procure whiskey. On Thursday evening as Col. Blaine was conducting his sister, Mrs. Lyon, out of town, three of these desperadoes fired their guns at him and pursued him two miles, firing several shots at him as they ran. Happily no injury was done except the lady being very much fright. ened. Several farmers who have expressed their abhorrence of such proceedings have been threatened with the destruction of their prop. erty. Every artifice has been used to prevent the militia of the county from turning out on the service, and threats have been thrown out against those who show an inclination to go." Gen. Wm. Irvine, who, as we have seen, had been appointed, with Chief Justice McKean by the Governor, a commissioner to go to the Western counties to remonstrate with the disaffected people there, in reply to the letter notifying him of his appointment, wrote Aug. 17th, 1794: " The excise is odious in Cumberland and Mifflin counties ; many persons there will take offence, or at least make use to my prejudice of my accepting this mission ; but I make a rule of doing what I think right, and trust to events for consequences." As the oldest officer in the Pennsylvania line, he was soon after commissioned a Major General, to take command of the troops of that state, and he writes from Carlisle, Sept. 18th : " Some persons in this part of the country are undoubtedly ill-disposed, and it is too true that scandalous things have been done, yet I am certain that the reports of a general disaffection are not true, but on the contrary a vast majority of the people are well disposed, at least so well as not to think of arming against government ; it is nevertheless true that they generally abominate an excise law, and I believe never will sit easy under one."* The place of rendezvous for the troops of Pennsylvania was at Carlisle, and there in October was mustered the full force which had been called for by the President. Cumberland county, in which the true spirit of patriotism had now reigained full sway, gathered its complete quota of 363 men including officers, which with similar quotas from York, Lancaster and Franklin were placed under the command of Brig. Gen. James Chambers, of Franklin county. They were encamped on an extensive common near the town, said to have been admirably fitted for the purpose. On the first of October Thomas * The career of General Irvine was now coming to a close. Through some misunderstanding he had been allowed during a large part of the Revolutionary war to remain a prisoner on parole, after a number of officers of equal and less rank and merit had been exchanged. The mortification which this occasioned was mitigated when on his liberation he was placed at the head of the Second Pennsylvania Brigade (a corps of unusual merit), where he remained until 1781, when he was detailed by Gen. Washington to Pittsburg in the responsible command of the frontier at that difficult time. In 1785 he was appointed by the President of Pennsylvania an agent to examine the public lands set apart in the state for the remuneration of her troops; and upon the completion of this duty he was elected a member of Congress. He was there selected as one of the commissioners to settle the accounts of the several states for their contributions to the war. He was next a member of the convention for the formation of a constitution. Soon after the disturbances connected with the Whiskey Insurrection, Gen. Irvine now advanced in age removed -from Carlisle to Philadelphia, where he was appointed intendant of military stores in that city. and was President of the Pennsylvania Society of the Cincinnati until his death ; Which took place in the summer of 18)t., in the 63rd year of his age. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 111 Mifflin, the Governor of the State, arrived at Carlisle, and in the evening delivered an animated address in the Presbyterian church. On Saturday, the 3rd of October, at 12 o'clock, it was announced that the President was coming on the road from Philadelphia and Reading. Three battalions and the artillery paraded for his reception. A writer describes the approach of " the beloved Washington in a traveling dress, attended by his secretary, Alexander Hamilton, &c. As he passed our troops he pulled off his hat and in the most respectful manner bowed to the officers and men, and in this manner passed the line, who were (as you may suppose) affected by the sight of their chief, for whom each individual seemed to show the affectionate regard that would have been paid to an honored parent. As he entered the town the inhabitants seemed anxious to see this very great and good man ; crowds were assembled in the streets, but their admiration was silent. The President passed to the front of the camp, where the troops were assembled in front of the tents ; the line of artillery, horse and infantry appeared in the most perfect order ; the greatest silence was observed. The spectacle was grand, interesting and affecting ; every man as he passed along poured forth his wishes for the preservation of this most valuable of their fellow-citizens. Here you might see the aged veteran, the mature soldier and the zealous youth assembled in defence of that government which must (in turn) prove the protection of their persons, family and property." In the evening the court house was illuminated and a transparency was exhibited with the inscription in front : " Washington is ever triumphant," and on one side : " The reign of the laws," and on the other : " Woe to anarchists." The President remained at least seven days in Carlisle, the guest of Col. Ephraim Blaine,* and having his head quarters in the next house. * In this final notice of this distinguished officer and pure patriot we take occasion to add some circumstances of interest respecting him. We had reason to suppose that he was the Lieutenant who so bravely defended Fort Ligonier in the Indian war. In his correspondence he frequently dated his letters from " Cave Middleton," by which he designated his beautiful seat on the Conodoguinet near the cave in Middleton township, about a mile and a half north of Carlisle. He was born at Carlisle in 1741 and lived in wealth and refinement. Buthe was ready to sacrifice all at the call of his country. He was commissioned early in the war as a Colonel in the Pennsylvania line, but in 177 8 was made Deputy Commissary General in the Middle Department, embracing several of the states. H ere he was thrown much with Gen. Washington, whose counsel he shared. An officer of the present Commissary Department says that after saving the army from starvation in the awful winter of 1777, " in the ensuing summer on the resignation of General Wadsworth he was made Commissary General of the entire continental army on the personal recommendation of General Washington. This position he held until the close of the war. He w as a man of large fortune, and the records show that during the Valley Forge winter, with the aid of his personal friends, he made an advance of $600,000 for the use of the patriot army." Millions upon millions passed through his hands without a suspicion of his purity and disinterestedness. His estate became impaired by his sacrifices, but still remained 'ample. it was at his house that Washington lodged during the Insurrection. He spent many of his winters in Philadelphia, where he was a distinguished member of the " Republican Court." His son James went abroad in 1791 as a mer chant, and became an attache to the American, embassy in. Paris, but returned as the bearer of despatches connected with Jay's Treaty. He was then called the most accomplished .gentleman in Philadelphia, and died in Washington county, Pa., whither he removed after his father's death. His son Ephraim was the father of James ft., who was born in Washington county, removed to Maine and is the Along with him, the members of his cabinet and Governor Mifflin, were many Senators and Representatives from Pennsylvania ; and these, together with the New Jersey and Eastern troops, formed a brilliant and numerous assemblage, such as our county had never before and has never since witnessed. The day after his arrival Gen. Washington attended public worship, during which a discourse was preached by Dr. Davidson. On Monday of the following week a number of the principal inhabitants presented Washington the following-address, viz :   CARLISLE, OCTOBER 17, 1794. “ To GEORGE WASHINGTON, ESQ., PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.. SIR :—We, the subscribers, inhabitants of this borough, on behalf of ourselves and our fellow-citizens, friends to good order, government and the laws, approach you at this time to express our sincere admiration of those virtues which have been uniformly exerted with so, much success for the happiness of America, and which at this critical: period of impending foreign and domestic troubles, have been manifested with distinguished lustre.   Though we deplore the cause which has collected in this borough all classes of virtuous citizens, yet it affords us the most heartfelt satisfaction to meet the father of our country and brethren in arms, distinguished for their patriotism, their love of order and attachment to the constitution and laws ; and while on the one hand we regret the occasion which has brought from their homes men of all situations, who have made sacrifices unequalled in any other country of their, private interests to the public good, yet we are consoled by the consideration that the citizens of the United States have evinced to our enemies abroad and the foes of our happy constitution at home that they not only have the will but possess the power to repel all foreign, invaders and to crush all domestic traitors.   The history of the world affords us too many instances of the destruction of free governments by factious and unprincipled men. Yet the present insurrection and opposition to government is exceeded by none, either for its causeless origin or for the extreme malignity and wickedness with which it has been executed.   The unexampled clemency of our councils in their endeavors to bring to a sense of duty the western insurgents and the ungrateful returns which have been made by that deluded people, have united good men in one common effort to restore order and obedience to the-laws, and to punish those who have neglected to avail themselves of and have spurned at the most tender and humane offers that have-ever been made to rebels and traitors.   We have viewed with pain the great industry, art and misrepresentations which have been practised to delude our fellow-citizens. We   present distinguished senator from that state. Ephraim Blaine's other son Robert married Anna S. Metzger, and resided on the paternal farm near the cave. Col. Ephraim Blaine's first wife was Rebecca Galbreath and his second was Mrs. Duncan,. whose first husband fell in a duel. His descendants have intermarried with the Lyons, Metzgars, Alexanders, Hays, Gilchrists and Hendersons. His son owned a. house near the public square on the west side of North Hanover street in Carlisle. He died at hie seat near Carlisle, Feb. 16th, 1804, in the 63rd year of his age.   112 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.   trust that the effort of the general government, the combination of the good and virtuous against the vicious and factious, will cover with confusion the malevolent disturbers of the public peace, and afford to the well-disposed the certainty of protection to their persons and property. The sword of justice in the hands of our beloved President can only be considered an object of terror by the wicked, and will be looked up to by the good and virtuous as their safeguard and protection.   We bless that providence which has preserved a life so valuable through so many important scenes, and we pray that he will continue to direct and prosper the measures adopted by you for the security of our internal peace and the stability of our government, and that after a life of continued usefulness and glory you may be rewarded with eternal felicity."   To this well-considered and sincere address he was pleased to return the following reply :   GENTLEMEN - I thank you sincerely for your affectionate address. I feel as I ought what is personal to me, and I cannot but be particularly pleased with the enlightened and patriotic attachment which is manifested towards our happy constitution and the laws.   When we look around and behold the universally acknowledged prosperity which blesses every part of the United States, facts no less unequivocal than those which are the lamented occasion of our present meeting were necessary to persuade us that any portion of our fellow-citizens could be so deficient in discernment or virtue, as to attempt to disturb a situation which, instead of murmurs and tumults, calls for our warmest gratitude to Heaven, and our earnest endeavors to preserve and prolong so favored a lot.   Let us hope that the delusion cannot be lasting ; that reason will speedily regain her empire and the laws their just authority where they have lost it. Let the wise and the virtuous unite their efforts to reclaim the misguided and to detect and defeat the arts of the factious. The union of good men is a basis on which the security of our internal peace and the stability of our government may safely rest. It will always prove an adequate rampart against the vicious and disorderly.   In any case in which it may be indispensable to raise the sword of justice against obstinate offenders I shall deprecate the necessity of deviating from a favorite aim, to establish the authority of the laws in the affections of all rather than in the fears of any.   GEORGE WASHINGTON.   During the encampment at Carlisle detachments were sometimes sent with a constable at their head to arrest those who were known to act with the western insurgents. A number were taken and lodged in jail, but they are said to have shown no serious concern. Unfortunately, during a parley at a farm-house, a brother of one whom the soldiers were pursuing was killed by an accidental discharge of a soldier's pistol ; and another countryman was slain in a quarrel with a soldier. Both of these occurrences took place before the arrival of General Washington ; but before his departure General Hamilton published his "poignant regret" at the occurrence, and " his extreme solicitude that all possible pains might be taken to avoid in future not only accidents of a similar kind but all unauthorized acts of injury to the persons or property of the inhabitants." The circumstances by which these particular accidents were justified or excused were kindly referred to, but these only increased the desire of the President that the utmost vigilance and caution should be observed to avoid every thing which might require explanation.   NORTH-WESTERN AND THREATENED FRENCH WAR.   The Indian troubles of the North-west of course increased after the disastrous campaigns of Generals Harmar and St. Clair. They finally became so serious that a third and much larger force had to be sent against them, conducted and carefully prepared under the best officers. The decisive victory of Gen. Wayne at the Fallen Timbers on the Miami river in August, 1793, forever crushed the power of the confederacy which a large number of tribes had maintained for more than twenty years. The alarms which had been frequent and terrifying to the people of this county were continually becoming less and less as the frontiers became more distant. Few of our people enlisted in Wayne's army, and no companies were organized or were called for in Pennsylvania except in the region west of the Allegheny Mountains. Dr. Wm. McCoskry, afterwards of Detroit but then of Carlisle, served as a Surgeon in both St. Clair's and Wayne's expeditions ; and many traditionary accounts are given of the exploits of the " Fleet Ranger," Robert McClellan, son of one of the original pioneers of East Pennsborough. It was by the judicious use of experienced and daring Indian scouts like the latter that the success of the expedition was secured.   A more general interest was taken in the preparations extensively made in the summer of 1798 for a war with France. John Adams was then President of the United States and Thomas Mifflin was still Governor of Pennsylvania. The insulting demands and conduct of the French Directory awakened an indignation in the minds of the great body of the people which found expression in military organizations in every part of the country. The Governor addressed a circular letter to the officers of the militia requesting them to hold their companies in readiness for immediate action, but the state Senate passed strong resolutions in deprecation of the movement. Old party feelings began to revive, and those who sympathized warmly with French revolutionists indulged in a factious opposition to the administration, and did much to embarrass public measures. Private citizens wore the French or the black cockades, according to their predilections. Fortunately the war was scarcely begun before the accession of Napoleon Buonaparte to power gave a new turn to affairs, and the offensive position France had assumed was given up. But for a while what was called the 10th regiment was organized under Thomas L. More, of Philadelphia, as Colonel, and Wm. Henderson and Dr. George Stevenson, of this county, as Majors. All of these had been active in the Revolutionary war. Major Stevenson had the command of the recruiting service throughout the state west of the Allegheny   HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 113   mountains. It was at this time and in this 10th regiment that Alexander McComb, afterwards a Major General, was an Ensign, and Hugh Brady, afterwards a General, served as a Lieutenant.   From a private journal kept by Andrew Holmes, Esq., a member of a company of the Carlisle infantry in the army which left under Gen. Chambers, we take the following item under date of Carlisle, " Saturday, Oct. 11th, 1794, at 2 o'clock P. M. The Carlisle Light Infantry, together with from 3,000 to 4,000 troops, cavalry, rifle and infantry marched from Carlisle to Mt. Rock. The officers of the Carlisle infantry were as follows Captain George Stevenson, First Lieutenant Robert Miller, Second Lieutenant William Miller, Ensign Thomas Creigh, Orderly Sergeant William Armor, Sergeant Major George Hackett, Drum Major James Holmes ; and fifty-two privates, among whom were Thomas Duncan, David Watts, Robert Duncan, John Lyon, Nathanael Weakley, George Pattison, Charles Pattison, Wm. Andrew, Abraham Holmes, Archibald Ramsey, Joseph Clark, Wm. Dunbar, Archibald McAllister, Wm. Crane, Jacob Fetter, Archibald Loudon, Thomas Foster, Jacob Housenet, George Wright, Thomas Wallace, Francis Gibson, Joseph and Michael Egolf, Robert McClure and Wm. Levis. At Sideling Hill Captain Stevenson was made a Major and Wm. Levis Quarter Master."   From the same journal we extract the following Brigade orders which were issued on the 4th of December, 1794, when the army was on its return encamped at Strasburgh, a village ten miles north-west of Chambersburg : " The General' congratulates the troops which he has the honor to command on their arrival at Strasburg, and feelingly anticipates the pleasure which the worthy citizen soldiers and himself shall have in the company of their nearest connections. He also has the pleasure of announcing to the Brigade the entire approbation of the Commander in chief for their orderly conduct and strict discipline which reflects the highest honor on both officers and soldiers. He is likewise happy in assuring his fellow citizens that their soldierly behavior during the whole campaign has merited his highest acknowledgments, and as they have supported the laws of their country he rests assured they will when they have retired to private life support civil society in every point of view. As the worthy men who stepped forward in support of the happiness of their country and the support of the constitution of the Federal Government are to deposit their arms in this town tomorrow, the commanding officers of the regiments composing the Brigade will see that fair inventories of every article are made to Mr. Samuel Riddle, Brigade Quarter Master who is to give receipts for such delivery. And the Quarter Master of the Brigade is to detain a sufficient number of wagons to transport the arms to the place pointed out in the orders of the commander in chief of the 17th ult. The officers commanding the several corps will meet to-morrow morning to certify to the men as to their time of service and the balance due and to become due, agreeable to General Irvine's orders of the 30th of November. By order of GEN. CHAMBERS. WM. Ross, Adjutant.   The company of Infantry from Carlisle was mustered out of service and arrived at Carlisle, Friday Dec. 5, 1794."   EDUCATION OF THE POOR.   The constitution of 1776 had provided that, " A school or schools shall be established in each county by the Legislature for the convenient instruction of youth, with such salaries to the masters paid by the public as may enable them to instruct youth at low prices." This was apparently the first apprehension of the great principle that in self defence the people had a right and were in duty bound, through their public authorities to see that all citizens were made sufficiently intelligent to perform their duties. The precise way in which these schools were to be supported and conducted was left to the wisdom of the Legislature. For many years we know of nothing actually accomplished in this direction. Ordinarily schools were got up in each town or neighborhood by individual families combining together as inclination or convenience suggested, and employing and paying teachers of their own choice. Sometimes the children of families in straitened circumstances were allowed to attend these schools, and 11.0 demand was made upon their parents for compensation ; at other times, especially for slaves and colored people, separate schools were provided by the benevolent. As a specimen of one of these latter provisions, we have seen a subscription of not less than £40 dated some time near 1788, signed by Drs. Nisbet and Davidson, John Armstrong, John Montgomery, Robert Miller, Robert Magaw, Alexander McKehan, Samuel A. McCoskry, Ephraim Steel, Geo. Stevenson, Thomas Foster, Stephen Duncan, Nat. Weakley, Ephraim Blaine, Samuel Alexander, J. R. Postlethwaite, Lemuel Gustine, Richard Butler, Wm. Irvine, John Holmes, John Creigh, John Agnew, Wm. Lyon, Samuel Laird, Thomas Smith and J. Hamilton ; and under the following agreement : " Whereas a number of children in the Borough of Carlisle, from the extreme indigence of their parents, are brought up in the greatest ignorance, and whereas these people laboring under the unfortunate condition of slavery, are from circumstances generally debarred the opportunity of acquiring a knowledge of the Holy Scriptures and the principles of morality ; the subscribers being of opinion that a free school and Sunday evening school under proper regulations would tend to the advancement of knowledge and of good order in society, agree to pay the sums annexed to their names for one year for the above benevolent purposes, on the following conditions," &c. A committee is then designated to employ teachers, to judge what children are proper objects of this charity and to make such regulations as might from time to time become necessary.   The constitution of 1790 proceeded one step higher, and required that " the Legislature should as soon as conveniently might be, provide by law for the establishment of schools throughout the state in such manner that the poor might be taught gratis." Every scheme, however, by which the children of the poor are distinguished from those of the rich has always been looked upon as odious and contrary to the spirit of our civil institutions. Even the law of 1809 does   114 - HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.   not escape this difficulty, nor was there any method of doing so until provision was made for the equally gratuitous education of all children.   CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.   We shall leave to the histories of the several townships the details of the origin and progress of the different congregations which have sprung up in every part of Cumberland county. In general, however, we may notice that most of the larger denominations had congregations in different parts of the county either before or soon after the Revolutionary war. The Presbyterian and Episcopal churches of that period have been already referred to. Five of the former and at least one of the latter began to flourish after the distractions of the war and built themselves comfortable houses of worship. The Lutheran and German Reformed congregations in Carlisle continued to worship in the same house on alternate Sundays, until 1807, when each of them built houses for that purpose ; the first at the place where they at present worship, and the latter on the lot now occupied by the Preparatory department, Library, &c., of Dickinson College. In like manner the two denominations for many years maintained worship at this early period in the same building at Shippensburg, Trindle's Spring and perhaps other points. In 1798 a congregation connected with the German Reformed which had been organized some time before by Rev. Anthony Hautz, pastor at Carlisle and Trindle Spring, erected the old stone church commonly known as the Friedens Kirche or Salem church. The first structure was of wood and was used for both worship on Sunday and for a school during the week. A few miles northeast of this a Lutheran congregation had been organized about 1791, which had a house of worship on Louther manor, but As many connected with it lived in the neighborhood of the Friedens Kirche, they purchased one half of that property and worshipped there with their Reformed brethren on alternate Sundays for many years.   Immediately after the Revolutionary war the Methodists began ro establish " circuits" and congregations in the county. As early as 1789 Jonathan Forrest began to preach in the neighborhood of Carlisle. In 1794 the circuit extended from the Susquehanna to the Maryland line, included York and Adams counties, and had forty appointments and a total membership of 283 persons. Great success attended the labors of its preachers and in 1810 the number of members was not less than 652.   Associate Presbyterian churches Were formed at a very early period, the first in Shippensburg, probably about 1788-90, one in Carlisle in 1798, and one at the Big Spring somewhere in 1772:   A Roman Catholic congregation was established in Carlisle near the commencement of the present century. It worshipped for some years in a small log building where the present church is located, The lot was originally owned by the " Jesuits of Conewago," And the present building was erected in 1807, but enlarged in 1828.   In 1771 some German Baptists, or as they are often called Tunkards or Dunkards began to move into Cumberland county. Martin Brandt and his two sons Adam and Martin, with their families came at that time from Derry in Lancaster county and settled in Allen now Monroe township. Deitrich Coover in 1786 settled near Shepherds-town, Daniel Beshore in 1791 came from Berks county to Hampden, and John Cocklin in 1793 to Upper Allen, Martin Keller in 1802 front Lancaster county to East Pennsborough, Daniel Baker in 1806 from the same county to Monroe, John Sollenberger near the same time to Monroe, David Brenizer in 1803 to Allen, Daniel Mohler in 1800 to Allen, and a little later Christian Mohler to Allen. Their first meeting places were in private houses, where they were served by missionaries from a distance and from the neighboring churches. It was not until after the period of which we are now treating that they succeeded in obtaining a regular minister. They believe in the necessity of baptism by trine immersion, and observe as Christian ordinances, not only the Lord's Supper but the washing of feet, the kiss of charity and almsgiving ; they make much of the duties of common honesty, plainness of dress, non-resistance of enemies, sincerity in speech and the avoidance of every kind of oath. They differ from those German Baptists with whom they are often confounded, the followers of Conrad Beissel, of Lancaster county, who sanctify the seventh day of the week as the Christian Sabbath.*   A SINGULAR MOUNTAIN FRESHET OR TORRENT.   In the transactions of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,. a letter of the Hon. Benjamin Lincoln to Dr. Joseph Willard, President of the University at Cambridge, Mass., (unfortunately without date) gives the following (somewhat abridged) account : " About three years since the people in the vicinity of this town who live near the mountain about ten miles distant were alarmed by a current of water overflowing the banks of the river (creek). They soon found that there were visjble effects of a torrent during the night before from about twenty feet of the top of the mountain. Whether it had burst forth from the mountain, or was a column of water from the clouds has not been ascertained. The course in which it ran down the mountain was dry the next morning. It was confined to the width of twenty feet or less. It appeared to be many feet deep, as could be discovered by its effects on those trees which were not carried away by the water. It cut a passage in the side of the mountain of about seven or eight feet wide and near that depth. The traces of it are seen from the town. One rock of considerable weight was thrown into the crotch of a tree twelve feet from the ground. When the water came Into the valley its impetuosity was so great that it was, not immediately diverted but reached a small rising ground through which it cut a passage ; then followed the valley and so on to the river which was at some considerable distance. In its course it carried off most of the fences and came up to the floors of some of the houses.   * From an interesting account kindly furnished by Elder Moses Miller, of Mechanicsburg. We regret that we have not space for the whole paper. Notices relating to a later period when a Lumber of churches came to be established will he found further on.   HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 115   I have had some conversation with Mr. Rittenhouse on the subject, who has been twice to see the effects of the water. It is his opinion that it was not a column of water bursting forth from the mountain as it was near the top of one of the highest."   The ravine made by this mountain torrent is still visible from the valley below, being traceable by a line of evergreens which has now grown up in its path down the face of the mountain. It is near the western line of Frankford township, about a mile east of Flat Rock. No record exists of the exact date of the occurrence, though various traditionary circumstances combine with the other communications in the volume in which the above letter appears, to fix it between 1779 and 1785. Large trees, huge sand stones, and an immense amount of earth and bushes were swept into the valley. Much live stock, and in one field nine out of ten horses were drowned. Where the water first started near the top, is a circle of about a hundred yards, within which are tokens of a greater violence than at any other point. A large cavity is scooped out of the ground and an appearance as if the mass of water had swayed around in this circle with power enough to lift out great rocks. The force was evidently diminished from this point downwards. The track is easily traced, being even now six or seven feet deep after being evidently half filled up in the course of time. A storm of wind and rain was also experienced accompanied by several severe strokes of lightning, one of which was on the turnpike between Palmstown and Mount Rock. A tree was struck in such a singular manner that Franklin and Rittenhouse came to examine its circumstances. Franklin found the tree torn out by the roots as if by two currents of electricity, one from above and one from below. A number of large land slides took place, traces of which are apparent on the sides of the mountain for several miles at the present time. Many incidents are related which took place during the freshet on the plantations along the course of the waters to the Conodoguinet.   NEWSPAPERS.   One of the first newspapers west of the Susquehanna, and outside of Philadelphia, was probably " The Carlisle Weekly Gazette," edited by Messrs. Kline & Reynolds. It was a small four paged sheet the first number of which was issued in July 1785, on very blue paper, but of good print and execution. Almost complete files of it till it was discontinued in 1815 are still in existence and good preservation. It was decidedly what was then called Federal in politics, and was sold for fifteen shillings (two dollars) per annum, or six cents for a single copy. " The Carlisle Eagle or Herald" was commenced about the first of October 1799. It was published by John P. Thompson, Deputy Post Master until 1802, when he was superseded by Archibald ,Loudon. It belonged then to the Federal party, and was a dark dingy sheet of coarse paper not one third the size of the present "Herald." The foreign news was more than a month old before it was published, In 1804 and for a long time afterwards it was edited by Wm. Alexander, an officer ill the war of 1812, who died June 28, 1437,, and in 1825 by An Philips and George Fleming, but after Jan. 1, 1829 by Ann Philips and her son, Frederick B. Philips, under the firm of Ann C. Philips and Son. A small sheet called the Cumberland Register was published in 1814 by Archibald Loudon. The number which is dated June 22, 184, is called the fortieth number of volume ninth. " The American Volunteer" was begun Sept. 15, 1814, edited for many years by Wm. B. and James Underwood, and files of it have been preserved from that time. W. B. Underwood served one year as a soldier in the war of 1812 and died Nov. 9th, 1834. For more than 64 years it has been invariably Democratic in its politics. A paper called " The Carlisle Gazette" was commenced in 1822 by John M'Cartney, which three years later (1825), was under the editorial supervision of John Wightman. About the same time (July, 1822); a religious weekly paper was begun at the press of " Fleming and Geddes, South Hanover street, Carlisle," called " The Religious Miscellany, containing information relative to the church of Christ, together with interesting literary and political notices of events which occur in the world." We have two volumes of this work, but we believe it soon afterwards was discontinued. In August, 1830, the " Messenger of Useful Knowledge" was published in Carlisle from the same press, in a small octavo pamphlet of 16 pages, in which it was intended to give from European periodicals and American contributors, such scientific information as would be profitable especially to agriculturists and manufacturers, but to all classes of intelligent people. It was edited by Prof. Rogers, at that time a member of the Faculty of Dickinson College, but it was discontinued after the first year. The more recent weekly newspapers which have been started in the different towns of the county, need not here be mentioned. They will generally be noticed in the township histories. It may, however, be remarked that during the first half of the present century, the Press of Carlisle was prolific not only in periodical but in more permanent literature. Not less than 20 or 25 volumes issued from the different offices, some of them original works of inhabitants of the county, and all of them works of a healthy moral character. Among the original publications may be mentioned: " Narratives of Outrages committed by the Indians in their wars, by Archibald Loudon, 2 volumes, 1811 ;" " Poems on various subjects by Isabella Oliver, 1805 ;" Spiritual Life or Regeneration, by George Duffield, D. D., 1832 ;" " A Pennsylvania Blackstone, a modification of the commentaries of Sir Wm. Blackstone, so as to present an elementary exposition of the Laws of Pennsylvania, common and statute, with a short notice of the Judiciary of the U. S. in two volumes, by John Reed, 1830 ;" " Reports of cases adjudged in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, by Wm. Rawle, Jr., C. B. Penrose and Frederick Watts, Esqr's., 1831; and many other works the titles of which are not accurately known to us.   CRIMINAL CASES.   Within a few years (1798-1807), occurred some instances of crime which were long held in remembrance and were the subjects of many exciting tales among the people. The first was that of Sarah Clark ;   116 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.   a young woman who was born about the year 1766, within two miles of Carlisle. She lived for some years in the families of John Douglass and John Carothers who resided on opposite sides of Hoge's Run, near its confluence with the Conodoguinet. Having formed a strong attachment for a son of Mr. Douglass, and jealous of his attentions to Ann, a daughter of Mr. Carothers, she waited for months for an opportunity to poison the latter lady alone. Becoming desperate for want of such an opportunity, she finally put arsenic in a pot of leaven from which bread was made for the whole family. All who ate of the bread became sick, John Carothers and his wife died, but Ann recovered. Soon afterwards she administered another dose to the latter while ministering at her sick bed, but even this failed of its intended effect, and on her partial recovery Ann went to reside for a short time with a neighboring cousin. Even here Sarah found access to the spring house, and mingled the poison with the butter. In this she was discovered, was arrested and was tried in Carlisle at the October term of court presided over by James Riddle and his associates, Jonathan Hoge, Samuel Laird and John Montgomery. She was convicted of murder in the first degree, confessed in accordance with the above recited facts, and was executed the next year.*   A colored woman named Chloe was arraigned at the March term of Oyer and Terminer, 1801, for the murder of two children of Mrs. Mary, the widow of Andrew Carothers, of Cumberland county. The woman was a slave and had the charge of the three children of the family. On one occasion she became much excited under the reproof of her mistress, and being soon after alone with them she drowned one of them in a stream near the house, and killed another. In a fit of anger she subsequently threatened the remaining child to do with it as had been done with the others. She was tried before Hon. John Joseph Henry, President Judge, Samuel Laird, John Creigh and Wm. Moore, Associates, convicted of murder in the first degree, sentenced to be hung June, 1801, and soon after executed.   The Carlisle " Herald" of Aug. 10th, 1803, contains the following item : " On Thursday last, Mr. James Carothers, Sr., set two men to clear a piece of ground near the farm of John and James Carothers. On observing them the latter two persons went to the men and told them that they were at work on their land, and that having given them two hours for consideration, they should return, and if they were found at work they should be beaten off. John and James re-   * The above incident was made the subject of a poetical effort by Miss Isabella Oliver, a friend of the murdered family. It appeared in a volume of poems entitled " Poems on various Subjects," from the press of Archibald Loudon, of Carlisle, In 1805, and was introduced by a commendatory letter by Dr. Davidson. The author resided with her mother in East Penns-borough not far from Carlisle. Her father, James Oliver, Esq., had been distinguished as a mathematician and had died when she was young. She received only a common education but developed early a fondness for clothing all her thoughts in a poetical dress. She composed her pieces while engaged in ordinary employment, finished them without writing, and dictated them afterwards to others when solicited. In the Introduction her poems are called " a rare performance," and it is said that her " most common thoughts flowed in numbers." For some time the volume had a favorable reception. She was afterwards married to Mr. Alexander Sharpe, and some of her descendants, and those of her brothers John and James are living in different parts of tho county.   turned at the end of the time set, and finding the two men at work began to beat them. James Carothers. Sr., whom the young men had not seen, fired a gun and wounded John in several places with small shot. Both of them then pursued the elder Carothers, and beat him with a loaded whip and a stick to such a degree that he died immediately." For this they were tried on a charge of manslaughter before the court of Oyer and Terminer, Aug. 29, and after a trial of two days and the absence of the jury for about an hour, they were declared not guilty.   In 1807, Edward Donelly, from Ireland in 1798, and residing with James M'Cormick, of East Pennsborough, was compelled by law to marry, became worthless, abused his wife in a shocking manner, and finally killed her. Being tried at the court of Oyer and Terminer. under President Judge James Hamilton, George Metzgar, then District Attorney, conducted the prosecution and Judge Duncan and Frederick Watts acted for the prisoner. After an hour's consultation the jury returned a verdict of murder in the first degree. He was hung on the eighth day of February, 1808, by the Sheriff, George Shoop, at the forks of the road near where the gas works now stand, exhibiting the most hardened indifference, and amid the ribaldries of a portion of the crowd.   NOTABLE INCIDENTS.   In May, 1788, Congress passed the following resolution : " That the Postmaster General be, and he is hereby directed to employ posts for the regular transportation of the mail between the city of Philadelphia and the town of Pittsburg, in the state of Pennsylvania, by the route of Lancaster, Yorktown, Carlisle, Chambers' town and Bedford; and that the mail be despatched once in each fortnight from the said post offices respectively." From an advertisement in "Kline's Gazette," we learn that in 1801, stages were run from Lancaster to Philadelphia with the mail three times a week. To Carlisle they ran only once a week, or occasionally oftener. After the first of January, 1801, a contract was entered into with the government according to which the stage with the mail was to run twice a week regularly between Harrisburg and Washington, Pa., by way of Chambersburg. In 1803 stages started every Tuesday morning at five o'clock, reached Hanover that evening, remained over night and arrived at Baltimore the next evening ; on the return they left Baltimore every Saturday morning at five o'clock, staid at Hanover that night and reached Carlisle Sunday evening ; price of passage from Carlisle to Baltimore, four dollars, with permission to carry twenty pounds of baggage.   In 1802, a new town was laid out on the Walnut Bottom road, half way between Carlisle and Shippensburg, and on account of its position between those places, was to be called Centreville. Seventy-eight lots, of a quarter of an acre each, were to be divided off and disposed of by lottery tickets, at thirty dollars a ticket, the ownership of each lot being determined by the ticket.   In September, 1804, a malignant epidemic prevailed in almost every part of the county, under which nineteen persons are said to have died, and almost all business was suspended. The editors of   HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 117   the newspapers in Carlisle account for the non-appearance of their regular issues by saying that their workmen were all down with the sickness. Among the deaths which were ascribed to this cause were those of Wm. Moore, one of the Associate Judges of the county, Thomas Graham of West Pennsborough, John Hughes a captain of the Revolutionary army, Wm. Greyson of East Pennsborough, Joseph Conolly of Frankford, Miss Jane, daughter of Andrew Holmes, and Peggy Ramsey of Middleton, George Line of Dickinson, and Andrew McAllister on a farm near Carlisle. A short time before this (Aug. 4), Col. John Alexander, an active officer in the late Revolutionary war, and an exemplary citizen, on his farm in West Pennsborough, was taken probably by the same disease and died very suddenly. On the same day, at the same time of day, and by the same disease, died Miss Polly Byers, daughter of the late Capt. John Byers.   On Monday, May 12th, 1806, a melancholy accident took place, which resulted in the death of Mrs. Davidson and the temporary illness of her husband, Rev. Dr. Davidson. " As her declining health required exercise, they were riding in a chaise on a visit to Colonel Wm. Chambers, about three miles eastward from Carlisle. On their return, half a mile from the Colonel's house, the horse started, over-set the chaise and ran into the woods, breaking the vehicle into many pieces. Both of them were soon found in the road at some distance from each other, helpless and insensible. The Doctor's left arm was broken, and the parts about the left eye the left leg and left side generally were much bruised. In about an hour he came to himself, and receiving medical aid and the kindest attentions of the Colonel's family and other friends, he soon recovered and resumed his duties. Mrs. Davidson on the other hand was delirious from the moment of her misfortune. Thus she remained nearly seven days, receiving little or no sustenance, and all medical aid proving ineffectual, her sufferings closed in death."   At some time near 1791, during the political excitement which then ran so high, a duel was fought between John Duncan, a merchant, the son of 'Stephen Duncan, and the brother of the late Chief Justice, Thomas Duncan, Esq., and General James Lamberton, a prominent civil and military officer of that period, originally from Ireland. Mr. Duncan took offence at some remark, made by Mr. Lamberton, and forthwith challenged him. Their place of meeting was in a wood this side of Jonathan Holmes' place, on the road toward the present Poor House. James Blaine, a son of Ephraim Blaine, and Joseph Postlethwaite were the seconds of Mr. Duncan ; and Robert Huston, a merchant and a fellow-countryman of Mr. Lamberton, and a gentleman of the name of Ray were the seconds of his antagonist. It is said that the parties met on their way to the ground on the bridge at the east end of Lowther street, and that Mr. Huston there made efforts to settle the difficulty. The proposal was, however, rejected by the opposite party, when Mr. H. coolly said : " Weel be it so, ye'll find us a' sogers." The duel was fought with pistols, and both were to fire one round at the word, and the second, should that be ineffectual, as soon afterwards as they pleased. When Duncan was asked how many shots should decide the matter, he replied, " As many as until one of us falls !" At the first shot Duncan was shot through the head. He was a married man, and his widow many years afterwards married Ephraim Blaine, whom she survived many years and died in Philadelphia as late as 1850. Gen. Lamberton died at Carlisle in 1846, at the ripe age of ninety-five, preserving his faculties to the lasr, and an active participant in borough and county affairs for more than sixty years.   On the third of March, 1801, the County Commissioners advertises for proposals to build " a house for the safe keeping of the public records of the county in the centre square in Carlisle ;" and on the 22d of December, 1802, notice is given that " the new building for the county offices and the market house are nearly completed." This was not the Court House which was of brick and had been erected more than thirty-six years before (about 1766), but a smaller building, designed simply for the purpose here mentioned.   An act of the Assembly was passed in 1806, to incorporate a company " to construct an artificial road from the bank of the river Susquehanna, opposite the borough of Harrisburg, through Bedford to Pittsburg." A few weeks later we are informed that more than a thousand shares had been taken in Carlisle in the company to build this road.   Near the same time (June 13th, 1806,) a public meeting was called to take into consideration " the exposed condition of the public burial ground." In the notice which called the meeting, it is said that this " had long been a matter of great regret," and that it was now proposed " to enclose the grounds with a permanent wall of stone or brick in order to protect it from the injuries of cattle and from other outrages." At the meeting which followed, Samuel Postlethwaite, Wm. Alexander, John Arthur, John Logue, James Given, Hugh. Smith, James Duncan, George Craighead and James Gustine were appointed managers to conduct the undertaking ; and at a subsequent meeting this committee reported that they had received a considerable amount, and were preparing to commence the work after harvest, John Miller was appointed treasurer, and the subscription books were left with him and Geo. Pattison.   Great satisfaction was expressed in the public papers of this time at the tokens of prosperity which were apparent in all parts of the county. For a long time before this, a great stagnation in business and a depreciation in the value of property had been complained of. Farms in the country and lots in town could not be disposed of except at serious sacrifices. But recently all this had been reversed, and within a single week near the first of August, 1806, an unusual number of plantations, houses and lots had been sold at gratifying prices. Every house in town had been occupied on the preceding April, and a spirit of improvement was showing itself in every department of business. Indeed the few first years of the present century appear to have been among the most brilliant in the history of our county.   118 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.   CHAPTER THIRTEENTH.   SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN.   There were still some unadjusted relations with other nations which for many years were the occasion of much irritation and-finally of war. The principal of these were the rights of neutral nations in time of war, and of sailors in American vessels. Great Britain and France claimed the right to prohibit all ships belonging to a neutral nation from trading with or entering the ports of a nation with which they were at war ; and on this ground they seized upon many of our vessels and endeavored to compel them to pay duties in their ports before entering a hostile port. They also claimed that no subject born in their respective countries could alienate his citizenship, and on this ground they claimed the right to stop any American vessel on the high seas, to search it for such subjects and to arrest and take from them any they might find. It was not easy to distinguish American from British subjects and hence many of the former were taken from our vessels. So injurious was the course of the British government and so inattentive was it to all remonstrances, that in 1807 the United States retaliated by prohibiting all trade with foreign countries. But so disastrous was such a measure upon our own commerce, that even after several modifications a large portion of the people were vehement in denouncing it. In 1812, war was declared against Great Britain, but the country was by no means unanimous in sustaining it. Forty-nine out of 128 representatives in Congress entered their solemn protest against the declaration, and it passed the senate only by a small majority. Three of the States refused to furnish men from their militia to guard even their own seaboard. Many newspapers were decided in their disapprobation of the war, and meetings were held in various parts denouncing it as unnecessary and unjust. -Such proceedings provoked the opposite party, and mobs and riots took place especially in Baltimore and New England. Pennsylvania was very decided in its support of the administration, its governor responded promptly to the President's call for troops, and the people sustained him by an equally prompt and hearty volunteering for the army. In this county the opposition was feeble, and a larger number of volunteers than was asked for by the governor or by the general government was obtained, and in some instances men contended for places in the ranks. Companies were speedily formed, with a full complement of numbers and equipments. Four were at once mustered in Carlisle, principally for six months, and prepared to march in any direction.   CARLISLE LIGHT INFANTRY.   The " Independent Carlisle Light Infantry," had been organized in 1784, out of those soldiers who had been disbanded at the close of the Revolutionary war, and as we have seen, had been called out during the insurrection of 1794. It had been commanded first by Captain Magaw, and then successively by Captains George Stevenson, Robert Miller, Wm. Miller, and at the outbreak of the war with Great Britain by Wm. Alexander, a printer and an editor of the " Carlisle Herald" from its commencement in July 1, 1802 *   RIFLEMEN.   A single company of riflemen was formed, by the union of two smaller companies, one from the neighborhood of the present Mechanicsburg under the command of a Capt. Coover, and the other from Carlisle under Capt. George Hendall. On meeting to choose a captain for the united company, George Hendall was elected, and the entire company, with complete numbers and equipment, went with the Light Infantry to the Niagara frontier, (1814). Both companies participated in most of the battles and sorties of that hard fought campaign. In the battle of Chippewa they were a part of the detachment of 250 Pennsylvanians, under the command of Col. Bull, of Perry county, who were sent with fifty or sixty regulars and 300 Indians into the woods to strike the Chippewa creek about a half mile above the British works. Here they were attacked by a party of 200 militia with some Indians, but so impetuous was the charge with which our troops met them, that they were compelled to give way in every direction and were pursued with great slaughter up to the very guns of the fort. The little band of Pennsylvanians here found themselves forsaken by the Indians, and in face of the enemy's main force and assailed by four companies on the left and flank. They were of course compelled to retire, but having gone about 300 yards, they re-formed and kept up a heavy fire for about ten minutes, when being raked by cannon on the right, outflanked and almost surrounded by the entire four companies now brought against them, they were obliged to retreat. They had depended upon and every moment expected a support from the main army, but as this was not given them in season, they retired in good order and keeping up a fire upon their assailants. They had fought more than an hour, had chased their enemies a mile and a half, and when exhausted by their exertions and the extreme heat, they rejoined their regiment which they now met entering the field under Colonel Fenton. They then re-entered the field, and bore their part as if they had been fresh from their tents. Not more than twelve men (and these on account of extreme exhaustion) were absent from this second encounter. Eight of their men had been killed in the woods, and the number of their wounded was in the usual proportion. One hundred and fifty of the enemy's militia and Indians were left dead on the field. Col. Bull was treacherously shot   * It is only a few years since this company was disbanded, its organization having been kept up until nearly all militia organizations had been disbanded in this State. Its Captains have since been Wm, Alexander, Lindsey, Thompson, Spottswood, Edward Armor, (1823,) George D. Foulke, (1827,) John McCartney, (Sept. 5, 1829), Wm. Sterrett Ramsey, (Aug. 1835,) Wm. Moudy, (1839,) Jacob Rohrer, (Sept. 19, 1840:) George Sanderson, (Aug. 8, 1842) and Samuel Crop, (Nov. 24, 1845-54). The minute book of the company in our possession contains no record beyond July 4th, 1854.   HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 119   down by the enemy after his surrender, and Major Galloway and Capt. White were taken prisoners. These two officers on their return home were received by their former companions with great rejoicings. The time of enlistment for these companies was short, being not over six or nine months, but whether they continued during another term we are not informed.   COL. GEORGE MCFEELY.   Besides Col. J. Fenton who commanded a portion of these troops from Cumberland county, there were others connected with the regular army, on the same frontier. Among these was George M'Feely, who took rank as a Lieutenant Colonel in the 22d regiment of U. S. Infantry, July 6th, 1812, and as a Colonel of the 25th regiment April 15th, 1814. Before this, however, (March 14th, 1812,) he had had charge of the recruiting establishment at the Barracks in Carlisle, and when the infantry regiments were reduced from 18 to 10 companies he was transferred to the 22d with Hugh Brady as the Colonel. On the. 5th of October, 1812, he marched from Carlisle Barracks with .200 men from the 22d regiment, to the Niagara frontier by way of Sunbury, Williamsport, Elmira, Batavia and Buffalo. Here he was ordered by Gen. Smith to march for Old Fort Niagara and relieve Colonel Winder in the command of that station. He reached there on the 14th of November. Early in the morning of the 21st the enemy opened his batteries from Fort George on the apposite side of the river, but they were replied to so effectually that by sunset the enemy, with every advantage of position, number of guns, and weight of metal in cannon, bombs and mortars, acknowledged that they had the worst of the battle and proposed to suspend the conflict. On the morning of the 27th of May, 1813, after a faithful drilling of his force during the severe winter, he was invited by Lieutenant Col. Winfield Scott (to whom he yielded precedence,) to lead the vanguard in his descent upon Canada. With alacrity he and his men consented to embark, although well aware that the expedition would be attended with more than ordinary exposure and peril. He was second in command, and had under him about 650 men exclusive of commissioned officers. They embarked about two miles below Fort Niagara, near the mouth of the river and were met on the opposite shore by a superior force. Not being supported by the troops which followed, our regiments were scarcely able to maintain their position, but fmally they succeeded in putting the enemy to flight and in capturing Fort George. For a while McFeely was left in command while Scott went off on some service, and he led them to what was called Forty Mile Creek. Here he and his men were obliged to lie for several days without blankets, shelter, or the ordinary supply of food ; many of them (and himself of the number,) were taken sick, and hence were unable to be present at Stoney Creek where so many of his own men were massacred and taken prisoners. About the first of January, 1813, he was ordered with his men to the region of Lake Champlain where he arrived in the depth of winter while the snow was several feet deep and the thermometer sometimes much below zero. He re- mined in this part participating in all the principal movements and battles on land, until near the middle of June, 1814, when he received promotion as colonel to take rank from the previous first of April, and an order to report himself to Major General Brown, on the Niagara frontier. He reached Lewiston on Niagara river, Aug. 13, and joined his new regiment on the 25th, under his old friend General Scott. He held a number of responsible commands at Queenston, Fort George, Black Rock, until the close of the war, when he returned to his home. He was an excellent disciplinarian, had his troops under admirable control, and was remarkable for his coolness under the enemy's fire, and his patient hardihood under the severest-sufferings.*   Another of these officers connected with the regular army was Willis D. Foulke, but the writer has been unable to trace his military history.   PATRIOTIC BLUES.   Among the companies which marched in a different direction was one which assumed the designation of the Patriotic Blues, and was commanded by Jacob Squier Captain, Samuel M'Keehan First Lieu. tenant, Frederic Fogle Second Lieutenant, and Stephen Kerr Ensign. This company marched to Baltimore to aid in repelling the British in their assault upon that city. It was attached to the 49th regiment of the Maryland militia under Lieutenant Col. Veazy. It bore its full share in those active operations by which the enemy were in four days (Sept. 12-15, 1814,) driven back to their ships. On the 16th they were encamped at Hamstead Hill, near Baltimore, and as the danger now seemed to be so far over that the regular troops with the Maryland militia might safely be left to themselves, the company took their leave for home. They received from their commander an assurance that " they had performed their duty honorably to themselves ;" and Brigadier Gen. Forman especially expressed " extreme regret at parting with fellow-soldiers who had so faithfully discharged the duty of good citizens ;" and bore testimony to " the decorum of their conduct, their ready obedience to necessary discipline and their patience under great hardships and privations. †"   There were other companies which went to Baltimore from the eastern towns in the county, and from what is now Perry county. It is said that these were in the detachment which was sent to lie in ambush by the route on which the British troops were expected to advance on its way to Baltimore. As Gen. Ross, the commander of those troops was riding by the spot where they were concealed, it is said that two sharp shooters raised their pieces and were about to fire. An   * Col. McFeely left a minute and well written journal of his entire service during the war. It consists of 136 manuscript pages in a legible and neat hand, and we hope some day to see it printed for a larger circle of readers.   † Capt. Jacob Squier lived to be the oldest inhabitant but one in the borough of Carlisle, and died Dec. is, 1872, neatly ninety-one years of age. He was born Dec. 11, 1781, came to Carlisle from Fairfield county, Connecticut, in 1808, and resided here sixty-four years. He was for a while a shoe maker, but was soon elected, and for many years acted as a Justice of the Peace, and at a very advanced age was the Treasurer of the Poor House. He was also a local preacher in the Methodist Episcopal church of Carlisle.   120 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.   order was given them to desist, but before one of them whose name was Kirkpatrick, from over the mountains, could understand the order he fired his gun and the British General fell. The result was, that a tremendous volley was fired into the thicket where they were concealed ; but confusion was thrown into the plans of the invading party, by the loss of their commander, and the idea of occupying Baltimore was given up.   CARLISLE GUARDS.   Before the departure of this hostile army, apprehensions were felt in this State that Philadelphia might be the ultimate object of its enterprise. Gov. Snyder therefore gave orders that a large force should be collected in the neighborhood of that city. In response to this requisition, the " Carlisle Guards" were marched early in September, 1814, under the command of Captain Joseph Halbert,* and were encamped at Bush Hill, in the neighborhood of Philadelphia; for nearly a month. During this time they were occupied in severe discipline and in constructing intrenchments. A letter from a member of the company dated Bush Hill, Oct. 1, 1814, tells of great progress in military art, and of a universal desire to meet the enemy. The day before (Sept. 30th,) Gen. Scott, who had been wounded on the northern frontier and was now on his way to Washington, was expected to enter the city. The " hero of Chippewa," and other glorious fields, was then the idol of the hour. The letter contains a graphic description of Ms reception and his appearance. " Day before yesterday the volunteers of this encampment had a grand parade and a march of eight or ten miles to meet and escort Gen. Scott into the city. By some mistake the General reached the city before us ; but we marched past his quarters at the Mansion House, and were reviewed by him from the high porch of the Hotel, where he stood until our whole number (about a thousand) had passed. He was then saluted by the crowd of citizens with three cheers. The General is a young looking man, with a noble and interesting countenance, heavy eyebrows and a remarkably penetrating eye, large features, a long face and a dark complexion. His left arm is slung in a black handkerchief. He is yet somewhat thin and emaciated, the consequence of his severe wounds at Bridgwater. The physiognomy of Gen. Scott can deceive no one—it indicates genius."   * Joseph Halbert was commissioned by Governor Simon Snyder, August 3, 1811, a Major of the 2d battalion of the 12th regiment of the militia of Pennsylvania in the 1st brigade of the 7th division, composed of the militia of Cumberland and Franklin, The Commission was to last four years from Aug. 3, 1811.   [In the further prosecution of our history we shall find it most convenient to follow a topical rather than a chronological arrangement of the chapters, according to which we shall group together in a single chapter all that we have to present on a particular department of our history.]   CHAPTER FOURTEENTH.—POLITICAL.   STATE CONSTITUTION.   The Constitution of 1790 remained in force until 1838. At the general election in October of that year numerous amendments which had been proposed in a convention chosen by the people the year before (1837-8) were ratified by a large majority. They prohibited any one to hold the office of Governor more than two terms of three years each in Succession, reduced the senatorial term to three years, made elective by the people most of the offices before dependent on the Governor, and extended the right of suffrage under certain conditions to all adult white persons. But in November, 1872, a convention was assembled which, during the succeeding year, framed a new constitution which was ratified by the people December 18th, 1873, and went into operation January 1st, 1874. It increased the number of State Senators and Representatives, made the sessions of the Legislature biennial, made still more of the officers elective directly by the people, made provision for minority representation in many important cases, diminished the Governor's pardoning powers, altered the mode of choosing and the length of the term of office for the Judges, changed the time of holding annual elections, prohibited special legislation and effected many improvements of a minor character.   By this constitution the county is a body politic or municipal corporation, capable of suing and being sued, of holding real estate within its limits and personal property, of making contracts and debts and of having debts due to them. These powers are exercised through its commissioners, who are the keepers of its seal and empowered to affix it to all their legal acts.   COUNTY BUILDINGS.       The business of the county is transacted by its public officers at the Court House in Carlisle, in which rooms are provided and times fixed for the transaction of all public affairs. A building for keeping the public records and papers was erected by the county on the southwest quarter of the public square in 1802. The cupola which contained the town-clock was added to the old Court House in 1809. All these buildings, however, were destroyed by fire early on Monday morning, March 24th, 1845. A large part of the public records were saved by the exertions of the citizens, but the incendiary or incendiaries who undoubtedly set fire to the buildings had taken the precaution to lash the fire apparatus so securely together that they could not   HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 121   be rescued from the flames. The engine and court house were close together on the public square, and were all consumed. The old bell which had been much valued as the gift of some members of the Penn family was melted, and gave its last sounds as it fell into the burning mass below. A new Court House was immediately built (1846) on the south-west corner of the square (the corner diagonally opposite to the old one and on the site of the building for county records) at a cost of $48,419. It is said to be seventy feet in front, ninety feet in length from east to west, with a heavy row of Corinthian columns on the front, surmounted by a cupola in which is a bell and clock for public uses. The interior contains the usual rooms for the courts, for the county officers and for public records, and the whole is surrounded by extensive pavements, open grounds and rows of trees on every side.   The market house in 1836 stood on the north west corner of the south-west quarter of the public square. It extended westward along Main street and southward along Hanover street. It was the second which had been erected for the purpose, the first having been built about 1765 and the second when the Court House was built in 1802 or 1803. On the 21st of April, 1836, this latter structure which is designated in the Carlisle " Gazette" " an ancient building," is said to have become " a complete wreck in a gale of wind." It was rebuilt in 1837 on the west and south sides of the same quarter of the square. But in 1878 the business of the county had so much increased that a much more extensive structure was required, and one has accordingly been erected, highly ornamented, and covering the whole quarter, at an expense of $20,000.   The present jail was commenced in 1853, and was completed in 1854, at a cost of $42,960. It is situated on the north-west corner of Main and Bedford streets and occupies the whole of lots 221 and 229. It is built of brown stone, in Gothic style, and backed by a yard with a high massive wall. It contains pleasant apartments for the family of the Sheriff, offices for the keeper and a large high court surrounded by two stories of cells for prisoners.   An alms house was erected about 1830. Before that time the poor had been collected near the dwelling of some one appointed to have the charge of them, or farmed out to those who for a compensation were willing to board them. After much consultation and negotiation the beautiful farm and residence of Edward J. Stiles, about two miles east of Carlisle, was purchased for $13,250, on which additional buildings have since been erected and improvements made until the barn and accompanying structures, live stock and other property are of great value. A new edifice especially to accommodate the insane and idiots was erected on the grounds in 1873, at a cost of $33,284.   PUBLIC OFFICERS.   The Prothonotary, Register, Treasurer, Sheriff, Recorder, Clerks of the Court of Quarter Sessions and Orphans' Court and Commissioners are required by law to keep their respective offices at the seat of justice of the county. They are all elected by the people, the Treasurer biennially and the remainder triennially. With the exception of the Commissioners they are all required to give bonds to the State with adequate sureties for the faithful performance of their several duties. The Treasurer receives a regular and fixed salary, the Commissioners are allowed compensation for each day and mileage while engaged in official duty. The other officers are compensated by fees, the amount of which is precisely determined by law. The political complexion of all county officers during the period of which we are treating has been generally what is called Democratic, although the duties they are required to perform have no necessary connection with general politics. In a few instances, however, accidental and personal considerations have broken in upon this party ascendancy and secured the election of persons of an opposite political creed.   The following is a list of these county officers. As far as the Associate Judges it has been kindly furnished for this work by J. B. Landis, Esq., of Carlisle :   CLERK OF QUARTER SESSIONS.   Samuel Postlethewaite - 1789 John Lyon - 1794 F. J. Haller - 1798 Charles Bovard - 1809   CLERK OF ORPHANS' COURT, OYER AND TERMINER, PROTHONOTARY AND REGISTER.   William Lyon, - 1777-9   CLERK OF O. COURT, OYER AND TERMINER AND PROTHONOTARY.   William Lyon - 1798 William Ramsey - 1809 Robert McCoy - 1816   PROTHONOTARIES.   B. Aughinbaugh - 1820 John P. Helfenstein - 1823 R. McCoy - 1826 Willis Foulke - 1828 John Harper - 1829 George Fleming - 1835 George Sanderson - 1839 Thomas H. Criswell - 1842 Wm. M. Beetem - 1845 James F. Lamberton - 1848 George Zinn, Jr. - 1851 Daniel K. Noell - 1854 Philip Quigley - 1857 Benjamin Duke - 1860 Samuel Shireman - 1863 John P. Brindle - 1866 Wm. V. Cavanaugh - 1869 David W. Worst - 1872 John M. Wallace - 1875   REGISTER AND RECORDER   George Kline - 1798 Francis Gibson - 1804 George Kline - 1809 William Line - 1816 F. Sharretts - 1820 J. Hendell - 1823-8 John Irvine - 1829   Register Only.   James G. Oliver - 1834   William Line - 1835 Isaac Angney - 1839 James McCulloch - 1845 Jacob Bretz - 1842 William Gould - 1848 A. L. Sponsler - 1851 William Lytle - 1854 Samuel M. Emminger - 1857 Ernest N. Brady - 1860 George W. North - 1863   122 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.   Jacob Dorsheimer - 1866 Joseph Neely - 1869 John Reep - 1872 Martin Guswiler - 1875   CLERK OF COURT   John McGinnis - 1820 John Irvine - 1823-6 F. Sharretts - 1828 Reinneck Angney - 1829   CLERK AND RECORDER   Reinneck Angney - 1832 John Irvine - 1834 Thomas Craighead - 1836 Willis Foulke - 1839 Robert Wilson - 1842 John Goodyear - 1845 John Hyer - 1848 Samuel Martin - 1851 John M. Gregg - 1854 Daniel S. Croft - 1857 John B. Floyd - 1860 Ephraim Cornman - 1863 Samuel Bigler - 1866 George C. Sheaffer - 1869 George S. Emig - 1872 D. B. Stevick - 1875   SHERIFFS   John Potter - 1749 Ezekiel Dunning - 1750 William Parker - 1756 Ezekiel Smith - 1759 Ezekiel Dunning - 1762 John Holmes - 1765 David Hoge - 1768 Ephraim Blaine - 1771 Robert Semple - 1774 James Johnson - 1777 John Hoge - 1780 Samuel Postlethewaite - 1783 Charles Leeper - 1786 Thomas Buchanan - 1789 James Wallace - 1792 Jacob Crever - 1795 John Carothers - 1798 Robert Greyson - 1801 George Stroup - 1804 John Carothers - 1807 John Boden - 1810 John Rupley - 1813 Andrew Mitchell - 1816 Peter Ritner - 1819 James Neal - 1822 John Clippinger - 1825 Martin Dunlap - 1828 George Beetem - 1831 Michael Holcomb - 1834 John Myers - 1837 Paul Martin - 1840 Adam Longsdorf - 1843 James Hoffer - 1846 David Smith - 1849 Joseph McDarmond - 1852 Jacob Bowman - 1855 Robert McCartney - 1858 J. Thompson Rippey - 1861 John Jacobs - 1864 Joseph C. Thompson - 1867 James K. Foreman - 1870 Joseph Totten - 1873 David H. Gill - 1876   TREASURERS   Stephen Duncan - 1787 Alexander McKeehan - 1789 Robert Miller - 1795 James Duncan - 1800 Hugh Boden - 1805 John Boden - 1807 Robert McCoy - 1810 John McGinnis - 1813 Andrew Boden - 1815 George McFeely - 1817 James Thompson - 1820 George McFeely - 1824 Alexander Nesbitt - 1826 Hendricks Weise - 1829 John Philips - 1832 Jason W. Eby - 1835 William S. Ramsey - 1838 Robert Snodgrass - 1839 Wm. M. Mateer - 1841 Robert Moore, Jr. - 1843 David N. Mahon - 1845 Robert Moore, Jr. - 1847 William M. Porter - 1849 William S. Cobean - 1851 N. Wilson Woods - 1853 Adam Senseman - 1855 Moses Bricker - 1857 Alfred L. Sponsler - 1859 John Gutshall - 1861 Henry S. Ritter - 1863 Levi Zeigler - 1865 Christian Mellinger - 1867 George Wetzel - 1869 George Bobb - 1871 Levan H. Orris - 1873 A Agnew Thomson - 1875   DISTRICT ATTORNEY   Wm. H. Miller - 1850 Wm. J. Shearer - 1853-58 J. W. D. Gillelen - 1859-64 C. E. Maglaughlin - 1865-70 W. F. Sadler - 1871 F. E. Beltzhoover - 1874     COUNTY COMMISSIONERS   Alexander M. Kerr - 1839 Michael Mishler - 1840 Jacob Rehrar - 1841 Robert Laird - 1842 Christian Titzel - 1843 Jefferson Worthington - 1844 David Sterrett - 1845 Daniel Coble - 1846 John Mell - 1847 James Kelso - 1848 John Sprout - 1849 Wm. H. Trout - 1850 James G. Cressler - 1851 John Bobb - 1852 James Armstrong - 1853 George M. Graham - 1854 Wm. M. Henderson - 1855 Andrew Kerr - 1856 Samuel Megaw - 1857 Nathanael H. Eckels - 1858 James H. Waggoner - 1859 George Miller - 1860 Michael Kast - 1861 George Scobey - 1862 John McCoy, 3 years, - 1863 Mitchell McClellan, 2 years, -1863 Henry Karns - 1864 John Harris - 1864 Alexander F. Meek - 1865 Michael G. Hale - 1866 Allen Floyd - 1867 Jacob Rhoads - 1869 David Delta - 1870 J. C. Sample - 1871 Samuel Ernst - 1872 Jacob Barber - 1873 Joseph Bautz - 1874 Jacob Barber - 1875   PRESIDENT JUDGES   The Ninth Judicial District includes Cumberland and some neighboring counties.   Thomas Smith - 1791 James Riddle - 1794 John Joseph Henry - 1800 James Hamilton - 1806 Charles Smith - 1819 John Reed - 1820 Samuel Hepburn - 1838 Frederick Watts - 1848 James H. Graham - 1851 Benjamin F. Junkin - 1871 Martin C. Herman - 1875   ASSOCIATE JUDGE   James Dunlap - 1791 John Jordan - 1791 Jonathan Hoge - 1791 Samuel Laird - 1791 John Montgomery - 1794 Wm. Moore - 1800   HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 123   John Creigh - 1800 Ephraim Steel - 1813 Jacob Hendel - 1814 Isaiah Graham - 1818 James Armstrong - 1819 William Line - 1828 James Stewart - 1835 John Lefevre - 1835 T. C. Miller - 1842 John Clendenin - 1847 Samuel Woodburn - 1851 John Rupp - 1851 Samuel Woodburn - 1856 Michael Cochlin - 1856 Robert Bryson - 1861 Hugh Stuart - 1862 Thomas P. Blair - 1866 John Clendenin - 1871 Robert Montgomery - 1871 Henry G. Moser - 1872 Abram Witmer - 1872   The senatorial and congressional districts have not always been the same, having been adjusted at different times by the Legislature according to the population and the convenience of arrangement. Hence some on the following list were not residents of Cumberland county. We have found it difficult to obtain complete lists, because for many of the earlier years the Congressional, the Legislative and the county records do not preserve the names in a convenient form for reference so as to distinguish those belonging to each districr, but some of these have come to our knowledge, and after 1840, our list is we believe complete.   REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS.   John A. Hanna - 1797-1805 Robert Whitehill* - 1805-1813 Wm. Crawford - 1813-1814 Wm. P. Maclay - 1815-1821 Win. Ramsay - 1827-1833 C. T. H. Crawford (unexpired term) - 1833 Jesse Miller - 1835-1837 Wm. Sterrett Ramsey † - 1838-40 Amos Gustine - 1841-43 James Black - 1843-47 Jasper E. Brady ‡ 1847-49 J. X. McLanahan - 1849-53 Wm. H. Kurtz - 1853-55 Lemuel Todd - 1855-57 John A. Ahl - 1857-59 Benj. F. Junkin - 1859-61 Joseph Bailey - 1861-65 Adam J. Glossbrenner - 1865-69 Richard J. Haldeman - 1869-73 John A. MaGee - 1873-75 Lemuel Todd (at large) § - 1873-75 Levi Maish - 1875-79   STATE SENATORS.   Under the old constitution the term of a Senator's service w. three years, but under the new constitution after 1870 it has been four years. Robert Whitehill (1801), Isaiah Graham (about 1815 Alexander Mahon and C. D. Davis (about 1825), Jesse Miller (182E 33), C. B. Penrose, Wm. Ramsey, A. L. McKinney, J. Robinson an Wm. R. Gorgas are mentioned as senators before 1840. After that we have   James X. McLanahan - 1841-3 Wm. B. Anderson - 1844-6 Robert C. Sterrett - 1847-9 Joseph Baily - 1850-2 Samuel Wherry - 1853-5 Henry Fetter - 1856-8 Wm. B Irwin - 1859-61 George H. Bucher - 1862-4 A. Heistand Glatz - 1865-7 Andrew G. Miller - 1868-70 James M. Weakley - 1871-4 James Chestnut - 1875-8     REPRESENTATIVES IN THE ASSEMBLY.   Members of the House of Representatives are elected annuall Before 1840 there were Jacob Alter, Samuel Fenton, James Lowry, Andrew Boden and Wm. Anderson 1814 ; Philip Peffer ; Wm. Wallace and Solomon Gorgas 1815 ; James Dunlap 1824 ; Wm. Alexander and Peter Lobach 1829 ; Michael Cochlin and Samuel McKeeha 1833 ; David Emmert 1834 ; Wm. Runsha (died suddenly while a tending upon the House), Charles McClure 1835 ; Wm. R. Gory and James Woodburn 1836-8.   Abraham Smith McKinney - 1840 John Zimmerman - 1840 Wm. Barr - 1841 Joseph Culver - 1841 James Kennedy - 1842 George Brindle - 1842 Francis Eckles - 1843 Jacob Heck - 1843-4 George Brindle - 1844 Augustus H. Van Hoff - 1845 Joseph M. Means - 1845 James Mackey - 1846 Armstrong Noble - 1846 Jacob Lefever - 1847 Abraham Lamberton - 1847-8 George Rupley - 1848 Henry Church - 1849-50 Thomas E. Scouller - 1849 Thomas E. Scouller - 1850 Ellis J. Bonham - 1851 Robert M. Henderson - 1851-2 David J. McKee - 1852-3 Henry J. Moser - 1853 Montgomery Donaldson - 1854   * Robert Whitehill was born at Pequea, in Lancaster county, settled at a place in East Pennsborough since called by his name, in 1770, and was honored with many offices. He was a member of the first convention in July, 1776, which approved of the Declaration of Independence of the Assembly in Nov. 1776,-Sept. 1778, and subsequently of both branches of the Legislature, of the convention which framed the State Constitution (though he disapproved of the action of the body and refused to attend its sessions), and was a member of the convention which on the part of Pennsylvania accepted of the United States constitution. He was a representative in the Assembly during the stormy sessions of 1798-1800 ; was the next year (1801) in the State Senate of which he was speaker during the trial of the Judges of the Supreme Court. In 1805 he was sent to fill the unexpired term of General Hanna, in Congress, to which he was four times re-elected, and was a member when he died, April 8th, 1813.   † He was elected for a second term, but died by his own hands Oct. 22nd, 1840, before he had taken his seat. He had been suffering from ill health and disappointed affection. He was distinguished for extraordinary talents, education and refinement. His father, Wm. Ramsey, had been in Congress before him, and had taken much pains with his training. He was three years in Dickinson College, went to Europe in 1829, became an attache to the American Embassy at London, attended courts at Westminster, was the bearer of despatches to France after the Revolution of 1880, traveled in Germany with Professor Vethake, and on his return to Carlisle in 18i was admitted to the bar. His health being still poor he went south as far as Ne Orleans in 1833, and in the spring was County Treasurer. In 1838 he was chosen representative in Congress, and was so popular that against the usages of his party h was elected by a large majority a second time. James Buchanan, who knew him int mately in Congress, paid a high tribute to his memory and accomplishments in the Lancaster Intelligencer of the current date.   ‡ Hon. Jasper E. Brady was a descendant of Capt. Samuel Brady, the celebrate Indian fighter, and a near relative of the late General Hugh Brady, of the Unite States army. He was a prominent politican in the time of the old Whig party, an was elected to Congress in 1846, but was defeated in 1848, when J. X. McLanahan was chosen from the district comprising Cumberland, Franklin and Perry counties. 11 removed to Pittsburg about 1850, and subsequently to Washington, D. C., where he for several years was chief of the auditing division of the Paymaster General's office. He died at Washington, Jan. 23rd, 1871, aged about eighty years.   § By the census of 1870 it was found that Pennsylvania was entitled to more repro sentatives than before had been assigned to the Congressional 'Districts. and so on or two were appointed " at large."   124 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.   George W. Criswell - 1854 William Harper - 1855-6 James Anderson - 1855-6 Charles C. Brandt - 1857 Hugh Stuart - 1857.8 John Power - 1859 John McCurdy - 1858-9 Wm. B. Irwin - 1860 Wm. Lowther - 1860 Jesse Kennedy - 1861 John P. Rhoads - 1861-2 John D. Bowman - 1863-4 Philip Long - 1865-6 Theodore Cornman - 1867-8 John B. Leidig - 1869-70 Jacob Bomberger - 1871-2 Wm. B. Butler - 1873-4 G. W Mumper - 1874-5 Samuel W. Means - 1877-8 Samuel A. Bowers - 1877-8   ORGANIZATION OF THE TOWNSHIP   Pennsborough - 1735 Hopewell - 1735 East Pennsborough - 1745 West Pennsborough - 1745 Middleton - 1750 Carlisle - 1750 Allen - 1766 Newton - 1767 Shippensburg - 1784 Dickinson - 1785 Silver's Spring - 1787 Southampton - 1791 Frankford - 1795 Mifflin - 1797 North Middleton - 1810 South Middleton - 1810 Newville Borough - 1817 Shippensburg Borough - 1819 Monroe - 1825 Newville Twp. - 1828 Hampden - 1845 Upper Allen - 1849 Lower Allen - 1849 Middlesex - 1859 Penn - 1859 Cook - 1872 Shiremanstown - 1874 New Cumberland - 1831 Newburg - 1861   POST OFFICE AND POST MASTERS   Allen - David L. Devinney Big Spring - Wm. G. Thrush Bloserville - John Kunkel Boiling Springs - Susan Brandt Camp Hill - F. M. Moore Carlisle - Joseph W. Ogilby Carlisle Springs - James Clendenin Dickinson - Henry Shenk Eberly's Mills - Wm. H. Delinger Good Hope - Samuel Megaw Greason - David Paul Green Spring - Geo. W. Swigart Hogestown - Elizabeth Loose Hunter's Run - J. D. Sheaffer Kerrsville - Christian Iverby Kissinger's - John M. Kissinger Lee's Cross - Roads J. L. Williams Lisburn - John Kutz Mechanicsb'g - Mary J. Rockafellow Middle Spring - A. Ployer Mt. Holly Springs - S. Saylor Mount Rock - John C. Keiser Newburg - H. W. Ramsey New Cumberland - Jas. A. Smith New Kingston - Jonathan Heagy Newville - Wm. McDannel Oakville - J. F. Harmony Pine Grove Furnace - J. D. North Plainfield - J. W. Strohm Shepherdstown - S. N. Coover Shippensburg - Mrs. A. D. Harper Shiremanstown - Dan'l Shelly Stoughstown - Wm. Goodhart Walnut Bottom - Abraham Earnest West Fairview - Theo. M. Moltz White House - John L. Williams Williams' Mill - Jno. Williams Wormleysburg - Mary J. Whiteman   POPULATION.   The population of Cumberland county for each of the years in which the United States census has been taken, has been for 1790,. 18,243 ; for 1800, 25,386 ; for 1810, 26,757 ; for 1820, 23,606 ; for-1830, 29 226 ; for 1840, 30,953 ; for 1850, 34,327 ; for 1860, 40,098 ; for 1870, 43,912. For each of the townships as given in the last five censuses, it was :