400 - CLEVELAND AND ITS. ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIII of the Cincinnati School of Law, a man of letters, widely traveled, and regarding his inheritance as a trust, he resolved to devote the major part of it to the establishment of a school of science. On April 6, 1880, in accordance with deeds of trust previously executed, Case School of Applied Science was duly incorporated under the laws of Ohio. The following names were attached to the original articles of incorporation : James D. Cleveland, R. P. Ranney, Levi Kerr, Reuben Hitchcock, J. H. Devereux, A. Bradley, Henry G. Abbey, W. S. Streator, Samuel Williamson, T. P. Handy, J. H. Wade, E. B. Hale, II. B. Payne, James J. Tracy, and Joseph Perkins. These men represented the best citizenship of Cleveland, and the success of the school from the beginning has been largely due to the loyalty and wisdom of the governing boards who have administered its funds. The corporation, which now numbers twenty-two, elects seven trustees who hold monthly meetings and shape the policies of the institution. The immediate management of the finances is intrusted to the president of the board of trustees and a treasurer. During the thirty-eight years of its existence only two men have filled this position—Mr. Henry G. Abbey and Mr. Eckstein Case. To them has been largely due the unity of policy resulting in the marked increase of the funds of the original endowment, permitting a corresponding widening of the scope of instruction. The institution has had two presidents—President Cady Staley and President Charles S. Howe. Their long administrations have made possible definiteness of plans in a scheme of education which now embraces all the main branches of engineering. The courses of instruction include civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, mining engineering, metallurgical engineering, and chemical engineering, and physics. The policy of the institution has been to limit its instruction to strictly engineering subjects, thereby giving its diploma a definite value. The growth of the school has been rapid, though a high standard of scholarship has been sought rather than an increase of numbers. The class of 1885, the first graduated, numbered five; that of 1895, twenty-seven ; that of 1905, eighty-two, and that of 1915, one hundred and two. Of recent years the entering classes average about one hundred and eighty, and the total number of students reaches 550. The faculty has fifty regular instructors, besides a staff of lecturers. The total number of alumni is 1,498, of whom 584 reside at present in Cleveland. The various courses are arranged so as to maintain a just balance between theory and practice. Each course gives a thorough and prac- 1885-1918] - CASE SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE - 401 tical training in its field and requires four years for its completion. For proficiency in any course the degree of Bachelor of Science is conferred. During the first year, the work is the same for all regular students. At the end of this year, the student is expected, with the advice of the instructors, to select one of the regular courses of study to be pursued for the following three years. The work of the second year begins with preparatory studies related to the special subject selected ; as the course develops, it becomes increasingly specialized, so that, toward the close of the course, the student's entire time is devoted to one department. The distinguishing feature of the work is the stress laid upon practical training as a source of mental discipline as well as a preparation for active pursuits. Practically one-half of each day is spent in the laboratory, in the drawing room or in field work. Every candidate for a degree must present a thesis upon some technical or scientific subject, selected by him with the approval of the professor in charge of the department in which the degree is sought. In accordance with an agreement between Adelbert College and Case School of Applied Science, students entering Adelbert College may, under certain conditions, complete the courses in both institutions within a period of five years. The first three years are spent at Adelbert College, the last two at Case School of Applied Science. On the successful completion of the work, the student is awarded the degrees of both institutions. The spirit of this arrangement is observed in the admission of men from other colleges. In each graduating class there is a considerable number of men who are either graduates of other institutions or have pursued part of their studies in them. The institution has always laid emphasis upon research work and the trustees have made generous appropriations for the equipment of laboratories for this purpose. The ends in view have been to stimulate a spirit for original investigation among the students, to render practical assistance to the industries, and to add to the world's knowledge in the various fields of scientific investigation. In the domains of both pure and applied science results have been obtained which have received wide recognition in our own and foreign lands. In view of the thoroughness of its equipment and the scope and quality of its instruction, Case School of Applied Science was one of the first group of institutions to receive recognition by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The world war has made serious inroads upon attendance, but the Vol I-26 402 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIII institution, as a school of science, has been able to render signal service to the country. During the first year of American participation in the war, about five hundred of the alumni and under-graduates were engaged in government service. Military instruction was made compulsory for all students, new courses introduced under government direction, changes made in the curriculum to meet the needs of the hour and the entire equipment of the school placed at the disposal of the government. Case School has made valuable contributions to the civic and industrial life of the community. As officials of the city, as active participants in the work of the Chamber of Commerce, as members of commissions in charge of engineering enterprises, as managers and superintendents of great industries, its graduates have rendered distinguished services. The influence of the school is growing and, as the efficiency of its training increases, a closer co-ordination of its work with that of the industries is being effected. The city of Cleveland justly takes pride in its school of engineering. Its founders builded more wisely than they knew. To Leonard Case, Sr., whose business acumen made the foundation possible, and to Leonard Case, Jr., who dedicated his fortune to the cause of education, the city, the state and the country owe a lasting debt of gratitude. THE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL By Harry A. Peters, Principal University School was established in 1890 by a group of Cleveland's leading men, with a view to keeping their sons at home during college preparation. The officers and executive committee-then were Judge Samuel Williamson, president; Samuel Mather, vice-president; W. E. Cushing, secretary ; D. Z. Norton, treasurer ; J. H. McBride, H. S. Sherman, C. W. Bingham, E. P. Williams, and F. P. Whitman. The school has had three principals : Newton M. Anderson (18901900), a graduate of Ohio State University and former principal of the Cleveland Manual Training School ; George D. Pettee (1900-1908), Yale, '87, for a time connected with Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass.; and Harry A. Peters (1908- ), Yale, '02, a member of the University School faculty for six years prior to 1908. Among the present trustees are the following members of the original board : Messrs. Samuel Mather, Bishop Leonard, Prof. F. P. Whitman and D. Z. Norton. The following five members of the present board are sons of first members: Malcolm L. McBride, H. S. 404 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIII Pickands, H. S. Sherman, R. J. Bulkley and A. C. Brown, all being graduates of the school. The equipment in buildings and grounds comprises a main building, a dormitory, an elementary school, an athletic cage, and a field of about seven acres. The main building contains an assembly hall with pipe organ, recitation rooms, library, three manual training shops, gymnasium, swimming pool, instrumental music rooms and dining rooms. Milden Hall, the dormitory, provides accommodations for forty boys whose homes may be too far away to permit day attendance only. The Lower School meets the needs of boys from six to twelve years of age. The equipment for outdoor athletics includes football and baseball fields, quarter-mile and 220-yard straightaway cinder tracks, and seven tennis courts, which are flooded for skating in the winter. Throughout its history, the institution has been an all-day school of the type of the Country Day School. The aim has been, and is, to occupy boys all day in academic, manual and physical activities. The academic training has been directed primarily at college preparation. Practically all of the school's graduates enter college. Among the list of over 600 have been many names famous in college activities of every kind. Successful achievement in business life, too, has been the record, and many of Cleveland's most prominent younger men are graduates of University School. The manual work consists of drawing and construction work in the early grades. This is followed by woodshop from grades V to IX for all boys, and above that by machine tool and forge work, and by mechanical drawing for boys going to engineering schools. Physical training is especially emphasized because of the very important bearing of a man's vitality on his work. Every form of outdoor sport is participated in by the boys, and the field is alive with activity for almost all of every day. Boxing, wrestling, swimming, and basket ball hold forth indoors, together with gymnasium exercises for special correction and development. Setting-up exercises, along the lines of the army training, are given constantly to all the boys from the first grade to the twelfth. Remarkable results are secured not only for Varsity teams, but for the ordinary boy who is usually overlooked elsewhere. A troop of boy scouts has been established and military drill is given to boys in the upper four classes. These matters and a participation by the school in a practical way in the Liberty Loan, Y. M. C. A. and Red Cross campaigns of the great war, indicate its present intimate contact with life. The presence in the country's 1880-1918] - A JESUIT COLLEGE - 405 service during the first six months of 180 of University School graduates shows that their training has been real and effective. ST. IGNATIUS COLLEGE By the Rev. William B. Sommerhauser, S. J. St. Ignatius College, for more than thirty years Cleveland's institution of higher learning for Catholic youth, owes its origin to the Rt. Rev. Richard Gilmour, D. D., the second bishop of the Cleveland diocese. A great champion of education, he had an intimate knowledge of the various systems followed by schools both at home and abroad, and of these he felt a special preference for the educational system of the Jesuits; for he was aware of its long trial and proverbial success. The system is guided by the principles set forth in the Ratio Studiorum, a body of rules and suggestions outlined by the most prominent Jesuit educators in 1599, revised in 1832, and attended up to the present day with unfailing success. The educational system in use at St. Ignatius College is substantially the same as that employed in two hundred and twenty-seven educational institutions conducted by the Society of Jesus in nearly all parts of the world. Truly psychological in its methods, and based upon the very nature of man's mental processes, it secures on the one hand that stability so essential in educational thoroughness, while on the other it is elastic and makes liberal allowance for the widely varying circumstances of time and place. While retaining, as far as possible, all that is unquestionably valuable in the older learning, it adopts and incorporates the best results of modern progress. It is a noteworthy fact, however, that many of the recently devised methods of teaching, such as the Natural, the Inductive and similar methods, are admittedly and in reality mere revivals of devices recommended long ago by the Ratio Studiorum. As understood by the Jesuits, education in its complete sense is the full and harmonious development of all those faculties that are distinctive of man. It is more than mere instruction or the communication of knowledge. The requirement of knowledge, though it necessarily pertains to any recognized system of education, is only a secondary result of education itself. Learning is an instrument of education which has for its end culture, and mental and moral development. Consonant with this view of the purpose of education, it is clear 406 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIII that only such means as science, language and the rest, be chosen both in kind and amount, as will effectively further the purpose of education itself. A student can not be forced, within the short period of his school course and with his immature faculties, to study a multiplicity of the languages and sciences into which the vast world of knowledge has been scientifically divided. It is evident, therefore, that the purpose of the mental training given is not proximately to fit the student for some special employment or profession, but to give him such a general, vigorous and rounded development as will enable him to cope successfully even with the unforeseen emergencies of life. While affording mental stability, it tends to remove the insularity of thought and want of mental elasticity which is one of the most hopeless and disheartening results of specialization on the part of students who have not brought to their studies the uniform mental training given by a systematic high school course. The studies, therefore, are so graded and classified as to be adapted to the mental growth of the student and to the scientific unfolding of knowledge. They are so chosen and communicated that the student will gradually and harmoniously reach, as nearly as may be, that measure of culture of which he is capable. 1918] - A JESUIT COLLEGE - 407 It is fundamental in the Jesuit system that different studies have distinct educational values. Mathematics, the natural sciences, language and history, are complementary instruments of education to which the doctrine of equivalents can not be applied. The specific training given by one can not be supplied by another. The best educators of the present day are beginning to realize more fully than ever before that prescribed curricula, embracing well-chosen and coordinated studies, afford the student a more efficient means of mental cultivation and development. This, however, does not prohibit the offering of more than one of such systematic courses, as for instance, the classical and the scientific, in view of the future career of the individual. While recognizing the importance of mathematics and the natural sciences, the Jesuit system of education has unwaveringly kept language in a position of honor, as an instrument of culture. Mathematics aid the natural sciences bring the student into contact with the material aspects of nature and exercise the deductive and inductive powers of reason. Language and history effect a higher union. They are manifestations of spirit to spirit, and by their study and for their acquirement the whole mind of man is brought into widest and subtlest play. The acquisition of language especially calls for delicacy of judgment and fineness of perception, and for a constant, keen and quick use of the reasoning powers. Furthermore, the Jesuit system does not share the delusion of those who imagine that education, understood as an enriching and stimulating of the intellectual faculties, has of itself a morally elevating influence in human life. While conceding the effects of education in energizing and refining the student's imagination, taste, understanding and power of observation, it has always held that knowledge and intellectual development, of themselves, have no moral efficacy. Religion alone can purify the heart and guide and strengthen the will. This being the case, the Jesuit system aims at developing side by side the moral and intellectual faculties of the student, and sending forth into the world men of sound judgment, of acute and rounded intellect, of upright and manly conscience. It maintains that to be effective, morality is to be taught continuously.; it must be the underlying base, the vital force supporting and animating the organic structure of education. It must be the atmosphere that the student breathes ; it must suffuse with its light all that he reads, illuminating what is noble and exposing what is base, giving to the true and the false their relative light and shade. In a word; the purpose of Jesuit teaching is to lay a solid sub-structure in the whole mind and character for any superstructure of science, professional 408 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIII and special, as well as for the upbuilding of moral life, civil and religious. Fully convinced of the excellence of the Jesuit system of education and its good results, Bishop Gilmour, who had long desired the erection of a college for the education of the Catholic youth of Cleveland, earnestly pressed the Jesuit Fathers in 1880 to undertake the new enterprise. Having purchased a site on West Thirtieth Street and Carroll Avenue, the Jesuits at once began the erection of a temporary but substantial frame building. When its doors were opened in September, 1886, the number of eager students that flocked to register for the first session made it evident that the temporary 1918] - A JESUIT COLLEGE - 409 structure would soon prove inadequate. Accordingly, they immediately began the construction of a stately five-story brick building at the cost of $150,000. At its opening in 1888, the number of students had more than doubled, and the ever increasing numbers necessitated the erection of the spacious western wing of the present edifice, the graceful tower of which forms the center of the future building. The college was now incorporated with power to confer such academic degrees and honors as are conferred by colleges and universities in the United States. Eventually the standard of studies was raised still higher by the addition of a two-year course of philosophy. To meet the high requirements of the national and state associations that regulate the conditions for entrance into the professional schools, and for admission to state examinations, the physical, chemical and biological departments, with their respective laboratories, were enlarged and equipped with the most modern appliances. Well furnished meteorological and seismological departments were also added. In 1912, a spacious gymnasium was erected, and near by a commodious conservatory of music. The students' reading rooms contain a select library of 6,000 volumes, and near at hand is a reference library of 20,000 volumes. It is one of the decided advantages of the system followed in St. Ignatius College that the student may begin his studies in the preparatory school connected with the college, and then pass on through the college course to graduation. In addition to the moral influence thus gained, this secures a uniform and homogeneous course of teaching and training. The results of such a course of study are a continuous and normal development of the mental faculties along well defined lines and the possession of a clear and coherent system of principles upon which any special course may afterwards safely rest. There are two of these preparatory schools : St. Ignatius High School, connected 'with the college, and Loyola High School, situated at 10,620 Cedar Avenue. Throughout its whole career, St. Ignatius College has been guided by a succession of men who united in a rare degree great intellectual gifts and scholarly attainments with a breadth of view and worldly wisdom which spell success. Since August, 1915, the Rev. William B. Sommerhauser, S. J., the eighth president, has been at the head of the institution. Under his management, various college activities, such as orchestral and dramatic, literary, scientific and athletic societies were given new impulse. The college magazine, Lumina, was established to promote a taste for journalism and literary excellence among the students. 410 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIII Very satisfactory results have crowned the labors of the Jesuit Fathers in their educational work at St. Ignatius College. Thousands of students have gone through its classic halls since its foundation thirty-two years ago. Its alumni are to be found in the most varied walks of life, holding honorable and distinguished positions in the ministry, in the professions, in scientific and mercantile vocations. More than two hundred of St. Ignatius' sons are now in our country 's service ; among them are ten of the thirteen chaplains who joined the colors from the Cleveland diocese. Military training is this year (1918) being introduced into the college. At present there are 520 students under the care of the Jesuit Fathers in Cleveland. CATHOLIC SCHOOLS By W. A. Koine, Superintendent of Parish, Schools Early in the history of Cleveland we find it recorded that Catholics began a separate school system. The Cathedral opened a school in 1848. This was a frame building erected on the site now occupied by the bishop's residence, 1007 Superior Avenue. A few years later, the present Cathedral School building was finished. In the meantime four other schools were opened, St. Patrick's and St. Mary's on the West Side, and St. Joseph's and St. Peter's on the East Side. The progress of Catholic education during these early years was rather slow. The number of Catholics was few and they were scattered. However, as the city grew, the increase in population made possible the establishment of additional schools and; at the close of 1910, there were fifty-four parochial schools with an attendance of 15,000 pupils. At present, there are fifty-nine schools with an enrolment of 32,799. The expenses entailed by the erection of elementary schools did not prevent consideration of higher education. As early as 1850, the Ursulines established an academy for girls in a building located on Euclid Avenue. The present location of the academy is East Fifty-fifth Street and Scovill Avenue. The Sisters of Notre Dame in 1874 opened an academy at the corner of Superior Avenue and East Eighteenth Street. A third academy was opened on Starkweather Avenue in 1889 by the Sisters of St. Joseph, and a fourth on Lorain Avenue in 1891 by the Sisters of the Humility of Mary. The former is now located at West Park, and the latter on Franklin Avenue. In 1916, the Catholic Latin School for boys was established on Euclid Avenue, near Wade Park. This school has now an imposing structure on East One Hundred and seventh Street, near Euclid Avenue. In the same year the Girls' Catholic High School began its existence. 1918] - PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS - 411 The organization of the Catholic school system is simple. Each pastor is responsible for his school and acts as local superintendent. He provides the building, obtains teachers from the teaching communities, and directs the training of the children. A general superintendent unifies the work of all the schools, places the standard, and suggests the method of instruction. During the school year, meetings of principals are held to discuss problems of the classroom and at stated times institutes are also held. The thought has often come, not to those who have contributed by denial and sacrifice, but to others, why all this great expenditure of money when schools are already provided ? Why should Catholics trouble themselves when the state itself has taken up the burden of education ? Why should they stint themselves to erect school buildings of their own when they have already shared in the cost of the public school buildings ? Catholics are not at enmity with the public schools, and that they do not use them is no indication that they are not interested in them. The public schools and the Catholic schools have many things in common. They both aim to turn out worthy citizens, to prepare the young for the share they must take in the public welfare. But the Catholic position goes further and contends that all true education must train for citizenship of Heaven, and in so training, insure with more certainty that the children will become worthy members of society. This in brief is the reason for the Catholic system of education. The public schools do well, but they leave out religion. Hence Catholics build their own schools while at the same time they help support the public schools. THE WESTERN RESERVE HISTORICAL SOCIETY The broadening scope and the cumulative influence of the Western Reserve Historical Society have been among the most gratifying features of Cleveland's higher life. Its substantial standing as one of the strongest forces for education and culture evolved in the Forest City is a pronounced fact which has been in repeated evidence with the progress of this history of Cleveland. Conceived in 1866 by Judge Charles C. Baldwin as a modest branch of the Cleveland Library Association, of which he was an officer and a trustee, it has developed into an independent institution, with a special field and a definite mission. Although its archives, its library, its museum and its galleries of paintings, rare prints and works of art are especially rich in all that relates 412 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIII to the Western Reserve, its collections have long outgrown that limitation and have even overflowed the bounds of Ohio. Taking up the story of this evolution of a useful and representative institution, it is known that Judge Baldwin called a meeting to consider the formation of such a society on Thursday evening, the eleventh of April, 1867. He had already enlisted the support and, to a large extent, the enthusiasm of Colonel Charles Whittlesey, who had also imparted the inspiration to Joseph Perkins, John Barr, Henry A. Smith, A. T. Goodman and other scholars and prominent men of Cleveland who had assisted in the building of the Library Association. These gentlemen, with others, met at the date named and formulated a petition to the association requesting the formation of a department of history in accord with the amended constitution. Passing over the small unimportant steps leading to the founding of the department, at the annual meeting of the association in 1867, it was voted to rent the third story of the Society for Savings building, to place therein certain historical works, papers, war relics and other objects of interest as a nucleus for a library and a museum, and to furnish and open the rooms to the members and the public generally. The first officers of the society were : President, Charles Whittlesey ; vice-president, M. B. Scott ; and recording secretary, J. C. Buell. Its by-laws fixed the name, the Western Reserve Historical Society, and thus defined the objects of the association : "To discover, procure and preserve whatever relates to the history, biography, genealogy, antiquities and statistics connected with the city of Cleveland and the Western Reserve, and generally what relates to the history of Ohio and the great West." Many of the leading men of Cleveland joined the society at an early day, and its membership has continued to be drawn from the prominent residents of both sexes from that time to this. Besides Judge Baldwin, Colonel Whittlesey, M. B. Scott, and J. C. Buell, the following became members at the time the society was organized, or soon afterward : F. T. Backus, P. H. Babcock, D. H. Beardsley, J. H. A. Bone, H. M. Chapin, T. R. Chase, J. D. Cleveland, John D. Crehore, W. P. Fogg, A. T. Goodman, C. C. F. Hayne, L. E. Holden, W. N. Hudson, Joseph Ireland, J. S. Kingsland, George Mygatt, E. R. Perkins, Joseph Perkins, Harvey Rice, C. W. Sackrider, John H. Sargent, C. T. Sherman, Jacob H. Smies, Henry A. Smith, A. K. Spencer, Samuel Starkweather, Peter Thatcher, George R. Tuttle, H. B. Tuttle, Samuel Williamson, George Willey, and S. V. Willson. Colonel Whittlesey continued as president of the society until his 1867-1918] - WESTERN RESERVE HISTORICAL SOCIETY - 413 death in. 1886 and was succeeded by Judge Baldwin, who likewise gave faithfully of his time, strength, abilities and means to its growth, until death forced him to relinquish its responsibilities which had never been burdens to either. To these two the Western Reserve Historical Society owes its firm foundation, and the historical, archaeological, genealogical, geological and scientific material which they placed in its archives, as a result of their investigations, explorations and writings, constituted an invaluable treasure of itself. Their contributions have 414 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIII been noted more in detail elsewhere, and complete lists of their numerous publications may be consulted in the society's library. Leonard Case, Henry C. Ranney, L. E. Holden and others also made valuable contributions to the library and museum of the society. Henry Clay Ranney, its third president, served from 1895 to 1901; Liberty E. Holden, 1901-07 ; Wallace H. Cathcart, 1907-13, and William P. Palmer since the latter year. The vice-presidents of the Western Reserve Historical Society have been as follows: M. B. Scott, 1867-72; J. H. Salisbury, 1870-80 ; Elisha Sterling, 1873-83; William P. Fogg, 1878-96; D. W. Cross, 1880-91; John H. Sargent, 1883-93 ; D. P. Eells, 1884 ; Sam Briggs, 1886-92; W. J. Gordon, 1891-92; R. B. Hayes, 1892 ; William Bingham, 1894-1904 ; John D. Rockefeller, 1892-1918; Henry B. Perkins, 1896-1902; C. A. Grasselli, 1902-07 ; D. C. Baldwin, 1904-05 ; H. A. Garfield, 1904-05; Jacob B. Perkins, 1905-18 ; O. J. Hodge, 1907-13. Recording secretaries : J. C. Buell, 1867-68; Alfred T. Goodman, 1868-71; T. R. Chase, 1871-72 ; C. C. Baldwin, 1873-84 ; D. W. Manchester, 1884-92 ; J. B. French, 1892-93 ; S. H. Curtiss, 1893-94 ; Wallace H. Cathcart, 1894-1907; W. S. Hayden, 1907-14; Elbert J. .Benton, 1914-18. Treasurers : A. K. Spencer, 1868-69 ; George A. Stanley, 1869-70; Samuel Williamson, 1870-80; C. C. Baldwin, 1880-83; Douglas Perkins, 1883-86 ; John B. French, 1886-93 ; C. C. Baldwin, 1893-94 ; Moses G. Watterson, 1894-95; Horace B. Corner, 1895-1907; E. V. Hale, 1907-13; A. S. Chisholm, 1913-18. During the presidency of W. H. Cathcart, which extended from 1907 to 1913, funds were raised for the cataloguing and extension of the work of the society. Nothing of permanent value had been done in cataloguing before this time, and during the period from 1907 down to date this work has been extensively carried on. The collections have more than quadrupled in size during the last four years. In 1913, Mr. Cathcart retired from active connection with the Burrows Brothers Company, of which concern he had been manager for some years, and became the vice-president and a director of the society, being succeeded by William P. Palmer in the presidency. Mr. Cathcart's entire time is now devoted to the society and its work. Under Mr. Palmer's administration, an endowment has been raised amounting to $135,000, and the membership largely increased. From 1889 to 1912 no regular publications were issued. Beginning with the latter year, regular yearly publications have been issued, 1918] - THE WESTERN RESERVE HISTORICAL SOCIETY - 415 bringing the tracts or publications of the society up to ninety-eight in all. The newspaper collections have largely increased and the society today has several thousand volumes of rare Ohio newspapers and others in its collections. President Palmer presented to the society what is known as one of the largest, if not the largest, collection on the civil war in any public library in America. This collection is especially rich in the publications of both the North and the South. It also includes a large collection of rare manuscripts, portraits, maps, and about 30,000 issues of the newspapers of that period. The numismatic collections of the society have been largely increased through the gift of the Swasey collection of Greek, Roman and Chinese coins. Two of the outstanding collections of medals are those of the Washington medals presented to the society by J. D. Cox, and that of the Lincoln medals which came in the Wm. P. Palmer collection. The paper money collection of the society is very extensive, and the collection of maps, which was formed by Judge Baldwin, has been opened up and made ready for the use of those interested. The library of the society is estimated to contain about 125,000 books and pamphlets. From a small institution, local in its scope, the society has grown to be one of the most active organizations in the preservation of American history that there is in the United States. The costume collection of the society is recognized as one of the most extensive of its kind in America. This was received as a gift from Ralph King in memory of his brother, Charles G. King. The collection has been placed in a separate room where the rare and costly volumes have been especially provided for. The collection of books on the Shakers which was presented to the library by W. H. Cathcart is the most definitive collection that has ever been brought together of this old communistic society more than one hundred years of age. At one time, the Shakers had four different settlements in the state of Ohio. Through the courtesy of J. H. Wade, the genealogical collection of the society has been largely increased until now the department in that line consists of nearly 3,000 distinct genealogies. For the last few years, by the aid of F. F. Prentiss, systematic collections of books bearing on the state of Ohio have been made and many rare items have been added to the already large collection brought together in that historical field. For thirty years, the society occupied its home on the Public Square, in the old building of the Society for Savings, the site of which is now 1869-1918] - THE PUBLIC LIBRARY - 417 occupied by the Chamber of Commerce building ; then the society secured title to the property through a generous public subscription headed by John D. Rockefeller. Later, the property was sold to the Chamber of Commerce and a site on the University Circle (Euclid Avenue and East One Hundred and Seventh Street) was secured. Here a handsome fireproof building was erected, the society first occupying it in the winter of 1897-98. The present officers of the society are : President, William P. Palmer ; vice-president and director, Wallace H. Cathcart; honorary vice-presidents, J. D. Rockefeller, Jacob B. Perkins ; secretary, Elbert J. Benton ; treasurer, A. S. Chisholm ; trustees, Elroy M. Avery, S. Prentiss Baldwin, C. W. Bingham, A. T. Brewer, E. S. Burke, Jr., W. H. Cathcart, A. S. Chisholm, J. D. Cox, Wm. G. Dietz, James R. Garfield, C. A. Grasselli, Webb C. Hayes, Ralph King, Wm. G. Mather, Price McKinney, D. Z. Norton, Wm. P. Palmer, Douglas Perkins, Jacob B. Perkins, F. F. Prentiss, John L. Severance, Ambrose Swasey, Charles F. Thwing, J. H. Wade, and S. S. Wilson. THE CLEVELAND PUBLIC LIBRARY By Mrs. Julia S. Harron, Library Editor The nucleus of the present great public library system of Cleveland, now the third largest in the country, was a collection of 2,200 books provided for the Central High School by the school-library law of 1853. It was established as a free public library under an act of 1867 authorizing the levy of one-tenth of a mill tax for library purposes, and opened in 1869, occupying rooms in the Northrup and Harrington Block on Superior Street, over what was later the Higbee Company 's store. Although known as the Public School Library, it was free to the public ; in 1883, it adopted the title of The Cleveland Public Library. In the ten years following the opening of the library, two removals were necessitated by its rapid growth. In 1879, it was removed to the second and third floors of the former Central High School building where it was, for twenty-one years, the guest of the Board of Education, the offices of which occupied the first floor. This building, on Euclid Avenue near East Ninth Street, was torn down in 1901 to make room for the present Citizens' Building. After a short sojourn in the City Hall, the library was moved to its first separate Vol. I-27 418 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIII building, the temporary Main Library at 1443 East Third Street. The work burst the bounds of these quarters and overflowed into two or three neighboring buildings; so, in 1913, the library made its fifth hegira and now occupies the fifth. and sixth floors of the Kinney & Levan Building, 1375-1385 Euclid Avenue, whence the next remove will be into its permanent home, a dignified and beautiful Central Library, as yet unbuilt, but provided for by the $2,000,000 bond issue voted by the citizens of Cleveland in 1912. The building of this Central Library has necessarily been postponed probably until the termination of the war, for the reason that the $2,000,000 appropriation on which the plans of Walker & Weeks, the successful competing architects, were based, is now inadequate to cover 1918] - THE PUBLIC LIBRARY - 419 the cost of the proposed building. This library building is to be a part of the city's group plan, and will be located on the site of the old City Hall on Superior Avenue at East Third Street, on a line with the Federal Building and following the same general arch itectural style. The present Main Library, with its collection of nearly 300,000 volumes, is the direct outgrowth of the little Public School Library of 2,200 volumes, but it is only the main trunk of a great system with a total of more than 600,000 volumes, the circulation figures of which, for 1917, were more than 3,400,000; which has more than 650 agencies including branches and smaller branches, high-school, grade-school, and class-room libraries, and stations in business and industrial plants ; and in which at least ten of the larger branches serve from five to forty thousand borrowers each, i. e., a public ranging in size from the population of a town like Painesville, Ohio, to that of a city nearly the size of Canton. The first branch of the Cleveland Public Library was opened in the spring of 1892 on the second floor of a business block opposite the old market house on Pearl Street, now West Twenty-fifth Street. Since that date, largely through the generosity of Mr. Andrew Carnegie, the material growth of the library has been phenomenally rapid. Today, thirteen of the fifteen larger branches are in buildings provided by the Carnegie fund, a fourteenth, the Alta House, a combined library and social settlement building, being the gift of Mr. John D. Rockefeller. The Woodland Branch, the first of these dignified Carnegie buildings, was completed in June, 1904; the East 79th, the first of a new type of smaller branch buildings, was opened in the fall of 1915. Two other Carnegie branches of the same size and general plan as the East 79th were completed in May, 1918, and are ready for the installation of furniture and fittings. These are the Tremont, born of a little portable library in Tremont School yard which, in 1916, did the second largest amount of children's work in the entire system, and the Brooklyn, at Mapledale and West Twenty-fifth Street., the work of which has rapidly been outgrowing the double-store building in which it is housed. The plans are also completed for a building for the Superior Branch, to be erected on East One Hundred and Fifth Street opposite Doan School. To write about the Public Library merely as an example of phenomenal growth would be to do it an injustice ; a true account should represent it, first and foremost, as one of the most vigorously 1918] - THE PUBLIC LIBRARY - 421 and helpfully functioning parts of the city's social organism. In a recent address on the place of the library among the recreative institutions of the city, Mr. Allen Burns, then of the Cleveland Foundation, pointed out that the library's claim to social service does not rest. solely upon its free distribution of books but on its constructive pioneer work in the organization of leisure for pleasure and profit. In doing this work, the library has allied itself with parents, schools, industrial and business houses, charitable institutions, clubs and societies, and the departments of the city government. The schools teach reading as an art. The libraries teach not only the use of books as tools for increasing efficiency but as sources of happiness—as the most-worth-while and least-taxing resource of leisure hours. It is the library's work, then, not only to provide books but to educate its public in taste and appreciation. When its work is with the adult whose attitude toward books is, at the best, negative and whose appreciations are limited, the problem is difficult and the results not always remarkable, but when the library has a chance to begin with the children and, through its story-hours, literary and debating clubs, and attractive children's rooms, to ally its work with that of the schools, then, at every stage of the individual's growth, it can provide something definite toward the enrichment of his life. About three-fourths of Cleveland's population is foreign-born or of the first generation ; the library recognizes that it owes a large measure of service to these people. Fortunately, it is not so necessary that the foreigner be caught young. However narrow his actual reading experience, he has behind him generations of reverence for books —perhaps his book tastes are already formed. So in this country of free books his love for them grows by that on which it feeds, and they play a vital part in both his work and play. The library takes a particularly active part in the Americanization of the foreigner, giving its club rooms for the use of naturalization and English classes, furnishing special instruction to the newcomers to this country in the privileges of the library, and sending books to the training camps for the instruction of the selected foreign-born. On account of the fullness of its book collections, especially along technical and sociological lines, and the special knowledge of the librarians who have the several departments in charge, the library is able to give exceptionally satisfactory reference service to business and professional men, manufacturers, teachers, and students in the arts. The fact that its periodical sets are unusually complete is a further aid to this efficient reference work. 1918] - THE PUBLIC LIBRARY - 423 To the librarian of the Cleveland Public Library, the profession owes the "Cumulative Index," an invaluable library tool, and the "Open Shelf," an improved method of library service as applied to the large public library, both of which gave library science a marked forward impetus. In 1896, Mr. Brett conceived the plan of the Cumulative Index to Periodicals and, during 1897 and 1898, it was published in the Cleveland Public Library under his direction. The design of this undertaking was to furnish, once a month, an index to the material in a hundred selected periodicals, the index appearing as soon as possible after the publication of the periodicals and cumulating from month to month, that is, including in each number all material previously published, arranged in a dictionary catalog of authors, subjects and titles. This was the first application of cumulation by the use of the linotype to indexing, and, its possibility and importance once demonstrated, it was taken over by a publishing house and is now the Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature which has done much to lighten the labors of librarians and other literary workers. In 1890, the Cleveland Public Library adopted the "open shelf" plan—the first large public library in the world to give free access to its shelves. The plan had been much discussed by American libraries and generally voted impracticable on the ground that the loss of books would be so great as to offset any increase of circulation and lessening of necessary service which might result. The librarian's report for the following year, 1891, noted an increase of nearly fifty per cent in the circulation and a loss of books smaller than that of any previous year, a large proportion of those missing being from fiction, the only class to which free access was not allowed. The open shelf plan was gradually adopted by other libraries all over the country until now the chief connotation of the term "public library" is the idea of free access to books. The adoption of the name "Open Shelf," for the monthly annotated bulletin of the library, is a slight concession to its pardonable pride in having blazed the trail along this now much traveled line of public service. Besides its own collection of reference and circulating books, the library is the custodian of several special collections amounting in all to about 75,000 volumes. The most notable of these is the John G. White collection of Orientalia and Folklore, numbering about 40,000 volumes and including many rare and valuable books representing more than one hundred such forty languages. The collection has recently been put into such order as to make it available for reference use, and scholars in all parts of the country are consulting it. 1918] - THE PUBLIC LIBRARY - 425 The affairs of the library are administered by a board of seven members, chosen by the board of education. The only woman who ever was a member of this board was Mrs. Elroy M. Avery. At the present time (1918) the Library Board consists of John G. White, president ; F. F. Prentiss, vice-president ; Carl Lorenz, secretary ; Emil Joseph, Charles E. Kennedy, A. A. Stearns, and E. H. Whitlock. An article about the Cleveland Public Library would be incomplete without a brief characterization of its librarian and vice-librarian. William Howard Brett became librarian in 1884 and has guided its policies during a period of thirty-four years of steady progress and of activities ever multiplying and broadening in scope. When he took charge of the library there were ten persons employed. Now there are more than 500 persons on the pay roll, all united in bonds of loyalty to their chief, and inspired by his vision and enthusiasm to give their best service to the institution. For twenty-two years, Linda A. Eastman has been the efficient associate of the chief librarian and, second in authority, has borne an important part in the development of the system. She combines rare idealism with unusual ability to develop and realize ideals in practical working methods. She is the good friend and wise counseller of every member of the staff. Almost at the moment of going to press comes the tragic news of Mr. Brett's sudden death on the twenty-fourth of August, 1918. Mr. Brett was born in Braceville, Ohio, the first of July, 1846, but his early years were spent in Warren, Ohio. He fought in the Union army in the civil war. He was a student in the medical department of the University of Michigan, 1868-69, and at Western Reserve University, 1874-75. He received an honorary degree, M. A., from Hiram College, in 1894. He first became known to Clevelanders as a salesman in the bookstore of Cobb, Andrews and Co. In 1884, he was appointed librarian of the Cleveland Public Library and, at the time of his death, had nearly completed thirty-four years of continuous and devoted service. In this long period, Mr. Brett made many real contributions to his profession. On the bibliographical side were the printed catalog of the Cleveland Public Library, long a model of dictionary catalog, and the " Cumulative Index to Periodicals," now known as the "Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature" and the pioneer in this field. In 1903, he helped to found the Western Reserve University Library School and was dean of the school to the time of his death. He was one of the founders of the Ohio Library Association and served as its 426 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIII first president. He was president in 1897 of the American Library Association, one of its oldest members and always one of the most valued. After the beginning of the war with its opportunity for libraries of supplying books to the soldiers, Mr. Brett, whose own service flag bore four stars, had given himself untiringly to this enterprise. He served on the American Library Association War Service Committee, on its Finance Committee and had charge of the very important overseas work, conducted froth the Newport News Dispatch office, as well as of the service to some twenty-five or thirty camps in the immediate vicinity. His great work, however, was the humanizing and the socializing of the public library.. The record of his achievement may be partially read in the history of the Cleveland 'Public Library, but no written account can ever be given of his services to his fellow workers throughout the country. He was a wise and kindly counsellor and an inspiring leader. His devotion to his work was of a quality rarely seen. He was devoid of personal ambition, undauntedly optimistic, constructive always in his thinking and planning, and ever the simplest and most lovable of men. THE EARLY SETTLERS' ASSOCIATION As stated in chapter XVIII, this organization was formed in November, 1879, largely through the personal efforts of "Father" H. M. Addison, who had urged in numerous articles in the newspapers the assembling of the early settlers to bring about "an intimate acquaintance with each other . . . and to secure the preservation of much unwritten history of our country and vicinity." The first meeting of which we have any account was a conference held in the office of George C. Dodge in his residence at the corner of Euclid avenue and Seventeenth street at which Harvey Rice, Judge Daniel Tilden, H. M. Addison and Mr. Dodge were present. They discussed the project at length and decided to call a public meeting to which were invited many of our prominent citizens. On the nineteenth of November, 1879, the meeting was held in the probate court-room, and the association organized with Harvey Rice, president ; Sherlock J. Andrews and John W. Allen, vice-presidents; George C. Dodge, secretary and treasurer ; and R. T. Lyon, Thomas Jones, S. S. Coe, W. J. Warner, David L. Wightman, executive committee. 1879-1918] - THE EARLY SETTLERS' ASSOCIATION - 427 Its first annual meeting was held on the twentieth of May, 1880, in the Euclid Avenue Presbyterian church. Meetings have been held annually since that date. In 188:3, the association began the collection of a fund for erecting a monument to Moses Cleaveland, the founder of the city. The statue is now standing in the Public Square. As the ninety-second anniversary of General Cleaveland's first arrival at the mouth of the Cuyahoga fell on Sunday, the unveiling of the statue took place on Monday, the twenty-third of July, 1888. 'Tis here, when Nature reigned supreme, That General Cleaveland trod the wild ; And said an infant in his dream, And with his name baptized the child. —Harvey Rice. In 1896, during the Centennial celebration, the association bore a leading part. The old log cabin in the square, center of great interest, was the suggestion of "Father" Addison and the work of his colleagues in the association. It was dedicated on the twenty-first of July, by an appropriate "house warming." The twenty-ninth of July was "Early Settlers' Day." The association met in Army and Navy hall and listened to reminiscences of the pioneer days. The Annals of the society contain invaluable historical material. The earlier numbers, especially contain the narratives of the pioneers who relate, in their own forcible manner, the story of the beginnings of the county. The Annals also contain valuable biographical notices of the early settlers ; and the later numbers are a valuable record of the early marriages in the county. "Father" H. M. Addison was horn in Euclid township in 1818. In 1856, he came to Cleveland, where he engaged in journalism. He was the founder of the Children's Fresh Air Camp and was active in many other worthy enterprises. He died on the fourteenth of January, 1898. Harvey Rice continued to serve as president until his death in 1892, when he was succeeded by the Hon. Richard C. Parsons. After the death of Mr. Parsons, Orlando J. Hodge became president and served as such until his death in 1911. The society holds an all-day meeting every year on the tenth of September, the anniversary of the Battle of Lake Erie. For the last few years, the meetings have been held in the Chamber of Commerce Auditorium. The morning session is usually given up to an address by a prominent speaker with a vital message. During the noon hour, a luncheon is served and a social reunion enjoyed. The afternoon session is given over to talks and discussions pertaining to local life. The membership of the society now numbers nearly six hundred. 428 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIII The requirements for admission are forty years' residence upon the Western Reserve and the payment of a nominal sum for annual dues which payment, covers the cost of the annual meeting and furnishes a copy of the Annals, a pamphlet of nearly one hundred pages. It is the desire of the society that as many eligible persons as will come into the organization in order that it may serve the purposes for which it was founded as stated above, and for the further reason, as expressed in the eloquent address of Judge Krichbaum last year wherein he said: "It is a mighty fine thing to perpetuate the memory and deeds of our ancestors—it has its roots in the first Commandment with promise." The officers of the society for 1919 are: President, The Hon. Alexander Hadden; vice-presidents, James W. Stewart, W. S. Kerruish; secretary, Sherman Arter ; treasurer, Thomas J. McManus; Chaplain, The Rev. J. D. Williamson, D. D. CHAPTER XXIV STORY OF THE CORPORATION'S DEVELOPMENT By H. G. Cutler Cleveland's municipal evolution has been no more trying or perplexing than that of any other great western city, the affairs of which have been conducted by intelligent and progressive men, desirous of working through well defined forms of government. The various changes in its body corporate were brought about through the conflicting views of those who desired not only Cleveland, but the other cities of Ohio, to be brought under the systematic control of the general laws of the commonwealth, and those who championed a distinct municipal type even at the expense of systematic action and smoothness of operation. Under the first state constitution, Cleveland City of 1836 was, like all her sisters of Ohio, chartered by special act; and, as this was a period of city-making, a flood of such special acts poured through the legislature. The common council, which comprised three members from each of the three wards, was all-in-all, and the mayor was little more than a head magistrate. The marshal, with his deputy or deputies, and the city treasurer, were the other executives who were elected annually. A CITY OF THE SECOND CLASS Then those legislators who were weary of the confusion attendant on special acts of regulation got the upper hand and, in 1852, passed the general state act for the incorporation of cities and villages. Twenty thousand inhabitants constituted the dividing line between cities of the first and second classes, and Cleveland fell in the minor division. But its municipal affairs had expanded and multiplied, so that a board of city commissioners was created to have charge of the streets and bridges and, in addition to the marshal, treasurer and city solicitor, a superintendent of markets was elected and a civil engineer and auditor created, as well as a complete police court, including a judge, clerk and prosecutor. - 429 - 430 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIV WATER SUPPLY AND PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE At that time, as has been learned from the narrative history, Mayor Abner C. Brownell and a special committee had just made a preliminary report on the advisability of providing for a municipal water supply. The city was protected from fire by half a dozen volunteer companies, with as many hand engines and a hook and ladder. The water supply was drawn from street corner cisterns, often nearly empty or clogged with mud, and, if the fire happened to be near the river or canal, all the better for the final quenching of the flames. TRIALS OF THE PUBLIC MARKETS The public markets had been established for years. There ,was even an open wood market at the foot of Water Street and as early as 1839 the city built a market house on Michigan Street. When Cleveland was incorporated under the general law of 1852 the feeling was bitter between the proprietors of the markets and the hucksters and grocers. The hucksters were often thorns in the sides of both marketmen and grocers, as they would sally out into the district of the truck gardeners at unearthly hours in the morning, buy up the fresh produce and unload it on their customers before the market-men and grocers had opened their doors. The quarrel soon after- 1918] - MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT - 431 ward became very rampant, and was finally assuaged by the building of large municipal market houses and their promotion as city institutions. This important movement, the advantages of which to the retail buyer became more and more evident, was fairly placed on its feet by the creation of the superintendency of markets as an elective office in 1852. GROWTH OF FIRE AND POLICE DEPARTMENTS DURING THE CIVIL WAR Not long afterward Cleveland passed into the cities of the first class, by 1860, it had reached a population of 43,000, and, in 1870, had over 92,000 inhabitants and was just on the verge of the 100,000 mark. In the meantime the measures taken to secure adequate tire protection for the city were multiplying in number and broadening in scope. The volunteer fire department was abandoned in 1863, soon after the city's purchase of its first steam fire engine, and in the .same year three others were added, so that on the Fourth of July the "spick-and-span" new department, With its four gleaming and decorated "modern" engines, made a grand display in town. In 1864, a fifth steamer was purchased, and there was an engine house for each steamer. The last years of the civil war, when the losses in Cleveland by fires had reached over $260,000, were eventful, both for the fire and police departments. The alarm telegraph system was. established in 1864 and, in 1865, the metropolitan police act was put in force. It created a board of police commissioners consisting of the mayor and four gubernatorial appointees. The arrangement proved cumbersome and loose-jointed, but was the commencement of the era when the citizens realized the necessity of a strictly managed police department as a branch of the municipal service. At this time, also, when the fire department was taking shape, an efficient police force was considered as its necessary co-worker, especially in times of large conflagrations when officious citizens were prone to forget that the volunteer firemen had been legislated out of existence. THE FIRST WATERWORKS By 1870, the modern system of water supply and distribution had also been founded. Compared with the present waterworks, its basis was small, but a solid foundation had been laid. In the fall of 1856, the first waterworks had been completed on the West Side. Their main features were the 5,000,000-gallon reservoir at Kentucky and Prospect streets, and the engine house at the foot of the former. 432 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIV thoroughfare. The cost of installing the pioneer water system of Cleveland was about $526,000 and the formal opening of the works, on the twenty-fourth of September, 1856, involved a grand jubilee and jollification, as have been described more in detail elsewhere. The water was taken from the lake about 300 feet west of the old river bed, 300 feet out and at a depth of twelve feet. The boiler-plate inlet pipe was fifty inches in diameter. Water was conveyed from the inlet pipe to the pump well on the lake shore through a brick aqueduct about four feet across, and the standpipe, encased in a look-out tower, was 148 feet high. THE TUNNEL AND WORKS OF 1870-74 But within a decade these works were far behind all public requirements and, in 1867, surveys for a new tunnel were made, on the recommendation of Prof. J. L. Cassels, the eminent scientist and mineralogist of Cleveland Medical College. After numerous financial and mechanical delays, on the seventeenth of August, 1870, the first great lake crib was sunk in forty feet of water 6,600 feet from shore, and the two sections of the new tunnel commenced to be pushed toward each other. They met and formed a whole in October, 1872, and the entire work was completed and the water first drawn through the new tunnel on the third of March, 1874. Upon the completion of the new tunnel, the old intake was abandoned. A new engine house was built near the old one, other engines installed, and total expenses of $320,000 incurred in constructing the new works. Seven lives were lost in the progress of the improvements. The old Kentucky reservoir continued in service for many years, even after it was hopelessly outgrown. GENERAL MUNICIPAL CODE OF 1870 When it is remembered that the streets and parks, the bridges and viaducts, the local transportation lines, and all other public utilities were rapidly expanding and extending with Cleveland's population by the commencement of the '70s, it is little wonder that the legislators busied themselves to see what could be done to simplify the municipal government. In 1870, the state legislature attempted to put upon the statute books a general code of laws applicable to all cities of the first class, in which Cleveland had long rested securely. It provided for the election of a mayor, solicitor, treasurer, street commissioner, police judge, police prosecuting attorney and police court clerk, and for the appointment by the mayor (with the consent 1918] - MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT - 433 of the common council) of the civil engineer, fire engineer, superintendent of markets and chief of police: The code went to ruin over the complex, vexatious classification of cities, the simple test of population being overwhelmed by a multitude of minor considerations. The mayor of the city had become little more than a figurehead of the municipal government. HOME RULE OF THE POLICE DEPARTMENT In 1872, the chief executive regained control of, at least, the police department, through the passage of the legislative act replacing the members of the board of police commissioners appointed by the governor with local representatives elected by the people. This distinctively home commission consisted of Mayor Charles A. Otis, Dr. J. C. Schenck, John M. Sterling, Dr. J. E. Robinson and George Saal. Under the new plan the city was divided into seven police precincts. MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT BY BOARDS In 1873, also, the municipal management of the fire department was reorganized, as the legislature of that year created a board of fire commissioners, comprising the mayor and chairman of the council committee on fire and water, and three citizens appointed by the head of the city government. The mayor was coming into his own proper authority, and the government by boards, primarily responsible to him, or to the people as a body of electors, was getting well under way. It was first crystallized under the comprehensive code of May, 1878. Under its provisions the mayor, councilmen, treasurer, police judge and prosecutor were elected by the people, and the auditor, city clerk and civil engineer appointed by the common council. The following boards were created : Board of police commissioners, composed of the mayor, and four commissioners elected by the people ; board of directors of the house of refuge and correction, appointed by the mayor ; board of health, comprising the mayor and other members appointed by the council ; board of infirmary directors, elected ; board of improvements (its establishment optional), the chief functions of which were to keep the streets clean and in repair, comprising the mayor, civil engineer, street commissioner, chairman of the council committee on streets and one member appointed by the common' council ; board of park commissioners, appointed by the mayor with council consent; board of waterworks trustees, elected by popular vote; board of fire commissioners, com- Vol. I - 28 434 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIV posed of four elected members and the chairman of the council committee on fires; board of cemetery trustees, elected; board of revision, a general body of review covering the operations of the municipal departments and boards, comprising the mayor, president of the city council and the city solicitor. A superintendent of markets was also appointed by the mayor, subject to the approval of the city council. The council was authorized to appoint inspectors of various foods and other products. Nearly all the boards mentioned in the code of 1878 served without pay, which, while it might be economical in outward show of dollars and cents, had the effect of providing a general basis of excuses for inefficiency or carelessness in the performance of prescribed duties. You cannot hold a man very closely to his job when you pay him nothing for his work. A number of changes were made in the municipal government in the period 1878-91, the most radical of which was the division of the council into two bodies—the lower one being a board of aldermen from the several aldermanic districts, and the upper, a council comprising a member from each ward. The plan corresponded to the house of representatives and the senate of the state legislature. TRIAL OF THE FEDERAL FORM As time went on, it became evident that there were many ways by which the various boards and subdivisions of the city government could be consolidated, classified and simplified, according to well established business methods and the modern principles of municipal government. Under the board plan, also, it was found that independent offices had multiplied beyond reason. Finally, in 1888, Col. John M. Wilcox suggested that the municipality be founded on the Federal form of government. Two years later, after much discussion, the Hodge bill, looking toward that end, was introduced to the legislature, but so amended as to be amorphous and necessarily rejected as a monstrosity. The colonel (O. J. Hodge) was not to be discouraged, and appeared with an acceptable measure, which became a law on the sixteenth of March, 1891. Although that was eventually thrown out by the highest state court, it was really the basis of the municipal form of government under which Cleveland now prospers. DECADAL EXPANSION OF POLICE, FIRE AND WATER DEPARTMENTS The decade 1881-91 was one of remarkable expansion in all those divisions which are now included in the city departments of public 1918] - MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT - 436 safety and public utilities. In the former department are the great divisions of police and fire, and in the latter that of water. The year 1881 marks the creation of the police pension fund and the reorganization of the fire department into three battalions, each in command of an assistant chief. This, and much else, was the work of James W. Dickinson, one of Cleveland's best chiefs. In the fall of 1883, after the city had suffered from several very disastrous fires, five new engines were bought and an extension ladder truck was introduced, while a, few years afterward Cleveland built and placed in commission its first fire boat, the "Joseph L. Weatherley," so named in honor of the old chief of the volunteer department and the first president of the board of trade. The water service, so closely coordinated with the efficient workings of the fire department, had also greatly improved, and partially advanced in an effort to keep pace with the city's population. In 1890, Cleveland had 261,000 people within its limits. The old Kentucky reservoir, by 1885, was served only by the antiquated pumps originally used for that purpose, while several new pumps sent the bulk of the water supply directly into the service mains. In the year named, two reservoirs were built on the eastern heights of the city ; the low-pressure reservoir being Fairmount, on Fairmount Street, near Woodland Hills, and that for high-pressure or fire service, on Kinsman Street in Woodland Hills Park. With the opening of these reservoirs in 1885, the Kentucky reservoir was abandoned and its site converted into a park. In 1893, after a year of the most destructive fires which Cleveland had suffered (loss in 1892, $1,482,000), a program was adopted for the largest increase of equipment yet made. It comprised six engines, three trucks, a water tower to be placed on Engine House No. 1, St. Clair Street; a new fire boat, subsequently built and stationed at the Lower Seneca Street Bridge, and named after Mayor John H. Farley, and three new engine houses. The expenditures amounted to $147,000. THE GREAT TUNNEL AND MODERN WATER SYSTEM OF TODAY At this time, or at least soon after, there was a general awakening over the poor quality of the water supply and the inadequacy of the service. The result, which was not fully realized until nearly the passing of a decade, was the building of Cleveland's great lake tunnel. The basis for the long-extended work was laid by the special citizens' committee, appointed by Mayor R. E. McKisson in 1895 and consisting 436 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIV of Samuel Mather, C. F. Brush, L. E. Holden and Wilson M. Day. As the result of their investigation and the urgency of their recommendations, the bonds were issued and work was commenced, under the superintendency of W. .J. Gawne, the contractor, on the eighth of October, 1896. SERIES OF CASUALTIES The sinking of the shore shaft commenced on that day and, under air pressure, the excavations progressed through the soft clay, without accidents, until the eleventh of May, 1898, when a distance of 6,280 feet had been completed. On that day, an explosion occurred in the heading, which so badly burned the eight men in the tunnel that they all died within a few days. On the eleventh of July of the same year, before the tunnel had been pushed through another 300 feet, a second explosion occurred, causing the death of eleven men. After recovering the bodies of all the men from the debris which had caved in from the clay roof, the heading was closed and no more tunneling was attempted from this fatal drift. The work was prosecuted from the intake shaft, or lake end of the tunnel, and the junction made with the shore section on the ninth of July, 1899. The permanent intake crib had been placed in position a year before. By 1901, while preparations were being made to join all the sections of the work as a whole, and celebrate its completion, another terrible accident overtook the enterprise. On the fourteenth of August, the superstructure of the crib was entirely burned, five men perishing in the flames and five others being drowned. Rebuilding at once commenced, but within less than a week the shaft at the intake crib broke of at the bottom of the lake and the inrushing water and soft clay wrecked the structure and smothered and drowned five men. It was an appalling series of casualties, and the record was not to end with August, 1901; for on the fourteenth of December, 1902, after the two drifts had been connected and the tunnel completed for its entire length, an explosion of gas occurred in the west section 'by which four men were killed or died of their injuries; and, besides the lives lost in these accidents, a number of men died from what was known as caisson disease, brought about by the dead air and noxious gases in which they were obliged to work. Before the works were completed it was necessary to rebuild portions of the tunnel which had been weakened by quicksands and enormous pressure, so that it was not until the eleventh of February, 1904, that water was first pumped through the tunnel into the mains from the new Kirtland Street station. On the sixth of the following 1918] - MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT - 437 April, all pumping through the 'West Side tunnels was discontinued for city use and they were held in reserve solely for fire protection. In the same year, a high-pressure service for the higher altitudes of the city, especially the heights to the east was installed. So that the present water system of Cleveland may be said to date from 1904, especially from April of that year. THE WATERWORKS AS COMPLETED The great intake or lake tunnel, which is the backbone and head of the system, is nine feet in internal diameter, beginning at the shaft on the grounds of the Kirtland Street pumping station and running northwesterly 26,048 feet, or a trifle less than five miles, to the intake shaft. The latter is sunk inside of a steel and concrete crib 100 feet in diameter, located approximately four miles from shore. The position of the crib was selected so as to bring the intake as far west of the mouth of the Cuyahoga River as possible and place it out of the path of the sewage discharge which is easterly down the lake. The tunnel lining consists of three rings of shale brick laid in natural cement mortar, the walls being about thirteen inches thick. THE FILTRATION PLANT AND OTHER WORKS In 1914, the Division Avenue plant was dismantled, with the exception of three vertical expansion engines and the new plant, including buildings, boiler equipment and the addition of two Allis-Chalmers vertical expansion pumps for low pressure work and one of the same type for high pressure work, were installed, together with new boiler equipment and buildings. At the same time the construction of the Division Avenue filtration plant was started adjoining the Division Station grounds, with a capacity of 150,000,000 gallons per day. The filtration building, coagulation basins, mixing chambers and chemical house were constructed east of the station and the clear water basins located just west of it. Work was also begun on the extension of the two tunnels leading from the old Division Avenue station to the old crib, located about a mile from the shore, by the construction of a ten-foot concrete tunnel 16,000 feet northerly from Crib No. 4 to the submerged crib located about three-quarters of a mile westerly from the intake of the east side tunnel. The rebuilding of the Division Avenue station and the construction of the filtration plant were finished in 1917. The latter was put 438 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIV in operation and the first water filtered on a small scale in November of that year ; in March, 1918, the plant was in complete working order. THE BALDWIN RESERVOIR In 1914, the excavation for the Baldwin reservoir, which is located on the heights just east of Baldwin Road, was begun. The elevation of this reservoir is 225 feet above city datum. Its capacity will be 130,000,capacityns. It is planned to finish this reservoir in 1920. This will replace the present Fairmount reservoir, which has a capacity of 80,000,000 gallons, and its high water elevation is 170 feet above city datum. The object of the Fairmount reservoir is to give increased storage capacity as well as increased pressure, on what is known as the low service district. MILES AND VALUATION OF WATER WORKS On the first of January, 118, the total mileage of all sizes of pipe in use in the city was as follows: