550 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXVIII United States and England. Dr. Crile's surgical works are standard with the profession and scientists generally and comprise Surgical Shock, Origin and Nature of Emotions, Man an Adaptive Mechanism, and A Mechanistic View of War and Peace. The last named was written about a year before the United States entered the conflict. Elsewhere, in connection with Cleveland's war work, is given a full account of Dr. Crile's trip overseas, as leader of the Lakeside Hospital Unit, the first American organization of any kind to represent this country as an active ally. Dr. William T. Corlett, who has been professor of dermatology at the Western Reserve University since 1885, is a national authority in his specialty. After a three-years' course at Oberlin College, he completed his medical studies at Wooster University in 1877. He then passed four years in the hospitals and universities of Europe and, after two years' service with Wooster University as professor of diseases of the skin and genito-urinary diseases, assumed the chair of dermatology and syphilography at the Western Reserve University. Doctor Corlett's professional standing is indicated by the facts that he has served as president of the American Dermatological Association and has been a delegate to two international medical congresses, those held at Rome and London, in 1894 and 1913, and to the international congress of dermatology at London, 1896. Professor Corlett has written and published numerous text books on his specialties. Dr. Samuel W. Kelley ranks among the foremost authorities of the country on diseases of children. He was graduated as M. D. from the Western Reserve University in 1884, and after studying his specialty in the London hospitals returned to take charge of the polyclinic for children of the Cleveland institution. Doctor Kelley afterward became professor of children's diseases in the Cleveland College of Physicians and Surgeons in which position he served during 1893-1910. He has also been prominently identified with the leading city hospitals as a pediatrist and orthopedist. During the Spanish-American war he attained considerable prominence as a surgeon. He was editor of the Cleveland Medical Gazette in 18851901 and has held important official positions with state and national societies devoted to pediatrics. In 1907-08 he was president of the American Teachers of Diseases of Children. Doctor Kelley's most noteworthy publication, which has run through several editions, is Surgical Diseases of Children, first issued in 1909. Dr. Henry E. Handerson, one of the veterans of the profession, and, since 1906, professor emeritus at the Cleveland College of Phy- 1893-1918] - PHYSICIANS, ETC. - 551 sicians and Surgeons, saw active and leading service in the Confederate army, serving throughout the war either as captain or assistant adjutant general in the army of Northern Virginia. After the war, he was graduated as an M. D. from the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons. From 1893 to 1906, Doctor Handerson held the chair of hygiene and sanitary science in the, Cleveland College of Physicians and Surgeons. In 1895, he served as president of the Cleveland Academy of Medicine and was president of the Cleveland Medical Library Association during 1895-1904. Doctor Handerson has made numerous contributions to medical literature, some of a technical and others of an historical nature. In the preparation of this paper, his Medical Cleveland has been found reliable and valuable. The most pretentious work with which his name is connected is as editor of Bass's Outlines of the History of Medicine. The late Dr. H. F. Biggar was among the leading homeopaths of Cleveland. Born in Canada in 1839, he was graduated from the Cleveland University of Medicine and Surgery in 1866 and at once entered practice. For many years he served, at various times, as professor of anatomy and clinical surgery at the Homeopathic Hospital College, as surgeon-in-chief of the Surgical Institute, or as dean of the Training School for Nurses, of which he was the founder. He was elected honorary president of the American Institute of Homeopathy and a delegate to the International Homeopathic Congress which met at London in 1911. He died in 1913. Doctor Biggar wrote much and well on professional, as well as on general subjects, his publications in book form ranging from Twelve Months of Surgery to Loiterings in Europe. Among the leading homeopathic physicians of Cleveland mention is also due Dr. James C. Wood and Dr. A. B. Schneider. Dr. Wood is a graduate of the University of Michigan Homeopathic Medical College and has practised in Cleveland since 1894. His specialties are gynecology and obstetrics, with diseases of children, and he has held chairs covering them in his alma mater and (gynecology) the Cleveland-Pulte Medical College. Dr. Schneider was graduated from the Cleveland Medical College in 1894, since which he has practiced in the Forest City with the exception of the periods abroad when he has been engaged in postgraduate work. His educational duties in connection with his profession have been performed as demonstrator and professor of anatomy in the Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College (1894-1904) and as professor of clinical medicine, in that institution, from 1904 552 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXVIII to 1915. Dr. Schneider is now acting president of the college board of trustees. Of the older allopathic practitioners of high standing is also Dr. John B. McGee, a Bostonian by birth, but a graduate of the Western Reserve University in the medical department, class of 1878. He was formerly professor of therapeutics and secretary of the Cleveland College of Physicians and Surgeons and associate professor of therapeutics in the Western Reserve University. CHAPTER XXIX POLITICAL, PHILOSOPHICAL, SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS By H. G. Cutler The above classification is certainly broad in its scope. Some of the scholars who have ventured into these fields have entered them in various combinations. Dr. Mattoon M. Curtis, who has held the chair of philosophy at the Western Reserve University since 1891, was educated for the Presbyterian ministry. He was graduated from Hamilton College and Union Theological Seminary and held pastorates at Hastings-on-theHudson, New York, and in Cleveland (Beckwith Memorial Church), from 1883 to 1888. During the two years following he pursued advanced philosophical studies at the University of Leipzig, which conferred upon him the degree of Ph. D. in 1891. Since that year he has been identified with the Western Reserve University faculty and its managing board, and with the proceedings of many learned societies and allied literature. Particularly, he is the author of Locke's Ethics, Philosophical and Physical Science, and Philosophy in America. Dr. Curtis has also served as vice president of the Cleveland School of Art and was superintendent of the thirteenth federal census for Cuyahoga County. Frederick C. Howe, one of the most scholarly of Cleveland lawyers, received his preliminary higher education at Johns Hopkins University and abroad, and his legal education at the University of Michigan and the New York Law School. Admitted to the bar in 1894, he practiced in Cleveland until 1909, during which time he also served in the city council and the state senate, was sent to Great Britain as special United States commissioner to investigate municipal ownership therein, and also occupied the chair of law at the Cleveland College and lectured on legal matters for the University of Wisconsin. His writings, which are a natural outgrowth of his practical investigations, include Taxation in the United States, 1791-1895; The City, the Hope of Democracy; The British City; The Confessions of a Monopolist; Privilege and Democracy in America; Wisconsin, an Experiment in Democracy; European Cities at Work, and Socialized - 553 - 554 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIX Germany. He has been honored with several learned degrees, the last being Ph. D. from Johns Hopkins in 1892. Dr. Howe has been commissioner of emigration for New York and director of the People's Institute since becoming a permanent resident of the metropolis in 1911. Judge Martin A. Foran, of the Cleveland common pleas bench, has also written considerably on political and social questions. Perhaps his best known paper was the Other Side, an answer to The Labor Problem, an exposition of the question often attributed to John Hay. SOCIAL WORK AND WRITINGS Elizabeth Hyer Neff (Mrs. William Byron Neff) is known as an authoress of talent, with such books to her credit as Altars to Mammon and Miss Wealthy, Deputy Sheriff, and a social settlement worker of much earnestness and efficiency, especially as president of the Board of Central Friendly Inn. She has also been president of the Women's Centennial Commission and president of the Woman's Civic Club of Cleveland Heights, as well as founder of the Conservation of the Home department of the D. A. R. Mrs. Neff holds an honorary degree of M. A. from the Ohio Wesleyan University. Louise Brigham (Mrs. Henry A. Chisholm) has been long interested in child welfare work, and her Book on Furniture is an ingenious and instructive effort to teach the children of the poor how to make chairs, tables and other furniture out of dry goods boxes and other homely material which often goes to waste. Several representatives of the church in Cleveland have made worthy contributions to religious literature. The Rt. Rev. William A. Leonard, bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Ohio since 1889, is widely known as an author. He was educated in the east and spent the earlier years of his ministry in Brooklyn, N. Y., and Washington, D. C. While thus engaged in the former he served, for a number of years, as chaplain of the Twenty-third Regiment of the National Guard of New York. Bishop Leonard's literary works include: Via Sacra, or Footprints of Christ; History of the Christian Church; A Faithful Life; the Bedell lectures on Witness of American Church to Christianity and numerous essays and published sermons. The Rt. Rev. Mgr. G. F. Houck has published History of the Cleveland Diocese, and a work of more scholarly nature, Memoirs and Labors of Amadeus Rappe, First Bishop of Cleveland. The Rev. George T. Dowling, a Cleveland minister of the Baptist 1845] - POLITICAL, PHILOSOPHICAL, ETC. - 555 Church who is no longer a resident of the city, was the author of several writings on social topics which are worthy of mention. ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCE AND ITS FOUNDERS From the unsystematized organization of the Ark, and the substantial Arkites who looked upon science as something greater than a pleasant pastime, came the Cleveland Academy of Natural Science. It was organized in 1845 at the suggestion of Dr. Jared P. Kirtland, the learned physician, geologist, horticulturist, botanist and zoologist of Cleveland Medical College, who, for more than thirty years was to make himself honored and beloved as a scholar, an author, a worker and a man. The details of his remarkable scientific career and his rounded life have been already introduced, in part. To list all the titles of Dr. Kirtland's writings on scientific subjects would produce a booklet ; which is the sole excuse for not going further into the matter. The first meeting of the Cleveland Academy of Natural Science was held on the twenty-fourth of November, 1845. Dr. Kirtland was elected president; Sherlock J. Andrews, first vice-president; Charles W. Heard, second vice-president; William D. Beattie, third vice-president. The curators were William Case, Hamilton L. Smith, Samuel St. John, Henry C. Kingsley, Rufus K. Winslow, Jared P. Kirtland, J. L. Cassels, and Charles Whittlesey. The academy first met in the building of the Cleveland Medical College, where the museum was installed and the winter lectures delivered by the members. In 1869, the academy was reorganized as the Kirtland Society of Natural Science, which, in 1870, became identified with the Cleveland Library Association. After Dr. Kirtland's death on the tenth of December, 1877, all the geological, zoological and botanical collections were given to the Case School of Applied Science, which was then taking form, but which was not to be incorporated until the death of Leonard Case, Jr., in 1880. DR. JOHN S. NEWBERRY Of the founders of the Cleveland Academy of Natural Science, besides Dr. Kirtland, Judge Andrews and Colonel Whittlesey, Dr. John S. Newberry attained perhaps the widest distinction as a scientist and an author. He was born in Cuyahoga Falls, and when the academy was organized was a senior student at the Western Reserve College. In 1848, he was graduated from the Cleveland Medical 556 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIX College, and after practising medicine in the Forest City until 1855 accepted the appointment of assistant surgeon and geologist of the expedition sent by the war department to explore the wild regions between the Columbia River and the Pacific Ocean. After his return, Dr. Newberry became geologist of Ohio and of the United States Geographical Survey and professor of geology in the Columbia University School of Mines. His studies and his writings covered every phase of geological research, but he will be longest remembered for his work in paleontology. DR. THEODORE D. GARLICK Dr. Theodore D. Garlick was the universal genius of this pioneer group of Cleveland scientists. He came to the village as a Vermont youth, was a stonecutter for a time and studied and practiced medicine both at Youngstown and Cleveland. He was a pioneer in the artificial propagation of fish, which, although repeatedly rebuffed, he persistently urged upon the government. Dr. Garlick's book upon artificial fish propagation, issued in 1854, remained the standard work for many years. He was also a widely known botanist, and possessed great skill as a modeler of clay. In the museum of the Western Reserve Historical Society are a number of specimens of his handicraft as an anatomist and an artist, among the latter being a bust of his great and ardent friend, Dr. Kirtland. DR. ELISHA STERLING Dr. Elisha Sterling, an Arkite and one of the founders of the academy, was the naturalist of the 1855 government expedition to the Pacific Coast, his appointment being obtained through the friendship of Dr. Newberry. He was then thirty years old, a graduate of Cleveland Medical College, a student at the great Paris museums and schools and a traveling naturalist, both at home and abroad. He was an adept taxidermist, an expert on fish culture, a contributor to scientific journals, an eminent surgeon and a fine man. He died in Cleveland all too soon, in 1890, then only in his sixty-sixth year. PIONEER IN LAKE SUPERIOR MINERAL REGIONS Dr. John L. Cassels was professor of chemistry on the faculty of Cleveland Medical College, and a friend and associate of Dr. Kirtland. He was one of the founders of the academy and soon after- 1869-1902] - POLITICAL, PHILOSOPHICAL, ETC. - 557 wards investigated the mineral regions adjacent to Lake Superior. He was one of the first white men to explore that part of the country and his prophecies as to its undeveloped wealth were received with incredulity by many ; others who believed, and acted accordingly, reaped most substantial rewards. PROFESSORS MORLEY AND MICHELSON Of a later generation was the distinguished chemist, Professor William E. Morley, who held that chair on the Western Reserve College and University faculty from 1869 to 1906. He afterward engaged in research work at Hartford, Connecticut, and became world-famous for his investigations and publications on the atomic weight of oxygen. Associated with Professor Morley for some years was Professor Albert A. Michelson, who, from 1883 to 1889, held the chair of physics at the Case School of Applied Science. When he came to Cleveland he was thirty-one years of age, with a record of ten years passed as student, midshipman and instructor in the naval service, and as a master of various post-graduate courses in leading German and French universities. From 1886 to 1911, he received half a dozen learned degrees from various American and German institutions of learning, the last being Ph. D. from Goettingen. Since 1892, Dr. Michelson has served as professor and head of the department o physics, University of Chicago, and his researches in that capacity have brought him fame and formal honors from every part of the world. His contributions to scientific literature have been numerous and always original and weighty. DR. CADY STALEY Cady Staley, one of the great civil and sanitary engineers of the country, with a broad reputation for both practical work and educational ability, East and West, served as president of the Case School of Applied Science from 1886 to 1902. A native of the Empire state, he was graduated as C. E. from Union College in 1866 and was one of the engineers in the construction of the Central Pacific Railroad. He was professor of engineering in Union College in 186886, and during the last decade of that period was dean of the faculty. Since resigning the presidency of the Case School, Dr. Staley (Union College, Ph. D., and Ohio Wesleyan, LL. D.) has been a traveling member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and has done 558 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIX much in the way of observation and investigation to increase a reputation which was already national. As president, he was noted for his energy, impartiality and breadth of views upon all questions of administration and education. PROFS. CHARLES S. HOWE AND JOHN N. STOCKWELL Dr. Staley was succeeded by Prof. Charles S. Howe, a New Hampshire man first educated in Massachusetts and at Johns Hopkins University, and obtaining his experience as a teacher at Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Buchtel College, Ohio. In the latter institution he held the chair of mathematics and astronomy in 1883-89, and the same professorship in the Case School of Applied Science from the latter year until he succeeded Dr. Staley as acting president in 1902 and as' president in the following year. The learned degrees conferred upon him are Ph. D., from the University of Wooster ; Sc. D., from Armour Institute of Technology, Chicago, and LL. D., from Mount Union College and Oberlin College, Ohio. He is a member of many leading astronomical societies and a fellow of the American Association for the. Advancement of Science and the Royal Astronomical Society. Dr. Howe has written much as an astronomer, but since becoming president of the Case School of Applied Science has been compelled to relinquish much of his active scientific work. Prof. John N. Stockwell is widely known for his original investigations in astronomy. Although he received little more than a common school education his work along these lines has been so noteworthy that the Western Reserve University has honored him with the degrees of A. M.. and Ph. D. He has largely contributed to the literature of the Smithsonian Institution as well as to American and foreign scientific journals, and is the author, among other works, of Eclipse Cycles and Theory of the Mutual Perturbations of Planets Moving at the Same Mean Distance from the Sun. Dr. Stockwell is a permanent resident of Cleveland. WORCESTER R. WARNER AND AMBROSE SWASEY At least three old-time citizens of Cleveland have so applied their scientific learning to practical purposes that their handiwork and their names have spread all over the world. How the astronomy of modern times has been advanced by the Warner & Swasey telescopes, and how the wonderful efficiency of American gunnery has been 1918] - POLITICAL, PHILOSOPHICAL, ETC. - 559 promoted by their range and position finder, are fully known to scientists and the experts of the United States Government.. Both Ambrose Swasey and Worcester R. Warner are practical machinists and educated scientists. They are of nearly the same age (both born in 1846) and established the industry which has brought them fame and fortune when they were in the middle '30s, energetic, far-seeing, determined young men. Their individual careers, as well as the steps by which they have advanced to the front as among the leading manufacturers of scientific instruments in the world, are fully described elsewhere. If they had done no more than to produce the gigantic and delicate Lick, the Naval and the Yerkes telescopes, they would have become famous. Besides they have originated and manufactured an exceptionally accurate dividing engine; the Swasey range and position finder, adopted by the United States government; machine tools and optical instruments, combining strength and precision; field telescopes, now used by the thousands in the armies of Europe, and scores of other special appliances requiring superior workmanship and scientific adjustment. Both Dr. Warner and Dr. Swasey (for they have been honored with the degrees of Doctor of Mechanical Science and Doctor of Engineering) are members of numerous learned societies in America and Europe, but have written little for the scientific or engineering press. Dr. Swasey's Refinements of Mechanical Science is, however, to be mentioned in this connection. CHARLES F. BRUSH None of the scientists who have been identified with Cleveland's history have gained a more cosmopolitan fame, or have applied their attainments to more practical and developmental uses than Charles Francis Brush, the great electrician. He was born in Euclid township in March, 1849, has a dozen scientific and collegiate degrees, and is the universally accredited father and perfecter of the electric arc lighting system. He was one of the incorporators of the Case School of Applied Science, and has also been identified with the growth of the Western Reserve University, the University School, the Cleveland School of Art and other educational institutions. In 1909-10, he served as president of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce. Dr. Brush (LL. D., both from Western Reserve University and Kenyon College) was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, France, in 1881; received the Rumford Medal of honor from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1899; and was awarded the Edison 560 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXIX Medal in 1913. He is a member of numerous American and European scientific societies. When he was presented to the president of the French Republic, that official said : "I know not which to admire the more, the physique of the man or the genius of the inventor." Dr. Brush has continuously resided in Cleveland for nearly half a century, commencing his remarkable career as a chemical expert. That was in 1870, when he had just reached his majority. Cleveland, therefore, considers Dr. Brush in an especially intimate sense one of her great sons who has plentifully demonstrated the practical value of applied science. CHAPTER XXX ART AND ARTISTS IN CLEVELAND By H. G. Cutler One of the favorite questions of debate brought before the old-time literary societies was "What is the difference between an art and a profession t" In the earlier periods of American society the question was more easily answered than it is today ; but, by general consent without any too much reason, editorship and authorship, legal and medical matters, have been relegated to the professions, while painting, etching, sculpture, music and the drama, have been retained as among the legitimate arts. Viewing the subjects from these standpoints, Cleveland claims her full quota of geniuses who have lingered with her, briefly or at length as their lives were made pleasant, full or unprofitable. MUSIC AND MUSICIANS The large German element in early Cleveland caused music and musicians to make the first strong stand in the cause of art and artists. That was in the early '50s, in the days when Jenny lAnd, Ole Bull, Adelina Patti and other celebrities were making the rounds of the brisk young western cities, naturally including Cleveland. In 1851, the Mendelssohn Singing Society was formed, and a "gesangverein" was organized even before that year. Oratorios were given and singing festivals organized which made Cleveland famous for years. The great "saengerfest" was that of 1874, it being the nineteenth of the North American Society and a national affair. The last singing festival held by the local society was in 1893, and Gov. William McKinley attended the opening concert. CLEVELAND VOCAL SOCIETY AND SCHOOL OF MUSIC The Cleveland Vocal Society was founded in 1873, and during the thirty years of its existence under Alfred Arthur accomplished much in elevating musical taste and keeping it to a high standard. Vol. I-36 - 561 - 562 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXX Professor Arthur founded the Cleveland School of Music in 1874, and many well known musicians received their training there. The Cleveland Conservatory of Music was organized by William Heydler in 1871, and various members of the family have been leading local musicians for several generations. The Fortnightly Musical Club was formed in. 1894, through the initiative of Mrs. J. H. Webster. Its first president was Mrs. Edward W. Morley, and thc club has flourished from the first. Other schools of music and societies have been established, as in all large cultured cities, until now there are some twenty-five. BRINGING MUSIC TO THE MASSES The city has also been foremost in the popularization of music by which its refining influences are brought to the masses. Such bands as Heckler's, Leland's and Kirk's have been blessings to the people. of Cleveland, and there also gradually developed from this democratic movemcnt the Cleveland Symphony orchestra of the modern period. In Edgewater Park is a monument to the memory of Conrad Mizer, the Cleveland enthusiast who, in 1896, started the movement of giving band concerts on Sunday afternoons at the different parks. They were at first paid for by private subscriptions, 1876-1900] - ART AND ARTISTS - 563 engineered by Mr. Mizer, but, later, under Mayor Johnson's regime, the city supported them. No one movement has created more pleasure of a high grade to Clevelanders, and the monument to Conrad Mizer was justly conceived and placed. COMPOSERS OF MUSIC Cleveland has produced a. number of composers within late years who have attained good standing. Wilson G. Smith was among the most versatile, putting forth not only compositions which were wonderful reproductions of the German masters, but piano and vocal music which was fresh, unique and purely American. As the musical critic of the Cleveland Press, he has become famous for his wonderful and inimitable vocabulary. James H. Rogers is the author of about 150 compositions, including songs, piano selections, anthems and cantatas. Johann H.' Beck, a native of Cleveland who has been director of the Cleveland Symphony Orchestra since 1900, was highly educated in music abroad, and has produced, since 1886, much noteworthy orchestral music. His productions have been rendered by such organizations as the Boston Symphony and the Thomas orchestras. THE OLD BOHEMIANS OF CLEVELAND Artists struggling with the brush and the sculptor's knife had resided in Cleveland sometime before 1876, but that year marks the time when a brave thirteen assembled and formed a club, the members of which in after years were known as the Old Bohemians. Then they were young men-George Grossman, F. C. Gottwald, John Semon, Adam Lehr, Louis Loeb, Herman Herkomer, John Herkomer, 0. V. Schubert, Daniel Wehrschmidt, Emil Wehrschmidt, Otto Bacher, Arthur Schneider and Max Bohm. Within the succeeding few years the original Bohemians and other artists who joined them at the invitation of the city fathers, gradually occupied the top floor of the new municipal building, the large east room being reserved for club meetings. In 1884, the club founded the Cleveland Art School, which was also opened. in the top floor of the city hall. CLEVELAND SCHOOL OF ART In October, 1882, Mrs. S. H. Kimball founded the Cleveland School of Art, and it soon so expanded that it had to move from a private residence to the art center the city hall. From 1888 to 1882-1918] - ART AND ARTISTS - 565 1891, it was a department of the Western Reserve University. In the following year, after it had again become independent, it moved from the city. hall to the old Kelley residence on Willson Avenue. But the enterprise soon outgrew such accommodations and, through the liberality of Stevenson Burke and wife and J. H. Wade, the money and site were provided for the large building at Juniper Road and Magnolia Avenue, which was completed in 1906. In 1908, through the donations of Thomas H. White, the school was enlarged by adding a studio for the development of sculpture. In the meantime, the original art school had disappeared from local history, the last of the Bohemians having departed from the city hall in 1898. The present Cleveland School of Art has a well organized faculty of twenty teachers, with Henry Turner Bailey, of Boston, as dean and Miss Georgie L. Norton as director. Mrs. Stevenson Burke is president of the board of trustees. Art, design and craftsmanship constitute the main divisions of its course. THE ART MUSEUM The last, and in some respects the most important development of local art, was the founding of the Kelley art galleries, and the building of the great museum in Wade Park, a few years ago. This has been fully described in the section devoted to the parks. Several art loan exhibitions had been held, such wealthy and cultured citizens as Prof. Charles Olney, Charles F. Brush and W. J. White having contributed of their private treasures to make them successes, and finally the large bequests from H. B. Hurlbut, Thomas Kelley and John Huntington made possible the erection of a beautiful museum building in Wade Park. EARLY CLEVELAND PAINTERS Not a few of the original Bohemians joined the teaching force of the Cleveland School of Art. F. C. Gottwald and Henry G. Keller became especially well known, both as teachers and as painters of Italian scenes in water and oil. James H. Donahey, the famous cartoonist of the Plain, Dealer, is also a prominent member of the faculty. Max Bohm is among the early Cleveland painters who returned to England. He is- noted as a strong marine painter and decorative artist, and some of his bold and rich handiwork is seen on the walls of the county court-house. A. M. Willard, long a resident veteran of the brush, had become famous, the world over, as the 566 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXX painter of that inspiration to patriotism, "The Spirit of '76." Even after passing his four-score years, he was still busy with his brush and the fire in his eye was little dimmed. He died in 1818. SCULPTORS MATZEN AND NIEIIAUS Herman N. Matzen, the Cleveland sculptor, has made himself famous in the twenty-five years of his artistic activities and creations. He is a native of Denmark and has all the strength, yet grace and balance of the great northern artists. To illustrate Mr. Matzen's leadership as a sculptor it is only necessary to mention the following, as among his works, to carry conviction to the minds of all well informed men and women: "War and Peace," Indianapolis Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument; Schiller Monument; Detroit; Burke mausoleum; and "Moses" and "Gregory," Cleveland court-house; and "Law and Justice," Akron court-house. Carl Niehaus, or, as he now writes Charles Henry Niehaus, had a studio on the top floor of the city hall in the late '80s, but he soon joined the New York Bohemians. His fame as a sculptor is now international. CLARA MORRIS AS A CLEVELAND GIRL All the great actors and actresses have at one time or another appeared before Cleveland audiences, but the only artist in that class whom the city can claim as a resident was Clara Morris. She was born at Toronto, Ontario, in 1849, but when an infant was brought to Cleveland where she was educated. She was a very precocious child and when twelve years old became a member of the ballet in the old Academy of Music. She rapidly advanced to be the leading lady and, in 1869, was called to Wood's Theater, Cincinnati, in that capacity. In 1870, she became a member of Daly's Fifth Avenue Company, New York, and while thus connected developed into the leading emotional actress of America.. She also wrote numerous books, some of which showed marked literary ability. Her start in Cleveland and the dramatic world is thus described: "It is generally supposed that Clara Morris, long retired and generally accepted as the best emotional actress this country has produced, made her first appearance on the Academy of Music stage. That, however, is erroneous. Her real name was Clara Morrison and, in 1861, I. H. Carter brought a company to play at the Theater Comique. Carter boarded with a Mrs. Miller, where Clara Morris' mother also lived. Clara was stage 1861] - ART AND ARTISTS - 567 struck and was anxious to see real actors back of a real stage. This heightened her ambition and she was given a few minor parts to play. Shortly thereafter John Ellsler opened the Academy of Music and gave Clara. Morris an opportunity to shine in very small parts in a good company." CHAPTER XXXI AUTHORS AND THEIR INSTITUTIONS By H. G. Cutler The temptation to write, to record one's thoughts or classified facts on paper and in print, is sometimes normal and at other times acquired, inspired by contact with others who have entered the field from one cause or another. In the old days those who became authors were generally led to the work because they honestly liked it, or thought that they could do more good by following that calling than any other. With the multiplication of newspapers, magazines and other ephemeral agencies of publication, with stories current of easy fortunes made by the pen and pencil, authorship has become either more commercial or something to be adopted as a matter of fashion. In not a few quarters, it is becoming "stylish" to write for the press or to be known as the author of books, and snug fortunes in money have made not a few names in literature. FIRST LITERARY SOCIETIES AND LYCEUMS The first local evidence of a strong literary or intellectual bent on the part of Cleveland's people was the formation of the Newburg Literary Society in 1827. It received its charter from the Ohio legislature on the fourteenth of December of that year and its trustees were Lewis Peet, Theodore Miles and Allen Gaylord. There had been other inconsequential debating societies, but the Newburg Literary Society had considerable stability and was the first of its kind to be dignified as an incorporated society. The second thought worthy of that honor, the Cleveland Lyceum, was incorporated in February, 1833, by Sherlock J. Andrews, John W. Allen, Orville B. Skinner, James S. Clark, Irad Kelley, John Barr, Leonard Case, Edward Baldwin, Richard Hussey, James L. Conger and Thomas M. Kelley—all leading citizens. Several years afterward the Cleveland Lyceum had over one hundred members, with John Barr as its president and Charles Whittlesey as corre- - 568 - 1842] - AUTHORS, ETC. - 569 sponding secretary. It established a lecture course, held debatcs and for some time maintained a reading room. DICKENS HITS CLEVELAND JINGOISM This lyceum was in existence when Charles Dickens visited Cleveland in May, 1842, and left the following impression of the little town in his American Notes: "After calling at one or two flat places with low dams stretching out into the lake whereon mere stumpy light houses like windmills without sails, the whole looking like a Dutch vignette, we came at midnight to Cleveland, where we lay all night and until 9 o'clock next morning. I entertained quite a curiosity in reference to this place from having seen, at Sandusky, a specimen of its literature in the shape of a newspaper which was very strong indeed upon the subject of Lord Ashburton's recent arrival at Washington to adjust the points in dispute between the United States Government and Great Britain ; informing its readers that as America had whipped' England in her infancy and 'whipped' her again in her youth, so it was clearly necessary that she must 'whip' her once again in her maturity ; and pledging its credit to all true Americans that if Mr. Webster did his duty in the approaching negotiations, and sent the English lord home again in double-quick time, they should, within two years, 'sing "Yankee Doodle" in Hyde Park and "Hail Columbia" in the scarlet courts of Westminster.' I found a pretty town and had the satisfaction of beholding the outside of the office of the journal from which I quoted. I did not enjoy the delight of seeing the wit who indicted the paragraph in question, but I have no doubt he is a prodigious man in his way and held in high repute by a select circle." The allusion to the arrival of Lord Ashburton and the jingo sentiment expressed by the Cleveland paper have an interesting local flavor coming from the future great novelist ; and the Webster-Ashburton treaty of the following August blocked the suggestion of the Cleveland editor (perhaps J. W. Gray) that Webster send the English lord home again in "double-quick time." After the Cleveland Lyceum came the Forest City Lyceum of the '50s, which numbered among its members many young men who afterward became prominent in business, financial and professional life. Through these lyceums, at one time and another, some of the most famous men of the country lectured in Cleveland—Emerson, Bayard Taylor, Henry Ward Beecher, Salmon P. Chase, John G. Saxe, 570 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXI Mark Twain, John G. Dana, James Whitcomb Riley, John B. Gough, Robert G. Ingersoll and others. The Young Men's Literary Association, which was organized in 1.836, for the express purpose of founding a circulating library, and reorganized ten years later to join the Cleveland Library Association in furtherance of that object, also wielded a strong literary and educational influence on the community. Its first officers were: Charles Whittlesey, president; George C. Davis, secretary ; S. W. Crittenden, treasurer; W. G. Oatman, corresponding secretary. THE ARK AND THE ARKITES But the organization which in early times was considered most select, the very name of which has come down to the literati and scientists of today through a bright and mellow light, was unincorporated, and so informal that, so far as known, it flourished for years without officers or government of any kind. There are few of mature years in Cleveland, especially if they at all are informed as to the earlier literary movements of their city, who have not heard of the Ark and its choice spirits, the Arkites. Its real founder was William Case, brother of the Leonard Case who founded the School of Ap- 1858] - AUTHORS, ETC. - 571 plied Science, but of such unstable health that he adopted an outdoor life to build it up to normal. From a hunter throughout Ohio, Michigan and the Northwest he expanded into an enthusiastic and learned naturalist, a delight and a valued assistant even to the great Audubon. Long after the Ark had been abandoned, William Case commenced the erection of a building which should accommodate the Young Men's Library Association and the Kirtland Society of Natural History, but he died of consumption, in 1862, before it was completed. The following is as complete a consecutive account of the building and gradual dispersal of the Arkites as has been published : "In connection with the early literary life of the city may be remembered the Ark, the most noted club in our scientific and literary annals. It was not an organization, but just a group of kindred spirits brought together by the Case brothers, William and Leonard, in the little one-story office that stood where the imposing Government building now looks upon the square. When Leonard Case, Sr., abandoned this modest office in the '30s his son William, of scientific bent, built a small addition to it, where he stored his collection of birds and mammals. And there, gradually and naturally, the bright young men of the town of similar scientific bent, met in the evening for discussion, or reading, or other diversion ; and so eventually the Ark became populated with a group of the finest congenial spirits, the Arkites. They were William Case, Leonard Case, Dr. Elisha Sterling, Stoughton Bliss, Col. E. A. Scoville, George A. Stanley, Bushnell White, Capt. B. A. Stannard, Dr. A. Maynard, D. W. Cross, Henry G. Abbey, R. K. Winslow, J. J. Tracy and John Coon. These were the original Arkites whose portraits are shown in the painting of the group ordered by William Case in 1858 and which now hangs in the Historical Society. "The building of the postoffice compelled the Ark to journey across the street eastward. The building of Case Hall necessitated another movement eastward, and finally the building of the City Hall (old City Hall—Editor) caused the demolition of the little Ark. Its wood was made into chairs, tables and other fixtures for the new rooms provided in Case Library building. William Case deeded the free use of these rooms to the following gentlemen : Charles L. Rhodes, Seneca O. Griswold, David W. Cross, Herman M. Chapin, Edward A. Scoville, William Sholl, James J. Tracy, Stoughton Bliss, Levi P. Schofield, Rodney Gale, Jabez W. Fitch, Henry G. Abbey, Bushnell White, Benjamin A. Stannard and John Coon. "The restless city demanded yet another sacrifice of the Arkites. When the new postoffice was proposed Case Library building was 572 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXI needed as part of the site. Only three members of the Ark were left—James J. Tracy, John Coon and Levi Schofield, and to these the court awarded 'damages.' James Tracy and John Coon have since passed away and General Schofield remains the only survivor of the famous group." THE WESTERN RESERVE HISTORICAL SOCIETY For more than half a century the Western Reserve Historical Society has been the rallying point around which the historical and, to a large extent, the literary and scientific men and women of Cleveland have gathered. There is certainly no one body which is so representative of its intellectual activities as this. It was the direct outgrowth of the Cleveland Library Association and waS organized in April, 1867, as a branch of the association named. The prime movers in the enterprise were Judge C. C. Baldwin, Col. Charles Whittlesey, Joseph Perkins, John Barr, Henry A. Smith and A. T. Goodman, all prominently identified with the Library Association. The special acts of its creation and growth, mainly propelled through the earnestness and abilities of Judge Baldwin and Colonel Whittlesey, are given in detail in another paper. The foregoing paragraph is written simply to record the existence of the leading society now in existence typical of the higher intellectual activities of the scholarly men and women of Cleveland. THE LIBRARIES The Public Library, of which the whole city is proud, appeals not so much to special investigators as to the people en masse, thereby realizing the primary purposes for which it was founded. When to the Public Library, and the library and museum connected with the Western Reserve Historical Society, are added the collections housed under the corporate titles of the Western Reserve University, the Case School of Applied Science, St. Ignatius College, the Case Library, and others with those specially founded for the lawyers and doctors, the historians, the educators, the political economists and sociologists, the scientists, and the legal and the medical fraternities need not go afield thoroughly to pursue what special investigations they may desire to make. In the light of such privileges, it is not too much to expect the evolution of noteworthy individual talent, even genius, from the ranks of the men and women of Cleveland who have striven to express and to live their higher thoughts and ideals. Happily it is not too much to expect ; and even the following imperfect record shows that such expectation has been realized. 1860-87] - AUTHORS, ETC. - 573 CONTRIBUTORS TO GENERAL LITERATURE On the earlier generation of Clevelanders who became famous outside of newspaper work, with which they were also identified, none would precede Charles F. Brown. ("Artemus Ward") and Benjamin F. Taylor—the former dying in the late '60s and the latter in the late '80s. Their connection with the press of Cleveland has already been described. Aside from his humorous writings, Artemus Ward was most widely known as a lecturer, and of his lectures those which dealt with the "Mormons," and the "Shakers" were the most notorious. As a side-splitting lecturer of dry humor and individual mannerisms he has had but two equals on the platform, and they were, of course, Josh Billings and Mark Twain. BENJAMIN F. TAYLOR Benjamin F. Taylor, or B. F. Taylor, as he preferred to be called, was one of the most versatile writers who ever went forth from Cleveland ; and he returned to die in the city he loved. In the civil war he was a newspaper correspondent at the front and, as a result, left such graphic and enduring pictures as Mission Ridge and Lookout Mountain and Pictures of Life in Camp mad Field. There never were more exquisite sketches of nature penned than Summer Savory, January and June and November Days. For a character etching read Theophilus Trent; and Taylor's Poetical Works mark him as among the most graceful of American versifiers. He died in 1887. CONSTANCE FENIMORE WOOLSON Several Cleveland women have reached a high plane in the field of general literature within the memory of the present generation. Constance Fenimore Woolson's novels and poems were read and praised on two continents, and as careful a literary critic as Edmund C. Stedman has placed on record his judgment of her, as follows : "No woman of rarer personal qualities, or with more decided gifts as a novelist, figured in our own generation of American writers." Mrs. Woolson, who was a granddaughter of James Fenimore Cooper, was born in New York but educated in Cleveland and at the famous French School in New York City. After residing continuously in the Forest City from 1873 to 1879—from her twenty-fifth to her thirty-first year—she commenced those travels to Florida, to Washington, to England, to Italy and other parts of the United States and Europe, which enabled her to write novels and descriptive works of such 574 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXI realistic force. Her Anne, Old Stone House, Castle Nowhere, Lake County Sketches, Dorothy and Other Italian Stories, East Angels, Juniper Lights, and The Transplanted Boy, with Two Women: A Poem, may be instanced as illustrations of the range and variety of her works. SARAH K. BOLTON Sarah Knowles Bolton, one of the most prolific and able writers among the distinguished women of Cleveland, was born in Connecticut and educated in the widely known school conducted by Catharine Beecher at Hartford. She published a number of poems in her very young womanhood, but became more widely known after her marriage to Charles E. Bolton, not long after the civil war. Mr. Bolton had been prominent in the relief work of the Christian and Sanitary Commission, and at the conclusion of peace located in Cleveland, en- 1900-18] - AUTHORS, ETC. - 575 tered business and afterward became widely known in connection with the educational bureau of the Young Men's Christian Association. He traveled widely and illustrated his descriptive lectures most superbly, his means and taste enabling him to accomplish this work. Mrs. Bolton thus gathered much valuable material for her later works, although she first came into notice as a writer by her contributions to Harper's Bazar, the Independent, the Congregationalist and other Eastern publications while she was a resident of Cleveland. Such juvenile works as How Success is Won, Lives of Poor Boys Who Became Famous and Girls Who Became Famous had a wide circulation and were classed as among the most wholesome literature of the day. The reputation of the late Sarah Chauncey Woolsey (Susan Coolidge), who died in 1905, rests upon her notable contributions to juvenile literature. She was the author of What Katy Did, Eye Bright, Cross Patch, A Round Dozen, Just Sixteen and other books for the young. Lydia Hoyt Farmer was the author of a number of works which stand well as works of graceful instruction which appealed both to the young and mature readers. She died in 1903. Among her publications were Boys' Book of Famous Rulers, Girls' Book of Famous Queens, A Story Book of Science, What America Owes to Women, and a Short History of the French Revolution. Ezra F. Kendall, who resided on his farm outside of Cleveland, and is deceased, was long known as a lecturer and writer of pronounced humor. He also wrote several plays. His Good Gravy, Spots of Wit and Humor and Tell It to Me will be remembered by many. EDMUND VANCE COOKE Edmund Vance Cooke is a well known Clevelander of early middle age who has given himself almost exclusively to literary matters, including the writing of poems and stories and lecturing, with lecture entertainments. His Patch of Pansies, Impertinent Poems and Little Tot, stories are widely read. Mr. Cooke has served as president of the International Lyceum Association and of the Cleveland Single Tax Club ; is a charter member of the American Press Humorists and has been chairman of the Progressive' Constitutional League of Cuyahoga County. It is evident that he is a thinker and reformer, as well as a poet. He is widely known to the Cleveland reading public, both to those who are newspaper readers and those who seek more permanent literary collections. Mr. Cooke's most widely admired single poem, a peculiarly healthful inspirational for these times, is 576 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXI "HOW DID YOU DIE?" Did you tackle that trouble that came your way With a resolute heart and cheerful? Or hide your face from the light of day With a craven soul and fearful? Oh, a trouble's a ton, or a trouble's an ounce, Or a trouble is what you make it, And it isn't the fact that you're hurt that counts, But only how did you take it ? You are beaten to earth? Well, well, what's that ? Come up with a smiling face! It's nothing against you to fall down flat, But to lie there—that's disgrace. The harder you're thrown, why the higher you bounce, Be proud of your blackened eye ! It isn't. the fact that you're licked that counts; It's how did you fight and why? And though you he done to the death, what then? If you battled the best you could, If you played your part in the world of men, Why, the Critic will call it good. Death comes with a crawl, or comes with a pounce, And whether he's slow or spry, It isn't the fact that you're dead that counts, But only how did you die? Mrs. Jane Elliott Snow has done considerable literary work of a high order and is widely known as one of the most active and brilliant women of Cleveland, who has wonderfully retained her elasticity of spirits and mentality while gracefully descending the western slopes. Her Women of Tennyson and Life of William McKinley are among her representative books. CLEVELAND LAWYERS AS AUTHORS Several Cleveland lawyers have branched out into general literature to such purposes that to the public at large they are better known as authors than in the profession for which they were seriously trained. Ezra S. Brudno is a native of Lithuania, so foully overrun by Germany, and his Jewish stories, many of which are founded on the experiences of his childhood and boyhood, are strongly and tenderly written. Mr. Brudno is highly educated, being a graduate of the Western Reserve University and Yale's law school. He has practised his profession in Cleveland since 1901, and has served also as as- 1900-18] - AUTHORS, ETC. - 577 sistant district attorney, but it is as the author of The Fugitive, Little Conscript, One of Us, Scribes and Pharisees that he is known outside of his home city and state. Hubert B. Fuller has practised law in Cleveland since 1903. He is a Yale College graduate, from which he has received two degrees, and Columbian (now George Washington) University has conferred two more upon him (LL. B. and LL. M.). For a number of years he was also secretary to United States Senator Theodore Burton. Doctor Fuller is the author of several works on history and law : The Purchase of Florida, The Speakers of the House, and The Law of Accident and Employers' Liability Insurance. Charles W. Chesnutt is a practising lawyer of Cleveland, who in his early manhood was an educator in North Carolina and a newspaper man in New York City. He is the author of a number of works such as The Conjure Woman, The Wife of His Youth, Life of Frederick Douglass, The House Behind the Cedars, The Marrow of Tradition, and The Colonel's Dream. A man well past middle age before he commenced his literary career, Albert Gallatin Riddle, the able lawyer and legislator, who died in 1902, at the age of eighty-six, has left a series of strong descriptive and historical works, including Bart Ridgely, The Portrait, House of Ross, Anselm's Cave, Life and Character of Garfield, Life of Benjamin F. Wade, and Recollections of Wail. Times. There are few writers who have more graphically dealt with scenes, incidents and characters connected with Cuyahoga County and the Western Reserve than Mr. Riddle. EDUCATIONAL AND HISTORICAL Many of Cleveland's most prominent men and women have left their impress upon the educational and historical fields of literature. It is impossible for the practical workers and builders in an expanding community to do otherwise than to promote, through the printed column and page, the vital causes which are nearest their hearts and to which their minds go forth with such fervor. COLONEL WHITTLESEY AND JUDGE BALDWIN Colonel Charles Whittlesey's list of historical writings, dealing largely with Western Reserve subjects, make a tract by itself. His Early History of Cleveland is still standard. He also made numerous scientific contributions to the publications of the Smithsonian In- Vol. I-87 578 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXI stitution, and whatever he wrote, or performed, had for its ultimate object the enlightenment and education of the people with whom his lot was cast for so many years. The early literary societies, the early press, the early scientific organizations, the early explorations in geology and archaeology were all identified with his name arid pen. He was a mining engineer of great distinction, a member of the first geological survey of Ohio, and one of the founders of the Cleveland Academy of Natural Sciences and the Western Reserve Historical Society, so that his doings far outstripped his writings, voluminous as they were. The same may be said of Judge Charles C. Baldwin, whose fame as a member of the bench and bar was so pronounced that it is detailed in the record devoted to the legal profession, and yet his historical and scientific writings are so numerous and valuable as to be in a class by themselves. Elroy McKendree Avery, the author of this volume, has written largely on the subjects of physical science and American history. His wife, Catherine H. T. Avery, was a member of the Woman's Press Club of Cleveland and, for a dozen years prior to her death, was editor of The American Monthly Magazine, the official organ of the National Society, Daughters of the American Revolution. Biographical sketches of both of them will appear in a later volume of Cleveland and Its Environs. IDENTIFIED 'WITH THE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY A number of those who have become prominent in educational and historical literature have been identified, more or less closely, with the Western Reserve University. Dr. Oliver F. Emerson, who has been professor of English since 1896, is a native of Iowa still on the sunny side of sixty, and received his first degree, A. M., from Iowa College, in 1882. He was superintendent of schools of two large cities in the Hawkeye State and principal of Iowa College Academy before he commenced his service of eight years with Cornell University as a teacher of English and rhetoric. Iowa College has conferred A. M. and Litt. D. upon him and Cornell, Ph. D. Doctor Emerson is the author of several histories of the English language and the Middle. English Reader, and has edited such general literary works as Johnson's Rasselas, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Edward Gibbon, and Poems of Chaucer. 1900-18] - AUTHORS, ETC. - 579 Edward G. Bourne, who died in 1908, was a Yale graduate and connected with the faculty of Adelbert College in 1888-95. He made a fine record both as an author and an educator and after leaving Cleveland was prominently identified with Yale University. Prof. Henry E. Bourne, leading educator and historical writer, and since 1892 at the head of the historical department in the Western Reserve University, was born in New York and is a Yale graduate and fellow. Before coming to Cleveland he was associate editor of the Congregationalist, Boston, and taught history and psychology in Connecticut. Besides holding the chair of history in the Western Reserve University, Professor Bourne was its registrar in 1893-1901. He is the author of Teaching of History and Civics, Mediæval and Modern History and Revolutionary Period in Europe, has edited Lecky's French Revolution and is a constant contributor to standard reviews. Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart is well known to the faculty of the Western Reserve and to Cleveland students and writers of history, and one of his LL. D.'s came from the home institution. The son of a Cleveland physician, for twenty-five years past he has been identified with the faculty of Harvard and his numerous works on American history, which have earned him a high reputation, have been issued by eastern houses. He was the editor-in-chief of the American Nation, a cooperative history in twenty-seven volumes, issued in 1903-08. Doctor Hart has also served as president of the American Historical Association. Dr. James Ford Rhodes, much of whose reputation as a historical scholar, writer and lecturer has been made in the East of the United States and in Europe, is a resident. of Boston. He was born in Cleveland seventy years ago and was educated in New York, Chicago and abroad. He has received learned degrees from the Western University, Harvard, Yale, the University of Wisconsin, New York University, Princeton, Oxford and others, and has membership in numerous learned societies. Like Doctor Hart, he has also been honored with the presidency of the American Historical Association. His largest publication is the. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, in eight volumes. Burke A. Hinsdale, a leader in educational work, was a personal friend of James A. Garfield and edited his works, which were published in two volumes. He was also the author of President Garfield and Education, The Old Northwest, How to Study and Teach His. tory and The American Government. His death occurred in 1900. 580 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXI HARVEY RICE Harvey Rice, whose great personality has been repeatedly projected on these pages, was one of the first of Cleveland's prominent citizens to place on record some of the historical matters connected with the Western Reserve which had come into his life. What the writers of Cleveland history would have done without his Founder of City of Cleveland, Pioneers of Western Reserve, Incidents of Pioneer Life and Sketches of Western Life, it is impossible to say, for, like the poor, "we have them always with us." SAMUEL P. ORTH Samuel P. Orth was active in Cleveland for several years, as a lawyer, lecturer, educator and historian. He was born in Michigan, graduated from Oberlin College and subsequently from the University of Michigan, his course in the latter being law and political science. He held the chair of political science and public law at Buchtel College, Akron, Ohio, and afterward took a post-graduate course and became a fellow in these branches at Columbia University, from which he obtained the Ph. D. degree. Doctor Orth practised law in Cleveland from 1903 to 1912, during which he was also president of the board of education, assistant United States attorney, and lecturer on the branches in which he had been educated for the Western Reserve University, the Case School of Applicd Science and Oberlin College. During that period he also became the author of several historical works, the most valuable of which was A History of Cleveland, to which the writer of this chapter, with pleasure, acknowledges his indebtedness. In 1912, Doctor Orth left Cleveland to assume the chair of political science at Cornell University, which he still holds. Since his departure from the Forest City he has published a work of considerable scope, Socialism and Democracy in Europe, 1913. JAMES H. KENNEDY James H. Kennedy, who was educated in Cleveland and was for years on the Leader, also contributed much valuable local history to permanent literature. His History of Cleveland, Bench and Bar of Cleveland and many contributions to the Magazine of Western History, with works of a more general nature, such as Early History of Mormonism, gave him a good standing while he resided in Cleveland. From 1889 to 1902, he was editor of the Magazine of Western History, 1900-18] - AUTHORS, ETC. - 581 and for ten years after he moved to New York acted as correspondent of the Plain Dealer. Mr. Kennedy was a member of the Cleveland Public Library Board and has served in the same capacity in the nation's metropolis. He has also edited the American Nation series of three volumes, and in the larger city continued his Cleveland career of reliable ability. LEADING EDUCATORS AS WRITERS Andrew J. Rickoff, Cleveland's great superintendent of schools, was too absorbed in the practical work of molding an educational system, and giving it elastic life, to do much in the way of authorship. But his Appleton's Series of Readers, which he prepared with William T. Harris, afterwards United States commissioner of education, are still recalled as among the most satisfactory school text books ever placed on the market. Harriet L. Keeler, one of the veteran educators of Cleveland, and a writer of considerable note, obtained her A. B. from Oberlin College in 1870, in the days when such distinction was rare. Miss Keeler was superintendent of primary instruction in the Cleveland public schools in 1871-79, teacher in the Central High School from 1879 to 1909 and superintendent of schools from January to September, 1912. Her writing of books has been along lines of English composition and botany, especially of the latter. Wild Flowers of Early Spring, Our Native Trees, Our Northern Shrubs and Our Garden Flowers were valuable contributions to that class of literature. W. J. Akers, an old settler, an early member of the board of education, and otherwise "a part of which he wrote," has made a valuable contribution to local history in his History of the Cleveland Public Schools; Clara A. Urann, as a writer for the local press, is also to be listed with credit, and Mrs. Gertrude Van R. Wickham's Early History of Cleveland has been drawn upon to some extent. CHAPTER XXXII NEWSPAPERS AND THEIR BUILDERS By H. G. Cutler Cleveland, like other great cities of the Eastern West—the Middle West no longer applies—has been honored with ably conducted newspapers, and brilliant and influential newspaper men and women, furnishing powerful agencies and agents in the development and constant inspiration of the home community. Public men have used the local press as the medium of their thoughts and aspirations, and passed to other fields of accomplishment. Men and women who have subsequently became famous authors have first tried their literary wings in the columns of the home newspapers. Others, whose ambitions were even confined to the daily and hourly fascinations and nerve-wearing rush of metropolitan journalism, have gone forth to even broader fields than are covered by Cleveland; while still others have striven through long years of honorable and able efforts to advance the best interests of their home city and the nation at large.. The call upon man or woman to produce a successful editor is serious and imperative. It means prompt thought and action and persistent work and alertness. Yet those who have never been straining in the traces imagine that "anyone can run a newspaper." Raise a little money, buy some type, hire a printer if you are not one yourself, light a pipe or cigar, put on your thinking cap, dash off a lot of copy, set the world on fire, and make a good living and a name for yourself and posterity ! Before the men and women of training and stern stuff arrive, every. community has therefore its experimenters in the making of newspapers. FIRST NEWSPAPER NOT A SUCCESS Cleveland's first newspaper, the Gazette and Commercial Reg ister,* appeared on Friday, the thirty-first of July, 1818, and suspended, after many trials and tribulations, on the twenty-first of March, 1820. It was edited by one Andrew Logan, who is said to have * See page 117. - 582 - 1818-37] - NEWSPAPERS, ETC. - 583 been a descendant of the noted Mingo chief and who, to .try his Cleveland experiment, brought a rickety hand press and some worn-out type from Pennsylvania. C. V. J. Hickox was associated with Logan. CLEVELAND HERALD AND EBEN D. HOWE But the forceful men had already entered the local newspaper field and planted an institution which was to be the foundation of a substantial and progressive press. On the nineteenth of October, 1819, appeared the first number of the Cleveland Herald,* which existed as a vigorous independent newspaper for some sixty years. L. Willes, who had lately established the Erie Gazette, was induced by his old friend, Eben D. Howe, to come to Cleveland, and he brought with him his press and type. The two thus founded the Cleveland Herald, weekly, which was first issued from a little one-story cabin directly opposite the Commercial Coffee House on Superior Street. In October, 1820, it was moved to a location opposite Mowry's Tavern and a few rods from the courthouse. Mr. Howe, in his autobiography, gives a few details of his uphill, cross-country fight, to work up the Herald circulation. The circumstantial evidence goes to show that Mr. Willes kept things in order at home, while Mr. Howe hustled hard on the outside. Evidently the strain upon Mr. Howe was too severe, for in 1821 he sold his interests in the Herald and moved to Painesville, where he edited the Telegraph. Meanwhile the Gazette and Commercial Register had surrendered to circumstances and Mr. Willes' paper had the local field to itself. Ill health compelled him to sell the plant and good will of the Herald to Jewett Paine, in 1826; Mr. Paine, who died in 1828, was succeeded by John R. St. John and he, in turn, by Benjamin Andrews. The last named was a prominent local politician and was for a time postmaster of Cleveland. JOSIAH A. HARRIS In August, 1834, L. L. Rice began the publication of the Cleveland Whig, a weekly that became a semi-weekly in March of the following year. In May, 1836, Mr. Rice also founded the Daily Gazette, which on the first of January, 1837, he sold to Whittlesey (Charles) & Bliss (Stoughton). In the spring following Whittlesey & Harris (Josiah A.) purchased both the Gazette and the Herald and combined * See page 122. 584 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXII them under the name of the Herald and Gazette. Colonel Whittlesey sold his interest in 1838 and Mr. Harris became sole editor and proprietor. Under his management, in 1845, the office was moved to the Merchants' Exchange and a steam power press was installed, as an unquestioned and novel evidence of progress and solid prosperity. The name became plain the Herald in 1843 and, early in 1850, A. W. Fairbanks of the Toledo Blade joined Mr. Harris in its publication, as well as in a printing and bookbinding business. The establishment moved into a building of its own in January, 1851. This Herald Building, at 60 Bank Street, was the first stone-front business block to be erected in Cleveland, the raw material for its construction being taken from the sandstone quarries nine miles up the canal. The post-office was located on the first floor of the new building. A. W. FAIRBANKS In 1857, Josiah A. Harris, after a continuous and honorable service of twenty years, retired from the Herald, and for the succeeding two decades his old and faithful associate, A. W. Fairbanks, was captain of the enterprise. Therefore, it cannot be stretching the truth to assert that Messrs. Harris and Fairbanks made the Herald for years the leading newspaper of Cleveland. In 1872, Mr. Fairbanks became sole proprietor of the concern by purchasing the Benedict interests. Five years later, or in the autumn of 1877, Richard C. Parsons, who had served a term in congress, and William P. Fogg, a business man, purchased the paper of Mr. Fairbanks and organized The Herald Publishing Company. Mr. Parsons assumed the editorship and Mr. Fogg the business management. But it soon became evident to the reading public that the Herald was lacking in general vitality and that something which makes a readable and influential newspaper. DIVISION OF THE HERALD The final result was that in 1885 its mechanical plant was purchased by the Plain Dealer, which had been buffeting along for over fifty years, and its subscription list and good will went to the Leader, which had been developing for about two-score years. Much of that period, however, it had labored in the rough seas of journalism sadly deficient in financial power. So that, despite the brilliant editorial administration of J. W. Gray, from 1841 to 1861, the Plain, Dealer was somewhat uncertain on its feet until 1885, when L. E. Holden 1831-45] - NEWSPAPERS, ETC. - 585 secured control, the Herald plant was added to its equipment, J. H. A. Bone became identified with its editorial staff and other events combined to stabilize the enterprise. FOUNDING OF THE PLAIN DEALER But to return to the birth of the Plain Dealer. On the sixth of January, 1831, was issued the first number of the Cleveland Advertiser, edited and published by Henry Bolles and Madison Kelley. Within the succeeding four years it passed through a number of hands, and in January, 1835, its office was over the postoffice. The Advertiser was originally a whig organ and John W. Allen was one of its editors, but evidently the patronage from the party was not encouraging, for, in 1834, two young democratic printers from Chagrin Falls became its proprietors. Soon afterward they moved their plant to "over the postoffice." They stuggled with it through the panic of 1837 and the hard times which followed, but in December, 1841, sold the Advertiser to Admiral N. and J. W. Gray. From that time commences the history of the newspaper under the strikingly appropriate name the Plain Dealer. The new owners took formal possession on the first of January, 1842, and on the seventh of January the first issue of the re-christened Plain Dealer made its entry into newspaperdom. The Gray brothers were Vermonters; J. W., a young lawyer then soliciting practice, and neither of them editors nor practical newspaper men, but hard workers, clever and canny. In 1845, A. N. Gray withdrew from the partnership, leaving J. W. Gray in undisputed possession ; "and from that year, through the seventeen years the paper was under his control, the Plain Dealer was J. W. Gray and J. W. Gray was the Plain Dealer." Continuing the story, its diamond jubilee edition of 1916, says : "In one of the early issues of the paper the editor sets out to explain why he gave the Plain. Dealer the unusual name it bears. In his whimsical fashion he calls it a simple title, straightforward, readily understood and 'warranted not to frighten the ladies.' No doubt the choice of the name was largely due to the editor's familiarity with English literature, its plays and colloquialisms. "It was during the administration of J. W. Gray that the Plain Dealer became an evening daily, a daring and even reckless change. But it weathered the threatening winds and waves, and just a little later felt so sure of its course that it contracted for a share in the use of the first steam printing-press brought to the city. It was brought by 586 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXII Moses C. Younglove, a job printer with progressive ideas and the necessary capital. "The decade, 1851-60, proved an awakening period for the Cleveland dailies. The electric telegraph, introduced to the city in 1849, became a necessary factor. The steam railways, dating from the opening of the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati line in 1851, materially increased business and opened new fields of usefulness. "During this ten-year period Editor Gray's staff at various times included a number of writers who were destined to achieve unusual fame. Among them were J. B. Boughton, afterwards and for many years a distinguished editorial writer on one of the New York dailies ; David R. Locke, who became editor of the Toledo Blade, and author of the `Nasby Letters ;' William E. McLaren, afterwards a bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church ; James D. Cleveland, a leading lawyer; A. M. Griswold, journalist, humorist and lecturer ; George Hoyt, journalist and artist ; Charles Farrar Browne, who gained world wide fame as Artemus Ward. It was while Browne was on the Plain Dealer staff—which he joined in the autumn of 1857—that he adopted his nom de plume and began the publication of his inimitable letters. "The Plain Dealer columns were further enriched during this period by letters from abroad written by two leading Clevelanders, J. H. Sargent and George M. Marshall, both trained writers and intelligent observers. "J. W. Gray, founder, promoter and editor of the Plain Dealer, died on May 26, 1862. " 'His life,' to quote from the tribute of one of his associates, 'affords another example to the rising young men of the day, of the power of will to triumph over all obstacles, when to an indefatigable industry is added those exemplary virtues, strict integrity and temperance.' "The paper suffered from the loss of the guiding hand, and for several years its progress was not satisfactory. "In 1865 it passed into the control of William W. Armstrong, a journalist and politician, whose newspaper career had commenced with the editorship of the Tiffin Advertiser. "Twenty years later Liberty E. Holden became the Plain Dealer's owner and editor, and a little later bought the moribund Herald and merged the two. The Plain Dealer had been an evening paper since its inception. Mr. Holden retained the evening edition and founded the morning and Sunday issue. 1885-1918] - NEWSPAPERS, ETC. - 587 "The first morning Plain Dealer appeared March 16, 1885, and carried this declaration of principles at its masthead : " 'We shall endeavor to discuss all public measures fairly and honestly, granting to others, as we ask for ourselves, confidence in the sincerity of our convictions. We shall at all times be watchful of the rights of man, holding that man is superior to party, and that all government should be for the good of the governed. To these ends we solicit the patronage of our fellow citizens.' "When Mr. Holden bought the Plain Dealer he removed the plant from its Seneca Street location to the corner of Bank and Frankfort streets. Here it remained until 1896, when it was removed to the corner of Superior Avenue and Bond Street, now East Sixth Street, the present site. On the second of Feburary, 1908, the building was destroyed by fire, but not an issue was missed. In November, 1911, the Plain Dealer celebrated the 70th year of its existence and its occupancy of its model new home, though the newspaper had been issued from the building a year earlier. "The change in ownership proved a desirable stimulus, and the Plain Dealer went its way with fresh vigor. In the meantime Mr. Holden had extended his activities into many other fields, and, in 1898, leased the Plain Dealer for a period of nine years to Elbert H. Baker and Charles E. Kennedy. Mr. Baker was already at that time a man of ripe experience in newspaper work. Mr. Kennedy also was trained to the business. "At the expiration of the contract, in 1907, Mr. Kennedy withdrew, and Mr. Holden made a like contract with Mr. Baker as lessee and general manager. Mr. Holden died August 26, 1913. "The Plain Dealer became the property of the Holden Estate, and Mr. Baker was made president and general manager of The Plain Dealer Publishing Co." As stated at the head of its editorial page: "The Plain Dealer and Daily Leader. The Plain Dealer was established as the Eve=ning Plain Dealer in 1841. Morning and Sunday editions founded in 1885 by L. E. Holden. Published every day in the year by the Plain Dealer Publishing Company." Elbert H. Baker, president and general manager, had twenty years' experience and advancement in connection with the Herald and the Leader before he became identified with the Plain Dealer as described. In 1912-14 he served., as president of the American Newspaper Publishers Association. 588 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXII QUAINT, LOVABLE "ARTEMUS WARD" To the foregoing brief reference of Artemus Ward a few words may be added, in view of the world-wide fame as a humorous writer and lecturer, which he earned after he had graduated from the Plain Dealer. His newspaper column, through which the Maine Yankee first came into public notice, was headed "Artemus Ward's Sayings." After Mr. Brown had passed three years with the paper, more or less industriously, he bids farewell to Cleveland in its issue of the tenth of November, 1860: "The undersigned closes his connection with the Plain Dealer with this evening's issue. During the three years that he has contributed to these columns he has endeavored to impart a cheerful. spirit to them. He believes it is far better to stay in sunshine while he may, inasmuch as the shadow must of its own accord come only too soon. He cannot here in fit terms express his deep gratitude to the many, including every member of the press of Cleveland, who have so often manifested the most kindly feeling toward himself. But he can very sincerely say that their courtesy and kindness will never be forgotten. "The undersigned may be permitted to flatter himself that he has some friends among the readers of newspapers. May we meet again. " Charles F. Brown.". It is to be noted that the card in the Plain Dealer is signed Brown, although most of Artemus Ward's biographies spell the family name Browne. His most famous lecture on "The Mormons" he delivered all over the English-speaking world. While on one of his lecture tours, at Southampton, England, a little over seven years after bidding his Cleveland friends farewell, the lovable humorist died of consumption. BENJAMIN F. TAYLOR Benjamin F. Taylor, the poet and humorist, who was a rare combination of both temperaments, contributed to the Plain Dealer and other Cleveland papers. Like Artemus Ward he also traveled and lectured. He died in Cleveland on the twenty-fourth of February, 1887. Of late years the paper has numbered many talented men and women among its editors, feature writers and contributors. Its managing editor, Erie C. Hopwood, is a leading journalist. William G. Rose, widely known as an expert business counselor, was for a number of years dramatic critic of the Plain Dealer, and William R. Rose is wcll known in its daily columns as the author of "All in the Day's 1852-1918] - NEWSPAPERS, ETC. - 589 Work." Among the Plain Dealer women whom recent years have brought to the front may be mentioned Jessie C. Glasier and Mary D. Donahey, pithy and instructive writers on domestic and social topics. Of the cartoonists permanently connected with the Plain Dealer none has become more widely admired and his productions absorbed and laughed over than John H. Donahey, "Uncle Biff." THE WEST SIDE PRODUCES NEWSPAPERS It early became evident to those who had the progress of the West Side at heart that they must have a live newspaper at their command. So on the twenty-sixth of May, 1836, T. H. Smead and Lyman W. Hall commenced the publication of the Ohio City Argus. Although Mr. Smead was a fine printer, he was not an expert editor and, although he continued to issue the paper alone for a number of years after Mr. Hall's withdrawal, was obliged to suspend its publication. YOUNG EDWIN COWLES INTRODUCED Then R. B. Dennis, in 1844, founded the Ohio American on the West Side. It is said that .Edwin Cowles was one of his "devils." At all events when the youthful printer was but eighteen (in 1845) he took over the Ohio American as publisher and associated himself with L. L. Rice, editor. In the following year, M. W. Miller assumed its publication and so continued until 1848. In the meantime, it had been absorbed by the True Democrat, a newspaper which had been transplanted from Lorain County, and the Ohio American had relinquished its name to its captor. Several changes in proprietorship occurred before 1851, when its owners, Vaughn & Thomas, imported a strong Boston' editor, George Bradburn, and made the True Democrat popular throughout the Western Reserve. JOSEPH MEDILL AND EDWIN COWLES ASSOCIATED In 1852, Joseph Medill came to Cleveland and established the Daily Forest City. It absorbed the True Democrat and Edwin Cowles joined Mr. Medill as partner and business manager. Messrs. Medill and Vaughn were the editors. BECOMES THE LEADER UNDER COWLES In March, 1854, the newspaper became the Leader, on the insistence of Mr. Cowles, who in the following year purchased the inter- 590 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXII est of Messrs. Medill and Vaughn, and proceeded to substantiate its new name. His former partners, with Alfred Cowles, a brother of Edwin, then went to Chicago to make the Tribune a great newspaper. EDWIN COWLES, PREMIER CLEVELAND JOURNALIST There have been many able and brilliant newspaper men in Cleveland, but never one so masterly in every detail of the profession, from mechanical to editorial, from practical earning capacity to the conception and execution of broad national campaigns through the columns of his journal, as Edwin Cowles. From the time he assumed control of the Leader in 1855, for a period of thirty-five years, or until his death on the fourth of March, 1890, he was among the two or three great western editors and publishers who towered in the field of journalism and made his paper a power for honorable progress. Ohio had cause to be proud of her son. Cleveland especially claimed him, as he learned the printer's trade while a boy in the office of 1855-1918] - NEWSPAPERS, ETC. - 591 the old Ohio American, sprouted as an editor and publisher in the Forest City, and, while the driving power and the very soul of the Leader, assisted in the organization of the Republican party, was postmaster of Cleveland during and after the civil war, was twice a delegate to Republican national conventions (1876 and 1884), in 1877 was an honorary commissioner to the Paris Exposition, and in every way, at home and abroad, evinced a balanced activity, a brave and broad mentality, granite determination, and a high-minded as well as a practical conception of the great problems which he was called upon to consider and solve. Such a master-builder naturally drew to himself, as associates and friends, brilliant and faithful workers who contributed of their energies and talents in the upbuilding of the Leader. For some years F. Pinkerton was Mr. Cowles' partner and business manager, and the Leader was owned and conducted by Cowles, Pinkerton & Company. In 1856, that firm was succeeded by E. Cowles & Company and, in 1861, an evening edition was added to the morning paper. It was called the Evening Leader. The Cleveland Leader Company, the stock of which was largely owned and entirely controlled by Mr. Cowles, was organized in July, 1865, and in April, 1867, the name of the operating corporation was changed to The Leader Printing Company. EVENING NEWS FOUNDED The afternoon edition of the Leader became the Evening News in 1868, and in 1885, when the subscription list and business of the Herald were purchased by Mr. Cowles and added to its own, the style was changed to the News and Herald. The Sunday edition of the Herald was established in 1877. It is claimed for the Leader that it was the first newspaper in Ohio that was printed on a rotary press, which delivered the sheets pasted, with leaves cut, all in one operation ; and that it installed the first electrotype plates in Ohio. JOHN C. COVERT For a time after Mr. Cowles' death in 1890, the Leader was edited by John C. Covert. He was a forceful writer and quite a remarkable linguist, as well as a practical printer and experienced editor. He served in the Ohio legislature for two terms and in 1897 was appointed United States consul to Lyons, France. Since then 592 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXII he has corresponded for various newspapers and lectured considerably, with that city as his headquarters. He has been decorated by the French minister of public instruction and is an officer of the French Academy. James B. Morrow followed Mr. Covert as editor. James H. Kennedy was also on the editorial staff. In 1909, the Leader was leased to Charles E. Kennedy, Nat C. Wright and H. S. Thalhcimer. Mr. Wright was editor-in-chief from 1905 to 1913 and had previously served as managing editor. From 1907 to the latter year he was president of the Cleveland Printing Company, which controlled the two newspapers. Mr. Wright has also been publisher of the Toledo Blade since 1908. THE PRESENT CLEVELAND NEWS The present Cleveland News, of which the Leader is the Sunday edition, is the result of a complex amalgamation effected in 1907. In that consolidation were represented the Cleveland Daily World, the Evening Star, the Sunday Sun and Voice, the Evening Sun and the Morning Times, all founded in 1889. The Stair and the Sun and Voice were absorbed by the World, which ran along for eighteen years under various proprietors and editors, including one receiver, until 1907. In that year, Charles A. Otis, the banker, purchased the World, together with the afternoon edition of the Plain Dealer, and the News and Herald of the Leader. These were all amalgamated under the financial direction of Mr. Otis and came forth as the Cleveland News. Since then the Leader as a whole has been absorbed by the Cleveland Company, Inc., which now issues both that publication on Sunday and the News as an afternoon daily. The present officers of the Cleveland Company are D. R. Hanna. president ; William P. Leech, vice president; George F. Moran, assistant general manager, and 'P. A. Robertson, managing editor. Mr. Robertson obtained. his education in Michigan and his newspaper training previous to becoming editor of the Leader and News, on the St. Louis Republican and the Houston Post. CLEVELAND PRESS AND THE SCRIPPS-MCRAE LEAGUE The Cleveland Press, established as the Penny Press and first issued on the second of November, 1878, is the most important of the chain of newspapers, the telegraphic news of which is supplied by the Scripps-McRae League of Newspapers. James E. Scripps and 1878-1918] - NEWSPAPERS, ETC. - 593 John S. Sweeney, of the Detroit News, were the promoters of the little trenchant condensed four-page folio issued from Frankfort Street, which, in turn, excited ridicule, mirth, interest and respect. Its early popular name was the Frankfort Street Handbill. It has developed from a handbill to a metropolitan afternoon daily (except Sunday). Mr. Scripps, founder of the Cleveland Press, in 1878, was also the originator of the association, or league, of newspapers, which combined to furnish telegraphic news and general co-operative vitality to those composing its membership. He had established the Detroit Evening News in 1873, and subsequent to the founding of the Cleveland Press added the St. Lowis Chronicle and the Cincinnati Post to his proprietorship. He was of English birth and had received years of training on the Detroit Tribune before he ventured into what proved a remarkably successful newspaper enterprise. He died in 1906, having been one of Detroit's leading citizens for many years. R. F. Paine, a native of Cleveland, was then editor of the Press for about twenty years (1883-1902) and during 1897-1905 was general manager of the Scripps-McRae Press Association. H. N. Rickey was the active editor during the latter period and then succeeded Mr. Paine as general manager of the entire chain. Mr. Rickey was succeeded in the editorship of the Press by Earl E. Martin, who remained in that position from. 1905 to 1914. Victor Morgan, who had been identified with the "league" for about eight years, then became editor of the paper and Mr. Martin assumed the position of editor-inchief of the Scripps-McRae League of Newspapers, now comprising the following: Cleveland Press, Cincinnati Post, Toledo News-Bee, Columbus Citizen, Akron Press, Kentucky Post, Des Moines News and Oklahoma News. The headquarters are in the Union National Bank, Cleveland. The present officers of the Scripps Publishing Company are W. H. Dodge, president; C. F. Mosher, secretary and treasurer, and James G. Scripps, chairman of the board. Among those who were early connected with the Cleveland Press and subsequently became prominent may be instanced Charles Nelan, the cartoonist ; John Vandercook, deceased, who was general manager of the United Press Association, and Samuel E. Kiser, who ran the gauntlet in Cleveland as telegraphic operator, reporter and sub-editor, contributing sketches both to the Press and the Leader before he obtained a wider reputation. Mr... Kiser now resides in Evanston, Illinois. Vol. I-38 594 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXII CLEVELAND NEWSPAPER FIELD, AS A WHOLE The foregoing are but sketches of the prominent dailies and weeklies of Cleveland. But there are more than a hundred of lesser caliber, but many none-the-less indispensable in their special fields. Catholics and Protestants and Jews are all represented by flourishing publications, ably and earnestly conducted. The publishing house of the Evangelical Association, which issues a number of periodicals, was moved to Cleveland as early as 1854, and the different denominations have their organs of dissemination. The Catholic Universe, one of the most influential magazines of that church in the West, was founded by the Rt. Rev. R. Gilmour in 1874. The Italians, the Slays and the Hungarians have their organs in the Cleveland press. Cleveland Women has represented the sex in the Forest City since 1917. Art, music, automobiles, machinists, railroad men, the medical fraternity, iron merchants and manufacturers, the marine interests, the socialists, those addicted to outdoor and indoor sports, the bankers, and every other class, or movement, or practical activity, or speculative reform, or patriotic impulse or religious sentiment, not peculiar to Cleveland, but common to every characteristic American city, finds expression in the press of Cleveland. CHAPTER XXXIII RELIGIOUS, DENOMINATIONAL, ETC. By H. G. Cutler Churches and other religious institutions have taken such deep root in Cleveland, and spread into every section of its territory with such vigor, that the city has often been called the Brooklyn of the West. There has always been this difference, however, between the eastern and the western city of churches. From times beyond the memory of living men and women Brooklyn was rather an exclusive suburb of Greater New York, set aside as a beautiful region of residences and houses of worship, away from the bustle of business and the hum of industry. Cleveland, especially in the earlier period of its life, brought religion to the very doors of its stores and workshops. DISTINCTIVE RELIGIOUS BODIES There have always been zealous and adventuresome missionaries of Christ who have preached and labored wherever two or three could be gathered to listen to the. Word. So without detailing the movements of these brave Christian pioneers—Baptist, Episcopal, Presbyterian, Congregational, Catholic, Methodist and others—who ventured among the struggling settlers at the mouth of the Cuyahoga during the first twenty years of the community's history, the writer will commence the local religious record with the beginnings of distinctive religious organizations. TRINITY EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF CLEVELAND Trinity Episcopal church was the first religious body born in Cleveland and one of the first of that denomination to appear west of the Allegheny mountains. The parish was founded* on the ninth of November, 1816, at the house of Phineas Shepherd, a resident of Brooklyn village. In the following spring, the Rev. Roger Searle, of Connecticut, visited the infant parish and reported eleven communicants. * See page 105. - 595 - 596 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII In September, 1819, Bishop Philander Chase visited it, but Mr. Searle considered Trinity his special child and kept it under his watchful care for a number of years, until it could walk alone. In 1820, the parish headquarters were moved to Brooklyn but, in 1825, re-established in Cleveland village, the society erected therein a home of its own. More than a score of Episcopal parishes have branched out from old Trinity ; the Rt. Rev. William A. Leonard, D. D., has been bishop of the diocese in which they are included since 1889. Being the veteran of Cleveland churches and the actual mother of more than a score of Episcopal parishes, a large space in this chapter is cheerfully accorded to historic Trinity, even at the risk of being charged with a little repetition.* Trinity parish was not only the first parish of the church in Cleveland, but the first religious organization. It was founded on the ninth of November, 1816, in the house of Phineas Shepherd, a resident of Brooklyn village. In 1828, Trinity church was incorporated, this being eight years before Cleveland was made a city. At this time the church was almost unknown west of the Allegheny mountains. There was no diocesan organization, nor even missionary societies, connected with the church within the state of Ohio. In the spring following the organization of the parish, the Rev. Roger Searle, from Connecticut, visited the infant Trinity parish, and reported thirteen families and eleven communicants. For nine years thereafter, Mr. Searle made the parish the object of his watchful care, visiting it almost every year, and to his pioneer work its permanent foundation must be largely attributed. In September, 1819, Bishop Philander Chase made the first episcopal visitation to Trinity parish, confirming ten persons and celebrating the Holy Communion. Trinity parish had thus far been located in the village of Cleveland, but on Easter Monday, 1820, it was resolved to remove it to Brooklyn, giving an occasional service to Cleveland and Euclid. Mr. Searle, reporting this fact to the convention of that year, describes Trinity's numbers as small, but its members as earnest workers. In the same year is found the name of the first delegate to the diocesan convention, Carlos I. Hickox. A little later, Trinity was combined with St. Paul's parish, Medina, and St. John's, Liverpool, forming a cure under the charge of Mr. Searle, an arrangement which Bishop Chase cordially approved of in his convention address. Up to this time, the services had been held in the old log courthouse, in the academy, and in the Masons' hall but, in 1825, the parish had increased sufficiently to warrant the project of erecting a church * See Chapter VIII. 1825-46] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 597 building for its worship, and it was finally determined, after some rivalry between the two villages, to place the new edifice in Cleveland, instead of in Brooklyn, and to move the parish back to its former location. The money was raised by the Rev. Silas C. Freeman, who now succeeded Mr. Searle in his work, and who obtained liberal donations from Boston and western New York. The new church was duly built on the corner of St. Clair and Seneca streets* and was the first house of worship in Cleveland. This building was consecrated by Bishop Chase in August, 1829. Trinity at this time seems to have been joined under Mr. Freeman's care with Grace church, Chagrin Falls, and St. James' church, Painesville. This work required him to travel 228 miles every month, by slow and laborious means of transit. At the end of the year he resigned and removed to Virginia. The parish was then placed for a time under the charge of the Rev. William N. Lyster, a deacon, who opened a Sunday school with about thirty pupils. In 1830, the Rev. James McElroy became "minister in charge" of Trinity, devoting three-fourths of his time to the parish, and receiving a salary of $450.00. In 1833, the Rev. Seth Davis, a deacon, took charge of the parish, and during his ministry the church was enlarged to accommodate the growing congregation. Mr. Davis was ordained to the priesthood in Trinity church in September of 1833. The Rt. Rev. Charles P. Mellvaine, D. D., was now the bishop of the diocese. and he says in his convention address at this time that "few places in the diocese can vie with Cleveland in its claim for energetic efforts in the promotion of the Gospel." Mr. Davis was succeeded in 1835 by the Rev. Ebenezer Boyden of Virginia. In September, 1836, the diocesan convention assembled in Trinity church. In August, 1839, the Rev. Richard Bury succeeded to the rectorship. Under his ministrations the number of members increased to such a degree that the establishment of a second parish was warranted, and in 1845 Mr. Bury organized Grace church in the parlor of his rectory. Mr. Bury resigned in 1846. He was much beloved by his people, and greatly revered for his sincere and unaffected piety. There was also another offshoot from Trinity about this time. In 1846, a number of the congregation separated and organized St. Paul's parish. The Rev. Lloyd Windsor took up the work in the fall of 1846, and remained seven years. Before the close of his service it was determined to sell the old property and build a larger church. The lot upon which the old church stood was sold, but before the building * See picture on page 106. 598 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII could be disposed of, it took fire, and was entirely consumed. The subscription for the new church was started with a gift of $1,000 from "T. A. W." Mr. Windsor laid the cornerstone of the building, on Superior Street, near Bond (now East Sixth), which was completed in the beginning of the ministry of the following rector, the Rev. James A. Bolles, D. D., who succeeded Mr. Windsor in January, 1854. This second church building was consecrated on the seventeenth of May, 1855. Dr. Bolles remained five and a half years, and probably no other rectorship in the long history of Trinity parish has left a deeper and more lasting impression than his. The Church Home, founded in 1856, is one monument to his zeal and devotion. A free chapel was also consecrated. Dr. Bolles was followed by the .Rev. Thomas A. Starkey, the late bishop of the diocese of Newark, with the Rev. William C. Cooley as assistant minister. In 1865, the brick chapel was erected south of the church by the generosity of Mr. and Mrs. Samuel L. Mather. This achievement encouraged a number of the parishioners to undertake the erection of a rectory, and the lot west of the church was purchased for that purpose. Mr. Starkey's pastorate extended until Easter, 1869. The Rev. Charles A. Breck took charge of the parish in October of that year, and was the first incumbent to occupy the new rectory. He was succeeded in 1872 by the Rev. William E. McLaren, who also remained but three years, his work in Trinity being brought to a close by his election to the episcopate of Chicago. During his pastorate the Children's Home was started, and the chapel of the Ascension was built on the Detroit road. The Rev. John Wesley Brown assumed the rectorship of Trinity in 1876. In 1878, occurred the fiftieth anniversary of the incorporation of the parish. In this administration, besides the Chapel of the Ascension, St. James' and St. Peter's were made definite missions of Trinity. Trinity, indeed, is the mother, or grandmother, of all Episcopal churches in Cleveland, St. Paul's, East Cleveland, being her eldest daughter. The Rev. Yelverton Peyton Morgan took the place of Dr. Brown in 1882. During his rectorship the following events occurred The Rev. Dr. Bolles was elected to the office of rector emeritus; a site for a new church was bought on Euclid Avenue and Perry Street (now East Twenty-second) ; and Trinity Church Home was removed to more commodious quarters. Early in 1890, Trinity church was offered to and accepted by the new bishop of the diocese, the Rt. Rev. William Andrew Leonard, D. D., for his cathedral, and the rector was instituted as dean, with Dr. Boles as senior canon. 1893-1918] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 599 The Rev, Charles D. Williams became dean and rector in 1893. Ile resigned at the end of January, 1906, to accept election to the episcopate in the diocese of Michigan. During his term of office the Cathedral house was built. Services and parish work were maintained at both Trinity church, downtown, and at the Cathedral house, until June 29, 1902, when the last service in Old Trinity was held. The Rev. Frank DuMoulin accepted a call extended in October, 1906, and was inducted into office as dean on the first of March, 1907. The remaining indebtedness on the new cathedral was removed, and the interior of the building Sufficiently completed to permit its consecration, on Tuesday, the twenty-fourth of September, 1907. In the fall of 1913, Dean DuMoulin was elected coadjutor bishop of the diocese of Ohio, and was consecrated to this office on the eighth of January, 1914, in the cathedral. From this time until September of the same year, the parochial work of the cathedral was carried on under the supervision of the Rev. Walter R. McCowatt, acting as minister in charge. The Rev. H. P. Almon Abbott entered upon his ministry as dean of the cathedral in September, 1914. THE PRESBYTERIANS The Presbyterians and Congregationalists established themselves at a very early day within the present limits of Cleveland. Some of the