INDUSTRY	No. Of Estab- lishm-ents	Wage Earners (average for year)	Wages	Cost of Materials, Fuel, Power	Value of Products
All industries : Artificial and preserved flowers and plants Beverages Bolts, nuts, washers and rivets, not made in rolling mills Bookbinding and blank book making Boxes, cigar, wooden Boxes, paper and other, not elsewhere classified Boxes, wooden, except cigar boxes Brass, bronze and other non-ferrous alloys, and manufactures of these alloys and of copper not specifically classified Bread and other bakery products Brooms Brushes, other than rubber Butter Canning and preserving : Fruits and vegetables, pickles, jellies, preserves and sauces Car and general construction and repairs, steam railroad repairs shops Chemicals, not elsewhere classified Cigars and cigarettes Clay products, other than pottery, and non-clay refractories Cleaning and polishing preparations Clothing, except work clothing, men's, youth's and boys', not elsewhere classified Clothing, women's exclusive of corsets and allied garments and garments made in knitting mills Clothing, work, except shirts, men's	2,251 4 25 12 18 3 12 12 31 243 4 9 6 8 10 7 14 10 12 38 85 5	131,146 29 305 3,987 437 14 917 394 930 2,913 51 333 49 435 3,989 676 232 676 38 4,501 3,404 148	201,092,055 31,719 525,747 4,797,681 618,946 10,336 1,036,260 494,713 1,570,354 3,783,275 54,659 388,666 69,925 334,751 7,114,325 1,108,132 195,372 924,864 40,660 5,406,412 4,849,055 131,111	$556,518,231 78,415 879,081 10,733,351 491,457 8,863 3,323,932 1,079,083 3,883,946 12,413,171 107,143 727,311 1,887,453 3,185,248 4,894,894 3,438,988 339,083 1,181,123 531,828 14,673,611 15,059,326 242,493	$1,040,753,742 220,508 2;360,863 20,758,273 1,642,868 27,085 5,716,762 1,936,312 7,512,563 24,115,055 220,132 1,942,054 2,238,503 4,464,260 13,197,396 7,315,266 826,865 2,667,453 962,562 24,338,395 28,323,276 618,466
THE CITY’S WEALTH AND POWER - 803
Coffee and spice, roasting and grinding  Compressed and liquefied gases  Concrete products Confectionery Cooperage   Copper, tin and sheet-iron work, including galvanized iron work, not elsewhere classified Dental goods, including dental-laboratory work Electrical machinery, apparatus and supplies Electroplating Enameling and japanning Engraving, steel and copperplate and plate printing Fancy and miscellaneous articles, not elsewhere classified   Fertilizers Flavoring extracts and flavoring sirups Food preparations, not elsewhere classified Forgings, iron and steel, not made in steel works or rolling mills   Foundry and machine shop products, not elsewhere classified Foundry supplies Fur goods Furniture, including store and office fixtures Galvanizing and other coating, not done in rolling mills Gas and electric fixtures, lamps, lanterns and reflectors Glass cutting', staining and ornamenting Grease and tallow, not including lubricating greases Hand stamps and stencils and brands Hardware, not elsewhere classified Hats and caps, except felt and straw House furnishing goods, not elsewhere classified	12 8 13 25 6 26 3 71 17 7 8 4 3 7 6 14 175 8 24 28 5 16 8 4 7 6 11 9	104 170 108 979 240 443 30 6,152 107 271 102 89 126 81 19 1,943 13,391 75 144 1,985 41 842 95 134 76 1,058 152 62	138,624 268,885 161,319 984,042 281,497 831,929 42,587 8,404,185 184,797 356,255 127,955 72,606 171,791 93,622 21,192 2,657,835 21,753,656 122,441 282,137 3,342,480 77,860 1,226,334 169,186 227,898 120,920 1,278,886 212,895 57,663	4,799,809 485,175 207,780 5,455,055 1,272,187 912,493 14,186 24,940,914 133,087 187,017 126,803 182,890 1,137,425 619,493 56,730 5,562,930 27,507,684 1,500,892 755,208 5,027,091 82,695 2,618,853 249,299 484,720 115,632 852,951 487,412 233,400	6,521,679 2,052,481 543,981 8,177,827 1,859,482 2,468,119 55,209 53,587,074 465,273 733,868 444,589 369,830 1,480,987 1,290,850 110,194 11,879,397 72,299,905 2,275,019 1,460,939 11,982,728 260,725 5,487,800 743,413 996,745 460,961 3,181,259 1,053,548 477,780
804 - THIS CLEVELAND OF OURS
Ice Cream Ice, manufactured Iron and steel, blast furnaces Iron and steel, processed Iron and steel, steel works and rolling mills Jewelry Knit Goods Lithographing Lubricating greases, not made in petroleum refineries Macaroni, spaghetti, vermicelli and noodles Machine tools Marble, granite, slate and other stone products Matresses and bed springs, not elsewhere classified Millinery Models and patterns, not including paper patterns Motor vehicle bodies and motor vehicle parts Motor vehicles, not including motorcycles Oils, not elsewhere classified Paints and varnishes Patent and proprietary medicines and compounds Paving materials, other than brick or granite Perfumes, cosmetics and other toilet preparations Photo engraving, not done in printing establishments Planing mill products, not made in planing mills connected with sawmills Plumbers' supplies, not including pipe or vitreous china sanitary ware	10 9 4 4 16 11 19 10 6 7 23 15 6 11 34 46 8 6 39 18 3 9 13 29 21	240 151 1,492 24 11,441 69 2,365 856 68 133 2,889 258 110 728 268 8,811 5,650 46 1,575 114 81 98 269 574 1,447	$ 421,290 310,636 2,966,048 45,403 19,636,650 118,142 2,489,083 1,553,105 92,362 154,186 4,630,662 556,711 157,566 742,291 551,448 16,424,634 10,021,269 78,872 2,272,725 151,690 120,552 116,725 693,046 875,989 1,961,071	$ 2,069,753 439,577 24,484,131 52,791 68,457,802 109,183 5,269,776 1,406,125 795,564 727,974 4,734,461 623,682 464,284 1,430,946 230,297 42,235,445 53,148,500 316,412 17,397,502 1,182,773 1,073,497 548,266 187,840 2,386,923 2,656,599	$ 3,998,865 2,439,964 32,623,333 171,461 98,066,247 342,183 10,613,734 5,050,058 1,586,848 1,448,415 15,307,787 1,809,270 1,101,818 3,024,188 1,132,887 77,434,520 77,587,675 901,758 35,364,813 3,161,840 1,576,975 2,645,407 1,621,910 4,325,515 6,580,156
THE CITY’S WEALTH AND POWER - 805
Printing and publishing, book and job Printing and publishing, newspaper and periodical Sausage, meat puddings, headcheese, etc., and sausage casings, not made in slaughtering and meat packing establishments Screw machine products Ship and boat building, steel and wooden, including repair work Signs and advertising novelties Slaughtering and meat packing, wholesale Smelting and refining, metals other than gold, silver or platinum, not from the ore Stamped and enameled ware, not elsewhere classified Steam fittings and steam and hot water heating apparatus Steel barrels, kegs and drums Stereotyping and electrotyping, not done in printing establishments Stoves and ranges other than electric, and warm air furnaces Structural and ornamental iron and steel work, not made in rolling mills Tin cans and other tinware, not elsewhere classified Tobacco, chewing and smoking, and snuff Tools, not including edge tools, machine tools, files or saws Trimmings, not made in textile mills, and lace-trimmed articles, not elsewhere classified Trunks, suitcases and bags Window shades and fixtures Wirework, not elsewhere classified All other industries	225 74 16 14 5 14 21 5 19 10 7 8 26 26 3 6 26 10 8 6 16 230	2,925 1,680 393 1,957 519 144 1,470 38 1,349 1,036 530 135 2,979 1,794 609 8 1,757 113 65 35 1,818 16,558	5,308,739 3,418,457 670,407 2,647,656 882,282 271,745 2,448,470 59,321 1,916,294 1,444,432 756,500 277,274 4,563,717 2,818,761 702,970 6,681 2,587,492 140,116 94,594 55,780 3,294,814 22,424,957	6,135,618 6,313,452 4,531,200 3,600,351 445,053 240,734 39,857,790 872,634 3,404,815 1,704,473 3,440,237 125,240 9,162,782 4,280,032 2,251,862 50,631 2,225,370 104,676 182,831 110,142 4,135,403 65,653,191	20,046,752 25,587,294 6,282,657 8,799,498 1,796,171 896,241 44,913,145 1,092,841 6,781,636 4,836,086 5,158,406 680,970 23,196,055 10,034,957 3,751,804 87,465 9,898,123 405,574 388,891 258,912 10,390,631 121,416,367

806 - THIS CLEVELAND OF OURS INDUSTRIAL DIVERSITY IN METROPOLITAN CLEVELAND (Report of Industrial Development Committee, Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, 1930)

Food and kindred products—Total Manufacturers Beverages Bread and other bakery products Butter Canning, and preserving: Fruits and vegetables, pickles, jellies preserves and sauces Cheese Chocolate and cocoa products, not including confectionery Coffee and spice, roasting and grinding Condensed and evaporated milk Confectionery Feeds, prepared for animals and fowls Flavoring extracts and flavoring sirups Flour and other grain-mill products Food preparations, not elsewhere classified Ice Cream Ice, manufactured Macaroni, spaghetti, vermicelli and noodles Nuts, processed Sausage, and sausage casings, not made in slaughtering and meat-packing establishments Slaughtering and meat packing, wholesale Forest products—Total Baskets and rattan and willow ware, not including furniture _ Billiard and pool tables, bowling alleys, and accessories Boxes, cigar, wooden Boxes, wooden, except cigar boxes Caskets, coffins, burial cases, and morticians' goods Cooperage Furniture Lumber and timber products, not elsewhere classified Mirror and picture frames Planing mill products, not made in planing mills connected with sawmills Pulp goods Refrigerators, ice Window and door screens and weather strips Wood preserving Wood, turned and carved Wooden goods, not elsewhere classified Leather and its manufacturers—Total Belting, leather Boots and shoes, other than rubber Leather goods, not elsewhere classified Leather: Tanned, curried and finished Pocketbooks, purses and carcases Trunks, suitcases, and bags	449 25 266 6 9 1 1 12 1 25 2 8 6 6 11 23 7 1 16 23 113 4 1 3 12 1 7 33 2 2 32 2 2 2 4 3 3 16 4 1 1 1 1 8
THE CITY'S WEALTH AND POWER - 807
Rubber products—Total Rubber goods, not elsewhere classified Rubber tires and inner tubes Paper, printing, and related industries—Total Bags, paper, exclusive of those made in paper mills Book-binding and blank-book making Boxes, paper and other not elsewhere classified Card cutting and designing Engraving (other than steel, copperplate or wood) chasing, etching and diesinking Engraving, steel and copperplate, and plate printing Envelopes Labels and tags Lithographing Paper Paper goods, not elsewhere classified Photo-engraving' not done in printing establishments Printing and publishing, book and job Printing and publishing, music Printing and publishing, newspaper and periodical Printing materials, not including type or printing ink Stereotyping and electrotyping, not done in printing establishments Wall paper Chemicals and allied products—Total Blacking, stains, and dressings Chemicals, not elsewhere classified Cleaning and polishing preparations Coke, not including gas-house coke Compressed and liquefied gases Druggists' preparations Explosives Fertilizers Grease and tallow, not including lubricating greases Ink, printing Lubricating greases, not made in petroleum refineries Mucilage, paste, and other adhesives, not elsewhere classified Oil cake and meal linseed Oils, not elsewhere classified Paints and varnishes Patent medicines and compounds Perfumery, cosmetics, and toilet preparations Petroleum refining Rayon Salt Soap Asbestos products, other than steam packing or pipe and boiler covering	8 7 1 398 1 18 12 1 1 8 2 1 10 2 2 13 231 2 82 2 8 2 141 3 8 13 3 8 4 1 3 4 3 6 2 1 7 38 18 10 2 2 1 4 4
808 - THIS CLEVELAND OF OURS
Clay products (other than pottery) and nonclay refractories Concrete products Emery wheels and other abrasive and polishing appliances Glass Glass cutting, staining and ornamenting Graphite, ground and refined Hones, whetstones, and similar products Marble, granite, slate and other stone products Mirrors, framed and unframed Pottery, including porcelain ware Statuary and art goods, factory product Wall plaster, wall board, and floor composition Metals and metal products, other than iron and steel—Total Aluminum manufactures Babbitt metal, white metal, type metal, and solder Brass, bronze, and other nonferrous alloys, and manufacturs of these alloys and of copper not specifically classified Clocks, time-recording devices and clock movements  Copper, tin, and sheet-iron work, including galvanized-in work, not elsewhere classified Electroplating Gas and electric fixtures, not including lamps and reflectors. Jewelry Lamps, and reflectors, not including electric bulbs Lead : Bar, pipe, and sheet Needles, pins, hooks and eyes, and snap fasteners Smelting and refining, metals other than gold, silver, or plat num, not from the ore Stamped, and enameled ware, not elsewhere classified Watches and watch movements Tobacco manufacturers—Total Chewing and smoking, and snuff Cigars and cigarettes Textiles and their products—Total Awnigs, tents, sails and canvas covers Bags, other than paper not made in textile mills Cloth sponging and refinishing Clothing, men's, buttonholes Clothing, (except work clothing), men's, youths' and boys' Clothing, work (except shirts), men's Clothing, women's, not elsewhere classified Collars, men's Dyeing and finishing textiles Embroideries Furnishing goods, men's not elsewhere classified Hats and caps, except felt and straw Hats, fur-felt House-furnishing goods, not elsewhere classified	14 25 1 1 8 1 1 17 2 3 1 3 145 6 2 34 2 26 17 13 11 3 2 1 6 21 1 20 6 14 239 9 5 2 2 38 5 85 1 4 9 3 11 2 10
THE CITY'S WEALTH AND POWER - 809
Knit goods Millinery, not elsewhere classified Trimmings (not made in textile mills) and lace-trimmed articles not elsewhere classified Upholstering materials, not elsewhere classified Waste Wool shoddy Woolen goods Worsted goods Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery—Total Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets, iron and steel not made in rolling mills Cast-iron pipe Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge tools Files Forgings, iron and steel not made in steel works or rolling mills Galvanizing and other coating not done in rolling mills Hardware, not elsewhere classified Iron and steel : Blast furnaces Iron and steel : Processed Iron and steel : Steel works and rolling mills Nails, spikes, etc., not made in rolling mills Plumbers' supplies, not including pipe, or marble, slate and porelainn sanitary ware Safes and vaults Saws Screw-machine products Steam fittings and steam and hot-water heating apparatus Steel barrels, kegs, and drums Stoves and appliances, gas and oil Stoves (other than gas, oil, or electric) and warm-air furnaces Structural and ornamental ironwork, not made in rolling mills. Tin cans and other tinware, not elsewhere classified Tools, not including edge tools, machine tools, files or saws Wire, drawn from purchased bars or rods Wirework, not elsewhere classified Wrought pipe, not made in rolling mills Machinery, not including transportation equipment—Total Agriculture implements Cash registers and calculating machines Electrical machinery, apparatus and supplies Engines and water wheels Foundry and machine shop products, not elsewhere classified Gas machines and gas and water meters Machine tools Metal-working machinery, other than machine tools Pumps (hand and power) and pumping equipment Sewing machines, cases, and attachments	19 11 12 1 1 2 2 1 228 13 1 1 2 15 5 6 4 4 16 3 21 1 1 13 9 7 22 3 29 3 26 2 18 1 334 1 2 79 6 205 3 25 3 1 4
810 - THIS CLEVELAND OF OURS
Textile machinery and parts Typewriters and supplies Washing machines, clothes wringers, driers, and ironing ma-chines, for domestic use Musical instruments and phonographs—Total Musical instruments, parts and materials, not elsewhere classified Organs and orchestrions Phonographs Transportation equipment, air, land, and water—Total Aircrafts and parts Carriage, wagon, sleigh, and sled materials Carriages, and sleds, children's Carriages, wagons, sleighs, and sleds Cars, electric and steam-railroad, not built in railroad repair shops Motor-vehicle bodies and motor-vehicle parts Motor-vehicles, not including motorcycles Motorcycles, bicycles and parts Ship and boat building, steel and wooden, including repair work Railroad repair shops—Total Car and general construction and repairs, electric-railroad shops Car and general construction and repairs, steam-railroad repair shops Miscellaneous industries—Total Artificial limbs Artificial and preserved flowers and plants Brooms Brushes, other than rubber Dairymen's supplies ; creamery, cheese-factory, and butter-factory equipment ; and poultrymen's and apiarists' supplies Dental goods Enameling and japanning Fancy and miscellaneous articles, not elsewhere classified Foundry supplies Fur goods Furs, dressed Hair work Hand stamps and stencils and brands Hats, straw Instruments, professional and scientific Mattresses and bed springs, not elsewhere classified Models and patterns, not including paper patterns Motion pictures, not including projection in theaters Optical goods Paving materials, other than brick or granite	1 2 14 4 1 2 1 _ 68 2 1 1 1 2 48 7 1 5 12 1 11 166 2 4 4 9 1 3 8 4 8 24 1 1 7 1 2 6 35 2 1 3
THE CITY'S WEALTH AND POWER - 811
Pens, fountain and stylographic Photographic apparatus and materials Roofing materials, not including wood, slate, burnt tile, asbestos, or metal other than metal shingles or ceilings Signs and advertising novelties Soda-water apparatus Sporting and athletic goods, not including firearms or ammunition Steam and other packing, pipe and boiler covering, and gaskets not made in textile mills Surgical appliances Theatrical scenery and stage equipment Toys (not including children's wheel goods or sleds) , games, and playground equipment Umbrellas, parasols, and canes Window shades and fixtures	1 1 2 14 4 2 1 3 1 4 1 6

INTERMEDIATE MATERIALS OF INDUSTRY Many raw materials such as iron ore, limestone, coal, sand, oil, gas, clay, lumber, gypsum, grain, woodpulp, salt, and sandstone, are economically available. However, these and scores of other raw materials are processed and fabricated and in turn become the raw materials of other industries. Here is a partial list of intermediate raw materials turned out by Cleveland manufacturers.

Absorbers : shock Acetylene Acids Aggregate Airplane parts Alcohol Alloys Aluminum Ammeters Ammonia Angles: iron and steel Anodes Antimony Armatures Art Stone Asbestos Asphalt and asphaltum Automobile parts Axles Babbitt Bags : burlap, canvas, cotton and vacuum cleaner Bakelite Bands : transmission	Barium Barrels : steel Bars : grate Batteries : electric dry and electric storage Battery parts Batts and batting Bearings Belts and belting Benzol Bindings Bits : wood Black: bone Blades Blanks Blowers Bodies : automobile and truck Boilers : steam Bolts Bonds Boxes: fibre, paper, metal, wooden, misc. Braces Brackets
812 - THIS CLEVELAND OF OURS
Braid Brakes Brass : architectural and ornamental Brass goods : plumbers' Brick Bronze Bronze : architectural and ornamental Brushes : carbon, misc. Buckets Buckles Buckram Bumpers : automobile Bungs Burners : gas, oil Bushings Cables Cans Carbon products Carbonators Cars Carts Cases : packing Casters Castings : alloy, aluminum, brass, bronze, copper, die, grey iron, semi-steel, steel and misc. Cements : misc. Chains Channels : iron Chaplets Chargers Chemical apparatus and equipment Chemicals Chucks Clamps Clasps Cleaners : industrial, mechanical Clips Clutches Coatings : misc. Coils : electric, pipe Coke Collectors : dust Collodion Colors : paint, varnish, etc. Commutators Compensators Compounds : buffing and polishing Connections : hose and tubing Connectors : electrical	Contacts Containers Controllers and regulators Converters : electric Copper Cords Cores Cotton goods Couplers Couplings : hose Couplings : misc. Crankshafts Crates : wooden Cushions Dies : misc. Doors : metal Dressings : belt Drills Drums : brake and steel Dryers : paint and varnish, and misc. Dyes Electrical equipment and apparatus Electrodes Enamels Engines Engine parts Envelopes Facings Fans Fasteners Faucets Feathers Feeders Felt Fenders Ferrules Fibre and fibre products Fillers : wood and misc. Filters Fittings : conduit, hose, pipe, stove and misc. Flanges Flaps Floats Fluxes Flywheels Forgings : automobile, drop, machinery, steel and misc. Frames : automobile, furniture, hat, lamp shade and picture, mirror, etc.
THE CITY'S WEALTH AND POWER - 813
Gases Gaskets Gauges Gears Gelatine Glass : pulverized Glue      , Governors Gratings Greases : lubricating Grids : rheostat Grilles Grindstones Guards : machinery Gypsum Handles Hangers Hardeners Hardware : automobile, awning, builders, and misc. Haydite Heads : barrel and exhaust Hides Hinges Hoists Hoods Hooks Hoppers Hose Housings : axle Hydrogen Idlers Ink : printing, lithographing, etc. Insulation Insulators : electric Iron : pig, structural Iron work : structural Japans Joints : universal Kegs Kerosene Lacquers Lamps : misc. Latches Lead Leather Legs : furniture and bench Letters : steel Limestone Litharge Locks Lubricators Machinery parts	Magnesium Magnetos Magnets Mandrels Marble Metal specialties Metals : misc. Meters Mica Motors : electric Nails Naphtha Nipples Nozzles Nuts Oils : cutting, drying, mold, quenching, tempering and transformer Oxygen Packings Paints : misc. Panelboards : electric Paper Patterns : metal and wood Pinions Pins Pipe : misc. Pistons : gasoline engine Pitch Powder : aluminum, bronze, etc. Pressed steel products Propellers Pulleys Pumps Putty Radiators : automobile Radio apparatus and accessories Radio parts Rayon Reducers : speed Refractories Refrigerator parts Resistance materials Rheostats Rims : automobile wheel Rings : piston Rivets Rods : brake, connecting, and curtain Rollers : printers Rubber goods Sacks Salt
814 - THIS CLEVELAND OF OURS
Sand Screens : misc. Screws Shafting Shafts Sheaves Sheet metal work Shellac Shooks : box Solder Solenoids Spinnings: metal Spokes Springs : automobile Springs : coil, misc. Stains Stampings : sheet metal Staples Staves : wooden Steel Steel : structural Switches : electric Tacks Tanks : sheet metal Tallow	Telephone supplies Transmissions Traps Trimmings : garment and stove Tubes : glass, paper, radio Tubing: brass, copper, flexible metal, rubber, misc. Turnbuckles Turnings : wood Type Type metal Valves : air, automobile tire, engine, plumbing, pressure reducing, regulating, etc., misc. Varnishes Voltmeters Washers : fibre, etc., metal, rubber Wax Welded steel products Wire Wire work Yarn : rayon Zinc

CHAPTER VI   MERCHANDISING   The life of Manuel Halle, a great merchant of Cleveland, has just closed, in its one hundred and first year.   Most of the events noted in this book took place while he was living. For eighty-seven years he was an eyewitness and a participant in them. The history of the city of Cleveland, is, in fact, coincident with the years of Manuel Halle's living, for he was born while Cleveland was a village. Only the years of the community's babyhood had elapsed by the time of his birth, so that he was privileged to grow with it into manhood and maturity and to its latter flowering.   Nothing could so clearly impress the observer with the brevity of this city's existence and the progress it has made as the story of Manuel Halle. He saw ox carts plodding through the mud at three miles an hour and he saw airplanes riding the air at three hundred miles an hour ; he used candle molds and he flooded his home by turning on an electric light switch ; he came to a town of ten thousand people. and passed on from a great city of a million.   As to merchandising, he saw it all, for before his coming merchandising was nothing more than a sporadic, unsystematic exchange of commodities, without a dependable medium of exchange and without semblance to the huge mechan-ism of his latter days.   When, a lad of fourteen, he kissed his parents goodby and left his native Wilmars, Germany, the United States was at war with Mexico and James K. Polk was President. After a stormy passage of seventy days on a three-masted schooner, he landed in New York that was lighted by sperm oil and had never dreamed of telephone or radio, automobile, airship   - 815 -   816 - THIS CLEVELAND OF OURS   or skyscraper. Nor was this New York usually conscious of the existence of a place named Cleaveland, away out in the Indian wilds of Ohio.   His first contact in the new country was with thieves who robbed him of all his money. He got a job in a cigar factory, peddled tobacco on the streets and did odd jobs to earn enough money to pay his passage by boat to Albany, where there were other immigrants from Wilmars. Thence he worked his way along the old Erie Canal to the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, where there were two cities, Ohio City on the west bank and Cleaveland on the east bank.   It did not take him long to learn what was going on and what had been going on. He talked with men who had seen the small log hut built by traders in 1786 near the spring at the foot of Main Street and the first dry goods store that was opened by Edward Paine in 1797. He may have heard Judge Barr tell of the mercantile village of 1803 in these words :   "Bryant's log distillery, of course, attracted the attention of such Senecas, Chippewas and Delawares as had a weakness for firewater. Alexander Campbell, who was doubtless a Scotchman, saw that here was a good place to traffic with the stoics of the woods. He built a rude store a little farther up the hill near the spring but more toward the junction of Union and Mandrake lanes. In this cluster of log shanties the principal traffic of Cleveland was transacted. Here the red man became supremely happy over a very small quantity of raw whiskey, for which he paid the proceeds of many a hunt. If anything remained of his stock of skins after paying for his whiskey, the beads, ribbons and trinkets of Mr. Campbell's store absorbed the entire stock. Here squaws bartered and coquetted with the trader, who in their eyes was the most important personage in the country. Here the wild hunter in his dirty blanket made the woods ring with his savage howls, when exhilarated with drink. He shone forth for a moment in his native barbarity, ferocious alike against friend and foe."   A few sailing vessels were transporting salt and furs from Mackinac and taking back flour, whiskey and wines   THE CITY'S WEALTH AND POWER - 817   from Pittsburgh. Merchants bought goods in New York and transported them by boat to Albany, thence to Lake Erie by wagons, or all the hundred and thirty miles from Pittsburgh, when goods were bought there. Often weather prevented local merchants from receiving goods purchased in July until the following spring.   Nathan Perry, called "Cleveland's first greater merchant," braved such conditions when he built a store and dwelling at the corner of Superior and Water Streets, in 1808, supplanted ten years later by the third brick building in the village. Perry was the first local merchant to expand his operations beyond the village limits. He learned the Indian dialects and laid the foundations of a large fortune in the fur business, augmenting this with real estate investments.   There was a frame store in 1810 on Superior Street near the Forest City Block, conducted by Harvey and Elias Murray, which was used as a hospital for wounded soldiers after Hull's surrender of Detroit and used again for mercantile purposes after the war. The Murrays built another structure in 1811 near the River mouth, used as a warehouse, two years after Lorenzo Carter's well known log house had been built near Union Lane.   The first brick building in the village was a store on Su-perior Street, erected by J. R. and Irad Kelley in 1814. The next year Noble H. Merwin built a log warehouse at the cor-ner of Superior and Merwin streets, and a year later he purchased the tavern of George Wallace at Superior and Vineyard Lane, becoming a business leader of the village. This tavern was later widely known as the "Mansion House." James Kingsbury, Leonard Case, Captain William Gaylord, Dr. David Long, Levi Johnson and John Blair bought stores and warehouses on the river bank north of St. Clair Street. In 1818 Orlando Cutter brought in twenty thousand dollars worth of merchandise and Peter M. Weddell, in 1820, laid the foundations for one of the largest mercantile businesses in northern Ohio.   In this period the retail stores were centered around   818 - THIS CLEVELAND OF OURS   "Perry's Corners" at Superior and Water streets, while the warehouses were along the river, convenient to the ships.   The first canal boat from Akron, arriving July fourth, 1827, heralded a great advance in merchandising and brought growth and opportunity. The population grew from one hundred and fifty in 1820 to 1,075 in 1830. Five hundred of the newcomers were Irish canal workers. In the next decade, from 1830 to 1840, the population increased to 7,648.   The first city directory of 1837 mentions seventy-one grocery stores, twenty-five dry goods and clothing stores, seven millinary stores, five hardware, four boot and shoe stores and several wholesale grocers and dry goods distributors. There were twenty-five forwarding and commission merchants. The finer residences were north of Superior Street.   Thinkers of a school called "Technocracy" have just focussed the country's attention upon themselves by announcing the results of their research in the field of labor, the research indicating that man is on the verge of attaining the goal which he has been seeking since the time of Khufu and which means substitution of machine for human, physical labor. The last forty or fifty years have shown more progress toward the machine age than all the previous years of civilization. The first city directory adds confirmation to the Technocrats' conclusions in its listing of these trades : Sawyer, lather, coach maker, agriculturist, laundress, joiner, millwright, shingle maker, turner, soap boiler, fancy dyer, hair dresser, watchmaker and jeweler, draper and tailor, drover, house mover, upholsterer, rope maker, tallow chan-dler, chair maker, coach and gig trimmer, peddler, carter, hosier, shoemaker, and locksmith. Among the trades still found today there is little resemblance to the methods of a century ago, for now the agriculturist has his tractor, the laundress her electric washing machine and ironer, the shoemaker his intricate electrical machines, and even the tailor is in mass production with his cutting and sewing machinery.   In another comparison of those days with these we notice a return to former usage. Because currency was scarce and   THE CITY'S WEALTH AND POWER - 819   not dependable, traders of 1825 and later used commodities, notably whisky, salt, wheat and flour, as exchange mediums. In 1932 merchants in some of our cities were doing exactly the same thing—warehousing commodities and issuing scrip against them, the scrip redeemable in warehouse goods. Village trustees of 1818 issued scrip also, although not against warehouse goods, but on the responsibility of the village corporation. This scrip was called "Corporation Shinplasters." A silver dollar was divided into nine pieces, each passing for a shilling, and a pistareen, worth eighteen and three-quarters cents, also went for a shilling. Old advertisements of the period offer land as well as tools, cattle and all sorts of goods in exchange for salt, pork, tallow, butter and so forth.   Luxuries like lemons, raisins and figs began to appear in the advertisements of 1837. Nine months credit was usually allowed by the eastern wholesalers to the Cleveland merchants. Common labor in 1840 was seventy-five cents a day, but the dollar had much higher purchasing power, of course, because of low prices.   The retail business, as has been said, was confined to lower Superior, where there were twenty dry goods stores in 1850, six hardware stores, eight drug stores, five book, five tailor, four jewelry, twenty-one clothing, six hat and cap, twenty-one boot and leather, twenty-one shoe, two crockery and twenty-two grocery places. There were other like stores on other streets, but the bulk of them were on Superior. There were four "uptown" groceries : Herman's at Ontario and Prospect, Potter's at Ontario and Michigan, Remington's at Erie and Lake, Pearson's at 61 Public Square. Fourteen wholesale grocery houses, five ship chandlers and thirty-three forward and commission merchants were located on Water, River and Merwin streets.   The residences which had clustered around the Square were moving out Euclid Avenue, with the stores pressing at their heels. The population was about ten thousand.   This was the city which Manuel Halle saw when he arrived in 1845. Indians were camping on the site where he was to build the home in which he passed away, at 11402 Bellflower Road.   820 - THIS CLEVELAND OF OURS   Young Halle went to work as a clerk in the "City Mill Store" and made a lasting friendship with a younger man named John D. Rockefeller. The Lake Erie Telegraph Company had opened offices in Cleveland the year Halle arrived Messages soon were being sent under the ocean and alluring opportunities came from far off. Gold was discovered in California and oil in Titusville, Pennsylvania. Rockefeller heard the call of the oil fields, but Halle had more faith in Cleveland. He saved his money and bought real estate.   The march of retail merchandising started eastward, with drug and grocery stores as far as Garden, Pittsburgh, Erie, Orange, Kinsman and St. Clair streets and a drug store and a dry goods store daring the hitherto residential section of the Public Square. Ontario Street, as far south as Pitts-burgh Street, became a substantial business thoroughfare. By 1870 the wholesale district had reached Water Street, and its former River Street location was given over to commission houses.   John Main had a drug store on Euclid Avenue, and Thomas O'Rourke had a tailor shop there. On the Square were Probert's butcher shop, Cook's crockery store, D. Hogan and Company and Jones, Potter and Company, grocers; the jewelry houses of B. G. Dietz, John Goodman, A. S. Houck, L. Kruger and R. J. Pugh ; the looking glass factory of Hambrock and Hamel; four merchant tailor shops of George Wright, W. C. Lyons, W. B. Hancock and John Bartall ; three milliners, Mrs. M. M. Armstrong, J. L. Cook and Company and Mrs. C. A. Searls and Company; the three musical in-strument stores of G. O. Hall, Ernst Kaiser and A. Koenigslow ; and the offices of sewing machine agents, lawyers, phy-sicians and real estate and insurance men in the upper floors of the three and four-story buildings that faced the Square.   Euclid Avenue is not shown on Spafford's map of 1796, and it was intended that retail trade should follow out Su-perior ; but the smoke of the railroads and factories along the lake shore drove the residents south to Euclid, and trade followed the residences. By 1870 this trend eastward on Euclid was thoroughly established, and by 1880 names familiar to   THE CITY'S WEALTH AND POWER - 821   readers of today began to appear there : Sterling and Company's carpet house, C. A. Selzer's art store, Brainard's music house and the display room of the White Sewing Machine Company.   Manuel Halle and his brother Moses, who had followed him to Cleveland, had opened the M. and M. Halle store, where they sold notions and men's clothing. They so prospered that by 1882 Manuel could retire and, for another half century watch the progress of the city in which he had had faith, while descendants carried on the traditions of the family name. Moses Halle's sons, Samuel H. and Salmon P. Halle, started The Halle Brothers Company, on capital furnished by their father. The investment business of Will S. Halle and Company was launched by Manuel Halle and his sons, Eugene S. and Will S. Halle. Sam and Salmon at one time had a fur store on lower Superior, with a black stuffed bear at the entrance.   Henry and Oscar Dreher had a music store on Huron Road, and the Dreher Piano Company is still on Huron, though it was sold a few years ago to Lyon and Healy of Chi-cago, who operate it. The new owners kept several of the old salesmen, notably Robert Jones, who remembers the name of everyone to whom he ever sold a piano in his forty-three years of service. George W. Kinney sold crockery from a small store near the lower end of Superior for a while, and then he and his friend Levan took over the Morgan and Root store on Bank Street, thus starting the Kinney and Levan Company, which now occupies its own building on Euclid Avenue, opposite East Fourteenth Street, with George Kinney still in active charge.   Hower and Higbee were at the corner of Seneca and Superior, the partners being J. M. Hower and E. C. Higbee. William T. Higbee, a son, with H. Mierke, carried on the business as the Higbee Company, which later occupied the great structure on the northwest corner of Euclid and East Thirteenth Street and is now in the Terminal group on the Public Square, occupying the latest building in that group and probably the finest modern department store building to be found anywhere in the world.   822 - THIS CLEVELAND OF OURS   Webb C. Ball was another member of the lower Superior colony of merchants, and another to follow the eastward movement out Euclid Avenue to Twelfth Street, where the business he founded is still conducted. Webb C. Ball became known throughout the United States when he was appointed official time recorder for a large group of railroads. N. O. Stone, whose shoe store is at 312 Euclid now, started on lower Superior, as did the father of John Hartness Brown, who may be classed with the Superior Street group, although his dry goods store was on Ontario, south of the Public Square. John Hartness Brown built a fine building on Euclid just east of East Ninth, which was torn down to make room for the Union Trust Building.   William Taylor Son and Company, now at 630 Euclidl was originally Taylor and Kilpatrick, in the Cushing Block on Euclid near the Square. The business was inherited by Livingston Taylor, a son, who changed the name to William Taylor and Sons Company. His widow, Sophia Strong Taylor, still controls the business, with her brother, Major Charles H. Strong, in charge.   E. R. Hull and Wilbur F. Dutton had a general merchandise store on the west side of Ontario Street, and afterwards moved across the street as "E. R. Hull and Dutton." The business was sold to the May Company, of St. Louis, and was brought to huge proportions under the management of Nate L. Dauby and Sam M. Gross. This store is a member of a great national chain of department stores.   Bailey's, at Ontario and Prospect, was developed by Colonel Louis Black, son of one of the first German immigrants. It has also joined a national chain.   Of the first rank department stores of today, The Bailey Company, The Halle Brothers Company, The Higbee Company, The May Company, The Stearn Company, William Taylor and Sons Company and Sears-Roebuck, only the last, which is located at Lorain and West One Hundred and Tenth and at 8501 Carnegie Avenue, is a newcomer, the rest be-longing to that older generation which started at the Square   THE CITY'S WEALTH AND POWER - 823   or west of it. Clevelanders will recall some famous stores of lower Superior whose names no longer appear in the directories—Crow and Whitmarsh, McGillin's, John F. Ryder, the photographer, and others. The Vincent and Barstow Company, dealing in furniture, was among the early stores.   A good store could be rented on Superior Street in 1853 for fifteen hundred dollars a year. Total taxes were but two hundred dollars, and one could get a good chief clerk for six hundred, with ordinary clerks at three hundred.   Following the Civil war, the National Bank Act was passed and currency became stabilized. Electric lights were used for the first time in 1879. Telephones appeared in residences in the 'nineties, Tom Johnson lowered street car fares, the high level bridge was built, the automobile came and taught mass production, the machine age developed. It had its effect upon retail and wholesale merchandising.   Cleveland is so located that its main thoroughfares lead into one center, the Public Square, whence the stores followed the residence trend out Euclid. But they could not go too far, as May's and Bailey's demonstrated ; for there was, and is, immense buying power in the south and west sides, and these buyers find it convenient to shop near the Square. Segregation of shopping facilities is more apparent, though, in Cleveland than in other large cities, because of this radiation of main arteries. Segregation increased land values and rentals, forcing higher merchandising buildings and a greater diversification of merchandise per store. Other factors aided in the development of the great department stores, factors observable in other cities, but Cleveland was peculiar in its traffic conditions and found the problems of traffic aggravated by the automobile.   As parking facilities became over-crowded, decentralization of shopping facilities appeared. Big stores like the May Company, Bailey's, Southworth's and others located branches in the residential districts, where secondary commercial centers became established, such as Warren Road and Detroit Avenue in Lakewood, Euclid and East One Hundred and   824 - THIS CLEVELAND OF OURS   Fifth, Superior and St. Clair at the East One Hundred and Fifth Street intersections, Broadway and East Fifty-fifth, and in the suburbs of Rocky River, Cleveland Heights, Shaker Heights and East Cleveland. Larger and better stores are located in these neighborhood centers than were down town three decades ago.   "Five and Ten Cent Stores," pioneered by the F. W. Woolworth Company, were early indications that modern merchandising was to fall into line with mass production and intensive selling. The "five and tens" bought in quantity and sold at low prices, increasing quantity buying and lowering selling prices as they grew and added branches. Today these and other like combinations take the entire production of large plants manufacturing the things they sell. "Five and ten" concerns like the S. S. Kresge Company, J. G. McCrory Company, Neisner Brothers, Incorporated, J. J. Newberry Company, Scott Stores, Incorporated, John A. Wheeler and Woolworth's were the forerunners of the chain store, the out-standing development of modern merchandising. The chain store adopted the "cash and carry" system which eliminated losses on bad accounts and saved on delivery costs. Accordingly, the chain store undersold the independent grocer or butcher, prospered, expanded, increased its buying power and still further reduced its prices while improving the quality of its goods. The independent was left to serve those few who were willing to pay higher prices because of personal trust in the proprietor, delivery service and guaranteed quality, and a greater number who did not have the cash in hand to pay for their supplies, with the result that the independent had to absorb all the credit losses that there were. Today the independent grocer, butcher and vegetable seller are lesser factors in trade and are losing importance more and more. They are still large in number, but flourish mostly in small neighborhood stores where there is a small volume of business. Even this last stand is becoming increasingly precarious. The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, the largest chain system in the world has a policy of