(RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE) 200 - GENERAL HISTORY OF CUYAHOGA COUNTY. of the Western Episcopalian, published till that time at Gambier, which was itself a continuation of the Gambier Observer, started by Bishop Chase in 1832. W. C. French was the proprietor of the journal upon its first issue in August, 1868, and in 1872 he removed it to Cleveland, where it has since then retained its location. THE CHRISTIAN HARVESTER. This paper, whose title bears the explanatory affix of "A Holiness Journal," was first published in December, 1872, by James W. P. Fackler as The Mission Harvester, and was then devoted to " the work of missions and holiness." In July, 1874, Thomas K. Doty, the present editor and publisher assumed control, and changed the title to the one now borne. The Harvester is a small sheet of twenty-four columns; and till January, 1878, was a monthly publication. Since that time, the issues have been monthly and semimonthly. SOUTH CLEVELAND ADVOCATE. In 1873, Harry H. Nelson started a weekly newspaper in that part of Cleveland known as Newburg, calling it All Around the Clock. Shortly afterwards he changed the name to The South Cleveland Advocate, and as such continues to publish it. Mr. Nelson is still its editor and publisher. Its politics are Republican and its issue weekly, with thirty-two columns. THE HOME COMPANION. This is a small eight-page literary journal "for boys and girls" and is issued semi-monthly. It was started in 1873, by S. L. Thorpe & Brother, who were succeeded in 1874, by S. L. Thorpe, the present editor and publisher. The circulation of the Home Companion is confined exclusively to territory beyond Cleveland. EARNEST WORKER. In the spring of 1874, the Committee on Ways and Means of the Women's Christian Association, was called upon to provide anew method for raising funds. After a number of plans had been discussed and rejected, it was finally decided to publish a monthly paper, having two objects in view; to be a medium of communication, and a source of revenue. The first number of the Earnest Worker appeared in June, 1874, under the editorship of Miss Emma Janes. Miss Janes occupied the editor's chair for six months, and then left Cleveland, after which the work for the remainder of the year was carried on by the Publishing Committee. With the opening of the second volume in June, 1875, Mrs. Howard M. Ingham was elected to the position of editor, which she has since retained. The paper has been warmly supported, and has met with general favor. The total profits during the first four years of its existence, were over fifteen hundred dollars. The officers of the Publishing Committee are Mrs. E. C. Standart, chairman; Miss H. A. Hurlbut, secretary. THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSE. This journal was established in 1874, the first number being issued July 4th. Rev. T. P. Thorpe was appointed editor of the paper by its founder, Rt. Rev. R. Gilmour, and by degrees secured for it recognition from the press and public, as a staunch defender of catholic principles and catholic rights. The reverend editor, having charge of a congregation while conducting the paper, found it difficult to do justice to both of these positions, and was in 1877, at his own request, relieved from the editorship. He was succeeded by Manly Tello in August, 1877. Under his able management the Universe has not only held its former commanding position, but has continued to increase in strength and influence, so that it now ranks among the very foremost of the catholic papers of the United States. Its circulation, at first confined to this diocese, now extends to the adjoining States, and it has more or less subscribers in every diocese in the country. It now numbers between seven and eight thousand bona fide subscribers, and its list is increasing weekly. THE CHAGRIN FALLS EXPONENT was established January 1, 1874, by J. J. Stranahan and P. Hohler. The paper was started as a seven- column folio, but only continued as such a few weeks, when it was enlarged to a six-column quarto, which size it still bears. In 1875 the firm of Stranahan & Hohler was dissolved, Mr. Hohler retiring, and since then Mr. Stranahan has been sole proprietor and editor. Mr. Frank F. Stranahan has filled the position of local editor for four years. The Exponent office is now located in Shute's block, and is supplied with a cylinder press and all modern machinery and material. It makes a specialty of dairy news, and claims to furnish more reading-matter of this character than any other paper in the United States, except those which are conducted exclusively as dairy papers. It has a circulation of nearly two thousand copies and its list is rapidly increasing, as a natural result of the enterprise exhibited in its management. It has been from the first, and still is, independent in politics, but vigorous in the treatment of all subjects requiring its attention. SUNDAY MORNING TIMES. The Times was established May 7, 1876, by John P. O'Brien, having offices at No. 91 Seneca street. In 1879 the location was changed to Nos. 34 and 36 Long street. THE EVENING TIMES. This daily evening paper was also founded by John P. O'Brien, with offices on Long street, April 24, 1879. These papers still remain under the charge of Mr. O'Brien as editor and proprietor. In politics they are liberal, with democratic proclivities. THE PRESS - 201 THE ADVANCE. In the summer of 1877 the Industrial Publishing Company was organized to start a weekly greenback paper. Riohard Harrison was the first president of the company, with J. A. Harrison as secretary, and Robert Schilling as editor and business manager. The paper was called the Labor Advocate, but the name was changed to Labor Advance, as another paper called the Advocate was being published in the city. The paper was issued successfully for about a year, when the company transferred its interest to the firm of Schilling and Pate, who made the paper a daily. The name, however, being too long for convenience, it was changed by dropping the word "Labor," and calling the paper, the Daily Advance. The first number of the daily was issued August 18, 1878. The editorial staff consists at present of Robert Schilling, editor-in-chief; Egbert Hazard, managing editor; W. H. Hudson, local editor; M. Cashberg, telegraph and amusement editor; Wm. Pate, Jr., attends to the business management. The Advance has, however, within a short time again been made a weekly paper. It has a very large circulation, extending into nearly every State of the Union, and to more than four hundred post-offrces in Ohio. DENNICE NOVOVEKU. This is a Bohemian newspaper whose title signifies " Morning Star of a New Era." It is said to be the only Bohemian paper in the State, and dates its existence from October, 1877, when it was issued by Vaclav Snajdr and Frank Korizek. In March, 1878, Mr. Korizek retired, and since that time Mr. Snajdr has been the sole editor and publisher. The paper is issued every Wednesday, is printed entirely in the Bohemian language, and contains forty-eight columns of matter. THE CLEVELAND LAW REPORTER. This journal, a weekly, devoted to the interests of the legal profession, was established in 1878, its first number appearing on the 1st of January. It was originally a four-page paper, but with the thirteenth issue was enlarged to eight pages. It contains decisions of the United .States Supreme Court, 'United States Circuit Court, syllabi of decisions of the Ohio Supreme Court, Courts of last resort in other States, Courts of Common Pleas, and District Courts of Northern Ohio; also a record of all suits commenced, motions and demurrers filed and decided, judgments of Cuyahoga county Common Pleas, all property transfers, mechanic's liens, and assignments. The subscription price of the Reporter is two dollars per annum. J. G. Pomerene, an attorney and stenographer of the courts, is editor and publisher. THE HARDWARE REPORTER represents the hardware, metal, implement, stove, glass and paint trades, and is published weekly by the national Iron and Steel Publishing Company, Cleveland, Pittsburg and Chicago. The Reporter was started in Pittsburg in 1869, and in October, 1878, its management, directed now as heretofore by Messrs. F. Protzman and J. H. Hillerman, was transferred to Cleveland. Besides a weekly issue, the paper has also a monthly number called the Export Edition, devoted mainly to the export trade. THE ONE CENT WEEKLY. The One Cent Weekly is an exclusively literary journal. It was founded by Hartley & Hynes, the present proprietors, in 1879, and the first number was issued June 21st of that year. The original name was The Penny Weekly, but a change to the present title was almost immediately effected. It is published every Saturday, contains forty columns of reading matter, claims a circulation of ten thousand, and is probably the only paper in the country that furnishes the same amount of material for the price of one cent. THE PENNY PRESS. This smart evening journal, although but an infant, has already pushed its way prominently forward, into wide circulation. E. W. Scripps and J. S. Sweeny its present proprietors, were formerly attaches of the Detroit Evening News. They started the Cleveland Penny Press November 2, 1878, as a twenty column paper, eighteen by twenty-four, and have apparently made the enterprise a paying one. It is now a twenty- four column journal, eighteen by twenty-eight, is a strictly evening issue with four daily editions, is. independent in politics, and claims an average city circulation of six thousand five hundred and a country circulation of six thousand. E. W. Scripps is the editor and J. T. Sweeny the business manager. THE SENTINEL. This is a weekly four-page journal, published on the West Side by Welfare & Saumenig, and circulated chiefly in the western and southern portions of the city. Its first number was issued May 24, 1879, by the present publishers whose efforts have thus far met with a fair measure of success. The Sentinel is independent in politics, and aims to make local news a feature. 202 - GENERAL HISTORY OF CUYAHOGA COUNTY. CHAPTER XXXVIII. COLLEGES. Origin of Baldwin University—Liberality of Mr. Baldwin—First Faculty —First Buildings—The German Department—German Wallace College The Relation of the two Institutions—The College of Pharmacy—Hulet Hall—Ladies' Hall—The Preparatory Department—The Collegiate Department—Classical and Scientific Courses—Elective Studies—The Successive Presidents— The Present Faculty—Foundation of German Wallace College—The First Faculty—Changes of Officers—The Present Faculty—The Arrangement with the University—Special Attention to German Language and Literature—German Literary Societies—The Buildings—The Founders of Cleveland Medical College—Its Organization as a Department of Western Reserve College— Erection of Buildings—First Faculty—Number of Graduates—Present Faculty--Hommopathic Hospieal College—Its Age—First Faculty—First -Building—The Riot—Removed to the Hights—Distinction and Prosperity—The Hospital— The Faculty of 1879—Medical Department of University of Wooster—Its Predecessor—The Faculty of 1870—Number of Graduates—The Faculty of 1879. BALDWIN UNIVERSITY. THIS institution had its origin in Baldwin Institute, which was established at Berea in 1844, and of which an account is given in the history of the township of Middleburg. The institute was transformed into a university in 1855. The new, as well as the old, institution was under the auspices of the Northern Ohio conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and like the old one, too, was due to the liberality of lIon. John Baldwin, who, at the time last mentioned, made a large donation of land and money, in addition to what he had .previously given to the institute. The first faculty of the university consisted of the following members: Rev. John Wheeler, A.M., president and professor of mental and moral science; Rev. Jeremiah Tingley, A.M., vice-president and professor of the natural sciences; Rev. William H. Barnes, A.B., professor of the Latin and Greek languages; Gaylord H. Hartupee, professor of mathematics. Besides the gentlemen named, Miss Rosanna Baldwin Was preceptress during the forepart of the year, and Miss Emily A. Covel during the latter part; Miss Eugenia A. Morrison was teacher of music, and Miss Sarah A. Storer of French, etc. The buildings transferred to the college by the institute were the Old Hall, built in 1845, and the South Hall, a three story edifice, finished in 1853. There was a preparatory department, which continued to attract the same class of students as had formerly attended the institute, but the college course proper had, for a time, comparatively few attendants, although the number steadily increased. For many years Mr. Baldwin regularly paid to the institution the interest on ten thousand dollars, which was applied to its support. In 1858 a German department was formed, under the management of O. Henning, Ph.D. After 1859, for several years, it was taught by the Rev. Jacob Rothweiler, and was remarkably successful, attracting a large and increasing number of students. In 1S63 the German Wallace college was founded, of which a sketch is given further on. In organization the two institutions are entirely separate, but they yet sustain very intimate relations with each other. Baldwin University instructs the students of both in Latin, mathematics and the natural sciences. German Wallace College performs a similar service for both sets of students in Greek, French and music. Members of each institution are admitted free to the reoitations in the other; these recitations being in English at the university, and in German at the college. It will be seen at once that this system furnishes an admirable method of giving the attendants of both establishments a thorough and scholarly knowledge of both the great languages mentioned, and the fact has been widely recognized, as is shown by the large number of youth who have sought the advantages named. In 1865 a college of pharmacy was established in connection with the university, but the number of those who desired to become practical druggists was not sufficient to justify the movement, and it has been abandoned. In 1868 another large hall was completed, called Hulet, in honor of Fletcher Hulet, Esq., a large beneficiary of the university. It is of stone, ninety feet by fifty-six, and two stories high, and contains a large chapel and five fine recitation rooms. In 1872 the old hall, built in 1845, was removed. A very fine large -hall, of stone, to be known as Ladies' Hall, is now in course of construction, which when completed will be one of the finest structures of the kind in the State. The preparatory department contains three classes, the junior, middle and senior; in which students are thoroughly instructed in the higher English branches and in the elements of the classics-are, in fact, in common parlance, prepared for college. There is also a scientific preparatory course of one year, in which the higher mathematics are substituted for Greek. The collegiate department comprises the ordinary four classes, freshmen, sophomore, junior and senior, but there are two courses, classical and scientific, running through them all. The former is the usual college course; in the latter Latin is made a subordinate study and Greek is entirely ignored in favor of German, or French, and the most abstruse branches of mathematics and natural science. All the departments and courses are open to both sexes. Not only are the two courses elective, but in the junior and senior years of each there are five or six studies prescribed, from which the student may elect three, proficiency in which insures a diploma. Whether this "go-as-you-please" way is conducive to sound and thorough culture is a question to be decided by time. The Rev. John Wheeler, A.M., was president of the university from 1855 to 1872; W. D. Godman, A. M., from 1872 to 1875, and Aaron Schuyler, LL.D., from 1875 to the present time. William C. Peirce, S.T.D., was vice president from 1860 to 1872; being also, at that time as well as now, professor of the natural sciences. The following is a list of the faculty for barrassment. Its supporters have labored on, how- COLLEGES - 203 the year ending in June, 1879; some of them, however, performing their labors in German Wallace College, according to the arrangement before mentioned: Aaron Schuyler, LL.D., president, and professor of philosophy and applied mathematics; William C. Peirce, S.T.D., professor (Emeritus) of natural science, and lecturer on the evidences of Christianity; Ellen II. Warner, A.M., preceptress, and professor of pure mathematics; Clara E. Schuyler, A.M., professor of rhetoric and English literature; Carl Riemenschneider, Ph.D., professor of the Greek language and literature; Archie M. Mattison, professor of the Latin language and literature; Victor Wilker, A.M., professor of German and French; James A. Dodge, Ph.D., professor of natural science; William K. Grannis, professor of instrumental and vocal music, and principal of -the commercial department; Mattie L. Bigelow, instructor in painting and drawing. GERMAN WALLACE COLLEGE. This literary and classical institution, located in the village of Berea, was founded in 1863, and was incorporated and opened in 1864. The board of trustees consists of thirteen members, four of whom are residents of the county. The first faculty was composed of the following persons: Rev. Wm. Nast, D. D., president; Rev. J. Rothweiler, vice president; P. W. Moshlech, Ph.D.; Albert Nast; Mary Hasenpflug. During the first collegiate year (1864-65) there were forty students in attendance; which number has of late increased to one hundred and twenty, one-sixth of whom are ladies. In 1867 Rev. J. Rothweiler, the first vice president and resident manager, was succeeded in office by Rev. F. Schuler, who held the position until 1873, when he was followed by the present incumbent, Rev. P. F. Schneider. Since 1874 there has been no change in the faculty, which is constituted as follows: Rev. William Nast, D.D., president; Rev. P. F. Schneider, vice president and resident manager; Carl Riemenschneider, Ph.D., professor of ancient languages; C. P. Paulus, D.D., professor of Biblical literature; Victor Wilker, A.M., professor of modern languages; Julius O. Berr, professor of music. The admirable arrangement, by which the students of this college and of Baldwin university are permitted to avail themselves of the privileges of both institutions; has been set forth in the sketch of the latter. Besides the branches ordinarily studied in colleges, the German language and literature are thoroughly taught here through the entire course, and as the instructors are native Germans, the facilities for acquiring a complete mastery of the German langu age arc not surpassed anywhere in the United States. Mane teachers of German in the public schools and in colleges have prepared themselves for their vocation in this institution. There are three German literary societies connected with the college; the Germania, the Schiller and the Bettina Verein, the latter being for ladies. The libraries are small, but contain some valuable German works. In the museum there is an excellent collection of minerals and fossils, part of which were presented by the eminent paleontologist, Herman Herzer. The following are the buildings belonging to the institution: Wallace Hall, presented by James Wallace, Esq., a brick edifice, containing the recitation rooms, the society rooms and the museum. The New Chapel, a beautiful new structure just finished, built of sandstone. It contains the church proper, in which services in German are held on Sunday, the chapel and the music rooms. Baldwin Hall, also of sandstone and presented by John Baldwin, Esq. It is occupied by male students, who have organized a boarding club there. The Ladies' Hall, a smaller brick edifice, in which most of the lady students reside. Besides these the college owns three dwelling houses occupied by members of the faculty. CLEVELAND MEDICAL COLLEGE. In the fall of 1843, Doctors John Delamater, Jared P. Kirtland, Starling, John L. Cassells and Noah Worcester, then members of the faculty of the medical college at Willoughby, (now in Lake county,) discussed the advisability of changing the location of that institution. Dr. Starling favored a removal to Columbus, while the others preferred Cleveland. As Dr. Starling owned a controlling interest, he carried the day and subsequently founded the Starling Medical College at Columbus. Doctors Delamater, Kirtland, Cassells and Worcester joined in establishing a medical college at Cleveland, and, being in too much haste to await the legal process of incorporation, applied to the Western Reserve College, located at Hudson, for organization under the charter of the latter, as its medical department. This privilege was accordingly granted, and the Cleveland Medical College has therefore been to this day the medical department of the Western Reserve College. The college building was erected on the corner of Erie and St. Clair streets, Cleveland, mainly with funds obtained through individual subscriptions in Cleveland; the deficit being made up by members of the faculty. By the conditions upon which the aid was supplied, the property now used for college purposes must always be devoted to similar uses and no other. The members of the first faculty, (in 1843,) were Doctors John Delamater, Jared P. Kirtland, Horace H. Ackley, John L. Cassells, Noah Worcester, Samuel St. John and Jacob J. Delamater. Of these, the last one named was the only one living on the 1st of August, 1879, at which time he was attached to the United States Medical Bureau at Washington. Since the organization of the college in 1843, the graduates have numbered thirteen hundred and forty-four. The highest number graduated in any one year was in 1849, when seventy-eight students received degrees; the lowest number was in 1865, when the total 204 - GENERAL HISTORY OF CUYAHOGA COUNTY. was only fifteen. The class of 1878–'79 numbered seventy-three, of whom twenty-five were graduated. The college faculty, in 1879, is composed of Doctors H. K. Cushing, Proctor Thayer, John Bennitt, Jacob Laisy, John E. Darby, E. W. Morley, Isaac N. limes, X. C. Scott, B. W. Holliday, Lewis Buffett, II. H. Powell, John F. Isom and W. W. Holliday. The dean of the faculty is Dr. John Bennitt. HOMOEOPATHIC HOSPITAL COLLEGE. This institution ranks in age next to the Cleveland Medical College, having been organized in 1849, and according to its last annual announcement it is, with one exception, the oldest Homoeopathic medical school in the world. At the first session of the college, in 1849-50 the yaculty was composed of the following: Chas. D. Williams (dean,) Storm Rosa, A. H. Bissell, Lewis Dodge, H. L. Smith, E. C. Witherell, John Brainard and L. K. Rosa. The Trustees were John Wheeler, Joel Tiffany, Dudley Baldwin, A. H. Brainard, Edward Wade, Thos. Brown, R. F. Paine, Amos Hutchinson, Geo. King, Benjamin Bissell, Samuel Raymond, Richard Hilliard, L. M. Hubby, Thos. Miller, A. O. Blair. The first college building was located at the corner of Prospect and Ontario streets, and there, in February, 1852, a very serious riot took place on account of the allegations of persons who declared that a deceased member of their family had been stolen from the grave and conveyed to the college for dissection. They awakened much sympathy among the Irish—to which nationality they belonged—and the exoitement reached such a pitch that one day a mob of full two thousand persons attacked and completely ruined the furniture, the library, and the inside of the college building. After that event the institution was removed to "the lights," and occupied the property previously known as the Humiston Institute, which the Faculty had purchased. There the college remained until 1873, when it was transferred to its present location, at No. 99 Prospect street; the edifice which it occupies having been originally used as a church. This college has enjoyed much distinction since its foundation, and with the exception before mentioned has been blessed with unvarying prosperity; having up to the close of the session of 1878-79, graduated ten hundred and fifty students. The Homoeopathic hospital, is under the exclusive control of the professors, and is open to the college students as a field for practical observation and experience. The matriculates of tile session of 1878-79 numbered one hundred and eight; the juniors, nine, and the graduates, twenty-five. The faculty of 1879 is named herewith: Drs. N. Schneider (dean,) John C: Saunders, H. H. Baxter, S. A. Boynton, G. F. Jones, W. A. Phillips, J. Pettet, J. Edwards Smith, H. F. Biggar, B. F. Gamber. The trustees are, Hon. George Willey, N. Schneider, W. H. Burridge, R. L. Willard, C. C. Baldwin, Hon. G. M. Barber, A. K Spencer, W. H. Price, Hon. J. M. Coffinberry, B. A. Hinsdale. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF WOOSTER. In 1870 the University of Wooster, having no medical department, resolved to create one, and, in pursuance of that project, arranged to continue the Charity Hospital Medical College of Cleveland as such department. The Charity Hospital Medical College (connected, as its name implies, with the Charity hospital, adjoining which its college building was located) was organized in 1864, and opened its first session on the 26th of October of that year. The faculty chosen in 1870 consisted of Dr. G. C. E. Weber, dean, and Drs. W. J. Scott, L. Firestone, W. H. Jones, James Dascomb, Colin Mackenzie, A. Metz, H. J. Herrick, C. W. Noble, J. F. Armstrong, A. C. Miller, F. J. Weed, D. B. Smith, and T. C. Miller. The institution has enjoyed marked prosperity and has received wide and deserved recognition. Since 1864, when the Charity Hospital College was founded, five hundred doctors of medicine have been graduated from the College, or "department," and they have taken quite as high rank in their profession as the alumni of any other medical school in the State. The collegiate year extends from the 1st of April to the 4th of March ensuing, and embraces a spring and a winter term. The plan of instruction includes lectures, clinics, recitations, quizzes and practical demonstrations, while, during the winter term, five to six practical lectures, illustrated with models, etc., are given daily. The faculty for 1879 comprises Dr. G. C. E. Weber, dean, and Drs. L. Firestone, W. J. Scott, H. J. Herrick, Jamin Strong, C. W. Noble, A. C. Miller, Joel Pomerene, D. B. Smith, H. W. Kitchen, T. C. Miller, J. H. Lowman, John Bolton and Wm. T. Corlette. CHAPTER XXXIX. VARIOUS SOCIETIES, ETC. Cuyahoga County Medical Society—Its Two Predecessors—Its Objects —Meetings—Present Officers—Academy of Medicine and Surgery— Its Origin—First Officers of the Cuyahoga County Medical Association—Change of Name—Objects—Present Officers—Cleveland Asylum for the Insane—Cause of its Construction—Passage of the Act—Various Additions—Destruction by Fire—The Asylum Rebuilt—Its Legal Capacity— Changes of Name—List of Superintendents —Present Officers—Northern Ohio Fair Association—Its Original Corporators- Amount of Stock—List of Directors—List of Officers—Its Fairs—Application of Profits--Amount of Expenditures—The Cleveland Club— Cuyahoga County Agricultural Society—Time of Organization—Successive Removals—Powerful Rivalry—Brighter Prospects—Present Officers— Western Reserve Historical Society—Organization and First Officers— Its Purposes —Location—Some of its Treasures—Acknowledgments. CUYAHOGA COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY. THIS organization was formed in 1873, by the amalgamation of the two societies known as the Cleveland Academy of Medicine and the Pathological Society; its object being, like those of its predecessors, to increase the professional knowledge of the members, to bring them into more intimate social relations with SOCIETIES - 205 each other, and to promote the improvement of the medical art. Its members number at present about fifty; their meetings being held semi-monthly at the rooms of the Young Men's Christian Association. The officers on the 1st of August, 1879, were as follows: Dr. P. H. Sawyer, president; Drs. C. C. Arms and J. H. Lowman, vice presidents; Dr. W. 0. Jenks, secretary; Dr. J. C. Preston, treasurer; Drs. W. J. Scott, F. C. Dutton and G. C. Ashman, censors. ACADEMY OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY. This society was organized in 1865, by members of the Homoeopathic school, as the Cuyahoga County Medical Association, with a membership of thirty- eight; the following being the first officers: Dr. John Wheeler, president; Dr. A. 0. Blair, vice president; Dr. G. W. Barnes, secretary; Dr. L. W. Sapp, treasurer. In 1872 the name was changed to the Academy of Medicine and Surgery, which is still retained. Its object is to advance the interests of medical science, and to promote the mutual improvement of its members. Meetings are held, as circumstances require in the Homoepathic Medical College and in the offices of the members of the society. The membership in August, 1879, was fifty; the officers being Dr. G. J. Jones, president; Dr. F. H. Barr, secretary and treasurer. CLEVELAND ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE. Although called the "Cleveland Asylum," this is a State institutions. We find that the origin of this asylum and that of the one at Dayton are substantially the same; the necessity that gave rise to the one compelled the erection of the other. In 1851 the asylum at Columbus was the only one in the State. It was then known as the "Ohio Lunatic Asylum," its name having since been changed several times, on the occasion of political changes in the State government. Its capacity was three hundred patients, or one to every six thousand six hundred and six per. sons in the State; in 1878 it was one to every seven hundred and sixty-one. There are now in the asylums of Ohio about three thousand five hundred patients. The principal arguments which induced the legislature to erect two new asylums for the insane were made by Dr. S. M. Smith, of Columbus. He estimated the Ohio insane in 1851 as two thousand, of which only three hundred were provided for. As a result of the recomendations of Dr. Smith and others, made at the sessions of 1851 and '52, the legislature passed an act on the 30th of April, in the latter year, providing for the erection of two additional lunatic asylums. An appropriation of one hundred and forty thousand dollars was made for the purpose, and Prof. H. A. Ackley and Messrs. E. B. Fee, D. B. Woods, Charles Cist and Edwin Smith were appointed the first board of trustees. At a meeting of the board held on the 9th of July, 1852, the Northern Asylum, by a vote of four to one, was located at Newburg (now Cleveland). Land was received from Dwight Jarvis for the purpose. The original contract for building the Newburg asylum was awarded to John Gill, of Cleveland, the price being sixty-nine thousand eight hundred dollars. On the 22d of June, 1854, Dr. L. Firestone was appointed superintendent of the asylum, which position he retained until 1856. Dr. C. M. Godfrey was appointed a member of the board controlling both asylums. The Newburg institution was opened for patients on the 5th of March, 1855. In 1860 and '61 the building was enlarged by the erection of wings on the east and west sides, increasing the capacity to three hundred and seventy-five persons; and in 1870 sufficient additions were made so that the asylum would accommodate five hundred and twenty-five patients. On Wednesday, September 25, 1872, a fire occurred by which the greater part of the building was destroyed. By this disaster all written records, statistics, books of account and other valuable papers of the institution were destroyed. The patients, five hundred and twenty-five in number, were removed to the asylums and benevolent institutions of the State, and maintained there until the erection of the new asylum. By an act of the legislature passed March 18,1873, the board of trustees was directed to build a new structure at a cost not exceeding five hundred and fifty thousand dollars, to be capable of accommodating six hundred and fifty patients. By recent legislation the trustees are directed to admit but one patient for each five hundred square feet (surface measure) of the building. By this law the number of patients is limited to six hundred. It is now filled to its utmost legal limit. The institution was originally designated as the "Northern Ohio Lunatic Asylum," by which name it was known until a change in the politics of the State in 1874. The name was then changed 'to "Northern Ohio Hospital for the Insane," and again, in 1876, to "Cleveland Hospital for the Insane." In 1878 the name was again changed to " Cleveland Asylum for the Insane," by which appellation the institution is now known. The several superintendents, with their terms of service, have been as follows: Dr. L. Firestone, 1854-5; Dr. R. C. Hopkins, 1356-7; Dr. Jacob Laisy, 1857-8-9; Dr. 0. H. Hendrick, 1859-60-1-2-3-4; Dr. Byron Stanton, 1864 5 6 7 8 9; Dr. J. M. Lewis, 1870-1-2-3-4; Dr. Lewis Slusser, 1875-6; Dr. Jamin Strong, 1877-8-9. The following are the present officers of the asylum : General James Barnett, Hon. A. McGregor, Dr. D. L. Wadsworth, John F. Perry, Esq., and A. P. Winslow, Esq., trustees; Jamin Strong, M.D., superintendent; John S. Marshall, M.D., first assistant physician; James D. Maxwell, M.D., second assistant physician; Jacob D.. Sherrick, M.D., third assistant physician; Charles W. Diehl, steward; Nettie L. Strong, matron. 206 - GENERAL HISTORY OF CUYAHOGA COUNTY. NORTHERN OHIO FAIR ASSOCIATION. The Northern Ohio Fair Association, though composed entirely of Cleveland men, was organized and is maintained for the purpose of encouraging the agricultural and manufacturing interests of the country at large, and more particularly those of the northern section of this State. The society was incorporated on the 26th of February, 1870, by the following gentlemen, all prominently identified with the business of Cleveland : Amasa Stone, Jr., J. II. Wade, J. P. Robison, W. S. Streator, S. D. Harris, A. Everett, Amos Townsend, William Bingham, D. A. Dangler, O. A. Childs, L. L. Hickox, O. H. Payne, A. Pope, W.' A. Fisher, William Collins, and Henry Nottingham. The capital stock of the Association was fixed at one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, all of which was immediately subscribed and paid in. The management of the enterprise was committed to the hands of twenty-three directors, one-third of whom are eleoted annually to hold office for the term of three years. The following is a list of the gentlemen who have served as directors of the Association for varying periods since its organization, in the order of their election, those marked thus f being now members of the board: Amasa Stone, Jr., Stillman Witt, John P. Robisont, John P. Ross, William Edwardst, Worthy S. Streatort, John S. Casement, George W. Howe +, Henry F. Clark, Daniel P. Rhodes, Abel W. Fairbankst, Edwin Cowles +, John R. Buchtel, Henry B. Paynet, George Westlake, James Barnettt, Albert Anent, David A. Dangler, Charles B. Pettengill, George H. Burt +, Henry Nottingham, Hiram C. Brockway, Lester L. Hickox, John Tod f, Oscar A. Childs, William W. Armstrong +, Oliver H. Payne, Pendleton G. Watmough, William J. McKinniet, Silas Merchant, Samuel Briggs +, Sylvester T. Everett +, George A. Baker +, William J. Gordon +, Stephen V. Harkness +, George W. Shortt, William H. McCurdy +, Jeptha H. Wadet, Geo: E. Armstrong. The officers since organization have been as follows: Presidents—Amasa Stone, Jr., 1870; W. S. Streator, 1871; J. P. Robison, 1872 to 1879. First Vice Presidents-J. P. Robison, 1870 and '71; D. A. Dangler, 1872; Geo. H. Best, 1873 to '79. Second Vice Presidents-W. S. Streator, 1870; D. A. Dangler, 1871; S. Witt, 1872 and '73; Geo. A. Baker, 1874 to '79. Treasurer—S. T. Everett, 1870 to '79. Corresponding Secretaries—S. D. Harris, 1870; Geo. W. Howe, 1871–'72; Samuel Briggs, 1873 to '79. Recording Secrotaries—Geo.W. Howe, 1870 to '72; W. J. McKinnie, 1873; Samuel Briggs, 1874 to '79. Nine fairs have been held by the Society, commencing in 1870, and including that of 1879. There was no exhibition held in 1877, as the "Centennial Exposition" at Philadelphia in 1876 was believed to have exhausted the people's desire for large exhibitions for at least one year. The dates of the several fairs have been as follows: October 3 to 7, 1870; September 12 to 16, 1871; September 10 to 14, 1872; September 29 to October 3, 1873; September 14 to 18, 1874; September 13 to 17, 1875; September 11 to 15, 1876; September 9 to 13, 1878; September 1 to 5, 1879. The exhibitions of the Association were very successful for the first four years, both as to the interest manifested and the financial results; the entire profits being applied to the improvement of the grounds and buildings, which now represent an aggregate cost, (including the capital stock,) of over two hundred thousand dollars. There has never been a fair held on the grounds of the society which was not seriously interfered with by stormy weather; but, notwithstanding this drawback to financial success, the Association has promptly met all its obligations, thereby adding materially to Cleveland's reputation for enterprise. From its organization to and including 1878, the following have been the chief items and amounts of moneys disbursed: For advertising and printing, $25,789; for general expenses, salaries and maintenance of grounds, $116,231; for premiums, $101,555— making a grand total of two hundred and forty-three thousand, five hundred and seventy-five dollars. THE CLEVELAND CLUB. This an organization composed of a portion of the directory of the Northern Ohio Fair Association and was formed in 1871, for the purpose of holding trotting and racing meetings annually at the Fair Grounds. These meetings have been uniformly successful, and are yearly increasing in interest. The club attained very high rank under the management of Mr. John Tod, its first presiding officer, and has lost none of its prestige under that of his successors. The following gentlemen are the present officers: William Edwards, president; George II. Burt, vice- president; S. T. Everett, treasurer; Samuel Briggs, secretary. CUYAHOGA COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. This association was organized and held its first fair in the year 1849. Unfortunately, the books relating to the earlier period of its existence have not been preserved, and we are unable to give the names of its first officers or the details ooncerning its career. For many years its fairs were held on Kinsman street (now Woodland avenue), Cleveland. The place of holding them was then removed to Newburg. After the organization of the Northern Ohio Fair Association in 1870, the exhibitions of that institution with its superior amount of capital, absorbed the interest of the people of Cleveland and vicinity to so great an extent that those of the county society seriously declined. Under these circumstances the latter removed its headquarters, in 1873, to Chagrin Falls, where its fairs have since been held. Even there it has suffered from the rivalry of its powerful neighbor, and has labored under serious financial em- THE NATIONAL GUARD, ETC - 207 ever, and feel confident that they have now passed the worst point, and that entire success will speedily crown their efforts. The present officers are William Stoneman, president; J. W. Collins, first vice-president; Edward Murfet, second vice-president; E. W. Force, secretary and treasurer. The premiums offered amount to about two thousand dollars. WESTERN RESERVE AND NORTHERN OHIO HISTORY MEDICAL SOCIETY. The association was organized at Cleveland on the 28th day of May, 1867. Its first officers were as follows: Col. Charles Whittlesey, president; M. B. Scott, vice-president; J. C. Buell, secretary; A. K. Spencer, treasurer; J. C. Buell and H. A. Smith, curators for one year; C. C. Baldwin and M. B. Scott, for two years; Joseph Perkins and Charles Whittlesey, for three years. Mr. Buell declined the secretaryship, and C. C. Baldwin was elected in his place. Col. Whittlesey has been annually re-elected president until the present time. The purposes of the society were declared to be " to discover, procure and preserve whatever relates to the history, biography, genealogy, antiquities and statistics of the Western Reserve, the State of Ohio and the Northwest." This design has thus far, under the faithful management of the officers of the society, been most zealously and successfully carried out. Under an arrangement with the Cleveland " Society for Savings," and the Cleveland Library Association, the Historical Society has the perpetual use of the third story of the stone building erected by the Society for Savings, situated on the north side of Monumental Square, Cleveland. This large and lofty hall is already crowded with historical material relating to Ohio and the Northwest, and with interesting relics pertaining to this and other regions. Here may be seen, besides a historical library of some three thousand bound volumes, complete files of several of the principal newspapers of Cleveland, and a large number of bound volumes of other newspapers; curiosities from all parts of the globe, including a remarkable collection of Oriental articles, presented by Col. W. P. Fogg; numerous relics of the Mound-builders and Indians; mementoes of the late oivil war and other national conflicts; some large, expensive and interesting books, such as Lord Kingsborough's Antiquities of Mexico, Professor Hayden's Portraits of Indian Chiefs, etc.; a very large collection of the coins of all countries, and a host of other articles, which lack of space forbids our mentioning here. There is also a collection of several hundred maps, and those of early date, relating to the West, are of especial interest. Among the numerous manuscripts, too, belonging to the society, are a large number relating to the early history of this region, and the writer takes pleasure in repeating the acknowledgement, made in the introduction to this work, of the liberality and cordiality with which these and other possessions of the institution have been opened to his examination during the prosecution of his labors. CHAPTER XL. THE NATIONAL GUARD, ETC. Fifteenth Regiment—Its Organization—First Officers—Services—Present Officers—Cleveland Light Artillery—Its Original Formation—The Regiment of 1860—Reorganization after the War--A Mysterious Fight— The New Light Areillery—Its Present Situation—The Cleveland Grays —The Original Company—The Officers of 1837—Officers of 1838—Its high Reputation— Lapsed after 1815 -Again Active—Reorganized since the War —Present Condition — Cleveland Gatling-Gun Battery— Its Formation—Armory—Power of the Gatlings—First Cleveland Troop-- First Officers—Their New Armory—Conclusion. FIFTEENTH REGIMENT (O. N. G.) EARLY in 1877 Colonel A. T. Brinsmade, of Cleveland, an aid on Governor Hayes' staff, received a letter from Adjutant General Charles W. Carr, in which he incidentally remarked: "I think you ought to have a regiment in Cleveland." Pleased with the suggestion, Colonel Brinsmade set about carrying it into effect, and to two unattached companies of the National Guard-the Brooklyn Blues, of Brooklyn, and the Emmett Guards, of Cleveland—already in existence, were promptly added the Veteran Guards, Forest City Guards, Townsend Guards, and Buckeye Guards, all of Cleveland, and the complement of six companies being thus filled they were organized in June, 1877, as the Fifteenth regiment of infantry of the Ohio National Guard, with the following field and staff officers: Allen T. Brinsmade, colonel; George A. McKay, lieutenant colonel; Henry Richardson, major; John F. Gibson, M.D., surgeon; R. W. Stannard, M.D., assistant surgeon; George B. Huston, adjutant; George D. Scott, quartermaster; Rev. James A. Bolles, chaplain. Shortly after the organization of the regiment, the maximum number of ten companies was reached by the accession of the Hart Guards of Elyria, Chagrin Falls Guards of Chagrin Falls, Washington Guards of Cleveland, and Berea Light Guards of Berea. In July, 1877, the regiment was ordered to Newark, Ohio, to take part in suppressing the disturbances created by actors in the great railway strike of that year, but, as the men were unsupplied with arms, the order was countermanded. On the 2nd of August following, the mayor of Cleveland called on the Fifteenth to assist in preserving the peace in Cleveland when the railway-strike troubles threatened to take a serious turn in the city. The command secured rifles enough to arm five companies, and assembled on Michigan street between seven and ten o'clock on the morning of August 2d, prepared for action, but happily the clouds of unrest blew over, and the soldiers were this. missed. Since the regimental organization, each company has occupied quarters of its own, but the city of Cleveland is now building, on Champlain street, a fine brick armory for the use of the National Guard, to cost twenty-eight thousand dollars, and according to indications it will be occupied by the Fifteenth regiment late in the fall of 1879. The regiment included on the 1st of August, 1879, ten companies, six of which were 208 - GENERAL HISTORY OF CUYAHOGA COUNTY. from Cleveland, with six hundred and twenty-eight men, rank and file, and a fine band of nineteen pieces. The officers at that time were as given here: Allen T. Brinsmade, colonel; George A. McKay, lieutenant colonel; Henry Richardson, major; George D. Huston, adjutant; R. F. Thompson, quartermaster; John F. Gibson, M.D., surgeon; R. F. Walters, M.D., assistant surgeon; Rev. James A. Bolles, chaplain. Company A (Emmett Guards)—William Kelly, captain; C. D. Nolan, first lieutenant; John W. Breen, second lieutenant. Company B (Brooklyn Blues)—T. K. Dissette, captain; William C. Towns, first lieutenant; Benjamin F. Storer, second lieutenant. Company. C. (Veteran Guards)—Daniel Fovargue, captain; Robert S. Avery, first lieutenant; William Richardson, second lieutenant. Company D (Forest City Guards)—George A. Fisk, captain; H. W. Fisher, first lieutenant; Alexander H. Van Pelt, second lieutenant. Company E (Townsend Guards)—John W. Francisco, captain; Thomas I. Morrow, first lieutenant; George Eastbrook, second lieutenant. Company F (Buckeye Guards)—John D. Castle, captain; John Hudson, first lieutenant; J. A. Tinker, second lieutenant. Company G (Hart Guards of Elyria)—George D. Williams, captain; F. N. Smith, first lieutenant; S. T. Sawyer, second lieutenant. Company H (Chagrin Falls Guards)—E. W. Force, captain; L. 0. Harris, first lieutenant; A. A. Sheffield, second lieutenant. Company I (Washington Guards)—George C. Dodge, Jr., captain; George Davis, first lieutenant; Frederick Lehman, second lieutenant. Company K (Berea Light Guards)—E. J. Kennedy, captain; William H. Broa, first lieutenant. The regiment had its first annual six days' encampment at Rocky River in July, 1878, and its second one beginning August 19, 1879. CLEVELAND LIGHT ARTILLERY (O. N. G.) This company is a revival of the old Cleveland Light Artillery of thirty-three years ago, and contains among its members men who were members of the original organization. The latter came into existence in January, 1846, when what had been previously known as the gun-squad of the Cleveland Grays organized, with sixteen members, as the Cleveland Light Artillery. D. L. Wood was elected captain; W. A. Lawrence, lieutenant; John Walworth, clerk; and W. L. Standart, commissary. There were at first but two guns in the battery, but these were in a short time increased to four, while the number of men was raised to forty. In 1860 the organization was, under the State law, divided into four companies with one gun each, and then, with one company each from Brooklyn and Geneva, composed what was known as the First regiment of Light artillery, under Col. Jas. Barnett. The service of this force in the beginning of the war for the Union is noticed in the chapter devoted to the First Volunteer Light Artillery. After the war closed, members of the old artillery organization made several unsuccessful efforts to restore the organization, but it was not until 1872 that the object was effected. In May of that year, Capt. Louis Smithnight, an old member of the artillery, and a volunteer soldier, received from the Alleghany arsenal a six pound brass cannon, marked "Capt. Louis Smithnight, Cleveland Light Artillery," but who the donor was, he did not know. This circumstance led him to attempt a revival of the "Artillery," and at the first meeting held at his residence, the project was accomplished, and forty members signed the roll. Besides the gun above referred to, the battery was supplied with an iron six-pounder, captured by Col. Barnett's three months regiment above mentioned, at the battle of Carrick's Ford, West Virginia, July 13, 1861. Later, that gun was set, as a war relic, upon Monumental Park, Cleveland, where it may still be seen. Up to May 20, 1873, the artillery was an independent organization, but on that date it was enrolled in the State militia, and forms now a portion of the Ohio State National Guard. In the Adjutant General's report of 1877 he remarks: "In all that constitutes a first class organization, the Cleveland Light Artillery is a model." The company now includes seventy-three men, rank and file, and has a battery of four brass six-pounders, while its equipment is so complete that it could take the field at once, if called upon—all the property save the guns belonging to the company. The armory is now on Frankfort street, but the location will be changed to the new city armory on its completion in the fall of 1879. The officers of the Artillery are Louis Smithnight, captain; F. H. Flick and W. H. Reynolds, lieutenants; N. P. Sackrider, surgeon. The officers in 1872 were the same, with the exception that F. H, Flick who was then second lieutenant has succeeded Nicholas Schrob as first lieutenant, and W. Reynolds followed Flick as second lieutenant. CLEVELAND GRAYS. The military company known as the Cleveland Grays is considered as practically the same organization that was called into existence under the same name July 12, 1838. T here have been one or two periods, of a few years each, during which the Grays failed to assemble as a company, but the command was never formally disbanded and in each case was ere long revived. This company was first organized August 28, 1837, as the Cleveland City Guards, being the pioneer military company of Cleveland. Timothy Ingraham was chosen captain; A. S. Sanford, first lieutenant; and Benjamin Harrington, second lieutenant; with George W. Lewis, E. Sanford, J. Gillett and T. P. Spencer as sergeants, and W. B. THE NATIONAL GUARD, ETC - 209 Dockstader, R. W. McNeil, R. Sheldon, and W. H. Snow as corporals. On the 7th of June, 1838, it was resolved to change the name of the company to the Cleveland Grays, and under the new organization the first election was held July 12, 1838, when the officers chosen were: Timothy Ingraham, captain; A. S. Sanford, David Russell and Jonathan Gillett, lieutenants; E. Sanford, Bushnell White, W. B. Dockstader and D. W. Cross, sergeants; W. K. Adams, S. A. Fairchild, B. B. Hastings, Theo. Umbstaeter, Andrew Lyttle, Jas. A. Craw, and Y. H. Russell, corporals. The company made its first parade (in new uniforms) November 29, 1838, and then numbered twenty-eight rank and file: The "Grays" was a famous company and included as members many of the foremost men in the town; men, too, who are to-day among the leading representative citizens of Cleveland. In the exercise of arms it was a claimant for the highest honors, and on more than one occasion established by public test its superiority over all other companies in the State, in drill and discipline. Shortly after 1845 the Grays lapsed into a state of inactivity, and for some time there was no tangible evidence of the existence of the organization, but a revival set in in 1852 and the "Grays" flourished vigorously until after the company's service in the war, when its identity was lost until the close of the rebellion. It was then reorganized and since that time has been uninterruptedly in active existence. The command now numbers sixty-eight, rank and file, is armed with Springfield muzzle-loading rifles, and is, as it has always been, an independent military organization. It occupies an armory on Frankfort street with the Light Artillery, but upon the completion of the new city armory, will be assigned quarters in that building. The officers of the Grays are J. N. Frazee, captain; J. H. Miller and W. C. Morrow, lieutenants; Rev. C. S. Pomeroy, chaplain; Geo. S. Tibbitts, judge advocate; II. W. Kitchen, surgeon. CLEVELAND GATLING-GUN BATTERY. Late in 1877 General Barnett, Major Goodspeed and other of Cleveland's citizens agitated the subject of forming a battery in pursuance of the purpose of the city in purchasing two Gatling-guns, and, as the result of several preliminary meetings, the Cleveland Gatling-Gun Battery was organized June 26, 1878, by Messrs. W. F. Goodspeed, Frank Wilson, Thomas Goodwillie, Wm. II. Harvey, L. C. Hanna, John A. Norton, John R. Ranney, Chas. A. Uhl, J. F. Evans, R. W. Hickox and J. A. Kirkwood. In the preamble to the constitution they set forth the following: "The citizens of Cleveland having provided Gatling guns, with the object of perfecting a battery in the use of the same, we, the subscribers, having accepted the gift, and believing that proficiency in the use of this arm is best attained by associating ourselves together as an independent military organization, do hereby adopt for our government the following constitution and by-laws." An old church building, at the corner of Prospect and Perry streets, was secured as an armory, and under the experienced direction of Captain Goodspeed, the company entered at once upon a rigid system of drill, which, having since been pursued with unflagging energy, has brought the command to a gratifying standard of proficiency. The old armory is still used, but is likely to be replaced ere long by a fine armory building, the erection of which is now contemplated by the battery. The members of this organization, numbering at present twenty-eight, are men prominent in Cleveland's business and social circles, whose aim in one respect is to maintain the membership of the battery in an elevated social position. The command is perfectly equipped, is a thoroughly independent organization, and owns everything connected with the battery. The guns, as has been noted, were donated by the city of Cleveland. They are of forty- five inch calibre, and are capable of firing one thousand shots per minute. The officers (the same now as at the company's organization) are W. F. Goodspeed, captain; Frank Wilson, lieutenant; Thomas Goodwillie, orderly sergeant; J. Ford Evans, quartermaster-sergeant. FIRST CLEVELAND TROOP. Early in the autumn of 1877, a number of Cleveland's representative men discussed the advisability of adding another to the city's military organizations, and a call being issued for a meeting of business men interested in the project, a liberal gathering of prominent citizens in Weisgerber's Hall, September 10, 1877, was the result. Col. W. H. Harris was the chairman, and Dr. Frank Wells, the secretary, and after a decision by the assemblage that a cavalry company should be organized—on account of there being no such command in the city--an adjournment was voted until October 10th following. On this occasion the organization was perfected by the election of W. H. Harris as captain, E. S. Meyer as first lieutenant; G. A. Garrettson as second lieutenant, Charles D. Gaylord as first sergeant, and Frank Wells as surgeon. The name of First Cleveland Troop was adopted, and the roll was signed by forty members who, in the preamble to the Constitution, declared that their object in effecting the organization was " to perfect themselves in horsemanship, in the use of arms and in military exercise." Temporary quarters were occupied in Weisgerber's Hall until the winter of .1878, when the Troop took possession of a fine brick armory which was built by the company with its own resources, and Completed in December, 1878. This structure, located on Euclid avenue between Sterling and Case avenues, measures one hundred and fifty feet by fifty, and is substantially built and perfeotly appointed. The organization now includes sixty active and twenty honorary mem- 210 - GENERAL HISTORY OF CUYAHOGA COUNTY. hers, with constantly increasing numbers, and is officered as follows: W. H. Harris, captain; G. A. Garrettson, first lieutenant; Charles D. Gaylord, second lieutenant; Rev. C. T. Collins, chaplain; N. S. Schneider, surgeon, the commissioned officers being West Point graduates. Weekly drills are held the year round-dismounted drills only, with carbines and sabers during the winter season. The Troop stands high as a body representing culture and intelligence, and includes in its ranks some of the best known merchants, bankers and prfessional men in Cleveland. It is an absolutely independent command, and is the only independent cavalry organization in Ohio. Financially it rests upon a firm foundation, owning the armory, and everything pertaining to the company's equipment. The arms arc the regulation United States cavalry sabre and Sharp's improved carbine, model of 1878. Were sudden occasion to arise, the Troop is in such condition that it could take the field at an hour's notice. CHAPTER XLI. CENSUS NOTES. Table of 1870, 1860 and 1850-Table of 1840-Totals in Seven Decades- Other Memoranda-Agricultural Statistics CHARTS NOT SHOWN. CHAPTER XLII. CUYAHOGA COUNTY CIVIL LIST. Governors-Lieutenant Governors-Judges of Supreme Court-Clerks of Supreme Court-Members of Board of Public Works-State Officers-Residents after Election-United States Senator- Representatives in Congress-Judges of Common Pleas-Judges of Probate Court-Clerk of Common Pleas-Clerks of County Commissioners-Auditors -Sheriffs-Treasurers-Recorders-Surveyors-State Senators-Representatives in the State Assembly-Members of Constitu tional Conventions. GOVERNORS. Samuel Huntington, resided in Cleveland from 1803 to 1806; removed to Newburg in 1806, and from there to Painesville in 1807; served as governor one term, 1808-10, Reuben Wood, of Cleveland, the last governor under the first constitution and the first under the second one; served a term, 1850-52, was re-elected, and in 1853 resigned to accept a foreign mission. John Brough, of Cleveland, inducted January, 1864; died in office August 29, 1865. LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS. 1872-73-Jacob Mueller, Cleveland. 1878-79-Jabez W. Fitch, Cleveland. CUYAHOGA COUNTY CIVIL LIST - 211 JUDGES OE THE SUPREME COURT. Samuel Huntington; elected by the legislature and commissioned by Governor Tiffin April 2, 1803. Resigned December 5, 1808. Reuben Wood; elected by the legislature in 1833. Resigned in 1845. Rufus P. Ranney; elected by the legislature (the last under the old constitution) March 17,. 1851; vice Edward Avery, resigned. In October, of the same year, was re-elected by the people. Resigned in 1856. The next year removed from Warren to Cleveland. In 1862 was again elected to the bench and resigned rn 1864. CLERKS OF THE SUPREME COURT. Arnold Green, Cleveland; 1875-78. Richard J. Fanning, Cleveland, present incumbent, MEMBER OF BOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS. Peter Thatcher, Cleveland; 1876-79. STATE OFFICERS -Not residents at election, but subsequently residents of the county. Alphonse Hart, Cleveland; Lieutenant Governor, 1874-76. W. W. Armstrong, Cleveland; Secretary of State. 1863-65. Anson Smythe, Cleveland; School Commissioner, 1857-63. UNITED STATES SENATOR. In 1809 Senator Edward Tiffin resigned, and Governor Huntington appointed Stanley Griswold, of Cleveland, for the unexpired term, which included but a part of one session. REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. 1837-41, John W. Allen. 1841-43, Sherlock J. Andrews. 1853-61, Edward Wade. 1861-63, Albert G. Riddle. 1863-69, Rufus P. Spaulding. 1873-75, Rich'd C. Parsons. 1875-77, Henry B. Payne. 1877-79, Amos Townsend. All residents of Cleveland at time of their election. JUDGES OF UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT With date of appointment. Hiram V. Willson, February 20, 1855. UNITED STATES MARSHALS. Jabez W. Fitch, appointed March 20, 1855; Matthew -Johnson, ; Noyes B. Prentiss, February, 1872 (present incumbent.) CLERK OF UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT. Earl Bill, March 22, 1867, present incumbent. UNITED STATES DISTRICT ATTORNEYS. R. F. Payne, Moses Kelley, F. J. Dickman, George Willey. UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS With date of appointment. Joseph Adams, March 20, 1855; John C. Grannis, March 30, 1855, to May 12, 1859; Henry H. Dodge, May 22, 1857, to May 15, 1863; James D. Cleveland, December 16, 1857, to May 15, 1863; Samuel D. Starkweather, Jr., July 14, 1858, to May 15, 1863; Bushnell White, May 12, 1859, to May 15, 1863; Chester Hayden, February 12, 1859; J. D. Cleveland, May 15, 1863; Bushnell White, May 15, 1863; F. W. Green, July 29, 1863; H. S. Sherman, April 2, 1867, J. F. Herrick, June 12, 1867; Earl Bill, June 21, 1867; Charles H. Robinson, October 7, 1867, to May 14, 1877; F. M. Keith, Jr., July 27, 1869; Charles L. Weeks, September 10, 1869, to May 14, 1877; Charles H. Bill, January 11, 1871; N. P. Goodhue, April 10, 1874; Clifton B. Beach, April 10, 1874; L. M. Schwan, April 15, 1874; T. E. Burton, August 31, 1875; Adolphus Alexander, July 15, 1876; George Wyman, May 11, 1877; Charles W. Guernsey, May 11, 1877; Charles Balfour, November 12, 1877; Julius G. Pomerene, November 28, 1877; A. J. Ricks, March 22, 1878; E. W. Page, March 22, 1878. JUDGES OF THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS-Appointed for Seven Years by the Governor, with date of Appointment : Benjamin Ruggles, of St. Clairsville, (Belmont Co.), June 6, 1810; Nathan Perry, Cleveland, June 6, 1810; Augustus Gilbert, Cleveland, June 6, 1810; Timothy Doane, Euclid (now East Cleveland), June 6, 1810; Erastus Miles, Newburg, March 2, 1814; Elias Lee, Euclid, March 3, 1814; George Tod, Youngstown, (Mahoning Co.), November 2, 1815; John H. Strong, Cleveland, May 28, 1817; Thomas Card, Willoughby, (now Lake Co.), February 8, 1819; Samuel Williamson, Cleveland, February 5, 1821 ; George Tod, Youngstown, reappointed February 24, 1823; Isaac M. Morgan, Brecksville, February 26, 1824; Nemiah Allen, Willoughby, February 8, 1825; Samuel Williamson, Cleveland, reappointed February 5, 1828; Reuben Wood, Cleveland, March 29, 1830; Watrous Usher, Olmstead, February 26, 1831; Simeon Fuller, Willoughby, April 9, 1832; Matthew Birchard, Warren, (Trumbull Co.), April 22, 1833; Eben Hosmer, Newburgh, October 6, 1834; Josiah Barber, Brooklyn, March 17, 1835; Van R. Humphrey, Hudson, (Summit Co.), March 2, 1837; Samuel Cowles, Cleveland, September 18, 1837; Daniel Warren, Warrensville, February 8, 1838; Frederick Whittlesey, Cleveland, February 27, 1838; John W. Willey, Cleveland, February 18, 1840; Reuben Hitchcock, Painesville, (Lake Co.), July 14, 1841; Benjamin Bissell, Painesville, January 22, 1842; Asher M. Coe, Dover, February 9, 1842; Joseph Hayward, Cleveland, February 9, 1842; Thomas M. Kelley, Cleveland, February 24, 1845; Philemon Bliss, Elyria, (Lorain Co.), February 24, 1849; Quintus F. Atkins, Cleveland, March 6, 1849; Benjamin Northrup, Strongsville, March 6, 212 - GENERAL HISTORY OF CUYAHOGA COUNTY Samuel Starkweather, Cleveland, January 16, 1851. Elected by the People for Five Years, with Year of Election: Horace Foote, Cleveland, 1853; Thomas Bolton, Cleveland, 1856; Jesse P. Bishop, Cleveland, 1856; Horace Foote, re-elected 1858; Thomas Bolton, reelected 1861; James M. Coffinberry, Cleveland, 1861; Horace Foote, re-elected 1863; Samuel B. Prentiss, Cleveland, 1866; Horace Foote, re-elected 1868; Robert F. Paine, Cleveland, 1869; Samuel B. Prentiss, re-elected 1871; Darius Cad well, Cleveland, 1873; G. M. Barber, Cleveland, 1875; J. M. Jones, Cleveland, 1875; E. T. Hamilton, Cleveland, 1875; J. H. Mc- Math, Cleveland-,1875; Samuel B. Prentiss, re-elected 1876; Darius Cadwell, Cleveland, re-elected 1878. JUDGES OF THE PROBATE COURT.—Elected by the people for three years, with year of their election. Flavel W. Bingham, Cleveland, 1851; Daniel R. Tilden, Cleveland, 1854; continuously re-elected to the present time. PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS.—.Appointed by the Court of Common Pleas, with date of appointment. Peter Hitchcock, Burton, (Geauga County) June 6, 1810; Alfred Kelley, Cleveland, November 7, 1810; Leonard Case, Cleveland, June 1, 1825; Sherlock J. Andrews, Cleveland, May 15, 1830; Varnum J. Card, Cleveland, November 5, 1832. Elected by the people for two years. with year of election. Varnum J. Card, 1833, and again in 1835; Simeon Ford, Cleveland, 1837; Thomas Bolton, Cleveland, 1839; F. T. Backus, Cleveland, 1841, and again in 1843; Bushnell White, Cleveland, 1845; Stephen I. Noble, Cleveland, 1847; Joseph Adams, Cleveland, 1849; Samuel Adams, Cleveland, 1851; Samuel Williamson, Cleveland, 1853; A. G. Riddle, Cleveland, 1855; Loren Prentiss, Cleveland, 1857; A. T. Slade, Newburg; 1859; Bushnell White, Cleveland, 1861; Charles W. Palmer, Cleveland, 1863; M. S. Castle, Cleveland, 1865; J. M. Jones, Cleveland, 1867; E. P. Slade, Cleveland, 1869; Homer B. De Wolf, Cleveland, 1871; William Robison, Cleveland, 1873; Samuel M. Eddy, Cleveland, 1875; John C. Hutchins, Cleveland, 1877. CLERKS OF COURT OF COMMON PLEAS.—Appointed by the Court. John Walworth, Cleveland, June 6, 1810; Horace Perry, Cleveland, November. 14, 1812; re-appointed for seven years March 3, 1814, again November 10, 1820, and a third time October 16, 1827; Harvey Rice, Cleveland, October 17, 1834; Aaron Clark, Cleveland, October 19, 1841; Frederick Whittlesey, Cleveland, November 11, 1841; Aaron Clark, Novem- Elected by the people for three years, with year of election. James D. Cleveland, Cleveland, 1851; John Barr, Cleveland, 1854; Roland D. Noble, Cleveland, 1857; Frederick J. Prentiss, Cleveland, 1860, and re-elected in 1863; Frederick S. Smith, Cleveland, 1866; and again in 1869; Benjamin S. Cogswell, Cleveland, 1872; Wilbur F. Hinman, Cleveland, 1875; re-elected in 1878. COUNTY COMMISSIONERS--Elected by the people for three years. Jabez Wright, Cleveland, 1810; Nathaniel Doane, Cleveland, 1810; Erastus Miles, Newburg, 1811; Philo Taylor, Dover, 1813; Samuel S. Baldwin, Newburg, 1813; Samuel Dodge, Cleveland, 1814; Jared Pritchard, Cleveland, 1815; Theodore Miles, Newburg, 1815; Samuel Williamson, Cleveland, 1818; Thomas Card, Willoughby (now Lake Co.), 1818; Datus Kelley, Rockport, 1819; John Shaw, Euclid, 1819; Isaac M. Morgan, Brecksville, 1821; Lemuel Hoadley, Cleveland, 1822; Simon Fuller, Willoughby, 1823; David Long, Cleveland, appointed to fill a vacancy in 1824, and afterward elected same year; Noah Crocker, Dover, 1825; Johathan Fisher, Indepence, 1825; Philo Scovill, Cleveland, 1827; Jonathan Fisher, re-elected, 1828; Leverett Johnson, Dover, 1829; Job Doan, Cleveland, 1830; John B. Stewart, Royalton, 1831; Samuel Mcllrath, Cleveland, 1832; Seth S. Handerson, Newburg, 1833; David Harvey, Strongsville, 1834; Jonathan Fisher, Independence,, 1835; Samuel McIlrath, Cleveland, 1836; John B. Stewart, Royalton, 1837; Diodate Clark, Brooklyn, 1838; Moses Jewett, Newburg, 1839, Vespasian Stearns, Olmsted, 1840; Diodate Clark, reelected; 1841; Noah Graves, Chagrin Falls, 1842, Theodore Breck, Brecksville, 1843; Diodate Clark, re-elected, 1844; Ezra Eddy, Mayfield, 1845; Alva H. Brainard, Newburg, 1846; Diodate Clark, re-elected, 1847; Ezra Eddy, re-elected, 1848, Jason Bradley, Dover, 1849; Diodate Clark, re-elected, 1850; John Welsh, East Cleveland, 1851; Jason Bradley, reelected, 1852; Melanchton Barnett, Cleveland, 1853; Francs Branch, Brooklyn, 1854; William W. Richards, Solon, 1855; Azariah Everett, Cleveland; 1856; Francis Branch, re-elected, 1857; William W. Richards, re-elected, 1858; Azariah Everett, re-elected, 1859; John Barnum, Rockport, 1860; David Hoege, Mayfield, 1861; Randall Crawford, Cleveland, 1862; John Barnum, re-elected, 1863; Charles Force, Chagrin Falls, 1864; Randall Crawford, re-elected, 1865; Marius Moore, Dover, 1866; David Hoege, Mayfield, 1867; Randall Crawford, re-elected, 1868; John Geissendorfer, Independence, 1869; David Hoege, reelected, 1870; Randall Crawford, re-elected, 1871; Charles Jackson, Orange, appointed to fill a vacancy, 1872; John Geissendorfer, re-elected, 1872; Charles CUYAHOGA COUNTY CIVIL LIST - 313 Jackson, 1873; George A. Schlatterbeck, Cleveland, 1874; Philander B. Gardner, Berea, 1875; Charles Jackson, re-elected, 1876; George A. Schlatterbeck, re-elected, 1877; Josiah W. Hurst, Dover, 1878.. CLERKS OF THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. -Appointed by the Board. Jabez Wright, Cleveland, 1810; Erastus Miles, Newburg, 1811; Nathaniel Doane, Cleveland, 1812; Samuel S. Baldwin, Newburg, 1813; Nathaniel Doane, 1814; Theodore Miles, Newburg, 1815, again in 1816 and 1817; Samuel Dodge, Cleveland, 1818; I. B. Lee, Cleveland, 1818, and again in 1819 and 1820; John Shaw, Euclid, 1821; Leonard Case, Cleveland, 1821. From this period the duties of the clerk devolved upon the county auditor, ex-officio. AUDITORS- Elected by the people for two years, with year of election. Leonard Case, Cleveland, 1822; John W. Willey, Cleveland, 1824; re-elected in 1826; Orville B. Skinner, Cleveland, 1828; re-elected in 1830 and 1832; Aryls S. Chapman, Cleveland, appointed to fill vacancy, 1834; Samuel Williamson, Cleveland, 1834; reelected in 1836, 1838 and 1840; James A. Briggs, Cleveland, 1842; re-elected in 1844 and 1846; D. R. Whipple, Cleveland, 1848; Albert Clark, Cleveland, appointed for unexpired term 1848; re-elected in 1850; Charles Winslow, Cleveland, 1852; William Fuller, Brooklyn, 1854; re-elected in 1856 and 1858; Henry C. Hawkins, Cleveland, 1860; re-elected in 1862; Ansel Roberts, Cleveland, 1864; re-elected in 1866; William S. Jones, Cleveland, 1868; re-elected in 1870 and 1872; L. D. Benedict, Cleveland, appointed to fill vacancy 1874; elected also 1875; L. F. Bauder, Cleveland, elected to a term of three years, 1877. SHERIFFS— Appointed by the Court of Common Pleas. Smith S. Baldwin, Cleveland, 1810-13; Harvey Murray, Cleveland, 1813, one month; Eben Homer, Newburg, 1813-17; Enoch Murray, Cleveland, 1817-19; Seth Doan, Cleveland, 1819-24; James S. Clark, Euclid, 1824-30. Elected by the people for two years with date of assuming office. A. S. Barnum, Rockport, November 1, 1834; Seth S. Henderson, Newburg, November 1, 1836; re-elected 1838; Madison Miller, Cleveland, November 1, 1840; re-elected 1842; Huron Beebe, Cleveland, November 1, 1844; re-elected 1846; Elias S. Root, Cleveland, November 1, 1848; Alva II. Brainard, Bedford, November 1, 1850; Seth A. Abbey, Cleveland, November 4, 1852; Miller M. Spangler, November 6, 1854; reelected 1856; David L. Wightman, Warrensville, January 3, 1859; James A. Craw, Cleveland, January 7, 1861; Edgar II. Lewis, Cleveland, January 5, 1863; Felix Nicola, Cleveland, January 2, 1865; re-elected 1866; John N. Frazee, Cleveland, January 4, 1869; re-elected 1870; Pardon B. Smith, Cleveland, January 6, 1873; A. P. Winslow, Cleveland, January 2, 1875; John M. Wilcox, Cleveland, January 1, 1877; reelected to begin January 1st, 1879. TREASURERS— Appointed by the County Commissioners, with time of service. Asa Dille, Cleveland; 1810-11. Erastus Miles, Newburg; 1811-14. David Long, Cleveland, 181416. Daniel Kelley, Cleveland, 1816-28. Elected by the people for two years, with year of election. Gains Burk, Newburg, 1828; re-elected in 1830. Edward Baldwin, Cleveland, 1832; re-elected in 1834, '36, '38, '40 and '42. De Witt Clinton Bald win, Cleveland, appointed for unexpired term, 1843; Mclanethon Barnett, Cleveland, 1844; re-elected in 1846 and '48. George C. Dodge, Cleveland, 1850; reelected in 1852 and '54. William Waterman, Cleveland, 1856; re-elected in 1858. Harvey Burke, Newburg, 1860. A. M. Burke, Newburg, appointed to fill vacancy, 1861. Henry S. Whittlesey, Cleveland, 1862; re elected in 1864. Joseph Turney, Newburg, 1866; re-elected in 1868. Frank Lynch, Cleveland, 1869 (year of election changed); re-elected in 1871. F. W. Pelton, Cleveland, 1873; re-elected in 1875. Moses G. Watterson, Cleveland, 1877. RECORDERS- Appointed by the Court of Common Pleas, with time of service. John Walworth, Cleveland, 1810-12. Horace Perry, Cleveland, 1812-34. Elected by the people for three years, with year of election. Joseph B. Bartlett, Cleveland, 1834; re-elected in 1837. James B. Finney, Cleveland, 1840. William Richards, Cleveland, 1843; re-eleoted in 1846.. Charles Winslow, Cleveland, 1849. Lee Ford, Bedford, 1852. John Packard, Cleveland, 1855; reelected 1858. James Brokenshire, Cleveland, 1861. Benjamin Lamson, Bedford, 1864; re-elected 1867. Edward H. Bohm, Cleveland, 1870; re-elected 1873; Asa M. Vansickle, Independence, 1876. SURVEYORS— Appointed by the Court of Common Pleas, with timc of service. Samuel S. Baldwin, Newburg, 1810-1823; Edwin Foote, Brooklyn, 1823-1828; Ahaz Merchant, Cleveland, 1828-1833. Elected by the people for three years, with year of election. Ahaz Merchant, Cleveland, 1833; William R. Coon, Dover, 1836; William H. Knapp, Independence, 1839; re-elected in 1842; Ahaz Merchant, Cleveland, 1845; re-elected 1848; J. C. Saxton, East Cleveland, 1851; Aaron Merchant, Cleveland, 1854; re-elected 214 - GENERAL HISTORY OF CUYAHOGA COUNTY. in 1857, 1860, 1863, and 1866; John M. Ackley, Brooklyn, 1869; re-eleoted in 1872; C. H. Burgess, Cleveland, 1875; re-elected 1878. STATE SENATORS. 1803, Samuel Huntington, Cleveland; 1821-22, Alfred Kelley, Cleveland; 1823-24, Jabez Wright, Cleveland; 1825-29, Reuben Wood, Cleveland; 183032, John W. Willey, Cleveland; 1833-34, Frederick Whittlesey, Cleveland; 1835-36, John W. Allen, Cleveland; 1837-28, Simeon Fuller, Willoughby (then in Cuyahoga county); 1839-40, Richard Lord, Ohio City; 1843-44, Moses Kelley, Cleveland; 184748, Franklin T. Backus, Cleveland; 1849-50, Henry B. Payne, Cleveland; 1852-53, Harvey Rice, Cleveland; 1854-;55, John A. Foot, Cleveland; 1856-57, Hiram Griswold, Cleveland; 1858-59, William Slade, Jr., Cleveland; 1860-61, Theodore Breck, Brecksville; 1862-63, John P. Robison, Cleveland; 1864-67, Samuel Williamson, Cleveland; 1868-69, David A. Dangler, Cleveland; 1870-71, W. S. Streator, Cleveland; 1872-73, Benjamin R. Beavis, Cleveland; Allan T. Brinsmade, Cleveland; 1874-75, Harvey W. Curtiss, Chagrin Falls; William Bingham, Cleveland; 1876-77, Julius C. Schenck, Cleveland; Harvey W. Curtiss, Chagrin Falls; 1878-79, Harvey W. Curtiss, Chagrin Falls. REPRESENTATIVES 1N THE STATE ASSEMBLY. 1804, Amos Spafford, Cleveland; 1806, James Kingsbury, Cleveland; 1809, Amos Spafford, Cleveland; 1811, Samuel Huntington, Cleveland; 1812, Samuel S. Baldwin, Newburg; 1813, John II. Strong, Cleveland; 1814-16, Alfred Kelley, Cleveland; 181718, Lewis Dille, Euclid; 1819, Alfred Kelley, Cleveland; 1820, Lewis Dille, Euclid; 1821, Josiah Barber, Brooklyn; 1822, Elias Lee, Euclid; 1823, William Coleman, Euclid; 1824-26, Leonard Case, Cleveland; 1827, Josiah A. Harris, Cleveland; 1828-29, John W. Willey, Cleveland; 1830, Harvey Rice, Cleveland; 1831-32, Job Doan, Cleveland; 1833, Timothy Doan, Euclid; 1834-35, Nehemiah Allen, Willoughby (then in Cuyahoga county); 1836, Philo Scovill, Cleveland; 1837, John A. Foot, Cleveland; Leverett Johnson, Dover; 1838, Leverett Johnson, Dover; William B. Lloyd, Cleveland; 1839, William B. Lloyd, Cleveland; 1840, Leverett Johnson, Dover; J. H. Vincent, Chagrin Falls; 1841-42, Thomas M. Kelley, Cleveland; 1843, Samuel Mcllrath, Cleveland; David Harvey, Strongsville; 1844, David Harvey, Strongsville; John M. Woolsey, Cleveland; 1845, David Harvey, Strongsville; 1846, Franklin T. Backus, Cleveland; Theodore Breck, Brecksville; 1847, Theodore Brecksville; 1848, Leverett Johnson, Dover; 1849, John Gill, Cleveland; 1850, Samuel Williamson, Cleveland; 1852-53, Arthur Hughes, Cleveland; George T. Barnum, Rockport; 1854-55, James Tousley, Royalton; Erasmus D. Burton, Euclid; 1856-57, Leverett Johnson, Dover; Isaac Brayton, Newburg; GO. Mygatt, Cleveland; 1858-59, A. C. Gardner, Cleveland; John Watson, Cleveland; Richard C. Parsons, Cleveland; 1860-61, Richard C. Parsons (speaker); C. T. Blakeslee, Chagrin Falls; 1862-63, Franklin J. Dickman, Cleveland; Charles H. Babcock, Brooklyn; Seneca 0. Griswold, Cleveland. 1864-65, Charles H. Baboock, Brooklyn; Azariah Everett, Cleveland; Charles B. Lockwood, Cleveland. 1866-67, Charles B. Lockwood, Cleveland; David A. Dangler, Cleveland; Morris E. Gallup, Cleveland. 1868-69, Moses E. Gallup, Cleveland; N. B. Sherwin, Cleveland; Robert B. Dennis, Cleveland. 1870-71, Robert B. Dennis, Cleveland; George A. Hubbard, Cleveland; William N. Hudson, Cleveland; Harvey W. Curtiss, Chagrin Falls. 1872-73, Harvey W. Curtiss, Chagrin Falls; Charles H. Babcock, Brooklyn; William C. McFarland, Cleveland; George Noakes, Cleveland; Henry M. Chapman, Euclid. 1874-75, Henry M. Chapman, Euclid; John M. Cooley, Dover. Joseph M. Poe, Brooklyn; John P. Holt, Cleveland; Orlando J. Hodge, Cleveland. 1876-77, Orlando J. Hodge, Cleveland; John Fehrenbatch, Cleveland; Theodore Breck, Brecksville; Harry Sorter, Mayfield; Marshall L. Dempcey, Warrensville. 1878-79, Marshall L. Dempcy, Warrensville; John C. Covert, Cleveland; George H. Foster, Cleveland; L. A. Palmer, Rockport; Joseph M. Poe, Brooklyn. MEMBERS OF CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS. The first Constitutional Convention met November 1, 1802, at Chillicothe. The delegates from Trumbull county were David Abbott, of Willoughby, and Samuel Huntington, of Cleveland. The second Constitutional Convention met at Columbus, May 6, 1850. Sherlock J. Andrews represented Cuyahoga county. The third Constitutional Convention convened at Columbus, May 13, 1873; the following being the delegates from Cuyahoga county: Sherlock J. Andrews, Martin A. Foran, Seneca 0. Griswold, Jacob Mueller, Amos Townsend. CHAPTER XLIII. GEOLOGY.* The Map-The Transition Period-Condition of Eastern Ohio then-The Open Sea-Its Inhabitants-The Erie Shales-Cleveland Shales-Bedford Shales-Berea Grit-Cuyahoga Shales-Carboniferous Conglomerate-Topography-Surface Deposits-Oil and Gas Wells-Pre-glacial Scenery. A STUDY of the map accompanying this sketch, which was prepared by Professor Newberry for the Ohio geological reports, will make it easy to understand the geologioal structure of the county, which is simple and easily made out from the many continuous exposures of the rock strata in the valleys of the streams. All of the indurated rocks of the county are now regarded as sub-carboniferous, and as deposited in that transition period which preceded th deposition of the coal measure rocks. * By M. C. Read, A. M., Lecturer on Geology in Western Reserve College, Hudson, Ohio. GEOLOGY - 215 At the commencement of this period, the whole of the eastern half of the State of Ohio constituted a part of the open sea, with the shore line of the laud on the west extending from Erie county southward, along a line passing a little to the east of Columbus, thence into what is now the State of Kentucky, the ocean extending around this headland into the State of Indiana, occupying the greater part of Illinois, and a broad expanse to the west. This ancient sea was inhabited by a variety of fish, among them the most remarkable yanoids known, some of which are described by Professor Newberry in the geological reports. It supported, also, a mass of fucoids and other sea-weeds, and in it was gradually laid down that great mass of carbonaceous shale, the outcrops of which may be seen along a line running from Erie county southward through the State, via Delaware county, and which, with a thickness of several hundred feet, underlies the exposed rocks of this county. It is regarded as the great source of supply of the oil-wells of Pennsylvania and of the gas-wells of Northern Ohio. Over this, and in comparatively quiet waters, were deposited the Erie shales, colored green upon the map, being the oldest rocks exposed in their natural bed in the county. They are composed of soft, friable, bluish-green shales, with bands of impure limestone, containing a profusion of fossils. They are in this county about five hundred feet in thickness, diminishing to the west and steadily increasing in thickness to the east, and are regarded as the equivalent of the upper half of the Portage group of the New York geologists. In Pennsylvania they contain bands of coarse sandstone, constituting the lower sand rocks of the oil regions. In this county fissures in the shale are in places filled with dessicated petropleum, resembling alberlite, and having essentially the same chemical composition. Where exposed they disclose no valuable minerals in sufficient quantity to be of any practical importance. CLEVELAND SHALE. After the deposition of the Erie shales the conditions became such that a large growth of vegetation was supported in and on the shores of the open water, by the partial decomposition of which the sediment was filled with carbonaceous matter, which, compressed and consolidated, formed the Cleveland shale. This is a bed of black, highly bituminous shale, containing ten to fifteen per cent. of combustible matter, and is the source of supply of most of the oil wells and springs in northeastern Ohio. The shale is tough, in thin layers, and when exposed to the air becomes red from the slow consumption of the carbonaceous matter and the peroxidization of the iron. The formation is in this county from twenty to sixty feet thick, the lower half often taking on the characteristics of the Erie shale below, showing that the changed conditions at the time of its deposition were not uniform over the county. Prof. Newberry has obtained from this shale at Bedford quite a number of fish teeth, consisting of species of Polyrkizodus, Cladodus and Orodus; all carbonaceous sharks. The surfaces of the shale are also in this locality sometimes covered with little comb-like fossils described by Pander, the Russian palaeontologist, under the name of Conodonts and supposed by him to be the teeth of small sharks. These I think will prove to be dermal ossicles of cartilagenous fishes, and to be most nearly allied to the shagreen that covers some portions of the sturgeon. (Prof. N., Vol. I, Ohio Geology.) Other eminent palaeontologists regard them as the teeth of Annelids. It has also yielded finely preserved specimens of the palatal teeth of Ctenodus Wagneri (NEWB.), of one specimen of which he has furnished me an excellent cast. The analysis of this shale by Prof. Wormley gives the following as its composition: Water, 1.10; earthy matter, 87.10; volatile matter, 6.90; fixed carbon, 4.90: 100.00. Combustible matter, 11.80; gas per lb. 0.62 cu. ft. Should the supply of petroleum from wells fail it could be profitably obtained from this shale by distillation. BEDFORD SHALES. After the deposition of the Cleveland shales the conditions were again changed and the sediment contained but little carbonaceous matter, the coloring material of the rocks being the blue carbonate of iron. The material deposited was a mixture of- argillaceous and siliceous mud, forming clay shales where the former predominated and sandstone where the latter predominated. The upper part of this deposit is in places conspicuously red at the outcrops, the result of peroxidization of the iron. At the Newburg, Kingsbury and East Cleveland quarries the deposit is a fine-grained, blue quarry-rock, a serviceable stone for walls, window sills, etc., and for sawing into flagging stone, but requires a careful selection to exclude that containing iron sulphide, which by oxydization will color and disintegrate the stone. A single firm at East Cleveland furnishes about fifty thousand square feet of flagging stone per year froth this rock, and that from Newburg is extensively used both in and out of the county. The lower portion carries large numbers of molluscous fossils. In the first volume of the Ohio Reports these quarries were described as on the same horizon as the " Buena-Vista" stone of the Sciota valley, which has an excellent reputation and is quite similar to this Cuyahoga stone; but Prof. Orton in a recent report in Ohio statistics (1878) locates this "Buena-Vista" immediately above the Berea. Additional work is needed for positive identification. BEREA GRIT. From the sediment deposited immediately above the Bedford shale the argillaceous matter was washed out and carried away by running water or shore waves, leaving a nearly homogeneous mass of water-washed 216 - GENERAL HISTORY OF CUYAHOGA COUNTY. sand, which was subsequently consolidated into rock, and constitutes the famous Berea stone, called sometimes the Amherst stone, the Independence stone, the Ohio stone, etc., of Northern Ohio. It is a building stone of great excellence, the best in the State, and equal to the best obtained anywhere. It is about sixty feet thick, fine grained, compact, strong and durable, generally quite homogeneous, and often in massive layers which split with great facility along the lines of deposition, and can be quarried in large or small blocks as the wants of the consumer require. Generally the upper part is in thinner layers, and suitable for flagging stone. The lower part is ordinarily massive, or in thick layers. It furnishes superior material for grindstones, and is the' basis of important industries in the country, the shipments from Berea alone aggregating about ten thousand car-loads a year. The outcrop of this rock is in places covered by the drift, but can be traced from Olmstead Falls through Berea in Middleburgh township, Parma, Independence and Brecksville on the west side of the Cuyahoga, through Newburg, East Cleveland and Euclid, thence up the Chagrin river through Mayfield and Orange township to Chagrin Falls, where it forms the bed of the river, and down the river on the opposite side to Gates Mills, Where it trends eastwardly into Geauga county. In all of these townships excellent quarries could be opened, and the prospective value of this rock within the- limits of the county can hardly be computed. In most of the townships quarries are already opened, and there is no city in the United States which can be supplied with a first-class building stone in much larger quantities and at cheaper rates than Cleveland. The color of the stone differs at the various openings on account of the difference in the anount of iron contained in it, and of the different modes in which this is distributed. At Berea some of it is white, but the prevailing color is gray; at Independence and Chagrin Falls light buff or drab, and in places it is filled with dark colored spots from the unequal distribution of the coloring matter. This is a very general characteristic in the eastern counties of the State. Plants similar to those of the coal measures and the remains of fishes are sparingly found in this bed. At Chagrin Falls a number of specimens of a ganoid fish—Palaconiscus Brainerdi—have been gathered, also shark's teeth, Lingulae and the Ctenaecanthus. CUYAHOGA SHALES. A somewhat sudden transition occurred after the deposition of the materials of the Berea grit, and a finely comminated argillaceous sediment was deposited in quiet waters which swarmed with lingulae, discaenal and other molluscous animals. The lingulae and discaenal are so abundant in the shales immediately resting upon the Berea that they have become a reli able indication of its presence below when completely covered by the overlying shales. The accumulation of this sediment continued until it attained a thickness of between one hundred and fifty and two hundred feet, much of it argillaceous and resulting in clay shales, some so siliceous as to produce a fine grained sandstone in thin layers, and occasionally containing such an abundance of the remains of molluscous animals as to result in an impure limestone. It discloses in the county no valuable minerals, but should be thoroughly explored for the outcrops of a mass of evenly bedded, hard grained sandstone, which splits with difficulty, resists abrasion, and is -quarried in Trumbull and Summit counties for a paving stone. For this use it is admirably adapted, and in appearance, and under all tests with the hammer, appears fully equal to the stone brought to Cleveland for this use from the State of New York. It is to be found in the upper half of the Cuyahoga shales, and quarries in it would prove of great value to the City of Cleveland. The Cuyahoga shale in the neighboring counties contains a great variety of well preserved fossils, most of which may probably be found in it within this county. These four beds, which have been described in an ascending order, above the Erie shale and below the conglomerate, constitute the Waverly group of the first Ohio Geological survey, and are colored yellow upon the map. The subdivisions in it, which are so plainly marked in the valley of the Cuyahoga, can not be traced through the State, but the group, as a whole, is well defined, and the term may well be retained by all writers upon Ohio Geology. CARBONIFEROUS CONGLOMERATE. The material laid down upon the Cuyahoga shales presents very much the appearance of the water- washed and reassorted residuum of a glacial drift. It is a coarse sandstone, containing many well rounded water-washed quartz pebbles, and some large fragments of various granitic and metamorphic rocks. Whatever may be the mode by which the material was brought to its present position, it was evidently subjected to the action of shore waves, which carried away all the finer material, and reassorted all the sand and coarse gravel, but was not long enough continued to grind up and destroy all the vegetable remains imbedded in it. It contains, in places, a profusion of the remains of calamities, the lepidodendron, and other plants of the coal measures, which are so well preserved as to show that they were not carried far from their place of growth. The quartz pebbles and coarse gravel included in the deposit are most abundant near the base, and in places constitute the great mass of the rock. It projects into the country from the highlands of the south, on both sides of the river, being the surface rock in a part of Brecksville, Royalton GEOLOGY - 217 and Strongsville townships, on the west side; and of Solon, Orange and Warrensville, on the east. Its surface is from four hundred and fifty to five hundred feet above the lake, and is colored red upon the map. From it could be obtained an unlimited supply of good stone for bridge and foundation uses, but the superior quality and nearer proximity to Cleveland of the Berea, makes the conglomerate of little importance, except for local use. At the time of the deposit of this, the most recent of the indurated rocks of the county, the continent supported no flowering plants; the vegetation of the laud and water was confined to sea-weeds, mosses and ferns; no mammals, birds or reptiles had appeared anywhere, the most highly organized animals being ganoids, mud-fishes and sharks; the North American continent extended from the polar regions into but a small part of what now constitutes the United States; The Alleghanies and the Rocky Mountains were not lifted above the ocean, and during all subsequent geological times until the glacial epoch is approached, the history of Cuyahoga county must remain unwritten except as its condition may be inferred from records outside of the county. During this long period sedimentary rocks, including all those of the coal measures and the Permian of Palaeozoic time as well as all these of those Mesozoio and Cenozoic time, and aggregating in thickness not far from twenty-five thousand feet, were deposited; the most important mountain chains of the continent were lifted from the ocean, and by slow accretions the continent assumed its present form. The fauna and flora also changed with the changed condition of the continent, and evidence is not wanting that Cuyahoga county for a long time enjoyed a tropical or subtropical climate, and that its soil supported a luxuriant vegetation of tropical plants and trees. Many of these have left no representatives in this latitude, but the gigantic Sequoia of California and our own magnificent or tulip tree, Lierodendron tulipifera, arc survivors of genera which, in tertiary times, were represented by very many species. The continent was also inhabited by many strange and formidable animals, wild horses, oxen, huge reptiles, birds with reptile-like teeth, mastodons, elephants, etc., the remains of the two latter showing that they were inhabitants of this county; the presence of the others only to be inferred from the fact that Cuyahoga county remained a part of the elevated land of the continent and open to their occupancy. Of the closing years of this epoch, before the drift, some records remain inscribed upon the rock strata of the county in the form of deep channels of erosion carried below the present line of drainage, and showing that the land formerly stood at a much higher elevation than now, and which will be hereinafter described. TOPOGRAPHY. The topography of the county has been determined by three causes modified by the geological structure: First. Pre-glacial surface erosion when the land was elevated several hundred feet above the present level. Second. The glacial action which scooped out the basin of Lake Erie filled the pre-glacial channels of erosion, removed the upper parts of the exposed strata, and covered the whole surface with drift, the debris of local and northern rocks. Third. Post-glacial surface erosion, which has established recent channels of drainage, and in places assorted and redeposited the material of the drift. This former greater elevation is evidenced by the channels of erosion or canyons cut through the rock strata to a depth of some two hundred feet below the present surface of the lake; the Cuyahoga occupying one of these channels, and now flowing some two hundred feet above the bed of the ancient river. That this greater elevation and subsequent depression was not local, but is due to some cause affecting the whole northern hemisphere, is evidenced by the deeply buried ancient river channels in all this territory, and by the contour of all the lands in the northern hemisphere, as contrasted with that of the southern. The denudation of the shore by ocean waves spreads out the debris, and gives a substantial level to the floor of the ocean, and the elevations of the adjacent land will leave its perimeter little indented with headlands and bays. Long continued subaerial erosion of elevated lands will cut out deep channels, and a subsequent subsidence will convert these channels into bays, the elevated parts into headlands and capes, giving such an irregular contour and indented shore line as characterizes all the lands of the northern hemispheres. 218 - GENERAL HISTORY OF CUYAHOGA COUNTY. and is one of the many causes of their more rapid advance in civilization, illustrating the fact that geological changes in the remote past have located our harbors, established modern centres of commerce, and determined the relative civilization of different sections, As the result of these influences and the action of the shore waves of the lake, which has formerly been at a higher level, the surface of the county presents a series of terraces rising from the lake until the old lake ridges are past, rising thence southward with a gradual slope, except in places where the harder rock strata have produced benches or bluffs to the summit of the subcarboniferons conglomerate. The surface drainage is all into Lake Erie, and mainly by the Cuyahoga, Rocky and Chagrin rivers and their tributaries, the Cuyahoga within the limits of this county occupying the channel of an ancient pre-glacial canyon while most of its tributaries have excavated their rock channels since the drift period. The Rocky river has mainly a recent channel, but runs near an ancient river bed, the mouth of. which may be observed a little west of the mouth of the present stream. The channels of the Chagrin river and its tributaries are mostly post-glacial. These topographical peculiarities are the results of agencies which have been in operation for a period long enough before the glacial epoch for subaerial erosion to excavate channels in the rock strata to the depth of some seven hundred and fifty feet, (or from the summit of the highlands to the bottom of the ancient bed of the Cuyahoga,) and long enough since the close of that epoch for the excavation of the reoent channels of the Chagrin and Rocky rivers, and for that of Tinker's oreek at Bedford. This is but the brief closing chapter of the geological history of the past. SURFACE DEPOSITS. The character of the surface deposits has been determined by part of the same causes which shaped the topography of the county the advance of the great ice sheet from the north which scooped out the basin of the lake, broke up, crushed and pulverized the surface rocks, mingled with this debris a part of the material scooped out of the lake basin, and that brought from the highlands in Canada, filled up the ancient channels, and covered the rock surface with this mixed material. During some stage of this epoch the finer material which would remain long in suspension in the water eddied backward toward the north either in open or ice covered water, and was deposited in the finely laminated clays which are the base of the surface deposits near the lake, and are found in places along the channels of the rivers sometimes resting on the glaciated rock surface, and somementimes upon the unmodified drift. In places along the valleys this drift-material has been ground up and washed by the action of water, the finer material carried away, and the residue left in the form of stratified sand and gravel, containing occasionally large boulders which have resisted all the pulverizing agencies. Along the former margin of the lake the shore waves have washed out the finer portions of this material, ground up the residue and left it in a series of ridges marking successive elevations of the waters of the lake. Four of these ridges can be identified at elevations of about one hundred, one hundred and thirty-five, one hundred and seventy-five and two hundred feet respectively above the present surface of the lake, resulting in a band of light sandy soil, eminently fitted for gardening and the raising of peaches and small fruits. The drift-deposit, where it has not been modified in one of these ways, consists of a bed of clay varying greatly in its thickness, filled with the fragments of the local rocks and of all the rocks outcropping to the north to and including the granitic highlands of Canada. These must have included the corniferous limestone now constituting the surface rock about Sandusky, and as a result this drift clay soil is tempered and ameliorated by an important percentage of lime. The upper part of this drift clay is yellow, but where it is of very great thiokness the lower part is blue; the relation of each part being such as to indicate that the color of the upper is the result of the slow peroxidization of the blue oxide of iron in the lower clay. This mingled material of the drift results in a tenacious clay soil admirably adapted for grazing, but capable of producing large crops of all our staple grains where carefully and properly cultivated. Resting upon this drift are many rounded and angular granitic boulders, some of large size, which are ordinarily referred to the " Iceberg drift," these being regarded as dropped from floating icebergs after the mass of the drift was deposited. This may be supposed to have occurred through the breaking up of the retreating glaciers when it had become so thin as to float upon the water, and thus have constituted the final chapter in the history of the glacial period, or to have been the result of a subsequent depression of the surface and the floating southward of northern icebergs. It is possible, also, that these surface boulders may be the result of the surface erosion of the original drift uncovering the boulders buried in it. As tending to the latter conolusion may be noted the abundance of these boulders in many places on the northern side of the lake ridges where the shore waves have removed a large part of the drift deposits. OIL AND GAS WELLS. Wells have been sunk in the oounty for petroleum at Brighton, in the valley of the Cuyahoga and Rocky rivers, and in Mayfield, Warrensville and Euclid. Oil, appearing in the lower layers of the Bedford shales and seeping out near the outcrops of the Cleveland shale, has induced these explorations, and some show of oil has been obtained in most of these wells. Deep borings in Cleveland, one by the Gas Company and one by the Standard Oil Company near the mouth of GEOLOGY - 219 Kingsbury run, have afforded some gas, while a copious flow has been obtained from a well bored by Captain Spaulding between Cleveland and Rocky River, and a still more abundant supply from a well in the valley of Rocky river. It is doubtless true that the Cleveland and the Huron shales are the great sources of the supply of the oil and gas obtained from wells in Pennsylvania and Ohio. The Cleveland shale furnishes the valuable oil obtained in the Mecca (Ohio) oil regions, which is curved upward and saturates the Berea sandstone which there lies near the surface and in places is thoroughly protected by an impervious bed of drift clay. In Cuyahoga county the ravines cutting through this shale have for ages afforded means of escape for all the gas and oil resulting from the slow decomposition of the carbonaceous matter in the shale, and the indications are not favorable for either gas or oil from this source. If either is obtained in the county, it must be that produced from the Huron shale. The conditions favorable for copious supplies of gas or oil are a heavy bed of bituminous shale, deeply buried below all lines of drainage, which has been slightly disturbed and broken up so as to afford facilities for the production and the escape of the liberated hydro-carbons, a coarse sandstone above to retain the products, and the whole covered with impervious clay or clay shales preventing their escape. The undisturbed condition of the Huron shades and the want of any important bands of sandstone in the Erie shale above do not point to this county as a favorable site for explorations for oil, but the abundance of gas springs along the lake shore shows that gas is continually escaping and wells bored down to the Huron shale demonstrate that in places an abundant and long-continued flow of gas may be obtained. But no surface indications will enable any one to predict the result of experiments made in any locality, and while some gas or oil will probably be liberated by any well -sunk down to the Huron shale, the question of the amount of either obtained can only be determined by experiment. Wherever machinery is used for other purposes and affords a surplus power for drilling, a well could be sunk down at little expense, with a reasonable prospect of obtaining gas and the chance of obtaining oil in paying quantities. POST-GLACIAL HISTORY. After the drift period the surface was again gradually clothed with vegetation; new forms of animal and vegetable life appeared; new channels of drainage were established, the larger streams generally following the old pre-glacial channels, as excavations in them were more rapid than on rock surfaces; and man soon appeared as the crowning product of Creative Power. Remains of his works have been found in this country and Europe in the drift, by careful observers, in such positions that they have inferred his presence before the drift. But these remains have been taken from the modified river drift, and it is believed there is no well authenticated find of this nature which has been taken from the unmodified glacial debris, and the records of his history must yet be regarded as bearing date subsequent to the glacial epoch. His presence in Cuyahoga county during a long period of pre-historic time is evidenced in many ways; but this part of the history of the county belongs to the archaeologist, and not to the geologist. PRE-GLACIAL SCENERY. Prof. Newberry, in his report upon this county, says: " These bluffs (of the Berea) unquestionably, were once the shore cliffs of the lake, and anterior to that time the stratum of the Berea grit stretched across the valley of the Cuyahoga, probably forming a shelf over which the river flowed in a cascade rivaling in bight, if not in volume of water. that of Niagara. It is not difficult, from a study of the character of the rock strata, to reproduce the scenery which characterized the Cuyahoga valley during the time of the erosion of this ancient canyon. It is only where there is an alternation of hard and soft rocks in beds approaching the horizontal position, that canyon- making proceeds with any great rapidity, and in such cases the work is carried on by an undermining process which causes the rook beds, too hard to yield to the erosive action of running water, to break by their own weight and fall in successive fragments into the chasms below them. To reproduce the pre-glacial scenery of the Cuyahoga valley, we must erase Lake Erie from the map, and near the center, or a little north of the center of its present location, substitute a winding canyon, draining toward the east, and of a depth approaching one thousand feet, with numberless other similar canyons of similar depth emptying their waters into it. The land of the county, certainly more than seven hundred and fifty feet above the bottoms of these canyons, how much more we cannot tell, extended far to the north and was covered with a network of canyons, two of which were nearly coincident in location with the Cuyahoga and Rocky rivers. At some time during the process of the erosion of these channels the conglomerate of the Cuyahoga valley was not cut by the canyon at the south line of the county. At that point it then formed the bed-rock of a river which may have been many times larger than the present Cuyahoga, and which poured over its margin in a precipitous fall of three hundred feet, or to the surface of the Berea. The intervening Cuyahoga shales are largely argillaceous and easily eroded. In most places they would all be cut out and carried away until the conglomerate was undermined, giving a precipitous fall from the top of the conglomerate to the Berea, with the bottom of the canyon strewn with huge blocks of the conglomerate which had fallen from the bluff, as it was slowly but continuously undermined. In places there are very hard 220 - GENERAL HISTORY OF CUYAHOGA COUNTY. beds in these Cuyahoga shales which would resist erosion, and at times, in place of a precipitous fall, would be formed a steep decline down which the water would rush in any eddying and foaming torrent, in time removing these harder beds, and when the shale became again more argillaceous, restoring the perpendicular falls. Below this fall and to the north of it, the Berea would resist erosion until after the Bedford shales below were carried away and the Berea undermined, when the stream would pour over it in a fall of one hundred and thirty-five feet to the bed of the tough impervious Cleveland shale. The latter, resisting erosion, would be undermined by the erosion of the soft and friable Erie shale, and a third waterfall would result of a bight of over four hundred feet. At places, the .Cleveland shale is thinner and more easily eroded, and in such places the lowest fall would gradually approach the second one, be ultimately joined with it, and the water would have clear descent of over five hundred and ninety-five feet. This canyon was intersected with other similar canyons, with similar waterfalls, one of which joined it in the corner of Bedford township, passing through Northfield, Hudson and Stow in Summit county, where its buried channel is washed by a chain of swamps and lakelets. Rivulets of various sizes emptied into it from both sides, the water falls in a precipitous descent, or in a succession of cascades. In places the decomposition of the argillaceous shales would widen out the canyon, undermine the compact, hard strata above, forming a succession of bold bluffs, from which huge masses would occasionally fall into the whirling torrents below, dense forests crowning the bluffs would add to the picturesque beauty of the scenery, the whole forming an interesting illustration of the resulting beauty from the orderly workings of the forces of nature, where no appreciative eye can see it, but which the student of nature, many thousands of years afterwards, can with a good degree of accuracy reproduce. * The thickness and the subdivisions of the rock strata as given in this sketch are taken from Prof. Newberry's report for the State survey, to which I am also indebted for many other facts. M. C. R. HISTORY OF CUYAHOGA COUNTY, PART SECOND: THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. CHAPTER XLIV. THE FIRST FOUR YEARS. The Beginning—First Streets—First Map—The Name—The Stiles Family—First Buildings— Boundaries—Description -Streets—The Original Lots—Civil Condition—Topography, Soil, etc.—Mouth of the Cuyahoga—Sale of Lots—The Residents the First Winter—Gifts to Settlers —First Funeral and Graveyard—Lorenzo Carter and Ezekiel Hawley— The Oldest Survivor— Pioneer House-building--First Wedding—Progress of Survey—Sickness—James Kingsbury— Primitive Grist-Mill- Nathaniel Doan--Elijah Gun—Fever and Ague—Dogwood instead of Quinine—Failure to obtain Flour—First Grist-Mill—The First Raising —Indian Quarrel—Game —A Thrilling Adventure. The story of the various. Indian tribes which lived and fought in the vicinity of „Cleveland, and of the military expeditions which passed along the southern shore of Lake Erie, on land and water, has already been told in the general history of the county. There, too, will be found a sketch of the title of the Western Reserve, and of the survey of that tract in the years 1796 and 1797. The separate history of Cleveland may fairly be said to begin on the sixteenth day of September, 1796, when Augustus Porter, the principal surveyor of the Connecticut Land Company, commenced laying out a few streets on the right hand side of the Cuyahoga river, at its junction with Lake Erie, for the purpose of establishing a village at that point, which it was hoped would one day become a city. Mr. Porter ran out the street lines, while his assistants, Messrs. Seth Pease, Amos Spafford and Richard Stoddard surveyed the "city" lots, or at least a part of them. By the first of October the work was completed (unless some of the lots were not marked off till the next year), and a rude map of the proposed city was made by Mr. Spafford, which is published in Col. Whittlesey's Early History of Cleveland. The work, of course, was under the general superintendence of Gen. Moses Cleaveland, the agent of the Connecticut Land Company, as well as one of its principal stockholders, who had charge of the operations in the field during that year. It was at this time, too-that is, about the last of September, 1796—that the location in question received the name which, with the exception of a single letter, it has ever since borne. Previously it had been spoken of in the minutes of the surveyors as " Cuyahoga," or sometimes as the mouth of the Cuyahoga. The first mention of the name on record, so far as is known, is in the agreement drawn up by the employes of the company in regard to the settlement of Euclid, mentioned in the general history of the county. That agreement declares itself to have been entered into at a meeting "held at the city of Cleveland on the 30th day of September, 1796." The name was occasionally spelled without the letter a, even in the old records, but this was through inadvertence. General Moses Cleaveland, who had bestowed his own name on the " city " he had founded, always spelled it with an a, and this example was followed in all written and printed records (except by occasional accident) for fifty years from the time in question. The "city" at that time contained two log houses: one had been built the previous spring as the headquarters of the party which was surveying the Reserve, and was also occupied as the residence of Job P. Stiles and Tabitha Stiles, his wife, who " kept house" for those of the party who were from time to time at headquarters. It was sometimes called "Pease's hotel," from Seth Pease, who was Mr. Porter's principal assistant, and was situated on the low ground under the hill, between Main street and the river. The other, near the junction of Main street and the river, was the storehouse of the surveyors, and had also been built by them during the same season. There was also on the territory now belonging to the city on the west side of the river, a dilapidated, unoccupied log house, which was supposed to .have been erected ten years before by the agents of the Northwestern Fur Company, in which to receive provisions brought from Pittsburg, as narrated in the general history. The map before mentioned, made by Mr. Spafford, is dated October 1, 1796. The area which had been surveyed for the proposed city and was delineated on the map was bounded north by the lake, west by the river, south by a line a little south of Ohio street, and east by a line a quarter of a mile east of Erie street, crossing the present Euclid avenue at the junction of Huron street. The map shows the "Public Square," now Monumental Square, containing ten acres, with Superior street running through it parallel with the lake shore. It had first been named " Broad " street, and that - (223) - 224 - THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. name had been written on the map, but had been stricken out and Superior substituted. Parallel with Superior street, Lake street occupied its present course, but extended only from Water street to Erie. Huron street ran as now from the river to a point a quarter of a mile east of Erie, where the city then ended. Ohio street ran from Erie westward only to Miami street, which then extended thus far south. Another street was delineated on the map under the name of Federal street. It ran from Erie eastward to the eastern limits of the oity plat; occupying the ground now embraced in that part of St. Clair street, kit extending no farther west than Erie. Bath street ran from Water street westward along the margin of the lake to the mouth of the river, being some twelve rods wide at the eastern end, but gradually narrowing to five or six rods at the western extremity. These six streets (Bath, Lake, Federal, Superior, Huron and Ohio) were all that were at first surveyed to run parallel with the lake shore, and generally called "east and west streets." The "north and south" streets, or more accurately those at right angles with the lake, first surveyed, were Water, Ontario, Miami and Erie. The first still retains the same course and extent then given it, running from the foot of Superior street northward to the lake. Ontario ran from the lake southward through the Public Square to Huron street, occupying the same ground as now, except the extension from Huron street to Central Market. Miami street began at Huron, followed its present brief course southward, and also extended on the same line to Ohio street. And finally Erie street, which was the longest in the city, ran from the lake southward over its present course to the line of the surveyed tract, which, as before stated, was a little south of Ohio street. Besides these there were three streets, as they are termed on the map, but usually called lanes' in the old records, designed to lead from the low ground along the river to the bluffs above. One running from the junction of Superior and Water streets northwestward to what was called the "Lower Landing," was named Union street, or lane, and corresponded to the present southern part of Spring street. Mandrake street then as now extended from Water street southwesterly down the hill to the landing, while Vineyard street ran from the junction of Water and Superior street southwesterly to the "Upper Landing," it being now called South Water street. Still another lane, called Maiden lane, was surveyed from the middle of Vineyard street in an easterly course up the hill and thence to Ontario street, which it reached at a point about half way between the square and Huron street, but this was soon entirely abandoned. It is not certain exactly when the names of Broad and Court were changed respectively to Superior and Ontario, but it would appear as if it was done by General Cleaveland's orders before the map left Spafford's hands, as the chirography of the new names is seemingly the same as the rest of the writing on the map. The same map showed a complete division of the city into lots, though it was not certain that they were all surveyed and marked that autumn. They were numbered from one to two hundred and twenty; the first extending from Lake street to the lake shore on the east side of Water street, and the last running from Miami street, nearly opposite the junction of Ohio, back to the Cuyahoga river. The greater portion of the lots were eight rods by forty, containing two acres, but many were larger than that and some were smaller. Number two hundred and twenty, just mentioned, was over a hundred and twenty rods long, while numbers one hundred and twenty-five to one hundred and thirty-three inclusive, lying south of Ohio street, were only about ten rods long. There were, however, only a few lots having less than two acres each, and it is perhaps. largely due to this liberal plan, devised by the projectors of Cleveland, that the city is to this day probably the "roomiest" one of its size in the United States. While some of the surveyors were laying out the city proper, others were dividing the suburbs into out-lots. From Erie street east and from Ohio street south the nearest land was divided into lots of ten or twenty acres each, while the remainder of the survey township of Cleveland, comprising what was subsequently known as the civil townships of Cleveland and Newburg, was divided into lots of a hundred acres each. The tracts just mentioned (that is, the city lots, the ten and twenty acre lots and the hundred acre lots) together occupied all that part of the present city east of the Cuyahoga, all of the present township of Newburg and the eastern part of the present township of East Cleveland. No civil township had yet been organized in this part of the county in the fall of 1790. The territory of the future city east of the river was nominally comprised in the county of Washington in the Northwest Territory, but no actual jurisdiction was exercised here by the Territorial authorities, and it was not yet quite certain whether the Connecticut Land Company was not vested with all the powers of government as well as the title to the land. The land on the west side of the Cuyahoga was nominally in the county of Wayne in the Northwest Territory, but though the pre-emption right to it had been purchased by the Land Company, the right of occupancy had not been bought from the Indians, who-were in undisturbed possession of all that portion of the Reserve. The surface of the embryo metropolis was moderately level on both sides of the river, except that on each side a steep bluff, from fifty to eighty feet high, separated the low flats of the Cuyahoga from the table-land above. Near the present eastern bounds of the present city the ground. rose into a high ridge which extended nearly north and south a distance of about four miles. From this ridge the stream now called Kingsbury run flowed westward into the Cuyahoga through a narrow hollow, bounded by bluffs, almost as lofty as those which enclose the river flats.