PICTURE OF JOHN E. STANG HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY 1175 (RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE) E. Stang was elected president. The business under his management grew and developed to important proportions, and in 1896 was consolidated with the Kuebler Brewing Company, then assuming the name of the Kuebler & Stang Brewing Company, of which Mr. Stang became vice president. Two years later the business was sold to the Cleveland-Sandusky Brewing Company, and Mr. Stang was made vice president and manager of the new concern, and of the brewery operated at Cleveland. This company now controls and operates fifteen branches, all of which are under the general management of Mr. Stang. It is one of the largest and most important industries of its kind in the state and much of its success must be attributed to the foresight, energy, acumen and business experience of its vice president and manager. During the thirty-seven years of his residence at Sandusky, Mr. Stang has been an important factor in many activities outside of the immediate field of his business. He is a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and the Fraternal Order of Eagles and is decidedly popular with the members of these fraternities. Always an unswerving democrat, he was the candidate of his party for state senator about ten years ago, but the issue of the three-cent railroad fare operated against him and he was defeated by a small vote. During the ten years that he served as a member of the Sandusky City Council he was instrumental in securing the passage of a number of ordinances which have aided the city in its development, and at all times he has been an ardent and generous supporter of worthy and beneficial movements. A number of leading business enterprises owe their existence to his abilities and efforts. He is a director in the Citizens Bank of Sandusky and of the First National Bank of Oak Harbor, Ohio. Mr. Stang was married in 1873 at Sandusky, to Miss Mary Westerhold, and of the seven children born to this union four are now living : Charles J., Florence, Roland and Arnold. JOHN W. HOLLAND. One of the oldest of the old-timers of Sandusky is John W. Holland. His career has been stretched out to a magnificent length, and his experiences cover the various activities and life of Sandusky since the very early times. He was born October 15, 1824, in Montreal, Canada, and in 1832 came to the United States with his parents. His father, also named John Wesley Holland, who married Mary Kent, was born in Ireland, emigrated from there to Canada, and on coming to the United States located in Sandusky. Sandusky in 1832 was a very small village. Various descriptions of the town as it was about that time have been reproduced in the first pages of this publication. The Holland family came to Sandusky down the lake on boat from Buffalo, and John W. Holland often told his friends and members of the family that they did not stop at Cleveland because the prospects of acquiring a fortune in a rapidly developing town did not appear as flattering there as at Sandusky. Mr. Holland's father was a carpenter by trade and he followed that vocation until his death in 1852. There were seven children in the family, five girls and two boys. John W. Holland is the only one now surviving. He had a very limited education in the district schools, and acquired most of his learning by practical experience. When a boy he left his own home to live with a brother-in-law, who taught him the trade of painter, and he continued to work under this relative for seven years. Having completed his apprenticeship he was then offered work as a journeyman, but lie steadfastly declined any such proposition, and never throughout his career except while serving his apprenticeship did he work for others. 1176 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY That independent spirit was the dominant characteristic of his active career. As a painter and decorator he continued in active business at Sandusky until about seventeen years ago, when he retired.   His interests in the meantime had extended to various other affairs in Erie County. During the '50s he was engaged for two years in the fish business in partnership with a Mr. Bear under the firm name of Holland & Bear. In 1866 he bought a vineyard and gave his attention for four years to the growing of grapes at Put-In-Bay. Fifty years ago grapes brought eight cents a pound, while they now sell for only two cents a pound. Grape culture was profitable under such conditions and Mr. Holland acquired considerable revenue from his brief experience in t t industry. One success led to another with him, and his friends says that he never turned his attention to anything without making a success of it. Many years ago he accumulated sufficient property for all the needs of himself and family, and has long been in independent circumstances.   In early life he was a whig voter, and then joined the republican party, and has been one of its stanchest adherents. However, politics has never been a personal interest with him, and he has used his influence only on behalf of good government and for the election of his friends. For three years he held the office of city assessor in Sandusky, and this was the only official honor he ever would accept. His church membership has been with the Congregational denomination, and he contributed liberally to all its working departments.   Mr. Holland was twice married. In 1849 he married Eliza Gustin. She died leaving three children, all of whom are now deceased, except Jay K. Holland, who lives in Sandusky, Ohio. In 1860 he married Miss Susan Ainslie of Sandusky. To this union were born four children, and the three now living are Harry, Mary and Mabel. Mabel has been a successful teacher in the public schools of Cleveland for a number of years.   PAUL MILLER. A Sandusky business man whose generous prosperity and success had very meager beginnings, Paul Miller. first became identified with Erie County more than forty years ago in mercantile lines. His name is widely known both in a business capacity and for his active participation in public affairs.   His birth occurred April 8, 1853, near the famous Bingen-on-the-Rhine in Germany. When fifteen years of age he came alone to America. That was in 1868. His first location was at Columbia City, Indiana. where he was employed in a dry goods store, working hard and long hours for $5 a month and board. He kept at that one year, and then took successive positions as a messenger, bell boy and porter in the Avalon House at Fort Wayne, Indiana, and he was paid for these services respectively wages of $8, $15 and $50 per month. From hotel work he got into the railroad service, learned telegraphy at Warsaw, Indiana, and soon had to give up the confining duties owing to ill health. For a short time he was brakeman on the Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne & Chicago Railroad, and then entered a dry goods store in Warsaw, and from there came to Erie County, Ohio, in November, 1873. His first work here was as manager of a wholesale flour and feed establishment, and he continued that business for six years. He was then in the same line of business for four years on 19s own account. After selling out. he went back to Europe, remained there visiting old scenes and friends and relatives, and on returning in 1884 established his home permanently in Sandusky. In January, 1888, Mr. Miller became teller for the Third National Bank of Sandusky. He remained with that institution a year   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1177   and a half, and in 1889 was appointed administrator of the G. Icman Estate. After settling its affairs he became associated with the Johnson & Miller Manufacturing Company, and remained as manager, secretary and treasurer of the company for ten years. Since leaving that concern he has been practically retired from business, though he is as active as ever in a public capacity.   His name has at different times been closely associated with several important business enterprises in Sandusky. He has shown a great deal of civic pride in the city which has been his home for more than forty years, and from 1884 to 1885 he was a member of the city council, was again elected and served in the same office from 1892 to 1898, making seven years in all, and four years as president. He was a member of the Sandusky Board of Equalization in 1890 and 1900, a member of the City Board of Equalization for three years, and in 1906 was appointed a member of the City Board of Review, a commission he held for eight years. In December, 1913, he was appointed by Governor Cox as district assessor, an office from which he resigned in order to devote himself to other duties.   Mr. Miller is a stanch democrat and for many years has been active in the interest of his party and a delegate to numerous district, county and state conventions. He is a member of the Catholic Church and is affiliated with the Catholic Order of Foresters and the Knights of Columbus. He was one of the originators of the old Sandusky Light Guards, the predecessors of the present Company B, Sixth Regiment, Ohio National Guard, and in the former body was commissioned first lieutenant by Governor Bishop.   On August 1, 1876, when still a struggling young business man, Mr. Miller was married in Sandusky to Miss Josephine Krupp, a daughter of John Krupp. To their marriage were born eleven children, and the six now living are : John W., Mary S., Catherina, Paul E., Louisa and Ida. John W., a civil engineer, married Elizabeth Gawn and has two children, John Paul and Mona G. Ida married Walter H. Appell.   JOHN KERBER. There are certain commodities which are indispensable to the comforts and health of modern people. One of these is ice. The ice service is a large and important business in any up-to-date community. One of the veterans of the 1ce trade in Sandusky is John Kerber, now president of the Consumers Ice Company, one of the most perfect organizations along the southern shore of Lake Erie for handling this invaluable commodity.   Mr. Kerber was born February 8, 1865, in Sandusky, and is a son of Vincent Kerber. He received his early education in the public schools of his native city and in Sandusky Business College. Immediately on leaving school he entered the ice business, since his father, Vincent Kerber, was one of the pioneers in that industry. The firm soon took the name of Vincent Kerber & Son, this son being Frank Kerber. John Kerber continued this connection until 1892, after which he was for one year with the Wagner Lake Ice Company, then for two years employed by Alex Motry, and for five years with Leser and DeWitt.   Finally Mr. Kerber became treasurer of the Kerber Lake Ice Company, but after two years, in 1901, he organized the Consumers Ice Company. This business was incorporated during the same year, and he was made its first president and general manager, a responsibility which he still carries on his very capable shoulders.   Fraternally Mr. Kerber is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias and the Fraternal Order of Eagles, and in politics is a republican. He is the father of a very delightful family and has one of the attractive homes of Sandusky. On March 21, 1889, in this county he married Vol. II-45   1178 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   Miss Christina Knauer. Four children have been born to them: Anna, born December 31, 1890 ; William, born October 1, 1893; Lawrence, born September 2, 1895 ; and Norma, born December 17, 1898. The son William was for two years a student in Kenyon College. Lawrence is now a student in the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. The daughter, Norma, is in the high school at Sandusky.   FRANK R. MONTGOMERY. For more than forty-five years the name Montgomery has been closely associated with the industrial life of Sandusky. Frank R. Montgomery is one of that city 's leading merchants, and is widely known for his varied interests and public spirited citizenship.   Born at Columbus, Ohio, September 7, 1855, he is a son of Joseph A. and Columbia (Jones) Montgomery. His father because of his long residence at Sandusky deserves special mention in this publication.   Joseph A. Montgomery was born at Dorchester, Massachusetts, April 1, 1820. When twenty-three years of age he took up his residence in the City of Boston and engaged in business there. Boston was his home for four years and when he left there in 1847 he came out to Columbus, Ohio, and took a position with the Ohio Tool Company. He was one of that corporation's most capable workers and managers from 1847 to 1861. He then resigned in order to enter the business of manufacturing ax handles. About the time the Sandusky Tool Company was organized in 1869 he came to Sandusky to take the position of superintendent, and he remained as the executive manager of that large local industry for a period of thirty years. He was the inventor of many labor saving machines now in use in the plane department of the tool company. He also invented other wood working machines, some of which have materially expedited the turning out of many articles manufactured of wood. Joseph A. Montgomery was for many years affiliated with the Excelsior Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows at Columbus.   One of a family of eight children, and the youngest son living, Frank R. Montgomery was reared and received his education in the public schools at Columbus and Sandusky. For several years he was with his father in the tool company, and he then went to Elgin, Illinois, and was with the Elgin Watch Company, remaining with that great industry for twenty years. He was one of the most skilled and trusted workmen and he passed through all branches of the company 's service, filling many of the most important responsibilities. He was also employed in the watch factories at Hamilton and Canton, Ohio. Returning to Sandusky he opened an establishment of his own in the jewelry business, and as a jeweler Mr. Montgomery is now best known and his shop is one of the. best equipped in this line.   For many years Mr. Montgomery has taken much interest and part in musical affairs, and for a period of forty-five years he has been identified with the Sandusky Cornet Band. He plays on various instruments and as a snare drummer has few equals in the State of Ohio. He is identified with the various branches of the Masonic Order, including the thirty-second degree of Scottish Rite, and is also affiliated with the Knights of Pythias, the Knights of the Maccabees, the Fraternal Order of Eagles, the Loyal Order of Moose. He has membership in the Sandusky Ad Club, the Sandusky Federated Commercial Club, and in politics is independent. On January 7, 1896, at Dixon, Illinois, he married Miss Alice Hetler.   ROSWELL S. TUCKER, local representative of the Ohio Inspection Bureau, came to Sandusky from Chicago in November, 1906. Born near Boston, Massachusetts, of Puritan ancestors, he received his education   PICTURE OF FRANK R. MONTGOMERY   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1179   and early training in that. city. He was first engaged by a firm of industrial engineers in Boston, and later in the engineering department of both the General Electric and Western Electric Co., of Chicago. From the latter he went with the Chicago Board of Fire Underwriters. He has been engaged with the fire underwriters for the past fifteen years. Mr. Tucker is a lover of outdoor sports, and has been actively identified with yachting for many years. He was secretary of the Sandusky Yacht Club for several years. Mr. Tucker is a member of Perseverance Lodge No. 329, A. F. & A. M., at Sandusky, and is vice president of the Masonic Research Society.   AUGUST H. KLOTZ. One of the most important of the local industries of which the people of Sandusky are particularly proud is the Klotz Machine Company, machinists and founders, conducting a general jobbing and repair work and handling all classes of supplies. This company under its present name and through its predecessors has been a thriving industry of Sandusky for practically half a century or more. Its product has the recognized standard of excellence, and is distributed and used over practically the entire country. The company manufactures handle machinery, wine presses, grape grinders, grape stemmers, pumps of different kinds, architectural and a varied line of iron and brass castings, special machinery and jobbing work.   Now the active head of this company, August H. Klotz was born November 1, 1863, in Sandusky, a son of the founder of the business, 0. August Klotz and his wife, Sophia (Miller) Klotz. His father was born in Saxony and his mother in Baden, Germany. They came to America in 1851, locating in Sandusky, where the father for .three years followed his trade as blacksmith, a vocation he had acquired in the thorough manner customary to apprentices in the old country. At the end of three years he associated himself with Otto Kromer, under the firm name of Klotz & Kromer, machinists. They laid the foundation for the business as at present conducted under the name Klotz Machine Company. The father finally retired for a short time, but at the solicitation of his friends a new company was organized as the Klotz & Kromer Machine Company, and this was continued until August H. Klotz bought the business in 1900 and has since conducted it as the Klotz Machine Company.   August H. Klotz received his early education in the public schools of Sandusky and is a man of thoroughly technical experience and training, besides possessing a thorough general business capacity. He received his technical training in the Rose Politechnic Institute at Terre Haute, Indiana, and on leaving that school became consulting engineer for two years, and after six years of office work bought the business with which his father had so long been identified.   In politics he maintains an independent attitude. He is a member of the Sandusky Yacht Club, the Sunyendeand Club, the Federated Commercial Club of Sandusky, of which he is a trustee, and in Masonry he has gone through the thirty-two degrees of Scottish Rite and also belongs to the Mystic Shrine. On February 6, 1902, he married Miss Barbara B. Ilg.   GEORGE CHARLES STEINEMANN. To a large and increasing general public in Erie County George C. Steinemann is known as a lawyer of undoubted ability and with many successes to his credit. He has practiced in the City of Sandusky long enough to become securely established in his profession, has acquired many influential connections, and is one of the most popular of the younger citizens.   A native of Auglaize County, he was born May 8, 1877, in Minster,   1180 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   a son of Theodore B. and Maria Elisabeth (Wendeln) Steinemann. Both parents were born and have always lived in Auglaize County, Ohio, where they still reside, the father at the age of seventy-eight and the mother at seventy-three. Both the father and paternal grandfather were merchants. The family is one of the oldest and most prominent in Auglaize County.   The sixth in a family of nine children, George Charles Steinemann as a boy attended the public schools of Minster, took his higher literary studies in St. Mary,s Institute at Dayton, and finally entered the law department of the Ohio State University, where he was graduated in the class of 1902 and admitted to the Ohio bar; he remained for a time at Columbus engaged in post-graduate study, and then became associated with the law firm of King & Guevin at Sandusky. A year later he left Ohio and spent a short time in the State of Oregon, where he was engaged in the work of his profession, and then returned to Sandusky and became a member of the firm of Williams & Ramsey. In 1908 he established himself as a junior member of Williams & Steinemann, a partnership which was dissolved when Mr. Williams was elected to the bench in 1914. Since January, 1915, Mr. Steinemann has conducted an individual practice.   While he has done much civic work in the interest of his home locality, it has been largely within the line of his own profession. He was elected solicitor of the city and served from 1910 to 1914. In 1913 he was elected a member and became the president of the commission to draft a municipal charter for Sandusky, which was subsequently approved by the electors and adopted as the new form of government for the city, effective from and after January 1, 1916. Mr. Steinemann is a democrat in politics, is a member of the Federated Commercial Club of Sandusky, the Sunyendeand Club, the Sandusky Golf Club, of which he is president, a member of Alpha Tau Omega fraternity, and is a man of the highest standing in all social circles.   On January 15, 1913, at Sandusky he married Miss Florence M. Cable, a daughter of Frank L. and Ida (Schwind) Cable. Mrs. Steinemann is a graduate of the Mount Notre Dame College.at Cincinnati and the Notre Dame College of a San Diego, California. To their union have been born two children: George C., Jr., and Maria Elisabeth.   WILLIAM H. GILCHER. For more than half a century the name of William H. Gilcher has been synonymous with the lumber industry around the shores of the Great Lakes. William H. Gilcher, who is now retired and one of the best esteemed of Sandusky,s older business leaders, was for many years active head of one of the principal lumber firms operating on the southern shores of Lake Erie. By reason of his success in business he has been in a position to exert a large influence in local affairs, and that he used full well all the advantages accorded him in this direction is the testimony of his old associates and friends. He has had a career of forceful activity, and it would be a serious omission not to include some sketch of his career in this history of Erie County.   Of solid German ancestry, he was born in Sandusky, July 2, 1843, a son of Peter and Christina B. (Boos) ,Gilcher. Peter Gilcher came from Germany in 1832 and was first known to the community of Sandusky as a carpenter. From that he entered the lumber business, and through his own enterprise and that of his son the name has been identified with that branch of industry perhaps as long as any other in Sandusky. Peter Gilcher was one of the founders of Sandusky's waterworks system, and a memoer of the board of trustees for the waterworks. He helped establish the Third National Bank, of which he was vice president from the time of organization. The church which he   PICTURE OF WILLIAM H. GILCHER   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1181   attended so long and faithfully has often been called the Peter Gilcher church because of his active influence in its affairs. He was one of the striking figures in Sandusky's early industrial, civic and social affairs. He passed away in 1877 and his wife in 1879. They had a family of ten children, two of whom died in infancy.   Recently the editor 9f one of Sandusky's papers, who in his early youth came to admire this lumber merchant, and has been one of the circle of close and loyal friends ever since, wrote an interesting appreciation of Mr. Gilcher, and most of that article is used in the present sketch.   In common with other Sandusky boys of that day, and in much the same manner that youngsters of later days spent their time; young William Gilcher roved around the docks as the water front was always the chief point of interest. He fell off his father’s dock and learned to swim in fourteen feet of water. Later he fell into business that was over his head, but he soon learned to pull a strong overhand stroke in it. While he was still chasing the phantoms of youth around, his father came to him one day, and asked him how he would like to go into business. He was then not more than twenty-one years of age. "-I,ll start you with seven hundred fifty dollars, and later make you a partner," said his father. "You,re my huckleberry;" replied the boy, and the father went away to Europe for several months, and the young man sold lumber and built up the business while he was gone. The capital of the firm at that time was about fifteen thousand dollars, .a huge amount in those days. Jacob Hertle was their first clerk. One of William,s great chums was R. E. Schuck.   In 1868 they formed the partnership known as Gilcher & Schuck. with the father and son and Mr. Schuck each having a third interest. . William Gilcher was the moving spirit in the business. He would hear of a large cutting of lumber in some camp on the lake, and taking along enough greenbacks to supply all needs, as money talked louder than anything else in that game—he would go to the lumber marts and haggle with the back woodsmen for the lowest cash price. From the little office of the company on Water Street, where once was the depot of the old Mad River Railroad, William H. Gilcher came in time to figure his year,s business in the million feet and his financial columns in the hundred thousands. This buying of lumber in heavy shipments that came, down from the lakes in boats caused him to aspire to the ownership of a boat line, and eventually that idea developed into the great Gilchrist Steamboat line. Mr. Gilcher had met Mr. Gilchrist, then a clerk on lake boats. Gilchrist was dreaming of owning a great fleet of merchant ships, and largely on the basis of capital supplied by Sandusky men prominent among whom were Messrs. Gilcher & Schuck, the Gilchrist Transportation Company was incorporated in 1897. There was a large number of Sandusky .people who held stock in this concern, though the principal stockholders bore the names of Gilchrist, Gilcher and Schuck. Finally the company suffered disaster, and the investors and stockholders lost a great deal of money. Mr. Gilcher himself had $200,000 in the fleet, while his partner Mr. Schuck owned stock worth $500,000.   The lumber firm in which Mr. Gilcher was a partner in one year did a business that involved the selling of 12,000.000 feet of lumber. While it was one of the smaller companies, the profits in one year when the trade was most flourishing amounted to $17,000. Mr. Gilcher in the early days also lent his capital to the development of the supposed oil district around Sandusky.   For over half a century William Doerzbach and Mr. Gilcher have been close friends. As local contractor Mr. Doerzbach bought lumber   1182 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   from the Gilcher & Schuck Company. It was in 1868' that Mr. Gilcher and R. E. Schuck became associated under the name of Gilcher & Schuck, and in 1892 J. E. Schuck, a son of the partner, was admitted to the firm. J. E. Schuck died. in 1908, and R. E. Schuck in 1910. Among various other business interests Mr. Gileher was at one time a director in the Norwalk Electric Company, was president of the White Line Electric Company, was vice president of the Cedar Point Resort Company, and a director, beginning in 1877, in the Third National Exchange Bank.   Mr. Gilcher has been a staunch republican, and at the age of twenty-two was elected treasurer of Portland Township. He is a charter member of the Sandusky Lodge of Elks, a member of the Sandusky Yacht Club, a charter member of the Sunyendeand Club, and he has long attended faithfully the Grace Episcopal Church.   In 1868 Mr. Gileher married Miss Tinnie Rosenbaum, daughter of Frederick and Harriet Rosenbaum, who came from Prussia, Germany. Mr. Gilcher,s family life was broken up somewhat by the death of his first wife in 1890. It was twelve years before he married again. The second Mrs. Gileher was Julietta Stimson of Ashtabula. By the first marriage there were four children. The two daughters now living are Mrs. A. J. Peters of Sandusky and Mrs. J. Ward Butler of Oakfield, New York, while the only living son is William A. Gileher.   At the conclusion of the article from which most of the above has been taken, the editor said : "He has been an aggressive citizen in the pioneer days. He is still a live wire and predicts great things for Sandusky and often his feet take him unconsciously to his old office on Water street, where for fifty years he spent considerable of his time in the prosecution of his enterprise as a great lumber merchant."   FRED FREY, JR. One of the most progressive and capable among the younger generation of business men at Sandusky is Fred Frey, Jr., who is connected with the firm of Andrews & Frey, retail dealers in furniture. A native of this city, he has passed his entire life here and is generally conceded to be a good example of the type of business man to which the city must look for its future commercial development and progress.   Mr. Frey was born at Sandusky, October 21, 1882, and is a son of Fred Frey, Sr., also a native of this city. The family was founded in the United States by his grandfather, Frederick Frey, who emigrated to this country from Freiburg, Germany, in 1849, with his wife, and, settling at Sandusky, engaged in following the trade of shoemaker. The outbreak of the Civil war found him so engaged and being possessed of patriotism and a love for his adopted land he enlisted in Company Di, One Hundred and Seventh Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, with which he served until the close of the war. He enlisted as a private, but soon won promotion to sergeant of his company, and as such participated in many hard-fought engagements, including the bloody battle of Gettysburg in which his 'regiment was nearly annihilated. At the battle of Chancellorsville he was captured by the Confederates and removed to a Southern prison, from which he was subsequently taken to the notorious Libby Prison and there confined for six months. After experiencing all the hardships' and privations connected with imprisonment there he was aided to escape by one of his comrades and succeeded in making his way back to the Union lines, where he rejoined his regiment. He was in bad physical condition, owing to the experiences through which he had passed, and was sent home because of disability, but as soon as he had recovered again rejoined his comrades at the front and continued to fight valiantly until Appomattox closed hostilities. Mr. Frey then returned to Sandusky and resumed his business, but did   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1183   not live long thereafter, dying June 11, 1873, his death having been probably hastened by the intense rigors of army life.   Fred Frey, Sr., commenced his life with but few advantages, the family being in humble circumstances. His education was limited to irregular attendance at the parochial schools, and when he was still a lad and the city still a village, he began supporting himself by carrying water for the lumber firm of Ayers & Leonard. Later he worked for a time for a fish company, and subsequently accepted an opportunity to learn the trade of barber, which he mastered and at which he worked for a period of thirty-two years, first as an employe and later as proprietor of a tonsorial parlor of his own. In 1902 he retired from the barber business, disposed of his interests,, and with Mrs. C. J. Andres embarked in a retail furniture business, under the firm style of Andres & Frey, succeeding the firm of Chas. Andres. Under well-directed management this concern grew and prospered and eventually became a successful enterprise. Mr. Frey is still active in the business.   Fred Frey, Jr., was educated in the parochial schools of Sandusky, and when ready to embark upon his career associated himself with his father, under whom he learned the trade of barber, and with whom he has been associated in all his enterprises. During the fourteen years that he followed his trade he made many friends in the city who watched his entrance into the furniture business with interest and who have been gratified with his success therein. Energetic, industrious, capable and progressive, he is rapidly making a place for himself in business circles, and it is safe to predict that a bright and successful future awaits him. Mr. Frey established a home of his own March 12, 1915, when he was united in marriage with Miss Mary Missig, a young lady of Springfield, Ohio.   D. C. POWERS. Recently Mr. Powers retired from an active career as a merchant at Sandusky. He had been in active business quite a half a century. Few men are enjoying a better earned leisure in Erie County than Mr. Powers. His life has been one of well directed purpose, of signal integrity, and the service which he rendered as a business man justified the compensation which proved the basis for the fine prosperity which he now enjoys. Of the older group of Sandusky citizens none is more highly honored than D. C. Powers.   A resident of Sandusky or Erie County for fifty-five years, he was born in Jefferson County, New York, March 18, 1844. His parents were Amasa and Rebecca (Grow). Powers, the former a native of Vermont and the latter of Connecticut. The father went to Northern New York, in the Black River district, where he lived the remainder of his life, dying in 1860. He was the father of three children, D. C. Powers being the youngest. During his active lifetime Amasa Powers was a tanner by trade. He was a man of honor and integrity, had a host of friends, and was distinguished for his admirable morals. He never tasted a drop of intoxicating liquors, and was a vigorous advocate of the temperance cause.   D. C. Powers acquired only a liberal education from books and schooling. He lived with his parents until he was twenty, and then in 1865 he found employment as clerk in a dry goods store at Sandusky. He worked for one man and gained an experience in all the details and shouldered many of the responsibilities of the store for eight continuous years. In 1874 he engaged in business for himself as partner in the firm of Wagner & Powers. This was a well known partnership in the retail dry goods business for eight years. Later for a similar period the business was conducted as Powers & Zollinger. Finally Mr. Powers bought the entire establishment and remained at the head of a very   1184 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   successful business, which was long recognized as a landmark in the shopping industry of Sandusky, until 1914. In that yer he gave up his active participation in business affairs and is no longer a familiar figure in the mercantile circles of the city.   While most of his life has been devoted to business and home, he has exercised not a little influence in shaping the welfare of his community. He is a republican, but perhaps his prohibition principles predominate in his political faith. For more than fifty years he has advocated temperance as did his father before him. He has been an active member of the Methodist Church for forty-eight years, and one of the strongest supporters of that denomination in Sandusky. For thirty-seven years he has been, closely connected with the Sunday School, and in that time was never tardy at the Sunday School service.   On August 17, 1876, Mr. Powers married Miss Mary Alvord. To their union have been born two children. Helen is now Mrs. J. M. Bender of Sandusky. She is an alumna of the Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware, and subsequently continued her studies by special work in Boston and New York. Royal A., the only son, is now prospering in the real estate business at Sandusky.   CIRO S. RICCELLI. This is a brief life story of one of Sandusky,s best known citizens. His home has been in this city for more than a quarter of a century. He was a hard working young Italian immigrant when he first made himself known to the community. His life has been one of much struggle, much constant aspiration and struggle upwards, until he now dominates one or two important industries and lines of business in Sandusky, and in return for the opportunities of American citizenship he has lived a useful and influential life..   Born May 1, 1874, in Italy, a son of Ettore Riccelli, he spent only the years of early childhood in his native country, and in 1887 came to America. As a boy laborer, accepting any employment which he could get, he was located successively in McConnellsville, and Steubenville, Ohio, Wheeling, West Virginia, and Fairmont, West Virginia.   Going from place to place and seeking opportunity, he arrived in Sandusky in 1889. He soon afterward took up the fruit business. This expanded into other lines, and for many years he has operated successfully in the ice cream, confectionery and soft drink business, keeping stands in the summer resorts on Johnson Island, Cedar Point, Lakesidel and other places, besides his regular business in the City of Sandusky. Here his establishment is one of the familiar features of the business district, and his fruit and confectionery store and ice cream parlor have been operated so well that they brought him a competency.   The capital from this primary business has been invested in other lines. In 1908 he tookl up the manufacture of ice cream cones, which found a ready sale over a large territory and he has since been kept busy in superintending and managing this large and profitable business. In 1913 he secured the agency for all the leading steamship lines both for inland transportation and for trans-Atlantic service, and has since conducted that agency, which is the only steamship agency for foreign transportation in Sandusky. Through this business he has been able to lend his assistance and experience for the benefit of a great number of - his fellow countrymen, and he is a man thoroughly charitable in all his deeds and intentions, though he makes no display of his practical philanthropy and only the recipients of his favors are aware how much he does in this way. Mr. Riccelli was also employed by the American Crayon Company for eleven years.   On December 26, 1895, Mr. Riccelli married Miss Anna Scheel. All the six children born to their happy marriage are still living,. namely:   PICTURE OF T.T. MORGAN   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1185   Arthur, born December 25, 1896 ; Clarence, born October 16, 1902 ; Florence, born September 19, 1904; Roy, born November 27, 1909; Kenneth, born January 15, 1912 ; Sterling, born May 12, 1915.   T. T. MORGAN. The wonderful success which has attended the Brown Clutch Company during the past few years, advancing it from a position of unimportance to one of the largest enterprises of its kind in the country, must be attributed equally to the excellence of its product and to the energy, business talent and gifts of acumen, judgment and foresight possessed by its president and general manager, T. T. Morgan. This leading and influential business man of Sandusky has been the architect of his own fortunes, having worked his way from the bottom of the ladder in spite of reverses and disappointments with a determination and fertility of resource worthy of the success he has achieved.   Mr. Morgan is a son of Erie County, and was born on his father’s farm, April 24, 1864, his father being George Morgan. George Morgan was born at Milan, Erie County. He was adopted by Thomas Morgan and was before adoption George Hamilton, son of Chester Hamilton, of Milan, Ohio. So the subject of this review is not a Morgan, nor is he connected in any way with the Morgan family but is related to the Hamilton family, which were among the prominent settlers 'of Erie County, Pennsylvania, and many of the family represent that fine old stock throughout the State of Ohio and other states of the Union. George Morgan followed agricultural pursuits during the period of his active career. He was an industrious workman and a substantial citizen, winning the esteem and confidence of his associates through a lifetime of useful and energetic effort. He married Miss Mary J. Monfort, a native of Dutchess County, New York, and they became the parents of two children, of whom T. T. is the younger.   T. T. Morgan was educated in the township schools of Erie County, and was reared in much the same way as other farmers, sons of his day and locality. He was his father,s assistant until he reached the years of his majority, at which time he embarked in agricultural ventures on his own account. After eight years of experience in tilling the soil, he decided that a brighter future awaited him in the business field, and accordingly disposed of his farming interests and ventured into the retail grocery business at Norwalk, Ohio. There he was associated for one year with J. Scherer, under the firm style of Morgan & Scherer, and then purchased Mr. Scherer's interests and began conducting the business alone. Three years later he disposed of his holdings in a commercial way and became a traveling representative for a wholesale house, with which he had come into contact in a business way, and spent six years in this capacity. Having received injuries in a railroad accident he relinquished his services as a salesman, and after fully recovering, in 1905, he was compelled to make a new start to recover his place in the business world, and chose as the medium through which to accomplish this object the handling of realty. There followed three years of more or less profitable activity in buying and selling city and farm property, but in 1908 Mr. Morgan was made general manager of the Brown Clutch Company, a Sandusky firm then in its infancy, which had at that time only a small and inconsequential business. Under the energetic and progressive management of Mr. Morgan the business rapidly grew and developed, and in 1913 he was chosen for the presidency of the company, in addition to which he continues to discharge the duties of general manager. The Brown Clutch Company manufactures friction clutches and friction hoists, and the product has become known all over the country for its excellence of workmanship, measuring up to every requirement and being of remarkable quality. As to output   1186 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   it is one of the largest manufacturing concerns of its kind in the United States. The main building occupies a space of 250 by 60 feet, two stories high, with basement and there are also additional buildings for various purposes. A large force of men is given employment. Mr. Morgan is a member of the Masons and has passed through all the bodies up to and including the Commandery. His political allegiance is with the republican party.   On March 18, 1885, Mr. Morgan was married in Erie County, Ohio, to Miss Maude Van Benschoten, daughter of D. H. Van Benschoten, and to this union there has been born one daughter, Hazel Maud.   JOHN J. HEALY. As a merchant the name of John J. Healy has been associated with Sandusky enterprise for a great many years. Some of those who can remember him as a boy will recall the fact that he spent several years in performing a good deal of menial work such as was customary in the general routine of business houses when a boy of all work was employed. He is now head of the Healy Company, operating one of the best managed and most completely stocked department stores in the city.   Born in Ottawa. County, Ohio, September 8, 1866, he is a son of James and Mary Healy. His father was born in Ireland, and after coming to America lived in New York City for a time. He then brought his family out to Sandusky, and became connected with Marsh & Company in the manufacture of plaster, and was connected with that company for forty years until he retired. His death occurred in 1895.   John J. Healy received his early education in the public and parochial schools of Sandusky. When only fourteen years old he started to learn mercantile life through the avenue of general utility boy with the old established house of Kronthal Brothers. He swept out the store, ran errands, helped keep the stock in order, and did practically everything else that was demanded of him in proportion to his strength and ability. One responsibility after another was added to his duties, and he finally transferred his service to the firm of J. L. Hudson & Company, with which he was identified for many years. Mr. Healy with all this experience, with the capital which he had slowly accumulated, and with a splendid credit which he had established, then organized the Healy Company. whose fine department store is located at 202-212 Market Street. The Healy store deals in all kinds of men's, women,s and children,s ready to wear goods.   There is no store outside of Cleveland that carries a better stock and is better known for reliable merchandise. Mr. Healy is president and manager of this successful emporium.   Fraternally he is a fourteenth degree Scottish Rite Mason and is also affiliated with the Modern Woodmen of America. He is also a director in the Erie County Agricultural Association. On March 12, 1894, Mr. Healy married Miss Olive Uncle. Their two children are named Russell and Dorothy Healy.   WILLIAM M. LAUGHLIN. Many of the fine old pioneer homesteads of Erie County by subdivision and sale have passed entirely out of the control of the descendants of their original possessors. One of the tracts of land still farmed by a man whose grandfather acquired it direct from the Government is the place of William M. Laughlin, in Berlin Township, on Rural Route No. 2, out of Huron. At least a century has passed since the first efforts were made by the original Laughlin to clear, improve and cultivate these acres, and a host of family associations and memories center around the farm, and Mr. Laughlin is a man who has a regard both for the historical past and for the practical work of the present.   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1187   Mrs. Laughlin, his wife, is also of an old and honored pioneer Erie County family and there are no people more representative of the sterling stock that first identified themselves with this section of Northern Ohio.   The Laughlin name is of Scotch-Irish origin. The grandfather John Laughlin was one of eleven brothers who came from Ireland about 1800, and in a few years were scattered about over the various states and territories both east and west of the Allegheny Mountains. John Laughlin in the early part of the last century came out to Erie County, secured a tract of wild land in the western part of Berlin Township and was one of the very first of those who penetrated the wilderness for the sake of acquiring a permanent home. It is not known whether he brought his wife to Erie County on his first trip or not, and her name and family connections are not a part of the recorded family history. After a time John Laughlin went back to Pennsylvania, making the journey on horseback. Two days after he and his wife reached Pennsylvania their son Milton Laughlin was born December 25, 1812. He was still a child when his parents returned to Erie County and established their home in Berlin Township. The mother of Milton died a number of years later, and John Laughlin married a Miss Hollister for his second wife, and they spent their last years on the old homestead. John Laughlip was one of the early organizers of the Presbyterian Church not far from his home, and for a number of years served it as deacon. He was an ideal type of the early settler, stood six feet two inches tall, and possessed a strength in proportion to his rugged and great frame. He had both strength and endurance for all the heavy work that confronted the first settlers in the wilderness. He became allied with the old whig party and had taken up with the doctrines of the new republican party before his death.   Milton Laughlin, who was born as already stated a short time after the outbreak of the second war with Great Britain was reared in Berlin Township on the old homestead of a hundred acres, half of which he subsequently secured as his own place, and which is now in the possession of his son, William M. Milton Laughlin was somewhat like his father in respect to his physical proportions and strength of character, was an industrious farmer, was reared in and was always faithful to the Presbyterian Church, and voted the republican ticket until the end of his life. About two years before his death he removed from the old homestead to Milan Township, where he died in October, 1884. The immediate cause of his death was the taking of an overdose of raw tincture of iron. He was then past seventy years of age. Milton Laughlin married, Mary Krom, who was born near the Hudson River about 1815, and was probably of the old Dutch stock of New York State.. She came to Ohio with her parents when she was a child, grew up in Milan Township, and her parents died there when quite old. Mrs. Milton Laughlin died in Milan seven years after her husband. She was likewise a member of the Presbyterian Church, and should be remembered as a faithful wife and devoted mother. She and her husband became the parents of six children: Ransom F. is now a retired farmer in Milan, and has one living son and two grandchildren. Jane, the second child,. is the wife of George Hooper. living at Tiffin, Ohio, and they have a son and daughter. Nancy, who died in 1876, was the wife of William Squires, now living in Milan, and she left a son who is still living. Frank enlisted in the Union Army as a fifer in an Ohio Regiment, and after about three years of service died toward the end of the war from illness contracted while with the army and was still unmarried. The next of the family is William M. Bertha, the youngest, married Frank Diamond, and they now live in Milan and have three living children.   1188 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   William M. Laughlin, who has succeeded to the ownership of his father’s fifty-acre homestead, was born on that farm June 29, 1859, and has spent here practically all his life. His education came from the local schools of Berlin Township, and throughout that part of the county he is known as a practical and enterprising farmer. In addition to his farm he owns thirteen acres in Milan Township. It is all well improved, and his home is a comfortable seven-room brick house which was built . before Mr. Laughlin was born. He has succeeded many seasons in equaling the best yields of general crops per acre, has grown wheat, corn and oats, and latterly has planted some twelve to fifteen acres of potatoes., In Berlin Township in 1880 Mr. Laughlin married Miss Frances Hollister. She was born in Milan Township, December 3, 1857, and grew up and received her education in that locality. As already mentioned, her family is one of the oldest to be found in Erie County. Her grandparents were Jesse and Ann (Horton) Hollister, both New Englanders by birth. They came to Erie County in 1817, after a long and tedious journey, established themselves in the wilderness of Milan Township, and lived there until death took them away when quite old. They were of the hardy old Vermont stock, and in character and activities well fitted for the responsibilities of pioneer life. Their son, Edwin Hollister, the father of Mrs. Laughlin, was born in Vermont in 1810, and was 'accordingly seven years of age when he arrived in Erie County. He grew up on the old homestead in Milan Township, and was married in that locality to Caroline Webb, who was a native of New York State and was quite young when her parents moved out to Erie County. She also grew up in Milan Township, where her parents died many years later. Edwin Hollister and wife became thrifty and prosperous farming people of Milan Township and later owned a place in West Berlin Township on the Township Line Road, where Mr. and Mrs. Laughlin now live. Edwin Hollister died in 1895 and his wife in 1893. She was a member of the Methodist Church while he was a Universalist. He took much interest in township affairs, was a republican voter, and he and four of his sons saw service throughout the period of the Civil war. One of the sons, Jacob, died from illness while still in the army,.   To the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Laughlin have been born four children. Earl W., who was born January 24, 1885, became a railroad man and lost his arm while employed by the Wheeling and Lake Erie, and is now living at home. Walter W. is living at Toledo and by his marriage to Ethel Whistler, has a daughter named Frances Della. Pearl H., who was born January 29, 1890, has for the past six years been a locomotive fireman on the Nickel Plate Railway, is now living at Belle-. vue, Ohio, and married Maria Huskstein. Ada, the youngest, was educated in the public schools as were her brothers and sisters, and is still living at home. Mr. and Mrs. Laughlin attend the Presbyterian Church and Mr. Laughlin and sons are republicans in politics.   F. E. SWAIN. One of Sandusky’s prominent younger business men, Mr. Swain, is secretary of The C. V. Baumgardner Piano Company, a large and important concern which has received considerable attention on other pages of this work.   Mr. Swain was born in Paulding, Ohio, December 20, 1888, the only son and child of his parents, E. C. and Catherine Genevieve (Bittell) Swain. His father was a very prominent citizen of Paulding County, where he was engaged in general merchandising until the time of his death. At one time he served as sheriff of the county, and in other ways was a. factor in its affairs.   PICTURE OF L. L. CURTIS   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1189   Mr. F. E. Swain acquired an education in the public schools at Fostoria and Sandusky. When only sixteen years of age he embraced a business career, starting as bookkeeper for the Homegardner Coal Company. He remained with that company about four years, and there laid the foundation of a substantial business experience.   He has considerable individual talent as a musician, and it was undoubtedly that which led him, on leaving the coal company, to enter the piano store of J. F. Renner, as a salesman. He continued in that employment until March, 1914, when he severed his connections and after a short time became one of the incorporators of the Baumgardner Piano .Company. He was elected secretary and a director and has had much to do with the success of this concern. Mr. Swain is well known in local musical circles and is a member of several fraternal orders. In politics he is a democrat. He married Miss Margaret Davlin, a daughter of W. W. and Effie S. (Skilliter) Davlin, of Whitmore, Ohio. They have one child named Florence Genevieve.   L. L. CURTIS. One of the best examples of individual commercial success found in Northern Ohio is in L. L. Curtis, who, beginning as stock keeper, has filled all the successive posts of responsibility ,and for the past twelve years has been president of The American Crayon Company of Sandusky, Ohio.   This business itself is one in which the people of Erie County take special pride. Like many other large concerns it had its origin in an idea when the manufacture was begun in a home shop, from which it has extended to one of the largest in Sandusky's commercial district and furnishes employment to probably as large a force of workmen as any other local concern.   The Curtis family has been identified with Ohio since pioneer times. Ezra S. Curtis, grandfather of L. L. Curtis, was born in the State of New York, but spent the most of his life in Lake County, Ohio. W. D. Curtis, the originator of the business now known as The American Crayon Company, and father of L. L. Curtis, was born in Orleans County, New York, in 1824. He spent nearly three years as a soldier in the Civil war, enlisting in 1862 in Company D of the One Hundred and Fifth Ohio Infantry, fought at the battles of Richmond and Perryville, but in 1863 was transferred to the medical purveyor’s department, was stationed first at Nicholasville, Kentucky, and after a year was ordered to Louisville, where he remained until the close of the war. He was mustered out July 4, 1865. In 1851 he married Caroline E. Cowdery, who was born in Cattaraugus County, New York, in 1829. In 1866 the family removed to Sandusky. The children of W. D. Curtis and wife were : L. L. Curtis ; H. J. Curtis, deceased; Carrie, widow of John Whitworth; Mary, who married Judge F. C. Price of Kansas ; and Carl C. A.   It was in 1869 that W. D. Curtis, with M. F. and John S. Cowdery, his brothers-in-law, conceived the idea of making crayon for school purposes and began experimenting toward that end in the kitchen of the Curtis home. From these initial experiments they realized a great future for the business, and started on a small scale and with crude equipment to manufacture crayon in a small building on Columbus Avenue in Sandusky. The next location was a larger, building on Hayes Avenue. At that time the company was known as the Western School Supply Company. From time to time many improvements were introduced in molds and machinery, and the output of the concern soon included a variety of crayon for different uses and were shipped to all parts of the United States. In 1900 the plant was destroyed by fire,   1190 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   but it was soon rebuilt on Hayes Avenue, and the factory is now the largest of its kind in the world.   Mr. L. L. Curtis was born in Lake County, Ohio, June 16, 1852, but has lived in Erie County since he was fourteen years of age. He received his education in the public schools of Lake County, and soon after the Western School Supply Company was established he took a position as stock keeper. Some years later the company and the Waltham Crayon Company of Massachusetts were consolidated as The American Crayon Company, and Mr. Curtis became superintendent of the entire plant. He and his brother, H. J. Curtis, were active not only in the management but have supplied much of the equipment now used in the manufacture, particularly the molds. The American Crayon Company is capitalized at $1,000,000, and Mr. L. L. Curtis is now the only member of his immediate family identified with the business. His brother, H. J. Curtis, died in 1901, and both M. F. and John S. Cowdery, who were also in the firm at the 'beginning, are now deceased. The American Crayon Company manufactures crayons of every description, for use in schools; oil crayons, which have an extended use ; pastel crayons ; lumber crayons, used in the lumber trade ; carpenter crayons; billiard tools and accessories, and the company also make a large variety of small wooden boxes for shipping their own merchandise and for supplying other industries. The plant of this company covers more than three acres of floor space, and trains are loaded and unloaded at each side of the factory. About three hundred and fifty men and Women are on the pay rolls of the company.   In addition to this manufacturing concern of which he is president, Mr. L. L. Curtis takes just pride in the city where he resides, and largely through his influence this extensive factory was located in Sandusky. He is a public spirited man in every sense of the word, and his own success has been a big factor in Sandusky’s prosperity. He has been' a director of the Commercial Bank of Sandusky, Ohio, for a number of years, a director and the vice president of the Dauch Manufacturing Company, a director in the Komo Color Company, and a member of the Federated Commercial Club. In Masonry Mr. Curtis has gone through the various degrees and branches, including the thirty-second degree Scottish Rite and the Mystic Shrine. He is a member of the Sunyendeand Club, the Sandusky Golf Club, and the Sandusky Ad Club. He served two terms on the board of education, and at different times has identified himself with other local business enterprises.   HENRY C. MILLOTT. The art which constructs, either for utility, for beauty, or for both—the art of architecture—is one of the oldest of the civilizing and refining agencies of man. Natural conditions and configuration of the country in which has been exercised have necessarily regulated it, but the development of a modern palace, either for residence or business, step by step from the ancestral cave or tent, has been one of the great and interesting romances of civilization. Among the followers of the profession of architecture in Erie County, one who has contributed materially to the upbuilding and beautification of the City of Parks is Henry C. Millott, who since his return from a trip to Europe in 1907, has been located at Sandusky.   Mr. Millott was born December 20, 1878, in Erie County, Ohio, and is a son of Martin and Julia (Tracy) Millott. His father, a native of Ireland, emigrated from that country to the United States in 1847, subsequently becoming a resident of the City of Sandusky, where he passed the remainder of his life, dying before he had reached middle age. He was the father of nine children, of whom Henry C. was the youngest.   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1191   Henry C. Millott received his early education in the parochial schools of Sandusky, following which he took up the study of architecture at Cornell University and was graduated from that institution in the class of 1906. The basis of his present architectural style and standing was laid in Europe where he took an extended trip immediately after his graduation and where he was given the opportunity of viewing and studying many of the beautiful old edifices, churches, cathedrals, universities, museums, etc., rich in architectural designs, an education that could have come to him in no other way, and which has been of incalculable value to him in his subsequent work. A number of these old structures have since passed entirely away, sacrifices to the war now raging in the old countries.   On his return from Europe Mr. Millott settled at once at Sandusky, here opened an office, and has continued in the enjoyment of a rapidly increasing business. No visitor to the City of Parks on Lake Erie fails to be impressed with the architectural values and beauties of its buildings. They have been erected with a proper appreciation of their surroundings, and with an idea of producing a harmonious whole, and the result attained is close to the modern conception of the "city beautiful." In the accomplishment of this result Mr. Millott has played his full part. His field of operation, however, is not confined to his home city, for he is called upon to superintend as well as furnish designs for elegant residences, stately public buildings and massive business structures throughout a wide area. His knowledge of his profession, his accuracy in making estimates, his thoroughness and excellence of labor and his strict fidelity to contracts have established him firmly in his calling and have given him precedence over many of his competitors. Several of the buildings planned and executed by him are : The Alhambra Theater Building, St. Mary School Building and the Third National Bank Building.   In religion. Mr. Millott is and always has been a Roman Catholic, and has always been a consistent and sincere friend of the many worthy educational and charitable interests so actively promoted by that church. His sole fraternal connection is with the Knights of Columbus. While abstaining from anything that could possibly be called active political life, he is known as a supporter of the principles of the democratic party. Outside of his profession he has few business interests, but is a director in The Hinde Brick & Tile Company, of Sandusky, and has been a factor in its success.   Mr. Millott was married November 24, 1910, at Sandusky, to Miss Eleanore Hinde, daughter of James J. Hinde, of this city, and to this union there have been born three children : James 0., Mary J. and Richard H.   GEORGE A. SCHWER. Of the men whose, abilities lend strength and substance to the business prestige of Sandusky, one of the best known is George A. Schwer, secretary and assistant manager of the Dauch Manufacturing Company. A native son of Erie County, his entire career has been passed here and his name has been linked with some of the most important industrial enterprises in the state. His standing as a citizen rests upon his numerous contributions in the way of public service.   Mr. Schwer was born May 12, 1874, in Erie County, Ohio, and is a son of Albert and Mary (Metzgar) Schwer. His father, a native. of Germany, came with the family to the lUnited States in 1852, when he was but four years old, the family locating at Sandusky, Ohio. He received a good public school education in Sandusky and learned the   1192 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   trade of machinist, a vocation which he followed for a number of years as a journeyman at Sandusky. Being industrious and thrifty, he finally accumulated the means with which to start a machine shop of his own, an enterprise that proved the nucleus for his present success. At the present time his chief interest is centered in the success of the Ohio Motor Company, of which concern he is secretary.   George A. Schwer received his educational training in the public schools of Sandusky, following which he took a course in the Sandusky Business College, thus fitting himself for a business career. He had inherited much of his father,s mechanical ingenuity and predilection for machinery, and received his earliest business training under the preceptorship of the elder man. For a number of years he was identified with the Ohio Motor Company, where he won steady and consistent promotion by reason of his general ability and faithfulness to the company,s interests, and at the time of the organization and for a number of years afterward was its vice president. During the period of Mr. Schwer,s incumbency of that office the company developed into one of the leading business industries of Sandusky, this condition of affairs being largely brought about through his steady and unceasing industry and energetic effort. He still retains a directorship in the Ohio Motor Company, but in April, 1914, resigned from the vice presidency, having been offered and accepted the positions of secretary and assistant manager of the Dauch Manufacturing Company, feeling that his interests should not be divided. He is president of the Sanitary Paper Bottle Company, of Sandusky, Ohio ; a director of the Masonic Temple Association Company, of which he was president in 1913 ; and the treasurer and a member of the executive committee of the Sandusky Business Men’s Association. Mr. Schwer is a man of public spirit and civic pride and has always been anxious to have a hand in anything that promises to enhance the welfare of the city and its people. He is prominent in fraternal circles, and is a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. In Masonry Mr. Schwer has gone through the various degrees and branches, including the thirty-second degree Scottish Rite. He belongs also to various other fraternal orders and to the United Commercial Travelers, in which he is past senior counselor. In political matters, Mr. Schwer allows no man or party to dictate to him, choosing his own candidates as he regards them fitted for public service. His judgment in this as in other matters is considered excellent, he being generally found supporting good men and beneficial measures.   Mr. Schwer was married September 25, 1900, in Erie County, Ohio, to Miss Emelia Ferbach, of Sandusky, and to this union there have come two children : Wilbert G., who was born August 2, 1902; and George Albert, born December 6, 1907.   BERT D. SMITH. A high class business man of Sandusky who has won his way from a humble position to one of marked prosperity is Bert D. Smith, whose name is especially familiar in the coal trade. Mr. Smith is still young, and what he has accomplished in the past fifteen or twenty years serves as a reliable basis for judgment that his prosperity Will be all the greater in the years to come.   A native of Erie County, he was born March 21, 1877, a son of William C. and Louisa (Kunz) Smith. His father was born in Ohio and is .still living at the age of sixty-six. Bert D. Smith was the third in a family of four children. He was educated in the grammar schools of Sandusky, but when a boy started out to make his own way. He learned the barber trade under his father, but after four years in that occupation   PICTURE OF JOHN T. HAYNES, M.D.   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1193   looked for something better. He next became collector for the Kunz Coal Company, and during the four years in that work gained a thorough knowledge of the coal business. His experience was increased by three years of employment in Toledo, Ohio, and Detroit, Michigan, with different coal companies, but in 1900 he returned to Sandusky and started in the coal trade for himself. His name has been identified with that particular business in Sandusky for fifteen years. Mr. Smith is a live and energetic salesman, and he disposes of large quantities of coal every year, and has a very large and extensive clientele. He also is a dealer in and carries a full and complete line of builders, supplies, and this department of Mr. Smith,s business is steadily increasing.   Fraternally he is affiliated with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Knights of Pythias, the Fraternal Order of Eagles and the United Commercial Travelers. Mr. Smith married Miss Pearl J. Bates, of Sandusky, Ohio, and has one son, J. Bates Smith.   JOHN T. HAYNES, M. D. The work by which Doctor Haynes has become best known in Erie County is his service for over a quarter of a century with The Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Home, of this county. Doctor Haynes became one of the assistant surgeons at this institution in the late ,80s, and is now chief surgeon of the hospital. Docthr Haynes is a man of very vigorous character, positive and forceful, yet kindly and benignant in his relations with the old soldiers under his care, and his has been a valuable influence in Erie County for many years.   He was born in Butler County, Ohio, June 29, 1864, a son of Dr. Moses H. and Sarah (Hunter) Haynes. His ancestry goes back to John Haynes, who was one of the passengers on the Mayflower early in the seventeenth century. Other ancestors fought on the American side during the Revolutionary war. Dr. Mqses H. Haynes was born in Ohio, in 1825, and his wife was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, in 1833. Dr. Moses H. Haynes, who after a long life of useful activity, died at Richmond, Indiana, October 6, 1907, had graduated from Oxford College in this state in 1854, and from Miami Medical College of Cincinnati in 1856. In 1861 he was commissioned an assistant surgeon of the Sixty-ninth Regiment of Ohio Volunteer Infantry and later became surgeon of the One Hundred and Sixty-seventh Regiment of Ohio Infantry, and continued with that command until the close of the war.   For a great many years after the war he practiced at Seven Mile in Butler County, Ohio, and finally gave up professional work in 1887 and after that lived retired in Richmond, Indiana. He was a democrat in politics, took a prominent part in the Grand Army of the Republic, and was a member of the Methodist Church and of several of the leading fraternities. In 1867 he married for his second wife, Elizabeth Place.   Dr. John T. Haynes was the youngest of his mother,s children. His sister, Louella May, deceased, was the wife of Rev. Dr. David S. Schaff, son of Dr. Phillip Schaff, formerly of the Union Theological Seminary of New York, while Rev. Dr. David Schaff has long been prominent in the Presbyterian Church and educational affairs. Doctor Haynes has a brother, Earl P. Haynes, who is a well known educator.   The early youth of Dr. John T. Haynes was spent in Butler County, Ohio, where he attended the public schools. When his father removed to Richmond, Indiana, he attended Earlham College of that city, and in 1889 he graduated M. D. from the Miami Medical College of Cincinnati. For a short time he was connected with a Cincinnati hospital, but soon accepted an appointment as assistant surgeon of the Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Home at Sandusky. In August of 1891 he was made chief surgeon of the hospital of the Soldiers and Sailors Home, and has held that position by uninterrupted service for twenty-seven years. Vol. II-46   1194 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   Doctor Haynes is a republican in politics, a member of the Presbyterian Church, also of the Masonic fraternity, and has attained the thirty-second degree in Scottish Rite Masonry. In 1891 he married Olive D. Ashton, daughter of Dr. and Mrs. A. S. Ashton of Piqua, Ohio. Six children were born to Doctor and Mrs. Haynes, five sons and a daughter, as follows : Ashton H., Dorothy W., Leonard P., Paul T. and Hunter H. The second child, John H., died in infancy. Doctor Haynes has been a member of the United States Board of Pension Examiners of Sandusky, Ohio, for the past twenty-five years.   J. J. HEPBURN. One of the veteran railroad men of Sandusky, James J. Hepburn has been a resident of this city for the past quarter of a century.   He was born February 24, 1862, in Scotland, and came to America in 1880. He first located at Lima, Ohio, where he was connected with the Lake Erie & Western Railroad as a car builder in the shops at Lima, and held a position there until September, 1891. Before coming to this country he had served a thorough apprenticeship in the cabinet maker's trade, and was thus thoroughly qualified to become an expert workman for the railroad company.   In 1891 Mr. Hepburn became foreman of the locomotive department d roundhouse of the Lake Shore and the Lake Erie & Western Railroad Ft Sandusky.   N. J. HUNT. In the commercial history of Sandusky, and particularly in the branch relating to the coal industry, the name of N. J. Hunt has appeared prominently since 1879. At various times he has been connected with coal concerns of prominence in the city, and now is one of the leading merchants in this line as head of the firm of Hunt & Weis, wholesale and retail dealers. Few men have better records for straightforward business conduct and for success gained without animosity.   Mr. Hunt was born in Erie County, Ohio, June 10, 1862, and is a son of W. B. Hunt. His father, a native of England, emigrated to the United States with his parents in 1851, taking up his residence. at Sandusky, where he subsequently became a leading figure in both business and public life. He was known as one of the most prominent and successful of the city’s veterinary surgeons and for over twenty years was prescription clerk in the drug business of J. H. Emmerick. Politically a stanch republican, he took an active and helpful part in civic affairs, devoting much of his energy and abilities to the promotion of movements and enterprises for the public welfare. Elected mayor of the city, he served with such 'ability and faithfulness that he succeeded himself twice, and his entire administration was marked by progress and the innovation of sound and practical measures for the city ,s good. He died in 1913, at an advanced age, honored and respected by all who knew him.   The second of his parents, children,. N. J. Hunt was given his education in the public schools of Sandusky, and received his business training under the practical preceptorship of his father. He was only twenty years of age when he entered upon a career that has since brought him position and prosperity, at that time embarking in the coal business with C. M. Thorpe. During the years that followed he was interested either as an official or an employe in a number of the leading coal concerns of the city, and subsequently became owner by absorption of the different partnerships, the companies either selling out or suspending business. Among these may be mentioned such firms as Worley Brothers & Smith and the Worley Coal Company. In 1897 Mr. Hunt formed a partnership with C. N. Weis in the founding of the present concern of Hunt & Weis, wholesale and retail dealers in coal and ice, with retail yards on   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1195   Railroad Street between Wayne and Hancock streets, and fuel docks on the Baltimore & Ohio, Big Four and Pennsylvania railroads, and office and yard on Railroad Street, between Wayne and Hancock streets. This business has been developed into one of the largest in Erie County, through the judgment, energy and foresight of its chief executive officer, who 1s one of the best known men in the trade in Ohio. Mr. Hunt is capable of close and prolonged application and has executive and organizing talents of a very high order that fit 'him for planning and prosecuting enterprises of vast magnitude. He has entered into the founding and promotion of ventures outside of the immediate field of his business, and is at this time treasurer of the Peninsular Steamboat Company of Sandusky. In all of the great enterprises which have interested the people of Sandusky—patriotic, benevolent, educational and philanthropic—he has taken a deep interest and at the same time has been a liberal contributor toward such projects. As a fraternalist, he belongs to the Modern Woodmen of the World and to the Knights of the Maccabees, and to the United Commercial Travelers of Ohio, as well as to other orders. In political matters he ' unswervingly supports the principles of the republican organization.   On October 4, 1881, in Erie County, Ohio, Mr. Hunt was united in marriage with Miss Minnie Mathews, of this county, and they have become the parents of two, children Roland H., born July 23, 1888 ; and Harold N., born December 28, 1889.   W. E. GUERIN, JR. In the legal profession there is no more difficult field than that which deals with corporation law. The successful practitioner in this branch of jurisprudence must not alone be a broad and thorough master of his vocation, but a business man of acuteness and foresight, for his is the field of practical law in which fact and logic are given prestige over theory and oratory. One of the most capable among the corporation lawyers of the Erie County bar is W. E. Guerin, Jr., the representative of large business interests at Sandusky and elsewhere and the organizer of a number of important industries.   Mr. Guerin was born November 24, 1871, at Fort Scott, Kansas, and is a son of William E. and Martha E. (Reynolds) Guerin. His father still survives at the age of sixty-seven years, making his home at Portland, Oregon. The eldest of a family of four children, W. E. Guerin, Jr., received his early education in the 'public schools of Columbus, Ohio, whence the family had removed when he was a child, and later entered the Ohio. State University, where he completed his literary course. He next became a student of the law department of Cornell University, from which he was duly graduated, and in 1893, was admitted to the bar at Columbus, Ohio. For 11/2 years he practiced at the capital city and then came to Sandusky and became a member of the law firm of Peeke & Guerin, a partnership which lasted only for a short time, Mr. Guerin withdrawing to become connected in partnership with Mr. Hull, under the firm style of Hull & Guerin. This combination was dissolved when Mr. Hull was appointed to a place on the Common Pleas bench, and Mr. Guerin then became a member of the firm of Wickham, Guerin & French. The senior partner of this concern was a native of Norwalk, Ohio, a veteran of the Civil war and one of the most able and distinguished lawyers of Northern Ohio. In 1900 the firm was dissolved, Mr. Guerin then joining Judge E. B. King, as King & Guerin. Since 1912 Mr. Guerin has been engaged in practice alone, and his fertility of resource and vigor of professional treatment have continued to aid him in his progress to professional reputation and the attainment of a large legal business. He has been a factor in the upbuilding of Sandusky as one of the promoters and organizers of numerous business enterprises   1196 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   and from their inception has continued to act as their legal representative, being also secretary and treasurer of the Sandusky Foundry Machine Company. He belongs likewise to the Chi Psi fraternity, to the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and to the Masons, in which he is a Shriner and has attained the thirty-second Scottish Rite degree. His social connections include membership in the Cleveland Athletic Club and the Sunyendeand Club. While Mr. Guerin has been a professional man rather than a politician or participant in public life, he served Erie County capably as a representative in the Seventy-fifth General Assembly of Ohio. With his family, he belongs to the Congregational Church.   Mr. Guerin was married March 7, 1895, to Miss Alice Greenleaf, of Columbus, Ohio, and they are the parents of one daughter : Mary Bancroft, born July 10, 1897, who is now a member of the sophomore class of Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts.   C. L. WAGNER. In the City of Sandusky where he was reared and has spent practically all his life, C. L. Wagner has a record of progressive success in business affairs. From a clerkship he has risen to a place where he is a controlling factor in the principal concern handling ice on the southern shore of Lake Erie.   Though his home has nearly always been in Sandusky C. L. Wagner was born in Cleveland, October 24, 1852. His father, Julius Wagner, was born in Germany. He came to Sandusky in 1849, and as a car builder and joiner by trade was in the employ of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad for fifteen years. He married Miss Elizabeth Raymond and of their family of six children three are still living.   The oldest in the family, C. L. Wagner received his education and early training in the public schools of Sandusky and at home. For six years he worked as a clerk in a local store, and there laid the foundation of a sound business experience. After that he was a salesman for ten years in the retail dry goods house of Zerbe & Company, and then entered merchandising for himself, in the partnership of Wagner, Powers & Bradbeck. When this company sold out he continued for himself in . the carpet business up to 1885.   In that year Mr. Wagner organized the Wagner Bros. Wholesale & Retail Ice Company. This subsequently became the Wagner Lake Ice Company, with Mr. Wagner as president and general manager. The business has a record of fifty years behind it, having been established in 1865 and incorporated in 1888. The storage capacity is said to be the largest around the southern shore of Lake Erie. While the business started on the basis of handling, storing and distributing lake ice, its development subsequently included the handling of coal, builders material of all kinds, and the concern was both wholesale and retail. But in 1906 this company was consolidated with several others into the Interstate Ice Company, which was, later taken over by the City Ice Delivery Company, of Cleveland, Ohio, and Mr. Wagner is general manager of the wholesale department. The business is now a part of a large organization with its main offices in Cleveland, but Mr. Wagner remained as general manager of the wholesale business at Sandusky and Michigan. Thus Mr. Wagner has had a thoroughly successful business career, and together with that record has exhibited a public spirited generosity in behalf of everything that would promote the welfare of his home city.   EDWARD G. WALSH. In Sandusky and elsewhere in Northern Ohio might be found many conspicuous examples of the work done by the brick contracting firm of Walsh Brothers, the leading firm of its kind   PICTURE OF C. L. WAGNER   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1197   in Sandusky, with fully thirty years of successful existence. Both brothers are thoroughly capable men, have splendid technical preparation for their trade, and their success is of a character that can be readily demonstrated by brief inspection of their work.   Born November 3, 1850, in Sandusky, Edward G. Walsh is a son of Patrick and Sarah (Roney) Walsh. His father was born in Ireland and came to America in 1846, spending one year in Schenectady, New York, and then coming to Sandusky. He was a stone mason by trade, and followed that vocation throughout his entire career. He died in 1873. He was one of the early settlers of Erie County, and as a stone mason he had to work in those early days for wages as low as 50 cents a day. In 1853 he moved west to Iowa, locating at Decorah, and he remained there until 1873, when he returned to Sandusky, where he died shortly afterward.   Of three children the only survivors are Edward G. Walsh and his brother, Michael H. Walsh. These brothers formed a partnership in 1885 as Walsh Brothers, and they have been associated in business affairs ever since. Michael H. Walsh was born October 9, 1858, in Decorah, Iowa. He married Miss Alice Conley of Sandusky, Ohio, and they have one child, Mary, a student in the Sandusky High School. Michael H. Walsh is a member of the Knights of Columbus and Catholic Order of Foresters, and was a member of the Sandusky City Council two terms. He is a staunch democrat in politics.   At sixteen years of age Edward G. Walsh began learning the trade of brick layer, and his brother took up the trade about the same time. They have done much of the finest brick work in Sandusky. They constructed the I. 0. 0. F. Building, the Kingsbury-West Block, the James D. Lea, Building at the corner of Market and Wayne streets, the No. 1 Engine House, the St. Paul and St. Peter School Building, better known as the Father Lidley Memorial Hall and School Building, and many other structures that might be pointed out in every section of the city.   Mr. Walsh is a member of the Catholic Church, of the Knights of Columbus, the Catholic Order of Foresters, is a democrat in politics and has served on the Sandusky Board of Education for four years.   He was married January 9, 1877, in Erie County to Miss Ann Kelley. Nine children were born to their union, but the four now living are Edward P., Michael A., Henry and Desmond.   LORENZ ZORBACH. One of the oldest and most successful building contractors of Sandusky is Lorenz Zorbach. His home has been in that city for more than thirty years. A large list of important structures might be drawn up to specify to his skill and resources as a business man. He is one of Sandusky’s most substantial and esteemed citizens.   Born March 8, 1852, in Germany he came to America in 1882 at the age of thirty years, accompanied by his wife and one son. He located at Sandusky, and here exercised the art which he had acquired as a young man in Germany, as a journeyman carpenter. He followed the trade as a journeyman actively for ten years, and in 1892 started out for himself as a building contractor. Since then in twenty-three years he has constructed some of the most substantial public and private buildings of the city. A few that might be mentioned are the Seventh Ward addition to the school building; the Boeckling Building on Columbus Avenue ; the Woodword Building and the Frank residence on Adams Street. Seven beautiful residences on Central Avenue with many others of like construction testify also to his work.   Mr. Zorbach is a republican. On February 12, 1877, he married   1198 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   Miss Wilhelmina Bentz. To their marriage have been born the following children: William, John, Frank and Helen.   GODFRED OPPLINGER. Any man who has accomplished as much as Godfred Opplinger since he came to the United States a little more than thirty years ago has a just cause for pride. At his beautiful little farmstead in Vermilion Township he is now living with most of his children grown to useful manhood and womanhood, and has surrounded himself with everything to make life comfortable and enjoyable.   He is a representative of the sturdy Swiss people who in considerable numbers have helped to make Erie County what it is today. He was born in Canton Berne, Switzerland, January 1, 1859. The family has lived in Switzerland for many generations. His grandfather was Fritz, Sr., and his father also bore the name of Fritz or Fred. The grandfather spent all his days in Canton Berne, and Fred Opplinger was also reared in the same district. He learned the trade of tinsmith and became a master of his trade and in that way he provided for his family. He died in his native canton at the age of forty-five in 1861. By his first marriage he had children named John, Frederick and Marian, all of whom died in Canton Berne. For his second wife he married Anna Bartschte .of the same canton. They had been born and reared in the Village of Buchholterbach. Long after the death of her first husband, and after her marriage to Jacob Roth, when she was sixty years of age, she came to the United States, and she died near the home of her son Godfred in Vermilion Township in 1908 at the age of about seventy-eight. Jacob Roth, her second husband, is still living there at the age of past seventy. All the family were members of the Reformed Church.   Godfred Opplinger had only one full brother, Christian. He came to the United States and died at Lakewood near Cleveland, and his widow and seven children are still living there. Godfred Opplinger grew up in Switzerland, and was educated in both the French and German tongues. When he was twenty-three years of age he married there Miss Anna B. Fuher. She was born in the same village as her husband on July 17, 1860. Her parents, Christian and Anna (Benkli) Fuher, were natives of Canton Berne and farming people there. Her father died at the age of seventy-three and her mother at sixty-five.   In young manhood Godfred Opplinger followed the trade of cheese maker, for which the Swiss are famous. After his marriage he took up various employments, and in 1881 he brought his little family to the United States, locating in Cleveland, and a year later moved to South Amhurst, where he found work in a stone quarry for eight years. He returned to Cleveland for one year, and in 1900 came to Vermilion Township where he invested his carefully accumulated savings in a farm of twenty-five acres. He has since then effected a number of improvements and now has a productive and profitable small fruit farm, devoted to the smaller fruits, with about an acre of grapes.   While his years have been filled with the cares and responsibilities connected with gaining a living and providing properly for his children, Mr. and Mrs. Opplinger have now reached a period of life When they can take things somewhat leisurely. Of the nine children that were born into their home, two are deceased, Emma and Ferdinand. Of those still living a brief record is as follows : Rose is the wife of William Crumm, a railroad conductor living at Collinwood, and they have children named Etta, Bonnabell and Mildred, while by a former marriage to Charles Newman she had two children named Charles and Dorothy. Frederick, the oldest living son, lives in Lorain, where he is a piano dealer and he married Irene Nichols. Fredia is the Wife of Martin Schuster, a farmer of Vermilion Township, and their children are Luella.   PICTURE OF SIDNEY FROHMAN   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1199   Ruth, Esther and Ray. Flora and Fannie, twins, are now grown women, the former being the wife of Asa Broughton, while Miss Fannie is still at home. Ida has completed her education in the public schools and is at home, and the youngest child, Edward, is still a member of the home circle. Mr. and Mrs. Opplinger are members of the Reformed Church, and in politics he is a democrat.   SIDNEY FROHMAN. Thirty-five years old, Sidney Frohman has in a brief career made as good use of his talents and opportunities as probably any other young business man of Sandusky. He is now officially identified with some half dozen active industries and business concerns, and is one of the young men of distinctive leadership in the city.   Born January 2, 1881, in Sandusky, he is a son of David and Rachael (Straus) Frohman, who were natives of Germany. The late David Frohman, who came to America some time in the ,50s, lived the rest of his career in Sandusky, and became a successful manufacturer and also took a leading part in civic affairs. He was a member of the city council for a number of years, and was especially active in the Order of the Odd Fellows, and filled all the chairs in the Uniform Rank of that fraternity.   The youngest in a family of nine children, Sidney Frohman received his early education in the public schools of Sandusky and in 1901 graduated from the Sandusky Business College. Just fifteen years ago he started his business career as clerk in the Peoples Electric Railway, and from that he became freight agent for the Sandusky, Milan & Norwalk Electric Railway. For one year he was secretary to R. E. Danforth, general manager of the Lake Shore Electric Railroad Company. For eight years he was secretary of the Sandusky Foundry & Machine Company, of which he was one of the organizers and one of the original directors.   In 1910 Mr. Frohman became treasurer of the Hinde & Dauch Paper Company, and in the past five or six years has rapidly accumulated business interests in various lines. He is treasurer of the Dauch Manufacturing Company ; president of the Frohman Chemical Company ; vice president and treasurer of the Sanitary Paper Bottle Company ; treasurer of the Riverside Orchard Company at Payette, Idaho; and a director in the American Paper Bottle Company of Philadelphia. He is also a director of the American Paper & Pulp Association of New York and director of the Corrugated Fibre Company, of Dayton, Ohio. Fraternally he is much interested in Masonic affairs, is a thirty-second degree Scottish Rite, a Shriner, and is a director in the Masonic Temple Association of Sandusky. In politics he is a republican. He belongs to the Federated Commercial Club of Sandusky, the Sunyendeand Club, the Sandusky Golf Club, and the Sandusky Yacht Club. On April 27, 1905, he married Miss Elnora Dauch.   GEORGE H. DEWITT. For a great many years the name DeWitt has been prominently associated with the financial affairs and public utilities of Sandusky and Erie County. George H. DeWitt was for many years an active factor in the pioneer interurban line of Ohio, between Sandusky and Milan and Norwalk. He is now living retired, but in his former years has effected much that is permanent in Sandusky’s business life.   A native of Erie County, he was born February 24, 1847, a son of W. H. and Hannah (Buck) DeWitt. W. H. DeWitt was born in New Jersey and his wife in Pennsylvania. He came to Erie County in 1830 and was one of the very early settlers at Sandusky, which was then a very small hamlet. His first enterprise there was farming, but later he became a building contractor and still later bought a brick yard and   1200 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   manufactured brick until within a short time of his death. He was a citizen of integrity and of unimpeachable honor, and stood very high in all the relations of a long and busy lifetime. He died in 1901. He was a devout Methodist and worshipped in that faith all his career from childhood.   Of the three children in the family, George H. DeWitt is one of the two now surviving. He was educated in the public schools of Sandusky, but at the age of fifteen started out to make his own way and worked as a clerk in a dry goods store and still ,later followed the same line of business for himself at Salem, Ohio. He continued a merchant there for six years and then returning to Sandusky became identified with the old horse car street railway. Perhaps as much as any individual he helped to develop Sandusky's traction interests. He was a director in the old Sandusky Street Railway, and afterwards became associated with others in the People,s Electric Street Railway, which built and installed the electric line running out to the Soldiers Home. Still later he was one of the prime factors in the building of the interurban line known as the Sandusky, Milan & Norwalk, which was the pioneer electric interurban line in the State of Ohio. After the road was constructed and the company thoroughly organized he became its president and manager, and he held that official position for eight years until the property was sold to parties outside of Sandusky. Since then he has lived largely retired, and spends his time looking after his private interests.   Mr. DeWitt has always been a public spirited and unselfish citizen and willing to work for the best interests of Sandusky in every way. He has given his time and energy to the promotion of a number of business enterprises, and has been highly prosperous. He is a member of the Sunyendeand Club.   On October 10, 1876, he married Miss Fannie A. Summers of Salem, Ohio. Their two children are Helen, born in October, 1880 ; and Lucy, born in October, 1885. Helen is now Mrs. August Kuebeler, Jr., of Sandusky, and Lucy is Mrs. George McCune of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and the mother of two children, Clodagh and Pargny.   CHAS. P. CALDWELL. Probably no other man in Sandusky has a wider range of acquaintance among the leading public men of Ohio and the nation, covering the last thirty or forty years, than Chas. P. Caldwell. Mr. Caldwell has had a versatile career, was in the newspaper business for many years, and for over twenty years has been a United States custom official at Sandusky. Born January 27, 1852, in Bristol, Ohio, he is a son of Eben E. and Harriet D. (Cox) Caldwell. His father, who was born in Trumbull County, Ohio, moved to the State of Wisconsin and engaged in the industry of raising blooded horses. Then prior to the war he went South, purchased several plantations and began the raising of cotton on an extensive scale and with the typical enterprise and thrift of a northern man. He had his interests in several localities of the South, but after the War, in 1868, he located in Cleveland and bought two lake steamers which he employed in shipping wheat from Duluth. He was in the grain business for ten years, and after his retirement spent his time quietly at his country home in Trumbull County.   The only child of his parents, Chas. P. Caldwell was given all the opportunities and advantages which a growing boy could utilize. He attended school in Montgomery, Alabama, and at Cleveland, Ohio, and finished his education in Hiram College in Ohio. While in college he became acquainted with many men then or subsequently noted in public life. One of these was James A. Garfield, later president of the United States. Mr. Garfield, as is well known, was connected with the faculty   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1201   of Hiram College for a number of years, and Mr. Caldwell was one of his pupils. In after years he formed a close personal acquaintance with Garfield and also with McKinley, Roosevelt and Taft. All these presidents reposed utmost confidence in Mr. Caldwell, and gave him the official positions which he has held at various times. For many years he was correspondent and in other ways identified with newspapers, and this work brought him into contact with the leading men all over the country. In 182 he was appointed a United States customs officer in Sandusky, and has continuously held that office down to the present time.   GOTTLIEB F. HAUFF. Probably no citizen in Erie County could surpass in enterprise and solid industry those who came to this county from Germany or are of German parentage. A number of those who are natives of this county and of this substantial element in the second or third generation have inherited the solid virtues of their ancestors, and have combined with those a certain progressiveness and public spirit that make them most admirable American citizens and valuable factors in their respective communities.   Of this class is Gottlieb F. Hauff, a young farmer and stock raiser of Vermilion Township. His home is near Mittewanga, where he owns the old family homestead, on which he was reared and educated. He , has owned this place since 1913, and has surrounded himself with many of the comforts and the modern facilities for carrying on agricultural enterprise with the highest degree of profit and a minimum of inconvenience. He and his wife have a good six-room house and plenty of farm buildings to meet the requirements of their farm. The place is well stocked, and its fields are very productive. The broad acres produce crops of all the staples for which Erie County is noted, and in yield some of Mr. Hauff,s acres are unexcelled.   Mr. Hauff was born in Vermilion Township, and has spent here all his active career. He made his own start in the world, and having shown himself capable of independent work, he steadily prospered and enjoyed increasing confidence in the eyes of his neighbors, and is now well settled, having bought his present place from his father, Christian Hauff, a prominent Erie County citizen, to whom reference is made on other pages of this work.   On November 1, 1911, at Huron, Ohio, Gottlieb F. Hauff married Miss Anna M. Bartzen. She was born in Huron March 24, 1892, and received her education in that town. Her parents were Peter and Margaret (Ellenz) Bartzen. Her father was born in Bitenburg, Germany, in 1864, and is of mingled German and French stock. He came to America when a very young man, making the voyage by steamship, and after settling in Huron he married a young Woman from Perkins Township. Peter Barfzen died April 16, 1914. He Was a blacksmith by trade, and a man whose industry and integrity commended him to the confidence of a large community of friends. His wife passed away December 12, 1905, at the age of fifty-two. Both were members of the Evangelical Church and in politics he was a republican. Peter Bartzen was a son of Nicholas and Margaret Bartzen, who spent their lives in Germany. Nicholas was seventy-nine when he died and his wife was forty-five, she having passed away when her son Peter Was five years of age. In earlier generations of the Bartzen family their religion was that of the Catholic Church, Nicholas Bartzen was also a blacksmith, and he taught his son Peter that trade. Mrs. Hauff is one of nine children, five of whom are still living, and all married but one.   Mr. and Mrs. Hauff are the parents of two children : Harvey G., born September 16, 1912 ; and Christian Gilbert, born October 4, 1915.   1202 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   Mr. Hauff is a member of the Reformed Church while his wife belongs to the Evangelical Association. In politics he is independent.   E. B. ACKLEY Sandusky has for many years been greatly indebted to the services of E. B. Ackley as a leader in musical affairs. He has been a resident of that city more than twenty years and has done much to extend the appreciation of good music throughout the city.   Born November 1, 1871, in Illinois, Mr. Ackley developed his musical talent by home study and much diligent practice, and for a number of years has been actively identified in some official way with musical affairs. In 1893 he came to Sandusky, having been engaged as a director of music at Cedar Point, and he also became musical instructor for the Sandusky Band. This band has for a number of years been classed as one of the most popular bands in the state.' For the past twelve years Mr. Ackley has conducted a business of his own, one of the most perfectly equipped billiard halls in the city, containing twelve tables.   He is now instructor of the High School Orchestra in the Sandusky city schools, and donates his services to that work as a matter of civic duty. Mr. Ackley is a popular member of the Masonic order, affiliated as follows: Perseverance Lodge, No. 329, F. & A. M.; Sandusky Chapter, No. 72, R. A. M.; Sandusky Council, No. 26, R. A. S. M.; Erie Commandery, No. 23, K. T.; and with Scottish Rite, Fourteenth Degree, Valley of Toledo. He is a member of the Sandusky Council United Commercial Travelers, is president of the A. F. of M., and a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. In politics he is a republican. In 1904 he married Miss Ida Frohman of Sandusky.   AUGUST W. NIEDING. In his work as a farmer and fruit grower, in his public spirited relationship to all community affairs, and in his standing at home and abroad, August W. Nieding is one of the most highly respected citizens of Vermilion Township, and occupies a beautiful small estate near Joppa Corners on Rural Route No. 2. For years he was steadily engaged in agricultural affairs, but in recent years has advanced in prosperity to the extent that he can relax some of his strenuous toil.   He was born in the Village of Vermilion November 23, 1856, a son of George and Ann C. (Meister) Nieding. His parents were both born in Kurhessen, Germany, the father in 1831 and the mother in 1832. They were of old German families. George Nieding’s father was a well to do German farmer. George was still only a boy, seventeen or eighteen years old, when his father died, and his mother married a Mr. Conrad Heier, and both spent the rest of their lives in Germany. George was the oldest son. Owing to a misunderstanding with his step-father When he was twenty-one years of age, he left his native land and immigrated to the United States. He was forty-two days in making the voyage by sailing vessel from Bremen to New York City. He came on west as far as Cleveland, and *there got work at the trade of shoemaking, which he had learned back in Germany. From Cleveland he went to Brown- helm Township in Lorain County, and for four or five years worked on a farm and as a butcher. He was married in the City of Lorain in Lorain County, and then came to the Village of Vermilion, where he followed his trade a year, then worked for two years in the ship yards, and for the next seven years was in the employ of Burton & Pierce, well known general merchants, grain dealers and shippers. His next employment, for nearly three years, was with Capt. William Bradley, in the latter,s sawmill. George Nieding after these varied experiences returned to farming as the pursuit of his later years. He bought thirty-five acres in Brownhelm Township of Lorain County, but some years   PICTURE OF E. B. ACKLEY   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1203   later sold that and bought fifty-one acres in Vermilion Township, Erie County. Both he and his wife were very industrious and thrifty people, and they increased their holdings to ninety-six acres. George Nieding was a very generous man, had many friends, but had the weakness of being too prone to sign papers and obligate himself in behalf of his friends, and in consequence he lost the farm in Vermilion Township, Some years later his son August W. bought back most of the place and his parents had the satisfaction of spending their remaining years there. George Nieding passed away in 1903 and his wife in 1899. They were active members of the German Reformed Church, and in politics he was a republican. Of their children, August W., was the only son. The daughters were : Martha, who died at the age of six years; Anna, who died in 1901, leaving two sons and two daughters; Minnie, who died at the age of nine; Christie, who is a widow and resides with her large family of children in the Village of Vermilion   August W. Nieding spent his early life in Erie and Lorain County. He acquired most of his education in the Village of Vermilion. On reaching his majority he lived for a few years on the old homestead in Vermilion Township, and subsequently bought twenty-four acres of land, Which he occupied only eighteen months, when he left to engage in the wine and liquor business in Toledo. He was in that city two years and from there went to Dundee, Michigan, where he followed farming and also contracted to furnish timbers to railroads. After two years in Michigan Mr. Nieding returned to Erie County and bought twenty-six acres in Vermilion Township. That constituted his home and the scene of his productive efforts for fourteen years. Selling that, he bought ninety acres of the old homestead where his parents had lived as already noted, and he owned and operated that as a general farm for eleven years. Mr. Nieding finally deeded sixty-five acres of the old homestead to his daughter, Mrs. George Dickel, and then moved to his present estate of twenty-five acres just west of Joppa Corners. That is the home which he has chosen for his declining years, and represents in many of its features and improvements his individual enterprise. Mr. Nieding has a substantial seven-room house, and has a practically new red barn on a foundation 26x30 feet for the shelter of his grain and stock. One feature of the farm is a 300-tree peach orchard. His land is very productive, and here as elsewhere he has shown a degree of progressiveness that puts him among the leading farmers of Erie County.   Mr. Nieding first married Miss Nettie Crum. She was born in Pennsylvania in 1866, and died at her home in Vermilion Township July 20, 1912. Her one daughter is Florence, wife of George Dickel. After the death of his first wife Mr. Nieding married in Knox County, Ohio, Mrs. Mary (Denham) Witby, widow of Theodore Witby. There were no children by that marriage nor by the present union. Mrs. Nieding was born at Mount Vernon, Ohio, in 1871, was reared and educated there, and was five years of age when her mother died. Her father, Oscar Denham, is a farmer living at Fredericktown, Ohio. Mr. and Mrs. Nieding are active members of the German Reformed Church, and the first Mrs. Nieding was also a devout member of that congregation. In politics Mr. Nieding is a republican and has frequently been entrusted with township responsibilities and every confidence shown in him by his fellow citizens has been thoroughly justified by the integrity of his personal character and by his ability in managing his business affairs.   CHRISTIAN KROPF. In the farming district of Florence Township are many prosperous and progressive men who believe that the happiest life as well as the most independent is to be lived on a farm. Prominent among these men is Christian Kropf. He is an excellent and pro-   1204 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   gressive farmer and a man who can be depended upon in matters of local moment. Mr. Kropf has won prosperity by hard work. In earlier years he was a renter, from that graduated 1nto independent ownership and now has a first-class farm not far from Vermilion postoffice. Much of his thrift and energy can be explained from the fact that he was born in Switzerland. He was born in Canton Berne October 8, 1867. His people lived in Switzerland for generations. His parents were Christian and Alma Barbara ( Wormwood) Kropf, who were born in the same Canton, were married there, and all of their six children were born in the same locality. The first of their children was named Christian, but died in infancy. The second was given the same name, and he is now the Erie County citizen above named. Elizabeth died after the family came to America at the age of eighteen. Anna was well educated, partly in her native country and partly in the United States, was for a number of years a missionary worker in Cleveland, and for the past four years has been a missionary at Canton, China. The son John lives in Vermilion Township near Axtel, is a well to do farmer, and by his marriage to Miss Anna Heinsley of Lorain County has three children named Hilda, Arnold and Leonard. Mary, who is unmarried, lives in Vermilion Township.   Christian Kropf was fifteen years of age when the family left Switzerland, took passage on a ship at Antwerp and thirteen days later landed in New York City. From there they came on west to Vermilion Township in Erie County, and established their home on a farm. On that land the parents spent the rest of their days. Christian Kropf, Sr., died August 30, 1914, when nearly seventy-nine years of age, his birthday having been in September. His wife passed away eleven years before, in March, 1902, at the age of seventy-two. Both were members of the Reformed Church, and the father was a democrat in politics.   It was in Erie County that Christian Kropf spent the remaining years of his boyhood and early youth. He received his education partly in Swiss schools and partly in this country, and has done much to improve every advantage since he started out for himself. For two years he rented land in Vermilion Township, and then made his first purchase of twelve and a half acres in the same township. He lived on that place four years, and then again was- a renter for two years, operating a place of ninety acres. This farm was near Axtel in Vermilion Township. Having sold his first twelve and a half acres, he subsequently bought sixty-seven acres in Florence Township and in 1909 sold that at advantage and invested in the farm of sixty-three acres on the Butler State Road between Birmingham and Axtel, twelve miles from the north line of Florence Township. All but ten acres of this is in a high state of cultivation and improvement. Mr. Kropf knows farming as a business and profession, utilizes all his resources, and is not only a producer but has shown much ability in marketing his products. He raises the various grain and cereal staples, potatoes, has a two-acre apple orchard, and his farm has excellent business improvements, including a seven-room brown house surrounded with good outbuildings, including the main barn on a foundation 30x40 feet. He derives much of his revenues from live stock, to which he feeds most of his crops, and he keeps good grades of cattle, horses and hogs.   In Vermilion Township in 1895 Mr. Kropf married Mrs. Fannie (Champney) Moulton, widow of Arthur Moulton and daughter of Louis and Mary (Webster) Champney. The father was a native of Ohio and the mother of Massachusetts, and both were of the old New England stock. Her father was born in Vermilion Township of Erie County, a son of Francis and Eliza (Winton) Champney, who came as pioneer settlers from Connecticut to Erie County and spent the rest of their   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1205   lives in Vermilion Township. Francis Champney died at the age of eighty-five, while his wife passed away when only thirty-eight. They are buried in the Maple Grove Cemetery. Mary (Webster) Champney was fifteen years of age when her parents came to Vermilion Township She was a daughter of Levi and Sarah (Robins) Webster, who Were early settlers in Vermilion Township, spent their lives on a farm here, and Levi died at the age of eighty-five and his wife at eighty-four. The Websters were members of the Congregational Church. After Louis Champney and wife were married they made their home on a farm near Axtel in Vermilion Township, and for a great many years the Champneys have been among the best known and most substantial people of that community. Louis Champney died there in 1908. He was born in 1838. His widow is still living with her daughter Mrs. Albert Pease at the old Champney home near Axtel, and is seventy-one years of age and quite active though she has never been a very strong woman. She is a member of the Adventist ,Church. Mr. Champney was a strong democrat. Mrs. Kropf by her first marriage had a daughter, Eva, who died in infancy, and a son, Roy A., who is married and lives in Elyria, Ohio, where he follows the business of insurance agent, statistician and enumerator. Mr. and Mrs. Kropf are the parents of the following children : Walter C., who lives at home and is in the second year of the high school ; Jessie, attending the Birmingham. High School; Flossie B., also in high school; Fred Louis, in the eighth grade ; Edith E., in the sixth grade ; Bernice E., in the fourth grade ; and Nellie C., in the second grade. Mr. and Mrs. Kropf are members of the Adventist Church at Axtel, in which he is a deacon and superintendent of Sunday school. In politics he is a democrat and is always able to give a very strong and logical reason for his position in every political matter.   JOHN WHITWORTH. The kind of business success which benefits not only the individual but the entire community was that which was won by the late John Whitworth of Sandusky. He helped to give that city one of its largest industries, one by which the name Sandusky is known all over the country, and throughout his career was a conservative but public spirited citizen, and everything that he touched was the better for his influence.   He was born in Paterson, New Jersey, in 1852, and died at his home in Sandusky, September, 13, 1907. His parents, Jonathan and Nancy (Walwork) Whitworth, were born in England and on coming to this country first settled in Paterson, New Jersey, and from there in 1854 came to Sandusky. Jonathan Whitworth was a machinist by trade and for a number of years was in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Shops at Sandusky.   Practically the entire lifetime of John Whitworth was spent in Sandusky, since he was only two years of age when the family moved to that town. He had limited advantages in the way of schooling, but was the type of man Who succeeds no matter what his early handicap might be. His first regular employment began at the age of -fifteen as clerk in a grocery store. He was also employed by the old co-operative store which once occupied the site of The Wagner Grocery Company. In a few years his thrift and energy had given him an independent position in local trade circles, and he became senior member of Whitworth & Free, which later became Whitworth & Quinn.   However, his most important business connection was with the American Crayon Company, in which, after retiring from the grocery trade. he became a director and treasurer, and still later was made general manager for the company, and superintended its extensive operations up to the time of his death. The American Crayon Company is the   1206 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   largest concern of its kind in the world, and is largely due to the enterprise and genius of Sandusky men. Mr. Whitworth was one of the executive heads of the company while it was making its greatest growth and the industry deserves to be associated with his name and enterprise.   Mr. Whitworth also was well known as a banker and financier. He was at one time vice president of the old National Bank of Sandusky, and in September, 1902, when the Commercial National Bank was organized and absorbed the Second and the Moss National banks, Mr. Whitworth was chosen president of the new institution, and it was largely under his wise direction and counsel that it came to rank in the course of a few years with the leading financial institutions of Northern Ohio. He was also one of the organizers and was president of the Sandusky Building & Loan Association, was a director in the Sandusky Telephone Company, and his ability and services were utilized in many ways by the Chamber of Commerce, of which he was long an active member.   In July, 1889, Mr. Whitworth married Miss Carrie Curtis, a daughter of W. D. and Caroline (Cowdery) Curtis. W. D. Curtis helped to originate the manufacture of crayons in Sandusky, and out of the small business which he started nearly half a century ago was developed the American Crayon Company of the present time. Mrs: John Whitworth is still living at her home in Sandusky, and her children are : Mary and Millicent, and John Whitworth, r.   CHAS. J. KRUPP. Well known and highly esteemed as a professional and business man of Sandusky and noted throughout the State of Ohio as one of the pioneers in the advancement of the profession of embalming to its modern, scientific state, is Chas. J. Krupp, who is now devoting his time and attention entirely to funeral directing and to the embalming profession. For forty years he has been prominent in business, fraternal and religious affairs of his city and during that time he has been in positions of trust under two state administrations. He was born in Sandusky, April 28, 1857, a son of John Krupp, who was born in Germany, but was a pioneer resident of Erie County.   Chas. J. Krupp’s grandfather was Charles Krupp. The latter left the fatherland in 1833 and came with his family to America after a stormy voyage of sixty-two days, landing in New York. From there he came by the way of the Hudson River and Erie Canal to Buffalo, thence via Lake Erie to Venice, then a part of Huron County, Ohio. Proceeding to that part of Seneca County now known as Franks, he purchased a tract of forest-covered land, and having cleared a space, erected the rude log cabin which was the first home of the Krupp family in America. In common with other pioneers of his day, he labored with unceasing toil to improve hi§ land, performing no inconsiderable part in helping to develop the resources of that part of the country. Wild turkey, deer and other game were plentiful, helping largely to supply the family larder. He was industrious and energetic, and with the aid of his children, cleared from the wilderness a good farm, on which he spent his remaining days. The maiden name of hi§ wife, whom he married in Germany, was Catherine Schabacher.   Born in Rhenish Bavaria, Germany, January 8, 1822, John Krupp was a lad of eleven years when he accompanied his parents to Ohio. He was the sixth oldest of ten children born to Mr. and Mrs. Charles Krupp. He attended the pioneer schools of Seneca County and, as soon as old enough, did his full share in helping his father to clear and improve a homestead. While in his teens he served an apprenticeship of three years at the cabinet maker's trade at Tiffin, the first year receiving his board and $22 in money ; the second year receiving in addition to his board $32, that sum being increased the third year to $42. After work-   PICTURE OF MR. AND MRS. JOHN KRUPP   CHARLES J. KRUPP   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1207   ing at his trade as a journeyman for a short time, he entered the employ of the Sandusky, Mansfield and Newark Railroad Company at Sandusky. This was in 1845. Mr. Krupp was associated with the railroad as a pattern maker for twenty-two years and two months. Resigning that position in 1870, he was engaged in the furniture and undertaking business at Sandusky until 1895 when he retired, being succeeded by his son, Chas. J. Krupp, who was already in partnership with him and his son- in-law, Henry T. Goebel.   After his retirement from the undertaking and furniture business, John Krupp continued to reside in Sandusky until his death which occurred February 25, 1911. He had been a very successful business man and acquired title to much valuable real estate within the City of Sandusky. He was one of the organizers of the Citizens Bank, of which he was vice president from 1886 until the time of his death. He was a devoted member of St. Mary,s German Catholic Church.   On February 6, 1849, John Krupp was married at Thompson, Seneca County, Ohio, to Miss Catherine, the only child born to John and Catherine Simon, in what is known as New Prussia, in Germany, near Lorraine. She was in her twenty-second year at the time, having been born in 1827. To John and Catherine Krupp were born nine children, seven of whom have passed away. The departed ones were : Mary ; Louisa, who was Mrs. Henry T. Goebel, of Sandusky ; Catherine, who became Mrs. Herbert Herb, of Erie County ; two sons each of whom was named John, Jacob and Jacob S. Those living are : Josephine, who is Mrs. Paul Miller, of Sandusky, and Chas. J., the special subject of this brief sketch.   Chas. J. Krupp attended the parochial schools of Sandusky until he was eleven years of age, after which he continued his studies at the Sandusky High School for two years. He was one of the youngest students who ever entered that institution. He gave up his school work at the age of thirteen, which was on May 1, 1870, to enter his father's employ. He soon became familiar with the business and at the end of eight years, was admitted to partnership, the firm name being John Krupp & Son. As stated above, the senior member of the firm retired in 1895 and the newly organized firm of Krupp & Goebel conducted the business for five years. The firm dissolved in 1900, Mr. Goebel continuing in the furniture business while Mr. Krupp assumed the undertaking, which he has since carried on with unquestioned success.   In 1882, Prof. Auguste Renouard, arriving from France, started his classes in scientific embalming in this country. His first class after leaving New York, was that at Detroit. Mr. Krupp was one of the class of nineteen embalmers who took the first instructions ever given by Professor Renouard. From that time on, Mr. Krupp has been a leader in the ranks of embalmers skilled in the modern process. He has ever been abreast of advancement in his profession and his fame as an embalmer has not been locally confined. His offices are now in the Masonic Temple and his undertaking establishment is one of the finest in its equipment in this section of the state.   Mr. Krupp married, on November 5, 1878, Ida M. Palmerton; She was born in Erie County, Ohio, a daughter of Joshua Evans and Sarah Maria Palmerton. Mrs. Krupp died April 23, 1906, leaving two children, namely : Ida Estella and Ira C. J. Ida Estella married Thomas Arthur Hicks, who is the chief chemist for the Atlas Cement Company, producers of all the cement used in the construction of the Panama Canal. Ira C. J. Krupp, who married Emeline Moss, now owns and occupies the homestead known as the Palmerton farm in Perkins Township, Erie County, Ohio. On June 12, 1907, Chas. J. Krupp again married, his bride being Miss Mary Louise Buyer, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Anthony J. Buyer.   1208 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   Mrs. Krupp was for fourteen years organist at Sts. Peter and Paul’s Catholic Church. In recent years Mrs. Krupp has been active in church and woman’s organizations. She is treasurer of the Women’s Building and Rest Room Association and is a member of thel Catholic Woman’s Study Club.   Mr. Krupp is prominently identified with various organizations. He is a member of the Ohio State Funeral Directors and Embalmers Association, of which he was president in 1893 ; and of the National Funeral Directors, Association. For six years he was a member of the Ohio State Board of Embalming Examiners, being president two years and its secretary for an equal length of time. Governors Myron T. Herrick and Andrew L. Harris were the executives who appointed Mr. Krupp to the state board, each making an appointment for a three-year term. For one year Mr. Krupp was vice president of the State and Provincial Board of Examiners for the United States and Canada. Fraternally, Mr. Krupp is a member of Sandusky Council, No. 546, Knights of Columbus, of which he is past Grand Knight ; of Sandusky Lodge, No. 285, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, of which he is past Exalted Ruler; of Saint George Court, No. 238, Catholic Order of Foresters, of which he is past Chief Ranger ; of Protection Tent, No. 7, Knights of the Maccabees ; of Sandusky Camp, No. 54, Woodmen of the World; and of Sandusky Aerie, No. 444, Fraternal Order of Eagles. He is also a member of the Sunyendeand Club.   REV. JOSEPH E. MAERDER. Concerning that distinctive portion of Erie County known as Kelley’s Island a special article appears on other pages of this publication. Many of the inhabitants of the island are Catholic people and they constitute the Parish of St. Michael's Church. This church has been in existence about half a century. Nearly all the families of the parish are connected in some Way or other with the primary industries of the island, grape growing, stone quarrying and fishing.   The presence of Catholic people on the island caused it to be visited as a station and mission from Sandusky and Port Clinton beginning in 1861. In 1867 St. Michael,s Parish received its first resident pastor. Since then the list of resident pastors has been as follows:   Rev. Charles Kueman 1867 Rev. Nicholas A. Moes, D. D 1867-1868 Rev. Jno. Kan 1868-1869 Rev. Charles Wardy 1869-1874 Rev. Henry Doerner 1874-1875 Rev. Francis Metternich 1875-1876 Rev. E. M. W. Hills 1876-1878 Rev. William Finucan 1878-1880 Rev. Jno. Mertes 1880-1885 Rev. Jno. T. O,Connell, LL. D 1885-1887 Rev. Charles Reichlin 1887-1895 Rev. Albert Andlauer 1896-1898 Rev. Jno. Baumgartner 1898-1900 Rev. Jno. P. Schoendorff 1900-1909 Rev. Jno. Wagner 1909-1912 Rev. Joseph E. Maerder February 1, 1912   Special attention was called to St. Michael’s by the recent (November 7, 1915) rededication of the parish church. This is the third dedication in the history of the parish. The church as it now stands is   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1209   architecturally a modified English Gothic style, and is well arranged and adapted for the different services carried on by the church.   Some of the pioneers and older families (in point of membership) still residing in the parish are Mrs. Honora Stokes, Mr. L. Hipp, Mrs. Erney ; and the Bauman, Brennan, Duignan, Hauser, Healey, Lang, Leyden, McGettigan, Moross, Miller, Riedy, Seeholzer and Sennish families. Rev. Joseph E. Maerder Was appointed resident pastor of St. Michael,s, Kelley's Island, on February 1, 1912, and in addition to his direction of that parish he also attends the church at Put-in-Bay and the mission at Middle Bass.   G. WILLIAM DOERZBACH. There is no more widely known firm of contractors in Northern Ohio than G. William Doerzbach & Bro. This is a business of long standing in Sandusky. G. William Doerzbach is a master of the various trades connected with building contracting, and his experience has been limited not merely to Erie County, of which he is a native, since his firm has executed contracts for various business and public buildings all over the United States.   Born March 8, 1852, at Sandusky, G. William Doerzbach is a son of Christopher and Louisa Doerzbach. His father was born in Reilsheim, Baden, and his mother in Waldshausen, in Bavaria, Germany Christopher came to America in 1847, making the journey alone so far as relatives or friends were concerned, and he soon afterward located in Sandusky. For a few years he was employed on the old Mad River & Lake Railroad, and later followed various lines until his death in 1872. As a citizen of Sandusky he stood very high in the esteem of all Who knew him, and deserves the memorial of this brief record.   G. William Doerzbach is a man who has largely been the architect of his own fortunes. While he had a good home in his youth and the privilege of the local public schools, he was only eight years of age when he chosel an independent course and began work as a messenger boy for the Western Union Telegraph Company. An encyclopedia of biography might be written of the successful Americans who were at some time or other in their early careers messengers with the Western Union Company. It should be said of Mr. Doerzbach that he has practically paid his own Way in the world almost since infancy. His first regular trade Was cabinet-making, and he subsequently learned the carpenter’s trade. For six years he Worked as a journeyman carpenter and then went to Philadelphia and for one year was in the office of a leading architect, under whom he learned the fundamentals of his profession.   On returning to Sandusky from Philadelphia Mr. Doerzbach took charge of the Andrew Biemiller Opera House in November, 1876, but in 1878 branched out into the business toward Which his efforts and experience had been tending for a number of years. As a contractor he possesses all the qualifications which insure confidence in his work and his reliability of performance. He continued in the business alone up to 1900, at which date he formed a partnership With his brother under the present firm name of G. William Doerzbach & Bro. A large number of buildings stand as monuments to their enterprise not only in Erie County but in many other towns and localities. They have not confined their efforts to any one particular branch of building, though on the whole their facilities have been chiefly used in the construction of public structures, including churches, courthouses, jails and filtration plants, etc.   While one of the most successful business men, Mr. Doerzbach is also a very public spirited citizen of Sandusky, and at different times has Vol. II-47   1210 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   identified himself with the leading movements and undertakings that have brought about the growth and development of the city.   F. E. BRIGHTMAN. Not only in Sandusky but in manufacturing circles in a number of cities in the Middle West is the name of F. E. Brightman known and respected both for his executive ability and his genius as an originator and upbuilder in manufacturing lines. Mr. Brightman is now the head of one of the growing concerns in Sandusky.   He was born in Cleveland, Ohio, January 19, 1865, a son of J. W. and Deborah (Head) Brightman. His father, Who was a native of Connecticut, came west in 1845 and thereafter lived in the City of Cleveland. He was married in that city and for forty years was connected with the Cleveland Paper Company, being its superintendent at the time of his death in 1885. He and his wife had five children, of whom F. E. Brightman was next to the youngest.   Mr. Brightman grew up in Cleveland, attended the public schools there and until the death of his father was in the latter’s paper mill. After that he was in the machinery business, and his work has always been along mechanical and industrial lines. He has what his friends regard as a special genius in the perfection of machinery for manufacturing purposes. He was finally sent out to California to superintend a gold mine, and spent three years in that work, and his engagement was a very profitable thing to the company that sent him west. On his return to Cleveland Mr. Brightman was for a short time in his former business, and then moved to Pittsburg and for five years was at the head of the forging department of the Westinghouse Machine Company. His relations with Sandusky business affairs have been continuous since 1907, when he was made general superintendent of the Brightman Nut Manufacturing Company. Five years later, in 1913, he organized the Marsh-Brightman Nut Company. This concern manufactures steel nuts for automobiles, and is one of the largest concerns of its kind in America. The Plant comprises six nut machines, and each of these machines is the invention of Mr. Brightman. He also perfected a number of other devices and appliances for this industry, and the plant which means so much not only to him but to Sandusky as a city, has a capacity for turning out 80,000 nuts per week. Mr. Brightman has taken over the business of the company as lessee, and now operates the plant independently.   He is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias, with the Modern Woodmen of America and with the Fraternal Order of Eagles. In politics he is an independent republican.   WILLIAM H. TRUSCOTT. In the personal and ancestral histories of both Mr. Truscott and his gracious wife there are to be found many data of distinctive interest. Both are representatives of fine patrician stock and Mrs. Truscott comes of the stanchest of Colonial ancestry, as is specially indicated by the fact that so numerous were her ancestors Who were patriot soldiers in the War of the Revolution that, in her affiliation with the Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, she has the distinction of being entitled to eleven bars. She is further to be designated as a representative of one of the earliest pioneer families of Erie County, and the attractive little Village of Birmingham, Florence Township, where she and her husband now reside in the fine old homestead of her ancestors, Was founded by her paternal grandfather, Who settled in this part of Erie County more than a century ago. After many years of successful identification with business interests Mr. Truscott is now living retired, one of the loyal and public-spirited citizens of Birmingham, and it is specially gratifying to present in this   PICTURE OF F. A. BRIGHTMAN   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1211   publication a review of his career and genealogy and also to pay similar tribute to Mrs. Truscott.   William H. Truscott was born in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, in the year 1861. The Truscott family was one of ancient prestige in Wales, whence representatives of the name later went into Scotland, still later generations becoming prominent and influential in England. Samuel Truscott, grandfather of him whose name introduces this review, was born and reared in England, a scion of a distinguished and aristocratic London family, as is significantly indicated by the fact that his paternal grandfather served as the first lord mayor of the world’s great metropolis, and later a son of the grandfather likewise held the high office of lord mayor of London, and having received the order of knighthood, under the name of Sir George Truscott.   Samuel Truseott was born in London and, being a younger son, he determined to avoid the comparative obscurity entailed by the system of primogeniture in his native land and to take advantage of the opportunities afforded in America. He came to the United States with an appreciable financial reinforcement to enable him to lay the foundation for successful business, and established his residence in the State of New York, where was solemnized his marriage to Miss Roxana Cooley, who was there born and ,reared and who was a sister of the late Judge Cooley, long the distinguished dean of the faculty of the law department of the great University of Michigan and recognized as one of the most eminent legists and jurists, as well as law educators and authors, in the entire United States, the Cooley family having been one of special prominence and influence in the State of New York.   A number of years after his marriage Samuel Truscott removed to the Province of Ontario, Canada, where his death occurred, his widow later removing with her children to Cleveland, Ohio, Where she passed the residue of her life and where she died at a venerable age. They became the parents of two sons and two daughters—Samuel, Jr., William H., Elizabeth and Eliza. Samuel, Jr., father of the subject of this review, is more specifically mentioned in a later paragraph. William H. Truseott became an honored and influential citizen of Cleveland, where he was prominent in public affairs and where he represented the Eighth Ward in the city council. As a member of this municipal body he introduced and obtained the passage of the bill providing for the erection of the first great viaduct over the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland. Both he and his wife died in that city and were survived by two or more children. Elizabeth Truscott became the Wife of Samuel Fernald, and they were survived by a number of children. Eliza Truscott married Maj. George Morris, and she preceded him to the life eternal. Major Morris was a gallant soldier and officer in an Ohio regiment during the Civil war, in Which he rose to the rank of major, and in later years he was a captain in the marine service on the Great Lakes. He passed the closing years of his life in the Soldiers, Home at Sandusky, and he 1s survived by one child.   Samuel Truscott, Jr., Was seven years of age at the time of his father's death and soon afterward accompanied his widowed mother on her removal to Cleveland, Ohio, where he was reared and educated and Where he continued to reside until his death, at the age of seventy-seven years, his birth having occurred in the year 1823. He long held precedence as one of the most prominent and influential contractors and builders in Ohio’s beautiful metropolis and was concerned with the erection of many of its finest public and private buildings prior to the Civil war. He was recognized as the leading contractor and builder of Cleveland and Was an honored and influential citizen whose life was ordered upon the highest plane of integrity and usefulness. He was   1212 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   the discoverer of the process of manufacturing ready-mixed paints for architectural and similar purposes and was the first to make practical application of the same, his effective enterprise in this line of manufacturing enabling him to become one of the substantial capitalists of Cleveland. In that city was solemnized his marriage to Miss Eliza Waite, who was born and reared in Cuyahoga County, the year of her nativity having been the same as that of her husband, 1823, and her age at the time of death having been seventy-two years. Her father, Philander Waite, was born near the mouth of the celebrated Hoosac Tunnel; in Massachusetts, and after his marriage he came With his wife from the old Bay State to Ohio and became one of the pioneer settlers of Cuyahoga County, where he reclaimed and improved a valuable farm and Where he and his wife died when well advanced in years.   William H. Truscott, to whom this review is dedicated, was reared to adult age in the City of Cleveland and was afforded the advantages of its public schools. As a young man he there became associated with his father in the manufacturing of mixed paints, and for several years after the death of his father he individually continued the business, under the former firm name of S. Truscott & Son. The enterprise finally expanded to such proportions as to place too heavy a burden of responsibility upon him, and he thereupon sold his interest in the business and became a commercial representative for another important concern engaged in the same line of enterprise. For many years he continued his efficient services in this capacity, and his travels in the connection took him into every state in the Union.   In 1905 Mr. Truscott retired from active association with business affairs and removed with his wife to the latter's old home, at Birmingham, Erie County. Mrs. Truscott, Whose maiden name was Helen Starr, was born in the ancestral homestead in which she now resides, and during the course of somewhat more than fifty years she has never abated her interest in the old home and in Erie County and its people, for this homestead and this section of the state are endeared to her through many gracious memories and associations. She is a woman of distinctive culture and is a recognized leader in connection with representative social activities in her native county. Her father, the late Hiram P. Starr, was born, more than ninety-five years ago, on the old farmstead on a part of which the Village of Birmingham is situated, and the place of his nativity was the pioneer dwelling erected by his father, Perez Hiram Starr, who was born in New London, Connecticut, about the. year 1790, and a number of whose ancestors and other kinsmen were patriot soldiers of the Continental line in the War of the Revolution, the Starr family having been established in America for fully fourteen generations.   Perez Hiram Starr came from Connecticut to Cuyahoga County, Ohio, in 1808, and was a contemporary of Moses Cleveland, the honored' pioneer in Whose honor the City of Cleveland was named. Mr. Starr thus became one of the early settlers of the historic old Connecticut Western Reserve in Ohio and he established his home in the wilds near the present City of Cleveland, near the celebrated old Moravian colony and in a section where the Indians were far more numerous than the white settlers. On the banks of Tinker's Creek he built and placed in operation the first grist mill in Eastern Ohio, the timber for its erection having been taken from the heavily wooded tract of land which he had obtained in that part of Cuyahoga County. The old-time buhr-stones for the mill were transported with ox teams and Wagons from New Lon-. don, Connecticut, and it may readily be understood that a number of weeks Were required to make the long overland journey, much of Which was through the Wilderness. His was the first grist mill erected within   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1213   the limits of the Western Reserve, and one of the stones installed in the same is now preserved, with proper inscription, in the Public Square of the City of Cleveland, constituting an historic relic of much interest and value.   In 1813 Perez Hiram Starr came to the site of the present Village of Birmingham, Erie County, prior to the famous victory won by Commodore Perry in the naval battle on Lake Erie, in the War of 1812, and he was one of the very first settlers in this section of the county, his primitive loghouse having been the first dwelling erected in what is now Florence Township. On the Vermilion River he erected the first grist mill in Erie County, and this ancient mill was within the present limits of the Village of Birmingham. At Elyria Mr. Starr erected the first mill within the present limits of Lorain County, and he built also the first mill at Ashland, the present judicial center of the county of the same name. As a practical and skilled millwright he supervised the building and operation of all these mills, and he was known and honored as one of the leading men of this part of the state. His father died as a result of injuries received while serving as a soldier in the War of 1812, and in recognition of this service, as well as of losses' he had sustained in connection With the devastation wrought by Benedict Arnold in New London, Connecticut, there was awarded to the father a grant of land in Ohio, the portion Which came into the possession of the son, Perez Hiram, being along the west side of Vermilion River, in what is now Florence Township, Erie County. Mr. Starr was one of the most prolific contributors to the initial development and upbuilding of this section of the county and in his old homestead at Birmingham he continued to reside until his death, which occurred in 1856, his wife, Nancy, surviving him by several years and likewise having attained to venerable age.   Hiram P. Starr, father of Mrs. Truseott, was reared to maturity in Erie County, under the conditions and influences of the pioneer days, and the self-application and broad practical experience of later years eminently supplemented the somewhat meager educational advantages which he received in his youth, by reason of the definite exigencies of time and place. He retained 170 acres of the old homestead place of his father and for many years he was a successful commercial traveler, a vocation through the medium of which he profited largely and gained high reputation. In the fine old home that had long been his place of abode he passed to the life eternal in May, 1895. He Was a man of strong mentality and steadfast integrity, was influential in public affairs in his community, and in the critical period prior to the Civil war both he and his father acted as.." conductors" on the historic "underground railway" through the medium of which many poor slaves were aided in gaining their freedom.. His political support was given to the republican party from the time of its organization until his death.   At Norwalk, Huron County, was solemnized the marriage of Hiram P. Starr to Miss. Ann J. Page, who was born and reared in that county and who died in 1865, in the old home at Birmingham, to which she came as a young bride. She was .a representative of an old and prominent New York family, a comprehensive and interesting genealogical history of which has been compiled and published. Of the two children Mrs. Truseott is the younger, and the elder is Perez H., who resides in the City of Toledo, his one child, Ray, having died at the age of eighteen years.   Mrs. Truscott is well known throughout the county in which she was born and in Which she is a popular representative of one of the most honored of pioneer families. She is affiliated with the Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution and is prominent in the social   1214 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   life of the community, the while she is the gracious chatelaine of the beautiful old homestead that has ever been known for its generous hospitality and distinctive refinement. Mr. and Mrs. Truscott have but one child, and his character and achievement have brought honor to him and great pride to his devoted parents. This son, Starr Truscott, was graduated in the University of Michigan, in 1909, as a naval architect, and Within a short period after his graduation he entered the employ of the Newport News Shipbuilding Company, at Newport News, Virginia. Later he was associated in turn with shipbuilding companies in the cities of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Cleveland, Ohio, and in June, 1913, he was sent to the Isthmus of Panama to superintend the construction of a great caisson in front of the locks of the wonderful canal being there constructed by the United States Government. He successfully completed the work thus assigned to him, and thereafter he designed and planned the 400-pontoon bridge that was constructed across the canal under his direction, this being the only bridge thus constructed. Later he was appointed engineer of docks and wharves for the Canal Zone, a position of which he has since continued the able and valued incumbent. He is a young man of great mathematical, mechanical and scientific ability and is affiliated with many important professional and scientific organizations, including the National Geographical Society, the American Society of Naval Architects, and the National Society of Marine Engineers.   Mr. and Mrs. Truscott have in their home many valued and interesting heirlooms, including an ancient clock and many pieces of furniture that are more than 100 years old. The family history of each of them is of special historic interest, and it has been a pleasure to compile even the brief narration possible, to present in a publication of the circumscribed province of the one here presented.   AUGUST FETTEL. For more than thirty years one of the leading contractors in the City of Sandusky has been August Fettel. He is a man who thoroughly understands his business. He was a practical carpenter before he took up contracting. Many large contracts have been entrusted to him, and in their performance he has acqured a reputation for reliability and thoroughness and this reputation is as valuable to him as the capital invested in his plant and equipment.   He was born June- 15, 1856, in Sandusky, a son of Martin and Catherine (Bauer) Fettel. his father, a native of Germany, came to America in 1849, locating in Sandusky, where he followed his trade as blacksmith. He came to this country with one brother. Martin Fettel died in 1875. Of his ,eight children five are still living.   The second in order of birth, August Fettel had only the advantages of a limited education. At the age of fourteen he began learning the trade of a. carpenter. For nine years he worked in that vocation for one employer, Adam Feick. Then in 1882 he engaged in business for himself as a contractor and builder, and has since constructed some of the best public, business and private edifices in Sandusky and vicinity. He built the Cedar Point Pavilion, the Colonial Hotel at Put-in-Bay, and many ornate and conspicuous residences and public buildings.   Mr. Fettel is one of the splendid citizens of Sandusky, active socially and in business circles, is affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the National Union, is a republican, and served four years as a member of the city council. He was president and treasurer of the old Turner Society when it was in existence.   On November 29, 1877, in Erie County, Mr. Fettel married Miss Augusta Rupprecht. The seven children born to them with dates of   PICTURE OF AUGUST FETTEL   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1215   birth are : William J., June 30, 1878; Oscar R., July 15, 1880; Bertha A., August 31, 1882; Caroline M., January 5, 1885 ; Hedwick, December 11, 1892; Alma, January 8, 1894 ; and Laura C., July 26, 1898.   WILLIAM F. BURGER. For a number of years Mr. Burger has taken an active part in business and civic affairs of that section of Erie County known as Kelley,s Island. He is a native son of that district, and now has one of the largest stores on the island and is the leading undertaker and embalmer.   His birth occurred September 11, 1864, not long after his parents, John and Christina (Dosterheft) Burger, had established their home on Kelley's Island. His father was born in Germany and came to the United States in 1859, locating first at Blackswan, Ohio, where he was employed as a general laborer. In 1862 he moved to Kelley’s Island and became identified with one of the chief industries of the locality, grape culture. He devoted the rest of his life to that business and died in 1877. He was the father of a family of four children, of Whom three survive.   The oldest, William F. Burger, received his early education in the public schools of Kelley's Island and also attended Cleveland College three years. He laid the foundation of his business career as a clerk for Mr. Elfers, in whose employ he remained fifteen years, and not only proved himself worthy of confidence and trust but gradually acquired a working capital of his own. Later he spent a short time in Cleveland, and then returned to Kelley's Island, where he engaged in business for himself as a general merchant. Since then he has added a department as an embalmer and undertaker, and has all the equipment and individual skill required to furnish a first-class service.   Mr. Burger is affiliated with the Masonic lodge and with the Knights of the Maccabees. He has been a member of the Board of Education of Kelley,s Island for ten years, was clerk of the village four years, and is now a member of the Committee of Overseers of the Kelley’s Island Cemetery, the overseers being appointed by the city council. On June 19, 1895, Mr. Burger married Miss Christina Ernst. Her father was Conrad Ernst of Cleveland. They have one son,, William F., Jr., born January 19, 1904.   ALVIN SHOOP. To see how a progressive fruit grower gets the best results from his land and trees it is only necessary to visit the homestead of Alvin Shoop in Vermilion Township, on Rural Route No. 2 out of Huron postoffice. He carried on fruit farming in the same thorough and systematic manner that a merchant would run a successful store, or a factory owner would operate his machines and his labor.   The name Shoop is one of long standing and honorable associations in Erie County. Alvin Shoop was born on the Dutch Settlement Road in Vermilion Township, April 29, 1858. He grew up and has always lived. in this township with the exception of five years spent in Hancock County, Ohio, where he was a general farmer. His home has been at Joppa Corners since 1900, when he bought the Daniel Minkler farm, comprising twenty acres of highly improved land. On this Mr. Shoop conducts a 2-acre vineyard, the average yield of which each year is five tons of grapes, noted for quality, and particularly the high percentage of sugar. He is also an extensive grower of small fruits, and now has an orchard of 700 bearing peach trees and ninety-nine apple trees not yet come into fruitage. He has neglected nothing to make his land productive to the highest degree. Among other things he has tile drained seven acres of his land, having laid about 10,000 tiles. His large barn covers a foundation 24x48 feet, and he has an excellent   1216 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   residence of six rooms and basement, set in the midst of a beautiful lawn.   Mr. Shoop is the eldest of the three children of the late George Shoop and wife, whose maiden name was Sarah Driver. George Shoop was born and reared in Vermilion Township, followed farming there, and died when only twenty-two years of age. His wife, Sarah Driver Shoop, was born in the State of Delaware, but came to Ohio when a young girl, and is now living with her son, Sherman Shoop, in Vermilion Township. She is now nearly eighty-four years of age.   Mr. Alvin Shoop was married at Joppa Corners to Miss Ellie Lee. She Was born in the same township and has spent her life Within a brief radius from her birthplace. Her parents are Thomas and Olive (Minkler) Lee, the former a native of Maryland and the latter born and reared on the farm now occupied by Mr. and Mrs. Shoop. Mr. and Mrs. Lee after their marriage were prosperous farmers of Erie County until they retired, and they now live at Berlin Heights, being past seventy years of age. Mr. Lee is a republican in politics.   There are four children in the family circle of Mr. and Mrs. Shoop. Elmer, who is a farmer and fruit grower at Ogontz, married Lottie Hill, and they are the parents of two sons and three daughters. Hattie is the wife of Michael Quinlan, formerly of Cleveland but now living at Elyria, Ohio. Lawson was reared and educated in the Joppa neighborhood, attended the district schools there, and the older children also received their education from the same schools. He is now living at home. The youngest child is Lucile, aged sixteen, and she recently completed the public school course. Mr. and Mrs. Shoop attend churcn at Joppa, and in politics he is a democrat.   JOHN H. MCALEER. The field in which Mr. McAleer has gained substantial position in business affairs is that of contracting for plastering and stucco work. That has been his business for thirty-five years at Sandusky, and he -has made a success that is by no means local. He has taken contracts and successfully performed them all over Erie County and other sections of Northern Ohio. He is one of Sandusky,s solid and upright business men.   He was born in Erie County, February 6, 1853, a son of Patrick and Mary E. (Brennan) McAleer. His father, a native of Ireland, came to America in 1844 and located in Sandusky When that city was little more than a village. He too was a plasterer and worked at his trade all his life until his death in 1901.   John H. McAleer, who is the second in a family of three children, , received his early education in the parochial schools of St. Paul and St. Peter's Church at, Sandusky, and at the age of seventeen gained his first practical experience in the World as a sailor on the Great Lakes. For two years he was identified with several lake boats, and then returned home and began working for his father in the plastering trade. In 1874 he entered the employ of E. D. Lindsey, a plasterer contractor, and while thus employed he assisted in plastering the Erie County courthouse. Under the employment of Mr. Lindsey he was sent to Mansfield, Ohio, and continued in his service until the fall of 1879. Coming back to Sandusky, in 1880, Mr. McAleer engaged in, busiDess for himself as a contractor in plastering and stucco work. That has been his line for thirty-five years,, and to it he has given all his energy and capability, and his work has stood the test of time and service.   Mr. McAleer resides in a very attractive home on Central Avenue. He is a member of the Catholic Church, the Knights of Columbus, the Catholic Order of Foresters, and has been a liberal contributor not only   PICTURE OF JOHN H. MCALEER   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1217   to his own church but to all worthy enterprises and philanthropies in the city and county. He has served as a member of the board of public service in Sandusky, for five years was a member of the Sandusky Park Board, and has taken an active part in the democratic party.   On June 4, 1883, in Erie County, he married Miss Jennie Moody, a daughter of Charles and Martha Moody, of Vermilion, Ohio. Mrs. McAleer died January 8, 1915, leaving no children. But they raised a child from the age of about five years, Chester Wood, who adopted the name of McAleer on his own account. He makes his home with Mr. McAleer.   CHARLES F. MISCHLER. Of the industries which have contributed to the importance and prestige of the City of Sandusky, one which has a leading place is that connected with its fisheries. In fact, this city is one of the chief fresh water fish markets of the world, and it is not surprising therefore to find among its leading men those who have entered into this line of endeavor. Among these men is found Charles F. Mischler, who has been engaged as a fish dealer for many years and who (is now at the ,head of an important enterprise that has been built up under his personal supervision.   Mr. Mischler was born July 15, 1870, at Ripley, Brown County. Ohio, and is a son of August and Isabella (Sterner) Mischler. His father, a native of Germany, was still a youth when he emigrated to the United States, coming With a brother, Wendell W., with whom he subsequently embarked in the brewing business at Ripley. With native thrift and industry he was able to build up an enterprise that was a factor of importance in the business life of Ripley during its day, and with which Mr. Mischler continued to be connected until his death in 188.2. He was a good and substantial citizen, reared a family of five children in comfortable circumstances and gave them good educational advantages, and won the respect and esteem of his fellowmen by a life of integrity and honorable dealing.   Charles F. Mischler was the second of his parents, children and received an ordinary education in the public schools of Ripley. He was only ten years of age when he began to display his enterprise and ambition, securing employment in a sawmill at Ripley, and subsequently worked in a minor capacity in a foundry at that place for 2 1/2 years. When he was fifteen years old he went to Cincinnati, where he obtained a position in the well known wholesale grocery house of G. H. Muchkenk & Son, but finally turned his attention to the fish business, becoming associated with Capt. Stephen Rice as a wholesaler and retailer, with a store on Sixth Street, Sandusky. Mr. Mischler continued to be so connected until the year 1898, when the business was sold and the partnership dissolved, he then accepting an offer from A. Booth & Company, the well known fish house. This concern, of which Mr. Mischler was purchasing agent, failed in 1908, but in the following year was reorganized as the Booth Fisheries Company, with headquarters at Chicago, and Mr. Misehler continued as purchasing agent for Lake Erie. In this position he was remarkably successful, but was always desirous of re-entering business as the proprietor of a business of his own. He resigned his position and embarked in an enterprise under the name of C. F. Mischler, an enterprise which has grown to large proportions under his careful and energetic management. He is connected 'with various other enterprises of a business character and is president of the Lake Erie Dry Dock Company.   Mr. Mischler has always taken a keen interest in anything affecting the Welfare of the city of his adoption and has been a leader in civic affairs. For several years a member of the city council of Sandusky.   1218 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   he was acting in the capacity of president of that body at the time the present city charter was adopted. In 1913 he was made the republican candidate for the office of mayor of Sandusky, but after one of the closest political fights in the history of the city met with defeat by the narrow margin of six votes. Mr. Mischler is an active and working member of the Federated Commercial Club and of the United Commercial Travelers, and fraternally holds membership in the Fraternal Order of Eagles and has attained the thirty-second degree in Masonry.   MAJ. CLINTON B. WILCOX. For more than half a century the name Wilcox has had a significance and distinction in Sandusky,s business affairs. Clinton B. Wilcox is president of one of the large mercantile houses in the upbuilding of which his father and also his uncle before him were prominent factors; and furthermore, has for many years been identified with the gas and electric industries and with many local affairs, both business, social and political.   Born at Sandusky April 11, 1866, Clinton B. Wilcox is a son of Edward Harmon and Sophia (Sprague) Wilcox. His father, who was also born in Ohio and died in 1886, spent most of his life in mercantile affairs in Sandusky. On coming to that city in 1847 he found employment as clerk in the firm of L. S. & S. E. Hubbard. His fidelity and industry brought him a position as partner in the firm, which was first known as Hubbard & Wilcox and later as Marsh & Wilcox. Edward H. Wilcox and his brother subsequently engaged in business under the firm name of E. H. & R. M. Wilcox. On the death of Edward H. Wilcox in 1886 his son C. B. Wilcox entered the firm, which then took the title of R. M. & C. B. Wilcox. At the death of R. M. Wilcox his son, M. S. Wilcox, took his place. In 1902 the company was incorporated as the R. M. & C. B. Wilcox Company, and its present officials are : Maj. C. B. Wilcox, president ; W. F. Koegle, vice president ; and Merritt S. Wilcox, secretary and treasurer.   Maj: Clinton B. Wilcox is the only one surviving of a family of four children. He had a liberal education and ample advantages for learning the business in all its details. He attended the Western Reserve University and the Ohio Wesleyan University, and was about twenty years of age when his father died. He then assumed the junior partnership in that firm.   Since 1899 Major Wilcox has been engaged in the gas and electric business, at which time he was elected vice president of the Sandusky Gas & Electric Company. In May, 1913, this company was sold to the W. S. Barstow & Company, Incorporated, of New York, and' at that time Major Wilcox was elected chairman of the board of directors. This industry has a notable history and combines some old and familiar organization.   In addition Major Wilcox has been identified with a number of other business industries in Sandusky, and his ability as an organizer and conductor of important affairs is too well known to need elaboration. He was vice president of the Moss National Bank, and at one time director of the Commercial National Bank. He was one of the original directors and organizers in the Sandusky, Milan & Norwalk Electric Railroad, one of the first electric railroads operated in the United States; also treasurer for several years of the Erie County Agricultural Society and at one time president of Providence Hospital; president of the Sandusky Board of Trade in 1909, and at one time a member of the board of health. He served a number of years on the board of education, and Governor Myron T. Herrick appointed him a trustee of the Toledo State Hospital, succeeding the late Governor Charles Foster.   In 1885 he enlisted in Company B, Sixteenth Regiment, Ohio National   PICTURE OF MAJ. CLINTON B. WILCOX   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1219   Guard, and was afterwards corporal and sergeant, captain of Company B, Sixth Regiment, 0. N. G. ; in 1901 became major First Brigade, Ohio National Guard ; in 1902 on the staff of Gen. Mc. W. V. McMaken.   He has also been active in various fraternal, social and civic bodies. He is a member of all the Masonic bodies, including Science Lodge No. 50, F. & A. M. ; Sandusky City Chapter No. 72, R. A. M.; Sandusky City Council No. 26, R, & S. M. ; Erie Commandery No. 23, K. T. ; and all the Scottish Rite bodies, including the thirty-second degree, and has presided over all the bodies except the Sandusky City Chapter, R. A. M. He was president of the Scottish Rite class of 1909 ; member of the Masonic Veterans, Association ; 1911-12, officer of Grand Lodge, F. & A. M., at Ohio ; is director, and in 1911 president, of the board of directors of the Masonic Temple Association. Major Wilcox is president of the Sunyendeand Club, and is a member of the board of directors of the Federated Commercial Club. He is a member of the Sons of the American Revolution. He is senior warden of the Calvary Episcopal Church, and member of the board of missions of the Episcopal Church for the Diocese of Ohio.   In politics a republican, he is a member of the State Republican Central Committee, and at the inauguration of Roosevelt and Fairbanks for president and vice president of the United States was appointed to serve as adjutant general of Third Brigade, First Division, of the City Grand Division, Washington, D. C. He was a member of the Finance Committee for Ohio of the National Republican Committee in 1912. He was also offered the nomination for Congress from this district, but declined the honor. While this is a very brief outline of his various activities and relationships, it is sufficient to suggest the fact that Major Wilcox is one of Northern Ohio,s most influential citizens.   On September 8, 1887, Major Wilcox married Miss Mary B. Fuller of Norwalk, Ohio. Her father was Steven M. Fuller. Mrs. Wilcox died October 31, 1Q09, after they had been happily married for more than twenty-two years. She is survived by one daughter, Helen W., wile of Russell K. Ramsey.   ERNEST MILLIMAN. To see intensive farming at its best, particularly fruit and vegetable farming, it is only necessary to visit the fine homestead of Ernest Milliman in Milan Township, located near Petersburg Corners. While Mr. Milliman pays attention to some of the general branches of.farming, his specialty is fruits and vegetable growing. He has 6,000 fine trees on his farm, including 3,500 peach trees, six acres of apple trees, two acres of pears, and 1 1/2 acres of cherry trees. He also has large quantities of smaller fruits, and raises a splendid vegetable crop, including some, of the best watermelon, musk melons and cantaloupes found anywhere in' Northern, Ohio. Perhaps his most profitable crop is sweet corn for seed. Each year he puts in about twelve acres in selected sweet corn, tested by experience and use, and sells the seed so as to net him about $50 for each acre in the crop. The Milliman homestead comprises seventy-five acres of fine land in Milan Township, and its improvements include a substantial nine-room house. painted white, and other good farm buildings, barns, sheds for tools and for drying seed corn and other facilities.   This farm has been Mr. Milliman,s home and has been owned by him since 1897. He is a native son of Milan Township and was horn at the old Milliman Farm on the Cleveland and Elyria Road in February, 1875. In that environment he grew to manhood, gained his education in the public schools of Milan Village, and partly, by early training. but more through extensive experience and hard work. has developed into one of the most capable fruit-growing and general farmers in Erie   1220 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   County. Ernest Milliman is a son of John and Maria (Hoak) Milliman. a fine old Erie County family.   In his home township Ernest Milliman married Miss Burtis Curtiss. She was born at Collins, Huron County, Ohio, August 7, 1879, and was well educated in the public schools, having the valuable instruction afforded by that venerable educator, Job Fish, and prior to her marriage she herself taught school. Her parents were John Perry and Phoebe (Peasley) Curtiss. Her father was born in Ohio and her mother in Pennsylvania, and they were married in Huron County, and a few years later moved to Milan Township, locating on a farm. On that farm the mother died in the prime of life, and when Mrs. Milliman was quite young. Mr. Curtiss later moved to Willoughby, Ohio, married a second wife, and is still living there, about seventy years of age. He is a democrat in politics. Mr. and Mrs. Milliman have two promising young sons: Russell, born June 27, 1905, and attending the fifth grade of the public schools, and Donald, born September 5, 1907. Both Mr. Milliman and his wife are active members of Milan Grange No. 342 of the Patrons of Husbandry, and also belongs to the County and State Grange organizations. In all political matters he is strictly independent, and votes only for candidates and policies which his judgment approves.   HENRY AKERS. This worthy citizen of Vermilion Township, whose home is on Rural Route No. 2 out of Vermilion Village, is a representative of one of the pioneer families of Erie County, and is Well entitled to a place in the annals of a county Whose development from a wild primitive state to its present condition he has witnessed, being himself a material factor in the grand result.   While most of his life has been spent within the borders of Erie County, Henry Akers Was born in West Prussia, February 6, 1852, a son of George and Eva (Riever) Akers, who were natives of the same province and of Old German stock. Both their children were born in Prussia. The daughter was Elizabeth, who died in Vermilion Village after the birth of her only child, Alden Gerlaw.   It was, in 1856 that this little family set out from the shores of Germany to come to America. They spent ten Weeks of rough sailing and landed in the latter part of the month of October. From New York they came on to Ohio and soon after found a wild tract of land in Vermilion Township. Their first home was a log cabin in the midst of the heavy woods. Both George Akers and his wife were industrious and thrifty people of the typical German stock, and by their united efforts they finally produced a farm of forty acres with many of the improvements and 'home comforts. George Akers died at that home at the age of eighty-six and his wife lived to be eighty-five. They were members of the German Reformed Church and in politics he was a democrat.   The only one of the children now living, Henry Akers grew up from the age of four years in Erie County. His earliest recollections are of a country vastly differenf from that which now greets his eye. From the local schools he gained a sufficient education for his needs, and since early youth has been pursuing an industrious and honorable course through the world. He has proved very energetic in the handling of farms, and in the course of his active career he brought under cultivation and improvement three different places. His present home is ' on a farm of 52 1/2 acres, all of it under cultivation, and improved with a good house and barn.   In Vermilion Township on September 8, 1872, Mr. Akers married Miss Amanda Rackley. She Was born in Doylestown, Ohio, September 8, 1852, but she received most of her education in the schools near     PICTURE OF FREDERICK W. WAKEFIELD   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1221   Birmingham in Erie County. Her parents, John and Rachel (Greenough) Rackley were Pennsylvania people. Her father died in Doylestown, Ohio, and her mother in Birmingham, Ohio. Her mother was very active in the Presbyterian Church. Her father was quite well educated for his time, and served as a justice of the peace and in other local offices while living in Doylestown. In politics he was a democrat.   Mr. and Mrs. Akers are members of the German Reformed Church, he is likewise a democrat,, and for fourteen years helped to maintain the local schools at a high standard of efficiency in the office of school director. He stands high in the estimation of his fellow citizens, and he has helped to make Erie County what it is today. He and his wife are the parents of one son, Arthur.   FREDERICK W. WAKEFIELD The closing months of the year 1915 find Mr. Wakefield serving his second consecutive term as mayor of the vigorous and attractive little City of Vermilion, Erie County, and his administration has been marked by the same liberality and progressiveness that have made him one of the most prominent and influential business men of this part of the county. At Vermilion he is the executive head of the F. W. Wakefield Brass Company, manufacturers of lighting fixtures and other general lines of brass products, and the company represents one of the important industrial enterprises of Erie County, its inception and development being primarily due to the well ordered efforts of him whose name initiates this paragraph. The well equipped and essentially modern plant of the company gives employment to about fifty persons, including a number of specially skilled artisans, and the enterprise has been a valuable addition to the business interests of Vermilion.   Mr. Wakefield was born in the City of Birmingham, England, on the 26th of April, 1863, and is a son of William and Sarah (Wright) Wakefield, both of whom were likewise natives of Birmingham, in which important manufacturing city of England they continued their residence until 1875, when they came with their children to the United States and established a home in the City of Cleveland, Ohio, the parents having passed the remainder of their lives in the Buckeye State.   Frederick W. Wakefield acquired his early educational discipline in the schools of his native city and was about twelve years old at the time of the family immigration to the United States. In the City of Cleveland he continued his studies in the public schools for some time and finally he became associated' with his uncle, William Wilkshire, who was the pioneer manufacturer of gas fixtures in the metropolis of Ohio. Mr. Wakefield entered the employ of this uncle in the year 1882, and continued his services about five years, within which he acquired a practical knowledge of all mechanical details of the business and also gained valuable knowledge concerning commercial and general business methods. Later he was employed for some time in the Cleveland establishment of C. A. Selzer, an importer of and dealer in lighting fixtures, brass goods, bric-a-brac, etc. He remained thus engaged abo.ut eight years, and thereafter established himself independently in a similar line of business in Cleveland. There he continued his operations from 1895 until 1905, devoting his attention primarily to the manufacturing of lighting fixtures and a general line of brass goods. In the year last mentioned Mr. Wakefield transferred his residence and business headquarters to Vermilion, Erie County, where he has successfully developed his manufacturing enterprise to substantial proportions and where he has become an honored and valued addition to the contingent of influential business men of Erie County, as well as a prominent and public- spirited citizen.   1222 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   Mr. Wakefield is found arrayed as a stanch and well fortified advocate of the principles and policies for which the republican party has always stood sponsor in a general sense, and in November, 1911, he was elected mayor of Vermilion, his induction into office having occurred on the 1st of the following January. His broad-minded and progressive administration met with popular approval, and at the expiration of his first term he was re-elected, so that he still remains as the efficient and valued executive bead of the municipal government of Vermilion. In his home city he is affiliated with Ely Lodge No. 424, Free and Accepted Masons, and he retains membership in the Chamber of Commerce in the City of Cleveland.. He is resourceful and resolute in the activities of business and has the elements of character that not only beget objective confidence and esteem, but also make for popularity in both business and social circles. The beautiful family home provided by Mayor Wakefield at Vermilion is a large and modern residence on the shores of Lake Erie, and the same is a center of much of the representative social activities of the community, with Mrs. Wakefield as its gracious and popular chatelaine.   On the 14th of February, 1895, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Wakefield to Miss Mary Poley, who was born in the City of Brooklyn, New York, a daughter of Thomas and Sarah (Sceats) Foley, who were natives of the City of London, England, whence they came to the United States in 1872, their home having been established in Brooklyn, New York, for a number of years and the death of Mrs. Poley having there occurred. Mrs. Wakefield later accompanied her father to Cleveland, Ohio, and there her marriage was solemnized. Mr. and Mrs. Wakefield have nine children, namely: Clara M., Albert F., Alice M., William R., Ruth M., Frederick, W., Jr., George P., Theodore D., and Ernest H. Clara M. is now the wife or Albert C. Hofrichter, of Vermilion, concerning whom individual mention is made on other pages of this publication. Albert F. Wakefield, the eldest of the sons, is a member of the class of 1917 in the great University of Michigan, in the City of Ann Arbor.   CHARLES L. KUEHLMANN. A resident of Vermilion Township since 1877, Mr. Kuehlmann has here shown his strength in the Mastering of expedients and the taking advantage of opportunities presented, for from a small tract of land which he first obtained and Which was largely given over to the native timber, he has reclaimed and improved a fine landed estate of more than 350 acres. As a young man, and within a decade after his immigration from his German Fatherland, he established his home in Erie County, and that he has made the intervening years prolific in personal achievement needs no further voucher than his present status as one of the substantial agriculturists and general farmers of the county and as 'a citizen whose prominence and influence have further basis in the sterling characteristics that have gained to him unqualified popular esteem. He is one of the leading farmers of Vermilion Township and is serving with characteristic fidelity and circumspection as president of the board of education of that township, a position of which he has been the valued incumbent for several years.   In the Prussian Province of Posen, .Germany, Mr. Kuehlmann was horn on the 25th of June, 1850,. his parents, John and Wilhelmina (Radke) Kuehlmann,. having been born and reared in that section of Germany. In his native province Mr. Kuehlmann was reared to adult age and there he received the advantages of the national school. At the age of eighteen years, in 1868, he severed the home ties and set forth to seek his fortunes in America. Soon after landing in the country of his adoption young Kuehlmann made his way to Ohio and established his residence at Berea, Cuyahoga County, where he continued   PICTURE OF RALPH M. LOCKWOOD   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1223   his activities about a decade. He then, in the spring of 1877, came to Erie County and purchased fifty acres of partially cleared land in Vermilion Township, this tract constituting an integral part of his present fine homestead place of 203 acres, the additional land having been purchased from time to time, in consonance with expenditures justified by his increasing success and financial prosperity. He first settled virtually in the forest wilds, and then set himself vigorously to the task of reclaiming his land to cultivation. It may well be understood that under such conditions prosperity is not easily won and that sybaritic tendencies have to be foregone entirely. Energy, determination and self-reliance bring results and thus it is through his own efforts that Mr. Kuehlmann has developed not only his present fine homestead of 203 acres but has become the owner also of another well improved farm, of 151 1/2 acres, likewise eligibly situated in Vermilion Township. He gives a most punctilious supervision to all details of his farm operations and is one of the progressive and substantial agriculturists and stock-growers of a county to which e came as a young man with but nominal financial resources. His parents came to the United States in 1869 and resided at Berea, Ohio, until 1877, when they likewise came to Vermilion Township, Erie County, where they passed the closing years of their long and useful lives. Mr. Kuehlmann is found aligned in a general way as a supporter of the principles and policies for which the republican party stands sponsor, and in community affairs he has shown the utmost liberality and public spirit. He has had no ambition for public office but his civic loyalty and his desire to further the educational interests of his township have been shown through his efficient service as a member and president of the township board of education. He is a director of the Vermilion Telephone Company and he and his wife hold membership in the German Methodist Episcopal Church in the Village of Vermilion.   At Berea, this state, on the 17th of April, 1872, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Kuehlmann to Miss Augusta Seidler, who likewise is a native of the Province of Posen, Prussia, where her parents passed their entire lives, her father, Jacob Seidler, having there been a prosperous farmer. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Kuehlmann are: Frederick C., Rudolph, Minnie L., Otto H., Reinhard E. and John W. The only daughter is, now the wife of Capt. Charles Gagenheimer, and they reside in the Village of Vermilion.   RALPH M. LOCKWOOD. In the death of Ralph M. Lockwood on June 22, 1906, there was removed from Erie County one of the most upright, energetic and lovable of the local merchants and business men. He represented that fine New England stock which after being transplanted to Northern Ohio flowered and gave to Erie County some of its most notable men and women. Mr. Lockwood himself is remembered as a man of even and gentle disposition, singularly alert in business matters, and public spirited in his attitude toward citizenship and toward the larger social life of his community.   He was born at Milan, Ohio, July 21, 1851, and was not yet fifty-five years of age when he died. He was the second of eight children born to Stephen and Sarah (Lockwood) Lockwood, and Was a grandson of Ralph Lockwood, who with his two brothers, George and Henry, became identified with the very earliest settlement of Erie County. The Lockwood family before coming west lived in and ardund Norwalk, Connecticut. The name of various members of this family is frequently referred to in the course of the individual sketches that appear in this publication.   1224 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   The early education of Ralph M. Lockwood came from the common schools. He was still very young when he acquired his first experience as a merchant, and it was as a merchant that he rendered his best service to the community. He was a man of strict honesty, and his own reputation stood behind all the merchandise which passed over his counters. For many years he was senior member of the firm of Lockwood & Smith, which mercantile establishment was known throughout Erie and Huron counties.   On June 17, 1874, Mr. Lockwood married Emma Montgomery, a daughter of Usher and Sarah Montgomery. To their marriage were born two children, one of whom died in infancy. Verna is now the wife of Judge Roy H. Williams, judge of the Court of Common Pleas at Sandusky. Fraternally Mr. Lockwood was a Mason, being affiliated with the lodge at Milan. His own life was in keeping with the principles of that craft, and it is the nature of the highest praise to say that he was a devoted husband and father, a loyal friend, and instant in charity to the poor and needy.   CHARLES KUHL. Probably no family had harder and more romantic experiences in getting started in the world than the Kuhls, now represented by Charles Kuhl of Vermilion Township. Mr. Kuhl himself has inherited all the industry and enterprise of his honored father, though his career has been one of comparative ease compared to the difficulties which his father met and encountered during his early experiences in Northern Ohio. Mr. Charles Kuhl has a fine farm and rural home on rural route No. 2 out of Vermilion Township. He was born in Brownhelm Township of Lorain County, January 11, 1861.   His parents were Henry J. and Catherine (Cook) Kuhl, the former a native of Hessen and the latter of Mecklenburg, Germany. Henry J. Kuhl was born April 10, 1815, and his wife was born four or five years later. It was in 1837 that Henry J. Kuhl came to the United States on a sailing vessel, spending seven weeks in the voyage, his ship encountering very rough seas. At one time it was blown back on its course and delayed fourteen days. The Hanover was a good ship however, and finally landed its passengers at Baltimore, Maryland. Henry J. Kuhl came in company with some comrades from the same section of Germany, and on landing he was completely without resources and had no friends to depend upon. He started out with a pocketful of hardtack, and in the course of his wanderings experienced hunger and many hardships. He finally reached Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and Was given some work that paid him four dollars a month. His father had died back in Germany and some time previously his mother and the other sons and daughters had come to America and had located in Huron, Ohio. They expected the arrival of Henry J., and advertised in various papers for him. He first heard of this advertisement and knew the location of his people while he was in Pittsburg. He wrote his mother, and she sent her son, Wolf Kuhl, to Pittsburg. Wolf Walked all the way, found his brother, and they at once started back on foot and soon the family were reunited in Erie County. Later the sons, Henry, Wolf, John and Peter, went to Toledo to get work on the Maumee Canal. While there the mother and two daughters who had remained behind at Huron died from malaria fever. These were only a few of the hardships encountered by the Kuhl family during their early years in America. The sons finally got a start, and individually they prospered in varying degrees.   Henry J. Kuhl finally located on a farm in Brownhelm Township of Lorain County, bought a few acres, and having already proved himself   PICTURE OF C. V. BAUMGARDNER   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1225   honest and trustworthy he got sufficient credit to enable him to work his farm properly and establish a home. Then in 1863 he left Lorain County and moved to Vermilion Township. Here he bought 112 acres and went in debt $3,000 for it. He and his wife were people of that type of character who are not afraid to assume responsibilities, and by hard work, much self denial, they finally paid off the debt and then went ahead increasing their possessions until eventually over 400 acres of land were owned by Henry J. Kuhl, and at the time of his death he was worth over $50,000. It was all honestly won, and for what he made of his opportunities and resources there are few other men in Erie County who were more successful. He died on his Vermilion Township farm on May 5, 1886, and his wife passed away six years later, being at that time a year older than her husband when he died. They Were members of the Reformed Church, active in local affairs, and in politics he was first a democrat and afterwards an ardent republican. His fellow citizens bestowed upon him several local offices, and in every way he was worthy of trust.   Henry J. Kuhl and wife had seven children : Henry J., Jr., died after his marriage and left two daughters, Anna and Lena. Eliza married John Alheit, and both are now deceased, leaving two sons and three daughters, the daughters being all married. John, now deceased, was twice married and he had six children by his first wife and one daughter by the second. Peter married Eliza Will, and both are now deceased and left one living child. George was scalded to death in hot lye when five years of age. Margaret died in infancy.   Mr. Charles Kuhl was married in 1888 in Lorain County to Miss Mary Loeffler. She was born in Champaign County, Illinois, November 6, 1865, and was reared partly there and partly in Lorain County. Her father, George B. Loeffler, was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, and is now living in Ogden, Illinois, at the age of eighty-six. Mrs. Kuhl,s mother died when the daughter was eleven months of age, and her father married a second time.   Mr. Kuhl is now the owner of a fine estate of 155 acres. It is all well improved and thoroughly cultivated, and his crops comprise the different cereals, potatoes, some fruit, and he gets most of his revenues directly through the live stock that he sells off his farm. His improvements are of an unusually substantial nature. He has a large bank barn with a basement under all, and a comfortable nine-room house.   Of the children Albert K. was born on this farm and has lived here since infancy, received an education in the local schools, and is now an active assistant to his father. Martha K. graduated from high school, is a teacher, and lives at home. Ruth is the wife of Ralph Risdon, a farmer of Vermilion Township, and they have a son Glenn. Clarence died when seventeen months of age. Bertha is attending school and Ethel May died in March, 1915, at the age of eight years. The family are members of the Reformed Church, and in politics Mr. Kuhl is a republican, his son being of the same political faith. For a number of years he has taken special interest in the welfare of the local schools, has been a member of the school board, and has also served as township trustee.   C. V. BAUMGARDNER. The C. V. Baumgardner Piano Company of Sandusky has some special characteristics and distinctions as a music house specially organized and maintained to handle the best instruments manufactured in the country. The business was incorporated in December, 1913, and is capitalized at $25,000. At the head of the company is C. V. Baumgardner, who for years has made a special study of pianos. He is an authority on tone qualities, durability and all other features Vol. II-48   1226 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   of piano construction and use. His expert skill has been converted into a reliable service to the large retail trade centered at Sandusky, since his advice and counsel practically insure the individual purchaser of the best values in pianos for the money. In fact, the company is owned and controlled by Sandusky business men of the highest character, and every piano sold carries with it a lifetime guarantee.   This business Was first started in Sandusky a number of years ago by C. V. Baumgardner, who carried on the business successfully until merged into the present Corporation in December, 1913, with the following officers: J. F. Starkey, president ; John A. Geideman, vice president and treasurer ; C. B. DeWitt, secretary; F. H. Meese, director ; C. V. Baumgardner, director. The officers also holding on the board of direction. John McKelvey, E. H. Savord and H. W. Parsons were among the incorporators. The present officers of the company since then are : C. V. Baumgardner, president ; John A. Geideman, vice president ; F. E. Swain, secretary. Mr. Swain is probably one of the best known piano men in Northern Ohio and was for some years with John F. Renner, piano dealer of Sandusky, and is very talented and stands high in musical circles, and John A. Millott, treasurer.   The extensive warerooms of the company are located at 426 Huron Avenue. Through the judgment and experience of Mr. Baumgardner, the executive head of this company, the business is a flourishing one, and has well deserved unqualified success on account of the basic principles upon which it is established, that is, to afford a reliable medium for purchasers of the standard makes of instruments. The pianos and piano players handled by the company include such standard makes as the A. B. Chase, Smith & Nixon, Hobart M. Cable, Francis Bacon, Knabe Bros. and the Baumgardner pianos, and have also the sole agency for the celebrated Starr line of pianos.   Mr. Baumgardner married Miss Evelyn Ida Hoffman, of Manistee, Michigan, and they have the following children: Dorothy May, Margorie Fay and Alice Elaine.   Mr. Baumgardner is a member of Sandusky Lodge No. 285, B. P. 0. E., and is independent in politics.   JOSEPH S. KING. Erie County lost one of its oldest and most esteemed citizens in the death of Joseph S. King at his home in Berlin Township, January 20, 1910. All the older citizens of that section of Erie County will recall the influence and activities of this sterling old citizen. The home at which he died in Ogontz Corners is still the home of Mrs. King, who is also of the older American stock in Erie Count.   The late Joseph S. King was born in Florence Township in 1837. His father was. Chester King, a native of Connecticut, where he married, and in the early days came to Ohio, locating on 130 acres of almost wild land in Florence Township. A portion of this original farm has never passed out of the family possession and is now owned by Frank 0. King, son of Joseph S. Chester King and his wife spent their many years of useful toil and good citizenship on that old farm. They left a family of six children, all of whom are now deceased.   It was on that old homestead, with its many associations for members of the King family, that Joseph S. King spent most of his lifetime. Only a few years before his death he moved to Berlin Heights, and lived retired. He was a very successful farmer, and a man of leadership in his community. He was a republican in politics.   After he resigned the heavier card and responsibilities of farming he moved to the home in Berlin Township on which he spent his last days and where Mrs. King now lives. This home comprises ten acres of good land, with a large and well built house of eight rooms, and an   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1227   almost new barn. Mrs. King also owns forty acres of the old homestead in Florence Township. The Florence Township farm was in many ways a direct result of the enterprise of the late Joseph S. King, who had improved many of its acres from the wilderness condition in which he first found it.   Mr. King arrived as trustee of Florence Township, and was once a candidate for county commissioner, but was defeated with the rest of his party ticket. He was a Knight Templar Mason, active in Masonic affairs, and enjoyed the confidence of his fellow members in this fraternity and his friends and associates in all the relations of a long life.   Joseph S. King married for his first wife Malone Masters, who was born in New York State and was seven years of age When she came to Erie County. She died on the old homestead in 1890 at the age of sixty-two. Her three children were : Charles, Who died in 1866 at the age of thirteen; Mrs. Ella A. Andress, and Frank O.   The present Mrs. King before her marriage was Mary A. Meyer. She was born in Vermilion Township, March 17, 1868, was reared in that community, and received an excellent education in the public schools, Mrs. King was one of a family of nine children born to John P. and Anna C. (Morris) Meyer. Her father was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1822, served five years in the German army and when still a young man came to the United States. After reaching Erie County his first work was on a farm in Vermilion Township, and he followed various other lines of employment up to 1872, in which year he moved to the Barton Ridge Road and bought eighty acres of land. He was a prosperous and progressive farmer, and spent his last years in the comforts which his industry had earned for him. His death occurred January 8, 1911, in his eighty-ninth year. His wife, who was born in 1831, in Germany, died May 15, 1910, and she had come when a child with her mother and brothers to Erie County. Besides Mrs. King the other members of the Meyer family now living are George, Nicholas, Anna and Elizabeth.   Mrs. King has one daughter, Margaret L., who was born January 1, 1899, and has finished the grade schools and is a member of the high school class of 1916 at Berlin Heights. She and her mother are members of the Berlin Heights Congregational Church.   S. O. RICHARDSON, III, is one of the very energetic younger business men of Sandusky, where he is local manager for the Libbey Glass Company. The Sandusky plant of this world-wide known corporation was established in 1905, and for several years young Mr. Richardson has been its manager. It is one of the large and important industries in the city and has an average of 130 employes on the payroll.   The Libbey Glass Company was originally an English concern, and its organization dates back to 1815, fully a century ago. The name Libbey is one of the oldest trade-marks synonymous with high standard of products in glass making in the world. S. O. Richardson, III, was born December 18, 1887, and is a son of S. O. Richardson, Jr., and Jennie B. (Barrett) Richardson. His father lives in Toledo and is vice president of the Libbey Glass Company.   The son was educated in St. Paul College at Concord, New Hampshire, and graduated from Harvard University with the class of 1911 and the degree A. B. Since leaving school he has been connected with the Libbey Glass Company and the Westlake Automatic Machine Company. While the name Libbey has signified the highest standard of excellence in cut glass, an important branch of the industry, particularly at Sandusky, has been the manufacture of bulbs for incandescent electric lights. This is the first plant in the United States of its kind run by   128 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   automatic machinery. The Sandusky factory contains eight automatic machines, and it is said there is no better equipped glass factory for the making of the finest grades of glassware anywhere in the country.   Mr. Richardson is a member of the Sunyendeand Club at Sandusky, the Sandusky Ad Club and the Federated Commercial Club. On February 3, 1914, at Toledo, he married Miss Gertrude Lewis, a daughter of C. T. Lewis of Toledo. They have one daughter, Patricia Lewis Richardson.   ALFRED SCHNURR. A contractor and builder at Sandusky, whose record of practical accomplishment can be read in many substantial structures of brick and stone and wood, is Alfred Schnurr.   It would hardly be possible to enumerate all the buildings which he has constructed since entering the business of contracting, but some of the more important during the past twelve years, constructed either by himself individually or in partnership with others, are the following: Mitten Factory on Market Street ; One Minute Washer Company Building on Market Street ; Sandusky Auto Parts Building on First Street ; Suspension Roller Bearing Factory on First Street ; the high school building at Vermilion ; the high school building at Berlin Heights; the Nurses Home of Providence Hospital ; the new central tire station in Sandusky; the Griffin Plant at Chicago Junction ; the Star Theater Building, Beilstein Laundry, the Musschel Flats, the Caswell Garage, Sandusky ; the Hotel Hillcrest, Middle Bass Island ; and the Oelschlager store at Put-in-Bay.   This young contractor whose work shows that he is one of the leaders in his profession. was born in Freiburg, Germany, May 17, 1878. His parents were Frank and Amelia (Mutterer) Schnurr. His father came to America in search of a home, and some months later his wife and children followed. Frank Schnurr is still living at Sandusky, and one of the honored old residents. He was a carpenter by trade, and followed that occupation after coming to America, and is still in the ranks of the active men of his trade in Sandusky.   Alfred Schnurr was the youngest in a family of five sons. He received his education in the parochial schools and in the International Correspondence School at Scranton, Pennsylvania, where he took several technical courses in order to better prepare himself for his important work as general contractor. Quite early in life he began learning the carpenter,s trade under his father, and worked for him as a regular journeyman for a year. He was then with George Feick & Company, building contractors, for eight years.   In 1903 Mr. Schnurr formed a partnership with Anton Shaeffer under the firm name of Shaeffer & Schnurr. Their business as contractors continued until 1906, at which time Mr. Schnurr engaged in business for himself, and has since continued as a building contractor.   In politics Mr. Schnurr is an independent voter, and is a citizen whose public spirit can always be depended upon to support those movements which are most essential to community welfare. He is a member of the. Knights of the Maccabees. On November 8, 1900, at Sandusky, he married Miss Ida Killian, daughter of Peter and Catherine Killian. To their marriage have been born three children : Emily, born July 21, 1901; Alton, born November 8, 1903 ; and Alfred, born June 2, 1905.   ELBERT B. WELCH. One of the representative citizens who are effectively demonstrating the possibilities for splendid success in the industry of fruit culture in Erie County is Mr. Welch, whose extensive yearly products are sold at wholesale and who also gives special attention to the raising of vegetables for the wholesale market. His well   PICTURE OF ALFRED SCHNURR   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1229   improved farm of 135 acres is eligibly situated in Vermilion Township, and the greater portion of the place is devoted to fruit-growing and diversified horticulture, though he carries forward equally successful operations as a general agriculturist and stock-grower.   In the township that now represents his home Mr. Welch Was born on the 15th of October, 1866, and he is a son of Thomas and Emily (Ball) Welch, the former of whom was born in the north of Ireland and the latter lin Vermilion Township, Erie County, Ohio, where her parents settled in the early pioneer days. Jesse Ball, the maternal grandfather of the subject of this review, was one of the first settlers in Vermilion Township, where he established his home in 1816, his pioneer homestead, Which came into his possession virtually a century ago, having been on the shore of Lake Erie and west of the present Village of Vermilion In 1818 he settled on the farm now owned by him whose name introduces this article, in the southern part of Vermilion Township. Here he erected as the family domicile a primitive log cabin, which continued his place of abode for many years, the while he was putting forth untiring effort in reclaiming his land from the wilderness and bringing it under cultivation. In 1842 he erected a frame house, which is still standing and in an excellent state of preservation. On this old homestead this sterling pioneer and his noble wife passed the remainder of their lives, and their names merit place on the permanent pages of Erie County history.   Thomas Welch was reared and educated in his native land and immigrated to the United States between the years 1848 and 1850. He finally came to Erie County and he became one of the prosperous agriculturists and representative citizens of Vermilion Township, where he continued to reside until his death, which occurred in November, 1895, his wife surviving him by several years and having passed her entire life in Erie County.   Elbert B. Welch grew to adult age under the invigorating influences of the home farm, and in addition to receiving the advantages of the public schools of Vermilion Township he attended also an excellent private school conducted by Prof. Job Fish, in Florence Township. That he made good use of the educational opportunities thus presented is demonstrated, by the fact that during eight winter terms he was found engaged as a youthful but specially successful teacher in the rural schools of Vermilion and Florence townships. From his youth to the presentl day he has given loyal allegiance to the great basic industry of agriculture, and he has made the ancestral homestead one of the model farmsteads of Vermilion Township. In the wholesale distribution of his large annual crops of fruit and vegetables he finds his principal market in the City of Lorain, and he is known as one of the enterprising agriculturists and fruit-growers of his native county and as a citizen of utmost progressiveness and public spirit. His political support is given to the republican party, and at Vermilion he is affiliated with Lakeview Camp No. 6250, Modern Woodmen of America.   On the 5th of January, 1890, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Welch and Miss Edith Sutton, who likewise was born and reared in Vermilion Township and who is a daughter of Nelson Sutton, her father having come to Erie County from the State of-New York and having become one of the pioneer farmers of Vermilion Township. For some time Mr. Sutton .operated a saw mill, the power for which he supplied by constructing a dam across LaChappel Creek. Mr. and Mrs. Welch have two children, Earl S., who is associated with the work and management of the home farm, and married Winafred T. Page of Cleveland, Ohio; and Velma M., who is now a resident of Lorain, Lorain County.   Mr. Welch is a director of the Erie County Banking Company, at   1230 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   Vermilion, and is second vice president of this substantial and popular institution. Other capitalistic investments further indicate the solidity of his achievement as a man of affairs, and it may specially be noted he was one of the organizers of the Vermilion Telephone Company, of the directorate of which he is still a member. He was the promoter and organizer of the Diamond Cheese Company, at Axtel, Vermilion Township, and has been its secretary from the time of its incorporation. Since 1903 Mr. Welch has been prominently concerned with the livestock industry in this section of the state, as a breeder and grower of registered Holstein cattle, and of the same he has made large sales for feeding purposes. To A. W. Leadrich he sold a Holstein heifer that won the world,s championship prize as a senior 2-year-old, this distinction having been gained by standard official tests. He has in stock at the present time, in the autumn of 1915, fourteen head of registered Holstein cattle of the best strains for milk and butter production, and he has done much to raise the standard of the cattle industry in his native county, besides which he has been for the past twenty years a successful breeder of high-grade Berkshire swine, his homestead being now known as the Diamond Stock Farm. He continued his residence on his fine homestead farm until 19I4, when he removed with his family to the City of Lorain, about twenty miles distant, where he has since continued his residence, with a wide circle of friends in both Erie and Lorain counties. His success has been of unequivocal order and has given patent evidence of his energy, his initiative ability and his progressive policies, besides which he has so ordered his course as to merit and receive the unqualified confidence and good will of those with whom he has come in contact in the varied relations of life.   EDWARD HENRY MARSH, born September 14, 1851, in Cincinnati, Ohio, the son of Edward Lockwood and Lucetta Robinson (Hole) Marsh, has been a resident of Sandusky, Ohio, for the past forty-three years. In the year 1879 he married Caroline Mackey Lea, youngest daughter of James D. and Caroline Mackey Lea, pioneer residents of Sandusky and Erie County, and to this union two children were born, Edward Lea and Caroline Lea, who survived the death of their mother, which occurred June 10, 1885. Mr. Marsh never remarried.   On the death of his father, in 1884, he succeeded him as a member of the firm of Marsh & Company, which was established in Cincinnati. Ohio, in 1843. Marsh & Company were the pioneer manufacturers of plaster of paris in Ohio. In 1886 he became sole owner of the business and immediately abandoned the Sandusky plant that was located at the foot of Wayne Street for more than thirty-four years and erected a mill of much greater capacity and commenced the development on a larger scale of the gypsum deposit and property, known as the " Carrielea Farm," at Plaster Beds, Ottawa County, Ohio.   Mr. Marsh never aspired to public honors ; his inclination has been to foster and encourage by active participation in financial, industrial and social life of the community the best and highest ideals of citizenship. His travels have extended not only throughout the United States, but in many foreign countries.   HENRY TRIESCHMANN. One of the largest vineyards on Kelleys Island is owned by Henry Trieschmann. It comprises 100 acres devoted to the growing and culture of grapes. For a great many years one of the principal industries carried on at Kelleys Island has been grape culture, and Mr. Trieschmann has been one of the active citizens and business men most closely identified with that particular line of endeavor.   His home has been on Kelleys Island for upwards of half a century.   PICTURE OF EDWARD HENRY MARSH   HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY - 1231   He was born September 8, 1843, in the Province of Hesse, Germany, and was reared and educated in his native land and lived there until he was twenty-three. In 1866 he came to America with a brother. His first location was in Sandusky, where he followed his trade as a butcher. Afterwards he went to Cincinnati and was in the same line of business for eight months, but returned to Sandusky and continued to make his home in that city for two years.   It was in 1870 that Mr. Trieschmann moved to Kelleys Island, and here for the past forty-five years he has conducted the chief butchering and retail meat business on the island.   As a vineyardist Mr. Trieschmann is also a director and treasurer of the Sweet Valley Wine Company. He is a member of the Kelleys Island School Board, and in politics is independent. He is affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights of the Maccabees. His interests also include the ownership of some valuable resident property, and for a great many years it has been his habit as well as his pleasure to take part in every public and civic movement for the good of the village in which he resides.   Mr. Trieschmann is married and is the father of a family of seven children, five of them still living, namely : Henry A., Emma, lc atie, Clara and Julia.   HEWSON L. PEEKE. The publishers on their own responsibility desire to make some record of the career and services of Hewson L. Peeke, who has contributed the material forming the general history of Erie County to these volumes.   Mr. Peeke has been a resident of Sandusky since December, 1883. He was born in South Bend, Indiana, April 20, 1861. A part of his youth was spent in the City of Chicago, where he graduated from high school in 1878. He took his collegiate work in Williams College, where he graduated in 1882, and in the following year on account of ill health he went out to Dakota Territory. His experiences in gaining admission to the bar of the territory and his subsequent law studies after locating in Ohio have been recounted on other pages. Mr. Peeke was admitted to the Ohio bar January 7, 1885, and at once took up practice at Sandusky.   It can be said with truth that few lawyers have had a larger and more profitable practice than Mr. Peeke in Sandusky. He has attended to his legal business with a scrupulous care that has gained him the esteem not only of a large circle of clients but of the fellow members at the bar. His standing in the profession was given an unqualified testimonial when he was recently chosen as the prohibition candidate for the Supreme judgeship of Ohio. There were fourteen candidates for the three seats to be filled on the Supreme bench, and Mr. Peeke stood third in the size of the vote cast in Erie County. It is with proper pride that he cherishes as a memento of this campaign a testimonial of confidence which was signed by thirty members of the county bar, in fact all but two. This testimonial reads as follows:   "We the members of the bar of Erie county desire in this manner to express.our commendation of the candidacy of H. U. Peeke for the office of Judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio, and in support thereof offer the following considerations:   "1. We believe him competent to fill the office with credit to himself, the profession and the people of the State of Ohio.   "2. Mr. Peeke is about fifty-one years of age and has practiced law in the State of Ohio for about thirty years, and has enjoyed a large practice in both the State and Federal court. In all of his practice he has merited the confidence of the members of the bar, and the judiciary,   1232 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY   and has maintained an enviable reputation of loyalty and fidelity to his clients.   "3. Northern Ohio has not been represented upon the Supreme bench for many years and is entitled to representation this year."   Mr. Peeke is a man of varied interests and attainments. He has always been interested in things literary, and particularly in history, and it Was his enthusiasm for local history and his desire to do something to preserve in permanent form the records of Erie County that led to his taking up the work represented in this publication.   Politically he has for fully thirty years been identified with the prohibition party. In fact, he cast his first ballot for the prohibition ticket in 1885. He has always advocated the idea that the platform of the party should be confined to prohibition, and has consistently urged that principle in both the state and national council of the party. He Was first candidate for the office of judge of the Supreme Court on the prohibition ticket in 1891. In 1900 he was a candidate for presidential elector. In 1902 he was candidate for Congress in the Thirteenth Ohio District. He was chosen grand chief templar of the Ohio Grand Lodge of Good Templars in 1902. In 1901 he formed the Cornerstone Publishing Company in order to publish the Ohio state prohibition paper. At the Akron State Convention he was both permanent and temporary chairman in 1901. He has served a number of places on the state and national committees of the prohibition party, and in 1912 became a member of the national committee, a delegate at large to the national convention, and was chairman of the state committee. He was also permanent chairman of the prohibition state convention at Springfield in May, 1903, and was chairman of the State Central Committee in the years 1905-06-07. He was temporary chairman of the Ohio State Convention at Columbus in 1908. In 1904 he was a delegate at large from Ohio to the Indianapolis convention and a delegate from Ohio to the national convention at Columbus in 1908.