50 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. wards of Cincinnati, composing the first election district, entitled to two representatives; and the residue of the county, composing the second district, entitled to three representatives. At the annual election in October, 1848, George E. Pugh and Alexander Pierce, with three others, all Democrats, had the highest number of votes given in the whole county; while Oliver M. Spencer and George W. Runyan, Whigs, had the highest number of votes given in the first district. The two justices, who assisted the clerk of the county in making out the abstract of the votes, declared Spencer and Runyan, duly elected representatives from the first district of Hamilton county; and the clerk, on the other hand, gave to Pugh and Pierce, as well as to the three other Democrats, whose election was not disputed, certificates of election as representatives from Hamilton county. The whole controversy turned principally upon the question, whether, under the constitution, the legislature had authority to divide a county into two or more districts for the election of members of the general assembly. At an early hour on Monday morning, December 4, the Democratic members of the House took possession of the speaker's chair, the clerk's desk, and the right side of the hall, Benjamin F. Leiter, of Stark county, acting as their chairman. The Whig members entered soon afterward and took possession of the left side of the hall, Anselm T. Holcomb, of Gallia county, being appointed their chairman. The Democrats swore in forty-two members, including Pugh and Pierce of Hamilton county; and the Whigs swore in thirty-two members, including Spencer and Runyan of Cincinnati, making in all seventy-four members—two more than the constitution allowed. By that instrument a quorum consisted of two-thirds, or forty-eight members; so either side could do nothing but sit and call over the counties for members elect to present their credentials and be sworn in. Of the eight Free-soil members, some had been sworn in by the Democratic, and others by the Whig side of the house. In order to keep possession of the speaker's chair, which was deemed a matter of primary importance, the Democrats sat day and night without adjourning or taking a recess. Various propositions for a compromise were made and rejected. Both sides continued to call HISTORY, 1842 TO 1852 - 51 over the counties for members elect from day to day. At length, after about three weeks spent in this way, a proposition, submitted by the Free-soil members, was agreed to on the 22d of December, to the effect that the seventy members, whose election was not disputed, should form an organization with Mr. Leiter as chairman—and proceed to determine the right to the two disputed seats. After a long discussion, a vote was reached on the 1st of January, 1849, when the claims of Messrs. Pugh and Pierce to seats in the organization of the House were rejected by a tie vote of 35 to 35. The like claims of Messrs. Spencer and Runyan were then set aside by a vote of 32 to 38. So all the four claimants of the two disputed Hamilton county seats were told to stand aside till after the organization. The House was organized, with seventy members, on January 3d, by the choice of John G. Breslin, Democrat, for speaker, after a month spent in enacting a legislative farce. It is proper to add that, on January 26th, a resolution was adopted, by a vote of 32 to 31, declaring Messrs. Pugh and Pierce constitutionally elected members of the House from Hamilton county. It was the Senate, not the House, that failed to organize at the beginning of the next session held in the winter of 1849-50. There being in those days no lieutenant-governor to preside in the Senate, that body had, like the House, to elect a speaker as a first step toward organization. A prolonged controversy, similar to that in the House at the beginning of the preceding session, arose in the Senate. It was the Hamilton county case over again. The Senate consisted of thirty-six members—half of them holding over from the preceding year. Of the new members one was to come from Hamilton county. There were two claimants to this seat—William F. Johnson, Democrat; and Lewis Broadwell, Whig. The Senate met on Monday, December 3. James Myers, Democrat, of Lucas county, took possession of the chair, and called the Senate to order. Mr. Broadwell presented an abstract showing that he received a majority of the votes cast for senator, in the district composed of the first eight wards of Cincinnati. The certificate of the clerk of Hamilton county was presented 52 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. by Mr. Johnson, setting forth that he was duly elected senator from Hamilton county. So the question cane up as to which of the two men was legally entitled to the disputed seat. On that point the thirty-five senators, on whom devolved the settlement of the question, became, as the dispute progressed, divided as follows: eighteen for Broadwell, and seventeen for Johnson. At the instance of their respective friends, both Johnson and Broadwell were sworn in as senators. Yet as the chairman (Mr. Myers), and as Mr. Knapp, the clerk of the previous Senate, who was acting as clerk of this, recognized Mr. Johnson and refused to recognize Mr. Broadwell as a senator, the voting on all questions on organization uniformly resulted in a tie. Various attempts at compromise, and long and spirited discussions ensued. At length, on the 12th of December, after a motion to proceed to the election of a speaker had been lost by the usual tie vote, the chairman directed the senators to prepare their ballots for speaker. Sixteen days more elapsed, when, on December 28, on the three hundred and first ballot, Harrison G. Blake, of Medina county, having received sixteen votes, being a majority of all the votes cast, was declared by the chairman duly elected and took his seat as speaker. One of the first acts of the speaker was to recognize Mr. Broadwell when the latter rose to speak. As the clerk still persisted in refusing to call Mr. Broadwell's name, the speaker called it himself: By this means it often happened that thirty-seven votes were east—one more than the constitutional number of senators. The opponents to Mr. Broadwell's claim to a seat were greatly irritated by Speaker Blake's course. They heaped epithets upon him, and charged him with a breach of faith. The other side were, of course, equally zealous in defending the speaker. Mr. Swift, of Summit county, on the 3d of January, 1850, offered a preamble and resolution which added fuel to the fire already existing. The preamble set forth that Blake had solemnly pledged himself to Swift that if the latter would vote for Blake for speaker, he (Blake) would vote for Johnson to retain his seat as senator until the right to the same should be finally determined by the Senate; and would not, until such final session, recognize Broadwell as a senator. The preamble also charged the speaker with HISTORY, 1842 TO 1852 - 53 a forfeiture of his pledge, and concluded with a resolution removing him from the office of speaker. Upon this proceeding the speaker vacated the chair, and called up another senator to supply his place. But this step raised such a storm about his ears from those dissatisfied with his course that he resumed the chair. He ruled Mr. Swift's resolution out of order, and thereupon an appeal was taken from the decision. Then came the tug of war. A prolonged and violent debate ensued, in which the motives and conduct of the speaker were condemned by one party and vindicated by the other. Thus matters went on till January 17, when resolutions were adopted providing that Mr. Johnson should be permitted to retain his seat until the committee on privileges and elections should report upon the right to the seat. Upon the adoption of these resolutions, Mr. Swift reintroduced his resolution for the removal of the speaker, which the latter promptly ruled out of order. Mr. Myers then offered a resolution for the like purpose, which was also ruled out of order. An appeal was taken, and this was also ruled out of order. On the next day, the 18th of January, and near the close of the seventh week of the session, Mr. Blake resigned his position; and Charles C. Convers, of Muskingum county, was elected speaker. Thus, the Senate was at last organized. Mr. Johnson continued to sit as senator until the 27th of February, when the seat was declared vacant; and Mr. Broadwell, by a vote of 14 to 13, was admitted to a seat as senator from the first district of Hamilton county. ACCELERATED GROWTH. If the decade from 1832 to 1842 was a prosperous one to Columbus, the ten years from 1842 to 1852 were still more so. During the period from the taking of the federal census in 1840 to the taking of the same in 1850, Columbus had increased her population from 6,048 to 17,871, or at the rate of nearly two hundred per centum. From 1842 to 1852, over thirty additions were made to the city and laid off in lots. The value of real estate in the city, assessed for taxation in 1852, was set down at $3,113,612; and of personal property, at $1,648,305—to which 54 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. add the amount returned by the banks for taxation, $1,249,770.73, and the amount returned by insurance companies, 2,197.733; and there is presented a grand total of property in the city, entered on the duplicate for taxation, of $6,014,185.48. Thus, notwithstanding the attempt to remove the State capital, the suspension of work on the state-house for six or seven years, the visitation of cholera in two successive seasons, and other formidable obstacles calculated to impede its progress, Columbus continued, during the fourth decade of its existence, to advance steadily and rapidly in the career of wealth andgenerall prosperity. CHAPTER V. FIFTH DECADE, 1852 To 1862. During the close of the fourth, and the beginning of the fifth decade in its history, Columbus made rapid strides in the career of improvement. Turnpikes and plank-roads, as has been already noted, were constructed, leading from the city to various points of the country, and greatly increasing the facilities of travel and transportation. But these were soon cast into the shade by the railroad enterprises which became the mania of the time, and called for large investments of capital. By means of railroads Columbus was brought into direct and rapid communication with Cincinnati and Cleveland, and thus, through the Ohio river, with New Orleans and the Southwest, and, through Lake Erie, with Detroit and the Northwest. The Central Railroad was completed to Zanesville, and the prospect was certain that, by its speedy connection with the Baltimore and Ohio road, Columbus would have access by rail to the cities on the Atlantic seaboard. It is a noticeable fact that, in the four years from 1849 to 1853, notwithstanding the visitation of the cholera, more improvements were made in Columbus than during any period of equal length in its previous history. Among the large structures erected were the new market-house building, on Fourth street, between Town and Rich streets; the Gwynne Block, with its spacious and commodious store- 56 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. rooms, on Town street; numerous large and substantial buildings on High street, and fine residences on Town street, together with structures of various kind throughout the whole city. And the increase of population kept pace with the increase of improvements. In noticing the principal events in the fifth decade of our city's history, aside from those mentioned under the proper heads in other chapters, we will begin with a musical festival, and speak of the FIRST SAENGERFEST. The first Sængerfest, or song-festival, ever held in Columbus, of the North American Sængerbund or Song-Union, took place on Saturday and Monday, June 5 and 7, 1852. The festival was opened on Saturday morning by the presentation, on behalf of the German ladies of the city, of a beautiful banner to the Columbus Mænnerehor. Preparatory to the presentation, a procession was formed, with Captain Schneider's company in the lead, preceded by several bands of music, and followed by the musical societies from Cleveland, Louisville, St. Louis, Cincinnati, and Dayton. Then came the "Capital City " Gymnasts and their brethren from abroad. The procession halted in front of the court-house, and formed a semicircle, facing the donors of the banner. The presentation was made by Miss, Wirt, on behalf of the lady donors, with an appropriate speech. The procession then reformed, and marched through the principal streets, In the evening a concert was given, at Neil's new hall, by the singing societies, which was a great novelty, and a charming one, to the greater portion of the citizens in attendance. Monday was the great day of the festival. The various musical delegations, after marching through the principal streets, proceeded to Stewart's Grove, now the City Park, where a handsome collation was served up. Previous to this, however, an address in German had been delivered at the grove by Charles Reemelin, of Cincinnati, couched in such pathetic language as to bring tears to many eyes. After the collation, Jacob Reinhard, president of the day, made a brief speech in German, and introduced in succession Messrs. Galloway, Dennison, and Neil, who all spoke, tendering HISTORY, 1852 TO 1862 - 57 to the German visitors a hearty welcome to Columbus, and bidding them God-speed. The gymnastic, as well as the musical exercises of the day, were not only entertaining, but surprising to many of our citizens, who had never before enjoyed a similar exhibition. At six o'clock in the evening, a large procession was formed, preceded by Captain Schneider's company, with bands of music, gymnasts, song-societies, together with citizens formed on the left of the military. It marched in fine order into the city and up High to Town street, and thence to the city hall. The hall was filled to overflowing. Here a farewell was sung in a style seldom, if ever equaled. The festival was closed by a grand ball, in the evening, at the Odeon. This was the first Saengorfest ever held in Columbus, and the fourth in the State. It was a good beginning, and a fine prelude to the entertainments of a similar kind with which our citizens have since been favored. KOSSUTH'S VISIT. At a large meeting of the citizens of Ohio, held at the City Hall. in Columbus, on Saturday evening, December 13, 1851, to consider the proper steps to be taken for the reception of Louis Kossuth, governor of Hungary, a resolution was adopted for the appointment of a committee of one hundred citizens of Ohio—twenty of them being residents of Columbus—to invite Kossuth to visit our State, and partake of the hospitality of our people. At an adjourned meeting, held bn the next Thursday evening, the names of the committee of one hundred were announced, Dr. Robert Thompson, of Columbus, being chairman. A finance committee was subsequently appointed, of which Peter Ambos was chairman; W. F. Wheeler, secretary; and Luther Donaldson, treasurer. One hundred dollars were appropriated to defray the expenses of Dr. Robert Thompson's trip to Washington, to invite Kossuth to visit the capital of Ohio. Of the committee, also subsequently appointed, to make arrangements for the reception of Kossuth, Samuel Galloway was chairman, and C. P. Solis, secretary. The legislature, January 15, 1852, adopted resolutions tender- 58 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. ing to Kossuth, on behalf of two millions of freemen, a hearty welcome to Ohio. The long-looked-for day at length came for Kossuth's arrival, from Cleveland, at the capital of Ohio. Though it had been announced that he would not arrive until after six o'clock on Wednesday evening, February 4, 1852; yet early in the afternoon of that day the streets were thronged with people, and all the eligible places for sight-seeing were fully occupied. According to previous arrangements, a procession was formed to march to the depot and receive the expected guest of the city and State. It was under the direction of General T. Stockton, chief marshal of the day, and was headed by the Columbus brass band, followed by Captain Buhl's Columbus Artillery, and Captain Schneider's Grenadiers, carrying the United States and Hungarian colors, and flanking the firemen. The engines of the fire department were decorated with the same colors, and also with those of Turkey. Succeeding the long cortege of the fire department, came the carriage, drawn by four white horses, in which Kossuth, along with Governor Wood, of Ohio, was to be escorted to the Neil House. Then followed the committee of one hundred. Closing the procession, were carriages containing members of the legislature and state officers, followed by mechanical associations, benevolent and other societies, with a delegation of the city butchers on horseback, and a large concourse of citizens on horseback and on foot. When the procession arrived at the depot, thousands of people were already gathered there. At about seven o'clock, the boom of cannon announced the safe arrival of the Hungarian. Then there was a rush, and a shout that seemed to rend the air. After some delay, owing to the dense and eager crowd, the procession was reformed, and proceeded, with Kossuth, his family, and suite, in the appropriate carriage, to Broad street, then on Broad to Third, then to Town, then to High street, and on that to the Neil House. On the march, lighted torches, in the hands of the firemen, added brilliancy to the scene. Kossuth, standing on the balcony of the Neil House, was presented to the people. Lifting his hat, he made a short address, HISTORY, 1852 TO 1862 - 59 expressing delight at his generous reception, for which he desired to thank publicly the generous citizens of Columbus. He then retired to his rooms in the Neil House. Before eleven o'clock the next morning, the time assigned for an address from Kossuth, the entire square between Broad and State streets was filled with people. A stand was erected in front of the Neil house, and opposite the old United States court-house. Kossuth replied at some length to a speech addressed to him by Samuel Galloway. A brief speech was afterward made by William Dennison. After Kossuth's speech, he was waited upon by a committee appointed at a meeting of workingmen, with a request that he would address the workingmen of the city. This he declined to do on account of the heavy tax upon his time and energies, while expressing his gratification at the manifestations by the workingmen of sympathy for the cause of free government in Hungary. On the evening of the same day (February 5), a large meeting of citizens of Columbus was held at the City Hall, at which an association of the friends of Hungary was formed, called the Franklin County Hungarian Association; a constitution was adopted, and the following officers elected: W. R. Rankin, President; G. Lewis, Vice-President; L. Donaldson, Treasurer; and Al. M. Powers, Secretary. Kossuth, on Saturday, the 7th of February, visited the General Assembly, upon special invitation, where he was addressed by Lieutenant-Governor William Medill, in a speech of welcome. Kossuth's response was regarded one of his best efforts. By a joint resolution of the legislature, the original manuscripts of both these speeches were ordered to be deposited among the archives of the State, in the State Library, where they now are, bound in a handsome volume, labeled, "Welcome of Ohio to Kossuth." In the evening, after this visit to the legislature, the first regular meeting of the Ohio Association of the Friends of' Hungary was held, at the City Hall, in Columbus. The hall was filled to its full capacity. After a brief introductory speech by Governor Reuben Wood, the president of the association, Kossuth delivered one of those stirring, patriotic, and liberty-loving 60 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. addresses for which he had then become famous. .After this speech in English, he made a brief address in German. The following Monday morning, Kossuth left Columbus for Cincinnati. HENRY CLAY'S OBSEQUIES. Henry Clay, the renowned American orator and statesman, departed this, life, at Washington City, on the 29th of June, 1852. The remains, on the way to Mr. Clay's late home, in Kentucky, arrived in this city on Wednesday evening, July 7th. Previous to their arrival, a procession had been formed, on High street, the right resting on State street. It moved to the depot in the following order : Committee of arrangements, in carriages ; city council, in carriages; firemen ; Captain Schneider's ; Morgan Volunteers ; citizens in carriages. On the arrival of the train, the remains were received by this joint committee of the city council and citizens, and transferred to the hearse. A procession was then formed, the firemen preceding the hearse, on each side of which were the Morgan Volunteers. Then followed the committee of arrangements as pallbearers, United States Senate committee, the Kentucky and Cincinnati committees, committees from towns and cities, the city council and citizens—all in carriages. The procession moved down High street to Town, thence to High street and the Neil House, where the remains were deposited for the night. As the procession moved on the streets, the bells were tolled, and minute-guns were fired by the artillery. Many of the stores and business houses were dressed in mourning; the flags and omnibuses in the procession were trimmed with crape, as were the bodies and regalia of the different societies and orders in attendance. At the Neil House, brief addresses were made by William Dennison, and Governor Jones, of Tennessee. On the same evening, there was a large meeting of citizens at the City Hall, at which Joseph Ridgway presided, and C. T. Solis acted as secretary. After prayer by Dr. Hoge, R. P. L. Barber, from the committee of arrangements, reported a series of reso- HISTORY, 1852 TO 1862 - 61 lotions, which were unanimously adopted, after appropriate speeches by A. F. Perry and Win. Dennison. THE STATE TREASURY DEFALCATION. The good citizens of Columbus were startled on the morning of' June 13, 1857, by the announcement in the daily papers that William H. Gibson, Treasurer of State, had resigned, and that there was it defalcation of over half a million of dollars to be charged to him or his brother-in-law, John G. Breslin, who had preceded him in the office, or both. Breslin was a Democrat, and Gibson of opposite politics, and both resided in the city of Tiffin. Soon after Gibson's resignation, Governor Chase appointed Alfred P. Stone State Treasurer, who, at the ensuing State election, in October, was. chosen by the people to that office. So intense was the popular excitement on the unearthing of this fraud upon the people of Ohio, that an indignation meeting was called and held, on the evening of June 18, 1857, in front of the City Bank, on State street. Dr. R. N. Barr was chairman, and James R. Day, secretary of the meeting. W. T. Bascom, James H. Stauring, Henry Miller, W. T. Day, William Miller, and C. Breyfogle were appointed a committee on resolutions, whose report was adopted. Speeches were made by H. B. Carrington, S. S. Cox, William Dennison, Dr. William Trevitt, William T. Bascom, Henry Miller, and Joseph H. Geiger. These gentlemen, according to a reporter who was present, spoke in terms highly denunciatory of the gross outrage upon the tax-payers of Ohio by an officer, or officers, who had shamefully abused the people's confidence. It was demanded that the perpetrator, or perpetrators, of the fraud should be visited with the severest penalties of the law. A determination was expressed to vote in future, irrespective of party ties, for such men, and such men only, whose antecedents and character should guarantee their honesty and capacity to manage the people's treasury with safety and integrity of purpose. 62 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS OHIO. DR. BANE'S OBSEQUIES. Dr. Elisha Kent Kane, the great traveler and Arctic explorer, died at Havana, February 16, 1857, at the early age of thirty-seven years. His remains were taken back to his former home, in Philadelphia. A few minutes before noon, on Friday, March 6, intelligence was received at Columbus, from Cincinnati, that the remains of Dr. Kane would pass through this city on their way toward Philadelphia; that they would reach here by the 11:20 night train, and remain Until the departure of the 10:10 train of the Central Ohio road, on Monday morning. Immediate action was taken in each branch of the legislature then in session, and a joint committee was appointed to make the necessary arrangements to manifest the regard of the people for the character and services of the lamented dead. The Grand Lodge of the Masonic fraternity of Ohio was convened in special communication, by order of the grand master, and a committee appointed to co-operate with other committees of arrangements. At an early hour in the evening, a meeting of citizens was held at the Neil House, and a committee selected to act on behalf of the citizens of the capital of Ohio, in conjunction with other similar committees. A joint meeting of all these committees was held at the Neil House, at eight o'clock in the evening, when two members from each committee were delegated to proceed to Xenia, on the morrow, and there meet the funeral cortege from Cincinnati, accompany it to Columbus, and thence to Wheeling. Another like committee was detailed to make suitable arrangement for the reception of the remains, for the respectful care of them during their stay in the city, and for appropriate religious exercises on Sunday. The State Fencibles, Captain Ready, volunteered such services as might be required of them. The tender was thankfully received by the joint committee. At midnight, the train arrived at the Columbus depot, where the joint committee, the State Fencibles, and a large concourse of citizens were awaiting it, The stillness of the midnight HISTORY, 1852 TO 1862 - 63 hour, the rolling of the muffled drum, as the remains were removed from the car, the tolling of bells in the city, the solemn trains of the dead march by the brass band, the display of flags at half-mast as seen by moonlight, the respectful silence of the concourse of citizens that thronged the streets, all conspired to give the scene an air of grandeur and solemnity. The solemn procession, accompanied by a civic and military escort, proceeded to the Senate chamber, where due preparation had been made for its reception ; and there the remains were consigned to the custody of the Columbus committees, in a very neat address from Charles Anderson, on behalf of the Cincinnati committee. William Dennison responded, in behalf of the Columbus committees, in an appropriate address. A detachment of the State Fencibles was detailed by Lieutenant Jones, as a guard of honor, which remained on duty while the remains were in the Senate chamber, except while relieved by a like guard detailed from members of the Masonic fraternity. The remains lay in state in the Senate chamber from one A. M. on Sunday until nine A. u. on Monday. By ten o'clock on Sunday morning, the citizens began to wend their way to the Senate chamber, which had been judiciously arranged by Mr. Ernshaw, the draughtsman, for the accommodation of the greatest practical number of persons. By eleven o'clock, the spacious hall was densely packed, when Colonel Kane, Robert P. Kane, and Dr. Joseph R. Kane, brothers of the deceased, and Lieutenant William Morton, his faithful companion in his perilous voyages, entered, and were conducted to the seats reserved for them. The religious services consisted of prayer by the Rev. Mr. Steele, of the Columbus Congregational Church ; music by the choir of that church; discourse by Dr. liege, of the First Presbyterian Church; anthem by the choir; collects and benediction by Rev. Mr. La Fourrette, of St. Paul's (Episcopal) Church. Notice was given that the Senate chamber would be open from two to five o'clock, to afford the citizens an opportunity to pay their mournful tribute of respect to the ashes of the dead. Thousands of all classes and conditions gladly availed them- 64 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. selves of the opportunity. At five o'clock the doors were closed, and the silence of the chamber was broken only by the tread of the guard on duty. At nine o'clock on Monday, March 9, a procession was formed, and with solemn music by the band from Cincinnati, and Goodman's brass band, with the tolling of bells and other appropriate tokens of sorrow, proceeded to the depot in the following order: Chief marshal, Lucien Battles ; assistant marshals, Richard Nevins, H. M. Neil, Walter C. Brown. Cincinnati band; State Fencibles, Captain Reamy; Columbus Cadets, Captain Tyler; American flag. PALL BEARERS. Medical Profession. Dr. W. M. Awl, Dr. R. Thompson, Dr. S. Parsons, Dr. R. Patterson, Dr. S. M. Smith, Dr. John Dawson. PALL BEARERS. Masons. W. B. Hubbard, P. G. M. W. B. Thrall, P. G. M. N. H. Swayne, M. M. G. Swan, P. G. O. Dr. L. Goodale, P. G. T. D. T. Woodbury, M. M. Lieutenant Morton, of the Kane expedition; committee to accompany the remains to Wheeling; Cincinnati committee of arrangements; Columbus committee of arrangements; relatives of the deceased, in carriages; reverend clergy; Goodman's band; Grand Lodge of the Masonic fraternity of the State of Ohio; governor of Ohio and staff; heads of departments and other State officers; the Ohio Senate and House of Representatives; medical profession; Columbus city council; firemen; judges and officers of court; citizens generally. A portion of the joint committee accompanied the remains to Baltimore, where, with an appropriate address by Dr. S. M. Smith, of Columbus, they were delivered to the committee appointed in that city to attend to their reception. THIRD BALLOON ASCENSION. The third balloon ascension from Columbus took place on the 29th of October, 1857, in pursuance of an engagement made by John M. Kinney with M. Godard, a celebrated French aeronaut, to come from Philadelphia, and make an ascension on horseback. HISTORY, 1852 TO 1862 - 65 The ascension on the 29th of October was intended merely as preliminary to the horseback ascension, which was to come off two days afterward, but which, owing to the difficulties in obtaining the requisite supply of gas, did not come off at all. But the preliminary ascension succeeded admirably. It was made from the Capital City Fair Grounds, as Mr. Kinney called his inclosure, located near and southeastwardly from the old lunatic asylum. M. Godard was accompanied in the ascent by his brother, and P. W. Huntington and Robert H. Thompson, of this city. Three of the company occupied the car, while one of the Godards hung suspended by a rope fifteen or twenty feet below the car, with his head downward, waving a flag as he glided swifty through the empyrean. The party landed without accident and in safety, near Taylor's station, on the Central Railroad, nine or ten miles east of the city. THE PARKER BUILDING, located on the northwest corner of High and Spring streets— erected by Messrs. Parker, Burton & Atchison in 1872—is a fine 66 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. substantial brick block, with iron caps and neat cornice. It contains about 600,000 brick. The business rooms in the first story are occupied as follows The south corner room, 21 by 100 feet, by O. G. Peters & Co., as a family grocery; the middle room, by Hanes & Read, as a boot and shoe store; and the north corner room by John Fisher, as a stove and tin store. The second story is occupied by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company for offices; and the third story is appropriated to offices and lodging-rooms. The block is known by the name of the Parker Block, in honor of its go-ahead and enterprising builder, who has recently made our city his home, having formerly resided in the neighboring town of Delaware. During his year's residence among us, he has built about thirty houses, varying in size and style of architecture. Mr. Parker belongs to the class of men the city needs to give it the prominence it deserves and can easily attain. The Parker building is one of the finest blocks that beautify our city. EXECUTION OF MYERS. In the penitentiary, on the 27th of May, 1858, Albert Myers, for no apparent cause, killed Bartlett Neville, a fellow convict, with an ax. At the ensuing June term of the Court of Common Pleas, Myers was tried and found guilty of murder in the first degree, and sentenced by Judge Bates to be hung on the 3d of September following. As the plea of insanity had been set up for him on his trial, and as his strange behavior in jail led many intelligent and humane persons to suspect that the plea might be well founded, Governor Chase was induced to grant Myers a reprieve till December 17. On that day he was executed, in pursuance of his sentence, by Sheriff Silas W. Park. Probably, no criminal was ever executed in this or any other county in the State, who exhibited such stolid indifference to his fate as did this man Myers. Ile seemed even to covet his doom. His conduct and language appeared to justify the opinion that he had committed the murder to escape confinement in the HISTORY, 1852 TO 1862 - 67 penitentiary, even at the risk of the gallows; and that he dreaded nothing so much as a commutation of his sentence into imprisonment for life. A post-mortem examination disclosed the fact that he had a large, and apparently a perfectly healthy brain. OPENING OF THE CIVIL WAR, The thrill that pervaded the country on the announcement in April, 1861, that Fort Sumter had surrendered to the rebel forces, and the immediate calls for men and the voluntary rush to arms in Ohio and other Northern States, belong to the general history of the period. It is our province to note only some of the prominent events of a strictly Iocal character. An immense meeting was held at Armory Hall, on North High street, on the evening of April 17, 1861. Judge Joseph R. Swan was made president, and a large number of prominent citizens vice-presidents. After patriotic speeches by Judges Swan, Warden, and Rankin, Samuel Galloway, Judge W. R. Rankin, and L. J. Critchfield were appointed a committee on resolutions and retired for consultation. Animated addresses were made by General Joseph II. Geiger and Samuel Galloway, when the committee reported resolutions, which were unanimously adopted. The resolutions set forth, in substance, that it was the duty of the citizens of Ohio, ignoring past political differences, to yield a hearty and prompt support to the national government in its efforts to put down treason and rebellion; that to accomplish this end, no necessary sacrifice of men or money could be too great; that if need be, the members of the meeting would pledge their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor to aid the government in its efforts to maintain the constitution, enforce the laws, and restore the Union to its original integrity, and that the meeting pointed with just pride to our own citizen-soldiers who had so promptly and patriotically tendered their services to the government. The meeting closed with speeches from Mr. Schleigh, of Lancaster; T. A. Plants, of the Ohio House of Representatives, and State Senator Garfield. Troops now began to arrive rapidly in the city for rendez- 68 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. vous, equipment, and organization. Goodale Park was converted into a military camp called Camp Jackson, for the rendezvous of all the Ohio troops north of Hamilton county, and south of the Reserve. In the camp all the rules of military discipline were rigidly enforced, so far as that could be done with such raw and undisciplined recruits. The officers' quarters were in the keeper's house, near the entrance gate; white tents were pitched in the center of the park; large wooden buildings were hastily erected for lodging and dining-rooms; wagons were continually going and coming; volunteers constantly arriving, and all the parade and clamor of camp life might be seen and heard in that so lately peaceful and quiet retreat. The First and Second regiments of Ohio Volunteer Infantry left Camp Jackson for Washington City, on Friday morning, April 19th. In the Second regiment were two Columbus companies—the Vedettes, Captain Thrall; and the Fencibles, Captain J. H. Riley. On the same day, Lieutenant H. Z. Mills was, by request, relieved of the command of Camp Jackson, which was assumed by Colonel E, A. King, of Dayton. The Third regiment of Ohio Volunteer Infantry was formed at Camp Jackson, April 24th, in which were the following Columbus companies: A, Governor's Guards, Captain I. H. Morrow; B, Governor's Guards, Captain Wing; Columbus Steuben Guards, Captain Schneider; Montgomery Guards, Captain O. Turney. Subsequently Captain Morrow was elected Colonel of the Third regiment, five companies of which, including companies A and B, Governor's Guards, left Camp Jackson on the 29th of April, for Camp Dennison, near Cincinnati. The Montgomery Guards left a day or two afterward, and the Steuben Guards on the 8th of May, for the same destination. At a special meeting of the city council, held on the evening of April 27th. an ordinance was unanimously passed appropriating twenty thousand dollars for the relief of the families of volunteers, residents of the city; the money to be drawn only upon the order of the relief committee, which consisted of Messrs. L. L. Smith, A. B. Buttles, A. O. Blair, Isaac Eberly, and J. H. Stauring. In the official list, published on the 6th of May, 1861, of the HISTORY, 1852 TO 1862 - 69 surgeons and surgeons' mates, appointed to the thirteen Ohio regiments called into the service on the President's first requisition, we find the names of the following resident physicians of Columbus: Dr. W. L. McMillen, Surgeon to the First regiment; Dr. Starling Loving, Surgeon to the Sixth regiment; Dr. C. E. Boyle, Surgeon to the Tenth, and subsequently to the Ninth regiment; and Dr. H. Z. Gill, surgeon's mate to the Eleventh regiment. Subsequently, when the nine additional Ohio regiments began to be organized, Dr. W. H. Denig was appointed surgeon's mate to the Fifteenth, and Dr. C. E. Denig to the Sixteenth regiment. Captain C. C. Walcutt's Columbus company, which had been recruiting for some weeks at Camp Jackson, was reported, on the 21st of May, as assigned to the Twenty-third regiment, on an enlistment for three years. Goodale Park, which had been used for a military camp from the first mustering of troops, began, about the first of June, to be gradually thinned of soldiers, or recruits, and was at length altogether abandoned as a camp. In the meantime, a new camp on a more extensive scale was organized on the National Road, four or five miles west of the city. The new camp was at first also called Camp Jackson, but the name was soon afterward changed to Camp Chase, in honor of Salmon P. Chase, Ex-Governor of Ohio, and then Secretary of the United States Treasury. It was ultimately turned over to the United States authorities. Camp Chase soon assumed the appearance of a military city. It was regularly laid out in squares and streets, with numerous wooden structures and white canvas tents. Each regiment or other organization had its special quarters assigned. From a camp for the rendezvous, organization, and drill of troops, it became, as the war progressed, the quarters for paroled prisoners of war, and the site of a huge prison for the confinement of rebel prisoners. The camp lasted as long as the war lasted. Subsequently, Camp Thomas was established east of the Worthington plank-road, three or four miles north of the city. It was at first used as the rendezvous of Colonel II. B. Carrington's regiment, Eighteenth United States Infantry, but soon became a. camp for general war purposes. 70 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. To give an account of the officers and men furnished by Columbus, and of their behavior and fortune in camp and field and to trace our city's connection with the war through its camps, prisons, and the bounties and encouragement afforded to volunteers, would require a larger volume than the present, devotedly exclusively to these topics. RETROSPECT. The national census of 1860 showed that Columbus had made but slight increase in population during the preceding ten years, less than in any other equal period in its history. Various causes contributed to this result. There was a remarkable decrease in the number of marriages in our city and county during four years of the decade from 1852 to 1862. The number of marriage licenses issued by the Probate Court of Franklin county in 1853 was 670; in 1854, 574; in 1855, 553; and in 1856, 516 ; showing an annual marriage decrease of seven and a quarter per cent., and a total decrease of twenty-nine and a third per cent. The natural increase by births, and the increase by immigration, was nearly, and in some years quite overbalanced by the emigration westward from the city and county. A perfect fever, for settlement and speculation in the West seized upon our young men, and even upon men of mature age and experience in practical business life, Mechanics from the city and farmers from the country wended their way westward. Our streets were often lined with wagons, and filled with horses and cattle, on the road for Iowa, Minnesota, Kansas, and Nebraska. This was but the temporary reaction or effect of the spirit of speculation with which the decade had been preceded and opened. Many of the western emigrants, in a few years, returned to their old homes in Columbus and Franklin county; and many more would have gladly returned, if it had been in their power. It was merely a temporary check that was given to the city's increase in population. It had a salutary effect. It served to prove to our people that we have at home a richer field for industry and enterprise than can be found elsewhere, and thus HISTORY, 1862 to 1872 - 71 prepared the way for the rapid strides the city is now making toward future greatness and prosperity. During this fifth decade, in all respects, save as to a large increase in population, Columbus was progressive; real property in the city steadily advanced in value, and the amount of wealth and available capital was as steadily augmented. As soon as the immigration fever, which was at its height about 1857, and the financial havoc occurring about the same time, had subsided, business revived. In 1859, numerous new and substantial buildings were erected or in progress; our manufacturing establishments began to increase in number and enlarge the sphere of their operations. Public improvement went hand in hand with private enterprise ; our principal streets and leading thoroughfares began to assume that character of evenly-graded, well-paved, and spacious avenues which makes them the admiration of visitors. On Broad street, for instance, had been set out four rows of trees, which now give it the appearance of a long and beautiful grove, through which is a rounded roadway in the center, forty-three feet wide; a carriage-way on each side, twenty feet wide; and neatly paved sidewalks—making the street a handsome avenue, one hundred and twenty feet wide. The ferment that preceded and followed the breaking out of the civil war in the spring of 1861, aroused not only the patriotism, but the enterprise of our citizens. Many who had before been languid and listless, now felt the pleasure and inspiration of a fresh and novel . excitement. Though many of our young and active business men were taken away from the city and marched off to the camp or to the field of bloody strife, from which some of' them never returned, yet the war brought, along with its evils, its compensations also. Columbus and its immediate vicinity became a center for the rendezvous of large bodies of troops, for military stations and camps, where soldiers were drilled, clothed, equipped, and sent to the field; where hospitals and soldiers' homes were established ; where paroled prisoners awaited their release, and where rebel prisoners were kept in durance. These things, with the incidents naturally attending them, gave an impulse to 72 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. manufactures, trade; and business in general; sometimes fitful and transient, it is true, but, on the whole, tending to develop our resources, to demonstrate the capabilities within and around our community, and to establish the more important business enterprises upon a solid basis, giving us assurance of certain and rapid progress in the future. CHAPTER VI. SIXTH DECADE, 1862 to 1872. Near the close of our last chapter, we briefly sketched the opening of the war drama as it affected Columbus, and briefly alluded to the general effect of the war upon our business and prospects. While leaving the detail of military events to the general historian, we propose to notice a few true incidents connected with the war. Some of the most interesting of these incidents grew out of an organization called THE LADIES SOLDIERS' AID SOCIETY. The Ladies Soldiers' Aid Society of Columbus, as auxiliary to the National Sanitary Commission at Washington, made its first annual report for the year ending October 21, 1862. The operations of the institution had been successful. The cutting-room had been open every day in the year, and the committees appointed to cut and supervise work had been present to give out work and receive donations, Wednesday of each week had been set apart for a general meeting in the main building, to which ladies generally were invited. There, with sewing machines and concerted action, much good had been done. The society had thirty-six auxiliaries connected with it. From these, and from individuals, it had received large donations. The report gives a long list of articles of clothing, as well as of hospital stores, sent away for the use of destitute, sick, and wounded soldiers. HISTORY, 1862 TO 1872 - 73 An exhibition of elegant tableaux vivants was presented, under the auspices of the society, at the hall of the High School building, on Tuesday and Thursday evenings, February 3 and 5, 1863. It was spoken of in the papers of the clay as one of the most beautiful and wonderful displays of the kind ever made. The society held a second grand bazaar on Thursday and Friday evenings, February 12 and 13, 1863, at Ambos Hall. The ornamental and patriotic displays were beautiful and attractive. In the center of the hall stood an aquarium; at the east end was a bouquet stand; on the north side were four booths, representing the four seasons of the year; and at the west end was the refreshment stand, decorated with flowers and evergreens. The American eagle perched on the top of an arch above the bouquet stand bore the motto of." Honor to the Brave," in large, bright letters. The ball was filled with people on both evenings. A grand bazaar was held at Naughton's Hall, on the evenings the 24th, 25th, and 28th of April, 1863, with crowded assemblies on each evening, for the benefit of the Aid Society. It was a splendid exhibition of taste and skill. The hall was beautifully decorated and elegantly draped. Handsome booths, with fair ladies for saleswomen, were filled with articles of fine materials and exquisite workmanship. Tableaux vivants, representing thrilling scenes in private life and in history, contributed to enrich the entertainment. Music by a military band added to the effect. The lady treasurer of the society reported the net proceeds of the bazaar at $1,216.40. A bazaar, on a grander scale than any previously given, was held for the benefit of the Aid Society, commencing at the Athenæum (State Street Theater), on Tuesday, November 15, 1863, and continuing through the remainder of the week. The parquet of the Athenæum having been boarded over, booths were erected in a circle around it. These contained an almost infinite variety of articles for sale, and were presided over by ladies arrayed in costume representing various creeds and nationalities, in habiliments sometimes neat and elegant, but oftener grotesque and outlandish. A post-office was opened, and visitors notified that unpaid letters were awaiting their order. Of course, the rates of postage were as high as they were in the 74 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. government postal service forty or fifty years ago. There were drawings of prizes and beautiful tableaux exhibited. But it would take too much space to begin to specify the attractions. A lunch was served up daily by the ladies. One incident connected with this bazaar must not be omitted. It was the free lunch given on Saturday to the farmers and other citizens of the different townships in the county, who had, on invitation, at a meeting of the citizens of Columbus, come into the city with wagons loaded with wood, flour, potatoes, corn, and other provisions for the destitute families of absent soldiers. A grand procession of these wagons through the streets presented a novel, and certainly an affecting spectacle. Every township in the county was represented. The donations were far greater than the most sanguine had anticipated. After the articles brought in had been deposited in the places designated, the generous and patriotic donors partook of a sumptuous repast prepared for them by the ladies at the bazaar. The treasury of the society was materially increased by the receipts of an exhibition of' tableaux at the Opera House, on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday evenings of October 13,14, and 15,1864. The house was crowded every evening, and especially upon Saturday evening, when the grand military infantry drill and the initiatory ceremony of the Sons of Malta Were the principal cards. The president of the society acknowledged the receipt of a thousand dollars as the proceeds of this entertainment given by the ladies and gentlemen of Columbus for the benefit of the society. THE SOLDIERS' HOME. The Soldiers' Hone, located in this city, was an efficient agency, during the war, for the care of sick, disabled, and destitute soldiers, not provided for by the regular military organizations. It was established April 22, 1862, by the Soldiers' Aid Society, in a room in the railroad depot, under the charge of Isaac Dalton, of this city. On the 17th of October, 1863, it was removed into a building erected by the Columbus branch of the United States Sanitary Commission, on ground west of the depot, belonging to the Little Miami Railroad Company. It was HISTORY, 1862 to 1872 - 75 24 by 60 feet, two stories high, and cost about $2,300. It contained forty-five, beds, with iron bedsteads. Soldiers were lodged in the Home, and those who were out of money the superintendent supplied with food, paying twenty-five cents for each meal. In the spring of 1864, under a contract with the Sanitary Commission, T. E. Botsford and John Wigant, for $1,800, built an addition, 26 by 80 feet., to the former structure, making the entire building 140 feet long. The addition contained eighty beds on iron bedsteads. It was opened July 20, 1864, for the reception of soldiers. At this time, Mr. Dalton, who had been in charge of the Home, was succeeded by T. E. Botsford, who continued to serve as superintendent till the institution was closed. The Home proved a great comfort and help to soldiers, seamen, government employes, and even to rebel prisoners who arrived in the city sick, money less, or shelterless. Men from almost every State in the Union, who had nowhere else to go, were hospitably entertained, and, when recovered or refreshed, sent on their way rejoicing. During the existence of the Home under Mr. Botsford's superintendence, from July 20, 1864, to May 7, 1866, 34,982 persons were furnished with lodgings, and 99,463 meals were distributed to 30,055 men, of whom 25,649 were members of Ohio regiments. Refugees from the South were furnished 640 meals. On the closing of the Home, May 7, 1866, the superintendent, under the direction of the representatives of the Sanitary Commission, donated to the Hannah Neil Mission the buildings, the furniture, beds, bedding, the stoves, cooking and other kitchen utensils, and all other property belonging to the Home. OHIO SOLDIERS' HOME. In May, 1864, the United States authorities took possession of the south part of the State quarry tract, near the crossing of the Columbus and Xenia Railroad, and erected barracks and other buildings thereon. The establishment was called Tripler Hospital. The tenements, over twenty in number, were afterward donated to the State for a. Soldiers' Home. The State look possession in September, 1865, and instituted a Home. The legislature, April 5, 1866, passed an act establishing a 76 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. temporary home for Ohio soldiers. The preamble to the net recited the above donation, and stated that a home had been established and carried on with means generously tendered and paid by the Cincinnati and Cleveland branches of the United States Sanitary Commission, and other benevolent societies and individuals. It was also stated that the Home had then as inmates nearly two hundred disabled soldiers. The act providcd for the appointment, by the Governor and Senate, of five trustees, two of them to be residents of Columbus, to manage the Home, and appoint a superintendent, surgeon; steward, and matron. An appropriation of $75,000 was made to carry out the purposes of the act. On the 10th of April, 1869, the legislature, by joint resolution, confirmed the action of the trustees of the Ohio Soldiers' Home, in transferring the temporary possession of the premises, the chattel property, and the unexpended balance of appropriations for current expenses already made, to the trustees of the National Asylum for disabled volunteer soldiers. Three days afterward, an act was passed, reciting in the preamble that the managers of the National Asylum had accepted the Ohio Soldiers' Home, and were then caring for the disabled volunteer soldiers of this State, and ceding to the United States the jurisdiction over such lands, near the city of Dayton; as might be acquired by the managers for the purposes of a national asylum for disabled soldiers. TOD BARRACKS. New barracks, called Tod Barracks, in honor of Governor Tod, were built in the fall of 1863, on the east side of High street, north of the depot. They were intended for the accommodation of recruits, and of sick, disabled, and other soldiers, and ultimately became the place where regiments and other military organizations were disbanded and paid off. A board fence, twelve feet high, inclosed an area of 216 feet front on High street, and of 750 feet in depth. The main entrance was through a gate on High street, with a guard-house, sixteen feet square, on each side. Two blocks for offices, each 100 by 32 feet, occupied each side of the passage. Three blocks, two stories high, HISTORY, 1862 TO 1872 - 77 with double piazzas, for men's quarters, occupied each side of the lot. There were two tiers of bunks in the men's quarters—a bunk to each man. A guard-house in the rear; a dining-hall, two stories high, and 190 feet by 32; a kitchen; a laundry, and a sutler's store, composed the residue of the buildings that were originally planned for erection within the inclosure. The parade ground, inside the inclosure, was 425 feet long by 262 wide. THE ESCAPE OF MORGAN. The raid of the rebel chieftain, John H. Morgan, through parts of Indiana and Ohio, in the summer of 1863, though now matter of history, is still fresh in the recollection of most of our readers. Morgan, it will be remembered, was captured in Columbiana county, arid, on the first of October, 1863, was confined with about seventy other rebel prisoners, by order of the United States authorities, in the Ohio Penitentiary. The citizens of Columbus were not a little startled, on the morning of Saturday, November 28, 1863, by a report that John H. Morgan and six of his captains had escaped from the penitentiary. It was by many believed to be an incredible rumor; but doubt was soon turned into certainty by the appearance of posters announcing, by authority of Colonel Wallace, the commander of the post, the fact of the escape, and offering a reward of a thousand dollars for the recapture of John Morgan. The prisoners who escaped with John Morgan were J. C. Bennett, L. D. Hockersmith, T. H. Hines, G. S. Magee, Ralph Sheldon, and S. B. Taylor. They all, with a brother of Morgan, occupied cells in the first range on the ground floor, on the south side of the east wing of the prison; John Morgan's cell was in the second range, just above his associates. When that portion of the prison was built, a few years before, an air-chamber, so called, in the shape of a large sewer, arched with brick, seven feet in width, and four and a half in height, running the whole length of the wing, was constructed under the cells for ventilating purposes, and was fastened at the end into the foundation by strong bars of iron; the air passed in at the end, and through this chamber, out at the top of 78 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. the building, by means of flues. The floor of the cells was simply a layer of mortar and cement on the brick arch, The thickness through to the air-chamber was about twenty-one inches. At the time the sewer or air-chamber was built, a large number of convicts were employed upon the work. Whether through any of these or otherwise, it seems that the rebel prisoner Hines, according to his own story ,found out that there was an air-chamber underneath the cells, and by means of knives procured in some clandestine way, dug a hole through the floor in the corner of his cell ; through this he descended into the air-chamber, and removed the bricks in the arch underneath the other six cells, leaving a thin crust of mortar and cement, which could be easily broken through. When all was ready, the prisoners descended into the air-chamber. Proceeding to the eastern end, they removed several of the foundation stones, but found an obstruction in the shape of an immense pile of coal, which had been thrown against that end of the prison. Retracing their steps about twenty-five feet, they selected a spot almost immediately underneath Hines' cell; digging in a southerly direction, they came out into the prison yard, opposite the female department, having tunneled underneath the main wall. Carefully concealing all traces of their operations, they waited until Friday evening, November 27, when the brothers Morgan, as the prisoners were about being locked up for the night, adroitly managed to change cells. When all was ready, John Morgan and his six captains, having prepared paddies and placed them in their beds so as to deceive the watchman, descended into the air-chamber; crawling through the tunnel they had made, they soon came out into the open air in the prison yard, and proceeded to the southeast gate. By means of a rope made out of bed-ticking, and secured to the iron hooks at the top of the wall, they drew themselves up, and thus effected their escape. A note, addressed to the warden, was found in the air-chamber. The address read: " Hon. N. Merion, the Faithful, the Vigilant." HISTORY, 1862 TO 1872 - 79 The contents of the note were: "CASTLE MERION, CELL No. 20, “November 27, 1863. “Commencement—November 4, 1863. “Conclusion—November 20, 1863. “Number of hours for labor per day—three. "Tools—two small knives. “La patience sit amer, mais son fruit est doux." [Patience may be bitter, but its ruit is sweet.] "By order of my six honorable confederates. “T. HENRY HINES, "Captain C. S. A." REJOICINGS AT THE PROSPECT OF PEACE. Such had been the success of our arms, in crushing the rebellion, in the spring of 1865, that Governor Brough, by proclamation, set apart Friday, April 14, the anniversary of the fall of Fort Sumter, as a day of thanksgiving. This proclamation was issued on Saturday, April 8th. At ten o'clock, the next (Sunday) evening, our citizens were suddenly startled by the joyful peals of church bells. Then rockets were seen traversing the sky, and bonfires blazed in all directions. Crowds upon crowds of excited people thronged to the state-house square. There it was announced that the rebel army under General Lee had surrendered. The booming of artillery ratified the news. The shouts of the people rang out on the midnight air. Houses were illuminated, while speeches were made, and songs and music wore away the hours until Monday morning dawned. It was indeed a thanksgiving, in anticipation of the one proclaimed by the governor. The clangor of bells and the roar of cannon awoke the slumbering city early on Friday morning. Soon the capital had donned her gala dress. A feu de joie of small arms but gave audible expression to the gladness that pervaded all hearts. At the appointed hour the churches were thronged ; " the joyful sound of the gospel of peace " was heard from the pulpit; and anthems of praise ascended like incense before the throne of heaven. 80 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. In the afternoon, throngs of citizens from town and country, gathered at the east front of the Capitol, and were addressed by George M. Parsons, of this city, and afterward entertained with music by the Tod Barracks band. Addresses were also made by John Sherman, Dr. Dorsey, and Samuel Galloway. The'poems of " Sheridan's Ride " and "Where's Sherman?" were read by Evelyn Evans, the actor. The afternoon exercises were closed with music by the band, and the singing of a new and popular national song, entitled “Victory at Last." At six o'clock in the evening, an artillery salute and the sound of merry bells announced that thanksgiving day was drawing to a close. The coming on of nightfall presented a grand and beautiful spectacle. Nearly the whole city was in a blaze of light. Not only were houses and other buildings illuminated, but lights shone from trees and other prominent objects ; while Chinese lanterns, Roman candles, transparencies, and jets of gas flashed and gleamed on every side. Nothing could exceed in beauty and sublimity the circle of light on the dome of the state-house; nothing could surpass the splendor of the illumination of the Opera-house block, or excel the variety and brilliancy of the transparencies and decorations that graced public offices, hotels, business houses, and private residences. Crowning this grand illumination came the torchlight procession, headed by the band of the Eighty-eighth Ohio regiment, preceding the orators of the evening, the State officials, the general and staff officers of the army, the city ceuncil, and both branches of the State legislature, in carriages. Then followed the 133d regiment, National Guards, with the permanent garrison at Tod Barracks, the paroled forces, the Veteran Reserve Corps in wagons, discharged soldiers, and the fire department, with gaily decorated carriages and truck, a deputation of colored citizens bringing up the rear. The procession was nearly a mile in length, and during its march through the principal streets, cheer after cheer greeted its appearance. The exercises at the state-house were opened with music by the band. Speeches were then made by Rev. A. G. Byers, S. S. Henkle, Colonel Granville Moody, and J. H. Geiger. These were interspersed with the inspiring vocal music to which the HISTORY, 1862 To 1872 - 81 war had given birth. A volley of musketry wound up the thanksgiving for victory won by the arms of the Republic. PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S OBSEQUIES. The news of President Lincoln's assassination reached the city at an early hour on Saturday morning, April 15, 1865. Immediately the signs of a great public calamity became general. Places of business, private houses, and public buildings were draped in mourning. Flags were displayed at half-mast. The solemnity of the occasion was deepened by the gloom and dreariness of the day. On Sunday the churches were arrayed in mourning, and the services within corresponded to these outward symbols of sorrow. On Sunday afternoon a large concourse of people, on the east front of the Capitol, was addressed by Colonel Granville Moody, while en the west front another large assembly listened to a discourse from Rev. A. G. Byers. Military bands performed solemn dirges, while appropriate hymns were sung by full choirs. The city council met at five P. M. on Sunday, pursuant to call. President Reinhard stated that the object of the meeting was to express the abhorrence of the council for the recent diabolical act committed in the assassination of the President of the United States. On motion of Mr. Douty, a committee of nine—one from each ward—was appointed to draft resolutions expressive of the sentiments of the council on that occasion. The committee consisted of Messrs. Douty, Donaldson, Graham, Thompson, Reinhard, Jaeger, Ross, Miller, and Naghten. Mr. Douty, from the committee, reported the following preamble and resolutions, which were unanimously adopted—all the members being present and voting aye: “For the first time in this country has our Chief Magistrate fallen by the hand of an assassin, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, has thus fallen. For the first time with us, has the life of a cabinet minister been assailed. That crime that has cursed and blighted other lands has been inaugurated in this. That practice that ever has produced, and that, if un- 82 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. checked, ever must produce, first anarchy, and then despotism, has begun here. The example has been set of removing a magistrate, not by the constitutionally expressed will of the people, but by murder. Let this example grow into use, and there will be an end of free government among us. There can be no true liberty where life is insecure; there can be no stable or beneficent government where the dagger of an assassin overthrows or usurps the national will. To these general truths of vital importance to society, the occasion presents other and most painful reflections. In the midst of the universal rejoicings over the success of our arms and the prospects of peace, the Chief Magistrate, during whose administration the rebellion had been crushed, and from whose power, influence, and patriotism, the most sanguine hopes of a speedy pacification were entertained, has been violently taken from our midst, The banners, that yesterday morning proudly and joyously floated from the mast-head, now bang in the drapery and gloom of mourning; and where lately universal gratulations were exchanged, there are now seen and heard universal greetings of sorrow. "In this most painful hour of a nation's distress, it is most meet and proper that all official bodies and all citizens should solemnly express their abhorrence of the deeds of murder that have caused this distress; that they should deter, by their unanimity, a repetition of such deeds, and should manifest clearly to the world that the people of these States are not, and do not niean to be, involved in the horrors of anarchy, and that they will never give up the blessings of law, order, and free government. And it is also meet and becoming that the sympathy of the nation for the bereaved family of the late President, and for the surviving and suffering victims of the tragedy, should be expressed. "Be it therefore resolved by the City Council of the City of Columbus: “1. That this council and the people of Columbus view with abhorrence the deeds of murder that have deprived the country of its President, and have endangered the lives of the Secretary and Assistant Secretary of State. HISTORY, 1862 TO 1872 - 83 “2. That this council and the, people of this city most deeply deplore the death of President Lincoln, and regard it as a great public calamity; and hereby tender their sincerest sympathy to his bereaved and afflicted family. “3. That we desire, on this solemn occasion, to place upon record our appreciation of the high and commanding qualities of the late President Lincoln, as a man of integrity, and a patriot statesman ; one who labored for what he deemed to be the honor and best interests of his country—who united mildness and kindness of heart with firmness of purpose, and whose character on the whole fitted him peculiarly for the great work of pacification and reconciliation upon which he had entered. " 4. That the warm sympathy of this council and community is felt for the suffering Secretary and Assistant Secretary of State. “5. That a committee of nine of the council (one from each ward) be appointed to act in conjunction with such committees as may be appointed by the State authorities, and the citizens generally, to make suitable preparations for the reception of the remains of the late President, should they be conveyed through this city. "6. That copies of these resolutions be transmitted by the president of the council to Mrs. Lincoln and Mr. Seward." A general meeting of the citizens of Columbus was held at the City Hall, on Tuesday, April 19th. Samuel Galloway presided as chairman, and H. T. Chittenden acted as secretary. L. J. Critchfield, George M. Parsons, C. N. Olds, B. F. Martin, and Peter Ambos were appointed a committee on resolutions, who reported a series of resolutions, denouncing, in strong language, the infamous crime that had been committed at the National Capital, eulogizing the late President, and recommending the closing of places of business in the city during the funeral at Washington, on the succeeding day. The resolutions were unanimously adopted. A. committee of nine— consisting of W. G. Deshler, David S. Gray, J. E. St.. Clair, W. Failing, Isaac Eberly, Rev. K. Mees, L. Kilbourne, C. P. L. Butler, and Dr. S. Loving—was appointed to co-operate with the city council 84 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. committee in regard to the reception of the remains of the late President. The several lodges, and the Encampment of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in the city—Columbus Lodge, No. 9; Central Lodge, No. 23; ' Excelsior Lodge, No. 145; Capitol Lodge, No. 334; Harmonia Lodge, No. 358; Capitol Encampment, No, 6; Grand Lodge of Ohio and Visiting Lodges—held an adjourned meeting at the City Hall, on the 28th of April, and adopted resolutions reported by a committee appointed at a previous meeting, expressing profound regret at the recent great national calamity; tendering warm sympathy to the bereaved family of the late President, and ordering that the hall of the several lodges and encampments in this city be suitably draped in mourning for a period of thirty days. Arrangements were accordingly made by these committees for a military and civic procession, for a funeral oration, and other ceremonies, at the Capitol, on the 29th of April, when, as had been announced, the funeral train, with the remains of the President, would arrive at Columbus at half-past seven o'clock in the morning. Major John W. Skiles was appointed chief marshal of the day, with numerous aids. The following citizens were selected to act as pall-bearers on the solemn occasion: Dr. John Andrews, Robert Neil, F. C. Kelton, John Field, Augustus Platt, Christian Heyl, E. W. Gwynne, W. B. Hubbard, Judge Taylor, John Brooks, W. B. Thrall, D. W. Deshler, L. Goodale, J. R. Swan, W. T. Martin, Wm. M. Awl, G. W. Manypenny, John M. Walcutt, F. Stewart, John Noble, F. Jaeger, Sen., and Amos S. Ramsey. On the morning of the day appointed, the funeral train arrived amid the ringing of muffled bells. Passing forward from the Union Depot, the train stopped so that the funeral car lay nearly across High street. An immense throng had assembled at the depot. Bands of music played solemn dirges while the coffin was taken from the car by Veteran Reserves and placed in the hearse. The procession was grand and impressive. The hearse was the great center of attraction. All along the line of march people strove to get as near it as possible. It was seventeen feet long, HISTORY, 1862 TO 1872 - 85 eight and a half wide, and eleven and a half feet high. The main platform was four feet from the ground. On this rested a dais for the coffin, over which was a canopy resembling a Chinese pagoda in shape. Black cloth, festooned, depended from the platform, fringed with silver lace, and ornamented with tassels of black silk. Surrounding the cornice of the canopy were thirty-six silver stars, and on the apex and the four corners were heavy black plumes. On each side of the dais was the word “LINCOLN" in silver letters. The hearse was drawn by six white horses, covered with black cloth, edged with silver fringe. The horses' heads were surmounted with large black plumes; and each was led by a groom dressed in black. The coffin lay on the dais, in the hearse, in full view of the people, who crowded every window, balcony, house-top, and every inch of sidewalk on each side of High street. Among the various orders and societies in the procession, the fire department of the city, with the neat uniforms of the officers and men, the fine condition of the steamers and hose-carts, and especially the decorated car filled with forty-two young ladies in deep mourning, elicited general admiration. The procession moved from the depot south on High street to Broad, east on Broad to Fourth, south on Fourth to State, east on State to Seventh, south on Seventh to Town, west on Town to High, and north on High to the west front of the Capitol. Along the whole line, public buildings, dwellings, shops, stores, and other places of business were tastefully, yet mournfully, decorated. Some had very appropriate mottoes and designs. An arch over the western entrance to Capitol Square bore the inscription, “OHIO MOURNS." The columns at the west front and the interior of the Capitol were heavily draped with black cloth; and various devices and inscriptions testified the public sorrow. The procession entered the Capitol from the western gateway to the square, and proceeded to the rotunda, which, from the emblems of mourning on every hand, seemed for the time transformed into a gorgeous tomb. On a platform, ascended by five stairs or steps, was the dais beautifully ornamented and fes- 86 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. tooned, on which the coffin was placed, on a bed of white roses, immortelles, and orange blossoms. Prayer was offered in the rotunda by the Rev. C. E. Felton, and the people walked without noise upon a carpet to the catafalque ; passing by twos on each side of the coffin, viewing the remains and passing out—those on the right at the south, and those on the left turning to the north. It was found by actual count that over eight thousand persons passed in and out every hour, from half-past nine till four o'clock, so that, making all due allowances, it was estimated that the remains were viewed that day by over fifty thousand people. In the afternoon a funeral oration was delivered by Job Stevenson, then of Chillicothe, before a large concourse of people gathered in the east terrace of the Capitol. At six o'clock in the evening, the doors of the Capitol were closed, the procession was reformed, a national salute was fired, and the remains of President Lincoln were borne away and transferred to the funeral car at the depot of the. Indiana Central Railway, for transportation to Indianapolis. THE SAENGERBUND FESTIVAL. At the general convention of the first German Saengerbund of forth America, held at Buffalo, July 25, 1860,. it was resolved to hold the next festival of the Bond at Columbus, Ohio. But the sad events of' a civil war transpiring in the meantime, were unpropitious to the holding of a musical jubilee. It was therefore postponed. But in the spring of 1865, the dark clouds of war having become dispersed, the central committee determined to hold the festival in this city on the 29th, 30th, and 31st of August, and the 1st of September. In consequence of this resolution, a large meeting of citizens of Columbus, both native and foreign born, was held, May 12, 1865, to make arrangements for the coning festival. Peter Ambos was chosen President; James G. Bull, Vice-President; Henry Olnhausen, Corresponding Secretary; Louis Hoster, Treasurer; and ten others, to constitute an Executive Committee. Committees were also appointed on Finance, on Pic- HISTORY, 1862 TO 1872 - 87 Hies and Buildings, on Decorations and Processions, and on Hotel Accommodations. For several weeks before the time appointed for the festival, our citizens, German and native, were busy in making preparations. These, as the day drew nearer, began to take form and shape. At the headquarters—Schreiner's Hall, opposite the Court-house—the large reception room in the second story was decorated with wreaths and fringes of evergreen, and with the flags of the twenty-eight singing societies that had signified their intention of participating in the festival. Inscriptions, surrounded with evergreen wreaths, contained the name of and a welcome to each society. The front of the building was wreathed with arches of evergreen, and over the main entrance was inscribed, in large letters, the word— “WELCOME.'' In the same general manner, but with an endless variety in the devices, mottoes, and ornamentation, were decorated Wen-gel's and Zettler's halls, the headquarters of the Columbus Kaennerehor in IIettesheimer's building on Front street, the South Fire Engine House, and numerous business houses, hotels, and private residences. A splendid arch, on which wreaths of evergreen surmounted festoons of red, white, and blue, was thrown across High street, in the depression or hollow south of South Public Lane. On the day of the reception, Tuesday, August 29, flags were displayed from almost every building in the central portion of the city. The American red, white, and blue was intermingled and blended with the old German black, red, and gold. Flags, arches, and circlets of evergreens and flowers, and emblematic devices and mottoes, were to be met on every hand. People thronged the streets, as if in anticipation of some great event. During the day sixteen or seventeen singing societies arrived, and were escorted to the headquarters at Schreiner's Hall, by the band of the Eighteenth regiment, United States infantry. The reception concert took place at the Opera House, in the evening. After an overture, James G. Bull, mayor of' the city, made an address of welcome to the Saengerbund. A flag was then presented to the Saengerbund, on behalf of the German ladies of' the city. It was made in Now York city, and cost 88 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. $450. On the white side of the flag, a magnificent embroidered eagle spread his wings over a lyre; beneath the lyre, in a book of sheet music, was seen the song, "Stand firm, my country," etc. The whole was surrounded by grapes and grape leaves, with stars over the lyre, representing the societies participating in the festival. The inscription in violet-colored German letters, was as follows, 11 First German Saengerbund of North America, founded June 2, 1849." The other side, of blue silk, bore the inscription—" Donated by the German ladies of Columbus, Ohio, at the Thirteenth Union Festival, August 29, 1865." The presentation address was made by Miss Frederika Theobald, on behalf of the lady donors. The flag was received, in behalf of the Saengerbund, and the reception address made in German, by Otto Dressel, of this city. The concert then proceeded. It consisted of instrumental music by the orchestra, and vocal music by the Columbus Maennerchor, and the Maennerchor Ladies' Club. The large audience gave frequent manifestations of approval and admiration. The next evening (Wednesday, August 30), the grand concert of the Saengerbund took place at the Opera House. It was estimated that, apart from the singers, there were twelve or fifteen hundred persons present. On the platform in the rear of the stage, there was an array of about four hundred singers, belonging to the different societies taking part in the festival. Said a reporter who was present at the concert: "It would be presumption in one unskilled in musical criticism to attempt a description of an entertainment, which at times seemed to electrify the immense audience, and afforded wonderful specimens of the compass, variety, and harmony which the human voice may attain, and of its overpowering effect with hundreds of cultivated singers in full concert." The prize concert took place at the Opera House, on Thursday evening, before another immense assemblage. In this musical tournament, if we may so term it, the different singing societies contended for the prizes that had been offered. The judges were H. M. Groenland (founder of the North American Saengerbund). Professor Nothnagel. Karl Schoppelrei, Emil 90 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. Foerster, and Karl Spohr. There were twelve prizes in all—the first was awarded to the Cincinnati Maennerchor, and the second to the New York Liederkranz, Friday, September 1, was the closing day of the Saengerfest. Early in the morning an immense concourse of people, numbering many thousands, assembled at the west front of the Capitol. The different singing societies, with their banners waving and bands playing, met at that point, and thence a grand procession was formed for a picnic in the City Park, in the southern part of the city. From a large platform erected on the grounds, speeches were made by Dr. J. Eberhardt, of Wheeling, in German, and R. B. Warden, of Columbus, in English. Then followed a superb banquet, songs, toasts, speeches, and general hilarity. In the evening, after the distribution of the prizes awarded to the different societies, a grand ball took place at Wenger and Zettler's halls, a communication having been established between the two halls, so as to unite them as one. Capacious as they were, these halls were densely crowded, Music and dancing formed the finale of the grand festival. GENERAL GRANT'S VISIT. At a meeting of the city council, on the evening of September 18, 1865, on motion of Mr. Donaldson, a committee, consisting of Mayor James G. Bull, G. Douty (who was then president of the council), George M. Parsons, A. G. Thurman, Joseph R. Swan, Peter Ambos, and Thomas Lough, was appeinted to extend an invitation to U. S. Grant, Lieutenant-General of the United States, to visit the capital of Ohio, his native State, and accept the hospitalities of the city of Columbus. Messrs. Buttles, Donaldson, Ross, Stauring, and Patterson were also appointed a committee te make arrangements for the reception of General Grant, should he accept the invitation. The invitation was accepted, and Tuesday, the 3d day of October, was set apart for the proposed visit. At an early hour of that day the city put on her holiday attire. By noon the state-house yard and the streets were thronged with expectant people, At one o'clock, the boom of cannon announced the HISTORY, 1802 TO 1872 - 91 arrival of the general at the depot. Thence a procession. moved to the west front of the Capitol, in the following order : Band of the Eighteenth U. S. infantry; General Grant, family, and staff, in carriages; Governor Anderson and Ex-Governor Tod; Mayor Bull and the city council ; military officers, members of' the press, city fire department, and citizens in carriages. When the procession reached the west gate ef Capitol Square, a novel and interesting spectacle was presented. The whole western facade of the state-house was lined with pupils from the public schools, attended by their teachers, and displaying flags and bouquets. The procession passed into the state-house, where, tile general had a formal reception in the governor'~ room. He was then conducted to the crest front of the Capitol, and intro &laced by Mayor Bull, in a neat and appropriate address, to the assembled multitude. The general replied, expressing his gratification at his warns reception, but declining any attempt at speechmaking. General Grunt then re-entered the state-house, amid the cheers of the assembly outside, and held a levee in the rotunda, the people passing him in deuble column, and many having the pleasure of shaking hint by the hand. After this ceremony-; the general and staff were escorted, by the committee, to the asylums for the blind and for the (loaf and dumb. At about four o'clock, a dinner or banquet was given General Grant and party at the Neil House. There were present about three hundred citizens, including some of the prominent men of the State. After the dinner, Governor Anderson, with an appropriate speech, introduced the general, who made his usual brief response. Speeches were then made by Governor Tod, Samuel Galloway, and General. Joseph H. Geiger. The following toast, proposed by General Geiger, was drank standing and in silence, 14 The Memory ef the Illustrious Dead of the War." In the evening, General Grant and party visited the opera house. which was crowded with people mere curious to see him than to witness the plays. That night General Grant took his departure for Pittsburg. 92 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. RELICS OF THE PAST. On the morning of July 14, 1868, a fire broke out in a building on the northeast corner of High and Rich streets, owned by Dr. Aikin, and at that time occupied by H. H. Witte, as a drugstore, and previously by Denig & Son, druggists. The first, second, and third stories of the building were burnt out, and both the lessee and the owner were heavy losers. In repairing the building; about two months afterward, the workmen found a zinc-box, containing a pamphlet, entitled Franklin County Register, by Wm. T. Martin, comprising a list of the civil officers that served in the county after its organization, until 1834, from representatives in Congress to justices of the peace; a brief history of the settlement of the county, and a list of the principal State officers, printed by Scott & Wright, in 1834; a copy of the Ohio Annual Register for 1835, published by Gilbert & Bryan ; copies of the several papers published in this city in April, 1835 ; copies of the Western Intelligeneer of 1811 and 1812, published at Worthington, by Buttles & Smith; and other documents—all in good preservation. One of the written docuinents, dated August 27, 1835, contained the following interesting statements, couched in these words: “This house is now building in place of a wooden house, which was burnt down on the night of the 4th of April last, belonging to J. Buttles, who is yet the owner of the premises. He is also a merchant of this place, and established the first store in it in 1813. The writer of this resided seven years in the building formerly occupying this ground. There are six places of the public worship of God in this city, viz : 1 Presbyterian, built in 1831 ; 1 Episcopal, built in 1833 ; 1 Lutheran (German) ; 1 Baptist; 1 Methodist ; 1 African (colored people). "Attest: Matthew Matthews," Dr. Aikin replaced these relies in the new wall, which it became necessary for him to build in repairing the building, together with a description of the city, the number of places of public worship, public buildings, etc. HISTORY, 1862 TO 1872 - 93 RAILROAD CONDUCTORS' CONVENTION. The second annual convention of railroad conductors of the United States was held at Ambos' Hall, October 20 and 21, 1869. It was composed of delegates from the United States Railroad Conductors' Life Insurance Company. An annual address was delivered by George B. Wright,, commissioner of railroads and telegraphs for the State of Ohio. A constitution and by-laws were adopted; the organization to be known as the 1' United States Railroad Conductors' Life Insurance Company." A president and other officers were elected. The president elect was James Marshall, of the New York and Harlem road. The convention enjoyed a fine banquet at the Neil House on the evening of the second and last day of its session. THE HUMBOLDT JUBILEE. The centennial anniversary of the birth of Alexander von Humboldt was celebrated in Columbus, on the 1'4th of September, 1869. At an early hour the city was gayly decorated with flags, banners, and evergreens. A grand procession, consisting of military companies, the fire department, and various beneficial and musical societies, principally German, paraded the principal streets, headed by Hemersbach's band. The procession disbanded at the Opera House, which was densely filled by an assembly of citizens. An opening address was made in both English and German, by Henry Olnhausen, president of the day. A letter was then read by Colonel Henry B. Carrington from Joseph Sullivant, who had been appointed to deliver an address on the occasion. Rev. C. Heddaeus was introduced and delivered a learned dissertation in German on the life and character of Humboldt. He was followed by E. E. White, who spoke on the same theme. The exercises were enlivened with singing and instrumental music by the various musical societies, and made the entertainment a grand jubilee in memory of one of the most illustrious men of modern times. 94 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO THE GERMAN PEACE CELEBRATION. Seldom has a finer display been made in our city than that on the 1st clay of May, 1871, when our German fellow-citizens celebrated the restoration of peace to fatherland. At six o'clock in the morning, the festivities were ushered in by an artillery salute of twenty-five guns. The whole city, but more especially the southern and central portions, assumed the habiliments and gayety of a May queen. There was a. large revolving wheel in front of Ambos' Hall representing the German national colors. There was a triple arch of honor at the entrance to the City Park—the center one being for the passage of vehicles, and those on the sides for pedestrians. The different societies intending to participate in the exercises of the day met at their respective halls; other citizens at their headquarters, at Schreiner's Hall, opposite the court-house. In that vicinity a procession was formed Hader Dr. O. Zireldo as chief marshal, with five assistant marshals, each in charge of a division. The procession moved through the principal streets to the City Park. Some of its noticeable features were : “Peaceful Germania," a wagon drawn by six white horses, each led by a page ; Germania on the throne, in the attire of the German emperor; on each side a girl representin peace and liberty around this group the German representatives of art, science, technics, and commerce, as Johannes Kepler, born December 27, 1571, called the father of' modern astronomy, and celebrated for the discovery of the laws of planetary motion known as “Kepler's laws ; " Upreebt Durer, born May 20. 1471, the founder of the German school of painters; Johannes Gattenherg, born in Mainz, in 1305, claimed as the father of modern printing by the discovery of the rise of movable types; Fngg;er, of Augsburg. of the fifteenth century, who began. like Rothschild, a poor linen-weaver. and became a millionaire—his inuuediate deeenclants having> at their command almost the entire commerce of the world. There were also wagons representing the different mechanical pursuits, with workmen actively engaged at their respective HISTORY, 1862 TO 1872 - 95 trades, as bakers, carpenters, car-builders, fence-makers, boilermakers, etc. At the City Park an immense assemblage gathered around the speakers' stand, from which speeches were made by Governor Hayes, Prince Alexander von Lynar, Henry- 0lnhausen, hr. P. Wirth, J. H. TIeitman, and Dr. J. Wechsler. Between the addresses there were musical interludes by the bands and singing societies. The day's festivities were closed by grand displays of fireworks, and a dance at Turner Hall. CHICAGO RELIEF. In pursuance of a call issued by the mayor, a meeting of citizens was held at the Opera House, on time afternoon of October 0, 1871, to aid in the relief of the sufferers by the terrible fire at Chicago. The mayor presided at the meeting. P. W. IIuntington, Dr.W. E. Ide, and General George B. Wright, were appointed a committee to obtain contributions ; and William G. Deshler, a treasurer to receive funds contributed. Subscriptions were made on the spot to the amount of $10,430. The following gentlemen subscribed a thousand dollars each : William Dennison, William G. Deshler, George M. Parsons, A. G. Thurman, Benjamin E. Smith, H. J. Jewett, and the firm of B. S. & W. C. Brown. The committee and treasurer appointed by the meeting were charged with the duty of disbursing these funds. A committee of two from each of the nine wards was appointed to solicit fur-timer aid. A meeting of ladies was held the next day at the First Presbyterian Church for a similar purpose. Mrs. J. M. McKee presided, and Mrs. Huston filled the place of secretary. The city was divided into five districts, and committees of ladies appointed to solicit aid in each. A purchasing committee was also appointed to expend a thousand dollars set apart for buying materials to be manufimetured into clothing; and ladies desiring to extend a helping hand were invited to meet that day in the second story of Hayden's new building on Broad street. On the 14th of October following, Mr. Deshler, the treasurer, reported total collections to the relief fund to that date, amount- 96 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO, ing to $13,966. Several subscriptions were still unpaid, and several collection committees had not reported. Besides, large ameunts of provisions and clothing had been sent forward by the enterprise and liberality of individual citizens on their own account. PETER HAYDEN'S building, on Broad street, opposite Capitol Square, erected in 1869, has it front of 63 feet on Broad street, and is 125 feet deep. It is four stories high, with a basement of ten feet in depth. The front is of free-stone and is of it brown color. The building has a center projection, heavily wrought quoins at the angles, arch-headed doors and windows, a heavy molded drop course at each story, and the whole crowned by a massive bracketed cornice. Each window in front on the first floor is of French plate glass, one light, in size five feet by ten. The rooms on the first floor are fifteen feet high. Each room is provided in the back part with a strong fire-proof vault, with boiler iron, in which to place it burglar-proof safe. GROWTH AND PROSPECTS. - 97 CHAPTER VII. COLUMBUS—ITS GROWTH AND PROSPECTS. Columbus is pleasantly situated on each side of the Scioto river, but principally on the eastern side. It is 70 miles from the outlet of the Scioto into the Ohio river, 110 miles northeast of Cincinnati, and 350 miles from Washington City. It is in latitude 39̊ 57' north, and longitude 83̊ 3' west from Greenwich. Columbus is the third city in Ohie, in point of size and importance, yielding in these respects enly to Cincinnati and Cleveland. It is laid out on the rectangular plan. In its public and private edifices, in the improvement of its streets and parks, and in its general appearance, there is a skillful blending of beauty with utility, and of uniformity with variety. The object that first strikes the eye of the visitor on entering the heart of the city is the Capitol, or, in familiar language, the State House. No other building of the kind on this continent rivals it in size, except the National Capitol at Washington. It is a noble structure, 184 feet wide by 304 feet long, covering, with its terraces and steps, over two acres of ground. The gray limestone with which it is built gives it the appearance of a marble structure. To the chaste and elegant outside of the edifice. the interior corresponds in the fitness of its arrangements, and in the beauty, solidity, and finish of the materials and workmanship. Columbus also presents its large, well-built, and well-regulated Penitentiary, its spacious and elegant Asylums, its City Hall, its churches, the Medical College, Capitol University, its fine Public School buildings, its hotels and large blocks for steres and business houses, and, above all, its extensive and flourishing furniture, iron, and other manufacturing establishments, as attestations of the spirit and energy of its citizens, and as proofs of the advantages it offers to men of capital and enterprise. Not many years ago, it was a commen saying, that Columbus owed its existence and all its importance to the State capital 98 - STUDER'S COLUMBUS, OHIO. and the State institutions located within its limits. But its progress of late years has proved the falsity of' all such assertions, and silenced the tongue of slander. Now, instead of decrying Columbus, it is becoming the fashion to laud its thrift and enterprise. Those who are most familiar with the growth and prospects of our cities, do not hesitate to declare that no city in the State is making more real, substantial progress than Columbus, and that in no other are the prospects of future growth and prosperity better assured. INCREASE IN EXTENT OF TERRITORY, Within a few years, the rapid increase of our population and our advance in manufacturing and other enterprises, has compelleda corresponding extension of our corporate limits. Previous to 1863, the city occupied an area of 1,100 acres. By an annexation of territory that year, its area was increased 1,600, making a tetal area of 2,700 acres. Eight years afterward, or in 1871, its corporate limits were enlarged by the annexation of territory taken from the surrounding townships, as follows : From Montgomery and Franklin townships, 2,740 acres; and from Clinton township, 1,312-making an addition of 4,052 acres, and increasing the whole area of the city to 6,752 acres.. This makes Columbus over six times larger in extent of territory than it was in 1863, and two and a half' times larger than it was in 1871. Still, it is so surrounded on all sides cast, west, north, and south-by an almost unlimited extent of level land suitable for building purposes, that, before the close of the present century, its area may exceed that of an ordinary county. INCREASE OF POPULATION. Population of Columbus, by Wards, from 1850 to 1870.