Establishments	No.	Hands	Product.
Animal charcoal Artificial flowers  Awnings, tents, etc., Bakeries* Band and hat-boxes, etc Brass founders and finishers Bell foundries Bellows Belting Bill tubes Blacking paste Blacksmiths Venetian blinds  Blocks, spars, and pumps Boiler yards  Bolts	1 3 8 220 6 I0 2 3 2 2 3 125 7 5 I0 2	15 40 66 656 36 Bells Brass castingss 9 125 24 345 45 20 80 60	30,000 24,000 52,000 960,280 42,000 100,000 225,000 20,000 96,000 342,000 36,000 397,200 60,000 25,000 363,000 65,000
Bookbinding Boots and shoes Boxes, packing Brands, stamps, stencils, etc. Bricklayers, masters Plasterers Brickyards Brooms Bristle-dressing and curled hair Brittania ware Brushes Bungs and plugs Burning fluid Butchers Candles, lard oil, etc. Candy Cap and hat bodies Caps Carpenters and builders Carpet-weavers Carpenters' tools Carriages Carvers, wood Charcoal pulverizers Cistern-builders Chemicals Cloaks, mantillas, etc. Coffee-roasting and grinding., Coopers Copper, tin, and sheet-iron Copper and steel-plates Cordage, hemp, manilla, etc Cotton yarn, batting, twine, etc Corned-beef, tongues, etc. Cutlery, surgical instruments, etc Dental furniture Dentists Die sinkers Drug-grinding Dyeing Edge-tools and grinding Engraving, seal papers, etc Files Florists, nurserymen, and seed dealer	30 474 6 10 290 40 60 2 2 2 15 1 3 210 6 13 2 7 310 15 1 32 4 3 3 8 5 2 130 115 2 6 5 14 10 1 40 3 2 15 19 8 2 25	380 2,745 75 30 1,112 500 25 150 40 85 20 1,100 142 132 160 3,424 70 10 450 20 18 30 240 45 1,756 760 22 140 580 300 50 9 40 6 12 45 72 20 19	$ 326,0000 1,750,450 210,000 22,000 640,700 285,000 25,000 140,000 100,000 125, 000 6,000 195,000 4,370,000 114,500 262.000 20,000 120, 000 2,760,100 75,000 8,000 460,000 30,000 30,000 75,000 250,000 225,000 1,510,000 610,000 48,000 234,000 600,000 225,500 80,000 10,000 125,000 7,500 60,000 60,000 130,000 30,000 18,000 300,000
Flour and feed mills Foundries-iron Dentists Furniture Fringes, tassels, etc. Gas-fitting. Gas-generator Gilding Gilding on glass Glassworks Grease factory Gloves Glue Gold leaf and dentists' foil Gold pens Guns, etc. Hat blocks Horse-shoeing Ice Rolling mills Iron bridges Japanning and tinners' tools Ladders Lever bolts, etc. Lightning rods Lead pipe, etc. Liquors Lithographers Machinery, wood-working Malt Marble-works Mathematical and other instruments	21 42 40 I20 4 11 1 11 1 1 1 3 6 I 2 6 I 12 20 I0 I 1 6 10 3 I 40 6 2 22 5	45 5,218 40 2,850 50 56 15 75 5 80 120 40 40 7 5 30 4 40 130 1,825 75 74 12 60 35 240 66 82 290 20	216,000 6,353,400 125,000 3,656,000 66, 000 110,000 50,000 60,000 10,000 100,000 130,000 30,000 36,000 15,000 6,500 45,000 4,000 50,000 250,000 4,334,000 1,000,000 130,000 20,000 75,000 I75,000 61,000 1,600,000 165,000 175,000 589,400 320,000 40,000
* The manufacture of baking-powders had been introduced but eight or ten years before.
HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 333
Mats Mattrasses, bedding, etc. Masonic and Odd Fellows' regalia Medicines, patent Millinery Mineral waters, artificial Morocco leather Mouldings Musical instruments Music publishing, etc. Oil, castor Oil, coal Oil, cotton seed Oil, linseed Paints Painters and glaziers Paper mills Pattern making Perfumery, fancy soaps, etc. Photographs, etc. Pickles, preserves, sauce, etc. Planes and edge tools Planing machines Plating, silver Plating, electric Plumbers Pocket combs, etc. Pork and beef packing Pottery Printing ink Publishing, book and news Pumps, etc. Railway chairs, spikes, etc. Ranges, cooking, etc. Refrigerators Roofing,tin, composition and etallic Saddlery, collars and harness Saddle-trees Safes, vaults, etc. Sash, blinds and doors Sausages Sawed lumber, laths, etc. Saws	1 15 4 15 350 10 10 2 5 1 1 4 1 3 3 94 7 12 45 2 1 3 4 4 24 2 33 12 2 1 1 3 2 18 56 1 2 20 28 12 2	3 110 18 50 1,120 80 16 34 75 5 53 185 810 50 75 113,000 12 25 32 20 210 20 2,450 70 10 1,230 25 35 45 80 150 300 5 135 410 180 150 30	8,000 108,000 25,000 960,000 1,750,000 176,100 167,000 30,000 49,000 200,000 30,000 350,000 418,000 456,500 616,000 27,000 190,000 150,000 35,000 30,000 80,000 25,000 35,000 406,000 40,000 6,300,000 90,000 20,000 2,610,050 30,000 360,000 75,000 75,000 360,000 663,000 10,000 408,000 1,380,000 215,000 820,000 95,000
Scales, platforms, etc. Screw plates Shirts, etc. Show cases Silver and goldsmiths Spokes, felloes and hubs Stained glass Starch Steamboat yards Stocking weavers Stone cutters Stone masons Stucco workers Sugar refineries Tailoring Tanners and outliers Tapers Terra cotta work Tobacco, cigars, etc. Trunks, valises, and carpet bags Trusses, braces, and belts Turners Type and printing materials Undertakers Upholstery and window-shades Varnish, copal Veneers Vermicelli, macca10ni, etc. Vinegar Wagons, carts, etc. Wall paper stainers and hangers Washboards, zinc Whiskey Wigs Wines and brandy, catawba Wire-working Wood and willow-ware Wool carding, etc. Writing inks Wrought nails	7 3 25 2 5 I 2 6 3 4 20 50 4 4 160 30 1 1 93 12 8 18 5 24 18 3 1 4 20 52 2 2 3 5 15 3 5 4	40 18 200 6 50 80 6 50 400 18 235 435 16 106 1,340 380 30 18 2,010 275 60  50 220 50 210 16 20 10 80 170 30 90 7 880 60 90 10 50 12	85,000 21,000 575,000 6,000 110,000 125,000 9,000 230,000 400,000 18,000 1,125,000 710,000 18,000 750,000 2,035,000 1,520,000 93,600 25,000 1,667,000 650,000 56,000 95,000 310,000 140,000 160,000 200,000 100,000 24,000 200,000 210,000 18,000 210,000 5,315,730 10,000 600,000 150,000 50,000 100,000 12,000

THE LAST TWENTY YEARS.

The manufacture of tobacco was not begun in Cincinnati until 1863. It is now one of the great industries of city.

During the year ending March 31, 1869, one hundred and eighty-seven classes of manufactured articles were produced in Cincinnati and its immediate neighborhood, by 3,000 establishments, employing 55,275 hands and a cash capital of $49,824,124, and turning out an aggregate product for the year worth $104,657,612. Fo1 the year 1860 the returns had shown 2,084 manufactories, 30,268 hands, $18,983,693 capital invested, and a product of $46,995,062. Pitting 1869 against 1860, an increase in nine years is shown of one hundred and twenty-three per cent; against 1840, an increase of five hundred and forty per cent.

The census of 1860 exhibited three hundred and forty occupations as pursued in Cincinnati, of which two hundred and thirty were those of mechanics, artisans, and manufacturers. There was an increase, as against 1850, of fifty varieties of occupation not before practiced here. There was now, according to the Hon. E. D. Manfield, State commissioner of statistics, twenty more occupations pursued in Cincinnati than in Chicago, and fifty more than in the entire State of Indiana.

In 1869 the principal branches of productive industry returned about as follows: Workers in iron, all kinds, $5,500,000; furniture, all kinds, $17,000,000; meats, $9,000,000; clothing, $4,500,000; liquors, $4,500,000; soaps and candles, $1,500,000; oils, lard, resin, etc., $3,000,000; mills of all sorts, $2,000,000.

In 1867 Cincinnati was the third manufacturing city in the Union-the fourth in the production of books. This position was maintained six years later, in 1873, as to relative position in general manufacturing. Of the thirty-seven medals awarded to the United States at the Vienna exposition of the year, thirteen, or more than one-third, came to Cincinnati manufacturers. The value of their products was, in round numbers, $143,000,000.

The Board of Trade report for 1870, made by Colonel Harry H. Tatem, then secretary, exhibited the following comparative statements of the increase of manafacturing industries in Cincinnati:

Number of Hands Employed.
1850 1860 1870	28,527 30,268 59,354
Value of Products.
1850 1860 1870	$46,789,279 46,995,062 19,114,089
Increase in No. of Hands.
From 1850 to 1860 From 1860 to 1870	1,741 29,086
Increase in Products.
From 1850 to 1860 From 1860 to 1870	$ 205,783 72,145,027

That year brought the terrible panic, which largely prostrated the industries of the manufacturing centres. Colonel Sidney D. Maxwell, superintendent of the chamber of commerce, in his report for 1875-6, said of this:

334 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO.

Cincinnati, in the midst of this general depression, was peculiarly situated. Alone, among the great cities of the country, she was the centre of a large district which had sustained tremendous losses from the storms of the previous harvest. In some places crops had been literally ruined and in others badly damaged. It was nothing short of a great agricultural disaster in nearly the whole locality upon which Cincinnati draws for her local trade. In the light of c10akersrcumstances must be read the detailed result of the year, for it reveals facts concerning the prosperity of this city which, if not exceptional among the great centres of business, are remarkable, and speak for the enterprise of the merchants of the city, the stability of our manufacturers, and the solidity of our commercial foundations so forcibly that it should, silence all croakers and be a subject for general congratulation among oui whole people.

In volume the business of Cincinnati has not only suffered little diminution, but in some departments it has been more than maintained. The aggregate value is considerably less than in thp10fitsding year, but this grew mainly out of the steady and in many cases great shrinkage in prices. The number of pounds, yards, and packages, in general, is the only fair test of relative trade, and with this measure there is little but encouragement to the business men of Cincinnati. The season certainly has not been a money-making one, but with constantly shrinking prices good profits could not be expected.

The volume of business in pig-iron and coal this year, notwithstanding the financial pressure, was greater than had been known in the history of the city. The sales of iron were one hundred and thirty-seven thousand six hundred and forty six tons, ag,nst one hundred and seventeen thousand two hundred and twenty-five the previous year, an increase of twenty thousand four hundred and twenty-one tons. There was also a material increase in the cotton business, and some in hog products, grain and other of the leading articles.

The manufacture of oleomargarine was commenced in this city in April, 1877.

During the year ending January 1, 1879, the total production of manufactured articles here reached a value of one hundred and thirty-eight million seven hundred and thirty-six thousand one hundred and sixty-five dollars, against one hundred and thirty-five million one hundred and twenty-three thousand seven hundred and sixty-eight the previous year, and only seven million six hundred and ninety-five thousand one hundred and eighty-nine below the highest production in the best year Cincinnati had known, notwithstanding the great depreciation in values which then prevailed. The number of establishments in operation (five thousand two hundred and seventy-two), and the hands employed (sixty-seven thousand one hundred and forty-five), were both law-book greater in number than ever before. Cash capital invested in manufactures, fifty-seven million five hundred and nine thousand two hundred and fifteen dollars; value of real estate occupied, forty-five million two hundred and forty-five thousand six hundred and eighty-seven dollars.

In the manufacture of school-books the city was now second to no city in the world. In the production of law-books it was excelled by but one other. In the matter of clothing, Cincinnati was the fifth city for volume of product.

Colonel Maxwell says in his report for 1880:

The aggregate value of the products of our manufacturing industry, the number of hands employed, the value of real estate occupied, the cash capital invested, and the number of establishments engaged in Cincinnati, for each year in which statistics have been compiled touching these particulars, will be found in the following table:

Years	# of Est.	Cash Capital	Val. of RE	# of hands	Val. Of Prop.
Total for year 1840   “ ” 1850   " “ 1860   “ ” 1869  “ " 1870  “ ” 1871  “ ” 1872  “ ” 1873  " " 1874  “ ” 1875  " " 1876  “ ” 1877  " " 1878  “ ” 1879	3,971 4,118 4,469 4,693 5,003 5,183 5,272 5,493	$45,225,586 51,673,741 50,520,179 55,265,129 54,377,853 63,149,085 64,429,740 61,883,787 57,868,592 57,509,215 60,523,350	36,853,783 37,124,119 40,443,553 45,164,954 47,753,133 52,151,680 53,326,440 51,550,933 47,464,792 45,245,687 48,111,870	9,040 28,527 30,268 59,354 59,827 58,443 58,508 55,055 60,992 62,21ts 60,723 64,709 67,545 74,798	$16,366,443 46,189,279 46,995,062 119,140,089 127,459,021 135,988,365 145.486,675 127,698,858 143,207,371 146,431,354 140,583,960 135,123,768 158,736,165 148,957,280

* Not reported.

The aggregate production for 1879 was by several millions the largest ever reported in the history of Cincinnati. It was thought that the products of manufacturing industry in the city for 188o would reach one hundred and seventy-five to two hundred millions.

Colonel Maxwell says further in his masterly reports:

It is a noticeable feature of Cincinnati that tp10ducers,e managing our industrial establishments are generally men who are thoroughly acquainted with the practical features of their business. They are mechanics themselves, who did not commence to build at the top of the structure, but at the bottom, when they had small means. These oaks, whose great spreading branches now shelter so many families of workingmen, were once small producers, who have grown up by degrees, gathering skill with experience and strength with their skill. The result is a large intelligence in the prosecution of business. Then, as a sequel to this, we find that the capital used by our manufacturers consists largely of the accumulations from their business. Their surplus has not been committed to the treacherous waves of speculation, but has been turned into their business to enlarge their usefulness.

Again, our manufacturers largely own the real estate which they occupy. Among the great producers, those who are manufacturing under the roofs of other people are limited in number. These conditions secure a stability which is not attainable under other circumstances, an endurance during periods of financial distress which is peculiar, and an ability to accommodate production to reduced wants, without impairing, in any way, thep10ducers of the manufacturer for promptly and advantageously providing for increased demand, when such demand may be warranted by the improved condition of the country.

We generally associate with the idea of manufactures, colossal establishments, and in some districts the productive industry manifests itself before the world through such great agencies only. But these giants among producers are not all that exist. Manufactures, in their most comprehensive sense, embrace everything in which material and labor, more or less skilled, are combined for the production of something to meet the wants of men. The business may be conducted on a very small scale. It may he done by a single man, and yet such man is a manufacturer. In this city the business is distributed to an unusual degree. It is not conducted by a few great firms or companies, that hold in the realm of production imperial sway, and whose failure would carry with them wide-spread disaster. To the' contrary, it consists of a large number of establishments, many of them by no means large, not a few really small, that make up, in their united industries, the mighty aggregate which has given this city such a prominent position among the manufacturing districts of this country. The whole number of establishments in this city and immediate vicinity in the year ending January 1, 1877, was five thousand and three. In produced of Philadelphia, in 1870, the whole number of establishments was eight thousand two hundred and sixty-two; but these produced an aggregate value of three hundred and thirty-eight million one hundred and sixty-eight thousand four hundred and forty-six dollars, in comparison with one hundred and forty million five hundred and eighty-three thousand nine hundred and sixty dollars produced by the whole number in Cincinnati.

We all recognize the fact that a diversity of production secures a more sure and steady prosperity. Here again is found an element of strength at Cincinnati. Our manufactures extend to a great variety of articles, many of them entirely distinct from each other. They embrace productions from wood, metal, stone, animals, earth, paper, leather, grain, vegetable fibre, tobacco, drugs, and other articles differing widely

HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 335

in their nature and in the wants and localities they are called upon to supply. The number of different kinds of goods made here is beyond the estimate of many of the best informed. If anything of a surprising nature were revealed by our industrial displays, it was the scope of our production. The statistician finds it difficult to pursue the vocations. Men are working in their own houses. They are in obscure places. They are doing their business in a small way, but are swelling production. The kinds of manufactures are steadily increasing in number. You will hear of producers in unlooked-for localities, commencing the manufacture of new articles, doing it in an unpretending manner, but laying the foundation of great future usefulness to the city.

The classes of goods manufactured here, without descending to the subdivisions of the distinct classes, number one hundred and eighty-two. Embraced in each, in numerous instances, are many products which might with propriety have separate mention. Thus, in iron, though our manufactures extend to a great variety of articles, the classes number but thirty. Candles, soaps, and oils are embraced under one head. Many kinds of machinery are in one class, and so on through the list. . . In this department, the largest item is machinery, embracing stationary and portable engines, wood working machinery, sugar mills, steam fire engines, steam gauges, and an almost infinite variety of articles of a like nature. In wood working machinery, including machines for planing, moulding, mortising, sawing, boring, and working generally in wood, Cincinnati has no superior, if she has a peer. She has [1878] three establishments producing annually of these goods alone, about five hundred thousand dollars. Over two hundred different kinds of machines are manufactured, which find a market not only in this country generally, but, with two or three minor exceptions, in every nation in Europe, in Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, South America and the West India Islands, and for their qualities have received distinguished recognition wherever exhibited or known.

In endeavoring to reach some idea of the relation which our manufactures sustain to the future progress of the city, it may be well to consider briefly what has been accomplished in the past. In the year 1840, the total product of our manufactures was sixteen million three hundred and sixty-six thousand four hundred and forty-three dollars; that is, only thirty-seven years ago, our total product of all kinds was less than was either the single department of iron, wood, food or liquors in 1876. Our total product for the year ending January r, 1877, it will be remembered, was one hundred and forty million five hundred and eighty-three thousand nine hundred and sixty dollars having increased in that period seven hundred and fifty-eight per cent. The growth mainly having been steady, it is difficult to realize how amazingly we have progressed. This has all been accomplished within the recollection of many in this audience. Now, if the same ratio of increase should be exhibited in the coming thirty-seven years, the result would be still more astonishing, for it would in the year 1015 reach one billion two hundred and six million two hundred and ten thousand five hundred and eighty-six dollars, or an amount equal to more than one-fourth of the entire manufactured product of the United States in the year 1870. Now, the average product to the operative in 1876 was two thousand three hundred and fifteen dollars. If in 1915 the relation should remain the same, it would render necessary for the production five hundred and twenty-one thousand and forty-one hands, making, in operatives alone, a number larger than the present entire population of Cincinnati, Covington and Newport, with their suburbs. The increase from 1840 to 1850 was, in the aggregate product, one hundred and eighty-two per cent. From 1850 to 1860, there was, according to the Federal census, less than two per cent. From 1860 to 1870, it was one hundred and fifty-three per cent. What the increase has been from 1870 to the present time is the more difficult to ascertain, on account of the great decline which has taken place in values. What that decline actually has been is not easily reached. From an extensive inquiry, I think thirty-three per cent. a low estimate. This would make for the year 1876, the production equivalent to two hundred and ten million eight hundred and seventy-five thousand nine hundred and forty dollars, showing an increase, even in times of great depression and commercial distress, of sixty-five per cent. in a period of six years. But goods in 1870, compared with 186o as well as 1876, were above their relative value, so that it would probably be more fair to compare the year 1860 with 1876. This would show an increase of one hundred and ninety-nine per cent. It must be remembered, too, that notwithstanding a part of this period embraces the war, with its abnormal activity in many departments, it also comprises a period in which the industries of the country have been prostrated, and in which the inducements to manufacture have been well nigh alone found in a purpose only to maintain business and to save manufacturing property from decay and ultimate ruin. Admit- ting than our manufactures in 188o will be no greater than now, it would show that on the average our production about triples itself every twenty years.

DIVISION OF LABOR.

More expressive and impressive than figures to the average mind, as illustrating the immense development and wonderful subdivision of industries in the great city, is the classification and list of employments pursued by its citizens, as exhibited in any recent directory. The face of one of the "business men" of Losantiville, if it could be recalled to earth and confronted with the voluminous pages that record the vast diversity of vocations in these late days, in the metropolis whose humble industrial beginnings he witnessed, would be a study indeed. The fol lowing are the headings in the business directory of 1880. Some of them are exceedingly curious in themselves, and all have value, as representing the present business status of Cincinnati. Each of the heads and sub-heads, of course, of course indicates one or more persons—in some cases very many—engaged in the business indicated by it :

Abattoir and ware-house company, abstractors of titles, acid manufacturers, accountants, advertising agents, agricultural implements, ague pads, alcohol, ale and porter, ammonia manufacturers, animal trap manufacturers, anvils, apiarists, apparatus and supplies for schools, apple butter, aquariums, archery and sporting goods, architectural iron works, architectural ornament manufacturers, architects, art emporium, art publishers, artesian wells, artificial eyes, artificial flowers, artificial limbs, artists, artists' materials, associated press, asbestos felting, assayers of gold and silver bullion, astrologists, attorneys at law, auctioneers (book trade sales, boots and shoes, clothing, dry goods, furniture, gentlemen's furnishing goods, glassware, groceries, hardware, hats and caps, notions, real estate, miscellaneous) auger manufacturers, average adjuster, aurists, awning frames, awnings, tents, etc., axle grease, Bab-bit metal, badges, baggage checks, bagging, bags, bakeries, bake-oven builders, baking powder manufacturers, baking powder sifters, bandbox manufacturer, band uniforms, bankers' agents, banks and bankers, bank locks, bank vaults, banner and flag manufacturers, bar fixtures, barbed wire fencing, barber chairs, barber shops, barbers' sundries, barrel manufacturers, barrel dealers, base-ball depot, basket manufacturers, bath-houses, baunscheidists, bed lounges, bed bottoms, bedstead manufacturers, bee-keepers' supplies, beef packers, beer bottlers, beer cooler manufacturers, beer faucets, beeswax, bellows manufacturers, bell-hangers, bells, bell and brass foundry, belting and hose, belts and bands, Bible publishers, bill-posters, billiard-ball turner, billiard-table manufacturer, billiard-tables, billiard-table repairer, billiards, bird-cage manufacturer, bird fancier, bitters, blacking manufacturers, blacksmiths' supplies, blacksmith shops, blank-book manufacturers, blank-book cover manufacturers, bleacheries, blind manufacturers, blocks and rigging, Blue Lick water, boarding houses, boat-builders, boat-house, boat-stores, boiler compound, boiler coverings, boiler feed pumps, boiler feeders, boiler inspector, boiler manufacturers, boiler remover, boiler plate, boiler tubes, steam boilers, bolting cloth, bolts, bond-brokers, bonnet- and hat-blocks, book-binders' materials, book-binders' tools, book-binders' veneer, booksellers, publishers, and stationers, boot-crimper, boot-legs, shoe-uppers, etc., boots and shoes (manufacturers, wholesale and retail dealers), boring shop, bottle-dealers, bowling alleys, box manufacturers, box-strap manufacturers, brackets, brand and stamp cutters, brass castings, brass founders, white brass manufacturers, bretzel bakeries, breweries, brewers' supplies, brewers and builders' iron work, bricklayers, brick-wheel manufacturers, brickyards, bridge-builders, bridge castings and bolts, bristles, brittania ware manufacturers, brokers (chemical, commission, cotton, drug, flour, grain, iron, liquors, merchandise, money, note, bond and stock, patent, produce, provision, real estate), broom corn, broom handles, broom manufacturers, brush block manufacturers, brush manufacturers, brackets and paint pails, buggy dash manufacturers, builders' hardware, building material, bung manufacturers, burglar alarm, burial case manufacturers, burning brands, burr dressing machines, business agency, business colleges, butchers, butchers' tools and supplies,. butter and eggs, button-hole manufacturers, fancy cabinet ware, cabinet makers, cabinet makers' hardware, cabinet makers' lumber, calcium lights, calico print works, candle machinery, candy manufacturers, cane mills and evaporators,

336 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO.

canned goods, car springs, car and car wheel manufacturers, car trim_ wings, carpenters and builders, carpet warp, carpet weavers, carpet cleaners and beaters, carpets, oil cloths, etc., carriage body makers, children's carriages, carriage gearing manufacturers, carriage hardware, carriage manufacturers, carriage ornaments, carriage painters, carriage top props, carriage and wagon materials, carvers, carving school, carving tables, cement for repairing chinaware, etc., cement felting, cement, lime, and plaster, centre tables, chair backs, chair frames, chair stock, chair tops, chair manufacturers, easy and rocking chairs, charcoal, cheese, chemical works, chemists, analytical chemists, chewing gum, chimney hoister and remover, chimney sweeps, chimney caps, chimney tops, china, glass, and queensware, china decorator, chiropodists, chromos, church ornaments, church furniture, cider, cigar box lumber, cigar box tables, trimmings, etc., cigar box manufacturers, cigar flavors, cigar mould manufacturers, cigar manufacturers and dealers, cigarette manufacturers, cistern builders, cistern and well pumps, civil engineers and surveyors, claim agents, clearing house, cloaks, clocks, bronzes, and Paris fancy articles, clothes wringers, clothiers, clothing (youths' and boys', wholesale), clothing stores, clothing renovators, cloth examiner and measurer, cloths and cassimeres, coal dealers, coal elevators, coal gaugers, coal harbor, coal oil, coffee essence, coffee and spice mills, coffee pot manufacturers, coffee roaster, coffin manufacturers, coffin trimmings, coin collector, coil& manufacturers, collectors, comb manufacturers, commission, forwarding and p10duce merchants, commissioners of deeds, United States commissioners, United States court of claims commission, conductors' punches, confectioners' flavors, confectioners, conservatories of music, contractors, cooper shops, coopers' stuff, coppersmiths, copying house, cordage, corks, corn shelters, cornice brakes, cornice manufacturers, corresponding agents, corset manufacturers, costume manufacturers, cotton cordage, cotton factors (batting, wadding), cotton manufacturers, cotton mills' supplies, cotton compressing, cotton and seine twines, cotton ties, cotton warp, cotton waste, cotton yarns, counter manufacturers, counterfeit detector, courtplaster manufacturers, cracker manufacturers, crackling, creasing machines, cuppers and bleachers, curled hair, curtain goods, cutlery, cyclopaedia, daily markets and meat stores, dairies, dancing academies, decalcomania, dental college, dentists, dental goods, designers, desk manufacturers, detective agencies, diamonds, diamond setters, die sinkers, dies, directory, distillers' agents, distillers' supplies, distillers, door plate manufacturers, door and gate springs, drain pipe, drain valve, draining instruments, drawing school, dress patterns, dress makers, dress trimmings, drill manufacturers, drug brokers, drug mills, druggists' paper boxes, druggists' sundries; druggists' glass labels, druggists, druggists and apothecaries, drum and fife manufacturers, dry dock, dry goods commission merchants, dry goods, dye stuffs, dyers, earthern ware, edge tools, corrugated elbows, electric belt and battery manufacturers, electric lights, electricians, electrical apparatus, electro platers, electrotypes, electrotype metal, elevators (steam and hydraulic), elevator builders, embossers, embroideries, employment offices, enameling works, encyclopaedias, engine and boiler trimmings, engine builders, engineers, engineers' supplies, engravers' wood, engravers (card, seal and door-plate, general, jewelry, glass and seal stone, map, metal, wood), engravings, envelope manufacturers, essences, excelsior manufacturers, exchange dealers, express companies, extension tables, eye, ear, and throat infirmary, facing mills, factory supplies, fancy goods, faucets, feather dusters, feather dealers, feather renovators, feed stores, felting, fertilizers, fifth wheel manufacturers, file works, financial agents, fire brick and clay, fire engine builders, fire engine hose and suctions, fire plug manufacturers, firemen's goods, fireworks manufacturers, fireworks, fish dealers, fishing tackle, flag manufacturers, flat boat dealers, flavoring extracts, flouring mills, florists, flour mills, flour inspector, flour mills manufacturers, self-raising flour, flour mill machinery, flour packer manufacturers, flour sacks, flour sifters, flour dealers, preservers of flowers, flue and stove linings, fluting machines, fly nets, flytrap manufacturers, forgers, forge manufacturers, forwarding agents, fossils, foundries (art, iron, bronze), foundry facings, freight agents, freight lines, freight and switch locks, fresco artists, fringes, tassels, cords, etc., fruit can manufacturers, fruit and jelly presses, fruit dryer, fruit jars, fruit preserving apparatus, fruits (canned, foreign, domestic), furnace builders, furnaces (boiler, hot blast, smokeless, warm air), furniture (office, school, steamboat), furniture exchange, furniture cars, furniture frames, furniture machinery, furniture repairers, furniture springs, fur manufacturers, furs, galvanic appliances, galvanized cornice makers' tools, galvanized iron cornice works, galvanized iron pipe, galvanized sheet iron, gas apparatus, gas burners, gas and waterworks engineer, gas enrichers, gas fitters and fixtures, gas governors, gas holders, gas machines gag meters- gas nine- gas stoves. gas tins. gas works builders, gas works supplies, gasoline burners, gasoline stove's, iron and steel gates, gentlemen's furnishing goods, geographic models, geological and archaeological agency, gilders, ginger ale manufacturers, ginseng, glass, glass blowers, glass cutters, glass gilders, glassware manufacturers, glass oilers, polished plate glass, glass signs, glass stainers, globes, maps, and school supplies, gloves, glove dyers and cleaners, glove manufacturers, glue, gold beaters, gold pen manufacturer, gold and silver beaters' skins, government goods, grain bags, grain dealers, grain elevators, grainers, grate bars, grate and mantle trimmings, grates, grease factories, grinding shops, grindstones, grist-mills, grocers' drugs, grocers' exchange, grocers' sundries, g10cers, gum belting, hose and packing, gummer, gunpowder, guns and pistols, gunsmiths, gymnasium, hair and bristles, hairdressers, hair goods, hair jewelry, hair mats, hardware, hardware and cutlery, hardware manufacturers, hat manufacturers (silk), hats and caps (cloth), hat racks, hats and caps, hat tip printer, health lift, hearses, heat reflectors, heating apparatus, hides and furs, hill-top resorts, hobby horse manufacturers, hoisting machinery manufacturer, homoepathic pharmacies, honey dealer, hoop poles, hoop-skirt manufacturer, hops, horns, hoofs and bones, horse auctions, clippers, horse collar manufacturers, horse nail maker, horse shoes, hose and belting, hose, packing and belting, hosiers, hospitals, hotels, private hotel, hotel for infants, house furnishing goods, house movers, house raisers, hub manufacturers, hydrant manufacturers, hydraulic elevators, hydraulic engineers, hydraulic machinery, hydraulic presses and pumps, ice Chests, ice cream freezers, ice cream depots, ice dealers, ice machines, India rubber goods, Indian relics, indigo blue manufacturers, injectors, inks (printing, writing), ink hand stamps, inlaid works, insect powder, instruments (mathematical, philosophical, and optical; surgical and dental; surveyors' and engineers'), insurance agents (accident, boiler, fire, life), insurance companies (accident, steam boiler, home fire, home life, foreign fire, foreign life), iron bracket manufacturers, iron doors and shutters, iron founders, iron furnace, galvanized sheet iron, iron gratings, iron hull manufacturers, iron manufacturers, iron measures, iron, nails and steel, iron ores, iron paint pails, pig i10n, i10n pipe, iron planer, iron railing, iron roofing, iron show cards, iron and steel perforator, jail work, japanned ware, japanners, jeans pants manufacturers, jewelers' boxes, jewelers' findings, manufacturing jewelers, jewelers' tools, jewelry tray manufacturer, kaolin manufacturers, kindling wood, knitting machines, knitting mills, lace cleaners, lace cutters, lace leather, laces, ladies' furnishing goods, ladies' suits, ladies' wigs, lamp posts, lamps and chandeliers, lamp and lantern manufacturers, lanterns, lard packers, lard tank manufacturers, last manufacturers, lathes, laundries, laundry machinery, law and commercial agency, law school, lead pipe, leather and findings, leather belting, leather varnishes, legal directory, lever compressors, lightning rods, lime-kilns, lime, plaster and cement, superphosphate of lime, linens, liquor flavors, liquors, lithographers, live stock dealers, liver pads and plasters, livery stables, loan offices, loan and dower association, lock manufacturers, locks (pad, switch, and car), locksmiths and bell hangers, lodging houses, low-water indicators for steam boilers, looking glasses, lubricators, lubricating compound, lumber dealers, macaroni, machinery removers, machinery, machinists, machine forgers, machine twist, machine knives, machinists' supplies, machinists' tools, malt kilns, malt, malt extract, malt shovels, manifold paper and supplies, manufacturers' agents, manufacturers' supplies, mantel and grate setters, mantles and grates, maps, globes, and school supplies, map mounters, marble works, Masonic supplies, masquerade costumes, master commissioners, match manufacturer, mattresses and bedding, measures (carpenter work, lumber, stone work), meat choppers, mechanical draughtsmen, mechanical engineers, medals and badges, medical colleges, patent medicines, melophine manufacturers, mercantile agencies, metal goods (light) manufacturers, metal signs, metal spinner, metals, middlings purifiers, midwives, military goods, millinery, milliners, mills (crushing and grinding, portable corn and flour), mill gearing, mill and factory supplies, mill machinery, mill picks, millstones, millers' supplies, millwrights, mince meat and jellies, mineral water manufacturers, mineral waters, mining companies, mining engineers, mining machinery, mining supplies, model makers, molding bit manufacturers, moldings, monuments, moroccos, morocco tanneries, moss, mucilage, musical band uniforms, sheet music, music book publishers, music teachers, musical instruments, musical college, mustard, nails, naval stores, necktie manufacturers, ladies' neckwear, newsdealers, newspapers and publishers (daily—English and German—weekly—English and German—semi-weekly, monthly, semi-monthly, quarterly, annual), newspaper printers, notaries public, notions, novelties, oculists, self oilers, oils (coal, carbon, essential, headlight, lard, linseed, lubricating, machinery, neat's foot, railway, resin, vegetable), oil cans, all cups, oil dressed belting, oleomargarine manufacturers, omnibus line, omni-

HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 337

bus manufacturers, opticians, organ builders, orthopaedic appliances, ostrich 'feather manufacturer, ostrich cleaners and dyers, oysters, fish, and game, packing and hose, painters, paint manufacturers, paints, oils, and glass, paint pails, paper bags, paper box manufacturers, paper box manufacturers' tools and machinery, paper dealers and manufacturers, paper goods, paper hangings, paper mill supplies, paper stock, parlor furniture, parlor games, passe partouts, paste manufacturer, patent agencies, patent attorneys, patent solicitors, patented articles, pattern makers, dress patterns, asphalt pavements, pavements, pavement and skylight plates, pawnbrokers, peanuts (wholesale), pen and pencil case manufacturer, pension attorneys, perfumery manufacturer, pharmaceutical college, phonographic publisher, photographic album manufacturer, photographic supplies, photographic galleries, physicians and surgeons, piano tuners, pianos and organs, piano stool manufacturers, pictures and picture frames, pig iron, pig feet's packers, pile driving machinery, pipe cutting and screwing tools, pipe fittings, plaiters, plane manufacturers, planing mill machinery, planing mill, plaster castings, plastering hair, plasterers, strengthening plasters, plate glass, playing card manufacturers, plow manufacturers, plumbago, plumbers, plumbers' supplies, pocketbook manufacturers, popcorn manufacturer, pork and beef packers, portrait painters, antique pottery, potteries, poultry breeders, preserve works, presses, book and job printers, printers' ink, printers' supplies, printers' roller composition, protective association, protective union, provision inspectors, prussiate of potash manufacturer, public weighers, pumice stone, pumps, steam power and hand pumps, purchasing agents, rags, railroad contractor, railroad supplies, railroad tanks, railroad ticket brokers, railroad water machinery, ranges, rawhide lace leather, real estate, reapers and mowers, rectifying coal manufacturers, redistillers, redistillers' supplies, refrigerators, regalias, registers in bankruptcy, restaurants, rolling mills, roofing machines, roofing materials, roofing tile, roofers, root beer manufacturers, ropes and cordage, rubber goods and rubber stamps, ruchings, saddlery hardware, saddle tree manufacturers, saddles and harness, saloons, salt, salve manufacturers, sample and pool rooms, sand dealers, sand paper manufacturers, sash weight manufacturers, sash, doors, and blinds, sausage casings, sausage machines, sausage manufacturers, saw manufacturers, saw machines, sawmills, sawmill manufacturers, sawmill machinery, sawing machinery, scales, scenic artist, school furniture, school-house ventilating stoves, school supplies, school-book publishers, scissors manufacturers, screw manufacturers, screws (wooden, hand, and bench), scroll saws, scroll sawing, sealing wax, seal presses, second-hand building material, second-hand stoves, reeds, setter's water manufacturers, sewer tappers, sewer pipe sewing machine attachments, sewing machine casters, sewing machine needles, sewing machines, sewing machine repairers, sewing silks, shears manufacturers, sheet iron workers, shells, ship chandlers, shipyards, shirt front manufacturers, shirt manufacturers, shoddy manufacturers, shoe cutting dies, shoe machinery, shoe manufacturers, shoe patterns, shoemakers' tools, ladies' shoes, shooting galleries, short-hand reporters, show-cards, show-card mounters, show-case manufacturers, sidewalk tile manufacturers, sign painters, silk and straw goods, silver manufacturers, silver and plated ware, silver, gold, and nickel platers, slate pencils, slate roofers, slaughter-houses, slipper manufacturers, smelting works, smoke consumers, smut machine, snuff manufacturers, fluid soap manufacturers, soap stamps and moulds, soap manufacturers, society goods, soda ash, caustic soda, etc., soda water materials, soda fountains and mineral water machinery, soda water manufacturers, solid gold jewelry and diamond settings, spectacle makers, spice mills, spool cotton, spring bed manufacturer, spring manufacturers, spring saddle manufacturers, stair builders, stamp cutters, stamping and embroidering, stamp manufacturers, stationery packages, stationers' specialties, stationers, statuary, stave manufacturers, steamboat agents, steamboat blacksmiths, steamboat builders, steamboat carpenters, steamboat furnishers, steamboat furniture and bedding, steamboat joiner, steamboat machinery, steamboat painter, steamboat supplies, steam engines (portable, stationary), steam fire engine manufacturers, steam fitters' supplies, steam gauge manufacturers, steamboating apparatus, steam packing, steam pipe fitters, steam pipe manufacturers, steamship agents, steam pumps, stearine manufacturers, steel, steel stamps, stencils, stereotypers, Stereotype metals, stills and mash tubs, stockyards, stocking manufacturers, stogie manufacturers, stoveware, stoveware pipe, stove works, patent airtight stoppers, stove fixtures, stove manufacturers, stove and tinware, stove patterns, stovepipe elbows, stove polish manufacturers, street car trimmings manufacturers, street sprinklers, subscription book publishers, suspender manufacturers, sweet potatoes, American plated tableware, tackle blocks, tags, tailors, tailors' trimmings, tallow renderers, tanbark, tank manufacturers, tanneries, tanners' apparatus, tanners' and curriers tools, tanners' materials, taps, tar, taxidermists, teamsters, teas, telegraph companies, telegraph supplies, telephone exchanges, tent makers, terra cotta building material, theatrical agency, theatrical goods, linen and cotton thread, threshing machines, tile manufacturers, timber bending company, timber dealers, tinware, tin boxes, tin cans, tinners' tools and machines, tin plate, tinners' stock, tobacco, tobacco leaf, tobacco manufacturers, tobacco box manufacturers, tobacco machinery, tobacco pail manufacturers, toilet powders, tools, towboats, tower clock manufacturers, toys, tract societies, transfer companies, transfer ornaments, travelling bags, tress hoops and trimmings, truck manufacturers, trunks, trusses and crutches, tubewell supplies, turners, twine, type foundries, umbrellas and umbrella repairer, undertakers, undertakers' supplies, upholsterers' materials, upholsterers, variety goods, varnish, varnish manufacturers, vases, vault cleaners, velocipedes, veneer, venetian blinds, vermicelli manufacturers, vermin exterminator manufacturers, veterinary surgeons, vinegar manufacturers, violin strings, vocal school, wagon makers, wagon makers' supplies, walking canes, warm air furnaces, washboard manufacturers, washine, washing blue, washing compound, washing machines, watch case manufacturers, watch chain makers, watch movements, watchmakers' tools and materials, watches, jewelry, etc., water-closet manufacturers, water columns, waterproof and oil finish leather belting, waterworks supplies, waterworks machinery, wax art emporium, weather strip manufacturers, well drivers, wheel manufacturers, wheel and carriage machinery, whip manufacturers, whiskey, white lead, window curtain balances, window glass, window shades, window shade fixtures, wines, wire manufacturers, wire goods manufacturers, wire rope, wood dealers, woodworking machinery, wooden and willow-ware, wool dealers, woolen machinery, woolen mills, woolen mill supplies, yarns, yawl builders, yeast manufacturers, oxide of zinc.

THE LATEST STATISTICS.

The United States Industrial Census, taken in 1880, exhibits three thousand six hundred and fifty-two manufacturing establishments in the city. Among them were three hundred and sixty-three boot and shoe shops and factories, two hundred and thirty-four bakeries, two hundred and forty-seven cigar factories, two hundred and forty-six clothing-establishments, one hundred and twenty-five slaughterers and butchers, one hundred and twenty-six boat-builders and block, tackle and spar-makers, one hundred and eighteen tin and copper-workers and metal-roofers, one hundred and twenty boss-carpenters and builders, one hundred and seventeen furniture and cabinet factories and repair shops. The average number of hands employed in all kinds of manufactures numbered forty-three thousand seven hundred and seventy-two males and eleven thousand four hundred and ninety-eight females over sixteen years of age, and four thousand five hundred and thirty-five children and youth—in all fifty-nine thousand eight hundred and five. The greatest number employed at any one time was sixty-eight thousand eight hundred and forty-six. The total amount of wages paid during the )ear ending May 31, 1879, was $21,348,796. The capital, real and personal, invested in the business was $61,139,841; the value of material, including mill supplies and fuel, $81,021,672; of the gross product, $138,526,463. The number of boilers used for steam-power was eight hundred and twenty-eight; of engines, seven hundred and eight; of horse-power therein, twenty-one thousand and fifty-nine. Establishments renting their power, two hundred and twenty-nine; employing no hands, three hundred and eighteen.

Besides these, a number of manufactories in the country, which are owned and conducted by Cincinnati proprietors, may properly be included in the returns of

43

338 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO.

local manufactures. They are in the villages or townships of Lockland, Delhi, Avondale, Colerain, Columbia, Harrison, Millcreek, Miami, Riverside and Whitewater, and their principal statistics are as follows:—Number of establishments, one hundred and fifteen; capital invested, $2,647,000; greatest number of hands employed, one thousand one hundred and sixty; wages paid, $990,700; material, $5,760,000; gross product, $8,320,000. Also, reckoned as belonging virtually to the Cincinnati manufacturing centre are the establishments in the Kentucky towns of Covington, Newport, Bellevue, Dayton, West Covington and Ludlow. Their returns are estimated as follows: Number of establishments, four hundred and seventy-nine; capital employed, $9,017,000; greatest number of hands employed, seven thousand nine hundred and sixty; wages paid, $3,981,000; material, $28,742,000; product, $27,622,600. There is thus figured up for Cincinnati and its belongings the following magnificent totals: Number of establishments, four thousand two hundred and forty-six; capital invested, $72,803,841; number of hands employed, seventy-seven thousand nine hundred and sixty-six ; wages paid, $26,320,496; material used, $165,522,672; gross product, $174,469,063. With these we may proudly close the statistical portion of our narrative, and conclude these outlines with the eloquent remarks of Colonel Maxwell, closing his well-kn0wn lecture before the Women's Art Museum association some years ago, on the manufactures of Cincinnati :

I am fond of contemplating the future of this city. Already she occupies a proud position among the cities of this great country. She has made progress which may well encourage pride in the hearts of her whole people. Her foundations are singularly strong. No city in the country has so successfully passed through the financial convulsions which at times have shaken the country to its centre. The credit of her business men is second to no class in the Union. Business has been and is now conducted, to an unusual degree, on the capital of those conducting it. The number of real estate owners is singularly large, and in general they are not at the mercy of mortgagees. Her public schools are laying broad and deep the foundations of popular education. Her university, with its well-established professorships, its Astronomical Observatory and its School of Design, which has received such honorable recognition at home and abroad, has an assured existence. Her law, medical, theological, and literary institutions have well-earned reputations. Her Mechanics' Institute has been and is laboring earnestly in the field of mechanic arts. Her public libraries are richly stored, and are making steady acquisitions to their means of bringing the circles of science, history, philosophy, and literature within the reach of all. Her dramatic culture is well known. Her musical resources place her at the head of all American cities. Thanks to the splendid liberality of one of our most beloved citizens, a Music Hall, having no equal on this continent, is soon to be dedicated to the divine art. The exhibitions of her varied industries have made the city famous and have indicated to other cities the possibility of similar displays. She, in this regard, has been a public educator. Her Zoological Garden is well provided with the denizens of the land and the air. Her private picture galleries possess rich treasures. Her suburbs challenge the admiration of travelers from all lands. Her benevolent and reformatory institutions have a reputation as wide as the country. Her topographical position as a city is peerless. Her population, no longer content with living amid manufactories and stores and shops, have scaled the battlements of these surrounding hills. Science and mechanical skill have lifted our population to a higher plane of domestic comfort. Four inclined railways are daily engaged in carrying our business men, mechanics, and laborers from the highlands to the busy scenes of this mighty workshop and back again, after the labors of the day, to homes made triply comfortable by freedom from soot and noise, and by air akin to mountain freshness and purity. Her hilltop resorts have, in a single season, obtained a national reputation. They have shown our people how easy it is to remain at home in the sultry days of midsummer. They have impressed into our service the best orchestras of the country. They have invited the people of other districts, and have literally made that part of the year when the population of other cities flee from the scorching rays of August suns, the gayest of the year.

But these enjoyments and advantages have not come by chance, neither do they perpetuate themselves. Beneath them all, largely, are the industrial and commercial interests of the city. The economical administration, the fair dealing, the sagacity, public spirit, and enterprise of our business men of all classes have laid broad the foundations of what we now enjoy. These qualities of the fathers, exercised by the sons, will continue the superstructure. Our commercial relations will strengthen. The scope of our manufactures will widen. The world, for our products, will become our customer. Our position will invite capital and our enterprise and necessities will secure to us, from other localities and countries, steady additions to our army of skilled artisans. Then these hills will be peopled by hundreds of thousands. These slopes will be thickly studded with homes of comfort. These crests will be richly fringed with splendid residences, tasteful dwellings, and cosy cottages. In a comparatively short time every available place, that now overlooks one of the most splendid panoramas in our country, will be occupied. Thousands upon thousands, now here, will have fled with their families, not before the avenging wrath of an offended deity, but before the steady march of our manufacturing industries. The singular healthfulness of the city will more and more invite persons from other localities. Our sources of amusement will multiply. Our permanent industrial exhibitions will become great show-windows for the exhibition of the results of our mechanical and artistic skill—a school for the education of the people—a constant furnace from which the young minds will be fired with an ambition to become themselves producers. To our schools will be added schools ; to our libraries, books ; and to our other institutions, a museum, having for its object the cultivation of the masses, by bringing within their reach the best facilities for encouragement to larger effort in the field of mechanics and the arts, for the prosecution of study, for the formation of a correct taste, and for the promotion of all that ennobles and refines.

It is no ideal picture which has been drawn. It is no revelation of prophetic vision. It is the natural sequence of fostered, diversified, economically, and skillfully conducted industries, that are steadily creating wealth, increasing power, enlarging usefulness, and fitting the people for wider influence as well as for deeper enjoyment. Let us see to it that in all our relations we do all we can to augment the splendors of the day, of which the morning already gives such abundant promise.

The Cincinnati Board of Trade was organized in 1869, and the Board of Transportation in 1876, with special reference to united effort in dealing with questions relating to the movement of freights to and from the city. The directors' report, published in the Eleventh Annual Report of the Board of Trade and Transportation, says:

"In the summer of 1878 the subject of a union of the two Boards was broached, and a formal request for the appointment of a joint committee for the consideration of the project was passed by the Board of Trade August 17, 1878. The similarity of the objects of the two organizations seemed to indicate that this was the natural and proper course to take. The Board of Trade has always taken a deep interest in matters relating to transp0rtation, and one of the most important labors it had achieved was the breaking of the freight blockade at Louisville, a work that was only effected by means of a considerable outlay of money and the establishment of a special agency at that point, which was of the greatest importance to Cincinnati shippers. A formal consolidation of the two Boards was effected on April 7, 1879, under the title of the 'Cincinnati Board of Trade and Transportation."'

The objects of the present Board are defined by the secretary of the Board, in his report for 1879-80, as "to collect, preserve, and circulate valuable and useful infor-

HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 339

mation relating to the business of Cincinnati, and especially the facts relating to its manufacturing interests; to encourage wise and needful legislation and to oppose the enactment of laws likely to be prejudicial to the manufacturing and commercial interests; to study the workings of our system of transportation, upon which our commercial prosperity so much depends, and endeavor to remedy by all proper means the defects and abuses existing therein; to secure fair and equitable rates of freight to and from the city; the discontinuance of vexatious and unjust overcharges and prompt settlement of damages on goods shipped; to facilitate the adjustment of differences, controversies, and misunderstandings between its members and others; and to strive in all ways to promote the manufacturing, commercial, and other industrial interests of the city."

The presidents of the board have been: 1869-70, Miles Greenwood; 1870-1, P. P. Lane;. 1871-2, Josiah Kirby; 1872-3, Robert Mitchell; 1873-4, Joseph Kinsey; 1874-5, Thomas G. Smith; 1875-6, William T. Bishop; 1876-7, Clement Olhaber; 1877-8, Gazzam Gano; 1878-9, Samuel F. Covington; 1879-80, John Simpkinson.

The secretaries during the same period have been: 1869-74, Harry H. Tatem; 1874-81, Julius F. Blackburn.

The Pork-packers' Association of Cincinnati was organized October 30, 1872. Its design is to promote the interests of the provision trade by securing concert of action and a free interchange of 0pinion, and by submitting rules for the government of the trade to the chamber of commerce for its deliberation and decision. Under its auspices five exhibitions of h0g products were made at the Vienna exposition and the home Industrial exhibitions. It is said to have, as it should, a conspicuous influence in the councils of the National Pork-packers' association.

There are numerous other manufacturers' associations and trade-guilds in the city, some of which are noticed in our chapter on benevolent and other societies.

SOME TRADE HISTORIES IN BRIEF.

The following notes relate partly to the older manufacturing and partly to historic mercantile and commercial establishments. For convenience' sake they are all grouped together here. For nearly every item we are indebted to the industry of Mr. Daniel J. Kenny, who collected the dates and facts for the second edition of his Illustrated Cincinnati, published in 1879.

Established in 1805.—William Wilson McGrew, jewelry, 152 West Fourth. Except one brief interval, this house has been continuously in existence.

1817.—F. H. Lawson & Company, metals, 188-90 Main; "E. Myers & Company, wholesale candy, 40 Main.

1819.—Bromwell Manufacturing Company, wire goods and brushes, 181 Walnut; William Resor & Company, stoves, corner Front and Smith. Mr. Resor and the senior Lawson are accounted the oldest business men in the city.

1824.—George Fox, Lockland Starch manufacturer, 87 West Second.

1826.--John H. McGowan & Company, machinery, 134-6 West Second.

1827.—George C. Miller & Son, carriages, 19 and 21 West Seventh.

1828.—B. Bruce & Company, carriages, 161-3 West Second and 57-61 Elm.

1830.—P. Wilson & Sons, leather, etc., 136-8 Main; A. W. Frank, wholesale grocer, corner Race and Sixth.

1831.—John Shillito & Company, dry goods.

1832.--M. Werk & Company, soaps and candles, John and Poplar; Seilew & Company, tin-plate, iron, copper, etc., 244-8 Main. The latter is said to be the oldest establishment in the city retaining its firm name. H. A. Kinsey, jeweler, Vine and Fifth; Thomas Gibson & Company, plumbing and brass foundry, 200-2 Vine.

1835.—J. & L. Seasongood & Company (originally Heidelbach, Seasongood & Company), wholesale clothing, Third and Vine: C. S. Rankin & Company, Arch Iron works, Plum, near Pearl; William R. Teasdale, dye-house, 265 Walnut; Proctor & Gamble, soaps and candles, 736-62 Central avenue.

1836.—Duhme & Company, jewelers, Fourth and Walnut; the Robert Mitchell Furniture company.

1837.—Knost Brothers & Company, 137 West Fourth, formerly Charles & Henry Storch, first importers of toys and fancy goods west of the Alleghanies. Vanduzen & Tilt, Buckeye bell foundry, 102-4 East Second; H. B. Mudge, furniture, 91-9 West Second; James Bradford & Company, mills and millstones, 57 Walnut.

1838.—J. M. McCullough, seed and agricultural warehouse, 136 Walnut; George Meldrum, glass and paints, 23 West Fourth.

1840.—J. and A. Simpkinson & Company, wholesale boots and shoes, 89 West Pearl; William H. Thayer & Company, mill and steamer goods, 147-9 West Fourth.

1841.—J. A. Fay & Company, wood working tools, John and Front.

1842.—J. T. Warren & Company, foreign fruits and groceries, 64-6 West Pearl; John Holland, gold pens, 19 West Fourth.

1843.—Parker, Harrison & Company, Pioneer spice and mustard mills, 90 West Second; George D. Winchell, tin and sheet-iron ware, 112-14 West Second; E. J. Wilson & Company, mustard, spice and coffee-mills, 116-18 West Second; H. Closterman, chairs, 219-23 West Second.

1844.—Clemens Oskamp, jewelry, 175 Vine; William Glenn & Sons, wholesale groceries, 68-72 Vine; Charles H. Wolff & Company, wholesale dry goods, 131-3 Race; O. and J. Trounstine, cloth importers, Third and Vine; Lockwood, Nichols & Tice, wholesale hats and caps, 95 West Third; Howell Gano & Company, hardware, 138 Walnut; A. D. Smith & Company, clocks, 184-6 Main.

1845.—Stern, Mayer & Company, clothiers, Third and Vine; William F. Thome & Company, boots and shoes, 79 West Pearl; Hall Safe and Lock company, Pearl and Plum.

340 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO.

1846.—William Powell & Company, brass foundry, 245-9 West Fifth; William Kirkup & Sons, brass foundry, 119-23 East Pearl.

1847.—P. Eckert & Company, candy, 64 Walnut, successors to Robert Hodge; Devon & Company, mill, 137 Race; Dunn & Witt, galvanized iron cornices, 144 West Third; Phipps, O'Connell & Company, boots and shoes, 07 West Pearl.

1848.—Andrew Erkenbrecher, St. Bernard starch works, 12 West Second; Favorite stove works, Third, John, Smith, and Webb,

1849.--J. and A. Moore, frame mouldings, etc., 276-80 Broadway; Knost Brothers & Company, fancy goods, 70-2 Main (formerly H. Schrader & Company) ; F. Schultze & Company, china and glassware, 72-4 West Fourth.

1850.—Gest & Atkinson (formerly Smith & Window), oils; Mowry car and wheel works; Lane & Bodley, engines, mills, etc.; Camargo Manufacturing company, wallpaper and window-shades, 57 West Fourth; Jeffras, Seeley & Company, dry goods, 99 West Fourth; Franklin type foundry, 168 Vine; Pelte Biedinger, paper, 62 Walnut; Tolle, Holton & Company, dry goods, 124 Vine.

J. S. Burdsal & Company, on the northwest corner of Main and Front, are the oldest drug house in the city. The tradition goes that there has been a drug store on that corner ever since Cincinnati was founded.

CHAPTER XXXIV.

THE INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITIONS.

As an important sequal to the history of manufacturing in Cincinnati, we may well give some account of the great Industrial Expositions held in this city year by year—among the most remarkable displays of their kind now made anywhere in the world. Nothing in the wonderful "new departures" which the Queen City has taken so rapidly and numerously of late years, has contributed to give her wider reputation than these. They attract exhibitors and visitors from far distant regions of the land; and many foreigners have attended them with admiring satisfaction. They annually furnish the producers of Cincinnati, in both fine and industrial art, the opportunity for a grand object lesson to the nation of her capabilities and attainments in the production of wares for the markets of the world—an opportunity that is seized to an extent and in a style that annually excite the curiosity and wonder of many thousands. They have a history of their own, which we shall now proceed to narrate.*

* The materials for the sketch concerning the Exposition of Textile Fabrics are drawn from the history of that event, prepared at the request of the general committee of the Exposition, by Colonel Sidney D. Maxwell, now superintendent of the Chamber of Commerce. The admirable historical sketch prefixed to the Report of the General Committee of the First Industrial Exposition held in Cincinnati (1870) is

THE EXPOSITION OF TEXTILE FABRICS.

January 15,1868, an organization was effected, entitled The Woollen Manufacturers' Association of the Northwest. May 25th next ensuing, it was resolved to hold an Exposition of Wool and Woollen Fabrics in Chicago, August 4th, 5th and 6th, of the same year, under the auspices of the association. It was held with pronounced success, for a first effort, bringing together as it did very many samples of raw materials and manufactured goods. The association had then to determine the place for holding a similar Exposition the next year; and a committee of Cincinnati merchants—Messrs. George W. Jones, James H. Laws, James M. Clark, and George W. McAlpin appointed by a meeting called at the instance of Mr. Laws, visited Chicago and made a successful effort to induce the association to make its next display in this city. An 'Order was also passed extending the scope of the exhibition so as to embrace wool-growers as exhibitors, and inviting them to send representative specimens of wool from their flocks, to the fair of the next year in Cincinnati. The executive committee appointed to take charge of the second exposition was composed almost wholly of citizens of that place; all members of the committee above named were upon it, together with Messrs. Louis Seasongood, Henry Lewis and William R. Pearce, and Mr. A. M. Garland, of Chatham, Illinois. They submitted a report to a meeting of Queen City merchants and manufacturers on the 6th of April, 1869, which was accepted, and the committee continued in service. A permanent organization for the purposes of preparing and holding the fair' was made, with Mr. John Shillito as chairman, James M. Clarke secretary, George W. Jones treasurer, and strong committees on general arrangements, invitation, reception, transportation, premiums, and finance. Co-operative committees were presently appointed by the city council, the chamber of commerce, and the board of trade, headed respectively, by Messrs. A. T. Goshorn, T. R. Biggs and Robert Buchanan.

August 2d, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th, of the year last designated, were fixed upon for holding the Exposition, and a resolution was passed for invitations to manufacturers of cotton, wool, flax, hemp, and silk, and to both cotton and wool growers, to send in their exhibits for this week's display. It was also deeided to have a trade sale when the fair was over.

The members of the committees found their positions no sinecures. With characteristic energy the Cincinnatians set to work, raised money enough to guaranty the payment of all expenses and for the offer of liberal premiums, and made arrangements on the most generous scale for the Exposition. An address was issued to the wool growers of the country by Mr. Garland, chairman of the wool committee, which was well adapted to arouse their attention and secure their displays. Personal invitations were sent to manufacturers and other prominent men in the North, Southwest, and South; and Mr. James A. Chappell, of the city, as special agent of the Exposi-

also known to be from the hand of Colonel Maxwell, though published anonymously ; and we acknowledge indebtedness to it for the facts embraced in the initial history of the series of Expositions.

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tion, made a tour of the Gulf States and other parts of the South, to enlist the interest of their leading manufacturers in the project. Arrangements were made with many of the railroads and with the great express companies, to carry free of charge freights destined for the Exposition, and twenty-three railways also agreed to carry passengers bound to it at half fare. A handsome bronze medal was ordered from the Government mint at Philadelphia, for presentation to each exhibitor, without reference to his success or failure in obtaining premiums; and fitting certificates were engraved and printed for the awards to successful competitors. Mr. David Sinton, the well-known philanthropic and public spirited capitalist, early obviated any difficulty the committee of general arrangements might experience in finding a suitable place for the fair, by the offer of his spacious four-story building, then recently erected on the east side of Vine street, between Third and Fourth streets. It proved to be excellently adapted to the purpose. Says Colonel Maxwell :

The rooms were admirably fitted up, and furnished with the amplest facilities for the exhibition of goods. Extending through the centre of each room was a double counter or table, each side of which was an inclined plane four feet in width, for the display of goods. Ranged along the wall on either side were tables that extended quite through the room, so constructed as to adapt them to the goods sought to be exhibited. In the rear of the main building a house was erected for the special use of machinery for the manufacture of textile fabrics.

The opening day for the Exposition, Tuesday, August 3d, as well as the previous day and night, presented busy scenes in the Sinton block. Every thing was measurably arranged, however, by r r A. M. of the third, when Mr. George W. Jones, chairman of the executive committee, opened to the public the doors of the "Great Exposition of Textile Fabrics for the West and South." A broad ensign, stretching across the front of the building, bore the legend, "Welcome to the Manufacturers of the West and South." Between that structure and the Burnet house a large "star spangled banner" lent interest and beauty to the scene; while the Zouave Battalion band of the city fretted the air from time to time with its melodious strains of invitation. The rooms occupied by the Exposition were decorated with coats-of-arms of the States; and again, upon the rear wall of the first room, facing visitors as they came in, were the cordial words of "Welcome to the Manufacturers of the West and South." Above each exhibit of goods a neatly painted card was placed, bearing the name of the manufacturer, his mill, and its location; and the wares of each manufacturer were so grouped that no confusion or doubt could arise as to their belongings.

The influx of visitors and the inspection of displays on the first day continued until 2P. M., when the doors were closed for the day to allow the arrangement of a large quantity of goods newly arrived, and to give the officers of the Exposition an opportunity to prepare for the formal opening ceremonies an hour thereafter, in Pike's Music hall. The afternoon was extremely warm; but a large audience assembled, including many ladies, most of whom kept their seats patiently and happily until the end of the somewhat protracted exercises. Upon the platform were Governor (late President) Hayes, Mayor Torrence, Judge Bellamy Storer, Hon. Job E. Stevenson, Hon. Benjamin Eggleston, and many other distinguished citizens of Cincinnati, Chicago, Detroit, and other cities. Mr. James, chairman of the executive committee, cordially and eloquently welcomed the guests of the association to the city. The mayor "expressed his gratification, as the chief executive officer of the city, at seeing so large a number of the wool growers and manufacturers of the country gathered together. He believed that no finer exhibition of the products of the loom had ever been given in the country, and it spoke highly for the forward state of western and. southern industry that this was the case. He bade all present a hearty welcome to the city." Governor Hayes was presented, and gave a genial greeting, on behalf of the people of Ohio, to the citizens present from other States. A longer address was then made by Judge Storer, which was received with frequent and rapturous applause. The following remarks, although not so closely germane to the occasion as some others that followed, have greater historic value, and for the purposes of this book we gladly reproduce them:

When I came to the west fifty-two years ago, Michigan, Wisconsin, Missouri, Iowa, and Arkansas were territories. Illinois and Indiana had but two years before been admitted to the Union ; and this great, flourishing State then contained but five thousand people. I saw the first steamboat built upon the Ohio river that ever sailed from Cincinnati. There was but one steam-engine in the city ; and that was built in Pittsburgh, and continued to be the only one until 1818. Those gentlemen who were pioneers in steamboat navigation put an engine on their frail bark which was of domestic Cincinnati manufacture ; and he who built it lies in an unknown grave. Permit me to name him—William Greene. I was but young then, but I watched with great curiosity and anxiety the process, and it was novel to me ; and when it was finally on board the vessel, and she was about to depart, and the bank, then being in its native state, was lined with spectators, some predicting that she would not return, others pitying those that had embarked their means in the enterprise, I was filled with mingled emotion. But she did return; and she was but the pioneer of thousands of others that have been successfully built in our shipyards. At that time all there was of Chicago was the ruins of Fort Dearborn, and all of St. Louis one or two streets of the old French fashion, without a manufactory.

A speech bristling with statistics was made by Mr. G. B. Stebbins, secretary of the Industrial League. The several addresses of welcome received fitting response from Mr. Jesse McAllister, secretary of the Woollen Manufacturers' association of the northwest. Letters were read from the Hon. Messrs. John Sherman and George H. Pendleton, and from Governors Stevenson of Kentucky and Baker of Indiana. The hospitalities of the Young Mens' Mercantile library, the Chamber of Commerce, and the Board of Trade, were formally extended to visiting strangers and members of the association. Music from the Zouave Battalion band pleasantly varied the exercises.

Thus brilliantly was inaugurated the first great Industrial Exposition in Cincinnati. The display, in variety, excellence, and representative character, was all that had been hoped for; and the attendance of visitors, from near and far, contributed to make the affair an assured success. Upon the second day everything was in place and in admirable order, and the visitors during the day numbered scarcely less than twenty thousand—several thousand more than could possibly have been accommodated in the aisles of the exhibition, had all been present at -one

342 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO.

time. About ten thousand more are believed to have visited the rooms on Thursday, the last day of the exposition proper; and on the next morning, when the trade sales began, the pressure of interested humanity was so great that grave doubts were expressed concerning the ability of the third floor of the building, new and substantial as the structure was, to bear up under the heavy strain put upon it. The popular interest was maintained to the end; and while the Exposition building itself was thronged, "large numbers hung about the Burnet House listening to the music of the band from the balcony, and watching the tide as it ebbed and flowed on the opposite side of the street." In attracting the attention and attendance of the public, at least, the fair was a very thorough success. No admittance fee was charged, and Mr. Sinton permitted the use of his building gratuitously; on the other hand, the use of the Opera House for the opening exercises, and the facilities of the Western Union Telegraph Company and the Cincinnati Gas Company during the exposition were also gratuitously tendered. The funds necessary to meet expenses and pay premiums (about nine thousand dollars), were made up by subscriptions of citizens, generally in sums of one hundred dollars, and a grant from the city treasury of three thousand dollars.

Not less successful, however, was the Exposition as a representative display. One hundred and fifty-five exhibitors, from twenty different States, as widely separated as Massachusetts and Texas, Missouri and Georgia, were on hand with about three thousand lots of goods. There was also one exhibit from England. Sixty woolen mills, in ten States, were represented by their fabrics. The display of flannels was the largest. A large variety of jeans was also presented—like the flannels, of superior quality in the fabrics. Between two and three hundred pieces of cassimeres, black doeskins, and meltons were shown. An invoice of cassimeres, doeskins, and tweeds, seht from the Deseret Mills, near Salt Lake City, then owned by Brigham Young, president of the Mormon church, excited much curiosity. Satinets, wool tweeds, repellants, and knit goods appeared in considerable quantity. The woollen shawls were numerous, and attracted marked attention. Blankets made up a very fine exhibit. Worsted braids and ingrain carpets, from the manufactories of the city, made an attractive though not very large show. The time of year was not favorable to the exhibition of raw materials; but some excellent displays of cotton and wool were made. Heavy cotton goods, woollen and cotton yarns, and a variety of miscellaneous fabrics, were also in the catalogue, and were displayed to advantage. Several looms were shown in operation, and kept constantly thronged the room in which they were. The various committees on premiums (one on doeskins, fancy cassimeres, meltons, repellants, beavers, and cloaking cloths; others on jeans, flannels, linseys, tweeds, and satinets; shawls, blankets, woolen yarns, machine stockings, worsted braids, carpets, and balmorals; cotton fabrics; bagging, bale rope, bagging tow, and cotton cordage; and on wool), had no little difficulty in making their awards, which, however, when announced on the fourth day of the Exposition, seemed to give general satisfaction. On that and the succeeding, the last day, a trade sale was had, conducted by Mr. James H. Laws, the original promoter of the Exposition in Cincinnati and chairman of the committee on arrangements, before what he considered "the largest and wealthiest company of gentlemen that had ever assembled at an auction sale west of the Allegheny mountains." The sales on Saturday were brisk and animated. A little after noon all the lots and separate articles had been disposed of, and Mr. Laws, with a few appriate words, closed the sale, stepped off the auctioneer's stand, and left the great Exposition of textile fabrics for the West and South to history.

Meetings of the Woollen Manufacturers' Association of the Northwest and of the Southern cotton and wool growers and manufacturers were held during the Exposition. Wednesday and -Thursday afternoons, the exhibtors from abroad were treated to rides through the beautiful suburbs of the city. Thursday evening a grand banquet was given to them and other invited guests at the Burnet House. Plates were laid for about five hundred people. The Hon. Richard M. Bishop, since governor of the State, was president of the evening. In response to appropriate sentiments, brief but eloquent and often humorous speeches were made by the Hon. Messrs. Milton Sayler, Job E. Stevenson, and Adam F. Perry, of Cincinnati, and Horace Maynard, of East Tennessee. Dr. N. J. Bussey, of Columbus, Georgia; George S. Bowen and Jesse McAllister, of Chicago; Mr. Campbell, of California; Mayor Torrence and others, of this city, also made short and spirited addresses, in response to calls. It was a very happy episode of the week.

Another, though of. a quite different character, was a communication sent to the Daily Gazette by the Rev. S. J. Brown, a pioneer of the city, on the day he visited the Exposition. His reminiscences and reflections are of enduring interest; and with them we shall close this sketch:

I this morning made a visit to the. Exposition opposite the Burnet House. I came to the village of Cincinnati May r, 1798, over seventy-one years ago. Looking back to that period of the plain and social days of my boyhood, I recur with pleasure to my sister's spinning on the big and little wheels, flax, cotton, and wool, the warp and filling for the weavers at that early day, and to our linen, cotton, and woollen fabrics, which were worn by the most respectable and noble women of the closing years of the last century. The days of the pioneers are almost gone; but few, very few, remain. How exhilarating to see the products of the year 1869 produced for exhibition, not from the log cabins of the then Far West, the Big Miami of 1796, but from Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and other places west and south, in 1869. In one lifetime a village of log cabins, in 1798 about two hundred inhabitants, a garrison of soldiers with Indians around us, has now become a city of two hundred and fifty thousand inhabitants, with mansions, churches, and public buildings to vie with the old cities of Europe. We' now have on exhibition cloths and cassimeres, with an immense variety of fabrics which will bear comparison with the best productions in England in 1816-17, and '18, when the writer visited England, Ireland, and Wales, and the great manufacturing towns of that period.

In the Exposition whose brief history has been sketched was the main impulse of the present annual

CINCINNATI INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITION.

The germs of it had been planted long before by the modest exhibitions of manufactures and arts held by

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the Mechanics' Institute, and briefly named in our historical notes upon that noble institution. From 1838 to the opening of the Rebellion—nearly a quarter of a century —these interesting though not extensive displays had been made, and they are remembered with not a little pride and gratification by the older citizens of Cincinnati. They ceased, however, amid the excitements and engrossments of the civil strife; but in 1867 the board of directors of the institute was instructed to consider the expediency of holding another of the old-time fairs. The want of a suitable building postponed their revival; but the next year another effort was made, and a large number of the business men of the city were consulted in 1egard to it. Their replies were few and not at all enthusiastic in favor of the proposal; and the subject was dropped again, not to be revived until the remarkable interest and success of the Exposition of Textile Fabrics, in August, 1869, suggested the inquiry, even before it closed, whether a general exhibition of the manufactures of the city was not both desirable and practicable. The next month, September 11th, at the quarterly meeting of the board of trade, resolutions offered by Mr. A. T. Goshorn were unanimously adopted, as follows:

That it is the duty of the board of trade, as particularly representing the manufacturinginterests of the city, to recommend to the manufacturers the necessity of annual expositions of every branch and article of manufacture in the city and vicinity.

That it would be expedient to hold such an Exposition in this city in the spring and summer of 1880, and therefore the committee on manufactures is hereby instructed to inaugurate the ways and means to render such an Exposition successful and a credit to the city.

The members of the Chamber of Commerce had been quietly debating a like project, and on the eighteenth of September, one week after the action of the Board of Trade just recited, the board of officers of the chamber directed its president to appoint a committee on the proposed Exposition. This was done soon after, and Messrs. James H. Laws, Abner L. Frazer, S. F. Coring-ton, C. H. Gould, and Jacob Elsas were named as the committee. Finally, about the same time, October fifth, came in the board of directors of the Mechanics' Institute, with a resolution that the Institute "hold a grand exhibition of arts and manufactures during 1870," and the appointment of a committee to select a site for its buildings—Messrs. Charles F. Wilstach, P. P. Lane, Thomas Gilpin, James Dale, and H. McCollum. By another resolution this action was communicated to the board of trade, and in return the earnest co-operation of that body was pledged, in the effort to make the exhibition "an entire success, and worthily representative of the industrial reputation of the west." Messrs. A. T. Goshorn and Josiah Kirby were appointed as a select committee to act with Messrs. P. P. Lane, Thomas Wrightson, and H. A. V. Post, the standing eommittee of the board on manufactures, in executing the spirit, and intent of the resolutions. The board was, some time. Afterwards, formally notified of the appointment of an Exposition committee by the chamber of commerce, with a request for similar appointments by the board; which was referred to the committee already nominated for the purpose of co-operation. March 14, 1870, the board of trade concurred in the recommendation of a committee, that the committee on Industrial Exposition should be made permanent, with a view to the annual holding of the fairs' The said committee for 1870-71 was thus constituted: Messrs. A. T. Goshorn, Josiah Kirby, H. A. V. Post, Daniel B. Pierson, and W. H. Blymyer. Everything being now in train, and co-operation of the three bodies being fully ensured, a joint meeting of their several committees on the Exposition was held March :6th, for the exchange of views relating thereto. The result was the merging of all into one general committee for the organization of the "Cincinnati Industrial Exposition of Manufactures, Products, and Arts, in the year 1870." The following-named officers were chosen: President, Ex-Mayor Charles F. Wilstach; Vice Presidents, James H. Laws, Josiah Kirby; Treasurer, H. A. V. Post (Mr. Post soon afterwards removed to New York. Mr. C. H. Gould was elected to his position as Treasurer, and Mr. Joseph Kinsey to his place on the Exposition committee of the board of trade); Secretary, Abner L. Frazer.

A full list of sub-committees was also appointed. Upon them, but more upon the gentlemen named as officers, were to rest the burdens of the great enterprise now fairly under way. They proved neither light nor few. Numerous interviews with leading citizens were had, and committee-meetings held. Each of the organizations at the head of the undertaking—the Mechanics' Institute, the Chamber of Commerce, and the Board of Trade—appropriated one thousand dollars to its preparation. This would not, however, secure the committee against loss; and a guarantee fund was pledged by the citizens, in sums of twenty-five dollars to two thousand dollars (the latter by the furniture manufacturers en masse), the whole amounting to twenty-three thousand seven hundred and sixty-five dollars. The subscription was conditioned upon the agreement to return to the subscribers, pro rata, any' surplus that might remain after all expenses were paid; and it is a noteworthy evidence of the skill with which the business of the Exposition was managed, and its singular financial success for an initial enterprise, that not one dollar of the guarantee fund was drawn, while one thousand five hundred and thirty-three dollars and twenty-two cents remained in the treasury of the Exposition after the payment of all bills.

The question of eligible site and buildings next engaged the attention of the committee. It was obvious that, for an exhibition on the scale projected, new structures would have to be erected. Fortunately for the committee, the German musicians of the city had just now on their hands the project of holding a reunion and festival of the North American Sngerbund in Cincinnati during the summer of 1870, for which a great though temporary building must be erected. The use of a site first had been secured from the city council, upon the grounds formerly occupied by the Cincinnati Orphan asylum and owned by the city, opposite Washington park, on Elm and Fourteenth streets—the same now occupied by the magnificent music hall and the permanent Exposition buildings. It was soon manifest, however, that the origi-

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nal hypothesis—that the Sngerfest structure, with an additional building for machinery, would answer the purpose of the Exposition—must be set aside; and as many as three additional edifices ultimately became necessary —one of them known as the fine art and music hall. This was situated to the north and northwest of the main building, was of fine proportions, two hundred and twenty-four by eighty feet upon the ground, and supplying a floor space of eighteen thousand five hundred and thirty-two square feet. The fine art and music hall, northwest of the Saengerbund building, covered an area one hundred and twelve by one hundred and four feet, with four apartments, each running the length of the hall, with inter-communication at the ends. The rooms were eighteen feet high in the clear, and were well lighted from above. The walls, handsomely tinted, furnished spaces tor exhibits of about twenty thousand square feet. The power hall was southwest of the principal edifice, and closely connected with it. It was a one-story building, one hundred and eighty-four by one hundred and fifty feet, with a long, narrow, building immediately on the south for the boilers for furnishing steam-power, the whole occupying a space of thirty-three thousand six hundred square feet. To the southeast of this was the third new building rendered necessary—comparatively a small affair, put up for the California steam plow, which proved a specially attractive feature of the exhibition. The central or main building, erected for the Saengerfest with the aid of five thousand dollars appropriated by the Exposition committee, was a mighty room two hundred and fifty feet long by one hundred and ten feet wide, built in a succession of grand arches, seventy-two feet in extreme height. Galleries reached by broad stairways were carried around the entire edifice, which, with the main floor, allowed a space for exhibits of forty-four thousand nine hundred and sixty feet. Some additional room was obtained for exhibitors, and greater facility for the movement of visitors through the galleries was obtained by throwing a bridge from gallery to gallery, across the middle of the great hall. The total floor space of the Exposition buildings was thus one hundred and eight thousand seven hundred and forty-eight square feet, about two and a half acres, to which the wall surface available added eighty-nine thousand feet, or enough to make more than four and a half acres. The floor space alone was larger than the total area afforded for exhibits by the Crystal Palace in New York, for the World's fair in 1853. The location was specially favorable, being somewhat retired from the business and manufacturing centres of the city, with a pleasant park just opposite, and easily reached on foot, or by lines of omnibuses and other carriages that were constantly running thither from the corner of Fourth and Vine streets, the street railways in that direction not having yet been built.

All the arrangements for the Exposition went on prosperously, except with the railroads for transportation of passengers and freight destined for the fair. In the negotiations for this at reduced rates there were numerous halts and hitches. nly the authorities of the Louisville Short Line seemed to have much confidence in the enter- prise, and the roads declined to sell tickets daily at low fares during the Exposition, as they have readily done in later years. Colonel Maxwell writes: "At a season of the year when large numbers were visiting the city on business, they did not think it expedient to present too strong a temptation to such to avail themselves of the reduced rates. They, however, with the exception of the Ohio & Mississippi railroad, agreed to run half-fare excursion trains on specified days each week, for such as desired to avail themselves of this opportunity; and during the last week a number of the roads ran daily half-fare trains. This arrangement contributed largely to the attendance; but the number from the country was doubtless much less than it would have been under more favorable circumstances." A number of the railroads, near and remote, also agreed to return free of charge to the point of original shipment, all articles for the Exposition, upon presentation of a certificate that such articles were exhibited and not sold. Arrangements were made with many leading hotels and hoarding houses of the city, for definite and in a few cases reduced rates of entertainment to visitors; of which the public, near and far, was fully advised through the newspapers. These powerful agencies did a great deal to popularize and advertise the Exposition; and in return the managers, during its holding, recommended exhibitors to advertise freely in the local journals, after the universal custom at European fairs, notifying readers of the part of the Exposition where their goods could be seen, and helping to keep the total display constantly and prominently before the people.

After a busy half year, on the part of the general committee and their numerous employes, the Exposition was mostly ready for opening at the appointed time, Wednesday, the twenty-first of September. As usual in such cases, the number of eleventh hour applicants for space and exhibitors preparing their displays was exceedingly embarrassing, and at times overwhelming. An attractive though imperfect show was already in place, however; and it was determined that there should be no postponement. As evening drew on, the great doors of the main building were opened, and the few hundreds who desired admission during the evening were allowed to enter. An hour or more was spent in viewing the articles so far in place; and at 8:45 P. n1. the company gathered in front of the platform in the main hall, for the formal exercises of opening. Ex-Mayor Wilstach, chairman of the general committee, presided. The Rev. James Y. Boice, past0r of the Reformed Presbyterian church, offered prayer. Mr. A. T. Goshorn, president of the board of councilmen of the city, welcomed the exhibitors and visitors to the exposition in a few felicitous words. The H0n. John Sherman, then United States Senator from Ohio, delivered the principal address of the evening, one marked by his usual mastery of scholarship and thought. It closed as follows:

In conclusion I express the hope that this Exposition may tend to develop the industry of the vast region naturally looking to this city as the centre of its trade. Especially I hope our neighbors of Kentucky will aid us to be better friends, by allowing free railroad communication over her soil. We are all citizens of a great and powerful country, each State and section contributing by some production to the grandeur

HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 345

of the whole. Let us develop the Union which God ordained, which he has bound together by great rivers and chains of mountains, and girdled with oceans and lakes. In the speedy future all our civil commotions, all our political differences, will be forgotten in our pride for the industry, growth, and magnificence of our common country.

The attendance was exceedingly limited the first evening. Inferring from the figures of the treasurer's final report (receipts from tickets September 21st, one hundred and ninety dollars and fifty cents), but three hundred and eighty-one persons paid for admission; so that, with officers, exhibitors, and employes, probably not more than five hundred were scattered through the huge buildings upon the occasion of their opening. During the whole of the next day, reasoning from similar data, but eight hundred and fifty-five persons paid for entrance. The general committee now saw that the price of admission first fixed (fifty cents) was too high. The exhibition was for all, employer and employed, rich and p0or, the upper ten thousand and the lower million; and it was resolved that the rate of admission, after the second , should be popular and cheap. Twenty-five cents was fixed as the price, which has since been steadily maintained. Coupon tickets, admitting five or ten persons, could be had at one dollar and two dollars, respectively; and manufacturers might purchase tickets for their employes, in packages of twenty, at five dollars per package. Children were to be admitted at ten cents each. The attendance now increased rapidly. On the third day about two th0usand and fifty visitors were present; and the numbers grew nearly every day thereafter, until the culminati0n of the display on the fifth of October, only a fortnight after the opening, when they reached nineteen thousand—a quite remarkable attendance for the first in the series of expositions, and about thrice as many as were commonly in attendance at the World's Fair of 1853, in New York city. Upon eight days besides this, the receipts from sale of tickets were above two thousand dollars, and at no time after September 2 8th , until the close of the Exposition, did they fall below one thousand one hundred and ninety-five dollars and seventy-five cents, the amount received that day for admissions. The whole number of visitors during the twenty-seven days and twenty-eight evenings it was open, was about three hundred thousand. The popular patronage, part of it from places a long way off in this and other States, together with receipts from exhibitors, refreshment privileges, buildings and materials, and a single donation of fifty dollars from the First National bank of Cincinnati, enabled the committee to meet all demands without touching the guarantee fund, and, as already stated, to leave a good-sized nest egg in the treasury.

The exhibition, although but a beginning of the great expositions, was amply worthy of all and more than the patronage it received. During the second week everything was got in place and the machinery was in full operation. By the middle of the week the display was nearly at its best. Colonel Maxwell has some brilliant paragraphs in description of the great exhibit, from which we select two or three, the first and last being of especial local interest:

That which had been done surprised almost all; for few had the facilities of knowing how varied and interesting and extensive were the manufactures of Cincinnati and the west. How many knew before the Exposition of textile fabrics in 1869 that the best worsted dress-braids produced in the United States, if not in the world, were made in Cincinnati? Who was aware of the fact that a German in the same city was manufacturing the only wool plushes made in this country—goods entering largely into both railroad cars and furniture? Again, how few knew the character and extent of the manufactories in this city of the common white and granite wares, articles as necessary to every household as the table upon which the poor woman spreads her scanty meal, and that two establishments were actively engaged in this business, bringing their clays from many States? There were on exhibition about two hundred separate pieces, embracing almost everything in the shape of whiteware. The quality was surprising. There was granite with a gold band, which was beautiful, and full sets that were hardly inferior to the old ironstone china. The visitor would find two pitchers, one marked with the Cincinnati maker, and the other with the foreign manufacturer. If he took them to the light and carefully inspected them, unless he were an expert he would not detect the difference. Did not this mean revolution—ultimately a great change iu the whole matter of queensware business! A few years ago we had only the yellow-ware; then we made the common white; at the Exposition we had the granite. With such testimony as this before him, was it not natural for the visitor to ask : Will not, in a comparatively few years, the millions we are paying to England for such productions be kept at home, and the operatives be fed with the produce of our own country?

It is hardly an exaggeration to say that all were pleased. Those having the best opportunity of listening to the grumblers of the world heard no disparaging words spoken of the display. Of course it did not move all alike. There were thousands of curious persons who, doubtless, wandered through the halls merely to gratify their curiosity, and as many thousand were superficial observers, who did not dig down below the surface of this show of domestic manufactures and products and fine arts, to see what all these surface indications meant. But there were many more who not only took pleasure in the individual articles to be seen, but valued them still more because they looked upon these specimens of beautiful agricultural machinery ; these handsome carriages ; useful stoves and ranges; these steam-engines, flouring-mills, saw-mills, shingle-machines, planers, punches, and drills; these looms, bung-machines, type foundries, printing-presses, and pumps; these water-wheels, street-sweepers, and emery-grinders ; these granite plates, pitchers, teas, and bowls; these bedsteads, bureaus, sideboards, tables, and chairs; these sheetings, cassimeres, plushes, jeans, shawls, blankets, yarns, and zephyrs; these battings, waddings, warps, twines, and ropes; these boots and shoes, hats and caps, furs, raw silks, silk sewings, millinery goods, and gentlemen's furnishing goods; these wall papers, window shades, carpets, and rugs; these rolls of leather; these goods made from wire and bristles; these iron safes, scales, builders' materials, knives, mechanics' tools, locks, doors, window-shutters, and paints; these trunks and satchels; these beautiful household goods made from iron and tin and zinc and wood; these refrigerators, japan-wares, works in copper and brass and marble; these sugars, soaps, candles, oils, provisions, breads, and tobaccos; these medical preparations; these sewing-machines, mantels, pictures, photographs, engravings, wax and hair-works, musical instruments, moldings, artificial teeth, dental tools, silver-wares, philosophical instruments, and thousands upon thousands of things useful and beautiful—looked upon them as the miner looks upon the gold-bearing rocks which speak of wealth below the surface, of riches which the precious metal, here and there sparkling from its rocky bed, announces within.

Few persons, before the exposition, were aware of the manufacturing importance of Cincinnati. Even our own citizens looked at the aggregate sum of the production of the city without fully comprehending the inventive skill that was exercised, the mind which was taxed, the muscle that was employed, and the mighty interests that were involved. It required some ocular demonstration adequately to impress our own people with the length, and breadth, and depth, of the business foundations of the Queen City, which have enabled her comfortably to weather the financial storms which have sorely distressed other cities, and to enable them properly to estimate the true relation which our manufactures bear to the general prosperity. In the variety and splendor of the display, in the thirty thousand different articles on exhibition, representing one thousand seven hundred and thirty entries, they were able to read the secret of Cincinnati's stability and that which was to prove one of her principal bulwarks in the future. For, though Connecticut, California, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisi-

346 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO.

ana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Maine, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin—twenty-four States in all—were represented, and many valuable contributions came from other cities and places, nevertheless it was preeminently an exhibition of Cincinnati manufactures. In some of the departments our own manufacturers were the sole contributors, and in all of them they held an honorable position, in both number and the quality of their wares.

The interest in the exhibition, growing day by day, had caused the postponement of the day of closing one week—from the fifteenth to the twenty-second of October. The time of closing, on a thronged and busy Saturday night, at last arrived. The difficult work of making the awards had been completed. The prizes, eighteen gold medals, one hundred and thirty-two large silver medals, seventy-six small ones, besides four hundred and ninety-two elegantly engraved diplomas, all together costing about seven thousand dollars—had been distributed. Sixty-five thousand persons had visited the exposition during its final week. In the midst of distinguished and proud success it was to close. At 9 P. M. of the day named the rattle and hum of the wilderness of machinery was stilled. Fifteen minutes' further grace was granted the throng by President Wilstach, when the usual signal was given for closing, the crowd of visitors reluctantly retired, the officers one by one left the building, and the first of the famous industrial expositions of Cincinnati was numbered among the things that were.

THE SECOND EXPOSITION

was held from September 6th to October 7, 1871, under the joint auspices of the three bodies managing the Exposition of the previous year. A. T. Goshorn was president, assisted by a very capable staff of officers, committeemen, and employes. It was a great suceess. Exhibits were made from twenty-nine States; over four hundred thousand persons visited it; and the receipts were seventy-three thousand four hundred and ten dollars and eighty-eight cents. Notwithstanding this large receipt, however, there was a deficit of nearly fifteen thousand dollars, caused by the large building account, which aggregated forty-seven thousand fifty-four dollars and fifty-two cents.

THE EXPOSITION OF EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-TWO,

under the same auspices, was held September 4th to October 5th. Mr. Goshorn was again president, and to his energy and rare executive ability is due much of the success of these displays. A new building for the Art department, sixty-two by sixty feet, had been constructed in the open square (now Washington park) opposite the main building and connected with it by a bridge across Elm street. A Horticultural hall was also built; a Department of National History was organized, and much more extensive arrangements were made for the Machinery and other departments. The large sum of one hundred and six thousand nine hundred and fifty-five dollars and seventy-nine cents was expended upon this fair, which nevertheless yielded a deficit of seven thousand five hundred and fifty-three dollars and forty-eight cents. Thirty States contributed to it; five hundred and forty thousand people visited it ; seven acres and a half were covered with the displays; and the receipts amounted to nearly one hundred thousand dollars. The premium list comprised one thousand and seventy-five medals and awards, and a supplemental list had to be prepared.

THE FOURTH EXPOSITION,

held in the same buildings and under the same auspices as before, September 3d to October 4, 1873, was somewhat beclouded by the visit of cholera to the city a short time before its opening; but, allowing for this drawback, it was considered a decided success. An address was delivered at the opening by ex-Governor Jacob D. Cox, and the exhibition formally opened by W. H. Blymyer, president for the year. An immense guarantee subscription, amounting to two hundred and twenty-six thousand dollars, had been raised; but such was the financial success of this exhibit that it paid all expenses (over seventy-five thousand dollars), and gave a profit of nearly ten thousand dollars to reduce the indebtedness caused by the deficit of previous years.

Mr. D. B. Pierson at first, then Mr. George W. Jones was president of

THE FIFTH EXPOSITION,

held September 2d to October 3, 1874. The general success of the expositions was brilliantly maintained this year. Every hotel was crowded, and the principal streets were thronged with strangers, on the opening day, which was made specially impressive by a great military parade, including many companies from abroad. Addresses were delivered by Governor William Allen, the Hon. G. W. C. Johnston, mayor of the city, Governor Hendricks, of Indiana, and President Jones, and an oration by Mr. S. Dana Horton. A free "Industrial Exposition regatta," with liberal premiums, was held on the Ohio river on Thursday, September 14th, with great acclamation at its success. The exhibitors numbered one thousand seven hundred and twenty; the receipts were eighty-seven thousand seventy-nine dollars and forty-two cents, and the expenditures ninety-seven thousand eight hundred and eleven dollars and fifty-five cents. The next year, at the close of the Sixth Exposition, an assessment of fifteen per cent. on the guarantee fund was deemed advisable to clear the Exposition of indebtedness, then about twenty-two thousand dollars. It is the only assessment which has ever been made upon its guarantee funds.

THE SIXTH EXPOSITION,

held the next year, comprised among its special features the offer of very liberal premiums by the Mechanics' Institute, for the best automatic cut-off stationary steam-engine and the best stationary steam-engine slide-valve, not less than twenty-five nor more than seventy-five horsepower. Special premiums were also offered by the Chamber of Commerce, the Commercial Bank, and the dealers in tobacco, amounting to one thousand and sixty dollars in gold coin, for premiums on leaf tobacco, besides prizes for leading articles of manufactured stock. Mr. John J. Henderson was president this year. The Exhibition

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opened with a grand industrial parade through the streets and continued from September 8th to October 9th, and netted a profit of about nine thousand five hundred dollars, which, with the assessment upon the guarantee fund now ordered, cleared the Exposition of debt. The buildings were all sold to the Springer Music Hall Association; the boilers were also disposed of; and the affairs of the Exposition, destined to a rest for four years, were left in a very satisfactory condition.

AN INTERVAL.

It was not thought advisable to hold an exposition in 1876, on account of the National Exposition, representing the efforts of the whole country, being held in Philadelphia. The scheme for permanent buildings was also now on foot. It was mainly promoted by Mr. R. R. Springer, who had subscribed one hundred and forty-five thousand dollars toward the erection of a great central building, to be called the Music Hall, and also fifty thousand dollars toward the erection of the wings, thus adapting the whole to Exposition purposes. The last subscription was conditioned upon the raising of an additional one hundred thousand dollars by January 1, 1879. By November, 1879, only seventy thousand dollars had been secured, including a subseription of five hundred dollars by the Mechanics' Institute; but the necessary amount was presently completed, with five thousand dollars to spare, and the buildings were erected, at a cost, for the wings alone, of one hundred and fifty thousand nine hundred and seventy-six dollars and thirty-six cents.

THE EXPOSITION BUILDINGS.

The history of these great and splendid structures is, briefly, as follows: Soon after the musical festival of May, 1875, Mr. Reuben R. Springer, a wealthy and prominent citizen of Cincinnati, through Mr. John Shillito, the well-known merchant, offered a gift of one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars to build a worthy hall for the festivals and other musical purposes, if the lot on Elm street owned by the city, opposite Washington park, could be had for perpetual use without taxation and at a nominal rent, and if as much more money would be raised for the purpose by the citizens. He afterwards added three gifts of twenty thousand dollars each. A "Music Hall Association" was formed and incorporated in November, 1875. It consists of fifty stockholders, selected to represent them by the whole body of subscribers to the Music Hall fund. They elect seven trustees, constituting a board for the management of all the affairs of the association. April 3, 1876, an arrangement was made with the city, such as Mr. Springer stipulated for, it being agreed, among other provisions, that neither stockholders nor trustees should receive any dividend or pecuniary c0mpensation whatever by virtue of their connection with the hall. The necessary sum to secure Mr. Springer's gifts was raised through the activity of several public-spirited gentlemen; and the hall was erected in time for the May Festival of 1878. It, together with the great organ it contains, are described in our chapter on Music in Cincinnati.

The entire front on Elm street occupied by the Exposition buildings is four hundred and two feet, of which one hundred and seventy-eight are taken for the Music Hall, and ninety-five feet on each side for the wings. The latter were specially erected for the Exposition, though it has a prior claim upon the Music Hall for its displays, as against the College of Music, which is the lessee of the hall, or any other organization. The buildings are so arranged that they can be used separately or together, and the upper stories can be connected by bridges. The wings are in the same style of architecture as the hall, and harmonize admirably with it. They are three hundred and sixteen feet in depth and one hundred and sixteen in height. They are admirably adapted for exhibition purposes; and, besides the annual Exposition, other displays, as the Millers' Exposition of June, 188o, are occasionally made within them. The entire cost of the buildings is about half a million of dollars, of which Mr. Springer, first and last, has given two hundred and thirty-five thousand dollars. They together furnish a structure larger than any other ever built in this country for a similar purpose, except at Philadelphia in 1876 for the Centennial Exposition, and are much the largest and finest built for such ends by private enterprise, without the least subsidy from a government, anywhere in the world. They are worthily among the chief glories of the Queen City.

THE SEVENTH EXPOSITION.

The board of commissioners, representing the three bodies under whose auspices the Expositions had been held, was reorganized October, 1878, for the purpose of arranging an Exposition for the fall of 1879. The commissioners now were: For the Mechanics' Institute, Thomas Gilpin, Hugh McCollum, James Dale, W. B. Bruce, P. P. Lane; the Chamber of Commerce, William Means, Edmund H. Pendleton, M. E. Ingalls, W. S. Ridgway, James H. Laws; the Board of Trade, John Simpkinson, L. M. Dayton, E. V. Cherry, W. L. Robinson, William McAlpin. The officers elected by the joint board were: President, Mr. Pendleton; first vice-president, Mr. Laws; second, Mr. Dale; third, Mr. Cherry; treasurer, Mr. Simpkinson; secretary, Mr. McCollum; assistant secretary, John B. Heich. Under their auspices the Seventh Exposition was held September l0th to October nth, 1879. President Hayes, Governor Bishop, Generals Sherman and Sheridan, and many other distinguished dignitaries, attended the opening, and those named delivered brief addresses. Exhibitors from twenty-four States were present; four hundred and twenty-two thousand nine hundred and sixty-seven visitors attended; and a clear profit of fifteen thousand six hundred and thirty-eight dollars and ninety-six cents was realized.

THE EIGHTH EXPOSITION.

December 17, 1879, the board of commissioners for 1880 was organized, with the same constituency as before, and with the following named officers: President, M. E. Ingalls; first vice-president, James Dale; second, William L. Robinson; third, Henry C. Urner; treasurer, E. V. Cherry; secretary, Hugh McCollum. The Eighth Exposition was held under their management September

348 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO.

8 to October 9, 1880, and brought togethertwo hundred and ninety-one thousand three hundred and eighty-five visitors, the largest number, fifteen thousand nine hundred and ninety-seven, being present on Friday, October 8th, the last day but one. The total receipts were about sixty-five thousand dollars, expenditures about sixty-two thousand dollars, not including ten thousand two hundred and ninety-six dollars and thirty-seven cents expended during the year from the profits of 1879, for permanent improvement to the buildings ; leaving a balance of profit of about three thousand dollars. The receipts of the last day, amounting to two thousand one hundred and forty-six dollars, were given to the Art Museum fund, which had been started by Mr. Charles W. West, on the day of opening the Exposition of 1880, with the munificent subscription of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The close of the Eighth Exposition was accompanied with the gratifying announcement that the additional one hundred and fifty thousand dollars required by the West subscription had been raised, and even more, the total subscription then being one hundred and sixty one thousand one hundred and sixteen dollars, or, with Mr. West's, three hundred and eleven thousand one hundred and sixteen dollars; and the establishment of an Art Museum in Cincinnati was thus an assured fact.

CHAPTER XXXV.

COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION.

NAVIGATION to the territory embraced by the State of Ohio commenced with considerable activity about the year 1799; and from the admission of the State into the Union it became extraordinarily active down to about 1807 or 1808. Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut furnished the larger number of immigrants, though all the States had representatives in the immigration. Among them were but few speculators in large locations of land; most of them came to make a home in the fertile country, intending by their own labor to improve, occupy, and enjoy it. They had comparatively little wealth; and that little had generally to be laid out for living expenses, until the land should be made pr0ductive. Many of them, coming from the older settlements to the Eastward, took boats on the Ohio, and in these floated or rowed down the river until their destination was reached along its shores, or they pushed up the Muskingum, the Hocking, the Scioto, or the Miamis, in search of it. Coming down the Ohio was easy enough, but getting up the lateral streams, by poling, rowing, and pulling, was work indeed. Upon these minor waters they were not infrequently delayed, for days and weeks, for a want of a sufficient stage of water to float even their light crafts. It was slow work getting up the larger streams, too, however easy it might be to get down. Major Swan, of the army, who had taken a small troop from Fort Washington to Pittsburgh, wrote to the commander of the Fort from the latter place: "We arrived here after a passage of only forty-four days, in which we exhausted our provisions and groceries, and had to lay in a fresh stock at Marietta."

Such was the beginning of the commerce of the Ohio, which has swelled to proportions so gigantic, and has been so important an element in the wonderful growth of Cincinnati. The chief places on the upper river, to which families or merchants traveled toilsomely to prepare for embarkation, were Redstone Old Fort, since Brownsville, Pittsburgh, and Wheeling. In each of these there were traders who made it their business to accommodate strangers descending the Ohio with any necessary article —provisions, furniture, cooking utensils, or farming implements, or even boats—at a moderate price. Each had a large boat-yard, where the arks, keel or flatboats, and barges of the period were made—generally serviceable, safe, and strong. One of sufficient size for an average family, say thirty to forty feet long, cost one dollar to one dollar and a quarter per foot; so that a pretty respectable vessel, well boarded up on the sides and roofed to within six or eight feet of the bows, could be had for thirty-five dollars. This did not include the expense of a mooring cable or rope, a pump, and a fireplace, which cost perhaps ten dollars more. Besides the "family boats," which were frequently used for transient purposes and then broken up for their lumber, a number of keel-boats plied on the Ohio and its tributaries, in use as common carriers of merchandise, household goods, and any other freight that offered. Their principal cargo, by way of import or export, was in flour, apples, whiskey, cider, peach and apple brandy, bar-iron and castings, tin and copperware, glass, cabinet work, millstones, grindstones, nails, etc. The articles going up the Ohio were mostly cotton, tobacco from Kentucky, lead, furs, and peltry. The lines of barges regularly maintained by Messrs. Baum and Perry, Riddle and others of Cincinnati in the New Orleans trade, brought up cotton from Natchez, sugar, coffee, rice, hides, wines, rum, and dry goods of all kinds then in demand, and carried back the produce of the Miami country. The Navigator for 1818 contains a paragraph noting the great advantage it was to the commerce of Cincinnati to have this line in operation, slow as it was and exceedingly limited in its capacity as compared with the magnificent facilities of the present day.

The pioneer advertisement in the long line of announcements of commercial facilities to and from the Queen City, and the pioneer enterprise in the way of transportion on the Ohio, since developed to such gigantic proportions, are set forth in the following paragraphs, which appeared in the Centinel of the Northwest Territory, published at Cincinnati, January 11, 1794. It is worth while calling attention again, as attention has often been called before in local publications, to the fact that these four little vessels, together carrying but eighty tons, were deemed sufficient for an entire month's traffic between the settlements of Pittsburgh and Cincinnati, and the whole intervening country:

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OHIO PACKET BOATS.

Two boats, for the present, will start from Cincinnati to Pittsburgh, and return to Cincinnati, in the following manner, viz.:

First boat will leave Cincinnati this morning, at eight o'clock, and return to Cincinnati, so as to be ready to sail again in four weeks from this date.

Second boat will leave Cincinnati on Saturday, the Both instant, and return to Cincinnati as above.

And so, regularly, each boat performing the voyage to and from Cincinnati and Pittsburgh, once in every four weeks.

Two boats, in addition to the above, will shortly be completed and regulated in such a manner that one boat of the line will set out weekly from Cincinnati to Pittsburgh, and return to Cincinnati in like manner.

The proprietors of these boats having maturely considered the many inconveniences and dangers incident to the common method hitherto adopted of navigating the Ohio, and being influenced by a love of philanthropy and a desire of being serviceable to the public, has taken great pains to render the accommodations on board the boats as agreeable and convenient as they could possibly be made.

No danger need be apprehended from the enemy, as every person on board will be under cover, made proof to rifle or musket balls, and convenient port-holes for firing out. Each of the boats is armed with six pieces, carrying a pound ball; also a good number of muskets, and amply supplied with plenty of ammunition, strongly manned with choice hands, and the master of approved knowledge.

A separate cabin from that designed for the men is partitioned off in each boat for accommodating ladies on their passage. Conveniences are constructed on board each boat so as to render landing unnecessary, as it might, at times, be attended with danger.

Rules and regulations for maintaining order on board, and for the good management of the boats, and tables accurately calculated for the rates of freightage for passengers and carriage of letters to and from Cincinnati to Pittsburgh; also a table of the arrival and departure to and from the different places on the Ohio, between Cincinnati and Pittsburgh, may be seen on board each boat, and at the printing office in Cincinnati.

Passengers will be supplied with provisions and liquors of all kinds, of the first quality, at the most reasonable rates possible. Persons desirous of working their passage will be admitted, on finding themselves subject, however, to the same order and direction, from the master of the boats, as the rest of the working hands of the boat's crew.

An office of insurance will be kept at Cincinnati, Limestone, and Pittsburgh, where persons desirous of having their property insured may apply. The rates of insurance will be moderate.

A notable event occurred at the hamlet of Cincinnati April 27, 1801, in the arrival of the brig St. Clair from above, Commander Whipple on deck, bound on an ocean voyage. She was full-rigged and equipped, and loaded with produce for the West India Islands; and was the first vessel of the kind out of the Ohio. As she anchored off the port, says the Spy and Gazette, "the banks were crowded with people, all eager to view this pleasing presage of the future greatness of our infant country." Four days before, another ocean-going vessel, the schooner Monongahela Farmer, had been launched at Elizabethtown, above Pittsburgh, to which point she dropped down, to be rigged for sea.

About this time advertisements were made by printed circular of boats to reach Natchez in seventy-two days. It was quite usual in the early day, when a destination was reached on the Lower Mississippi, particularly at New Orleans, to break up the boats and sell the materials, or the boat without breaking it up, and start the crew on the long journey homeward, large part of the way through the wilderness and Indian country, on horseback or not infrequently on foot, throe to four months being sometimes consumed in the trip.

The feasibility of building large vessels for the transportation of produce to New Orleans was now much dis cussed. A herald of the coining good time of steam navigation was manifest in March, in a call for a meeting of citizens at Yeatman's tavern, to consider the merits of a contrivance for transporting boats against the current "by the power of steam or elastic vapor." This was fully ten years before the attention of Fulton and his associates was turned to the western rivers as a hopeful field for the introduction of his grand invention. Somewhat later than 1801 Messrs. Samuel Heighway and John Pool, proprietors of "a mechanical project, constructed for the propelling of boats against the stream of rivers, tides and currents, by the p0wer of steam or elastic vapor," advertised for subscribers to their scheme of introducing it on the western waters, subscriptions "to become payable only on our invention succeeding, and the boat performing a voyage from New Orleans to Cincinnati." History is silent as to their success or failure.

The era of steam was not yet, and the river navigation was still conducted by barge, keelboat, "broad-horns," or "Kentucky boats," moved commonly by oars and poles, but also by sails whenever the wind was favorable. They carried fifty to one hundred tons apiece, and the charge for freightage from Cincinnati to New Orleans was five to six dollars per hundred. In good—that is, wet—seasons, they could make as many as two round-trips to New Orleans per year. Colonel James Ferguson, it is recorded, made two trips a year from 1791 to 1794, while he was store-keeping in Cincinnati. The principal firms here engaged in the river traffic were Messrs. Baum and Perry, and Riddle, Bechtle & Company. Their primitive business, indeed, was not destroyed by the river-steamers until 1817, or six years after the first steam-vessel passed down the Ohio. Nearly all the groceries and other goods imported to Cincinnati, after the simpler craft became sufficiently numerous, were brought up the Mississippi and Ohio by them. Commerce with Redstone and Pittsburgh was maintained partly in "Kentucky boats"—small keelboats, with a sharp roof sheltering the major part, but leaving a small section of the deck uncovered for the sweep of oars. Flat boats were also much used on the Upper Ohio. Journeys were sometimes made to Wheeling in canoes, which could be poled and paddled about thirty miles a day. As already intimated in the advertisement of the Cincinnati and Pittsburgh "packets," the trips up the river were considered dangerous on account of Indians; and an incessant lookout had to be kept.

THE FIRST STEAMBOAT

navigating the western waters was built at Pittsburgh in 1811, for Messrs. (Robert) Fulton and Livingston, of New York city. It was called the New Orleans, was of three hundred tons' burthen, carried a low pressure engine, and cost about thirty-eight thousand dollars. In October it was finished and started for New Orleans, causing infinite wonderment, and sometimes consternation, on the way, arriving at its destination the day before Christmas. An interesting account of its passage by this point and down the rivers is comprised in our annals of the Third Decade of Cincinnati. It did not return to the Ohio, but plied regularly between. Natchez and New