200 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY Third National Bank, 65 West Third street. Capital, $1,600,000. J. D. Hearne, president ; Ammi Baldwin, cashier ; Benj. E. Hopkins and W. A. Lemmon, assistant cashiers. Fourth National Bank, northeast corner Third and Walnut. Capital, $500,000. M. M. White, president; H. P. Cooke, cashier ; H. DeCamp, assistant cashier. Citizens' National Bank, 51 East Third street. Capital, $1,000,000. Briggs S. Cunningham, president ; G. P. Griffith, vice president ; Geo. W. Forbes, cashier. Exchange National Bank, 34 West Third street. Capital, $500,000. B. F. Power, president ; Hugh Colville, vice president ; J. M. Blair, cashier. German National Bank, southwest corner Third and Walnut. Capital, $500,- 000. John Hauck, president ; Florence Marmet, vice president ; Geo. H. Bohrer, cashier; Geo. Guckenberger, assistant cashier. Merchants' National Bank, 75 West Third street. Capital, $1,000,000. D. J. Fallis, president ; H. C. Yergason, vice president ; W. W. Brown, cashier. Metropolitan National Bank, 25 West Third street. Capital, $500,000. Wm. Means, president; John R. DeCamp, cashier. National Lafayette and Bank of Commerce, Third street. Capital, $600,000. W. A. Goodman, president; Henry Peachey, vice president ; J. V. Guthrie, cashier ; C. J. Stedman, assistant cashier. Queen City National Bank, 53 West Third street. Capital, $500,000. John Cochnower, president ; Samuel C. Tatum, vice president ; Samuel W. Ramp, cashier. Union National Bank, 90 West Third street. Capital, $500,000. H. W. Hughes, president; O. H. Tudor, cashier. Cincinnati National Bank, 90 West Third street. Capital, $500,000. Jos. F. Larkin, president ; Edgar Stark, cashier. Total capital, thirteen national banks, $9,100,000. Commercial Bank, 132 Main street. Capital, $500,000. C. B. Foote, president; W. N. King, cashier. Espy Heidelbach & Co., southeast corner Third and Vine streets. Capital, $175,000. James Espy, Phillip Heidelbach, Louis Heidelbach, Alfred S. Heidelbach, Isaac Ickelheimer, David Wachman. Foreign exchange and steamship agency under firm name Heidelbach, Baur & Co., partnership including Theodore Baur. Franklin Bank, Third street, Capital, $240,000. B. F. Brannan, president; John Kilgour, vice president. Seasongood Sons & Co., 74 West Third street. Capital, $120,000. Jacob Seasongood, Lewis Seasongood, Adolph J. Seasongood, Charles Mayer. S. Kuhn & Sons, 72 West Third street. Capital, $50,000. Samuel Kuhn, Louis Kuhn, Simon Kuhn. Western German Bank, northeast corner Twelfth and Vine. Capital, $100,000. Edward Weil, president; Leopold Kleybolte, cashier. S. S. Davis & Co., 62 and 64 West Third street. S. S. Davis, F. S. Davis. Cincinnati Savings Society, 43 West Fifth street. J. L. Wayne, president; C. F. Bradley, vice president. Safe Deposit Co. of Cincinnati, 20 West Third street. Henry Peachey, president; S. P. Bishop, secretary. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 201 1900. Atlas National Bank, 516 Walnut street. Capital $400,000; deposits, $2,933,163. Geo. Guckenberger, president ; Albert Lackman, vice president; Wm. Guckenberger, cashier ; Chas. J. Ziegler, assistant cashier. Citizens' National Bank, southeast corner Third and Walnut streets. Capital, $1,000,000; deposits, $7,528,977. B. S. Cunningham, president; G. P. Griffith, vice president and cashier ; Howard M. Beazell, assistant cashier. Equitable National Bank, 20 East Third street. Capital, $250,000; deposits, $1,292,332. George Fisher, president ; John McLean Blair, vice president ; W. P. Stamm, cashier. Fifth National Bank, southwest corner Fourth and Vine streets. Capital, $300,900 ; deposits, $2,653,883. Chas. A. Hinsch, president ; James M. Glenn, vice president; T. J. Davis, cashier. First National Bank, northwest corner Third and Walnut streets. Capital, $1,200,000; deposits, $7,473,517. L. B. Harrison, president; Jos. Rawson, vice president; W. S. Rowe, cashier. Fourth National Bank, northeast corner Third and Walnut streets. Capital, $500,000; deposits, $4,068,244. M. M. White, president ; H. P. Cooke, cashier ; Hiram DeCamp, assistant cashier. German National Bank, southeast corner Third and Walnut streets. Capital, $500,000; deposits, $3,196,249. Geo. H. Bohrer, president ; A. B. Voorheis, vice president; Edward Herzog, cashier ; W. C. Wachs, assistant cashier. Market National Bank, northwest corner Fourth and Plum streets. Capital, $250,000; deposits, $2,813,02. Julius Fleischmann, president ; John J. Sullivan, vice president ; Casper H. Rowe, vice president ; Ed. A. Donnally, cashier ; Louis G. Pochat, assistant cashier. Merchants' National Bank, southeast corner Third and Vine streets. Capital, $600,000 ; deposits, $3,309,356. H. C. Yergason, president ; Madison Betts, vice president; W. W. Brown, cashier; Chas. A. Stevens, assistant cashier. National Lafayette Bank, 118 East Third street. Capital, $600,000; deposits, $3,178,623. W. A. Goodman, president; J. V. Guthrie, vice president; C. J. Stedman, cashier; W. H. Simpson, assistant cashier. Ohio Valley National Bank, 17 East Third street. Capital, $700,000; deposits, $4,419,103. James Espy, president ; Clifford B. Wright, vice president ; O. H. Tudor, cashier; Theo. Baur, manager foreign department. Second National Bank, southeast corner Ninth and Main streets. Capital, $200,000; deposits, $2,050,590. Charles H. Davis, president ; Wm. Albert, cashier ; G. W. Williams, assistant cashier. Third National Bank, 25 East Third street. Capital, $1,200,000 ; deposits, $4,757,688. J. D. Hearne, president ; C. H. Kellogg, vice president; Wm. A. Lemmon, cashier; C. T. Perin, assistant cashier. The Brighton German Bank, Harrison and Colerain avenues. Max Mosler, president; F. L. Haffner, vice president; J. J. Heidacher, assistant cashier. The Central Trust & Safe Deposit Co., 15 East Fourth street. W. H. Doane, president ; Lucien Wulsin, vice president; S. R. Burton, vice president; Gazzam Gano, secretary and treasurer. 202 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY Cincinnati Savings Society, 43 East Fifth street. Thos. H. C. Allen, president; E. P. Stout, vice president ; W. S. Magley, treasurer. City Hall Bank, 324 West Ninth street. Wm. F. Doepke, president ; H. H. Wiggers, vice president ; Geo. Schmidt, cashier. S. Kuhn & Sons, 24 East Third street. Louis Kuhl, Simon Kuhn, Charles Kuhn. North Side Bank, 4126 Hamilton avenue. John L. Pierson, president ; Henry Weber, vice president ; D. S. Shreve, cashier ; Godfrey Weber, assistant cashier. The Export Storage Co., northwest corner Fourth and Walnut streets. J. G. Schmidlapp, president. Franklin Bank, 124 East Third street. John Kilgour, vice president ; Henry Burkhold, cashier. Security Savings Bank & Trust Co., 337 West Fifth street. (Organizing.) George Peck, secretary pro tem. Union Savings Bank & Trust Co., northwest corner Fourth and Walnut streets. J. G. Schmidlapp, president ; A. B. Voorheis, vice president ; R. A. Koehler, secretary and treasurer ; W. H. Alms, vice president. Western German Bank, 1200 Vine street. L. Kleybolte, president ; L. A. Strobel, vice president ; Ed. J. Weil, cashier; Geo. Opitz, assistant cashier. In January, 1883, the Fidelity Safe Deposit and Trust Co. was incorporated under the new state law providing for the creation of trust companies in the state of Ohio. Hon. Julius Dexter, a member of the state senate, was one of those instrumental in drawing up the bill when it was introduced. The new trust company had a capital of $500,000; its directorate composed of Julius Dexter, C. W. West, A. T. Goshorn, John Mitchell, Thomas J. Emery, Abe Furst, Gazzam Gano, William A. Procter, Charles Robson, Preserved Smith, Patrick Poland, F. J. Jones, Louis Ballauf, F. Marmet, and H. B. Morehead. Julius Dexter was made president. The St. Paul building was built, and the first floor and basement leased by the Fidelity Safe Deposit & Trust Co. John G. Brotherton became actively connected with this institution as superintendent. During this period James B. Wilson succeeded Warren Rawson as vice president of the Second National Bank, and W. S. Rowe became cashier, upon the death of his father Stanhope S. Rowe, the former cashier. Franklin Alter succeeded B. F. Power as president of the Exchange National Bank. The National Lafayette and Bank of Commerce found its name too long, and became known as the National Lafayette Bank. In 1884 the Cincinnati National absorbed the Exchange National, Jos. F. Larkin remaining president, Franklin Alter becoming vice president, with Edgar Stark still cashier. A little later Franklin Alter became president of the Cincinnati National. W. D. Duble became manager of the Cincinnati Clearing House in 1885. In 1886 the Fidelity National Bank was organized, and obtained the office formerly used by the banking department of the Fidelity Safe Deposit & Trust Co., the latter institution reducing its capital to $100,000, and using only the safe deposit vaults and space on the basement floor of the St. Paul building. Briggs Swift succeeded Julius Dexter as president. The officers of the Fidelity CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 203 National were Briggs Swift, president ; E. L. Harper, vice president ; Ammi Baldwin, cashier ; and Benjamin E. Hopkins, assistant cashier. Late in the year 1886, the Ohio Valley National Bank formed from the firm of Espy Heidelbach & Co., and in December the organization was completed, with James Espy, B. Bettman, Robert B. Bowler, David Wachman, Theodore Baur, Franklin Alter and Henry B. Morehead, directors. James Espy was elected president ; B. Bettman, vice president ; Theodore Baur, cashier ; and David Wachman, assistant cashier. Early in the following year, 1887, a merger was arranged with the Union National Bank by the Ohio Valley National which doubled its capital, making it now $1,000,000, the Union National liquidating its assets, the old stockholders buying the new stock of the Ohio Valley. H. W. Hughes became vice president and O. H. Tudor cashier of the Ohio Valley, James Espy remaining president and David Wachman assistant cashier, Theodore Baur becoming manager of the foreign exchange department. Guernsey Y. Roots, H. W. Hughes, Augustus Wessel, L. H. Brooks and C. B. Wright becoming additional directors. At this period there were a few changes in the official staffs of some of the banks. Thos. H. C. Allen was vice president of the Cincinnati Savings Society, W. H. Campbell was cashier of the Commercial Bank, John P. Clark, assistant cashier First National. In May, 1887, the old firm of Seasongood Sons & Co., organized the Equitable National Bank, with a capital of $350,000, selling the good will of the old firm, and Adolph J. Seasongood, being the chairman of the board at the organization. F. X. Reno was made president, Jas. R. Murdock, vice president and J. M. Blair cashier. Two more national banks were organized during the year, the Atlas National Bank, capital $200,000, at the northeast corner Ninth and Vine streets, Wm. Stichtenoth, Jr., president ; Julius Engelke, vice president, and Edward Albert, cashier. The Market National Bank, on Central avenue, Edwin Stevens, president ; Frank A. Greever, vice president and John G. Brotherton, cashier. In June of this year the sensational failure of the Fidelity National Bank disturbed the city. A large number of loans on wheat and other large loans compelled the suspension of the bank and the liquidation was prolonged over a number of years, with considerable loss to the depositors. The following year was marked by another suspension when the Metropolitan National Bank closed its doors. In the process of liquidation, however, the depositors were paid in full and a large dividend was paid the stockholders. In August the Cincinnati National Bank went into voluntary liquidation, the deposits being transferred to the Ohio Valley National Bank. The Queen City National Bank changed its name to the Fifth National Bank, new capital being added, J. M. Kirtley becoming president, Bradford Shinkle vice president, and Samuel W. Remp remaining as cashier. Thus there were now twelve national banks in the city. The officers of the Third National Bank had become J. D. Hearne, president ; Chas. H. Kellogg, Jr., vice president ; Wm. A. Lemmon, cashier, and C. T. Perin, assistant cashier.. 204 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY The North Side Bank opened for business during the year, being owned by Geo. L. Thompson and Walter S. Titus. Early in 1889 the `Fidelity Safe Deposit & Trust Co. changed its name to the Central Safe Deposit & Trust Co., with Sol. P. Kineon, president, Amos Shinkle, vice president, Frank O. Suire, secretary and J. W. March, superintendent. The old firm of S. S. Davis & Co., which had started in 1853, dissolved partnership in 1886, paid off depositors and retired from banking, after over thirty years of prominence among the private banks of the city. Thus by 1889 the only private bankers were S. Kuhn & Sons, while about thirty years before there had been about twenty-five active private banks, a number of which have been the nucleus of some of the present national banks. The years 1890 to 1892 were marked by a few additions to the number of banks. The Union Savings Bank & Trust Co. organized in May, 1890, with J. G. Schmidlapp, president, A. B. Voorheis vice president, and R. A. Koehler secretary and treasurer. Capital stock, $500,000, and occupied the lower floor of the Chamber of Commerce building at Fourth and Vine, with the entrance on Vine street. Upon the death of Theodore Stanwood, W. S. Rowe became cashier of the First National bank, William Albert succeeding him as cashier of the Second National, with B. W. Rowe, assistant cashier. Griffith P. Griffith was now the vice president and cashier of the Citizens' National, with H. M. Beazell assistant cashier. C. B. Wright became vice president of the Ohio Valley National Bank. The death of A. S. Winslow, who had been vice president of the First National since its organization occurred in 1892, Jos. Rawson, Jr., succeeding him as vice president the following year. The Southern Ohio Loan and Trust company, organized at this time, more a building association at first than as a trust company, with Samuel Bailey, Jr., president, H. P. Piper vice president, Mac. S. Todd secretary, W. H. Campbell, treasurer. The Safe Deposit Company changed its charter in this year, becoming the Cincinnati Safe Deposit and Trust C0mpany, thus inviting trust company business on Third street, in addition to the old safe deposit business which they had had since 1866. The following year, 1891, the Central Trust and Safe Deposit Co. increased its capital to $250,000, Levi C. Goodale being president. Henry Meyer was now president of the Atlas National with George Guckenberger cashier, Ed. J. Herzog succeeding the latter as assistant cashier of the German National. Charles A. Hinsch had now become cashier of the Fifth National Bank. A number of other changes in the officials of the various banks had now been made. Richard Dymond was president of the Central Trust and Safe Deposit Company, with Sol. P. Kineon, vice president, Edward Worthington, treasurer. and Frank O. Suire secretary. S. P. Bishop had succeeded to the presidency of the Cincinnati Safe Deposit and Trust Company, with S. R. Burton vice president, and G. H. Grimmelsman secretary. Thos. H. C. Allen was now president of the Cincinnati Savings Society, with E. P. Stout vice president, and W. S. Magley treasurer. The Fifth National Bank had as its president Robert M. Nixon. The National Lafayette Bank had elected J. V. Guthrie vice president, succeeding Henry Peachey, C. J. Stedman becoming cashier, and W. H. Simpson assistant cashier. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 205 The panic of 1893 disturbed the financial district of the city, which, since the bad effects and the depression following the 1873 panic had disappeared, had been very prosperous. This period of trouble was general throughout the financial world, and Cincinnati again proved herself in good condition, and well able to care for her credit and the general credit of her merchants even during bad times. The panic was attributed to a general expansion of business—many lines of trade were over-stocked, and credit. inflated. On June 6, 1893, the clearing house passed the following resolution : "It is hereby agreed by the members of the Clearing House Association of Cincinnati, Ohio, that in view of the present demand on the reserves of the banks, and for the protection of our industry and commercial interests, the Clearing House Association through its committee is authorized to issue, not to exceed one million dollars, represented by loan certificates which shall be received in settlement of the daily balances between the members thereof, and the same will be furnished to the members on the delivery of approved securities, at 75 per cent of their market value. Said certificates shall not be negotiable and shall be used only for the purpose of settlement between the members and the clearing house. Securities so delivered shall be valued by a committee of three consisting of the following named members : L. B. Harrison, William A. Goodman, James Espy, who shall serve in connection with the president of the association (M. M. White being the president at that time) and same shall be received at seventy-five per cent (75 per cent) of the value so fixed. Each member shall receive a receipt for securities deposited. Said committee shall have charge of the securities, of different kind, deposited by said members, and shall place the same in a safe deposit c0mpany for safe keeping. Said committee shall personally supervise the issue of the loan certificates, and shall be called together upon the application of any member of the clearing house who may, desire to obtain said certificates, notice being given to the president or manager of the association, or in the absence of either of them, to any member of the committee, and the said certificates shall bear interest at the rate of eight per cent (8 per cent) per annum, which interest shall be paid by the member to whom the same are issued, and for the time so used. The committee has authority to employ clerical force, if necessary, to carry out the objects proposed. The expense incurred by the said committee shall be assessed and paid by the members receiving the certificates proportionally. The following committee, consisting of the president of the First National Bank, the president of the National Lafayette, and the president of the Fourth National, shall determine the time when such certificates shall be issued." This resolution was made in view of possible trouble, but the period was passed without the necessity of using a single certificate, in which respect Cincinnati showed herself better able to handle her business than several other of the clearing house cities which had passed similar resolutions. This panic was not marked by the long period of depression after it that was a part of the panic of 1873 ; there was but one new bank started, the City Hall Bank, which was in process of organization when the panic began, and opened during it. The only failure occurred in 1895, when the Commercial Bank, the 206 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY oldest bank in the city failed, which had had a continuous existence since its organization in 1829—commencing in business in 1830; during its existence it had been first. a state bank, then a firm, then a state bank, a national bank for a few years, and a state bank again, since 1872. The liquidation of the Commercial Bank was protracted over a number of years, and the final loss to depositors was considerable. The next few years were uneventful. In 1898, the Cincinnati Safe Deposit and Trust Company was absorbed by the Central Trust and Safe Deposit Company ; S. R. Burton becoming vice president of the merged institution; the following year the Brighton German Bank Company was organized, with Max Mosier, president ; F. L. Haffner, vice president ; and the offices of the new bank opened at Harrison and Colerain avenues, being the only bank in this section of the city. Thus, by the beginning of the year 1900, Cincinnati had thirteen national banks, one savings society, one private bank, two trust companies and five state banks, of which sixteen were members of the clearing house. The decade from 1900 to 1910, marked a great increase in the number of banks in Cincinnati; this was due to the need felt for more trust companies, the increasing use of savings banks, and the estabhishing of banks in different sections of the city to care for the needs of the section, the banking district up to this time, having been of a comparatively narrow area, except for the Western German Bank at Twelfth and Vine and the Brighton German Bank at Harrison and Colerain avenues. The new trust companies, in the year 1900, were the Provident Savings Bank and Trust Company, and the Cincinnati Trust Company, which opened in February and December respectively. The former was originally two corporations, the Provident Savings Bank, and the Provident Trust Company, with a capital of $250,000 each, with joint offices in the Chamber of Commerce building entering on Vine street. The officers were : B. H. Kroger, president ; George Peck, vice president and manager ; and J. Edward Hatch, secretary and treasurer. The Cincinnati Trust Company, capitalized for $500,000, occupied the basement of the southwest corner of Fourth and Walnut until the first floor was remodeled for them ; Guy W. Mallon was president, N. S. Keith, secretary and treasurer, F. R. Williams, assistant secretary and R. W. Neff, cashier. The Unity Banking and Savings Company with J. J. Jung, president, opened at Vine and McMillan streets in 1900, and the Columbia Bank and Savings Company at Vine and Court streets in 1902. During this year the Central Trust and Safe Deposit Company increased its capital to $500,000; the Union Savings Bank and Trust Company acquired the deposits of the Cincinnati Savings Society, making the old office of the Savings Society, its Fifth street branch. The following year, 1903, four new banks were organized ; the Cosmopolitan Bank and Savings Company, on Freeman avenue, with Chas. E. Roth, president; the Home Savings Bank Company, the Southern Ohio Savings Bank, affiliated with the Southern Ohio Loan and Trust Company, and the Security Savings Bank and Safe Deposit Company. During the year, Geo. B. Cox became president of CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 207 the Cincinnati Trust Company, C. C. Richardson and M. E. Moch, vice presidents, N. S. Keith secretary and F. R. Williams treasurer. The next two years marked the sudden moving of many of the Third street banks to Fourth street. The Firsf National Bank building at Fourth and Walnut streets, of nineteen stories, was completed in June 1904, the Ingalls building was erected, with the Merchants National Bank occupying the second floor, the Citizens National built at the corner of Fourth and Main, the German National at Fourth and Vine, the Third National on Fourth between Vine and Race, and the Fourth National on Fourth between Vine and Walnut. Thus the so-called "street" became Fourth street instead of Third, as many years before it had changed from lower Main street to Third. This period was also marked by many changes in the presidencies of the larger banks : W. S. Rowe became president of the First National after the death of L. B. Harrison in 1902 ; M. E. Ingalls became president of the Merchants National, C. H. Kellogg succeeded J. D. Hearne at the Third National. C. B. Wright became president of the Ohio Valley National, upon the resignation of James Espy, S. R. Burton succeeded to the head of the Lafayette, after the death of W. A. Goodman, and John M. Blair became president of the Equitable National. In August, 1904, the Ohio Valley National Bank was absorbed by the First National, making the combined capital $3,700,000, with W. S. Rowe president, Joseph Rawson and C. B. Wright vice presidents, and T. J. Davis cashier. The following January, 1905, the First National merged with the National Lafayette, increasing the capital to $5,000,000. S. R. Burton and C. J. Stedman became vice presidents. Another merger of banks took place this same month when the Merchants National absorbed the Equitable National, increasing its capital to $1,200,000, and adding to its list of officers, A. S. Rice, as vice president and W. P. Stamm, as cashier. From 1905 to 1907 ten new banks were chartered by the state and opened in various sections of the city as follows : The Queen City Savings Bank and Trust Company, Walnut Hills Savings and Banking Company, Stock Yards Bank and Trust Company, West End Bank, East End Bank Company, Hyde Park Savings Bank, Liberty Banking and Savings Company, Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company, and the Pearl Street Market Bank. Of these new institutions the Queen City Savings Bank and Trust Company was. the largest, with a capital of $500,000, with W. A. Julian president and M. M. Robertson, vice president. M. M. Robertson became the president in 1907. In 1906 the Fifth National Bank increased its capital to $1,000,000, Charles A. Hinsch being president ; James M. Glenn, vice president ; Edward Seiter, cashier; Monte J. Goble, and Charles H. Shields, assistant cashiers. Late in the year, the Citizens National Bank absorbed the Franklin Bank, the oldest bank in the city, which had been chartered in 1832. Early in 1907 the American Na-tional Bank was organized with a capital of $500,000 and opened an office on Fourth street, west of Walnut, becoming a member of the clearing house. The year 1907 was destined to mark another upheaval of the financial world, as 1857, 1873, and 1893 had been years of especial disturbance to the business of the country. The panic of 1907 swept the whole United States with a sudden- 208 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY ness more marked than that of the preceding panics, and the scarcity of actual currency to care for the needs of trade and manufacture became so marked, that it became known as a money panic. The suddenness with which the lack of enough currency became felt necessitated prompt action throughout the country 0n the part of the banks to care for the situation and to protect the credit of each community ; the country districts all looked to their respective local centers, making action of the various clearing house cities urgent. The Cincinnati Clearing House appointed a committee of W. S. Rowe, president 0f the First National Bank, chairman ; G. P. Griffith, vice president of the Citizens National Bank ; W. W. Brown, vice president of the Merchants National Bank ; George Guckenberger, president of the Atlas National Bank ; Charles A. Hinsch, president of the Fifth National Bank ; and Casper H. Rowe, vice president of the Market National Bank ; to act together and handle the present crisis. The pressing, need was the extraordinary lack of currency ; this was felt in all the large financial centers, who at the most, could only care for themselves and their territory ; accordingly Cincinnati had to rely on itself and prepare to care for the territory depending upon it. The condition of affairs was severe late in October 1907—retail trade, payrolls, labor, the country sections, etc., created a greater demand for currency, particularly in small denominations, than the supply could meet. Accordingly the clearing house committee realizing that the situation must be met by their action, as the whole country was affected by the same stringent condition of money, arranged the issue of cashier's checks, called "script," by each of the fourteen -clearing house banks, in denominations of two, five, ten and twenty dollars, payable through the clearing house, well secured by securities pledged for their redemption. The committee received from each bank various securities, either bonds or customers notes, which had to be acceptable to the committee, against which they delivered to each bank not more than 75 per cent of the value of the securities, in script to the various banks, which were then signed by the banks and put into circulation ; the first one appeared November fourth. The necessity for emergency currency was felt so keenly that the merchants cooperated with the banks in aiding the circulation of the script, advertising that they would accept script for purchases, and in some instances advertising a special discount for script or cash. Thus, if there had been any doubts of the acceptance of the script for practical use in pay-rolls, for paying labor, the aid of the citizens and the press dispelled it, no disturbance of any kind being felt, the cashiers checks passing as currency freely. Other clearing house cities issued similar checks, and the situation soon became more relieved—the panic and fear which had led to the hoarding of currency by the over cautious became less violent and soon more actual currency appeared in circulation. Thus in a few weeks after the issuance in Cincinnati the clearing house committee called for the retirement of 25 per cent of the issue: that amount of notes was returned to the committee by each bank, the numbers of the retired bills carefully checked off of the list of those issued, a proportionate amount of collateral was returned to each bank, and the returned scrip was burned in the presence of the committee and an official of the bank of issue. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 209 After the first retirement the banks turned in the notes very quickly, and in an incredibly short time practically all were retired except a small portion held by the public, a few lost or destroyed, etc. Thus the money panic of 1907 was soon over, Cincinnati having passed through the period with great credit to herself, caring for its merchants, manu-facturers, and keeping the adjacent territory supplied with a circulating medium. The check to business, however, was severe, and the following years showed the effects of the panic throughout the country. The issuance of emergency currency by the various clearing houses was felt to have been the only mode of procedure possible under existing monetary laws—from the now more apparent need of an elastic currency system in the country, the advisability of legislation to effect some change for the better became a universal topic which led to the establishing of the National Monetary Commission by the government which has now, 1911, offered the suggestion of a National Reserve Association, or central bank owned by all the banks of the country, to issue circulating notes secured somewhat as the panic scrip was, in times of stringency, thus creating a really elastic currency. As yet this is merely a plan offered to the country for criticism and improvement to be put in the form of a bill to be introduced into congress only when it is felt to be in a form generally acceptable, and, as far as possible, approved by the different sections of the country as a remedy to exist-ing currency conditions. The year 1908, following the panic, was a very quiet one in Cincinnati, general business being inactive. In June the Fifth and Third National Banks con-solidated, as the Fifth-Third National Bank, with a capital of $2,500,000, occupied the Third National's building, with Charles A. Hinsch president, W. A. Lemmon, E. A. Seiter vice presidents, Monte J. Goble cashier, C. T. Perin, C. H. Shields, F. J. Mayer assistant cashiers. In November the American National Bank was absorbed by the Fifth-Third, making the capital $2,700,000. The year 1909 marked the organization of five more banks, the Mohawk German Banking and Savings Company in May, the Commerce and Deposit Bank in June, the Evanston Bank, the Court House Savings Bank id July, and the German American Commercial and Savings Bank in October. In December of this year the First National and the Merchants National Banks consolidated, the First National increasing its capital to $6,000,000, W. W. Brown became a vice president of the First, W. P. Stamm, and C. A. Stevens becoming assistant cashiers. In January 1910, the private bank of S. Kuhn & Sons was absorbed by the Fifth-Third National Bank, its deposits transferred, Louis Kuhn becoming a vice president of the Fifth-Third National Bank. This marked the disappearance of private banks in Cincinnati, which had been at one time far greater in number than those with charters. In August the Queen City Savings Bank and Trust Company went into liquidation, the deposits transferred to the Provident Savings Bank and Trust Company, and its assets liquidated, the liquidation extending over a long term, the amount to be paid stockholders being still undetermined. The only new bank to organize was the Winton Savings Bank at Winton Place. The present year of 1911 has been marked by the establishing of a clearing house examiner ; Samuel L. McCune, formerly the National Bank examiner for Vol. II-14 210 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY this district, was chosen as resident examiner, to examine all clearing house banks and banks clearing through members, to report the result of each examination to the president and directors of each institution respectively, with suggested changes where needed. The necessary details of the new examining department of the clearing house to0k considerable time, and the actual examinations are expected to start during the winter months of 1911-1912. Two failures of state banks occurred during the year ; in April the Commerce and Deposit Bank closed, and in September the Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company failed to open—both institutions are in process of liquidation under the direction of the state banking department. The death of George Guckenberger, who had been president of the Atlas National Bank since 1894, was a great loss to the banking district. . Albert Lackman was elected to succeed to the presidency, William Guckenberger becoming vice president, Charles J. Ziegler, cashier, and Christian Haehnie, Jr., assistant cashier. The four large trust companies joined the clearing house in September, namely the Central Trust and Safe Deposit Company, the Union Savings Bank and Trust Company, the Cincinnati Trust Company, and the Provident Savings Bank and Trust Company, making fourteen members in all, namely, the First, Second, Fourth, Fifth-Third, Citizens, German, Market, and Atlas National, Banks, the Western German Bank, City Hall Bank, and the four trust companies. There have been three increases in capitalization during the last few years ; in 1909 the Second National Bank doubled its capital, making it $1,000,000--shortly after which, E. E. Galbraith became president, upon the resignation of C. H. Davis. The Cincinnati Trust Company increased its capital to $1,000,000 ; early in 1910 the Fifth-Third National increased its capital to $3,000,000, from $2,750,000. Thus in 1911 the combined capital of the National Banks is $13,900,000, and that of the State Banks and Trust Companies $5,743,910. The total deposits in September, 1911, in both National and State banks amounted to about 834,000,000. The Postal Savings Bank was opened in Cincinnati early in September, at the postoffice, under the new Postal Savings Bank Act ; thus the United States government became interested in banking again after a lapse of sixty-five years, when the branch of the second bank of the United States was withdrawn in 1836, when the renewal of its charter was refused. CINCINNAT1 BANKS AND BANKERS 1N THE YEAR 1872, GIVING THEIR CAPITAL STOCK OR THE AMOUNT LISTED FOR TAXATION TO THE COUNTY AUDITOR. C. F. Adae and Company,. called German Savings Institution, southwest corner Third and Main. Mrs. Ellen Adae, A. Seinecke, Carl A. G. Adae, Chas. A. Adae. Tax return, $11,157. Andrews, Bissell & Co., northeast corner Third and Walnut. Tax return, $28,000. A. H. Andrews and H. B; Bissell. Bepler & Co., northwest corner Third and Main. Edward Bepler. A. G. Burt & Co., northeast corner Third and Walnut. Tax return $30,000. A. G. Burt and John T. Hooper. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 211 Cincinnati Savings Society, 29 West Third street. J. L. Wayne, president ; Henry Kessler, vice president ; J. L. Thompson, treasurer. Commercial Bank, 132 Main street. Capital, $200,000. E. H. Pendleton, president ; Hugh Colville, cashier ; Edward A. Foote, assistant cashier. S. S. Davis & Co., 61 West Third street. Tax return, $12,245. S. S. Davis and F. S. Davis. Espy, Heidelbach & Co., southeast carrier Third and Vine. Tax return, $128,742. James Espy, Phillip Heidelbach, Louis Heidelbach, Isaac Ickelheimer. Evans & Co., 73 West Third street. Tax return, $63,659. Jason Evans, H. W. Hughes. First National Bank, northwest corner Third and Walnut. Capital $1,200,000. L. B. Harrison, president ; A. S. Winslow, vice president ; Theodore Stanwood, cashier ; Geo. W. Forbes, assistant cashier. Fourth National Bank, 69 West Third street. Capital $500,000. The0dore Cook, president ; M. M. White, cashier. Franklin Bank, Third street. B. F. Brannan, president ; John Kilgour, vice president. Gilmore, Dunlap & Co., 108 West Fourth street. Tax returns, $27,000. James Gilmore, Wm. J. Dunlap, Robert E. Dunlap, John G. Brotherton Heidelbach, Baur & Co., southeast corner Third and Vine. Phillip Heidelbach, Theodore Baur, James Espy, Louis Heidelbach, Isaac Icke lheimer. Jos. A. Hemann & Co., southwest corner Third and Walnu t. Tax return, $34,400. Joseph A. Hemann. Samuel B. Keys & Co. Tax return, $17,556. Samuel B. Keys, Edward T. Lea. E. Kinney & Co., 51 West Third street. Tax return, $67,956. Eli Kinney, Wm. R. Lowe, F. M. Huburd. Lafayette Bank, Third street. Tax return, $61,160. Joseph C. Butler, Henry Peachey, Reuben R. Springer, Chas. P. Cassilly. Joseph C. Butler, president ; Henry Peachey, cashier. Larkin, Wright & Co., 25 West Third street. Tax return, $283,250. Joseph F. Larkin, John R. Wright, John Cochnower, Harvey DeCamp, John M. Phillips, Thos. Sharp, Richard S. Rust, C. W. Friend, Thomas Fox, George Fox. Merchants' National Bank, 77 West street. Capital $1,000,000. D. J. Fallis, president ; John Young, vice president ; H. C. Yergason, cashier ; W. W. Brown, assistant cashier. Miami Valley Savings Society, 13 West Third street. Henry E. Spencer, president ; W. B. Dodds, treasurer. N. G. Nettleton & Co., 69 West Third street. Tax return, $24,067. N. G. Nettleton. Safe Deposit Co. of Cincinnati Lafayette Franklin Bank Bldg. Joseph C. Butler, president; Samuel P. Bishop, secretary. Seasongood, Netter & Co., 37 West Third street. Tax return, $35,117. Jacob Seasongood, Jacob Netter, Adolph J. Seasonood, Albert Netter. Second National Bank, Courthouse Bldg. Capital, $200,000. Seth Evans, president ; W. H. Davis, vice president ; S. S. Rowe, cashier. 212 - CINCINNATI-THE QUEEN CITY Third National Bank, 65 West Third street. Capital $800,000. Oliver Perin, president ; W. A. Goodman, vice president ; G. P. Griffith, cashier ; Ammi Baldwin, assistant cashier. Walnut Street Bank, northwest corner Third and Walnut. Capital $25,000. G. H. Bussing & Co., G. H. Bussing, Thos. Scanlon. This recital of Cincinnati banking changes during one hundred and five years, from 1807, when the Miami Exporting Company began accepting deposits and issuing notes for circulation, to the present day, has covered the various epochs, first of banking and note issue, up to the crash in values of 1820, due to the too sudden increase in real estate values based upon credit followed by five years of recovery and then normal growth of banking capital from then on. Next the great increase in the number of private banks, due to the difficulty in obtaining state charters. This was followed by the National Bank Act, and the consequent establishment of banks with national charters. Soon later the state became more liberal in granting charters, private banks either obtained charters or liquidated, and in recent years a number of mergers brought enough banking capital in the few large banks to care for the needs of the city as the population increased. Cincinnati banks, now, with the increased usefulness of the clearing house, should be well prepared to care for the needs of this community. CINCINNATI CLEARING HOUSE BANKS. First National Bank '63. Clearing House Number 1. Joined Clearing House 1866. Second National Bank '63. Clearing House Number 2. Joined Clearing House 1866. Third National Bank '63. Clearing House Number 3. Joined Clearing House 1866. Merged with Fifth National in 1908. Bank of the Ohio Valley '58. No Number. Joined Clearing House 1866. Absorbed by Third National in 1871. Fourth National Bank '63. Clearing House Number 4. Joined Clearing House 1866. Central National Bank '65. Clearing House Number 5. Joined Clearing House 1866. Merged with First National in 1871. Fallis & Co. '55, Merchants National '65. Clearing House Number 6. Joined Clearing House 1866. Merged with First National in 1909. Commercial Bank '29, Commercial National '66. Clearing House Number 7. Joined Clearing House 1866. Commercial Bank '71. Failed 1895. Ohio National Bank '65. Clearing House Number 8. Joined Clearing House 1866. National Lafayette '79. Merged First National 1905. Franklin Bank '33. Clearing House Number, 9. Joined Clearing House 1866. Merged with Citizens National in 1906. Lafayette Bank '34. Clearing House Number 10. Joined Clearing House 1866. National Lafayette '79. Merged First National 1905. C. F. Adae & Co. (German Savings Institution) '57. Clearing House Number 11. Joined Clearing House 1866. Failed in 1878. CINCINNATI-THE QUEEN CITY - 213 Espy, Heidelbach & Co. '62. Clearing House Number 12. Joined Clearing House 1866. Became Ohio Valley National Bank in 1886. Merged with First National 1905. Homans & Co. '58. No Number. Joined Clearing House 1866. Failed in 1869. Jas. Gilmore & Co. '21. Clearing House Number 13. Joined Clearing House 1866. Absorbed by National Bank Commerce in 1878. Seasongood, Netter Co. '70. Clearing House Number 14. Joined Clearing House 1870. Became Equitable National Bank, merged with Merchants National in 1905. Smead, Collard & Hughes '44. (Citizens Bank). Clearing House Number 15. Joined Clearing House 1866. Became Union National Bank '81. Merged with Ohio Valley National Bank in 1887. E. Kinney & Co. '55. Clearing House Number 16. Joined Clearing House 1866. Failed 1877. Jos. F. Larkin & Co. '58. Clearing House Number 17. Joined Clearing House 1866. Became Metropolitan National Bank 1881. Failed '88. Hewson, White & Co. '62. Clearing House Number 18. Joined Clearing House 1866. Deposits Transferred to Fourth National 1875. Andrews, Bissell & Co. '68. Clearing House Number 19. Joined Clearing House 1868. Became National Bank Commerce '75. Merged with Lafayette Bank 1879. Jos. A. Hemann & Co. '68. Clearing House Number 20. Joined Clearing House 1868. Failed in 1877. Hakman, Henghold & Co. '73. (Called German American Bank.) Clearing House Number 21. Joined Clearing House 1873. Failed in 1877. N. G. Nettleton & Co. '73. Clearing House Number 22. Joined Clearing House 1873. Voluntary Liquidation in 1877. Herman Levi & Co. '73. Clearing House Number 23. Joined Clearing House 1873. Voluntary Liquidation in 1877. German Banking Co. '73. Clearing House Number 24. Joined Clearing House 1873. Became German National Bank in 1881. Geo. H. Bussing & Co. '55 (Walnut Street Bank). Clearing House Number 25. Joined Clearing House 1873. Failed in 1877. Western German Bank '75. Clearing House Number 26. Joined Clearing House 1875. S. Kuhn & Sons '76. Clearing House Number 27. Joined Clearing House 1876. Absorbed by Fifth-Third National in 1909. Bank of Cincinnati '77. Clearing House Number 28. Joined Clearing House 1877. Absorbed by Citizens National in 1881. Citizens National Bank '80. Clearing House Number 29. Joined Clearing House 1880. Exchange National Bank '82. Clearing House Number 5. Joined Clearing House 1882. Absorbed by Cincinnati National in 1884. Queen City National Bank '82. Clearing House Number 31. Joined Clearing House 1882. Became Fifth National in 1888. Became Fifth-Third National in 1908. 214 - CINCINNATI-THE QUEEN CITY Cincinnati National Bank '83. Clearing House Number 32. Joined Clearing House 1883. Deposits acquired by Ohio Valley National 1887. Fidelity Safe Deposit & Trust Co. Clearing House Number 33. Joined Clearing House 1884. Clearing House Number given Fidelity National in 1886, which failed in 1887. Atlas National Bank '87. Clearing House Number 35. Joined Clearing House 1887. Market National Bank '87. Clearing House Number 36. Joined Clearing House 1887. City Hall Bank '87. Clearing House Number 37. Joined Clearing House 1893. American National Bank '07. Clearing House Number 38. Joined Clearing House 1907. Merged with Fifth-Third National in 1908. Central Trust & Safe Deposit Co. '83. Clearing House Number 39. Joined Clearing House 1911. Union Savings Bank & Trust Co. 890. Clearing House Number 40. Joined Clearing House 1911. Cincinnati Trust Co. 1900. Clearing House Number 41. Joined Clearing House 1911. Absorbed by Provident Savings Bank and Trust Co. in 1911. Provident Savings Bank & Trust Co. Two. Clearing House Number 42. Joined Clearing House 1911. CHAPTER XIII. MEDICAL CINCINNATI. THE PIONEER PHYSICIAN AND THE HARDSHIPS HE ENDURED—FIRST KNOWN DISCIPLE OF ESCULAPIUS A SURVEYOR KILLED BY THE 1NDIANS—DR. DRAKE THE MOST NOTED PIONEER WHO WRITES OF HIS TIME ENTERTAININGLY—MEDICAL COLLEGES—LIBRARIES—SOCIETIES—HOSPITALS. BY A. G. DRURY, A. M., M. D. FORE-WORD. The medical history of Cincinnati for the first thirty years of the city's existence is that of individuals only, no records have been found of any organizations prior to 1818. Thanks for material assistance are tendered to the officers and staffs of the various hospitals, the authorities of the medical colleges, the editors of the medical journals, and to the librarians and assistants of the libraries. The works consulted have been:—"Drake's Discourses." Mansfield's "Life of Daniel Drake," Ford's History of Cincinnati, Grove's Centennial History of Cincinnati. From "Daniel Drake and His Followers," by Otto Juettner, M. D., I have quoted literally and liberally. The 28th day of December, 1788, is generally conceded to be the date of the first settlement of Cincinnati. On that day Israel Ludlow, with about thirty companions landed at what is now the foot of Sycamore street, then known as Yeatman's Cove. Here they built three or four cabins. The present site of Cincinnati had been visited by John Cleves Symmes, Col. R0bert Patterson, Matthias Denman, and John Filson, in September, 1788. Denman decided to lay out a town at this point. John Filson, who was a surveyor, schoolmaster, and historian, gave to the place the name "Losantiville." During this expedition Filson suddenly disappeared, and, it is believed, was killed by the Indians. He had been a student of medicine for more than a year, and was looking hopefully into the future when he would be able to quit teaching and surveying, and settle down in Lexington, Ky., as a physician. He was therefore the first medical man whose name is associated with the history of Cincinnati.¹ GENERAL ARTHUR ST. CLAIR was a Scotchman by birth, and a graduate of the University of Edinburgh, where he began the study of medicine. Subsequently he continued this study in London under the great John Hunter. Later ¹ "D. D. & His Fol." - 215 - 216 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY he came to America, and served with distinction in the Revolutionary war. He was a member of the military "Order of the Cincinnati." He arrived at Fort Washington, January 1, 1790. Later he gave to the village the name "Cincinnati," abolishing Filson's "Losantiville." St. Clair's defeat occurred in the latter part of September, 1791. The office of coroner is said to have been created by him. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, general, and president of the United States, was born in Virginia in 1773, attended medical lectures in the universities of Virginia and Pennsylvania. He entered the army as an 0fficer of the line instead of the medical staff. He was in command of Fort Washington, as captain from 1795 to 1798.² Drake tells us that Harrison's medical knowledge enabled him frequently to give relief to those who could not, at the moment, command the services of a physician, and also inspired him with an abiding interest in the profession. This he successfully displayed more than twenty-five years afterwards, when a member of the senate of Ohio. The bill establishing the Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum of Ohio (Jan. 22, 1821) met with much opposition. This opposition he combatted with, his usual energy. Harrison was afterwards first president of the first board of trustees of the Medical College of Ohio, created by the legislature, December 12, 1822. PIONEER PHYSICIANS. Drake tells us (Drake's Discourses) the pioneers of the profession were largely the surgeons of the army. It was the custom of these gentlemen, not merely to give gratuitous attendance on the people of the village, but also to furnish medicines from the' army hospital chests through a period when none were imported from the east. DR. RICHARD ALLISON, the first of the army surgeons who remained after the army was disbanded, was born in Goshen, N. Y., in T757. In 1776 he entered the Army of the Revolution as a surgeon's mate, and continued in it to the end of the war. When the government sent an army to the west, he reentered the service, and acted as surgeon general in the campaigns of Harmar, St. Clair and Wayne. In the summer of 1792, between the campaigns of St. Clair and Wayne, Dr. Ollison was stationed at Fort Finney, opposite the city of Louisville. After an honorable career as an army surgeon he retired in 1798, and built a house at the present corner of Fourth and Lawrence streets. This place was known as Peach. Grove. In 1799, he removed to a farm on the Little Miami. where he intended to indulge his taste for agriculture, and do a little speculating in real estate. To that end he projected a settlement to be known as "Allisonia," and depicted its healthfulness and prospects in glowing style. In 1805, he returned to the city, and had an office at the southwest corner of Fourth and Sycamore streets. He died in 1816. His monument can still be seen in Wesleyan cemetery. ² Ford. Hist. of Cinn. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 217 DR. JOHN HOLE.—The owners of the original town site gave lots to settlers who agreed to cultivate the soil and build a house. Among the first eighty settlers who became. landowners in Cincinnati, was Dr. John Hole. He was among the first in 1789. He was born in Virginia in 1754. He responded to the first call for troops in the Revolutionary war. He was surgeon's mate in the Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion, and continued in active service during the war, He fought at Bunker Hill, and was present when Washington assumed command of the army. Dr. Hole served on the staff of General Montgomery, after whom Mont-gomery county, O., was named. He was present at the battles of Quebec and Montmorency. He introduced cowpox inoculation in Cincinnati in the winter of 1792-3, the smallpox having been then introduced for the first time. In 1797 he purchased 1,440 acres of land on Silver Creek, in Washington township, paying for it with revolutionary land warrants. He was the first person baptized in Silver Creek, the name of which was changed to Hole's Creek. At the be-ginning of the War of 1812 he was offered a position on the medical staff of the army, which failing health compelled him to decline. He died January 6, 1813.³ DR. CARMICHAEL was another of the army surgeons who practiced gratuitously in Cincinnati. Not many particulars are known of him. He came from New Jersey and was a surgeon's mate when he arrived in Fort Washington, in x789. He remained in the army until 1802, when he was discharged upon the reduction of the army. When the United States troops went to occupy Louisiana after its purchase, he conducted the baggage and munitions from Fort Adams, below Natchez, to New Orleans. He then bought a cotton plantation, on which he lived to an advanced age. DR. JOSEPH PHILLIPS was born in New Jersey in 1766, came to Fort Washington in 1793 as a surgeon's mate, returned east in 1795, retired in 1802 with the rank of surgeon. Drake refers to him as a physician of great skill and a gentleman of culture. He was a close friend of Wm. H. Harrison, afterwards president of the United States. He died in 1846. DR. JOSEPH STRONG was a native of Connecticut, born in 1769, a Yale graduate in the arts, but not a graduate in medicine. He came west with General Wayne, and saw much service during Wayne's campaign. In 1795, he returned to the east, and located in Philadelphia, where he became a friend of Dr. Benjamin Rush. He was a literateur, and poet. He died in 1812. DR. JOHN ELLIOTT, a native of New York, served through the war of independence as a surgeon's mate, and re-enlisted in 1785. He came west with General St. Clair, and was for some time stationed at Fort Washington. He was with Wayne in the campaign of 1794-5, which secured from the Indians the Greenville treaty, brought peace and security to the middle west, and turned the tide of immigration into the country of the Miamis. He located in Dayton, O., in 1812. He was a dignified and courtly gentleman, punctilious in dress and in the amenities. Dr. Drake, who met him in 1804, speaks of him as "a highly accomplished gentleman in a purple silk coat." He died in 1809. ³ D. D. & His Fol., p. 28. 218 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY DR. JOHN SELLMAN was born in Annapolis, Maryland, in 1764. He came from a good family and received an excellent general education. He entered the army as a surgeon's mate, apd came to Fort Washington with General Wayne in 1793. He resigned in 1794, and took up his residence on Front street between Sycamore and Broadway. For several years he was surgeon to the Newport Barracks. Like many of his confreres in the army he was not a graduate in medicine. He took great interest in the affairs of the profession, and was a staunch friend of the Medical College of Ohio, which institution conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine, in 1826. He died in this city in 1827. DR. WILLIAM BURNET, JR., was a son of Dr. William Burnet, surgeon general of the Revolutionary army in the eastern department, and brother of Judge David Burnet, who was for several decades an eminent. lawyer and citizen of Cincinnati. Drake says he was the first physician, apart from the army surgeons, who came to Cincinnati. He was born in New Jersey, and was a graduate of Nassau Hall, Pripceton. He was not a graduate in medicine. He served through the Revolutionary war as a surgeon's mate. He arrived in Cincinnati in 1789 but a few months after the first landing, bringing with him both books and medicines. In the spring of 1791, he revisited his native state. Soon after reaching there he obtained from the Grand Masonic Lodge of New Jersey, the warrant under which the Nova Caesarea Harmony Lodge No. 2, of this city was constituted. He subsequently lived near Newark, New Jersey. The date of his death is not known. DR. CALVIN MORRELL.—When Dr. Burnet came west he brought with him Dr. Morrell, a brother Mason, who also hailed from New Jersey. He was present at the organization of the Nova Caesarea Harmony Lodge No. 2. He did not remain long in Cincinnati, but joined the Shakers of Union village, near Lebanon, Ohio, and died there. DR. ROBERT MCCLURE came from Brownsville, Pennsylvania, in 1792, and opened an office on Sycamore street between Third and Fourth, where he enjoyed a good practice, which Drake tells us was not due to his own excellence as a physician, but to the splendid attributes of his wife, who was exceedingly popular with all classes. Dr. Drake also says : "In those days it was customary with the army officers to drink bitters in the morning—those of Dr. Stoughton, of London, being preferred ; but as importations were sometimes suspended, Dr. McClure made a tincture, and putting it up in small vials, labeled them Best Stoughton Bitters, prepared in Cincinnati by Dr. Robert McClure." This seems to have caused much amusement to the officers. The Sentinel contained advertisements of these bitters. In some of these the doctor asked for the return of empty bottles. In 1801, Dr. McClure left Cincinnati, and returned to his native place, where he died. DR. JOHN CRANMER.—For about six years after Dr. McClure came no other physician seems to have located in Cincinnati. In 1798, Dr. Cranmer arrived, and made his home on the north side of Second or Columbia street, between Main and Walnut. He was a native of Pittsburgh, Penn., where he picked up an elementary knowledge of medicine in the office of Dr. Bedford, a prominent phy- CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 219 sician of that place. With little education, and no formal study of medicine, he nevertheless made steady advancement in practice and reputation for thirty-four years, or until his death by cholera in 1832. DR. JESSE SMITH was born in Peterboro, New Hampshire, March 6, 1793, on the farm owned by his grandfather, William Smith, and subsequently by his father, Robert Smith. The farm home is still owned by a branch of the family at the present time (1912). Through his grandmother, Elizabeth Morrison, as well as through his grandfather, William Smith, he inherited the traits of his Scotch ancestry—traits which were indeed valuable in the early days of rugged New England. The children were brought up with rigid care as to their service and duty to God and man—as to their morals, their habits of industry—and always with a strong love for reading, though the education was mainly conducted at home. No word of Scotch dialect was ever permitted in the household. Young Jesse, at the age of seventeen, entered Dartmouth College, from which institution he was graduated in 1814. Having determined upon a medical career and being short of purse," he spent the next five years in teaching and attending Harvard Medical College, graduating there in 1819. He was called at once to the chair of surgery and anatomy at Dartmouth, his alma mater. Here he remained but one year, as he accepted a call to the Ohio Medical College in Cincinnati, then newly organized under a law passed by the Ohio legislature in 1820. Cincinnati was a growing city. In 1800 it was a town of but seven hundred and fifty inhabitants, the corner of Sixth and Vine was a wheat field and Seventh street was its northern limit. In 1818 Cincinnati had ten thousand inhabitants and in 1820 it was growing rapidly. Many were the men of culture and excellence in those days. The pioneer spirit is always one of great energy, if not always without selfish interests. It boasted a public library, a mechanics' institute and various other institutions. The Cincinnati College, the outcome of Lancaster school, was organized in 1820 with Dr. Elijah Slack as president, its first commencement occurring the following year. The Ohio Medical College had received its charter about the same time, with a faculty consisting of Dr. Daniel Drake, Dr. Samuel Brown and Dr. Coleman Rogers. This combination lasted but a few months, when both the latter men withdrew owing to differences with Dr. Drake. Dr. Drake was a man of fervent temperament ; he was eager, restless and tyrannical against all opposition, and yet a man of great ability. A harmonious relation with trustees or professors seemed so impossible to him that all the earlier years of the medical college were taken up with dissensions or the so called "Drake controversy." After the resignation of the two professors, before mentioned, it was decided to call two eastern men of great promise and ability to fill their places. Dr. Benjamin Bohrer was accordingly given the chair of materia medica and pharmacy, and Dr. Jesse Smith was given the chair of surgery and anatomy. Within a short time Dr. Bohrer withdrew and the public was shocked to realize that the success of the college, nay its life, was hopelessly thwarted by the constant friction among its trustees, who were also its professors. In 1821, at a faculty meeting composed of Drs. Drake, Slack and Smith, Dr. Drake was expelled by the votes of his colleagues. Their idea was to give to the college a large board of trustees, composed of leading, influ- 220 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY ential citizens, who would regulate its business affairs and leave the scientific work to the professors. Alas, it could not be accomplished, though the new board was appointed. The public had lost interest in the affairs of the college, which disinterest extended also to a movement on the part of Dr. Drake to establish a medical department in the Cincinnati College in opposition to the Ohio Medical College. This also failed. So bitter was the enmity at this time between Dr. Drake and Dr. Smith that Dr. Smith was urged by his friends to go armed, which, however, he declined to do. At this time, in 1822, Dr. Smith had a contrasting experience which served to soothe his troubles in the west. He returned to Boston, where he was married to the sweetheart of his youth, Eliza Bailey, (laughter of Jonathan Bailey and Elizabeth Gordon of the Scotch family of Gordons. President Kirkland of Harvard University performed the marriage ceremony. The newly wedded couple returned by carriage to Cincinnati, taking six weeks for the journey. They made their home on Walnut street, the east side, between Third and Fourth streets, where there was but one other home on the block. During the next ten years Dr. Smith was indefatigable as a surgeon. He became dean of the medical college and built an addition to his home, where he could give special courses of lectures. His fame as a surgeon was second to none in the west, patients coming to him from the neighboring states as well as from the immediate vicinity of Cincinnati. One writer, in describing Dr. Jesse Smith, said : "Smith was undoubtedly a strong man. As a surgeon he enjoyed a great reputation. He was a bold and original operator, familiar with surgical literature and much esteemed as a well posted anatomist. As a lecturer lie was well liked by the students, many of whom sided with him against Drake. In appearance he was a handsome man, over six' feet in height, broad shouldered and well proportioned, with blonde hair and blue eyes and with athletic and military bearing. Smith was a highly cultured gentleman, a fairly good talker and an acknowledged excellent teacher of surgery. He was a man of strong mind and indomitable will power. In the early troubles of the college he took an active part, but he never went out of his way to show his dislike for Drake. He had the welfare of the Ohio College at heart, although his judgment was often at fault. He never cared to waste time and effort in amicable and tactful settlements, always going directly to the point. He made large contributions to medical literature." In 1833, at the age of forty, after only ten hours' illness, he succumbed to the cholera epidemic. His untimely death, following upon a year of heroic effort to save others from the dread disease, was a great shock and loss to the community. He was a trustee of the Unitarian church. He left considerable property to his wife and one (laughter, though he himself had taken little note of the business side of his profession. His wife had been his help and counselor. He has been accused of vanity by one of his critics, but, strange to say, there is no portrait of him nor is it believed that he ever had one taken. His short career of great efficiency, forcefulness and dignity of character left a deep impression upon the early medical annals of Cincinnati. The most distinguished physician of Cincinnati in the early years of the nineteenth century was Dr. Wm. Goforth. Dr. Drake says of him: "Dr. Wil- CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 221 liam Goforth, of whom I knew more than of all whom I have mentioned, was born in the city of New York, in 1766. His preparatory education was good. His private preceptor was Dr. Joseph Young, a physician of some eminence, who, in the year 1800, published a small volume on the universal diffusion of electricity, and its agency in astronomy, physiology, and therapeutics. Goforth also enjoyed the more substantial teachings of that distinguished anatomist and surgeon, Dr. Charles AleKnight, then a public lecturer in New York. In 1778 he accompanied his brother-in-law, General John S. Gano, to the west. On the tenth of June 1788, they landed at Maysville, Ky., then called Limestone. Settling in Washington, then the second town in population in Kentucky, he acquired great popularity, and had the chief practice of the county for eleven years. In 1799, he came to Columbia township, where his father, Judge Goforth, one of the most distinguished pioneers of Ohio, resided. In the spring of 1800, Dr. Goforth removed to Cincinnati and occupied the "Peach Grove" house, at that time vacated by Dr. Allison's removal to the country. He immediately acquired an extensive practice. Dr. Drake says he had the most winning manners of any man he ever knew, and the most of them. He dressed with great precision, and never left his home in the morning until his hair was powdered, and his gold-headed cane was grasped by his gloved hand. He took a warm interest in the politics of the Northwest Territory. His devotion to Masonry was such that he always embellished his signature with some of its emblems. To Dr. Goforth the people were indebted for the introduction of the cowpox at an earlier time than elsewhere in the west. Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse, of Boston, had received the infection from England in the year 1800, and early in 1801 Dr. Goforth received it and commenced vaccination in this place. Dr. Drake was one of his first patients. In 1803, Dr. Goforth, at great expense, dug up, at Big Bone Springs, Kentucky, and brought to this place, the most diversified and remarkable mass of huge fossil bones that were ever disinterred at one time or place in the United States ; the whole of which he intrusted to a swindling Englishman, Thomas Ashe, alias D'Arville, who sold them in Europe and kept the proceeds. Dr. Goforth was the patron of all who were engaged in searching for the precious metals in the surrounding wilderness. They brought their specimens to him, and usually lived at his expense while he had the analysis made. The clarification of ginseng, and its shipment to China was a popular scheme in which the doctor eagerly participated. The French Revolution of 1789 had exiled many educated and accomplished men and women. The doctor's sympathies were with the Revolutionists, some of whom came to the west. The doctor's association with one of these so raised his admiration for the French that he began preparations for migration to the south. President Jefferson had purchased Louisiana from Bonaparte. Early in 1807, he departed in a flatboat for the lower Mississippi. He was appointed a parish judge, and subsequently elected by the Creoles of Attakapas to represent them in forming the first constitution of the state of Louisiana. Soon after he removed to New Orleans. During the invasion of that city by the British he acted as surgeon to a regiment of Louisiana volunteers. By this time his taste for French manners had been satisfied, and he determined to return to this city. On the first of May, 1816, he left with his family on a keelboat, and on the 222 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY twenty-eighth of December, after a voyage of eight months, reached this city. He immediately reacquired practice ; but in the following spring he died from hepatitis, contracted by his summer sojourn on the river. In the medical history of the west one gigantic figure towers above all others. For nearly half a century Daniel Drake was the dominant factor in educational development of every kind. medical, scientific, and literary. Daniel Drake, second child of Isaac and Elizabeth Shotwell Drake—the first child, a daughter, having died in infancy—was born on a farm near the town of Plainville, New Jersey, October 20, 1788. Isaac Drake and Elizabeth Shotwell were married in 1783, and began housekeeping on the farm of Nathaniel Drake. Dr. Drake's grandparents were Nathaniel and Dorothy Retan Drake. Nathaniel Drake owned a grist mill on a branch of the Raritan river. Dr. Drake said of this : "I was the first-born son, which, in some countries would have made me a miller." Isaac Drake had two brothers, Cornelius and Abraham. Five families emigrated to Maysville, Kentucky : Isaac, Cornelius and Abra-ham Drake, and David Morris and John Shotwell, reaching that place on the 16th of June, 1788. Daniel Drake had a sister, Elizabeth, two and a half years younger than himself, and a brother, Benjamin, born in Mason county, Kentucky, in 1795. Daniel Drake's childhood was spent in a log-cabin. He received his first schooling from itinerant schoolmasters, who would establish themselves in conveniently located cabins and teach the children of the settlers the elements of reading, writing and arithmetic. At the age of seven Daniel was a fair reader. The next four years were spent in labor on his father's farm. Drake's early years were spent in close communion with nature. "'What to an ordinary observer was barren and unattractive, was to him a source of infinite interest and delight. The impressions thus made on the boy's mind during the formative period of life, were the elements out of which the mind of the future man was constructed. Drake became an eminent naturalist and great physician because of that fact." At about eleven years of age he was able to resume his studies under the guidance of an instructor who came from Maryland, and opened a school in the Mayslick district. Cornelius Drake, a brother of Daniel Drake's father, had settled near the place where the Drakes lived. He was a prosperous man, and in 1796 sent his son, John, a young man probably six years older than Daniel, to Dr. Wm. Goforth, who was practicing medicine in Washington, Kentucky. John Drake remained three years with Dr. Goforth, and then continued his studies at the University of Pennsylvania. John Drake spent his vacations on his father's place. Daniel became greatly interested in his cousin John's books. He devoted every spare moment to study. His father favored the idea of Daniel becoming a doctor. It was intended that John Drake should locate in Maysville, and that Daniel should study under him. John Drake died about the time of his graduation. His death was directly instrumental in bringing Daniel to Cincinnati. Had John Drake lived, Daniel would have be-come a country doctor. Dr. Goforth, who was probably the first teacher of medicine in the West, having for his first pupil John Drake, in 1796, removed to Columbia in 1799, and to Cincinnati in 1800. Isaac Drake made the acquaintance of Dr. Goforth CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 223 in 1788, during their long voyage down the Ohio river. He greatly admired the doctor's knowledge, and believed he was a great physician. Half in earnest, he told Dr. Goforth that Daniel, then three years old, should some day be a doctor, and Dr. Goforth should be his teacher. When the time arrived Isaac Drake went to Cincinnati, and arranged with the doctor the terms of apprenticeship for Daniel. On the 16th of December, 1800, accompanied by his father and a neighbor, Daniel set out on horseback for Cincinnati. Two days later they reached the town. The arrangement which Isaac Drake made with Dr. Goforth was that Daniel should live in the doctor's family, and that he should remain with him four years, at the end of which he was to be made a doctor. It was also agreed that he should he sent to school two quarters, that he might learn the Latin language. For his board and services the doctor was to receive $400, a goodly sum for that time. On the loth of December, 1800, he began his studies. His first duties were to read Quincy's Dispensatory, and grind quicksilver into mercurial ointment. Dr. Drake says : "It was my function during the first three years of my pupilage, to put up and distribute medicines over the village. In doing this I was brought even as far west as where Sixth and Vine streets now is." He further says : "But few of you have seen the genuine old 'doctor's shop,' or regaled your olfactory nerves in the mingled odors, which like incense to the god of physic, rose from brown paper bundles, bottles stopped with worm-eaten corks, and jars of ointment ; not a whit behind those of the apothecary in the days of Solomon. Yet such a place is very well for a student; however idle, he will always be absorbing a little medicine, especially if he sleep behind the greasy counter." Through Dr. John Stites, Jr., a young physician, who came from New York, and in 1802 became Dr. Goforth's partner, Drake became acquainted with the writings of Benjamin Rush, whom Dr. Goforth heartily despised. Drake studied the forbidden books, and indirectly won Dr. Goforth over to the new teachings of Rush. Dr. Stites stayed in Cincinnati less than a year, going to Kentucky, where he practiced until his death, five years later, at the early age of twenty-seven years. Dr. Goforth thought so much of his talented pupil that in 1804, when Drake was hardly nineteen years old, he made him a full partner. On the first of August, 1805, Dr. Goforth presented. Drake with an autograph diploma, signing it as "Surgeon-General of the First Division of the Ohio Militia." This was the first diploma conferred on a Cincinnati student, and the first issued west of the Alleghanies to any student of medicine. Equipped with this diploma and lots of enthusiasm, but very little money, Drake started for Philadelphia, arriving there November 9, 1805. After five months (April, 1806) he returned to Cincinnati. Dr. Goforth was then contemplating removal to New Orleans. Drake did not wish to practice in Cincinnati without him, and went to his old home in Mayslick, Kentucky. In April, 1807, Dr. Goforth wrote to him to come to Cincinnati and take his office during his absence. Drake came immediately, and was immediately successful. On the 20th of December, 1807, Dr. Drake was married to Miss Harriet Sisson, a niece of Colonel Jared Mansfield, surveyor-general of the Northwestern Territory. Dr. and Mrs. Drake began housekeeping in the fall of 1807, in a two-story frame house on the east side of Sycamore street, between Third and Fourth 224 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY streets. Dr. Drake was a student of nature as well as of medicine. In 1810, he published his "Notices of Cincinnati, its Topography, Climate and Diseases." In 1815, he brought out his "Picture of Cincinnati." The full title of this work was : "Natural and Statistical View of Cincinnati and the Miami country, illustrated with maps. With an appendix containing observations on the late earthquakes, the. Aurora Borealis, and Southwest Wind." It was the first book written by a Cincinnatian. It is a duodecimo volume of 250 pages, In 1813 Drake became the owner of a drug store on Main street between Second and Third streets, which he conducted with the assistance of his brother Benjamin. It soon became a general store, where hardware and groceries were sold. In this store Drake, after his return from Philadelphia, fitted up the first soda fountain in Cincinnati. In 1815 the Lancaster Seminary was founded, and Drake became one of its trustees. Drake devoted much time to this institution. In a few years (1819) it became the Cincinnati College. In fulfillment of a long cherished desire, Dr. and Mrs. Drake set Out for Philadelphia in October, 1815. There he entered the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania. In the spring of 1816, he received his diploma. and returning to Cincinnati, resumed practice in May, 1816. In addition to his scientific and literary activities, Dr. Drake was interested in civic advancement of every kind. In his "Picture of Cincinnati" he suggested and outlined the canal system of the Middle West. He traced routes from Lake Erie to the Allegheny river ; between the Maumee and Great Miami ; between the Chicago and Illinois rivers ; between the Wisconsin and Fox rivers ; between the Cuyahoga and Muskingum rivers ; from the Great Miami to. Cincinnati; from Maumee bay to Cincinnati. Many of these were projected by 1825. Drake in 1835, earnestly advocating the building of a railroad between Cincinnati and Charlestown, S. C. Early in 1817, Dr. Benjamin W. Dudley, who had established a medical school in connection with Transylvania University, in Lexington, Kentucky, invited Dr. Drake to take the chair of Materia Medica. The offer was accepted, and in the fall of 1817 he moved to Lexington. Thus he became one of the five members of the first faculty of the first medical school in the West. That he had contemplated teaching medicine is shown in an advertisement that ap-peared in the Western Spy, July 9, 1817, three months before he. moved to Lexing-ton. The card states that, "Drs. Drake and Rogers having connected themselves in the practice of their profess. ion have made arrangements for the accommodation and instruction of medical students." After Drake's return a systematic course of instruction was planned by Drake and Rogers. They interested Elijah Slack, president of the Lancaster school, and on May 27, 1818, they announced in the public prints the full curriculum. The first lecture was delivered on the l0th of November, 1818, and the session closed on the 10th of March, 1819. Dr. Drake was one of the founders ig the Western Museum, established in June, 1818. Regular meetings were commenced in July, 1819. In 1820 Dr Drake delivered an address at the opening meeting. Dr. Drake devoted the greater part of the year 1818 to paving the way for the establishment of the Medical College of Ohio. The people of Cincinnati were favorable to the project, but the physicians of the town were indifferent CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 225 or hostile to the movement. They were jealous of Drake, or feared increased competition from the doctors whom the institution would turn out. Drake persisted in his efforts undismayed, and made a personal appeal to the legislature. On January 19, 1819, the legislature passed an Act (Ohio Laws, Vol. 17, p. 37) establishing the Medical College of Ohio. Under the terms of this Act Dr. Drake was elected president, Dr. Coleman Rogers, vice president, and Elijah Slack, registrar and treasurer. The first regular course was to begin in the fall of 1819, but dissensions in the faculty caused a postponement for a year. The opening of the first session, November 1, 1820, saw a class of twenty-four students assembled. On Wednesday, April 4, 1821, a class of seven were graduated. Dr. Drake delivered the valedictory address. The commencement over, strife broke out afresh in the faculty, which at that time consisted of three members. At the close of the second session, March 6, 1822, Dr. Drake was expelled by the votes of his two confreres. Popular indignation demanded his reinstatement, but Dr. Drake promptly handed in his resignation. In 1823 he was again offered the chair of Materia Medica in Transylvania University, and in the fall again went to Lexington. He lectured there during the following three years. In October, 1825, Dr. Drake lost his wife. From this affliction Dr. Drake never recovered. Ever afterwards he observed the anniversary of her death by solitude, fasting and meditation. She was buried in the old Presbyterian cemetery in Cincinnati (now Washington Park), and later in Spring Grove. Dr. Drake was dean of the medical faculty of Transylvania in 1825-6. In the spring of 1826, Drake returned to Cincinnati. Immediately after his return he had a severe attack of meningitis. He had hardly recovered from this when he again began working and making plans. In 1827 he opened on Third street between Main and Walnut, the Cincinnati Eye Infirmary, in connection with Dr. Jedediah Cobb. Dr. Drake engaged in active practice for the next three years, taking part during this time in nearly every thing of public interest, and watching closely the trend of affairs in the Medical College of Ohio. In 185, he was offered a chair in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. This he accepted, and made for himself a splendid record. Before he went to Philadelphia he had decided to establish a new medical college in Cincinnati. He had discussed the plan with some of the trustees of Miami University, at Oxford, Ohio. This was to be known as the Medical Department of Miami University. 4 The cholera of 1832 kept him very busy professionally. For relief he began to cultivate society in the better sense of the word. At that time he lived, with two daughters growing into womanhood, at the corner of Vine and Baker streets. Here he dispensed hospitality from a large buckeye bowl, filled with innocent beverages and decorated with buckeye blossoms and branches. Dr. Drake loved the buckeye, the emblem of the state. In 1833 the College of Teachers was founded, and existed for ten years. It was an aggregation of the brightest and most progressive men in Cincinnati at that time. Drake's contributions to the transactions were frequent and valuable. He advocated compulsory education, the teaching of anatomy and physiology in the common schools. 4 See History of Medical College of Ohio. Vol. II-15 226 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY In 1835 Drake was again asked to take a chair in the Medical College of Ohio. His demands were not acceded to. His answer to this was, the securing of a charter for the Medical Department of the Cincinnati College. (Referred to under Medical Colleges.) After the collapse of this school (1839), Drake accepted an appointment as Professor of Materia Medica and Pathology in the Louisville Medical Institute. Later he was made Professor of Theory and Practice. He moved to Louisville in 1840, and remained there for nearly ten years. In the latter part of 1849, when the Medical College of Ohio was again passing through one of its critical periods Drake was asked to return. At the opening of the session, November 5, 1849, Drake delivered the opening address before the class. It was a resume of a life-long struggle for the idol of his heart. At the end of the session he resigned. He was weary of the endless wrangling. He went back to Louisville, where he was received with open arms. In 1852 he was again importuned to return to the Medical College of Ohio, which was again threatened with dissolution. He began his college work,. but took sick on October 26, 1852, with pneumonia. He died November 6, 1852. Drake in his "Discourses" tells us that in 1818 he issued proposals for a journal, and obtained between two and three hundred subscribers, but other duties interfered (The College Hospital and Insane Asylum) with his entering on its publication. "In March, 1822, Dr. John D. Godman, who had been professor of surgery in the Medical College, but had resigned, issued the first number of the Western Quarterly Reporter, of which Mr. John P. Foote, then a book-seller and cultivator of science, was at his own risk, the publisher. Dr. Godman, at the end of a year, returned to the east, and with the sixth number, the work was discontinued. In the spring of 1826, Drs. Guy W. Wright and James M. Mason, Western graduates, commenced a semi-monthly, under the title of the Ohio Medi-cal Repository. At the end of the first volume, Dr. Drake becaine conbecamewith it in place of Dr. Mason. The title was changed to. Western Medical and Physical Journal and it was published monthly. "At the end of the first volume it came into my exclusive proprietary and editorial charge, under the title of the Western Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences, with the motto, 'E. Sylvis Nuncius.' My first editorial associate was Dr. James C. Finley, the next Dr. Wm. Wood, then Drs. Gross and Harrison. After the dissolution of medical department of the Cincinnati College in 1839, it was transferred to Louisville on my appointment there, and its subscription list was united with that of the Louisville Journal of Medicine and Surgery, begun by Profs. Miller and Yandell, and Dr. T. H. Bell, but suspended after the second number. The title was then modified, and it was again made a monthly. In 1849 my connection with it was dissolved." In the autumn of 1832 the faculty of the Medical College of Ohio projected a semi-monthly under the title of the Western Medical Gazette. It was edited by Professors John Eberle, Thomas D. Mitchell, and Alban G. Smith. At the end of nine months it was suspended. Five months afterwards Dr. Silas Reed revived it as a monthly, and Dr. Samuel D. Gross, then demonstrator of anatomy in the Medical College of Ohio, was added to the editorial corps. It was continued to the completion of the second volume, when in April, 1835, the editors withdrew, and Dr. Reed united it with the Western Journal. In the following autumn, September, 1835, Dr. James M. Mason commenced CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 227 a new publication, to which he gave the na.me, Ohio Medical Repository, the same with that of which he was one of the editors and publishers in 1826. Like that also it was issued semi-monthly. It did not continue through the first year. In the year 1842 Dr. Leonidas M. Lawson founded the Western Lancet, which continued under his charge for thirteen years. In 1855, he sold it to Dr. Thomas Wood. It was continued until 1858, when it was combined with the Medical Observer, a monthly, which had been established in 1856 by Drs. Geo. Mendenhall, John A. Murphy and E. B. Stevens. The name of the combined journal was the Lancet and Observer. In 1873 it was purchased by Dr. J. C. Culbertson. In 1844, Dr. Lawson began the publication of a monthly journal called the Journal of Health. It was intended for the people, and contained much information along hygienic and dietetic lines. It was suspended after two years. The American Psychological Journal was begun by Dr. Edward Mead, pro-fessor of obstetrics in the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery in the session of 1851-2. The following session, 1852-3, he lectured on Mental Diseases and Medical Jurisprudence. After five numbers the journal suspended. Dr. A. H. Baker, founder of the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery (1851), began in 1858 the publication of a monthly journal in the interest of his school.' It was called the Cincinnati Medical News. After the second year it was called the Cincinnati Medical and Surgical News. It was suspended in 1863. The Alumni Association of the same institution started the Cincinnati Medical Journal, in 1885, and published it as a monthly for two years. Dr. C. A. L. Reed was the editor. Drs. R. C. S. Reed and C. A. L. Reed had previously pub-lished the Sanitary News in Hamilton, Ohio. In 1882 and 1883 they issued it from the college building as the Clinical Brief and Sanitary News. It appeared every month. Drs. William Judkins and George B. Orr were associate editors. The Cincinnati Journal of Medicine was begun by Drs. George C. Blackman and Theophilus Parvin, of the Medical College of Ohio, as a monthly, in 1866. It became the Western Journal of Medicine after Parvin removed to Indianapolis, in 1870, and was published in the latter city. It was absorbed by the Lancet and Observer in 1875. The Cincinnati Medical Repertory was founded by Dr. J. A. Thacker in 1868. In 1872 its name was changed to the Medical News. It was suspended in 1890. The Cincinnati Medical and Dental Journal, was established by Drs. A. B. Thrasher and F. W. Sage, as a monthly, in 1885. After three years the dental feature was dropped and the name changed to Cincinnati Medical Journal. It was discontinued in 1896. The Obstetric Gazette was founded by Dr. E. B. Stevens in 1878. In 1885 Dr. J. C. Culbertson became the editor. In 1890 it was discontinued. In 1871 the faculty of the Medical College of Ohio began the publication of The Clinic. It was a weekly, the first published in the west. Dr. J. T. Whittaker was the editor. Later Dr. J. G. Hyndman acted in that capacity. The faculty were collaborators, and the success of the journal was decided from the beginning. In 1878 it was purchased by Dr. J. C. Culbertson, who united it with the Lancet and Observer under the title of Lancet and Clinic. In 1886 the title was changed to Lancet-Clinic. In 1891, Dr. Culbertson removed to Chicago, to take charge of the journal of the American Medical Association. 228 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY During his absence from Cincinnati, the editorial charge of the Lancet-Clinic was given to Drs. J. C. Oliver and L. S. Colter. In 1892, Dr. Culbertson returned to this city. Failing health induced Dr. Culbertson to hand over the editorship in 1904, to Dr. Mark A. Brown, who conducted it until the latter part of 1906. In 1907, the present holders, "The Lancet-Clinic Publishing Company," acquired the property. Homeopathic journalism in Cincinnati began in 1851, when Drs. B. Ehrman, Adam Miller, and G. W. Bigler established the Cincinnati Journal of Homeopathy. In 1852 Joseph H. Pulte and H. P. Gatchell undertook the publication of the American Magazine of Homeopathy and Hydropathy. Neither journal was long-lived. In 1864 The American Homeopathist made its appearance under the editorial management of Charles Cropper. In 1868 it was merged into the Ohio Medical and Surgical Reporter. Dr. T. P. Wilson was editor. In 1873 Dr. Wilson undertook the publication of the Cincinnati Medical Advance, which was moved in 1886 to Ann Arbor, Mich., and continued under the title of the Ann Arbor Medical Advance. The Pulte Quarterly was started in 1890 by Dr. Thomas M. Stewart. It was a college journal. It ran through three and a half volumes. ECLECTIC JOURNALS. The beginning of Eclectic journalism in Cincinnati was coincident with the founding of the Eclectic Medical Institute. When Thomas V. Morrow came to Cincinnati in 1842 he brought with him the Western Medical Reformer, which had been published for a number of years at Worthington, Ohio, by the faculty of the Worthington Medical School, the predecessor of the Cincinnati Eclectic Medical Institute. In 1845 the name was changed to the Eclectic Medical Journal. It is still issued every month. Its editors have been the teachers of the institute. The Cincinnati Herald of Health was issued by Drs. John King and J. C. Thomas in 1854. It did not survive the first year. The secessionists who founded the American Medical College in the Cincinnati College building in opposition to the Eclectic Medical Institute, started a monthly, the American Medical Journal. It was edited by Dr. T. J. Wright. It began in 1856, and lasted until the end of 1857, when it was merged into the College Journal of Medical Science, which the faculty of the Eclectic College of Medicine had published monthly in 1856 and 1857. The combined journal was abandoned in 1859, and was followed by the Journal of Rational Medicine, edited by Dr. C. H. Cleaveland, which lasted three years, when it was suspended. Dr. R. S. Newton published the Western Medical News from 1851 to 1859. He then issued a clinical monthly called the Express. In conjunction with G. W. L. Bickley, Newton published the Cincinnati Eclectic and Edinburgh Medical Journal. After a short existence both were absorbed by the Eclectic Medical Journal. A monthly called Journal of Human Science was started in 1860 by W. Byrd Powell and J. W. Smith, but abandoned after four numbers. A good exponent of eclecticism is the Eclectic Medical Gleaner, a monthly begun in 1878, and CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 229 edited by Drs. W. E. Bloyer and W. C. Cooper. In 1904 it became a bi-monthly under the management of Drs. H. W. Felter and J. U. Lloyd. Dr. Abner Curtis, the leader of the Physio-Medical school, published the Botanico-Medical Recorder from 1837 to 1852. It had been published in Columbus, Ohio, since 1827. In 1852 the name was changed to Physio-Medical Recorder. It was suspended in 1880. After the suspension of the Recorder, Dr. W. H. Cook, the associate of Curtis, issued the Cincinnati Medical Gazette and Recorder for two years. In 1854 Curtis issued the Journal of Medical Reform, and in 1866 the Journal of Education and of Physiological and Medical Reform. Neither survived its first year. In 1849 E. H. Stockwell, professor of Anatomy in the Physio-Medical college, started the Physio-Medical and Surgical Journal, in opposition 'to Curtis and his school. It was suspended in 1852. DRAKE'S SCHOOL. In 1815 the Lancaster Seminary was incorporated, and Drake became one of the trustees. It derived its name from Joseph Lancaster, a Scotchman, who originated the system. The principle of the system was the training of the younger pupils by the more advanced ones, who thus became the teachers of the younger pupils. In 1820 it was merged into the Cincinnati College. Worn out with the internal strife in the Medical College of Ohio, Dr. Drake, in 1835, opened his school as the Medical Department of the Cincinnati College under the charter of that institution. The opening of this rival school met with determined opposition from the friends of the Medical College of Ohio. They contested the right of the trustees of the Cincinnati College to conduct a department of medicine under their charter. On June 27, 1835, the trustees of Cincinnati College announced the opening of their medical department with the following faculty : Joseph N. McDowell, professor of anatomy ; Samuel D. Gross, pathology, physiology, and jurisprudence ; Horatio B. Jameson, surgery ; Landon C. Rives, obstetrics and diseases of women and children ; James B. Rogers, chemistry and pharmacy ; John P. Harrison, materia medica ; Daniel Drake, theory and practice ; John L. Riddell, adjunct professor in chemistry and lecturer on botany. Cary A. Trimble, who had been a student in the Medical College of Ohio in 1833, was made demonstrator of anatomy. Dr. Jameson resigned after the first term. Dr. Willard Parker, one of the greatest surgeons of his day, was appointed in Jameson's place. The rivalry between the schools was most bitter. The Commercial hospital from which the professors and students of the new school were excluded, the Medical College of Ohio being by law the care-taker and beneficiary of the hospital, was the principal bone of contention. Drake fitted up a small hospital opposite his college (where the Gibson house now stands), and called it the Cincinnati Hospital. It furnished the clinical material for the new school. Drake's Eye Infirmary, founded in 1827, by Drake and Jedediah Cobb, and known as the Cincinnati Eye Infirmary, located on Third street between Main and Walnut, became a clinical department of the new school. In 1839, Drake broke up the monopoly of the Medical College of Ohio in the Commercial 230 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY hospital. In accordance with an act passed by the legislature in 1839, the township trustees issued an order permitting the students of the Cincinnati College to attend clinical lectures in the Commercial hospital and made an arrangement whereby some of the professors were added to the staff. Unfortunately the victory came too late. Drake and his associates who had conducted their school for four years without help, were about to abandon the school. During the year 1838 the standing committee on medical colleges and medical societies submitted two reports to the legislature, one sustaining the Medical College of Ohio, the other recommending the Medical Department of Cincinnati College. It was suggested to turn all properties of the Medical College of Ohio over to the Cincinnati College, making the latter a state institution. The committee consisted of five members. Each report was handed in by two members. One did not vote. That saved the day for the Medical College of Ohio. The short but brilliant career of the Medical Department of the Cincinnati College is thus described by Gross in his memorial of Drake: "With such a faculty the school could hardly fail to prosper. It had, however, to contend with one serious disadvantage, namely, the want of an endowment. It was strictly speaking, a private enterprise ; and although the citizens of Cincinnati contributed, perhaps not illiberally, to its support, yet the chief burden fell upon the four original projectors, Drake, Rives, McDowell and myself. They found the edifice of the Cincinnati College erected many years before, in a state of decay, without apparatus, lecture rooms or museum ; they had to go east of the mountains for two of their professors, with onerous guarantees ; and they had to en-counter no ordinary degree of prejudice and actual opposition from friends of the Medical College of Ohio. It is not surprising therefore, that after struggling on, although with annually increasing classes, and with a spirit of activity and perseverance that hardly knew any bounds, it should at length have exhausted the patience, and even the forbearance of its founders. What, however, contributed more perhaps than anything else to its immediate downfall, was the resignation of Dr. Parker, who in the 'summer of 1839, accepted the corresponding chair in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the City of New York. The vacation of the surgical chair was soon followed by my own retirement and by that of my other colleagues, Dr. Drake being the last to withdraw. During the four years the school was in existence it educated nearly four hundred pupils." MEDICAL COLLEGES. In the month of December, 1818, Dr. Drake made. a personal application to the legislature of Ohio for the passage of a law authorizing the establishment of a medical college in Cincinnati. The bill establishing the Medical College of Ohio was passed January 19, 1819. In this act Samuel Brown, Coleman Rogers, Elijah Slack, and Daniel Drake, were named as corporators, and invested with the powers of trustees. The same individuals were also constituted the faculty The government of the institution was committed to their charge, and they were authorized to elect professors and officers. It was provided, however, that no professorship should be created or abolished, nor any professor or lecturer be CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 231 elected or dismissed, without the consent of three-fourths of the faculty. By the original charter one of the professors was to be president of the college, and all of the professors were eligible. The term of office was to be two years, and the length of the sessions five months. This latter rule was made for the reason that at first only five professorships were established instead of six or seven, as in the older schools. Under these laws Dr. Drake was elected president ; Dr. Coleman Rogers, vice president ; and Elijah Slack, registrar and treasurer. Dr. Samuel Brown declined to accept the positions tendered to him. For this and other retarding causes no session was held in 1819-20. On the 30th of December, 1819, an amendatory act was passed, providing that no professorship should be created or abolished, nor any professor or lecturer elected, or dismissed, without the concurrence of two-thirds of the faculty. Under this last act Dr. Coleman Rogers was made Professor of Surgery. Before the first session, the faculty, consisting of Drs. Drake, Slack, and Rogers, held a meeting, and Dr. Rogers was expelled by the votes of Drs. Drake and Slack. In January. 1820, Dr. Benjamin S. Bohrer, of the District of Columbia, was elected Professor of Materia Medica and Pharmacy. Subsequently Dr. Jesse Smith was elected a member of the faculty. In 1820 an organization of the faculty was effected, and an announcement was issued, August 20, 1820, stating the session would open on the first of November following. At this meeting Dr. Drake was elected Professor of Theory and Practice, and Diseases of Women and Children ; Dr. Slack, Professor of Chemistry ; Dr. Bohrer, Professor of Materia Medica and Pharmacy ; Dr. Jesse Smith, Professor of Anatomy and Surgery ; and Dr. Robert Best, Assistant to the Chair of Chemistry. On the opening of the session, November 1, 1820, a class of twenty-four students was assembled. Cincinnati was then a town of about 10,000 inhabitants. Their first building has been described by one who attended lectures at that time as a very pretentious one. It was a two-story brick house, located at 91 Main street, below Pearl. The lectures were given in an ordinary room upstairs. The first story was occupied as a drug store by the father and brother of Dr. Drake. Here the college remained one year. In April, 1821, the first commencement was held, and a class of seven graduated. At the close of the session, Mr. Best assistant to the chair of chemistry, was dismissed. Botany and clinical medicine were added to Dr. Bohrer's department. Jealousies and intrigues began, however, with the first meeting of the faculty. Dr. Drake wittily intimates because the president's chair was not large enough to hold all of the faculty. Soon after the close of this session Dr. Bohrer resigned, and returned East. The same intrinsic defects which had caused the delay of the first session, originated another rupture, and at a faculty meeting composed of Drs. Drake, Slack and Smith, Dr. Drake was expelled by the votes of his colleagues. At this meeting Dr. Drake presided. Dr. Smith "moved that Dr. Drake be expelled ;" Dr. Slack "seconded the motion ;" Dr. Drake then put the motion, and it was carried without a dissenting voice. (See "Rise and Fall of the M. C. 0." by D. Drake, M. D. p. II) In October, 1821, the departments of anatomy and surgery were separated, Dr. Smith retained the former, and Dr. John D. Godman, of Philadelphia, was elected to the chair of surgery. In the Cincinnati Gazette of October 13, 1821, the following editorial is found : "Everyone knows that the value of our paper cur- 232 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY rency has depreciated at least one-third. The faculty of the Medical College, however, have agreed, for the present, to receive this depreciated paper at par for tickets." The editorial continues : "We are also much gratified to find that the trustees of the township (until the hospital shall be erected) have taken a large and commodious house in a healthy location, and propose to introduce forthwith a proper medical police. The professors of the college will enter upon their official duties in the hospital in November, and the town will be relieved from paying a medical attendant as heretofore. There are at this time twenty persons in the hospital, fifteen of whom are patients." The second session, that of 1821-2, opened with a class of thirty students. The faculty consisted of Drs. Smith, Slack and Godman. Before the close of the session Dr. Godman resigned, to take effect at the end of the term. The session closed March 4, 1822, with a class of seven graduates. Soon after, Dr. Godman returned to Philadelphia. In the following session (1822-3), Drs. Smith and Slack attempted to carry on the lectures. For this purpose Dr. Smith built a room in the rear of his residence, on Walnut street. The class was small, and the institution existed only in name. On the 13th of December, 1822, another law was passed, entitled, "An Act to Further Amend the Act Entitled, An Act Authorizing the Establishment of a Medical College in Cincinnati." By the provisions of this law the government of the institution was transferred to a board of trustees. This board consisted of thirteen members as follows : Hon. Wm. Burke, Samuel W. Davies, D. K. Este, W. H. Harrison, N. Longworth, Rev. Martin Ruter, O. M. Spencer, Ethan Stone, M. T. Williams, Jeremiah Morrow (governor of Ohio), Nathan Guilford, and the presidents of the Medical Convention of Ohio, and the Medical College of Ohio. General W. H. Harrison was elected president of the board. Early in 1823, the trustees took upon themselves the trust, and entered upon the discharge of their duties. At the same time the former 0rganization ceased. With all their exertions they were not able to organize a new faculty before the summer of 1824. At that time the following faculty were elected, and entered upon their duties November 15, 1824: Institutes and practice, Jedediah Cobb; chemistry and pharmacy, E. Slack ; materia medica and obstetrics, John Moorhead; anatomy and surgery, Jesse Smith. Dr. Smith was elected dean. Dr. Smith was the first dean of the college. The first three lectured five times a week ; the last, Dr. Smith, six times. The session opened with a class of fifteen students. In 1825 the college was reorganized ; the number of trustees reduced to eleven, who were to serve for a term of three years (see Statutes of Ohio. 1832-3). This order was continued until 1851, when the legislature passed an act electing them for a period of ten years, or until their successors should be appointed. The sessions of 1824-5, and 1825-6, were held in the old Miami Exporting Company's banking house, on Front street between Main and Sycamore. After the reorganization in 1825 (Dr. Moorhead was dean), the faculty was reduced to four members, namely : J. Cobb, professor of anatomy and physiology; E. Slack, chemistry and pharmacy ; John Moorhead, theory and practice, and obstetrics ; J. Whitman, materia medica. The class of 1825-6 increased to forty-eight members. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 233 During the session of 1825, the legislature authorized each district medical society to appoint one indigent medical student for gratuitous instruction in the college. The district medical society furnished him a certificate stating that he had been deemed worthy of the appointment. This was signed by the president and secretary, and the seal of the society was affixed thereto. There were twenty-four of these district societies. On the 31 st of December, 1825, an act was passed by the legislature whereby the acts of January 19, 1819, (establishing the college), and December 13, 1819, (amending the former act), and December 13, 1822, (act for better regulation of, and making appropriations for the college), and of February 5, 1825, (creating a board of eleven trustees, and making other provisions), were repealed, and a board of eleven trustees was created. It was provided that no professor could be a trustee; that the trustees should have the power of appointing and dismiss-ing professors ; of establishing new chairs, and of conferring degrees ; the latter function to be exercised in conjunction with, and upon recommendation of the faculty. This act made the trustees governors of the college, and confined the activity of the professors to their spheres as teachers. All moneys realized for five years in Hamilton county on tax penalties, auction sales and auction licenses were appropriated for the support of the Medical College of Ohio. The new board of trustees consisted of William Corry, Samuel W. Davies, Jacob Burnet, Ebenezer H. Pierson, William H. Harrison, Samuel Ramsey, Oliver M. Spencer, Joseph Guert, Martin Ruter, David K. Este, and Nathaniel Wright. Dr. Ramsey was president of the new board. In the summer of 1826, the trustees obtained ground on Sixth street, between Vine and Race, and erected buildings on the site now occupied by the Butler building. Owing to limited means they could not erect such buildings as were desirable. For this reason the chemical lectures were delivered in the college building, on Walnut street above Fourth during the session of 1827. As matters of amusing interest, I take the following from the records of that date. "At a meeting of the faculty a resolution was passed authorizing the dean to purchase candlesticks and snuffers." Also the following: "Resolved, That, if any student shall fight a duel, or send or accept a challenge to fight a duel, or be the bearer of a challenge, or be a second or accessory to any act or proceeding of that kind, he shall be expelled from the institution." From the nature of their relations, it may be judged that these high privileges were reserved for the faculty. After the reorganization the school increased in numbers, but seems to have suffered from the hostility of a large number of the profession, and from want of public confidence. The class of 1826-7 numbered eighty students, and that of 1827-8, one hundred and one students. The numbers continued to increase until the session of 1831-2, when it amounted to one hundred and thirty-two. In the winter of 1827-8, the legislature, on the application of Dr. Barnes, incorporated an institution under the name of The Cincinnati Medical Academy. This was to be a preparatory school for students wishing to enter the Medical College of Ohio. Six lectures a week were to be delivered by Dr. Barnes and others. In 1831, the trustees of Miami University attempted to establish a medical department in Cincinnati. Dr. Drake was the instigator and principal worker 234 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY in this scheme. Under his direction a number of gentlemen were brought out from the east. Dr. Thos. D. Mitchell was guaranteed a salary of $2,000. A faculty was appointed as follows: Dr. Drake, professor of institutes and practice of medicine; Dr. Geo. McClellan, professor of anatomy and physiology; Dr. John Eberle, professor of materia medica and botany; Dr. Jas. M. Staughton, professor of surgery ; Dr. John F. Henry, professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children; Dr. Thos. D. Mitchell, professor of chemistry aril pharmacy ; Dr. Jas. N. McDowell, adjunct professor of anatomy and physiology. In connection with this school an institution was projected, to be called The Cincinnati Academy of Medicine. The academy, was announced to open on the first Monday in April, 1831, and was to continue for twenty-five weeks. The following gentlemen were to be the lecturers: James M. Staughton on the Institutes of Surgery; Isaac Hough on Operative Surgery; J. N. McDowell on Anatomy; Wolcott Richards on Physiology; Landon C. Rives on Institutes of Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence; Daniel Drake on Practice and Materia Medica; J. F. Henry on Obstetrics ; E. A. Atlee on Diseases of Women and Children; Thos. D. Mitchell on Chemistry and Pharmacy ; Dr. Atlee was president and Dr. Rives, secretary. A more brilliant corps of teachers has seldom been found in one school. One lecture was delivered by Dr. Mitchell. Before the beginning of the first session the Medical College of Ohio was reorganized, and the Miami plan abandoned. Sic transit gloria mundi. The new faculty was constituted as follows: Dr. J. Cobb, professor of anatomy and physiology ; Dr. T. D. Mitchell, professor of chemistry and pharmacy; Dr. Staughton, professor of surgery; Dr. John Eberle, professor of materia medica and botany; Dr. J. F. Henry, professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children ; Dr. John Moorhead, professor of theory and practice of medicine ; Dr. Chas. E. Pierson, professor of institutes and medical juris-prudence; Dr. Drake, professor of clinical medicine. Dr. Staughton was elected dean. During the year 1831 the erection of additional buildings was begun. Before the close of the session, on the 19th of January, 1832, Dr. Drake re-signed. The trustees then reduced the number of the faculty to six. Under this action Dr. Henry, retired. In the session of 1832-3 the faculty consisted of Dr. Cobb, professor of anatomy and physiology; Dr. Mitchell, professor of chemistry and pharmacy; Dr. Staughton, professor of surgery ; Dr. Pierson, professor of materia medica; Dr. Moorhead, professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children; and Dr. Eberle, professor of theory and practice. Owing to its long continued internal discords the school had run clown from a class of 132 in 1831-2, to 82 in 1832-3. At the end of the latter session they had a graduating class of nineteen. In August, 1833, Dr. Staughton, professor of surgery, died. Dr. Alban Gold Smith was elected in his place. In the Fall of 1833, Dr. Samuel D. Gross was brought out from Philadelphia through the influence of Dr. Eberle, and appointed demonstrator of anatomy. In 1835 Dr. Gross resigned, and accepted the chair of pathological anatomy in the Medical Department of Cincinnati College, then founded by Dr. Drake. In the following session (1833-4) the class in-creased to 126 students, and at ale commencement in 1834. twenty candidates CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 235 graduated. Notwithstanding this apparent prosperity, the greatest discord and dissatisfaction existed in the ranks of the profession in regard to the constitution of the faculty, and the conduct of the trustees. Petitions signed by large numbers of he profession were sent to the legislature, saying that the faculty were incompetent, and that under their rule the school was "a by-word and a hissing stock." The opposition was led by Dr. Drake, and the charges made by him against the trustees and faculty of the college, and the trustees of the township contained no less than sixteen specifications. The governor of the state appointed a committee to visit the city and ascertain the true condition of affairs. This committee made a majority and minority report, but in them offered no opinion as to what facts were proven, and what disproven. The senate thereupon appointed a select committee, to which these reports were referred. This committee made a thorough examination, which resulted in sustaining the trustees and faculty. This report was adopted by the senate by a vote of 34 to 1. At the same session of the legislature, (1833-4), the laws regulating the prac-tice of medicine were repealed. This abolished the district medical societies, and, of course, their privilege of sending a beneficiary student to the college. In lieu of this provision, the faculty, by direction of the board of trustees, gave notice that they would re-ceive applications for a gratuitous course of lectures, from indigent young men, citizens of the state. Such application must specify the judicial district in which the applicant resided, and set forth, under oath before the nearest president, judge, or clerk of the county, that the applicant was at least twenty-one years old, had been a student of medicine for two years, was unable to pay the fees, and that the application was his own composition, and in his own handwriting. He was required to have a certificate, signed by two respectable clergymen, that he had a good moral character, and had received a good English education. Preference was given to young men who had received a collegiate education. For a number of years previous to 1845 the faculty used to take notes, payable at some specified time, for the payment of fees to the college. These notes were in some, if not in all cases, to be paid when the students had earned the money in practice. The notes were generally endorsed by some friend, or for-mer preceptor. In the above named year this credit system was abolished. REORGANIZATION IN 1837. Dr. John Eberle, who had been appointed professor of materia medica and botany in 1831, was transferred to the chair of theory and practice of medicine in 1832. In 1837 he resigned, as did Dr. J. C. Cross. In the reorganization of 1837, John T. Shotwell, a cousin of Drake, was made professor of anatomy. This- position he held until 1850. During this time he was the master-spirit Of the institution. Reuben Dimond Mussey accepted the chair of surgery in 1838; and Marmaduke Burr Wright that of materia medica, at Shotwell's request. New life seemed to have been given to the school. The peace, however, was of short duration. Quarrels, resignations, and attempts to reorganize, were of frequent occurrence. The faculty was divided into two factions, one headed by Shotwell ; the other by M. B. Wright. In the 236 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY board of trustees John L. Vattier was the supporter of Shotwell, and the enemy of Wright. John Locke, who was made professor of chemistry in 1837, and whose heart and energies were devoted to the welfare of the college, was opposed to Shotwell on account of the latter's methods of warfare. During the struggle in 1850, Dr. Locke was forced out of the college. In 1851, after Shotwell's death, he was reinstated, but resigned in 1853. Leonidas Moreau Lawson, who took the chair of materia medica and pathology in 1847, at Shotwell's request, was the friend of Shotwell, but maintained a conciliatory attitude towards everybody. He passed through the upheaval of 1850, and in 1853 became professor of the theory and practice of medicine. The two following sessions (1854-5 and 1855-6) he spent in Louisville. In 1856 he resumed the chair of theory and practice in the Medical College of Ohio. He died of consumption in 1864. He was the founder and editor of the Western Lancet (1842-1858.) He was author of a number of minor works, but his greatest was a "Practical Treatise on Phthisis Pulmanalis," published in 1861. John P. Harrison, one of the most distinguished practitioners and teachers of his time, was born in Louisville, Ky., in 1796. He graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, in 1819. He began practice in Louisville, and became a most successful physician. He was ambitious to become a teacher, and decided in 1834 to go to Philadelphia and apply for a position in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania. Drake, who was organizing the Medical Department of the Cincinnati College, asked him to take charge of the chair of materia medica in the new school. Harrison accepted and came to Cincinnati in 1835. When the Cincinnati College closed its doors in 1839, Harrison remained in the city. In 1841, he entered the faculty of the Medical College of Ohio as professor of materia medica. In 1845, he published a work on "Elements of Materia Medica," in two volumes. In 1847, he was transferred to the chair of theory and practice of medicine. He died of cholera in 1849. In the final struggle in 1849, Shotwell triumphed, and Wright was expelled. At the suggestion of some of Shotwell's friends he resigned in the spring of 1850. He died of cholera, July 23, 1850. John T. Shotwell was born in Mason county, Kentucky, January 0, 1807. In 1822 his father sent him to Transylvania University, where he remained until 1825. Later he came to Cincinnati and began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. Drake, who was his cousin. For three years he studied in Drake's office. He then became a student in the Medical College of Ohio, receiving his degree in 1832. He opened an office on Walnut street below Third street. The cholera epidemic of 1832 gave him a chance to show his mettle, and he made a splendid record. In 1835 he was made demonstrator of anatomy ; the following year he was appointed adjunct 'professor of anatomy. In the upheaval of 1837 Shotwell became master of the situation. John ,Locke was in Europe ; John Eberle, J. C. Cross, Jedediah Cobb and A. G. Smith had resigned. Shotwell being the only member of the faculty left, made himself dean. Drake, his cousin and preceptor, who had founded. the Medical Department of Cincinnati, became his rival and bitter enemy. Shotwell's reputation suffered much in the struggle. In the latter part of 1849, to save the apparently moribund institution, Drake was earnestly solicited to return. He accepted the chair of theory and practice, CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 237 and delivered the opening address November 5, 1849. At the end of the session he resigned, and went back to Louisville. In 1852 he was again importuned to return. He began his work, but took sick in October, and died November 6, 1852. On February 22, 1851, an important meeting of the trustees was called by Dr. John L. Vattier. Dr. Thomas O. Edwards, professor of materia medica (1850-5), was authorized to go to Columbus and aid in making certain changes in the charter, and get permission to obtain a loan for erecting a new building. A special committee was authorized to procure a loan of twenty thousand dollars by issuing forty bonds of five hundred dollars each, the capital to be paid back in ten years. Subsequently twenty more bonds of like amount each, were issued. Within one year the building, a Gothic structure of imposing appearance, and considered the finest and most practical edifice of its kind in this country, was ready for occupancy. It contained two large amphitheatres, each capable of accommodating between five and six hundred students ; rooms for clinics, library, museum, laboratories, dissecting rooms, and private apartments for the faculty. This building was the home of the college until 1896, a period of forty-four years, when the college became the Medical Department of the University of Cincinnati, and was removed to its present location. The opening of the new building was the beginning of the prosperous career of the college. The organization of two new schools, (the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery in 1851, and The Miami Medical College in 1852), did not in any way injure it. During the decade 1850 to 1860, the faculty was made up of the ablest men in the profession; such men as Henry E. Foote (1857-60) ; Jesse P. Judkins (1857-61) ; George Mendenhall (1857-61) ; C. G. Comegys (1857-60, and 186468) ; N. T. Marshall (1853-7) ; Samuel G. Armor (1854-57) ; John A. Warder (1854-7) ; George C. Blackman (1855-71) ; James Graham (1855-74) ; Leonidas M. Lawson (1847-56) ; John Locke (1837-50, and 1851-3). In this group of able men George C. Blackman stands out as one of the most brilliant and scholarly surgeons of his time. His reputation was international. In the hospital amphitheatre, with the patient on the table before him, he was the demigod of more than three hundred students who looked down upon him from the benches. He was irritable, quarrelsome with his confreres, and vain to a degree. This latter characteristic was encouraged by the students who would gather around him. At times, however, he was most agreeable. His ambition, and his ability to work were boundless. Under the most distressing poverty, and much of the time in ill-health, he spent months abroad in study. In 1853 he translated Vidal's "Treatise on Syphilis," and later Velpeau's "Operative Surgery," in three large volumes. For several years before his death he was engaged with the Hon. Stanley Mathews of the United States Supreme Court in preparing an exhaustive work on "Legal Liability in Surgical Malpractice." At the same time he was gathering material for a work on the "Principles and Practice of Surgery." His minor works and articles in the journals were numberless. At the same time (1855) Dr. James Graham entered the school. Equally brilliant as a teacher, and successful as a practitioner, he was in some respects the counterpart of Blackman. While decided in his opinions, he was never con- 238 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY tentious. He acted among his confreres as a peacemaker. A striking contrast to these two was Dr. C. G. Comegys. Of commanding appearance, dignified, affable, scholarly, always mindful of the interests of his profession, enthusiastic in everything that belonged to educational progress, he worked to the last for the advancement of the school, and the interests of the university. His principal literary work was the translation of "Renouard's History of Medicine." It is not to be inferred that all was harmonious during these years. Resignations and new appointments were constantly taking place. The troubles, however, were confined to the faculty for the most part. The profession and the public were friendly to, and interested in, the welfare of the school. In the year 1857 two full courses were given, and two commencements held. In most of the western schools at that time two courses of five months each were required for graduation. In the east six months constituted a term. The question of a higher education agitated the profession then as now. There were a number who urged the possession of a baccalaureate degree as a requirement for matriculation. In 1853 Dr. Thomas Wood was appointed demonstrator of anatomy. In 1855 he became professor of anatomy. In 1857 the chair of anatomy was divided between Wood and Jesse Judkins, the former teaching surgical, and the latter descriptive anatomy. In 1858 microscopy was added to Wood's suoodt. In 1859 he resigned. Wood was one of the remarkable men of his day. He was a great surgeon, a poet, litterateur, journalist, and inventor. Among his inventions was an instrument called the "Lineal Mensurator" for which he was granted a patent. The purpose of the instrument was to enable anyone to find the exact number of square feet in a piece of ground no matter how irregular in outline. He also designed a dirigible balloon. A goodly number of his poems appeared in the journals, and he left an equal number of unpublished ones. On October 2, 1871, he made a hip-joint amputation in the new Cincinnati hospital, two hours after Dr. M. B. Wright had delivered the address at the formal dedication of the institution. The reorganization of the faculty before the session of 1860-61, was a delicate and difficult matter. Every member of the old faculty had resigned except Graham, on account of their hostility to Blackman'. The trustees finally decided to create the chairs of Clinical Medicine and Clinical Surgery. The other members of the new faculty were : L. M. Lawson, professor of theory and practice of medicine, John Davis, professor of anatomy, Jesse P. Judkins, professor of principles of surgery, George Mendenhall, professor of obstetrics, C. G. Comegys, professor of physiology; John A. Murphy, professor of materia medica, Henry E. Foote, professor of chemistry, B. F. Richardson, professor of diseases of women and children. The trustees made a rule enjoining the professors from speaking ill of each other. Graham and Blackman accepted the rule; the other professors promptly resigned. The trustees were disgusted, and in turn resigned. The governor accepted their resignations, and the next day reappointed them. They met and organized. Then they appointed Blackman, professor of surgery ; Graham, professor of theory and practice of medicine; M. B. Wright, professor of obstetrics, and Mr. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 239 Charles O'Leary, professor of chemistry. At the end of the term Mr. O'Leary resigned. The appointment of the remaining professors was left to the four above named. They elected James F. Hibbard, professor of physiology and pathology; John C. Reeve, professor of materia medica: L. M. Lawson, professor of theory and practice of medicine; Jesse P. Judkins, professor of anatomy ; John S. Billings, demonstrator of anatomy. The latter entered the army, and Wm. W. Dawson took his place. In 1862, C. G. Comegys reentered the faculty. In 1867 the college building was purchased by Joseph C. Butler, and leased to the faculty. Some of the men who entered the faculty in the sixties were : W. W. Dawson (1861) ; Roberts Bartholow (1864) ; Theophilus Parvin (1864) Wm. H. Gobricht (1866) ; Phineas S. Conner (1868) ; Samuel Nickles (1865) ; W. W. Seely (1865) ; James T. Whittaker (1869) ; Chauncey D. Palmer (1870). During the late sixties the number of students was more than three hundred each year. In 1872 the college graduated a class of ninety. In 1878 there were about eight hundred medical students in Cincinnati. Of these about three hundred and fifty were in the Medical College of Ohio. The following year (1879) one hundred and twenty-one graduated. For several years thereafter the num-ber was never less than one hundred. In 1871 Dr. Bartholow suggested buying the college building and presenting it to the university for its medical department. Drs. Graham, Dawson and Bartholow were appointed a committee to interest the citizens in the matter. The plan, however, was a failure. Fifteen years later the Medical College of Ohio became nominally the medical department of the university. The arrangement, however, conferred no rights, and imposed no obligations on either the college or university. In 1894 the length of the session was increased to six months, and a graded course of three years was established. In the following year the curriculum was extended, making a four-years' course compulsory for obtaining a degree. A closer affiliation was effected April 27, 1896, when the trustees of the university and the faculty of the college signed an agreement, provisionally merging the college into the university. The latter gave to the college a new home in the McMicken University building. The trustees of the university were to be the governing body. At a meeting of the faculty, held June 4, 1896, the plans and estimates for the buildings presented by Dr. Reamy, appeared to be satisfactory, and it was voted that the matter be left to Drs. Reamy and Hyndman, with power to act, and that they be limited to seven thousand dollars for the dispen-sary building. The treasurer was authorized to borrow, as required for building purposes, a sum not exceeding ten thousand dollars. On October 17, 1896, the faculty invited the trustees of the Medical College of Ohio to inspect the alterations made in the old building. These included new laboratories, lecture-rooms, and the clinical buildings. The sum expended was fourteen thousand dollars. Of this seven thousand, five hundred was applied to the new clinic building on McMicken avenue. In 1906, the lectureship on hygiene was made a full professorship. In the same year laboratories for instruction in electro-therapeutics, embryology, and pharmacology were established. In 1907 a professional chair of medical juris- 240 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY prudence and economics was established. A post-graduate course was founded, beginning about the middle of April and ending June 1st. In 1909, the union of the Medical College of Ohio, then the medical department of the university, and the Miami Medical College, was effected. The new establishment was to be known as the Ohio-Miami 'Medical College, the medical department of the University of Cincinnati. Instructors on full time and pay were appointed in pathology, bacteriology, and chemistry, laboratory methods of teaching being employed. The professors of pathology and bacteriology had charge of the laboratories of the Cincinnati hospital. Entrance requirements were advanced to one year's university work in physics, chemistry, biology and a modern language. In 1910 the instructors in anatomy and physiology were put on full time and pay. During the current year (1911) the following advances have been made: Cooperation with the board of health ; a library established and equipped ; seniors to act as clinical clerks in the wards of the Cincinnati hospital. OHIO-MIAMI MEDICAL COLLEGE. JOSEPH EICHBERG ENDOWMENT. DECEMBER 16, 1909. To the Academy of Medicine: Your Committee appointed August, 1908, to collect funds for the endowment of the Professorship of Physiology in the Medical Department of the University as a memorial to the late Dr. Jos. Eichberg, having completed their work, beg leave to present their report and beg to be discharged. The Committee organized by the election of Dr. N. P. Dandridge, Chairman, and Dr. Alfred Friedlander, Secretary, and immediately began active work in collecting subscriptions. When the sum of $45,000.00 was reached it was offered to the University on the condition that on its receipt they would create the Joseph Eichberg Professorship of Physiology. Saturday, December 11, the following contract was signed by the President and Clerk of the University, and by the Trustees of the Academy and the money paid over to them : JOSEPH EICHBERG FUND CONTRACT. This agreement made this i 1th day of December, 1909, between the University of Cincinnati and the Academy of Medicine of Cincinnati, both corporations under the laws of Ohio, the latter acting on its own behalf and also as Trustee for the other donors of the fund of forty-five thousand dollars ($45,000.00) hereinafter mentioned, which was raised by the family and friends and pupils of the late Joseph Eichberg for the purpose of endowing a chair of physiology in said University as a memorial to him, on the terms and conditions of this agreement, witnesseth : The University of Cincinnati, in consideration of said sum of forty-five thousand dollars ($45,000.00), the receipt of which from said Academy of Medicine acting for said donors is hereby acknowledged, agrees as follows with said Academy of Medicine in its individual capacity and as Trustee for the other donors CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 241 of said fund, a list of whom and of the amounts subscribed by each is hereto attached and made a part hereof, viz. : 1. To establish by September, 1910, and thereafter forever maintain in said University a first-class professorship for instruction in Physiology, equal in every respect to the Ohio Fundamental Chair. 2. To call said chair "The Joseph Eichberg Professorship of Physiology," and to so designate it in the catalogue of the University and in all other official announcements. 3. To apply the income of said fund to the support of said professorship and to appropriate to its support out of the funds of the University such additional sums as may be necessary from time to time to maintain said professorship of physiology. 4. To keep a separate account of said fund and the investment and income thereof, which shall always be open to the inspection of the Trustees of said Academy, and to invest the fund only in approved securities or in new buildings on land owned in fee simple by the University, or held by the city of Cincinnati, a Trustee for said University. If the fund is invested in buildings, they shall be kept insured for the benefit of the fund. 5. To return 'said fund to said Academy for the use and benefit of said donors, their legal representatives and assigns, if said University shall fail to faithfully keep and perform this agreement on its part. 6. Said Academy shall have the right to make further contributions to said fund from time to time, which shall be received and held by the University subject to the terms of this agreement. In witness whereof the University of Cincinnati by the Chairman and Clerk of its Board of Trustees, thereunto duly authorized by said Board, and the Academy of Medicine of Cincinnati by its Trustees thereunto duly authorized, have hereunto and to a duplicate hereof set their corporate names and seals this nth day of December, 1909. (`signed) FRED A. GEIER, Chairman, Board of Trustees, University of Cincinnati. DANIEL LAURENCE, Clerk, Board of Trustees. N. P. DANDRIDGE, Academy of Medicine Trustee. A. B. ISHAM, Academy of Medicine Trustee. JAMES F. HEADY, Academy of Medicine Trustee. Witness to all signatures : GEO. W. HARRIS, HARRY M. LEVY. In concluding our report the Committee desires to express their obligation to Mr. Harry Levy for the active interest and efficient aid rendered by him. To his personal efforts we are indebted for the larger part of the fund raised. Respectfully submitted, N. P. DANDRIDGE, Chairman of Committee. Vol. II.-16. 242 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY THE ECLECTIC MEDICAL INSTITUTE. In the closing years of the first quarter of the nineteenth century there appeared in the city of New York a man whose purpose in life was to reform the existing forms of medical practice. Dr. Wooster Beach was born in Trumbull, Connecticut, in 1794. He began the study of medicine with a country doctor, in a secluded part of the state of New Jersey. Subsequently he graduated from a regular medical college in New York city. In order to spread his views and practice, he opened a clinical school known as The United States Infirmary, (1827). In 1829 this school was enlarged and named The Reformed Medical Academy. The next year it received the more pretentious title of The Reformed Medical College of the City of New York. From this school has sprung indirectly all the Eclectic Medical Colleges in the United States. In 185, The Reformed Medical Society of the United States passed a resolution, "That this society deems it expedient to establish an additional school in some town on the Ohio river." In the town of Worthington, Ohio, one of the most noted educators in the United States, Rev. Philander Chase, was principal of a literary and scientific school known as the Worthington Academy. This school was founded in 1808. In 1819 a new charter was granted with the title, Worthington College. The friends of Worthington College offered Dr. Beach the use of the charter and edifice of the college for the establishment of a medical department. The offer was accepted, and the medical department of Worthington College was instituted in 1830. Dr. Thomas Vaughan Morrow, one of Dr. Beath's pupils was made dean of the medical faculty. The institution prospered for nine years. In 1839 a riot was precipitated by the finding of a body in the college building that had been taken from a neighboring grave-yard. Dr. Morrow's house Was destroyed by the infuriated people. In 1842 Dr. Morrow removed to Cincinnati. He at once took up his work and gave al course of lectures in the "Hay-Scales House," corner of Sixth and Vine streets. The following year lectures were given in a house on Third street. Dr. L. Jones and Dr. James Kilbourne were added to the faculty, and the school was named The Reformed Medical School of Cincinnati. In 1845, "Fourth Street Hall" rented. In the same year a petition, signed by the mayor, most of the members of council, and over a thousand citizens, was presented to the legislature, asking for a charter. The charter was granted March 10, 1845. The school was called the Eclectic Medical Institute. During the session of 1845-6, Dr: Beach lectured in the Institute. Dr. Morrow, the founder of the Cincinnati Eclectic Medical Institute, was also the founder of the National Eclectic Medical Institute. Dr. Morrow died in 1850. The provisions of the charter made it obligatory upon the corporation "to possess property in its own right to the fair value of ten thousand dollars," before diplomas could be granted. A lot was purchased at the northwest corner of Court and Plum streets, and a college building erected. The edifice was completed in 1846 and occupied November 7th of that year. The school had one hundred and twenty-seven students. During the first three years it had four hundred and twenty-eight students. The first faculty was constituted as fol- CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 243 lows: Professor of Anatomy, Dr. Benjamin Lord Hill; Professor of Physi-ology, Pathology, Theory and Practice of Medicine, Dr. Thomas V. Morrow ; Professor of Surgery and Medical Jurisprudence, Dr. Hiram Cox; Professor of Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Botany, Dr. Lorenzo E. Jones ; Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Dr. James H. Oliver ; Professor of. Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, Dr. Alexander H. Baldridge; Lecturers on Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Drs. Morrow and Cox. During the session of 1849-50, Dr. Storm Rosa, a homoeopathic physician, was made a member of the faculty to lecture on homoeopathy. The experiment was discontinued at the end of the session. The life of the Cincinnati Eclectic Medical Institute during the first five years was full of the tribulations that seem to have been the lot of most medical colleges at that time. In 1851 a reorganization took place. Five of the teachers from the Memphis Institute, which had closed its doors came to Cincinnati and became professors in the Eclectic Institute. The school had a strong faculty for some years. Among the noted men were, Robert S. Newton, professor of surgery from 1851-62. With Dr. John King, he published the United States Dispensatory in 1852, and a volume on Practice with Dr. W. Byrd Powell in 1854. He was editor of the Eclectic Medical Journal from 1851 to 1862. Zoheth Freeman, a distinguished surgeon, graduated from the institute in 1848. He began his career as a teacher in his alma mater in 1851, and continued to teach until 1872. He died in 1898. His son, Dr. Leonard Freeman has risen to eminence as a surgeon in Denver, Colorado. Dr. Charles H. Cleaveland studied medicine under Dr. R. D. Mussey in 1836. and graduated from Dartmouth in 1843. In 1854 he came to Cincinnati, and was appointed professor of Materia Medica. His teachings were not acceptable to a portion of the faculty, and, after a fierce struggle he was expelled in 1856. The defeated antagonists started a new school, The Eclectic College of Medi-cine, which took quarters in the college building on Walnut street opposite the Gibson House. After two and a half years this school consolidated with the institute (December 1859). The faculty consisted of Drs. Cleaveland, King, Howe and Buchanan. The Civil war wrought many changes in the management of the school. In 1862 the school was at its lowest ebb. At this critical time, Dr. J. M. Scudder, who had graduated at the institute in 1856, and who became professor of anatomy in 1857, took charge of the school. He had all the qualifications necessary for a great leader in a great emergency. He was the Moses who led the school through the wilderness of strife and discontent into the land of promise. Dr. Scudder was a voluminous writer. From 1862 to 1894 he was editor of the Eclectic Medical Journal. Associated with him, and his peer in every respect, was Dr. John King. The old college building was destroyed by fire, November 20, 1869. A larger building was dedicated in 1871. In 1871 Dr. Jerome P. Marvin was added to the faculty; in 1873 Dr. Thomas C. Hannah, and in 1874, Dr. J. A. Jeancon. In 1879, John Uri Lloyd, one of the founders of the Lloyd Library, was made professor of chemistry. In 1888 the department for the eye and ear was established, and Dr. E. M. McPheron placed in charge. In 1890 Dr. Lyman Watkins was placed in charge of the department of histology. In 1891 Drs. Wm. Byrd Scudder and Harvey Wickes Felter were added to the 244 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY faculty. In the same year the institute received the diploma of the Exposition Universelle, held in Paris in 1889, for its showing of catalogues, publications, and eighteen text-books written by the faculty. In 1890 Professors Garrison and Judge died. On January 16, 1892, Dr. A. J. Howe passed away. June 19, 1893, the distinguished teacher and writer, Dr. King, was called ; and February 17, 1894, Dr. Scudder was taken. Immediately after the death of Dr. Scudder the faculty was reorganized, with Dr. A. J. Locke as dean. Among those who came into the faculty at this time were Drs. Bishop McMillen, John K. Scudder, E. T. Behymer, Charles G. Smith, G. W. Brown, W. W. Barber, and Grant Van Horn. Drs. L. E. Russell and John R. Spencer entered in 1895. Emerson Venable and H. Ford Scudder were added in 1897. Dr. Kent 0. Foltz began service in 1898, and died in 1908. In 1901 the college formed an alliance with the Seton hospital, a well equipped institution on West Eighth street. This building was abandoned, when the management purchased the building on West Sixth street formerly occupied by the Presbyterian hospital and Laura Memorial College. In 1909 was begun the construction of the present college building, adjoining the Seton hospital. It is a six-story, modern structure, fireproof, and completely equipped. Up to the present date (1911) the college has graduated more than four thousand. THE WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE. The Cincinnati College of Medicine and education established medical coeducation for women in Cincinnati. It admitted female students in 1883, and in the three years following conferred the degree of Doctor of Medicine on seven women. In 1886 a separate department for women was created under the name of The Woman's Medical College of Cincinnati, and continued as such department until 1890. In the latter year a charter was obtained for the Woman's Medical College, and the latter became an independent institution. The first course of lectures was delivered in the Lancet building on West Seventh street. Later a building was leased on Eighth street west of Central avenue. The college during its eight years' existence was attended by more than one hundred women. The professors were, with few exceptions, members of the faculty of the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery. During the last year Dr. G. A. Fackler was the dean. He held the chair of Materia. Medica. Dr. Leonard Freeman, now of Denver, Colorado, was professor of surgery ; Dr. C. A. L. Reed, professor of gynecology; Dr. W. E. Kiely, professor of practice ; Dr. W. H. Wenning, professor of obstetrics ; Dr. T. P. White, professor of physiology, and Dr. J. L. Cilley, professor of anatomy. Notwithstanding the increasing patronage, and the good work done by the faculty, it was decided to abandon the school in 1895 in favor of the Laura Memorial College, the latter absorbing the Woman's College. THE CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY. On March 7, 1851, a charter which bore the signatures of John F. Morse, speaker of the house of representatives, and Charles C. Converse, speaker of the senate, was issued by the legislature of Ohio, by virtue of which charter A. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 245 H. Baker, C. S. Kauffman, Peter Outcalt, Jacob Graff, Joseph K. Smith, Joseph Draper, Wm. Cameron, Wm. B. Dodds, Cornelius Moore, Martin Tilbert, Stanley Mathews, O. M. Spencer and Robert Moore were constituted a "body corporate and politic to be known by the name and style of the Cincinnati Medical and Surgical College" and duly authorized to confer the degree of doctor of medicine. By a strange oversight for forty years diplomas were issued by the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery which had no legal existence because no charter had ever been granted to an institution of that name. After four decades the mistake was discovered by an accident and rectified. The Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, like the Medical College of Ohio, was the creation of one man. The fame of the Medical College of Ohio and the Medical Department of Cincinnati College, and the halo which surrounded the great founder of these institutions, was an incentive which Alvah H. Baker could not resist. Baker was ambitious and energetic, but unlike his great prototype, his ambition and energy were all centered in himself. He was convinced that the glory and revenue from a medical school would amply compensate him time and labor spent. Baker was an autocrat ; his will was to be the supreme law for everybody in the school. The personnel of the faculty was constantly changing. Some of the faculty remained but one term ; some not even a full term. These conditions continued during Baker's life. Baker opened his school by renting a building at the southwest corner of Longworth street and Western row (Central avenue), which he fitted up as a medical school with a hospital attachment. Drake, after a four years' struggle succeeded in 1839 in getting the legislature to open the Commercial hospital to the students of every regular school. Baker, basing his claim on this act of 1839, obtained the hospital privileges for his students. When Baker opened his school he assumed the deanship and chair of surgery. Dr. Benjamin S. Lawson was made registrar and professor of theory and practice of medicine ; Dr. R. A. Spencer, professor of anatomy ; Dr. Charles W. Wright, professor of chemistry ; Dr. James Graham, professor of materia medica ; Dr. J. S. Skinner, professor of pathology ; and Dr. Edward Mead, professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children. During the session of 1852-3, Elijah Slack, who had been professor of chemistry in the medical college of Ohio from 1819 to 185, filled the chair of chemistry. Dr. Pliny M. Crume taught obstetrics for a few sessions. He was one of the founders of the Ohio State Medical Association. Dr. E. S. Wayne, a man of scientific attainments and national fame, and the prime mover in the establishment of the American Pharmaceutical Association, was professor of chemistry from 1858 to 1860. In 1871, at the reorganization of the school, he was made professor of materia medica and pharmacy. Dr. Thomas W. Gordon lectured on chemistry in the early years of the school, and for two years on materia medica. He was one of the strongest supporters of the American Medical Association in the beginning of its career. Drs. Wm. W. Dawson and Thaddeus A. Reamy were among the early professors. Dr. Phineas S. Conner lectured on surgery for one term in the sixties. When Baker failed to become a surgeon to the Commercial hospital he began a bitter war against Ohio and Miami colleges, one of the results of which was the merger of the Ohio and Miami colleges in 1857. 246 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY In order to overcome his competitors, Baker reduced his fees to students until in 1857 he made a free school of his institution. In 1852 he gave two complete courses in one year, enabling students to graduate within twelve months. Good men refused to sanction his methods and the faculty was constantly changing. After Baker's death, July 5, 1865, the school improved steadily. In 1872 the school was moved to the larger building on George street. In 1893 it was moved to the building on Vine street north of Liberty street. One of the greatest of its teachers, and one of the most brilliant scholars the school and the city ever had, a man of international reputation, was Daniel Vaughn, who taught chemistry from 1860 to 1872. The Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery established coeducation for women in Cincinnati. It admitted female students in 1883 and in the following three years conferred the degree of doctor of medicine on seven women. In 1886 a separate department for women was created under the name of The Women's Medical College of Cincinnati, and continued as such a part until 1890. Another of the really great men who was a teacher in the school, was W. T. Talliaferro (called Tolliver). Dr. Tolliver was born in 1795. In 1813 he enlisted in the army. He attended lectures in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1818. He made a successful operation for cataract on a boy twelve years old in 1823, one of the first operations of the kind in the west. In 1841 he came to Cincinnati. With Drs. J. L. Vattier, Strader and N. T. Marshall he established the Hotel for Invalids in 1845. It was the second regular hospital in Cincinnati, and a great institution in its day. It attracted patients from all over the country, many of whom came to meet Dr. Talliaferro, whose operations for cataract had made him famous. During its existence it numbered in its faculties a large quota of the most prominent medical men of the city. It closed its doors in the spring of 1902. PULTE MEDICAL COLLEGE. Homeopathy made its appearance in Cincinnati in 1838, when Dr. Wm. Sturm located here. Dr. Sturm was born near Leipsic, Germany, in 1796, and received his education there. In 1813 Napoleon invaded Saxony, and Sturm with thousands of others was forced into service in the French army. He was wounded, and confined to a hospital for weeks. When Fredrick William III issued his proclamation calling on the Germans to enlist, he joined the German army, and marched with it to Paris. He fought at Waterloo. In 1816 he resumed his studies. He graduated in medicine in Leipsic in 1819, and became a teacher of anthropology. In 1836 he began his travels to see the world. In that year he came to the United-States. After two years of wandering, he located in Cincinnati. He practiced here from that time until his death in 1879. Two years after Sturm arrived in this city, Dr. Joseph H. Pulte came here. Dr. Pulte was born in Meschede, Westphalia, in 1811 He studied medicine at the University of Marburg, and graduated in 1833. In response to an invitation from his brother, a young physician in St. Louis, he sailed for America. In New York he made the acquaintance of an enthusiastic homeopathist, who aroused his in-terest in Hahnemann's system of medicine. On his way to St. Louis he stopped CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 247 in Cincinnati. Believing the prospect good, he remained in this city. Dr. Pulte was a man of splendid general scholarship. In 1846 he published a "History of the World" which found favor with Humboldt, Bunsen, Schelling, and William Cullen Bryant. In 1848 he went to Europe to submit to some of the European governments his plan for encircling the earth with an electric telegraph. In 1850 he published his first medical work, "Domestic Medicine." In 1872 Drs. J. D. Buck and D. H. Beckwith, who had been connected with the homeopathic medical college in Cleveland, came to Cincinnati, and decided to found a homeopathic college. They succeeded in interesting Dr. Pulte. The building at the southwest corner of Seventh and Mound streets was purchased, and the new college was named Pulte Medical College in honor of Dr. Pulte. The first session was begun in the fall of 1872. The faculty was composed as follows : Dr. J. H. Pulte, professor of clinical medicine ; M. H. Slosson, institutes and practice of medicine ; Charles Cropper, materia medica ; Wm. H. Hunt, obstetrics ; T. C. Bradford, gynecology ; D. H. Beckwith, diseases of children ; C. C. Bronson, principles of surgery and surgical pathology; S. R. Beckwith, operative surgery ; D. W. Hartshorn, surgical anatomy and orthopedic surgery ; Wm. Owens, anatomy ; J. D. Buck, physiology, pathology, and microscopy ; G. Saal, toxicology and hygiene ; George R. Sage, medical jurisprudence ; N. F. Cooke, special pathology and diagnosis; T. P. Wilson, ophthalmic and aural surgery, and Emil Loischer, chemistry. The first class consisted of thirty-eight students, of whom twelve graduated. In July, 1901, the upper story of the college was destroyed by fire. This furnished the opportunity to remodel the entire structure and make it a combined college and hospital. Several wards and single rooms and a fine operating room were provided. This improvement greatly enlarged the clinical advantages of the college, which already had control of the Home for the Friendless and Foundlings, for obstetric and pediatric work, and the Bethesda Hospital. In 1910 the college was merged with the Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College, which then assumed the name, Cleveland-Pulte Medical College. The former Pulte college still maintains its organization, and the clinic, is carried on at Seventh and Mound streets under the care of Drs. Wilms and Casting. THE PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL AND LAURA MEMORIAL WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE. In the autumn of 1889 Drs. Mary Elizabeth Osborn and Juliet Monroe Thorpe established a free dispensary for women and children in the basement of the building at the northeast corner of Seventh and John streets. With them was associated Mrs. Louise J. Lyle, at that time -a student in the Woman's Medical College. This was the foundation on which was.built the above named institutions. In November, 1889, at a meeting called by a number of prominent women, The Woman's State Hospital was organized, and in December following it was incorporated. The first board of incorporators consisted of Mrs. Laura McDonald, Mrs. Sarah Kilbreath McLean, Mrs. Louise J. Lyle, Mrs. Susan Frances Ireland, Dr. Juliet. Monroe Thorpe, and Dr. Mary Elizabeth Osborn. In February, 1890, the Culbertson residence on West Sixth street was purchased, and after necessary refitting, the hospital was opened May 1, 1890. On October 1, 1890, 248 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY the college was opened under the name of The Woman's State Hospital Medical College. In April, 1891, the degree of doctor of medicine was conferred on Dr. Nellie Hampton, who had previously studied two years in another school. The first board of trustees consisted of Mrs. Alexander McDonald, president ; Mrs. G. H. De Golyer, first vice president; Mrs. F. T. McFadden, second vice president ; Miss Edna Fox, third vice president ; Mrs. Geo. F. Ireland, secretary ; Mrs. L. B. Gibson, treasurer. Mrs. S. K. McLean, Mrs. G. B. Orr, Mrs. W. H. Blymyer, Mrs. M. F. Wilson, Mrs. G. C. Blackman, Mrs. Preston Lodwick, Mrs. M. T. Armour, Mrs. M. B. Hagans, Mrs. Martin Bare, Mrs. W. S. Dickinson, Mrs. M. D. Folger, Mrs. J. Weaver Loper, Mrs. J. J. Francis, Mrs. Wm. Ogborn, Mrs. L. J. Lyle, and Miss Hattie Phillips. The first faculty was constituted as follows : Dr. G. B. Orr, dean, and professor of surgery and clinical surgery. Dr. J. Trush, professor of theory and practice of medicine and clinical medicine. Dr. Wm. H. Taylor, professor of obstetrics and midwifery; Dr. C. D. Palmer, professor of gynecology and clinical gynecology ; Dr. Juliet Monroe Thorpe, professor of diseases of children; Dr. Mary E. Osborn, professor of physiology ; Dr. W. E. Lewis, professor of descriptive and surgical anatomy ; Dr. Wm. H. Dunham, professor of materia medica and therapeutics ; Dr. C. O. Wright, professor of dermatology and clinical dermatology ; Dr. C. R. Holmes, professor of ophthalmology and clinical ophthalmology; Dr. J. E. Boylan, professor of laryngology and otology and clinical laryngology and otology ; Dr. J. C. Oliver, professor of pathology ; Dr. D. T. Vail, assistant to the chair of ophthalmology. The first staff of the hospital consisted of Drs. Mary E. Osborn and Juliet M. Thorpe. The consultant staff were : Surgery—Drs. G. B. Orr and P. S. Conner. Medicine—Drs. Wm. Carson and J. Trush. Obstetrics—Drs. W. H. Taylor and W. H. Dunham. Gynecology—Drs. T. A. Reamy and E. G. Zinke. Ophthalmology—Drs. C. R. Holmes and G. H. Goode. Throat and Ear Department—Dr. J. E. Boylan. Children's Department—Drs. F. Forchheimer and W. S. Christopher. Dispensary—Drs. Mary E. Osborn, Juliet M. Thorpe and Jessie T. Bogle. Assistant—Dr. Louise J. Lyle. In 1891 the articles of incorporation were so amended as to change the name to The Presbyterian Hospital and Woman's Medical College. In 1894 the charter was so amended as to make the hospital and college separate institutions, while working in harmony. A board of trustees consisting of twenty-four ministers and prominent men of the Presbyterian church. The board of lady managers of the hospital was retained. In 1894 Mr. and Mrs. McDonald presented to the institution the building next east of the hospital for college purposes, and to be known as The Laura Memorial College, in memory of their daughter, Mrs. Laura McDonald Stallo. This building they also fully equipped for the purposes of the college. In 1896 the trustees reported to the Presbytery the advisability of organizing the hospital and college under one name and constitution. This organization was called The Laura Memorial Woman's Medical College and Presbyterian Hospital. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 249 For a number of years the hospital and colaccommodatingd, the hospital accommodating about one hundred patients at a time. After 1903 the hospital declined and passed out of existence in 1905. The college after a successful career of eight years was abandoned in 1903. The buildings were purchased by the Sisters of Charity in 1907 and are now the home of the SetoCoLLEGE.al. THE MIAMI MEDICAL COLLEGE. The Miami Medical College, founded in 1852, was the outgrowth of the disturbed conditions then existing in the medical colleges and private medical enterprises undertaken by a number of able, ambitious, and dissatisfied members of the profession. In 1851, A. H. Baker had established his school, the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, apparently for the sole purpose of destroying the Medical College of Ohio. In 1850, Drs. W. W. Dawson, Geo. Mendenhall, C. W. Wright, Thomas Wood, C. G. Comegys, and others, organized the Medical Institute of Cincinnati. The trustees of the Medical College of Ohio allowed them the use of the lecture-rooms in the college, and permitted the professors of the college to cooperate with them. The institute became the foundation of the Miami College when Dr. R. D. Mussey stepped out of the Medical College of Ohio. Dr. Mussey was seventy-two years old at that time, and was longing for rest. He was easily the head of the surgical fraternity in the West. His friends, however, persuaded, or forced, him to take the lead in forming the new school. The charter was granted by the commissioners of Hamilton county under a law passed by the legislature during the previous winter. The first faculty meeting was held in the office of Dr. John F. White, at the northwest corner of Fourth and Race streets, July 22, 1852. Organization was effected by electing Dr. Mussey, professor of surgery ; Jesse P. Judkins, professor of surgical anatomy and pathology ; Charles L. Avery, professor of descriptive anatomy ; John Davis, adjunct professor of anatomy ; John F. White, professor of theory and practice of medicine; George Mendenhall, professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children ; John A. Murphy, professor of materia medica, therapeutics, and medical jurisprudence; C. G. Comegys, professor of institutes ; and John Locke, Jr., son of the great scientist, professor of chemistry. Locke, however, never served ; his place was taken by Dr. Henry E. Foote. The building at the northwest corner of Fifth street and Western row (Central avenue), was remodeled, and became the first home of the college. A dispensary was established in the building and clinical lectures and demonstrations given in the St. John's Hotel for Invalids, at the northwest corner of Third and Plum streets, which was under the professional control of the Miami faculty. The new school started with thirty-four students. It grew steadily in favor. In 1853 it graduated seven candidates ; in 1857, thirty-one. In the latter year the number of students was three times as large as in 1852. In 1855 Elkanah Williams, the celebrated oculist, opened an eye-clinic in connection with the college. It was the second of the kind in the West, the first