400 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY mon schools, was organized July 22, 1851, and entered upon its duties. In May, 1895, this contract was modified so as to give the common school board seven members instead of six: Upon the organization of the board it was decided that Race street should be the dividing line between the two schools, all pupils west of that line to remain at the Central school, which was henceforth to be known as the Hughes high. school, and all pupils east of that line to go to the 'building that already stood on the Woodward lot, and to constitute the Woodward high school. This took place on the 16th of September, 1851, and on that date the Hughes and Woodward free public high schools entered upon their career. In June, 1851, the first class was graduated from the Hughes high school, consisting of four young ladies, viz.: Frances Ellen Cassatt, Elizabeth Hawley, Amelia Burgess and 'Lelia Byington. During the year the new building had been erected on the lot on Fifth street, opposite Mound; This building was imposing in its architecture and was considered at the time as affording exceptionally fine accommodations for the school. It was formally accepted from the contractors on January 5th, was dedicated with public exercises on Monday, January 17, 1853, and the school immediately moved into these new quarters with Mr. Barney and his corps of assistants in charge. But the reputation of Mr. Barney had extended over the state, and in a few weeks after the opening of the school he was elected state school commissioner of Ohio. He continued in his place as principal of the school until February, 1854, when he resigned to enter upon the duties of his new office. Mr. Barney was succeeded in the principalship by Mr. Cyrus Knowlton, a graduate of Brown University, who had for several years served as an assistant in the school. Mr. Knowlton continued in the office of principal until the year 1860, when he resigned, with the intention of entering upon the practice of the law. The Hughes school was especially fortunate in having two such men as principals in its early years. Mr. Barney had shown his ability not only as an administrator of the affairs of the school, but also as an advocate both by tongue and pen of the cause of free public education and of the high school as a legitimate part of that system. It was a time when these were burning .questions, and when the dicussion of them was the order of the day, and when the cause of public education needed bold and aggressive champions. Mr. Barney bore an honorable part in this conflict. Mr. Knowlton was a man of marked qualities of character that eminently fitted him for the position to which he had succeeded. These two men gave a tone and direction to the school that have characterized it to the present day. Upon the retirement of Mr. Knowton, Dr. Joseph L. Thornton, who had been a teacher in the Woodward high school, was chosen principal. The school continued under his leadership for thirteen years, until the close of the school year 1872-3, when he resigned. The school opened in September, 1873, without a principal, being placed temporarily under the charge of Mr. John M. Edwards, who had been a teacher CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 401 in the Central school, and had been in the Hughes from the beginning. In the fall of that year, the present incumbent, the writer of this sketch, was elected principal, and entered upon his duties December 16th. There have been many men and women who have rendered the school invaluable service as teachers in subordinate positions and who could not be passed by in any full history of Hughes. Such men as Mr. John M. Edwards, who has already been referred to, Mr. M. W. Smith and Hon. Jacob H. Bromwell, and such women as Miss Wright, Miss Porter and Miss Ellen M. Patrick, and many others, will receive their full meed of praise when the history of Hughes shall be written, but in this brief sketch we can only say that whatever is most worthy of commendation in Hughes high school is largely due to the character and influence and labors of these men and women. Another, who has now gone to his reward, should also be mentioned in any notice of Hughes high school. I refer to Mr. H. H. Tatem, a graduate of the school, for years an active and efficient member of the union board and chairman of the house committee. He gave his time and thought ungrudgingly to the interests of the school with no expectation of reward beyond the consciousness of having performed a public duty and served his Alma Mater faithfully and well. There have been many changes in the curriculum of the school since its first organization, but most of them have been of minor importance. At one time in the early history of the school a more extended course of study was adopted. This, however, did not last long, and a return to the traditional four years' course soon followed. Instruction in French and German was offered almost from the first and has continued to the present time. Spanish has been introduced in the year that is just passing. Classes in domestic science were first formed in the year 1892-3, and that subject has formed an optional part of the course ever since. A gymnasium was erected on the lot adjoining the school to the east and opened for classes in October, 1893. Students of both sexes are required to take physical exercises in classes under an instructor in the gymnasium twice a week. The Hughes building was seriously disfigured by the making of an addition in front in 1888 to furnish needed accommodations for the growing school, While the architectural beauty of the building was thus destroyed, it provided six additional rooms that were immediately filled by the incoming pupils. In the year 1851-2, when the first class was graduated, the school numbered 199 pupils ; the enrollment for the present year is 665. The first graduating class numbered four ; the graduating class of June, 1892, numbered eighty. The work that the school has done has more than justified its existence ; it has established its claim to friendly and generous consideration in everything that relates to its future development and welfare. FOUNDER'S DAY. Never was there a greater audience assembled in the hall of the Hughes building than on Saturday, December 3, 1898, when, for the first time, there was a formal celebration of Founder's Day. As the programs of these celebrations may prove interesting in the future, copies are here given : Vol. II-26 402 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY FOUNDER'S DAY. Saturday, December 3, 1898. PROGRAM. Music—Violin Solo, Concerto in E minor, - Mendelssohn First Movement. Mr. George Smith. ADDRESS, - Mr. Thornton M. Hinkle Music—Happy Days, - Miss Katharine Allen Coolidge Violin Obligato by Mrs. Emma Von Seggern. POEM, - Miss Mary Helen Lathrop a. Nocturne in F minor, - Chopin PIANO b. To Spring, - Grieg Frederick J. Hoffman. REMARKS—By Moses F. Wilson, A. M. Van Dyke, Chas. H. Stephens, Dr. David Philipson, Leonard J. Crawford and others. Music—Valse Brilliante, L'Ardiba, - Miss Katharine Allen Coolidge Music—Auld Lang Syne, IN WHICH ALL ARE INVITED TO JOIN. Saturday, December 2, 1899, 2 o'clock p. m. PROGRAM. I. PIANO SOLO, - May B. Hoban 2. ADDRESS, - Dr. P. S. Conner Subject—Life and Services of Cyrus Knowlton. 3. MALE QUARTET—Hiram A. DeCamp, Charles H. Robinson, Charles O. Rose, Louis E. Aiken. 4. REMARKS.—By Rankin D. Jones, Judge Miller Outcalt, Judge D. Thew Wright, Jr., Dr. Louis Grossman, and others. 5. VOCAL SOLO, - Mrs. Katherine Gould Seitz 6. RECITATION, - (a) The Pine. (b) The Ocean. (c) The Cloud. Nature Sketches Mrs. Belle McDiarmid Ritchey. 7. PIANO SOLO, - Marguerite Levoy AULD LAN( SYNE—By the audience. Saturday, December I, 1900, 2 o'clock p. m. PROGRAM. 1. PIANO SOLO, - Flora Foster 2. ADDRESS, - Dr. David Philipson Subject.—Character and Culture. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 403 3. VIOLIN SOLO, - Max R. Reszke 4. REMARKS.-By Ellis G. Kinkead, Harry M. Hoffheimer, George F. Sands, Michael Heintz, and others. 5. VOCAL SOLO, - Bessie Luckey AULD LANG SYNE.-By the audience. THOMAS HUGHES. "Unlettered, lowly, modest and obscure, And yet his name through ages will endure." The magnificent new Hughes high school building having been completed, the dedication took place Dec. 2, 1910. The Commercial-Tribune, of the following day said : SHADES OF THOMAS HUGHES ATTEND SCHOOL DEDICATION-HOVER OVER EXERCISES. AT SUPERB BUILDING WHICH STANDS AS LASTING MEMORIAL TO HIS . POET; SOUL-DEAN WEST MAKES ADDRESS. Hovering near last night were the shades of Thomas Hughes, "a humble cobbler, this poet soul, unerring seer of the real, brave lover of all loveliness." Magnificence had run riot and had exploded in one grand burst of architectural ecstacy ! Men had dreamed their dreams ; they had passed from hope through despair to achievement and final realization. Hughes high school was a reality, a thing almost complete and perfect, seated high "above the smoke, the grime and the turmoil," the most superb among all similar structures of the United States. Standing before this majestic pile, overawed by its monster guarding Tudor tower, one marveled at the spirit of man that dared create so audaciously and feared not to exalt the youth of the city of Cincinnati by dedicating to its service a building which, in the years to come, must serve as a model to all the world. And fulsome though these words may seem they be true, every whit, with not one smack of exaggeration. Dr. Coy, principal of the school, was in his glory, of course. He smiled, he beamed. There was a reason. "Can't beat this in the world," he exclaimed, joyfully. "just take a look throughout our manual school. The boys are all working. It's just bully. Cost us a million, but see what we've got. Domestic science, manual training, commercial, industrial and art, all in addition to our regular academic courses." The programme of dedication was an elaborate affair and brought a number of addresses that were rich with juice and meat. Dr. Coy commented upon the tremendous growth of the high school in this country, the total number of such schools being 8,000 today, with an enrollment of 800,000 pupils, against sixty schools fifty years ago, and a total attendance of only 6,000. He enlarged upon the spirit of democracy that will rule Hughes school, the "poorest boy having an equal chance with the richest." "But," he insisted with determined voice, "we will insist rigidly on two tests —the one, character ; the other, ability."     . 404 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY Dr. F. B. Dyer, superintendent of schools, declared with enthusiasm that "Hughes high school is the masterpiece of the most progressive board of education the city of Cincinnati has ever had." The dedication of Hughes high school last night was an event. Better, in the words of one of the speakers, "It marked an era in the educational development of the city," because under one roof it represented the sum total of everything that the finest and most sympathetic of human minds had found of value for the proper training of youth preparatory to his entrance into the college and university. A round $1,000,000 of cold cash had been transformed into equipment more nearly perfect than anything yet devised by man. To achieve this required brain of the highest order, a fact that impressed itself at every turn upon the vast audience that was drawn to Clifton Heights last evening. Another of the 'great high schools of this city is the Woodward. The following account is from the pamphlet issued at the time of the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary. WILLIAM WOODWARD. In a plain but comfortable New England home near the banks of the Quinebaugh river, in Connecticut, there lived in the last quarter of the eighteenth century a family of thirteen members. It consisted of the father, mother, six sons and five daughters. The head of the house, Elias Woodward, a farmer, was an ardent believer in the cause of the colonies, and to show his faith he fought in the Continental army. The mother was a Miss Lydia Cliff, a sister of the mother of Lorenzo Dow. How much the home was loved, how strong the cords that bound the children to it, and its sweet Christian influence is shown by the fact that one of its sons made three long journeys to visit it—the last one when he was nearing the sunset of life. The children early were taught to be known by deeds rather than by words. Self-reliance was breathed from the very air of their home. So we are not surprised to find two of the sons coming in their young manhood to seek their fortunes in the Northwest Territory, and making the military post known as Cincinnati their headquarters. Levi, the fourth son, and William, the fifth, cast in their lot with the rising little village. Levi's name is among the list of those who purchased land here in 1789-90. William came here in the fall of 1791; in the following year he was a member of the expedition fitted out under General Wayne against the Indians. During the year 1792 he purchased from his brother a farm in the northeastern part of the city This land extended from Hunt street to Liberty, and from. Main to Broadway. It was in this year he utilized the timber of old flatboats for a house, using wooden pins for nails. The house was on Webster street between Main and Sycamore, and stood a land-mark for upwards of half a. century. During the year 1792 he married Miss Jane McGowan. She died in little more than a twelvemonth after their marriage. The year 1798 is marked by his first visit to his old home at Plainfield, Windham county. Connecticut. This was a hazardous undertaking, the Indians being CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 405 troublesome ; but he joined a company of young men from Kentucky who also were going East, and in safety all reached the firesides of their childhood. In 1803 Mr. Woodward married Miss Abigail Cutter; Abigail street is named in her honor. Her father, James Cutter, had been killed by the Indians while he was at work on his farm near where the Cincinnati Hospital now stands. Miss Cutter was quite wealthy, owning in part, land on the north side of Fifth street, between Main and Walnut; also a lot on the southeast corner of Fifth and Main streets, besides several others. She had $2,000 in money, and afterwards received quite a nice sum from Massachusetts, her father's former home. This wealth, added to Mr. Woodward's was the foundation on which he built the large fortune he amassed before he died. Several children came to brighten their home, but all died young. The old house was given up in 1816 for a commodious brick—considered quite handsome in that day. It is still standing at the northeast corner of Main and Webster streets. The barn was farther east, about where Asbury Chapel is now. His second journey homeward was made in 1812. He was accompanied by Mrs. Woodward, whom he took to her native heath in Medford, Massachusetts. It is said that the people of the Nutmeg State have great trading qualifications, and Mr. Woodward was no exception. Once he was not successful, but the venture will show his industry and enterprising business qualities. He had built in 1813 a ship on the banks of the Ohio, near the mouth of Crawfish creek. The vessel he named Cincinnatus. This was intended for trading along the. Gulf coast from New Orleans to Florida. It was kept in the dock until the great flood of 1815 brought depth of water enough to carry it over the falls at Louisville. The cargo consisted principally of pork and lard packed by Mr. Woodward himself ; but the venture was a loss. Real estate investments brought better results. He loved farming, and by his thrift the forest and waste places were transformed into orchards and wheat fields. To the occupation of farmer he added that of tanner; and did an extensive and profitable business on Liberty east of Sycamore street. His wealth was considerable, and he was a man of prominence in the community. He contributed largely to the support of the First Presbyterian church, of which he was a member. To the Lane Seminary fund he was a liberal subscriber. As early as 1819 he had plans for founding a school for poor children, but not until 1826 were the thoughts made facts ; then he consulted his friend and legal adviser, Mr. Samuel Lewis, as to the disposition to make of his vast wealth—vast indeed for those times. Seven years later his real estate within the city was valued at $179,365, and there was enough outside the corporation to bring it up to $230,000. His personality at his decease was valued at $28,088.15. In 1826 he conveyed by deed some seven acres of land on Sycamore north of what is now Hunt street to his chosen trustees. His nephew, Osmond Cogswell, was one and Samuel Lewis the other. Later he gave an acre as the site for a schoolhouse ; on this land was erected the old college and also the present Woodward school. The original plan was to found a grammar school, but later it was changed to a high school. Mr. Woodward drew away the first load of earth in excavat- 406 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY ing for the cellar of the new building. We may imagine with what pleasure he watched the progress of this edifice, and with what a thrill of delight he attended the opening exercises on October 24, 1831. He was spared to attend one exhibition, and then he was deeply touched by the outbursts of gratitude from patrons and pupils. How wise he was to put this grand work in operation while he was living and not leave it to others to carry out his plans! He died January 23, 1833, in his sixty-sixth year, having been born March 8, 1768; His remains were placed in the cemetery on Twelfth street, now Washington park, but later with those of his wife were removed to their present resting-place in the school grounds. A handsome monument has been erected over their graves by the Old Woodward Club and the alumni of the high school. It was unveiled on October 24, 1878, by Mrs. Samuel Lewis, the widow of his dearest friend. Mr. Woodward's gifts were not in any sense narrow. He was a public spirited citizen. The city received from him a valuable lot on Sycamore street south of Abigail and extending to Main as the site for a jail. Here the old jail was located until the building of the present one. He served as coroner of Hamilton county from 1807 to 1810 ; he was also a member of the city council. Mr. Woodward was a pleasant, unassuming gentleman of the old school. He was most sympathetic and was known to assist many a neighbor who was in financial straits. The Founder of Woodward who rejoiced at seeing his boys not alone at study, but at play, little dreamed of the thousands who would be benefited by his gift. As Sir Walter Milday said to. Queen Elizabeth of his foundation, Emmanuel College, Cambridge, Mr. Woodward might have said of his little two story brick school in Cincinnati, "I have but set an acorn, God alone knows what will be the fruit thereof." Hundreds of boys and girls who have come forth from the halls of Woodward-old and new—to fill positions in almost every walk in life, and hundreds yet upborn will call him blessed. In the words of Miss Mosbaugh's beautiful poem for Founder's Day, we can say. Yea, his spirit ever lives In the souls to whom he gives Dearer 'gift than fame or gold, Rich with blessings yet untold. None can prouder birthright hold- Woodward Woodward ! HISTORY OF WOODWARD COLLEGE AND HIGH SCHOOL. In 1826, William Woodward consulted Samuel Lewis, his legal adviser, in regard to making his will, stating that he wished to leave at his death a considerable part of his property for some benevolent object. Mr. Lewis suggested the immediate founding of a free school. Mr. Woodward resolved to act at once upon this suggestion, and on January 24, 1827, the Woodward Free Grammar CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 407 School was incorporated. Seven acres of ground were deeded to Samuel Lewis and Osmond Cogswell, trustees, to carry out the purpose of the donor. In the year 1830, Mr. Woodward added other lots to his former grant, and also consented to a change in the charter, so as to establish a high school. This land is leased, subject to revaluation every fifteen years, producing at the present time a yearly revenue of about twelve thousand dollars. The portion set apart for school purposes was located in the southeastern corner of the Woodward farm, a tract purchased from John Cleves Symmes by Levi Woodward for the sum of eleven dollars and afterward sold to his brother Wm. Woodward for four hundred dollars. This farm embraced the territory now lying between Main and Broadway and extending from Abigail to Liberty street. The Woodward high school was incorporated January 15, 1831. About half a square .was set apart for the school grounds and building. The first house, a plain two-story building, contained four rooms, and was built on the northeast corner of the lot fronting on Franklin street. On the 24th of October, 1831, the Woodward high school was formally opened. January 7, 1836, the charter was changed so as to allow the establishment of a college department. During the period from 1831 to 1851, there were three presidents of the school; the first, elected in 1832, was Prof. Thomas J. Matthews, the father of Hon. Stanley Matthews, late justice of the United States Supreme Court. On the resignation of Prof. Matthews; in 1835, Dr. Benjamin P. Aydelott was elected president, and he was succeeded, in 1843, by Rev. Thomas J. Biggs. Two of the professors during this period became widely known through their publications—Wm. H. McGuffey, the author of the Eclectic Readers, and Dr. Joseph Ray, the author of the Ray Mathematical Series. As the endowment was not sufficient to meet the current expenses of the school, the trustees were compelled to admit two classes of pupils, those who were able to pay and those who were admitted as free students. The latter were selected from the public schools, with great care, and were enrolled as honor pupils. By this arrangement of the trustees, the brainiest pupils of our public schools were admitted to the college. In 1851, through the efforts of Samuel Lewis and others, the Woodward funds were united with certain, funds left by Thomas Hughes for school purposes, and two high schools were established. Since that time the high schools have been a part of the public school system of the city, under the joint control of the common school board and the union board of high schools, a body composed of seven representatives of the two trusts and seven delegates from the common school board. From 1851 to the present time, the following have served as principals of the Woodward high school: Joseph Ray. - 1851-1855 , Daniel Shepardson - 1855-1862 Moses Woolson - 1862-1865 George W. Harper - 1865-1900 Augustus M. Van Dyke - 1900 Over seventy teachers have been employed in the regular work of the school. Of these the following deserve mention because of their long and faithful services : 408 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY Alphonse Brunner - 1853-1868 Mary E. White - 1858-1876 Chauncey R. Stuntz - 1860-1895 George W. Smith - 1867-1892 Sarah L. Brooks - 1865-1882 Henrietta Walter - 1865-1892 William H. Pabodie - 1870 Ferdinand C. Gores - 1876 Nettie Fillmore - 1879 Eleanor C. O'Connell - 1882-1900 Maggie W. Mosbaugh - 1884 Adeline A. Stubbs - 1884 M. Louise Armstrong - 1886 Margaretta Burnet - 1887 The high standards which have always been maintained, not only for admission, but for passing from grade to grade, and for final graduation, have contributed largely to the reputation of the school. The stimulus given to talented pupils by the prize system has been an important factor in obtaining the best results from school work. In 1857, D. Gano Ray, Esq., founded the mathematical prizes in honor of his distinguished father, Dr. Joseph Ray. The first prize was taken by the late General Peter S. Michie, who for over thirty years was a professor at West Point Military Academy. In 1883, medals for general scholarship were founded by David Sinton, Esq., and in 1885, additional medals for English, for mathematics and for the best oration were given, called the Alumnal medals. In 1901, by action of the union board, the prize system in the high schools was abolished. The thoroughness of the work done at Woodward has for many years been recognized by the best colleges. This statement is confirmed by the fact that graduates of Woodward have been elected to professorships in Annapolis, West Point, Columbia University, Chicago University, Washington University, Yale, Harvard, Cornell: and other colleges of like grade. While Woodward was never regarded as a military school, the military spirit seems to have predominated from the earliest history of the school. The students, when not engaged in foot ball and other favorite games, were organized into companies of amateur soldiers and marched and counter-marched in the ample grounds of the school yard. While the languages and the sciences were not neglected, the school was always noted for its high standard in the mathematics. This severe training at Woodward was no doubt the principal cause of the prominence of the Woodward graduates in our civil war. A careful examination of the records shows that Woodward contributed to the war besides the rank and file one hundred and fifty-seven commissioned officers, and of these, before the close of the war, there were twenty colonels, fifteen brigadier generals and one major general. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 409 One who was in a position to know has stated that no company organized during the war furnished so large a number of commissioned officers from the ranks as the Woodward guards. The formation of a school library began in the early days of the college and has grown until now it numbers nearly 4,000 volumes. In September, 1892, the department of domestic science was introduced, and classes in cooking were organized under the able management of Isabella Neff. In 1893, the enrollment of the school had increased to 822 pupils, a number too large to be accommodated upon the present play-grounds, so that the board was compelled to build a gymnasium where all the pupils now receive instruction in physical culture under a competent teacher. In 1884, the Alumnal Association erected a handsome memorial tablet in one of the halls of Woodward to the memory of the teachers who have died while members of the faculty. William Woodward's own children died in their infancy, but his great love for children and that of his wife, Abigail Woodward, caused him to adopt from time to time a number of orphaned children, who were educated and cared for as a part of his own family. Since his death, thousands of boys and girls have received a higher education, through his bounteous provision, to whom he has been in a certain sense a foster parent. These foster sons and daughters of Woodward desired to express in some substantial way their gratitude to the founder of the school. The Old Woodward Club and the Alumna Association at their annual meetings in 1877 appointed the following committees to act together in carrying out the wishes of the societies : For the Old Woodward Club- GEN. A. T. GOSHORN, JOHN W. DALE, D. GANO RAY, ESQ. For the Woodward Alumna- WILLIAM STRUNK, ESQ. NOBLE K. ROYSE, GEO. W. HARPER. This committee proceeded at once to collect funds and to have erected, on the lot in front of the school building, a bronze statue of William Woodward, Which was dedicated with appropriate ceremonies, October 24, 1878, forty-seven years after the opening day of the school. As early as 1860, the Old Woodward Club had the remains of William Woodward and his wife removed from the Twelfth street cemetery, now Washington park, and placed in a stone vault which they had prepared, in front of the building, and over which the monument now stands. It seems very proper that William Woodward and his wife should sleep in the midst of the farm he once tilled, and in the shadow of the great school which he founded. The following memorial tablet on the second floor was put in place by the school, April 26, 1884, to the memory of those teachers who died while members of the faculty: 410 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY IN MEMORIAM . JOSEPH RAY—1831 - I 855 CHARLES AIKEN-1851-1879 CHAS. F. WEHMER -1860-1863 ARTHUR FORBRIGER---1868-1878 KATE REUSCHEL:—1872- 1882 ALICE E. HARTON—1884-1886 CHAUNCEY R. STUNGTZ—1860-1895 F0UNDER'S DAY AT WO0DWARD. Although the memory of William Woodward had always been cherished and revered at the school, it was not until 1893 that the suggestion to observe the birthday with appropriate exercises was carried out. Since then the day, March 8, has been called Founder's Day, and a part of it has been devoted to exercises consisting of music, recitations, addresses and the reading of lettersall tending to present the excellence of the founder and the value of his gift in helping to form the characters of good women and noble men who have impressed the stamp of Woodward upon the city of Cincinnati. The school is not without visible memorials of the good man, for an excellent portrait of him hangs in the hall, and a fine bronze monument stands above the grave of himself and his wife, Abigail, in front of the school entrance on Franklin street. But it is well that these mute memorials should be reinforced annually by the spoken word, that the new generations of pupils may be reminded how the virtues of the fathers have influenced the advantages possible in the present day. The celebration of Founder's Day has been aided by a number of the large business houses, which, on that day and during that week, have decorated their show windows with the blue of Woodward, the color sacred in art, to heaven and truth. It is to be regretted that the limit's of this volume will not allow the publication of all the programs which have been carried out from 1893 to 1902. Each was worthy of the dear old school."' The records of them will be found in the Woodward manuals and in the 'record' book .at the school. The Old Woodward boys presented the bell. used in the first building, and it has been customary to have. this bell rung by the oldest Woodward boy present. This ringing has usually been the introduction to the exercises of the' day. The first program, March 8, 1893, included, besides the sketches of the lives of William Woodward and of Samuel G. Lewis, his friend and adviser, and of Dr. Joseph Ray, the first principal, addresses by Judge Ferris, by Rev. Weeks, '55, by peter Rudolph Neff and by Hezekiah Bailey, and the reading of many letters and telegrams from prominent graduates. Among these was notable the greeting from Chas. L. Gano, a pupil of 1831. But the letter which, doubtless, is of most interests today was from a man who has been making history fin our country during the last six months, Wm. 'H. Taft, governor general of the Philippines. At that time, engagements, in court prevented. his presence at the exercises, and, after expressing his regret, he said : “I regret it because four years of the best mental discipline of my life were spent in Woodward high school, and I shall always feel grateful for the opportunities there afforded me. Mr. Woodward's name will remain a household word CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 411 so long as there is a city of Cincinnati. It is an excellent. idea to 'celebrate his memory, because it calls to the mind of those who have accumulated large wealth the surest and most enduring and most useful way of perpetuating their ,memory. I congratulate the faculty of Woodward high school on the high position which the school occupies among institutions of its class in this country. I am proud to be an alumnus of Woodward." At the close of the exercises, the Woodward cadets, pupils of the. school, headed by Mr. A: B. Pullan, who was among the first to enter the school in 1831, marched from the school and saluted the old house at northeast corner of Main and Webster streets, in which Mr. Woodward once lived. In 1894, the celebration was specially devoted to the Old Woodward boys. An address, "Memories of Old Woodward," by Mr. John W. Dale, with some account of "Football in the Early Woodward Days," by Mr. De Beck, and "Reminiscences 'of '59," by E. H. Prichard, were given. But the chief feature was the presentation of the mural tablet—the stone used in Mt. Woodward's tannery. The presentation 'speech was made by Colonel Geo. Finch, that of acceptance by Mr. Harper. In 1895, the old bell was presented by the Old Woodward boys; represented by Dr. A. C. Kemper. It is now placed at the east end of, the; assembly hall. The rest of. the program was devoted to "The Woodward Boy in the Army” the chief address being by General H. V. Boynton, class of '53. J. Milton Blair, '59, gave an account of the Woodward guards, with a history of the silk flag presented to the guards by the young ladies of Woodward. The flag was on the stage, tattered and seared by many battles. On this day a silk banner was presented to the cadets by the girls of the schools. In 1896, March 8th was Sunday, and it; was decided to hold a memorial service on the evening of that day in the First Presbyterian church, which Mr. Woodward had attended. Owing to circumstances beyond control, the service was postponed until the following Sunday, March 15th, and was conducted by Rt. Rev. John H. White, Bishop of Indiana, Protestant Episcopal church, a Woodward graduate of '67. Miss Mosbaugh, "72; wrote a song, "March Eighth," for this occasion, which was sung for the first time. The exercises at the school were held March 13th; being opened by the ringing of the old bell by H. B. Bailey, '50. The chief event of the day was the presentation of an oil portrait of Mr. .C. R. Stuntz, the gift; of Dr. S. P. Kramer, Class of '85, painted by Leo Mielziner, class of '87. The portrait hangs near the mural tablet to Mr. Woodward. On the same day, a case for the old battle flag was presented to the school, the address being made by Major A. M. Van Dyke, and the responses for the Woodward guards and the school by Mr. Blair and Mr. Harper. The flag in its case is at the western end of the hall on the second floor, the frame having an ap¬ptopriate inscription. In 1897, the bell was rung by Wm. H. Morgan, class of '56, at that time superintendent of Cincinnati schools. An address was made by G. W. Harper ---"The Two Friends," meaning William Woodward and Sam'l G. Lewis. After the exercises; those present were invited to inspect the library, which had been newly fitted up, and looked beautiful with its new cases, its lovely blue carpet, 412 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY and the motto of the school, Esse quam videri, shining out from its blue background. In 1898, the program was mainly devoted to the Woodward boy in business. After the ringing of the bell by Judge A. J. Pruden, class of '36, Mr. Wm. McCallister, president of the union board, made a fine address on the subject of the day. In 1899. the day was devoted to Woodward in the Navy. The first gun fired on the Spanish fleet in the late war was by a watchful Woodward boy, who had been trained to see and to think. This was F. K. Hill, '80, graduate of the naval academy, serving on the "Iowa," under Evans, who mentions him in his official! report. Long and interesting letters were read from Lieutenant Thos. W. Kinkaid, Engineer Corps, Lieutenant Frank K. Hill, '80, and Lieutenant Harry F. Bryan, '83. Afterwards, John W. Dale presented to the school a pair of globes,. celestial and terrestrial, which had been used in Woodward College from 1831 to 1851. These are now in the library of the school. The Naval Veterans' Association loaned its fine old flag to decorate the assembly hall. In 1900, the day was devoted to Woodward girls. There was an account of the life of Abigail Cutter Woodward, the wife of the founder ; a letter from Miss Margaret Given, class of '68, for many years a missionary to India ; a poem,. "The Woodward Girl at Home and Abroad," by Mrs. Alice Williams Brother-ton, '70; and an address by Miss Walter, '62, who had been a teacher in the-school from 1865 to 1892. In 1901, the exercises were of a more general character, and addresses were made by Dr. Joseph Eichberg, '75, Judge Wm. Littleford, '76, and a letter read from Charles J. Hunt, '77. The splendid "New Woodward" was formally dedicated October 24, 1910„ The Enquirer said: "Exactly 79 years ago to-day an interested caravan of Cincinnatians traveled from the city of the '30s through woods and over rough rural roads to what is now the corner of Broadway and Woodward street—then in the midst of the country—to participate in the dedication of Woodward high school. Since teat time a metropolis has grown about the site of the original school, and where then stood the modest two-story brick building now rears a massive palace of learning. Tonight, on the anniversary of the dedication of that first building, the new ,edifice will be dedicated to its purposes. "In 1855 the. old three-story brick building was torn down, a new building having been completed in the middle of the square. This new building stood until 1907, when it was demolished to make room for the new Woodward to be dedicated today, and was the Alma Mater 'so dear' to the hearts of thousands of living Cincinnatians, among them the president of the United States, whose father, by the way, Alphonso Taft, was from 1852 until 1876 one of the trustees of the Woodward fund, and whose brother,' Charles P. Taft, served in a similar capacity from 1877 until a very few years ago. "The new Woodward high school occupies an entire block. Its architect is an old Woodward boy—Gustav W. Drach. Its general form is a hollow rectangle. It. is 290 feet long by 165 feet wide and four and five stories high. It is designed in the French style of architecture and contains approximately five CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 413 acres of floor space. It supplies facilities for complete instruction in all branches of modern high school training for 1,400 pupils. It is built of stone in its first story, brick and terra cotta for the upper stories." VARIOUS OTHER SCHOOLS. The Walnut Hills high school was completed in 1895, at a cost of more than $120,000. It is one of the best equipped schools in the city.. The City Normal school of Cincinnati was organized in September, 1868. It came into existence because of the need of better teachers in the lower grades of the schools, vacancies in the upper grades being filled from the lower grades and the vacancies in the lower being supplied by inexperienced 'persons. In the summer of 1868 the board voted to open a school for the training of candidates -for teacher's positions in the primary grades. The school was located in the Eighth district schoolhouse. Expenses are paid from. the common school fund of the city. Pupils must be graduated of Cincinnati high schools or of some other of like standing, or hold a teacher's certificate from the Cincinnati board of examiners, or have passed an equivalent examination before the normal school committee. A diploma from the school secures to its holder the preference over an inexperienced teacher in appointment to a position. Mount St. Mary's Theological Seminary is a Roman Catholic Institution. It is situated on Price Hill. It was founded in 1852, and his been successful as a preparatory school for the priesthood . of the Catholic church. It has a fine library. The Young Ladies' Academy of St. Vincent de Paul is a Catholic institution, a school for Catholic girls. The grounds were bought by the Sisters of Charity in 1851, and the mother house of the order existed there. The commercial colleges of this city have played a prominent part in the advancement of Cincinnati. Indeed it is asserted that the pioneer in originating the American Business College was a Cincinnatian, Mr. R. M. Bartlett. Born in the east, he tried to found such schools in Philadelphia and in Pittsburgh. Not meeting with encouragement in those cities, Mr. Bartlett came to Cincinnati and here opened Bartlett's Commercial College. While he did not at first gain the sympathy of prominent merchants, he attracted the attention and interest of beginners who had little money or education, many of whom came to him of evenings to seek further training. Ambition's clerks, desirous of rising made themselves his students. Likewise men who had failed but wished to try again took day as well as evening studies. Most of these men desired especially training in double-entry bookkeeping.. The teacher used small but complete sets of books, so that his pupil must as he Used each set, go through opening, journalizing, posting and balancing books. Soon young farmers and mechanics joined the classes. Penmanship, and business arithmetic was added to the course. The School succeeded remarkably well. V There soon arose rival institutions, among them Gundry's Mercantile College and Bacon's Mercantile College. Certain of these made haste too carelessly, and incapable bookkeepers sent out by them caused a decline in the standing of these colleges. 414 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN, CITY Improved conditions began in 1856, under Mr. Richard Nelson, whose plan was to organize the school as a business community, so that every student was individually put through all the business processes. Nelson's Business. College of Cincinnati established the actual business method of teaching, which has been adopted by all important business colleges. There are today the Bartlett Commercial College, Campbell Commercial school, Clark's Commercial College, the Johnston school, the Joyce Business College, Elizabeth Katzenberger school, the Littleford school, the Mueller School of Business, the Nelson Business College, the Newport Business College, Ernest L. Phifer school, the School of Commerce and Watter's Business College. Of private schools, the Franklin school, established in 1881, has been and is prominent and successful, having prepared large numbers of students for the greater universities all over the land. The Bartholomew-Clifton school for girls at Evanswood, Clifton, is important. The H. Thane Miller school for girls has made a great reputation. The University school, (not connected with Cincinnati University), Avondale, is a fine preparatory school. The Cincinnati College of Pharmacy, founded in 1851, is the oldest college of pharmacy west of the Alleghany mountains. It is now a department of the Ohio. University at Athens,- Ohio. There are large numbers of private schools of business, art, stenography, music, &c. The Glendale College for women, at Glendale, is one of the old and notable girls' schools of this vicinity. It was founded in 1854 and has had a useful career and is now at the height of its influence. Miss R. Jane De Vore is now its head, with a very capable corps of excellent teachers. The Cincinnati Kindergarten Association has for its president Miss Annie Laws, for vice presidents and trustees some of the most influential ladies of the city and vicinity. The training school of the kindergarten is situated in Vernonville, one of Cincinnati's most beautiful and accessible suburbs. The building is admirably suited to its use, affording lecture hall, library, class rooms and home accommodations for a family of eight or ten. It has been the privilege of a few students to board at the training school each year. Arrangements have been made with the University of Cincinnati by which students may take certain courses which will be credited in accordance with university requirements. The constantly increasing number of public school kindergartens affiliated with the training school afford unusual opportunity for practice work as well as prospective torching positions at excellent salaries. Two years' course leading to the regular diploma, and for those having in addition 'at least two years' College work to the degree of bachelor of arts, awarded by the University of Cincinnati. Special courses of varied length arranged for those desiring general culture or preparation for home-making, settlement work, governess of mission work. Fifty-seven kindergartens, public school, mission, social settlement and private kindergartens, afford the best opportunity for observation and practice. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 415 KINDERGARTENS. There are fifty-seven kindergartens in affiliation with the Cincinnati Kindergarten Association. These are supported by the association, the Orphan Asylum, the Children's Home, the Elizabeth Gamble Deaconess Home, the Glenn Home, Carthage Board of Education, Lockland Board of Education, Madisonville Board. of Education, Norwood Board of Education, Pleasant Ridge Board of Education, St. Bernard Board of Education, Cincinnati Board of Education, and there are three private kindergartens. The kindergarten work has been carried on in this city for more than thirty years. The Cincinnati kindergarten training school was organized in 1880,. by the Cincinnati kindergarten association, and was incorporated under the laws of Ohio, October 20, 189.4. In the beginning of the fall .term of 1905 two important steps were taken in the educational work of the city. The University of Cincinnati, which is a municipal university, organized a college for teachers, under the joint management of the board of directors of the university and the board of education of the city. of Cincinnati. This is a professional school for the training of teachers under university auspices, and in close touch with a large system of public schools. At the same time an arrangement was made whereby courses in the Cincinnati kindergarten training school were opened to students of the college, who had completed their sophomore year and wished to elect a kindergarten course. Such a course leads to the degree of bachelor of arts in education. The Cincinnati kindergarten training school had under its supervision at that time twenty-six kindergartens, located in public schools, settlements, missions, institutions, deaconess' homes and private schools. With the opening of the fall term two kindergartens, one from the Cincinnati kindergarten association and one from the German kindergarten association, were placed, with the directors already in charge, in the Cincinnati public schools as an integral part of the school work. These were soon followed by the opening of five other kindergartens with kindergarten directors, who, after a preliminary examination, were appointed strictly according to standing. The merit system. prevails in all appointments in the Cincinnati public schools. The kindergartens established by the board of education now .number thirty-nine with a prospect of others being added in the near future; making the kindergartens now affiliated With the training number in all fifty-nine. The effort of the training school is to maintain the freedom, ideals and social advantages of the private training school, while at the same time securing the educational opportunities and benefits of a large university. Miss Lillian H. Stone, a graduate of Miss Wheelock's training school, and formerly principal of the kindergarten department 0f the Cortland, New York, state normal and training school, was appointed in 1907, to the position of principal of the training school. 416 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY Miss Grace Anna Fry, who for several years has been instructor of kindergarten games and rhythms will continue instruction in the training school, and the supervision of kindergartens. Miss Julia S. Bothwell was appointed. as supervisor of public school kindergartens in February, 1909, and continues the class in program construction at the training school. The department of household economics has completed two years' work and will be continued next year under the supervision of an experienced instructor. For information regarding this course send for circular to registrar. The affiliation of the kindergarten training school with the university, public schools and many philanthropic institutions throughout Cincinnati, combine to give exceptional advantages to students, who are thus imbued with the inspiration which comes from contact with a large and growing center. OHIO MECHANICS' INSTITUTE. The Ohio Mechanics' Institute has long been one of the most famous and useful educational institutions of this city and holds a special place in the interests and hearts of Cincinnatians. The institute is just now, 1911, moving into its new home, at Walnut, Canal and Clay streets, and leaving behind the old familiar structure at Sixth and Vine streets. The new building was erected as a memorial to Mr. Thomas J. Emery by Mrs. Mary M. Emery of this city, and constitutes a noble tribute to the memory of a worthy man. HISTORY AND PURPOSE. At a meeting of the citizens of Cincinnati, convened on the evening of October 25, 1828, by a public notice signed by W. Disney, Luman Watson, John P. Foote, and John Locke, for the purpose of taking into consideration the propriety of establishing a mechanics' institute, Luman Watson was called to the chair. Mr. Foote then proceeded to explain the object of the meeting, after which the subject was discussed, and the following resolutions offered and adopted, viz : That it is expedient for a mechanics' institute to be formed in the city. That John P. Foote, Luman Watson, John Locke, J. Bonsall, and W. Disney constitute a committee to report a plan for the proposed institute. That this meeting request Mr. Craig to deliver a dmechanics institutesct of mechanicsitinstitut,p at the next meeting, That the committee already appointed be authorized to publish the proceedings of this meeting, and convene another by public notJ0HN On motion, adjourned. JOHN LOCKE Secretary. At a meeting of the citizens, convened agreeably to a resolution of the 25th of October, and held November 20, 1828, the Rev. E. Slack in the chair. Mr. Craig delivered a discourse on the subject of mechanics' institutes, after which Mr. Foote read the report of the committee appointed at the last meeting, and, on motion, the report was accepted. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 417 The constitution was read, and, after some amendments, adopted. The next step was to petition for a charter, which was granted February 9, 1829. EXTRACT FROM THE CHARTER OF INCORPORATION. "Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That John D. Craig, John P. Foote, Thos. Riley, Luman Watson, Wm. C. Anderson, David T. Disney, George Graham, Jr., Calvin Fletcher, Clement Dare, William Disney, William Greene, Tunis Brewer, Jeffrey Seymour, Israel Schooley, and Elisha Brigham, with their associates, who have associated together in establishing an institution in the city of Cincinnati, for advancing the best interests of the mechanics, manufacturers, and artisans, by the more general diffusion of useful knowledge in those important classes of the community, together with such persons as may hereafter become members and contributors to the same, be and they hereby are, created a body corporate and politic, with perpetual succession, by the name and style of the OHIO MECHANICS' INSTITUTE." The charter was amended by the legislature of Ohio during the session of 1846-47. The great work of the Ohio Mechanics' Institute for technical education was inaugurated during the winter of 1828-29. The departments of instruction and the first instructors were as follows : Chemistry (lectures and experiments)—Dr. Cleveland. Geometry—Dr. John Locke. Arithmetic—Mr. John L. Talbott. In 1831, Mr. Jeptha D. Garrard purchased from Dr. Craig a very valuable collection of mathematical and philosophical apparatus and presented the same to the institute. This gift enabled the instructors to do more effective teaching and attracted a more earnest body of students. The lectures of the new medical college; which had just been established, were also delivered in the hall of the. institute. Among the earliest additions to the corps of instructors was Prof. Stowe of Lane Seminary; who lectured on "The History of Letters" and the Hon. James Hall, who began to labor for the establishment of a library. Dr. Craig became the first librarian and actuary. In 1838 Mr. J. C. Vaughn was one of the special lecturers and Mr. E. D. Mansfield enlightened the students and the public with an address on the "Mechanic Arts as an essential element in the continued happiness and progressive elevation of the human mind." Another factor that made the work of the Ohio Mechanics' Institute effective in the industrial development of this city is that of the expositions, which were founded in 1838. Thirty-two of these great enterprises were successfully managed. The first eighteen were conducted by the institute alone and the last fourteen with the cooperation of the Chamber of Commerce and Board of Trade. The Centennial Exposition of 1888, marking the close of the first century of settlement in the Ohio Valley terminated the great work. The Ohio Valley Exposition of 1910, though not under the management of the institute, was nevertheless, to some extent at least, the result of the earlier Vol. II- 27 418 - CINCINNATI-THE QUEEN CITY efforts in that: line. Both Philadelphia in 1876 and Chicago in 1893 drew upon Cincinnati for men experienced in. exposition affairs: The building at Sixth and Vine streets was the home of the institute, four more than sixty years, the corner stone having been laid on the 4th of July, 1848, and should be remembered that the citizens of Cincinnati under the leadership of .Mr. Miles 'Greenwood provided this house which is now a historic landmark of this city. In 1856-7 the school of design was established. This department in turn became the foundation for the McMicken Art school and led to the development of our present superior art academy. and the museum in Eden Park. Instruction in applied art has been continued by the institute to this day and will, with new quartets 'and better facilities; develop . along many lines. After 1888 the institute pursued its work of instruction in evening classes. Mechanical, :architectural *and freehand drawing were made a specialty. Mathematics, elementary physics, applied electricity and at times, languages were taught. For many years the institute provided a course of popular. lectures on technical subjects, thus contributing much to:he general dissemination of useful knowledge. During the summer of 1900 the trustees remodeled the old building. Two stories were added and better facilities for laboratory work provided. With this enlarged capacity a day school was made possible. The entire plan of instruction was revised and adapted to modern requirements for technical education. The rapid increase in attendance soon overcrowded the building and the trustees found themselves confronted by the necessity of providing larger accommodations.. In October, 1905, a new building site was acquired. Fortunately this lot at Walnut street and Canal was the location where Mr. Greenwood had carried on his extensive business for so many years. The problem of securing funds for general expansion was taken hold of by the institute authorities in 1903 and after five years of earnest effort was solved, in a measure, by the generous .gift of Mrs. Mary M. Emery, who agreed to provide, as a memorial to her husband, Mr. Thomas J. Emery, the new building, which will be ,occupied by the institute with the beginning of the school year of 1911-12.  The prospect of canal abandonment and the carrying out of the long-cherished dream of a great central boulevard, by the city of Cincinnati, will place the new institute in a most advantageous location. The proposed subway scheme will provide excellent. transportation facilities to students outside of the city and the new Emery auditorium, a part of the institute so closely joined to the industrial activities of the school will assist in creating a center for music and applied art interest second to none in the United States. CHAPTER XVIII. LIBRARIES: FIRST LIBRARY IN NORTHWEST TERRIT0RY F0UNDED IN CINCINNATI IN 1802 -LEWIS KERR THE FIRST LIBRARIAN-MILLIONS OF BOOKS FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION-THE PUBLIC, LAW, MEDICAL AND OTHER LIBRARIES-SIX CARNEGIE BRANCH LIBRARIES IN THE CITY AND MORE TO COME. Cincinnati has a respectable share of notable libraries, and these have from early days played a considerable part in its literary and educational advancement. Certain of these are of special value, and the public library of this city has a national standing. There was founded in Cincinnati in 1802, the first public library in the Northwest Territory. On February 13th of that year, a meeting was held at Yeatman's Tavern to consider this matter, and it was decided by the citizens present that an effort should be made to establish a library. A committee was appointed to solicit subscriptions of .ten dollars each. The committee consisted of Jacob Burnet, Lewis Kerr and Martin Baum. The form of subscription was as follows : "We, the subscribers, being desirous of establishing a public library in the town of Cincinnati, agree to take as many shares in the stock of such an institution as are annexed to our names respectively, and pay for the same at the rate of ten dollars for each share." This document is still in existence. Among other signatures found on it are those of General Arthur St. Clair, Peyton Short, Judge Burnet; General James Findlay, Jonathan S. Findlay, Griffin Yeatman, William Ruffin, Joel Williams, Isaac Van Nuys, David E. Wade, Joseph Prince, John R. Mills, John Reily, C. Avery, Jacob White, Patrick Dickey, W. Stanley, Stuart C. Killgore, Martin Baum, Jeremiah Hunt, Lewis Kerr, James Wallace, Samuel C. Vance and Cornelius R. Sedam. Nine subscriptions were for two shares each. The whole subscription of thirty-four shares amounted to three hundred and forty dollars. Some books were at once bought. Others were received as gifts. March 6, 1802, the library was opened, with Lewis Kerr as librarian. It is probable that the existence of this library was brief. In 1809 another movement was made to establish a library. 'Certain citizens at that time presented a petition to the legislature for an act of incorporation. For some unknown reason this request was refused. In 1811 Judge Turner led a subscription movement and obtained shares amounting to several hundreds of dollars for the purpose of founding a library. A constitution was adopted and an appeal was made to the legislature for a - 419 - 420 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY charter. In 1812 an act of incorporation was granted for the Circulating Library of Cincinnati. After considerable delay the library was opened in April, 1814. In 1815 this library was prospering and contained about eight hundred volumes. It included Rees' Encyclopedia and Wilson's Ornithology. In 1815 the library was open one day in each week. The management consisted of a president and seven directors. In 1826 this library contained thirteen hundred volumes. At that time it was located in the old College building. It was accessible to the public on Saturday afternoons. The board of directors was compelled to ask the public frequently for money to sustain the institution. In 1821 there was founded the Apprentices' Library, for the improvement of young mechanics and laborers. In 1826 it had almost as many books as the Circulating Library of Cincinnati. In 1829 this Apprentices' Library had its location in the council chamber. At that period the Cincinnati Library was located on Main street, near Third ; the Circulating Library was on Fourth street, between Main and Walnut; and the Sun Library was on Third street, between Main and Walnut streets. In 1841 the Apprentices' Library contained two thousand, two hundred volumes. The circulation of books was about four hundred per week. The librarian received as salary one hundred dollars a year. In 1818, Elam P. Langdon established the Cincinnati reading .room. The Gazeteer of 1819, said in regard to it : "The room is amply furnished with the most respectable news and literary journals in the country ; also with maps, European gazettes, etc., etc. It is conducted on a liberal plan, and is a convenient and pleasing resort for the citizens and strangers who are desirous of noting the 'passing tidings of the times.' " It was located in the rear of the postoffice. Transient strangers in the city had the privilege of its free use. Its existence was brief. The annual report of the Mercantile Library for 1879 contained a valuable account of its origin and development by John W. Ellis. He wrote : "The Young Men's Mercantile Library Association of New York, which originated in the year 1822, was the pioneer of many similar institutions since formed in the various cities of this country. This association had accomplished so much good as to excite a feeling in favor of establishing similar institutions in other cities. Several prominent young men of Cincinnati had considered this matter, and one or two informal preliminary meetings had been held at which the subject had been discussed, but the formal meeting at which the Young Men's Mercantile Library Association was founded, was held on the eighteenth of April, 1835, in the sec0nd. story of a building then used as a fire engine house, on the north side of Fourth street, two or three doors east of Christ church. "There were forty-five persons present ; nearly all of this number are now dead. So far as I can recollect, the persons now living who were present on that occasion are Messrs. Rowland G. Mitchell, William H. Harrison, Jr., John P. Tweed, James Wiles and myself. I was, probably, the youngest person present, not much more than a boy. The association ,was formed and constitution adopted, the members going to work vigorously to get it in shape. As cash in those days was a much scarcer thing than it is now, the salaries of clerks being very small, it worked on very limited means for a long period. It was located CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 421 for the first few months in the second story of a building belonging to Mr. Daniel Ames, on the west side of Main street, below Pearl street. "During the hot summer weather of 1835, not having the means of hiring a librarian, the library was temporarily closed, but opened again in the fall, in the second story of a building belonging to Ross & Geyer, which was located on the north side of Fourth street, just east of Main street. "For a few months the entire duties of librarian, porter, janitor, etc., were performed in turn by the officers and directors. They gave out the books, swept the rooms, and cleaned the lamps. There was no gas in those days. "Donations of money were solicited from merchants, and the sum. of eighteen hundred dollars was obtained. By the end of that year, 1835, the library contained seven hundred and fifty volumes, and many leading papers were on file in the reading room. In the winter of 1836, Mr. Doolittle was elected librarian. and a special charter for the association was obtained from the legislature. "For the next three years, viz., 1836-37 and 38, embracing the period of the greatest financial revulsion that ever occurred in this country, not excepting that of 1873, the existence of the institution was constantly imperilled for want of money ; and it was only sustained by the constant and untiring exertions of a few gentlemen, who were determined at all hazards to carry it through. They gave their own personal labor and exertions night after night. They advanced money to it ; they became security for its debts ; and in fact did everything to accomplish a successful result. It might be improper for me to mention the name of any of these young men who thus did so much for the association, as I might do injustice to many who could not be mentioned. There was one person, however, who more than all others may be considered the father of the association, and that was Mr. Moses Ranney. "The hard times growing out of the panic of 1837 did not cease for several years, and of course affected the means of the members sustaining this association. The older members will recollect, and others may find out by referring to the minutes, how soliciting committees were appointed every month to save it from sinking. "In 1837 Mr. Doolittle vacated his office, and Mr. Holly was appointed librarian. In 1838 the first printed catalogue was published and sold at a moderate price to such members as chose to purchase. The expenses over and above these receipts were paid for by a few gentlemen. In the year 1839, the number of paying members was increased to five hundred, and all the debts of the association, for the time being, discharged. This year Mr. James Wildey was elected librarian. Matters began to improve, connections were better, and the number of volumes in the library increased. "In 1840 a special collection was made of one thousand dollars, which was sent to London to purchase some choice editions of hooks, and resulted in the importation of seven hundred and sixty-eight volumes. The record shows, as I have ascertained, that the number of volumes at this time was one thousand, six hundred and sixty. "During this year the association moved its quarters from Fourth street to the old College building on Walnut street, paying a rent of three hundred dollars. 422 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY That building was a predecessor of the present one. From the south end of the College to Fourth street there was a beautiful garden, with shrubbery and trees. "In 1841 a new catalogue was prepared and published, which showed some three thousand volumes in the library. There were then some six hundred members, and the annual receipts amounted to two thousand dollars. "Among the notable events in which the association participated in a body, were the funeral of President Harrison in 1841, and the laying of the foundation of Mount Adams Astronomical Association building in 1843, when the oration was delivered by ex-President John Quincy Adams. "In the year 1842 there was an effort made to establish classes in French and German languages, but they were not successful. The annual contests, which have been a marked feature in the elections of this association, were originated at the election in January, 1843 ; and I think this fact worth mentioning, as these contests, conducted always with good feeling, have had a marked effect on the progress of the association. "It may seem strange to mention the fact ; but a very important event in the history of the association, in a small way, was the introduction of gas into the library and reading room in 1843. Previous to that time the association, like the community at large, had depended for Slight on the use of tallow candles and lard oil. "On Sunday morning, January 19, 1845, the College building was entirely destroyed by fire, but by the great exertions of the members and citizens generally, all the books of the association were saved, and the little damage d0ne was covered by insurance. This fire, however, resulted in an arrangement with the trustees of the Cincinnati College for the present quarters occupied by it. "By great exertions there was raised, chiefly by subscriptions from merchants, the sum of ten thousand dollars to pay for the fee-simple of its quarters, and one thousand, six hundred dollars in addition for the furnishing of the rooms. The association took possession of its new quarters in May, 1846, amid the congratulations of all the members and their friends. "In those days of small things it is well to acknowledge that the eleven thousand, six hundred dollars contributed by the merchants for the purpose showed great liberality. "About the same time Mr. Cist was elected librarian, in the place of Mr. Wildey, deceased. "As a good many inquiries have been made, and as there has been considerable discussion for some years past, in reference to the origin of the Chamber of Commerce of Cincinnati, it is well to say that during the early years of the existence of the Young Men's Mercantile Library Association, there were many reports made on the subject of forming a chamber of commerce, or merchants' exchange, or board of trade, as it was variously styled from time to time. Many resolutions were passed and conferences had between the officers and merchants of the city. Commencing in 1839 and running the following years up to the spring of 1844, when a committee was appointed, of which Mr. John W. Hartwell was chairman, on the part of your association, and Mr. Thomas J. Adams, a prominent merchant, represented the merchants of the city. They employed Mr. Lewis J. Cist to collect the commercial statistics of the city then accessible, CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 423 in the shape of imports and exports of merchandise, etc., by canal and river. For the purpose of paying the expense of this undertaking,. ninety merchants contributed five dollars each. The result of Mr. Gist's labor was daily recorded in the books in -the library rooms, accessible to contributors ; but no daily meetings were held. After the association had moved into its present rooms, an arrangement was made for a nominal consideration, by which the Merchants' Exchange became a fixed institution under its own management, as it now exists. "In regard to the lectures that were a prominent feature for many years, some recollections may be of interest. The first lectures delivered before the association were upon commercial law, in the winter of 1835-36, by Joseph L. Benham, a prominent and distinguished lawyer. In the winter of 1838 Judge Timothy Walker gave a course of lectures. No charge was made for attendance upon either of these courses. In the winter of 1840 and 1841, Dr. Robinson gave-a course of lectures on American history, for which, if I recollect aright, he received three hundred dollars from the association, but donated by individuals. In the winter of 1842, Dr. John Locke delivered a course of twelve lectures on geology, which were well attended. William Green, Esq., also lectured three or four times on various subjects. There were also some miscellaneous lectures the same year, but to the best of my recollection they were not successful. "Up to this period home talent had been entirely enlisted in this matter. Efforts were made to get literary men from the eastern cities to lecture, but the time, fatigue, and expense of traveling were so great that it was impossible to accomplish it, .as it required from five to seven days to travel to New York and other eastern cities. Finding this impossible, for two or three seasons the officers and some of their intimate friends, took the bold step of delivering their own lectures. These were very well received by the community, and if they did not enlighten the people on the subjects of which they treated, they at least had the benefit of teaching their authors the subject of composition and delivery. "In the winter of 1843 and 1844, these lectures were delivered by Messrs. R. M. W. Taylor, Richard A. Whetstone, Lewis J. Cist and others. The following year lectures were delivered by Messrs. J. T. Headley, J. F. Annan, James Calhoun, George S. Coe, John D. Thorpe, William Watts, James Lupton, and John W. Ellis. All these were active members of the association. "The celebrations of the anniversary of the founding of the association were quite prominent features, and an effort was made to have these anniversary orations delivered by active members of the association, but this was not strictly carried out. The first was delivered by Mr. R. G. Mitchell, on April 18, 1839. The next by Mr. John C. Vaughn, an honorary member and editor of the Cincinnati Gazette, April 18, 1841. This was followed by that of 1844, when the anniversary address was made by John W. Ellis, and a poem was read by William D. Gallegher. On the 18th of April, 1845, the address was made by J. T. Headley ; the following year, 1846, by Judge James Hall. "This brings me up to the period at which I ceased to take an active interest in the association, and shall therefore leave the future history to others." On October 21, 1869, a fire of considerable proportions took place in the College building where the library was located. While the building was not destroyed, the floor used for the library and reading room was much damaged 424 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY and considerable injury was done to the books. Rooms were then engaged at 137-9 Race street, where a reading room was opened. The functions of the library were suspended until the College building could be reoccupied. In 1905 the Young Men's Mercantile Library building was ready for occupancy, and is now the location of this important and influential institution. The Mercantile Library has now seventy-eight thousand books, and has a circulation annually of about sixty-five thousand. The Library of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio had as the first depositary for its books, a room at the top of a brick house at Third and Race streets. They were placed, about 1853, in the basement of the college. Next they were transferred to the store of Mr. Buchanan. It is supposed that it was about 1860 that the books were boxed and placed in the public and school library, which at that time was located in the building of the Mechanics' Institute. When the society was reorganized in May, 1868, the library was also revived and the books were arranged in the rooms of the Literary Club. John D. Caldwell became librarian. In 1869, John M. Newton became librarian. He was followed in that position by Julius Dexter, who served until 1880. From 1880 to September, 1886, Miss Elizabeth Appleton became librarian. She was followed by Mrs. C. W. Lord. The library in 1871 changed its quarters from the Literary Club to rooms in the College. In 1885 it was removed to 107 West Eighth street. In 1901 it was removed to the Van Wormer Library on the grounds of the university. This library has 17,450 bound volumes and 65,320 pamphlet as well as a large number of manuscripts, many of these being of historical value. The Lloyd Library and Museum is a unique institution of special value. The Lloyd Library is devoted almost exclusively to botany, materia medica and pharmacy, with a section on eclectic medicine. It contains at a conservative estimate, twenty-five thousand volumes, which is possibly the most extensive collection of books and periodicals directly pertaining to these subjects. It is now in extensive use, as evidenced by the number of persons who consult its contents, as well as by the increasing inquiries for bibliographical information concerning special subjects. Quarterly catalogues. are published devoted to the various departments of this library; The object of these catalogues is twofold : First ; to let it be known what publications are now in this library, so that persons wishing to consult them may know where they may be seen ; Second ; to indicate the publications they do not have but desire to obtain, hoping that correspondents may be able to supply them. They are glad to hear from anyone who can furnish a missing part, or help to complete a set, and are thankful for copies of any publication on these subjects not now in their catalogue. This institution is legally a stock company, the stock being owned and the institution supported by Curtis G. and John Uri Lloyd. Mr. C. G. Lloyd has erected the buildings and supports the botanical section, and Professor John Uri Lloyd supports the pharmaceutical department. The buildings and contents are transferred to the stock company, and funds are provided for its continuance when the life work of its builders is finished. It will never be sold, and will always be a free and public institution for the benefit of science. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 425 Building Number One, which is devoted exclusively to a museum of fungi, was erected by C. G. Lloyd in 1902, and was designed to contain both the books and the specimens, the two upper floors being devoted to the books and the lower floor to the specimens. The library increased so rapidly that the building proved inadequate for its purposes, and in 1908 a new building Was erected to be devoted exclusively to the library. The old building, now known as the Lloyd Museum, contains the herbarium and the mycological collection. The herbarium of pressed plants is estimated at about thirty thousand specimens, chiefly obtained by C. G. Lloyd during his earlier years. The mycological department contains many thousand dried specimens of fungi, estimated at not less than five thousand different collections. There are more specimens of this family ten times over than in all the other museums of the world combined. The Lloyd Building Number Two was erected in the winter of 1907 and 1908. It is four stories in height. It is devoted exclusively to botany and pharmacy (with a section on eclectic medicine), and contains a collection of books among the largest on these subjects. The volumes have not been counted, but some idea of the number may be obtained from the following statistics : There are 6,253 linear feet of shelving, and the books now occupy 2,600 linear feet of this space. As a shelf is found to hold on the average 429 books to every 50 linear feet, the estimated number is 22,308 volumes. Cases have been placed in the upper floor, but the other three floors have only wall shelves, with provision made for floor cases in future as the needs of the library may require. When completely filled with shelving the library has a capacity of 11,413 linear feet, sufficient to shelve 98,000 volumes. .If the collection of books continues to increase as it has in the past five years, the full capacity of this library will be taken in the next twenty years. It is the aim to make the Lloyd Library in time, practically a complete library of its subjects. The Cincinnati Law Library is of great importance. A charter from the legislature for a Cincinnati law library was obtained in 1834. While those in charge of this movement were eminent lawyers, the organization was inactive until 1846. At the latter period there were 125 members of the bar. A bar meeting was called in 1846 to be held in the old superior courtroom. A committee was appointed to procure money for a law library. This committee consisted of William R. Morris, Daniel Van Matre, W. M. Corry, Alphonso Taft and George E. Pugh. Mr. Morris undertook to procure subscriptions, and a considerable proportion of the lawyers of that time in the city contributed. By January, 1847, books to the amount of $1,400 had been purchased. A bookcase, capable of holding several hundred volumes, was procured and located in the courtroom of the court of common pleas. The librarian appointed was Bernard Bradley. The contributors organized themselves into a corporation early in 1847. Their first formal meeting was in June of the same year. Mr. Morris was chosen president, and trustees were elected. The courthouse was burned in 1849, but most of the books of the library were rescued. The books were temporarily placed in the brick building of James Wilson on Court street, where the county offices and courtrooms were for the time. 426 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY In 1852, rooms for the library were obtained in the building to the east but connected with the Wilson structure. At that time the library was composed of 1,080 volumes, half of them reports of eastern states. The library, consisting then of 14,000 volumes, was destroyed in 1884 by fire. But a new library came into being. It now consists of 30,000 volumes. The present Cincinnati Law Library is among the most important of its kind in the land. The law library of the United States circuit court of appeals is in the Federal building. It consists of 15,000 volumes. Still another law library is in the Law School building. Lane Theological Seminary has a very valuable library, as also do St. Joseph's College, St. Xavier's College, the Cincinnati Hospital and the Ohio Mechanics' Institute. The University library is treated in this volume under the chapter on education. PUBLIC LIBRARY. The Public library had several forerunners, accounts of which have been already given. The library was for many years considered and treated solely as an adjunct of the public schools. From its organization in 1855, under the law of 1853, until the passage of the law of 1867, it was governed by the library committee of the board of education. The law of 1867 provided for the election by that board, of six managers for the library, the president of the board to be ex officio a member of said library board. Under this law the board of education at all times elected a majority of the board of managers from their own membership. Finally, in 1890, the entire library board was elected from the membership of the board of education. This was evidently not the intention of the law, for it could hardly be presumed that the legislature would empower the members of any board to elect themselves members of another board. The legislature of 1891 changed the law so as to provide for the election of two members of the library board by the directors of the university, two by the union board of high schools, and two by the board of education, providing that the president of the board of educati0n ex officio should be a member of the board, and adding a further proviso that no member 0f any board exercising the appointing power should be appointed a member of said library board. This was somewhat changed by the law of 1898. The library during its existence has had several titles. Originally it was called The Ohio School and Family Library, for the reason, evidently, that it was declared by law to be for the use of the families of the school district, although "no member attend any of the schools of the township." Later it was known as The Ohio School Library. In the early part of 1867 it was called The Public and School Library of Cincinnati. After July of 1867, under the rules of the board of managers, it was called The Public Library. Now it is known as The Public Library of Cincinnati. Thus it appears that the library long since ceased to be recognized as simply an adjunct to the public schools. It belongs to all the people generally,—old and young, scholar, student, graduate, CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 427 citizen, resident,—so that its beneficent influences may be felt by all ; that it may do the "greatest good to the greatest number." This is the controlling idea of its management. There have been distinct periods in the history of the public library of Cincinnati ; periods of progress and of retrogression ; of prosperity and of adversity. These may be divided as follows : First Period—From the organization of the Ohio School Library, under the act of 1853, to the enactment of the law of 1867. This includes the occupation, tinder contract of lease, of the rooms in the Mechanics' Institute, and merger of the library of that institution with the Ohio School Library. Librarians : Dr. J. C. Christin, from the organization to July 3, 1855 ; John D. Caldwell, clerk of the school board and librarian, from July 3, 1855 to March 16, 1857; N. Peabody Poor, from November 2, 1857 to April 22, 1866 ; Lewis Freeman, from April 22, 1866. Second Period—From July, 1867 (act of March 18, 1867, providing for a board of managers), to the opening of the library in the front part of the present library building, December 9, 1870. Librarians : Lewis Freeman, until November 5, 1869; W. F. Poole, from November 15, 1869. Third Period—From December 9, 1870 to February 26, 1874, when the rear building was occupied. Librarians : W. F. Poole, to December 31, 1873 ; Thomas \Tickers, January I, 1874. Fourth Period—From the opening of the rear building, February 26, 1874, to May 21, 1891, the date of the organization of the board of trustees, appointed under act of the General Assembly of Ohio, passed April 30, 1891, providing for the appointment of a board of trustees in place of a board of managers. Librarians : Thomas \Tickers, to December 31. 1879; Chester W. Merrill, from January 1, 1880 to November 26. i886 ; Albert W. Whelpley, from November 26, 1886. Fifth Period—From May 21, 1891 to April 23, 1898, the date of the passage of act of the General Assembly of Ohio, transferring to the board of trustees complete control of the library, extending the privileges of the library to the county at large, and authorizing a levy by said board upon the tax duplicate of Hamilton county, in which Cincinnati is situated, the trustees to have the disbursement of the funds realized therefrom ; providing for the appointment by the judges of the court of common pleas of a trustee who should succeed the president of the board of education, who had previously been an ex officio member of the board of trustees, and providing for such an election of trustees as that the board should be a continuous body, and further providing for the establishment of branch libraries and delivery stations throughout the county. Librarians : A. W. Whelpley to February 19, 1900: N. D. C. Hodges, May 11, 1900. It appears that the libraries were in 1853 largely under state supervision. The first mention made of school libraries in Cincinnati is found in the report of the Hon. Rufus King, president of the school board for 1854, wherein he says : "In conclusion, we must not omit to render just acknowledgment to Winthrop B. Smith for a handsome donation to be applied to the foundation of a teachers' library, to be aided and conducted under the auspices of this board. This, together with school libraries, which will soon be established out of the 428 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY state library fund, will supply to the teachers and pupils of the public schools invaluable resources of knowledge and usefulness." The donation of Mr. Smith,. was $700. Under the provisions of the state law each school in the district was entitled to a library, and in 1854 sixteen libraries had been sent to Cincinnati under the direction of the school commissioner, and distributed, one to each school, each the precise duplicate of the other. The board of education on December 18, 1854, adopted a resolution that there should be but one library in Cincinnati for the use of the public schools. This plan was agreed to by the school commissioner. Mr. King gave his personal attention to the purchase of a list of books, and reported in 1855: "The past year is worthy of being signalized in the history of our schools as the era of the introduction of the free school library, established in the late general school law, and to be sustained by a state tax of one-tenth of a mill annually." He said further, as to the purchase of books : "Due reference was had to the use of the library which is to be allowed by law to the older and more mature population of the city." The, books were gathered together from the different schools, and, with those which the committee had purchased, were placed in a room in the Central High School building on Longworth street, near Race, and Dr. J. C. Christin was employed May 21, 1855, to put them in order on shelves, catalogue and take care of them, at a compensation of three dollars per day. His service terminated July 2, 1855. July 31, 1856, a contract was entered into with the Ohio Mechanics' Institute, by which the school library was to occupy the second floor and part of the first floor fronting on Sixth street, of the institute building. A perpetual lease was entered into on a consideration of ten thousand dollars in city bonds. The institute library was to be transferred to the school library, with provision for a retransfer should the same become necessary by reason of surrender of the lease by the school board. They also agreed to repay the $10,000 if the school board desired to cancel the lease, upon receiving twelve months' notice thereof. To this building the books were removed, and in July of 1856, the library was opened to the public with 11,630 volumes. Of these, 6,583 belonged to the Mechanics' Institute, and 5,047 to the school library proper. The latter volumes had cost $7,541. The number of registered borrowers the first year was 2,400, and the circulation 20,179. Mr. Caldwell, the librarian, had a catalogue made by the students of the Hughes high school, which is still in existence and is an interesting document. Thus was laid the foundation of the present great library, and the city of Cincinnati owes a debt of lasting gratitude to such men as Rufus King, Dr. C. G. Comegys and John D. Caldwell, for the tireless energy and devotion with which they labored to place the infant institution on its feet. The state tax was suspended by an act of the general assembly, passed April 1, 1856, for one year from said date, and again by the act of April 17, 1857, for another year. Mr. King, in his report for 1856, said : "Whatever be the fate of the library provisions of the school law, enough has already been acquired to lay the foun- CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 429 datdation most useful library, and though the legislature should strike away the cheap and unfelt tax which has served to inaugurate these noble institutions, we may safely trust to the munificence of our private citizens to sustain ours for the future." In 1858 and 1859 the tax was again imposed, and the school report for 1859 said, "This recent appendage of our schools proves more and more useful and popular as it becomes better known." March 10, 1860, the part of the act of 1853 that related to the assessment of taxes for the purpose of furnishing and increasing school libraries and apparatus was repealed. The report of 1860 said, "Henceforth the excellent public library in the possession of the city must stand upon the favor of our citizens." At that time the contents of the library numbered 22,648 volumes, besides the more than 3,000 books of the Ohio Historical Society. In 1861 and 1862 Mr. King appealed to the public earnestly for financial aid for the library, as state help had been cut off. Money was needed for new books and rebinding old, and for other expenses. There was but little response to these appeals. In 1864, Messrs. Sargent, Wilson and Hinkle, the school book publishers, donadonatedsum of $500 toward replenishing the library, a gift which was cordially acknowledged by Mr. King in his annual report. At this time the circulation fell off to a marked degree, a fact attributed by the librarian "to the absence of so many of our habitual readers in the army." During this year, Mr. E. M. Shield concluded a donation of five hundred volumes. On ccount of laxity in the observance of rules a great many volumes had been lost. A change had come in the class of juvenile books in demand, so that many on the shelves were now useless. There was a general decline in the usefulness of the library. At this point, April 22, 1866, Lewis Freeman became librarian. For the year 1866-67 the library committee was composed of the Rev. J. M. Walden (a noted Methodist divine, now bishop,) James F. Irwin, Herman Eckel, Robert Brown, Jr., and Thomas L. Harper. The chairman, Dr. Walden, proved a man of good business tact and sense, and the committee set itself to work to bring about the much needed improvement of the library. The librarian made successful appeals to the public and received subscriptions of about $5,000. A measure was presented to the general assembly, resulting in legislation that created a fund for the support and increase of the library. Second period. The legislation referred to was the passage March 18, 1867, by the general assembly of Ohio, of an act "To provide for the enlargement and maintenance of the school library in cities of the first and second class." April 3, 1867, an act was passed "to authorize boards of education in certain cities to constitute standing committees for the management of libraries under their control." The expenses of maintaining the library, outside of the cost of books, was   alwys borne by the board of education from its general contingent fund until the passage of a further act April, 1898. 430 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY The library tax authorized under the law of 1867 secured for the purchase of books, it being limited to that, about $13,500 annually. The restoration of public aid in 1867 placed the library upon a sound footing, at least as to books, and started it upon a career which made possible its present success. In 1868, there was to be sold at sheriff's sale a property on the west side of Vine street, near Seventh, that had been designed as an opera house. It stood upon a lot eighty feet front on Vine street, the north line being about one hundred feet south of Seventh street, by one hundred and ninety feet deep to College street. The enterprise had failed, and the property was deemed very desirable for a public library, location and everything being. considered. Subsequently it was purchased by the committee for the sum of $83,000, one-third of which was paid in cash, according to the terms of sale, and notes given for the balance of the purchase money. There had been expended in improvements upon the lot by the previous owner more than $50,000, most of which could be made available for the new library building. The report said, the lot, if vacant, was worth much more than the committee paid for the lot and improvements together. Plans for the new library were prepared by James W. McLaughlin, architect, and consisted of three buildings, a front, an intermediate and a rear building. The front building, which the former owner had nearly completed, was easily changed for library purposes. The main library hall was to occupy the rear building. It was to be one hundred and five feet long, seventy-five feet wide and fifty-five feet high. Around this hall were to be five tiers of alcoves, reaching to the ceiling, and so arranged as that all of them would be properly lighted and could be easily approached. The report said : "When completed this will be the finest and most imposing library hall in the United States." It was to be fireproof. The report of 1870 showed that the number of books in the library was 22,537, and the circulation was 50,058. This report recites the resignation of Mr. Freeman, the librarian, and the election of "Mr. William F. Poole, late librarian of the Boston Atheneum, and well known for his bibliographical attainments." He entered upon his duties November 5, 1869. The selection of that master librarian was one of the best strokes of library policy ever made by the board of managers of the public library. Mr. Poole at once recommended and put into effect the admirable card catalogue system for the library. Third period—The library was opened in the front portion of the new building December 9, 1870. The portion occupied was but the vestibule or outwork of the massive and fireproof building which was being erected in the rear and would be the main depository of books. The library room on the second story was eighty by thirty feet ; it is now the newspaper room. By a vote of the board of education February 27, 1871, the library was opened on Sundays for reference only. The circulation steadily and rapidly increased in the new building. In the old building it averaged about one thousand volumes per week. In a short time it reached over four thousand per week. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 431 In 1872, 14,070 volumes and 2,072 pamphlets were added to the library, the total number then being 49,636, which included the library of the Cincinnati Hospital and the Theological and Religious Library. Mr. King, chairman of the board of managers, said, `-`Each year's development of this library had been followed invariably by a responsive interest and seeking for its enjoyment by all classes of people." There were nineteen persons employed in the library ; twelve on duty during the day and seven in the evening. The circulation for home reading was 190,880. The fitting up of the southeastern room in the third story for the deposit and consultation of illustrated books was the beginning of the present noted art rooms. While the library grew and improved greatly under the administration of Mr. Poole, he did not remain to witness its entry into the main building, for Chicago, recognizing his worth and merit, drew him away to take charge of a great public library of that city, then in its infancy, and the board reluctantly parted with him. In his place, Mr. Thomas Vickers was elected and assumed his duties January 1, 1874. He had high qualifications for the office, a broad and liberal culture, administrative ability of high order, excellent business capacity and a most comprehensive knowledge of books in general. Fourth period—February 25, 1874, the main building was dedicated, the Hon. .George H. Pendleton delivering the address of the occasion. It was then the most imposing library building in the country. But in the course of the years since this country has seen spring up from the east to the west and from the north to the south many finer buildings and many more convenient and better adapted to library service ; many more costly, as the Congressional at Washington, the Boston, the Newberry, the Chicago Public, and others. On the occasion of the dedication, the building committee presented a comprehensive report regarding the purchase of the lot and the construction of the new building. The total cost was,. Main (rear) building, $237,480.82; front building, $59,203.71; lot and interest, $86,910.00; total $383,594.53. This total cost was paid out of the regular annual income of the board of education, commencing with the purchase of the lot in 1868. There was no bonded indebtedness incurred on account of the new library. The newspaper room was opened January 1, 1875. Mr. Vickers made the first suggestion of branch libraries, or "deliveries of books in the outlying districts of the city." But it remained for the board of trustees in 1899 to establish delivery stations. Now all Hamilton county is provided with these stations. In 1878 the library had increased to 100,621 books and 11,229 pamphlets. The total use was 761,669. Borrowers had increased to 34,979. Large additions were made to the scientific collection. The library was fortunate in securing complete sets of the transactions and proceedings of the principal academies of science in Europe; for instance those of Berlin, Brussels, Lisbon, Paris, St. Petersburg, and Vienna, amounting to about 1,000 volumes. It received also a grant of the British specifications of patents, amounting to some 4,000 volumes. The volumes are still received, the British government making the library a present of the same, the only cost to the library being the binding. 432 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY June 10, 1879, a branch library was opened in Cumminsville, with some five thousand volumes upon the shelves, a subscription for rent, fuel and light having been obtained. Timothy Kirby, a pioneer settler of Cumminsville, left a bequest from which the board received $12,000. Sarah Lewis also made a bequest. These two were the only bequests ever made to the library. Mr. Vickers, having been appointed rector of the University of Cincinnati and professor of history in the academic department, resigned as librarian January 1, 1880 and Mr. Charles W. Merrill was elected librarian. Mr. Merrill made the suggestion which brought about the publication of the finding list of 1884. He also furthered a plan for speeding the delivery of books. In 1882 the branch library at Cumminsville was closed and the books returned to the library. At this time the librarian had forty-four assistants. The report for 1884 showed a use of tie library aggregating 730,544 books, pamphlets and newspapers. In 1886, Mr. A. W. Whelpley was elected librarian. In 1888 the circulation increased to 852,151. In June of that year the circulation of current magazine literature was begun. The monthly sixteen page bulletins of new books, which had been so issued prior to 1889, were changed to quarterly issues of thirty-two pages in that year. Mr. Whelpley in 1890 broached the subject of a new building "which shall be adapted in every way to our increasing library work." Fifth period—In 1891, the library contained 167,735 books, 23,218 pamphlets. The total circulation was 408,083. Mr. Whelpley suggested that the residents of the suburbs be entitled to draw books from the library and enjoy its full privileges. But on account of financial straits at the time improvements seemed to be out of the question. The matter of extending the privileges of the library throughout the county was brought tip from year to year by Mr. Whelpley, until 1897. Then W. T. Porter prepared a bill to be presented to the legislature which would cover the case. The bill provided for a separation of the library from the Board of Education, so that the library board should have complete control of the library and of the funds set apart for its maintenance, and that the privileges of the library should be extended to the residents of the county at large. A levy upon the county duplicate was provided for, to be certified by the library board to the county auditor, the proceeds to be kept in the county treasury subject to the draft of the library board, and an appointment by the judges of the common pleas court of one trustee to take the place of the Board of Education. The provision for a county levy necessarily took the matter out of the hands of the Board of Education of the school district of Cincinnati. The bill was approved by the library board and ordered to be presented to the legislature, with a request for its passage. The Board of Education, after understanding that the measure would relieve its funds of the annual drain for the expenses of the library and that the effect would be to leave in the funds of the board all the money which theretofore had been taken to pay the general CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 433 expenses of the library, finally recommended the bill. Being thus. supported, the act passed the general assembly April 21, 1898. The privileges of the library were at once extended to the residents of Hamilton county, although the board did not realize from the county levy until the beginning of 1899. In view of this latter fact it became necessary for the Board of Education to provide from their general fund for the maintenance of the library until January 1, 1899. At that date, a complete separation took place between the library and the Board of Education, and the library passed into the sole control of the Board of Trustees. Sixth period—In June, 1898, the board organized under the new law by the election of W. T. Porter as president; Thomas P. White, vice president ; L: L. Sadler, treasurer, and James A. Green, secretary. As the Board of Education had provided by the transfer of the book fund into the general fund $35,000 for the expenses of the library until January, 1899, the trustees were now in a position to act at once as they should deem best for the public service. In view of the transference of the fund referred to, the board, on July 21, 1898, passed the following resolution : "Resolved, That a levy of two tenths of one mill on each dollar valuation of the taxable property of Hamilton county, Ohio, be made for library purposes, under the act of the general assembly of Ohio, passed April 21, 1898, and that the president and secretary of this board are hereby authorized to transmit a certified copy of this resolution to the auditor of Hamilton county, Ohio." The county duplicate was $238,096,690. The trustees now determined that they would thoroughly post themselves upon the practical workings of other libraries. The trustees directed the president and the librarian to attend the annual conference of the American Library Association, held at Lakewood, July 5-10, 1898. To that conference, and to the insight of library work and library methods received at that time, the Cincinnati Library of today owes much of its progress. Upon the return of these delegates, the trustees determined upon an inspection trip of the principal libraries of the east, in order to post themselves and prepare for the introduction of contemplated improvements in. the library. On August 23, 1898, Messrs. Porter, Sadler, West, Hopkins, Mithoefer, and Librarian Whelpley started upon their inspection trip, which included visits to the libraries at Cleveland, Buffalo, Boston, Lowell, Newark, New York, Philadelphia, Washington and Pittsburgh, spending some two weeks in search of information. The conclusions and recommendations made were that, the charging system should be changed, and the book slip and book pocket adopted ; a public card catalogue should be prepared ; club assistance should be given by way of card catalogue; two books, one of fiction, should be allowed to be drawn by each borrower ; a library school should be established ; magazines should be covered and ,placed in racks for the free use of readers, without request or slip ; branch libraries and delivery stations should be established as soon as possible; a children's room should be opened, furnished with suitable books, and the children should be allowed to draw and return the books in that room. The library committee recommended the adoption of the system of delivery in use in the public library at Buffalo ; to issue two books on a card at one time, Vol. II-28 434 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY one only to be a work of fiction ; to place the delivery room on the second floor in the present periodical room, and to enlarge the elevator facilities ; to build a room over the present periodical room to be used for the same purpose ; to institute what is called a children's department, in which all the juvenile literature can be placed, and in which books can be drawn and returned ; the room to be under the charge of a competent attendant, who will be able to guide the selection of books, and that a suitable catalogue be prepared for its use. Contracts were accordingly made for the building of a new periodical room and for a new elevator. In January, 1899, the board instructed the committee on branch libraries and delivery stations to visit St. Louis and Chicago to obtain information regarding delivery stations in those cities and report as soon as practicable. At that time Chicago had fifty-seven stations in operation and St. Louis thirty-five ; in those cities the delivery was limited to the city boundaries, while in the case of the Cincinnati Library the delivery includes the limits of the county of Hamilton, which is nearly twenty-five miles square. The committee on its return recommended that the system of delivery stations in use in Chicago be adopted for use in Cincinnati, with the exception of their wagon deliveries,—a special contract. They recommended a contract for delivery with one of the suburban delivery companies, or the street railway company, or both. They further recommended that the station keeper be paid one cent per volume for the first thousand books, and one half cent thereafter. The board adopted the committee's report and ordered a room in the rear library building on College street prepared for the department. Mr. W. A. Hopkins, who had been a member of the board since 1891, resigned his position on the Board of Trustees, to accept the position of superintendent of the delivery station department. The success of the department ,was largely due to Mr. Hopkins' careful oversight of every detail connected with it. June 10, 1899, fifteen delivery stations were put into operation, a contract having been made with the Cincinnati and Suburban Delivery Company for the carriage of the books between the central library and the different stations. Just as the library was getting accustomed to the new order and everything under the changed system was beginning to work smoothly Librarian Whelpley died, February 19, 1900 at his home in Clifton. He had been librarian since November 26, 1886. Assiduous in his attention to duty and zealous in his many good works, he had made himself felt as a power in the community. On April 20, 1900, the board chose as the new librarian Nathaniel Dana Carlile Hodges. Mr. Hodges is of the class of 1874 of Harvard University. He spent two years in the study of physics and chemistry at Heidelberg, and taught physics at Harvard for some time after his return. He was elected a fellow of the American academy of arts and sciences in 1879; a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in the following year, and a fellow of the same society in 1882. For a period of ten years following 1883 he was editor of the well known publication Science. After terminating his connection with that magazine, in 1895 he entered library work with the New York Public Library in the Astor collection. In 1897 he was elected by the corporation of CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 435 Harvard University to a life position in the library of that institution. He is a member of the American Library Association. The library has never been the recipient of large gifts, comparable to those made to other worthy institutions in the city. The total donations to the library reach only $32,300. It is in need of a liberal benefactor. CARNEGIE BRANCH LIBRARIES. In 1902, an offer was made by Mr. Andrew Carnegie of $180,000 for the building of six branch libraries. For a time the acceptance of this offer was halted by legal technicalities, but later satisfactory arrangements were made, and several of these Carnegie branches have been constructed and others are under way. In July, 1902, the public library of Cincinnati was made a depository for the Congressional library catalogue. The result is that there is being accumulated, in card form, a catalogue of all the books in the Congressional Library, from which library any one entitled to the use of the public library of Cincinnati is privileged to draw books at any time. This is a matter of great importance and convenience to the public, as costly books, which it is not to the interest of the library here to purchase, can be procured at any time by readers. It is certainly a great privilege to have access to the books of the great Congressional Library, without cost to the borrower. It is also true that arrangements have been made by our librarian with other great libraries throughout the land, so that, under conditions, it is possible for the citizens of Cincinnati to draw upon the shelves of many of the other important public libraries throughout this country. In 1902 six branch libraries were in operation, viz : Wyoming, Madisonville, Lockland, Pleasant Ridge, Harrison and Hartwell. In addition to these branches there were in use, as part of the public library of Cincinnati, forty-two delivery stations, twenty traveling libraries, thirty-six firemens' libraries, thirteen school deposit libraries. Since February, 1901, the story hour has been conducted each Saturday morning, lasting from forty-five to sixty minutes. Stories have been .read or told to the children in attendance, stories which have been not only entertaining but likely to arouse a deeper interest in gool literature. BOOKS FOR THE BLIND. Requests are constantly received from other cities for information in regard to what has been accomplished for the blind, at the public library of Cincinnati. In some cases this information has given the initiative to like movements elsewhere. The public library houses the books and furnishes rooms for the readings and entertainments, but credit for the success of the work belongs to the subscribers of money who have made it possible to carry it on ; to the regular readers, who are now giving six readings each week ; to the substitutes, who make certain that these readings are continuous ; to the guides, who kindly conduct to and from the library those who have no one upon whom they can call for 436 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY such service; to those who read music to the blind ; to others who have given special readings or musical entertainments or have helped in visiting; and to the secretary of the library society for the blind, Miss Georgia D. Trader, and her sister, Miss Florence B. Trader, who devote all their time to its interests An index of the appreciation by the blind of what has been done for them is given by the number of free rides supplied in one 'year by the different street railway companies : from the .Cincinnati Traction Company 10,775 tickets ; from the Cincinnati Interurban Company 602 ; from the Cincinnati, Dayton & Toledo Traction Company 18 passes ; from the South Covington & Cincinnati Street Railway Company $90.00 for use in paying fares. Since the teaching was begun in July, 1901, 74 have been taught to read, 6 have been taught to read music, 31 have been given instruction in writing, 70 have been supplied with writing boards, 29 have been taught to thread needles, 55 decks of cards have been distributed, and 9 have been reported for pension's. In February, 1903, Mr. William A. Procter purchased Clovernook, the former home of Alice and Phoebe Carey, and gave it in trust to the Misses Trader as a home for the blind. While this is an independent charity it is a direct outgrowth of what has been done at the library. In February, 1903, the board, acting on this offer of Mr. Carnegie decided to erect a $40,000 building on the lot on Walnut Hills and invited competitive plans and specifications from nine prominent architects. In course of time plans were received from all of above, also from others not invited, under their respective noms de plume. After long and tedious work the board selected the plan submitted by Messrs. McLaughlin & Gilmore. After some changes, which were found to be necessary, bids for the building under these plans and specifications were invited and are now pending. The city of Norwood expecting a gift of $40,000 from Mr. Carnegie for a library petitioned the board for an annual sum sufficient to maintain same. As part of Norwood's taxes go to the public library fund, the board granted a sum of $4,000 per year for this purpose, in case the sum above mentioned is donated by Mr. Carnegie and provided that the library of Norwood he under the sole control of the board of trustees of the public library of Cincinnati. On February 9, 1905, it was determined to inscribe on the outside of the building the following device : "Public Library, Walnut Hills Branch," and to erect a tablet in the interior with the words: "This Building is the Gift of Andrew Carnegie to the People of Cincinnati, 1905." On December 8, 1904, the board received a delegation of citizens from Corryville, (North Cincinnati), and at the same meeting instructed Mr. E. L. Tilton, of New York, to draw plans for the North Cincinnati branch library at a cost of $35,000 exclusive of architect's fees and grading. The deed for the North Cincinnati site was also received at this meeting. On February 23, 1905, Mr. Tilton's plans were received and referred to the building committee. On March 9, the committee reported that it would readvertise for bids under revised specifications. The bids were considered by the board at two special meetings, April 18th and 19th, 1905. Mr. Tilton was instructed to submit his plans to the Cincinnati building inspector for approval. On April l0th, the contract for the con- CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 437 struction of the North Cincinnati branch was finally awarded to L. P. Hazen & Co. At a regular meeting held January 19th, 1905, a general warranty deed for the East End branch was received and Messrs. Hanna ford & Sons were engaged to prepare plans for this branch, at a cost not to exceed $25,000.00. At the meeting held April 20, 1905, Messrs. Hannaford & Sons presented plans and specifications ; these plans were considered at a special meeting April 27th, and advertisement for bids was authorized. On May 4th, Messrs. Hannaford & Sons were instructed to prepare new plans owing to the excessive cost of the first ones. On May 25th, advertising for new bids was ordered. On April 6th, 1905, a delegation of citizens from Cumminsville announced that a site had been secured for a branch in that suburb. The deed for the site was formally presented to the board on April 20th. On February 19th, 1905, the board was notified of the organization of a public library board of Norwood, Ohio. The Walnut Hills branch, the first of the Carnegie buildings, was formally opened on Saturday evening, the seventh of April. The East End Carnegie Branch Library was formally opened March 22. During the year two more branches were opened, the East End on March 14, and the North Cincinnati on April 2. In addition to the Carnegie branch libraries already constructed and in operation, Mr. Carnegie has offered to build three others. His offer has been accepted, and one of these is to be in Avondale and another in Hyde Park. It is generally recognized that Dr. Hodges is one of the ablest librarians in the country, and indeed his standing in Europe is well known. Under his administration the public library of Cincinnati has developed in every direction. It is in every respect in fine condition. What is specially needed is a new building, which should be in the same general portion of the city. Moneyed persons, of philanthropic disposition, could do no better by their city and its inhabitants present and 'future, than to contribute large sums to the furtherance of the public library, which is one of the greatest forces for enlightenment in this city. CHAPTER XIX. CULTURE OF THE CITY. CINCINNAT1 A GENERoUS PATRON oF MUSIC AND THE FINE ARTS-ITS NoTED SCULPTORS, PAINTERS, PoETS, ENGRAVERS AND ARCHITECTS-THE ART MUSEUM -THE SAENGERFEST-WORLD FAMoUS MAY FESTIVALS-MUSICAL SOCIETIES- SPRINGER MUSIC HALL-ROOKWOOD, ETC. Mr. Cist wrote in 1857: "Cincinnati has been for many years extensively and favorably known as the birthplace, if not the home, of a school of artists who may be found in various parts of Europe, to say nothing of those in great numbers whose talents have found exercise in the various great cities of our own republic." It is interesting to find a painter here so early as 1792. This was George Jacob Beck, who appeared with the scouts of the army of Wayne. He was in the Maumee campaign and the battle of Fallen Timbers. After this period of military activity he came to Cincinnati to make a home, and here abode until 1800. The noted barge of General Wilkinson bore decorations that are asserted to have been the handiwork of Beck. During his residence in this city, Beck took for his bride a daughter of M. Menessier, a prominent Frenchman who had fled from his country in 1789. Menessier had been a member of the French settlement at Gallipolis, and later came to Cincinnati. Beck became well known for his landscape work. He made a specialty of the Ohio valley scenery. He made some mark in original poetry as well as in translations from Greek and Latin. He removed to Lexington, Kentucky, in 1800 and there died in 1812. Some of his paintings still exist, certain of them in Lexington. His widow came back to Cincinnati, and for fifteen years conducted a drawing school. William West, son of a Baltimore rector, visited this region at an early period and settled in Lexington in 1788. He was not very industrious in his profession and left but few pictures. Early in the nineteenth century, John Neagle painted for a time in Cincinnati. He was born in Boston, was of Swiss descent, and studied art in Philadelphia under Sully. He went from Cincinnati to Lexington, which appears to have had then a stronger attraction for artists than did Cincinnati, and in 1820 went back to Philadelphia. The whigs of Philadelphia sent him, in 1844, to Lexington to paint a portrait of Henry Clay. Neagle's popular reputation rested on a picture called Pat Lyon the Blacksmith. This was frequently reproduced in engravings and lithographs. - 439 - 440 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY In 1817, A. H. Corwine, a portrait painter, came to Cincinnati from Kentucky. He was much appreciated by prominent persons here. They provided means by which to send him to study under Sully in Philadelphia. On coming again to Cincinnati he produced certain portraits that were highly commended. He visited England, returned to Philadelphia and there died. In 1825, F. V. Peticolas followed miniature painting in this city for a time. Later he became a farmer in Clermont county. J. O. Gorman also for a brief time was a miniature painter here, but he soon removed to Frankfort, Kentucky. Joseph Henry Busch, born in Frankfort, Kentucky, of German parents in 1794, worked in 1826 in a room in the Academy of Fine Arts. Busch had been a student of Sully's. The Academy of Fine Arts was on Main street, between Third and Fourth streets, and had been founded by Professor Eckstein, a native of Berlin. He was the son of a noted Prussian painter of the days of Frederick the Great. Mr. Eckstein had in his rooms numerous busts and other specimens of art. Drake and Mansfield's "Cincinnati in 1826" says : "Mr. F. Eckstein, an intelligent and highly ingenious artist of this city, is about to commence the formation of an academy of fine arts, on a plan well calculated to ensure success. His skill in sculpture and taking plaster casts, his taste in painting, and his enterprising industry, will, even with a moderate amount of patronage, ensure the permanence and respectability of the institution. Mr. Eckstein has already a number of busts and other specimens of art, which will be arranged as the nucleus of his establishment, so soon as suitable apartments can be procured. A part of the plan embraces the delivery of lectures in the institution, illustrative of the departments of the arts which properly belong to an academy of this kind." The chief work of Mr. Eckstein was in sculpture, and he made busts of several prominent citizens of Cincinnati. He had the good fortune to be the teacher of the famous Hiram Powers.. Powers was born in Vermont, and came 'hither at an early age with his father. As a boy, he acted as an attendant in Langdon's reading room, was errand boy in a grocery store and was apprenticed to a clockmaker, Luman Watson. Powers heart was in Eckstein's studio; he gave little attention to his supposed occupation and lost his jobs one after another. He spent as much time as he could watching Eckstein in his sculpturing. Eckstein perceived the lad's genius and took him as a pupil. Powers rapidly developed under these instructions. By the assistance of Mr. Eckstein, Powers became an employe in Letton's museum, where for seven years he had charge of the wax works. While in this position he made several wax figures, and at the same time he wrought at every, opportunity in clay and marble under Eckstein's guidance. Powers, now grown to manhood, went in 1835 to Washington, where he produced busts of several celebrities. This work attracted wide attention. Nicholas Longworth, recognizing the genius of the young sculptor, opened his purse that Powers might go abroad to study and work. He went to Florence and by his work there achieved a world-wide fame. The most beautiful specimens of Power's work now in Cincinnati are the two marble angels on the altar of the cathedral of St. Peter. A few of his other CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 441 works are in this city. There is a story in regard to the origin of the angels in the St. Peters cathedral, which states that when Archbishop Purcell was contemplating ordering such sculptures he wrote Powers asking his fee for two angels "of the usual size." The reply of Powers was that angels varied so in size, some being large and some small, that he could not judge what was meant by the "usual size." The archbishop replied, "Take the two prettiest girls in Florence and put wings to them." The sculptor took the hint, and the beautiful product of his work is two figures of the Italian type of feminine loveliness. In 1836 there was working in a stone cutter's shop, as a partner with George Bassett, one Jubal Klefinger. His occupation was the ornamenting of tombstones. The attention of E. S. Thomas, editor of the Evening Post, was called to his talent. The stone cutter suggested that Mr. Thomas sit for a bust. This was carved from the stone without use of a model. This work attracted high commendation and made it apparent that the stone cutter was actually a sculptor. He began to study and work with Mr. Eckstein, continued this for several years and then went to Italy. He changed his name, and became famous as Shobal N. Clevenger. In 1837, Dr. Frederick Hali, after visiting this city, wrote : "This city is becoming' famous as a nursery of the fine arts, or rather of artists. A gentleman took me this morning to a small shop, where we saw three full-length statues, nearly completed, carved out of hard sandstone, representing three individuals with whom my conductor was well acquainted. 'They are,' said he, 'perfect likenesses.' The workmanship appeared to me to be of a high order—not equal to the Apollo de Belvidere, the Venus de Medicis, but not at all inferior to that displayed by the untaught Scottish sculptor Thom, in his universally admired statues of 'Tam O' Shanter,' 'Souter Johnny,' and the 'Landlord and Landlady,' a work which will render the name of their author as immortal as history. This artist, like Thom, has had no instruction, I am told, in the use of the chisel. His own native, unborrowed talent and taste led him to employ it. A few years spent in the studios of Rome or Florence would, I think, make him one of the first sculptors of our age. His name is Clevenger. We did not see him, as I had hoped to do.. He was absent. "Mr. Powers, the gentleman who attracted so much attention last winter at Washington by his skill in moulding likenesses, is from this town, though a native of Vermont. He is, you know, shortly to embark for Italy to perfect himself in his profession. . . . In Mr. Dor feuille's Western Museum here, I observed a number of wax figures of surpassing beauty, formed by the hand of the sculptor, Mr. Powers, who was employed during two or three years at this establishment." In 1814 a Pennsylvania German named Schafer, changed afterward to Shepherd, came to Cincinnati and became the pioneer in wood carving here. Among other carvings, he made a wooden statue of Minerva, which stood for many years before the Western Museum. The Historical society now has the head of this statue. Shepherd entered into a partnership with a Mr. Sims, and Sims and Shepherd produced figure-heads for steamboats and other carved and gilded ornaments. of such exceptional taste and genius as to rank as works of art. Drake and Mansfield's "Cincinnati in 1826" commends their work highly. 442 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY In 1819 William Jones was also established here as a carver and gilder. In 1829 these other firms had gone out of business here and Hiram Frazer, with a competent employe John Nicholas Adam, had a monopoly of this work. In 1823, Joseph Kyle was established here as a painter of portraits and genre pieces. Later he went to New York where he did most of his work until his death. The City Hotel; proprietor David Kautz, at the corner of Sycamore and lower Market streets, was at first a popular gathering place for the artists of this town. From 1819 to 1824 the artists met of evenings in a large room in the second story of a boarding house on Sycamore street. Among others in this group were Nathan W. Wheeler, portrait painter ; Edwin B. Smith, historical and portrait painter ; A. W. Corwine and Joseph Mason, portrait painters ; and Joseph Dorfeuille. The last was director of the Western Museum and a noted archaeologist. Jean Jacques Audubon, the famous ornithologist, who for a while made this city his headquarters, used occasionally to visit the artists' resort on Sycamore street. In 1824, the clubroom of the local artists was changed to the rooms of Herr Philibertus Ratel, a dancing master, on Third street, between Main and Walnut streets. In 1829, these additional artists were to be found here : Portrait painters, Aaron Day, Alonzo Douglass and Christopher Harding. Thomas Dawson was a miniature painter ; Samuel Dickinson, a decorative painter ; Samuel M. Lee, a landscape painter ; and Michael Lant, a historical painter. Day, Dickinson and Lant had their studios at the City Hotel. In 1828, Frederick Franks opened the gallery of fine arts, above a drug store on the southwest corner of Main and Fifth streets. He was an artist of merit, and had studied at Dresden and Munich. He had a penchant for the horrible in art, and represented imps and devils, goblins, witches and robbers. One of his own pictures represented the infernal regions. It was he who arranged the "Chamber of Horrors," which represented the infernal regions and drew great crowds to view it. Franks gallery became a noted training place for young artists. Some of them became famous, such as Miner K. Kellogg, James H. and William H. Beard, Daniel Steele, John Tucker, William H. Powell and Thomas Buchanan Read. Kellogg, son of a merchant of Cincinnati, established himself in Florence, where he produced principally genre paintings. Before leaving this country he produced portraits of Van Buren, Polk, Jackson, Chief Justice Taney, General Scott and Worth, and other eminent men. He produced at Constantinople a portrait of the Grand Vizier Reschid Pasha, for which the Turk gave him a large price and a gold cup set with diamonds. The Beard brothers became noted portrait painters and produced also excellent genre work. William also became well known as an animal painter. Harriet Martineau wrote of one of these brothers, possibly William : "We went next to the painting room of a young artist, Mr. Beard, whose works pleased me more than that of any other American artist. When I heard his CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 443 story and saw what he had already achieved, I could not doubt that, if he lived, he would run a noble career. The chief doubt was about his health, the doubt which hangs over the destiny of almost every individual of eminent promise in America. Two years before I saw him, Beard had been painting portraits at a dollar a head in the interior of Ohio ; and it was only a year since he suddenly and accidentally struck into the line in which he will probably show himself the Flamingo of the New World. It was just a year since he had begun to paint children. He had then never been out of his native state. He was born in the interior, where he began to paint without ever having seen a picture, except the daubs of intinerant artists. He married at nineteen, and came to Cincinnati, with wife, child, an empty purse, a head full of admiration of himself, and a heart full of confidence in this admiration being shared by all the inhabitants of this city. He had nothing to show, however, which could sanction his high claims, for his portraits were very bad. When he was in extreme poverty, he and his family were living, or rather starving, in one room, at whose open window he put up some of his pictures to attract the notice of passers-by. A wealthy merchant, Mr. G. and a gentleman with him, stopped and made their remarks to each other, Mr. G. observing, 'The fellow has talent after all.' Beard was sitting behind his pictures, heard the remark and knew the voice. He was enraged. Mr. G. visited him, with a desire to encourage and assist him ; but the angry artist long resisted all attempts to pacify him. At his first attempt to paint a child, soon after, all his genius shone forth, to the astonishment of everyone but himself. He has proved to be one of the privileged order who grow gentle, if not modest, under appreciation ; he forgave Mr. G. and painted several pictures for him. A few wealthy citizens were desirous of sending him to Italy to study. His reply to every mention of the subject is that he means to go to Italy, but that he shall work his own way there. In order to see how he liked the world, he paid a visit to Boston while I was there, intending to stay some time. From a carriage window I saw him in the street, stalking along like a chief among inferiors, his broad white collar laid over his coat, his throat bare, and his hair parted in the middle of his forehead, and waving down the sides of his face. People turned to look after him. He stayed only a fortnight, and went back to Ohio, expressing great contempt for cities." J. R. Johnston also studied under Franks. Two of his best known historical paintings are in Cincinnati, and are- "Starved Rock," and "The Mouth of Bad Axe River." W. H. Powell, who became famous as an historical painter, began in 1833 his career in Cincinnati. Here he painted portraits and fancy and historical pieces. In the last department he became the most famous painter at that time in this country. "Salvator Rosa Among the Brigands," was his first work of this kind. "Columbus Before the Council at Salamanca," was shown at Washington in 1847, and received such commendation that Powell was commissioned, over sixty competitors, by congress to paint an historical picture for the only remaining vacant panel of the rotunda of the capitol. He produced "De Soto discovering the Mississippi," a picture that is greatly admired. Among others of his noted works are "The Burial of De Soto," and the "Signing of the Constitution by the Pilgrims on the Mayflower." One of his finest works is in the 444 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY rotunda of the capitol at Columbus, "The Battle of Lake Erie." Powell painted a portrait of Lamartine for. the Maryland Historical Society, and two portraits of John Quincy Adams. One of these latter was given to the Cincinnati Observatory as an acknowledgment of what Adams had clone toward the establishment of that institution. Thomas Buchanan Read was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, in 1822. After having been apprenticed to a tailor and having run away, he learned in Philadelphia the trade of cigar-making. In 1837 he made his way to Cincinnati, where he found a home with the sculptor Shobal Clevenger. He learned the trade of a sign painter and attended school at intervals. Not succeeding in Cincinnati, he went to Dayton and obtained an engagement in a theater. Returning to Cincinnati in about a year he was enabled by the liberality of Nicholas Longworth to open a studio as a portrait painter. He did not remain long in Cincinnati, but wandered from town to town, painting signs when he could find no sitters, sometimes giving public entertainments, and reverting to cigar-making when other resources failed. In 1841 he removed to New York, and within a year to Boston. While there he made his first essays as a poet, publishing in the Courier several lyrics in 1843-44. He settled in Philadelphia in 1846 and visited Europe in 1850. In 1853 he went again to Europe and devoted himself to the study and practice of art in Florence and Rome until 1858. He afterward spent much time in Philadelphia and Cincinnati, but in the last years of his life made Rome his principal residence. He died while making a visit to the United States, in New York, in 1872. His paintings, most of which deal with allegorical and mythological subjects, are full of poetic and graceful fancies, but the technical treatment is careless and unskillful, betraying his lack of early training. The best known are, "The Spirit of the Waterfall," "The Lost Pleiad," "The Star of Bethlehem," "Undine," "Longfellow's Children," "Cleopatra and her Barge," and "Sheridan's Ride." He painted portraits of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, the ex-queen of Naples, George M. Dallas, Henry W. Longfellow and others. His group of Longfellow's daughters was popular in photographs. He turned his hand occasionally to sculpture, producing one work, a bust of Sheridan, that attracted much attention. He possessed a much more thorough mastery of the means of expression in the art of poetry than in painting. While Read was wandering from town to town in the vicinity of Cincinnati, painting portraits or signs, as he could find employers, he happened into the town of Franklin, on the Big Miami. There he found a number of prominent citizens who were ready to pay for portraits of themselves or members of their families, and in that town there still hang on the walls of homes a number of specimens of this kind of the handiwork of Read. As he, in Franklin, was given employment enough to keep him for some weeks, he between times worked on a picture of another kind, a study in nude art. He worked, possibly for better light, in a half-open shed behind his boarding house. As the boys of the town had been taught that all unclad figures were 'indecent and not to be tolerated, certain youngsters considered themselves the keepers of the morals of the community, and watching for a time when Read was conveniently distant from his workship they crept in and stabbed his partly-finished canvas, with its scantily CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 445 attired figure, with sharp sticks. So the tradition there goes, and doubtless the painter never knew how or why his work had been spoiled. Between 1830 and 1840, among other art workers here, was a portrait painter named- Thomas Tuttle. Sydney S. Lyon was a portrait and landscape painter, who in 1836 worked in Cincinnati and later removed to Louisville. E. Hall Martin, a marine painter, left Cincinnati in 1851 for California. Augustine Rostaing, a Frenchman and a carver of cameo-likenesses and heads on shell, was about 1835 in this city, and later went back to his native land. Frederick Berbrecht, a Prussian, was a landscape and historical painter ; he made the altar pieces which perished in the fire that destroyed Trinity Catholic church in 1852. George Henry Shaffer was among the painters of that period. Thomas Campbell, a miniature painter, worked at his art here in 1840. W. P. Brannan, a landscape and genre painter, and A. Baldwin, who produced principally marine scenes, had studios in Cincinnati. At that period, T. Witheridge lived here ; he went to Dusseldorf where he produced "The Poachers," a work frequently lithographed. John Cranch was among the painters residing here at that time, but later he went to New York. John Airy was an English sculptor residing here for a time ; it was he who produced the Gano monument, now in the Spring Grove cemetery. Christopher C. Brackett was among the early sculptors in Cincinnati ; he later won fame in Boston. H. K. Brown, sculptor, removed to Brooklyn and there became eminent. John L. Whetstone was not only a sculptor but became a' noted civil engineer. Nathan F. Baker produced some figures that appeared on Cincinnati buildings, but afterward he changed his profession. The distinguished American artist, Eastman Johnson, worked for some time in a studio in the Bacon building, at the corner of Walnut and Sixth streets. In those early days of his career he was often out of pocket, but in spite of this fact he was unwilling to work at a price he considered unworthy of his art ; he charged what was then considered a high price for a portrait, seventy-five dollars, and even when in financial straits would not lower his rates. Johnson produced portraits of Edmund Dexter, George Selves and many other prominent citizens of Cincinnati. Johnson, after his struggle for independence, was able to command large sums of money for his work. The Frankenstein family, four brothers and a sister, were all talented artists. John P. and Godfrey N. Frankenstein were especially noted. Godfrey N. Frankenstein was a landscape painter, taking nature for his model. He in addition produced many portraits, such as those of Abbott Lawrence, Charles Francis Adams, George Ticknor and other eminent citizens of Boston. He was also a sculptor and executed the bust of Judge McLean, now in the United States district court room in this city. Francis and George Frankenstein are said to have painted a series of tablets for the pleasure garden of Jacob Reiss in 1828. The sister showed talent as an artist ; she also became the first teacher in the German department in the public schools of this city. This family later removed to Springfield, Ohio. William Sonntag was an art pupil of Godfrey Frankenstein. He was the son of a German chemist, a member of the drug firm of Allen and Sonntag. H. A. Rattermann, who produced an exhaustive essay on art in Cincinnati, 446 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY wrote of William : "When Sonntag began to paint his pictures, they were so novel in their conception and rich in coloring, though less delicate in their execution, that they at once became the rage. Everybody wanted to have a `Sonntag,' and Sonntag was not disinclined to please everybody ; so he painted away, and every two or three days brought forth from his fruitful easel a new landscape, and into his pocket a new treasure of fifty, seventy-five, or a hundred dollars—and all sides appeared for awhile satisfied. Soon, however, it was ascertained that Sonntag's pictures were not at all scarce, but as plenty as blackberries ; and the parties that had measured the value of a picture according to the comparative scarcity of them, not in the point of real merit, became dissatisfied, and the Sonntag rage subsided." After this decline in his fortunes, Sonntag became very poor, until his friends bought him a railway ticket to New York and sent him away. In New York, he attracted much attention and made a great deal of money. October 18, 1838, a Cincinnati Academy of Fine Arts was founded by a number of artists, "in order that by their union they might obtain greater facilities for improvement in the various branches of the fine arts." The president was Godfrey N. Frankenstein, and John L. Whetstone, sculptor, was secretary. In 1839 an art exhibition, asserted to be the first of its sort in the west, was held in the Mechanics' Institute. There were on exhibition one hundred and fifty works of foreign and native artists. While it was not a financial success, it increased interest in art. Of the period between 1840 and 1850, H. A. Rattermann says : "During this period art evinced more life, more vitality, more self-reliance, in Cincinnati, than at any other period. After 1850 it sank lower and lower. Not that the city then ceased to produce artists of genius. .On the contrary, it raised in modern days more than ever, and comparatively more and greater ones than any other American municipality, not even excepting the 'Hub of the universe.' It is no bombastic puffery if we make this assertion. Our city was generally the starting point of American artists. We gave them birth and nourishment in their infancy ; and when our artists were grown to manhood, then the east would come to woo and wed them, and boast of them as their own." This academy of fine arts produced results by way of inspiration and stimulus but was itself destined to a brief existence. The next step in art culture here was the establishment of a department of the fine arts in the Cincinnati Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge. Lectures on art were delivered by James H. Beard and E. P. and John Cranch. The department of fine arts of this institution was in care of John Cranch, P. S. Symmes, William Piatt and A. Baldwin. The lectures had an average attendance of five hundred persons. On account of lack of endowment this art movement fell by the wayside. John P. Foote said : "After the extinction of two academies and one section of fine arts, most of those who had been active in efforts for their encouragement and promotion thought best to let art stand on its own feet and be governed by the laws of trade or of taste—and flourish or fade according to those laws." In 1846 there was established in New York city, the American Art Union. This soon stirred the art lovers of Cincinnati to action. The Western Art Union CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 447 was formed on like lines. The location chosen for the union was at the corner of Fourth and Sycamore streets. The president was Charles Stetson. E. S. Haines, Marchant and the artist, Baldwin, lent themselves to its promotion. The room occupied for the purposes of the union was large and on several occasions three hundred pictures were there shown. One of Powers' statues of the "Greek Slave" stood in this hall for a time. The beneficent influence of this union was considerable ; it helped cultivate public taste here and in the west and south ; but like its progenitor in New York, its existence was short. A further effort toward advancing the interests of art here was the plan for establishing a gallery of national portraits. Rembrandt Peale had then, as part of his museum in Philadelphia, a famous collection of heroes of the revolution. This collection was purchased and put upon exhibition. J. P. Foote states : "The existence of this institution, however, was more brief than that of its predecessor. The paintings for some mysterious cause were taken away and the institution, like an unsubstantial pageant, vanished." In 1851, William Wiswell had a picture gallery containing three hundred portraits. Some of these were by Kellogg, Beard, Rothermel, Read and other noted men. It contained a new bust of General Jackson, which Powers had just finished. This same year, Mr. Cist counseled the founding of an academy of design, where should be gathered paintings and models, sculptures, carvings, engravings, engraved gems, original drawings, plaster casts and similar objects. In 1855 there was an effort on behalf ,of a plan projected by Mrs. Sarah Peter. This was to form a ladies gallery of the fine arts.' The scheme was to obtain copies by reputable artists of famous works of the old masters. Mrs. Peter made two visits to Europe in the interest of this plan, but for lack of encouragement the plan came to nothing of a permanent kind. Among the notable artists of the period between 1840 and 1850, was Charles Soule, who began his work here in 1841. He executed portraits of many eminent citizens. His daughter, Clara Soule, demonstrated her talents as a painter of portraits and of flower and fruit pieces. Mrs. Lily Martin Spencer, whose specialty was delineation of Shakespearean characters, was a popular artist here for a time, and later removed to New York. J. Insco Williams, residing here after 1842, produced historical pictures that were popular. B. M. McConkey, living here in 1844, became a student of the Dusseldorf school. William Walcutt, who painted "The Battle of Monmouth," worked here in 1844, and afterward lived in New York. Herrmann M. Greenland was a singer as well as an artist. J. C. Wolf was a painter of historical and allegorical pictures ; his "Joseph and Potiphar's Wife" was for a long time on the walls of the St. Charles exchange. J. O. Eaton, who rose to great eminence as a portrait painter, was here in 1846 and later went to New York. A. H. Hammill, painter of animals and birds, lived in Cincinnati from 1847 onward. Gerhard Mueller and Henry Koempel, historical painters, were working in this city at the same period. Mueller, having studied in Munich, came to Cincinnati about 1840 ; some of his productions are in St. Mary's, St. Joseph's and other Catholic churches in this city. William, his son, who adopted Miller 448 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY as the form of his name, was a miniature painter. Koempel came here in 1848; he made an adaptation of Guido's St. Michael, now the altar piece of St. Michael's church. Muckle, a native of Suabia, came about 1840. The specialty of this Catholic sculptor was saints and crucifixes. Of C. E. Gidland, a veteran painter of Cincinnati, who began work here in the forties, Mr. Rattermann said : "His pictures are full of vivacity and, though sometimes roughly sketched, of striking color effect." T. D. Jones, sculptor, produced a very large number of portrait busts, among his subjects having been Clay, Cass, Corwin, Chase and other celebrities. It was he who modeled the bronze figure of the Soldier on Guard, which stands in the soldiers lot at Spring Grove cemetery. Cist mentions additional portraits and landscape painters in Cincinnati before 1851; C. R. Edwards, Jacob Cox, D. B. Walcutt, C. J. and Jesse Hulse, C. S. Spinning, George W. Philipps, P. McCreight, Ralph Butts, A. P. Bonte, George W. White, Jacob H. Sloop, and Miss S. Gengembre. R. S. Duncannon, a colored artist, began his work here in 1843. The Anti-Slavery league sent him to Edinburg to study. He produced portraits, landscapes, fruit, flower and genre pieces, and historical pictures. He executed portraits of Sumner, Birney and other prominent anti-slavery leaders. His most notable works were "The Trial of Shakespeare," "Shylock and Jessica," "The Ruins of Carthage," and "The Western Hunters Encampment." Among later portrait painters have been John Aubrey, Dwight Benton, Anthony Biester, A. Gianini, E. D. Grafton, water color painter, Herman Goldsticke, R. H. Hammond, J. A. Knapp, T. C. Lindsay, Israel Quick, Mary W. Richardson, Alexander Roeschke, Charles Rossi, Louis Schwebel, Raphael Strauss, Will P. Noble, Rudolph Tschudi, Michael Lendouski, T. C. Webber, Henry Mosier, Frank Duveneck. Aubrey, in addition to portrait work, executed the much admired works, "Gloria in Excelsis, "Prometheus," "Charon," and "Eve's Daughters." T. C. Webber painted historical pictures, such as "Rip Van Winkle," "The Rescue." Webber's large painting "The Underground Railway" hung for some time in the Chamber of Commerce building and was there during the great fire that destroyed that building in 1911, but the picture escaped without injury. Webber at that time was old and infirm ; the value and interest of his picture was appreciated but no buyer had been found. A movement was begun for its purchase at ten thousand dollars. While this effort was in its incipiency Webber died. The future of this notable painting has not been decided at the present writing. Henry Mosier, born in New York in 1841, removed with his family to Cincinnati in 1851 and to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1854. He studied wood-engraving and painting. He was draughtsman on The Omnibus, a Cincinnati comic weekly in 1855. He was a pupil of James H. Beard 1859-61. He was art correspondent with the western army for Harper's Weekly 1862-3. He studied in Dusseldorf and Paris 1863-6. He resides in New York. He has won wide reputation, has received large prices for his work and has taken prizes and medals at exhibitions throughout Europe and America. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 449 Frank Duveneck, who resides in Covington, was born in that place in 1848. He studied in Munich under Dietz and others about ten years. At thirteen he was a pupil of Schmidt, in Covington. While studying with Schmidt, he also traveled here and there in the United States and Canada, and executed pictures of angels and saints for the Catholic churches. A Madonna which he produced won him much commendation for its originality. At nineteen he went to Munich and entered the school of Dietz. His portrait of his classmate Loefftz, afterward a professor, is much admired and is now owned by Herrman Goepper in Cincinnati. His "Circassian" ranks among the masterpieces in the Boston Museum. He could not dispose of this picture in Cincinnati but sold it to a friend for fifty dollars. His friend took it to Boston to an art exhibition and there received for it eight hundred dollars. Duveneck executed the figures on the ceiling of the Grand Opera House. Duveneck after his residence in Munich spent several years in Boston, and after 1881 spent most of his time in Florence, Italy, painting and teaching. He was awarded a medal at the Chicago exposition in 1893. Duveneck is chiefly a head and study painter, but also notable as a sculptor. He produced and gave to the Catholic cathedral in Covington a beautiful sculpture in memory of his mother. He produced also a very beautiful reclining monument to his wife. He modeled Emerson in bronze. Duveneck is also a teacher at the art school. Alfred T. Branna, a graduate of the School of Design, and a pupil of Duveneck, executed much admired pictures, a notable one being "A Garden Scene in Portugal." Henry F. Farny is one of the most notable figures in Cincinnati and enjoys a world-wide fame, especially as a painter of Indians and of western scenes. Theodore Roosevelt exclaimed to Farny some years ago, in the hearing of several bystanders, "Farny, the nation owes you a great debt. It does not realize it now but it will some day. You are preserving for future generations phases of American history that are rapidly passing away." Farny was born in Erie county, Pennsylvania, of French Huguenot stock. As a child he learned the lore of the woods from Seneca Indians, who came from their reservation in New York state to hunt in the neighborhood where his father lived. In his boyhood he was fond of covering the walls of his father's board-house with pictures of animals, birds and Indians, which he scratched with nails or framed by aid of burnt sticks. When Farny's family removed to Cincinnati, his father tried to make a clerk of him and obtained a job for him in an office. He sketched in the ledgers the faces and figures of visitors to the office, and his employer told his father he ought to make an artist of him, as he was useless as a clerk. The elder Farny had no artistic aspirations for any member of his family and endeavored to turn the youth from the error of his ways, but in vain. Farny for some time after entering upon his artistic career devoted much time to the illustration of school books. It was by his genius that the whole method of such illustrating was revolutionized. Before his day, the school books had contained unreal and impossible pictures. He made real children, engaged in real amusements and labors. The children of Cincinnati soon came to know him in person and hailed him on the streets, to his delight, as the man who made Vol. II-29