HAMILTON COUNTY COURTHOUSE, CINCINNATI, OHIO

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PREFACE THAT circumstance in the preparation of the history here presented which is uppermost in the minds of those who have been associated in its compilation is the passing of Lewis Alexander Leonard as the presses were turning in the production of his last literary work. Mr. Leonard gave his life to scholarly pursuits, and while the burden of a work of this scope was too heavy for him to bear alone he was in supervising touch with the work of writers and contributors until the completion of the task. This history takes its place in the long list of contributions to the literature of his day that is his fitting monument. In this preface, whose primary purpose is to acknowledge the willing and able cooperation extended editor and publishers in their work by those called upon for advisory and contributing service, grateful acknowledgment must be made of the courtesy of Charles Theodore Greves, author of an earlier history of Cincinnati, who placed at the disposal of the editors the results of his research and study, insofar as they bore upon the Greater Cincinnati of today. The pages of the history proper bear witness to the thought, labor, and talent of others, while to the following the earnest appreciation of the publishers is tendered for their support, counsel, and cooperation throughout the prosecution of the work : Oliver G. Bailey, Frances Bailey, Carl Werner, Prof. Nevin M. Fenneman, E. J. Wohlgemuth, A. Clifford Shinkle, Dr. John M. Withrow, Frederick C. Hicks, W. C. Culkins, Edward T. Dixon, Dr. A. G. Drury, Dr. A. C. Bachmeyer, Alfred Henderson, Chalmers Hadley, W. D. Nixon, Hiram Mathers, Dr. George C. Kolb, Scott Small, Frank Holmes Shaffer, Werter G. Betty, John G. Kidd, John Rettig, J. Stacy Hill, Alfred M. Cressler, C. H. Gamble, Robert M. Ochiltree, Rev. R. Marcel lus Wagner, Ph. D., Mrs. (R. K.) Le Blond, Harriet R. Keller, Jean Ten Have, Brigadier-General P. Lincoln Mitchell, Major Frank J. Jones, Colonel Paul M. Millikin, Major Robert C. Bunge, H. E. Michaels, W. H. Burtner, Jr., John W. Irvine, Lillian Plogstedt, Caroline A. Lord, Miss G. Elliston, Catherine C. Embshoff, Marion Edwards, Elizabeth S. Critchell, Mary C. Bellows, Sara F. Geismar, Mrs. (J. I.) Nancy (Hornbeger) Wingate, Reuben J. Wood, Rev. Joseph F. Kiefer, Rev. Hurbert F. Brockman, Dr. John L. McLeish, Charles E. Dornette, Charles E. Hannaford, Charles Barnes, Edith I. Hobart. Of the publishers' staff particular mention should be made of Will L. Clark, upon whose shoulders fell the greater share of the actual writing, iv - PREFACE Frank P. Black, and William B. Roberts. Each of these brought to their varied responsibilities exceptional qualifications, bent in concert toward the production of a reference work of value. The results of the labors of all of those named above are placed before the public in the belief that their work will find favor and be pronounced good. THE PUBLISHERS. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter I—The City Chapter II—The Mound Builders and Indians Hereabouts Chapter III—Earliest White People of this Vicinity Chapter IV—The Northwest Territory Chapter V—Early Landings and Settlements Chapter VI—Settlement at Columbia Chapter VII—Losantiville and North Bend Settlements Chapter VIII—Cincinnati Township and Village History Chapter IX—The Town of Cincinnati Chapter X—Cincinnati as a City Chapter XI—Cincinnati as a City (Continued) Chapter XII—Suburbs and Surrounding Villages Chapter XIII—Courts and Lawyers Chapter XIV—Physicians Past and Present—Medical Societies Chapter XV—Cincinnati Hospitals Chapter XVI—Banks and Banking Chapter XVII—The Postoffice Chapter XVIII—Cincinnati Fire Department Chapter XIX—Civic Societies Chapter XX—Agricultural Interests of City and Vicinity Chapter XXI—Musical Societies and Musicians of Cincinnati Chapter XXII—University of Cincinnati Chapter XXIII—Cincinnati Public Schools Chapter XXIV—The Night Law School of Cincinnati Chapter XXV—Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Associations Chapter XXVI—The American Legion Chapter XXVII—The Cincinnati Guard Chapter XXVIII—Inns and Hotels of Cincinnati Chapter XXIX—Churches of Cincinnati—Past and Present Chapter XXX—Roman Catholic Churches Chapter XXXI—St. Xavier College Chapter XXXII—Cincinnati's Astronomical Observatory Chapter XXXIII—Industrial Interests Chapter XXXIV—Noted Writers of Cincinnati Chapter XXXV—The Indian and Other Early Wars Chapter XXXVI—Civil and Spanish-American Wars Chapter XXXVII—World War Summary	3 13 31 36 46 67 73 82 94 110 145 168 182 206 236 244 276 287 291 311 319 334 343 369 376 381 385 390 400 425 455 460 463 511 526 540 556
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Chapter XXXVIII—The Newspapers of Cincinnati Chapter XXXIX—Miscellaneous Items Chapter XL—Notable Persons and Events Chapter XLI—Fugitive Slave Law and Underground Railway Chapter XLII—History of Cincinnati Insurance Business Chapter XLIII—Transportation Facilities Chapter XLIV—Municipal Growth of Cincinnati Chapter XLV—Real Estate Interests Chapter XLVI—Libraries of the City Chapter XLVII—The Cincinnati Museum Association Chapter XLVIII—The Political Development of Cincinnati Chapter XLIX—The Daughters of the American Revolution Chapter L—The Cincinnati Markets Chapter LI—Early Day Famous Homes Chapter LII—Pioneer Reminiscences Chapter LIII—The City of Norwood Chapter LIV—The City of Covington Chapter LV—Campbell County, Kentucky	565 574 643 648 655 674 697 701 707 721 729 753 755 769 770 775 784 805