Name	Township	Firm	Address
High Shaft Jefferson No. 1 Bustard Diamond No. 2 Brilliant La Grange Kelly Nebo Strip Vein Great Western Forest City Hammondsville Gravel Shaft Alikanna Dillon Laurelton Long Run No. 1 Long Run Cooperative Lacey Calumet Wallace Coal Run Toronto Findlay Connor Moreland Ohio Valley Forest City	Steubenville Mt. Pleasant Warren Mt. Pleasant Mt. Pleasant Springfield Knox Island Creek Knox Island Creek Knox Knox	Steubenville Coal & Mining Co. Jefferson Iron Works Jefferson Coal Co S. N. & W. G. McCullough Spaulding Iron Co A. Gilchrist Kelly Coal & Coke Co Yellow Creek Coal Co Wallace, Banfield & Co.. Great Western Fire Clay Co. John Francy's Sons & Co R. G. Wallace Riverside Iron Co Steubenville Iron Co. Wheeling & Lake Erie Coal Co. Wheeling & Lake Erie Coal Co Wheeling & Lake Erie Coal Co Wheeling & Lake Erie Coal Co. Cooperative Coal Co Wm. Lacey Calumet Fire Clay Co Rodney Wallace Alliance Banking Co Wm. Mann D. O. Findlay P. Connor D. A. Mooreland Ohio Valley Fire Clay Co Forest City Fire Clay Co	Steubenville. Steubenville. Steubenville Linton Brilliant Brilliant Portland Station Bergholz Irondale Toronto Toronto Hammondsville Steubenville Steubenville Norwalk Norwalk Norwalk Norwalk Bergholz Irondale Calumet Hammondsville Alliance Toronto Jeddo P. 0. Calumet Jeddo P. 0. Toronto Toronto

Name	Owners	Post-office.
Great Western, Knox Wallace Hammondsville Calumet P. Conner Ohio Valley Jefferson New Cumberland Freeman, No. 1. Freeman, No. 2 Enterprise Empire Nonesuch Congo	Great Western Fire Clay Co Rodney Wallace W. H. Wallace & Son Calumet Fire Clay Co Excelsior Sewer Pipe Co Ohio Valley Fire Clay Co Penn. Mfg. & Mining Supply New Cumberland Brick Co Freeman Fire Clay Co Freeman Fire Clay Co Porter, Minor & Co Empire Fire Clay Co Stratton, Hinkle & Stratton Congo Fire Clay Co	Toronto Hammondsville Hammondsville Calumet Calumet Toronto Toronto New Cumberland W. Va. Freeman Station Freeman Station. Empire. Empire Empire Empire

.  Notwithstanding the fact that the first fire brick street pavement was laid only six years ago, the annual shipments now amount to millions to a dozen different states and forty to fifty different cities, 61 - JEFFERSON COUNTY, OHIO. All fire brick cannot be used to advantage. for street paving, and the superiority of the Ohio valley brick lies first in the large percentage of iron in their composition, rendering them tough and durable, and second to the experience in their manufacture, which has succeeded in imparting the requisite hardness without accompanying brittleness. As has been said, " fire brick at $10 per thousand at the kiln will make the cheapest pavement in the world." This pavement on the streets of Steubenville costs from 90 cents to $1.04 per square yard, including excavations. Experiments are now projected with a view of substituting fire brick instead of the Macadam pike for country roads, as it is believed it will be cheaper, more durable, and will certainly cost less for repairs. If it is a success in this respect it will solve the problem of good country roads at moderate cost, and open an illimitable field for this product. The following analyses of different county clays will be of interest in this connection: (NOT SHOWN)   *Sloane's is the old name for Toronto. Elliottsville and Calumet are the same. There has been a steady increase in the amount of fire clay mined in Jefferson county, during the last six years, as shown by the following figures: 1883, 15,600 tons; 1884, 21,300 tons; 1885, 61,750 t0ns; 1886, 115,024 tons; 1887, 149,095 tons; 1888, 144,090 tons. The output will no doubt be still larger the present year. At Hammondsville the fire clay is utilized for brick-making alone, but, after coming out on the river, the product is varied. There are several veins four feet in thickness and of good quality. At Linton three veins of fire clay are reported, two of four and one of five feet in thickness. A vein eight feet thick occurs at Port Homer, a. couple 62 - HISTORY OF THE UPPER OHIO VALLEY. of miles below, and at Empire. Twelve miles above Steubenville, the workable vein under coal No. 3 is eight to nine feet thick. Here is where the fire brick and sewer pipe industry properly begins, which is further noticed under the head of manufactures. Four mines are in operation here. At Calumet, just below, the vein varies from seven to eleven feet, and is reached by two openings. It is about the same at Freeman's, where there are two mines, while the thriving town of Toronto, a little further down, has four. The clay here is of excellent quality, and is upwards of thirteen feet in thickness at the Great Western mine. Four miles below Toronto is a mine, which includes all above Steubenville. At Rush Run is a shaft sunk sixty feet to a clay which burns to a bright red. It will be sunk 100 feet further to a regular fire clay. Limestone, Iron Ore, etc.— Limestone abounds throughout every portion of the county, adding to the fertility of the soil, as well as occupying an important place in manufacturing. The strata are from ten to twenty feet thick, containing in some instances as high as eighty to ninety per cent. of carbonate of lime, and very little phosphorous, making them especially valuable as a flux for smelting iron, for which they have been extensively used. Lime made from the veins about Steubenville is remarkably free from magnesia, making it superior for use in cement at places exposed to the weather. The stone has been little used for building purposes, but utilized to a considerable extent in piking local roads. The following analyses by the ge0logical survey may be of interest: (NOT SHOWN)   Some excellent beds of iron ore have been found in the county, but of too restricted capacity to be of much commercial importance. On Island creek pockets of hematite have been found yielding 50 to 6o per cent. of iron, and local ores have been successfully used experimentally in one of the Steubenville furnaces. Fourteen specimens of ore from Collinwood near the mouth of Yellow creek have yielded from 54.6 per cent. down to a trace of metallic iron. A specimen from Irondale gave 31.2 per cent., two from Toronto gave 27.24 and 4.9 per cent., respectively, two at Steubenville gave 62.69 and 11.03, one at Brilliant 23.85, and one from Island creek, 20.96. However, as long as we can secure Lake Superior ores at present prices the JEFFERSON COUNTY, OHIO - 63 local veins are likely to remain undisturbed, although the time may come when they will be found to be a valuable acquisition. Light sandstone admirably adapted for building purposes is found in abundance throughout the county, and quarries in the neighborhood of Steubenville especially have been drawn upon for important works. The piers of the Pan Handle railroad bridge across the Ohio at this point, St. Paul's church deanery, and numerous business houses and private dwellings furnish fine examples of its use. It is particularly durable, retaining sharp outlines after exposure to the weather for years. A limited quantity of brown sandstone is found in the neighborhood, but it is not much used. A bed of shale rock has come into use at Steubenville and one or two other points, which makes a superior class of red brick, harder, more durable and heavier than the ordinary red brick. As for the common red brick clays they can be found ad infinitum, so that within the limits of the county may be obtained any kind of building material from almost every class of wood, stone, brick or terra cotta.. Salt wells were operated on Yellow creek and elsewhere in the early history of the county, but the industry is a past one for the present at least. Mineral springs abound. Clean, sharp building sand is found in abundance at Steubenville, along the river and in the numerous creek beds. Manufactures.—The pioneer manufactory of Jefferson county was the tannery started by Benjamin Doyle in 1798, on what is now Highland avenue, in the city of Steubenville, long afterward known as the Spencer tannery. A grist- and saw-mill erected by Bezaleel Wells, on Wells' run, south of the limits of the newly laid out town in 1802, stood for many years. Robert Thompson built the pioneer nail factory in 1811,* turning out nails by hand. The introduction of fine wooled sheep into this section by Wells & Dickinson, early made it a center of woolen manufacturing. A mill was built at the head of Market street, in Steubenville, which burned down in 1867, exactly fifty-two years from the date its engine started. Other woolen mills were erected in both city and country. Mt. Pleasant manifested its enterprise by the erection of a silk factory in 1842, producing the first figured silk ever made in this country, and also we believe the first American flag from native silk. This interesting establishment ceased operations in 1846. During late years, owing partly to natural causes, the character of manufacturing in the county has generally changed.. Outside of the direct production of coal and fire clay, iron, glass, brick, pottery, terra cotta and kindred articles, are now the leading products, while flouring, paper making and some of the old industries continue to hold their own. Among the early manufactories of the city (Steubenville), were the Clinton paper mills, built in 1813, which have since passed through numerous vicissitudes, having been once destroyed by fire. They are now operated by Hartje Bros., of Pittsburgh, and -run night and day, turning out heavy glazed hardware wrapping paper. The largest roll * See prosecution of Kelly, page 85, this volume. 64 - HISTORY OF THE UPPER OHIO VALLEY. of paper in the world was recently turned. out here, being fourteen miles in length and weighing over 2,700 pounds. The mill at present employs forty hands with a capacity of 24,000 pounds per day. Arthur M. Phillips and Robert Carroll started an iron foundry here in 1816, which establishment, of course greatly enlarged, is still operated by James Means & Co., who employ forty men and manufacture steam engines and all kinds of machinery. Another early foundry and machine shop was that of William Kenyon on Water street, now operated by George L. Conn & Co. The Ohio foundry started in 1848, now conducted by W. L. Sharp & Son, does a large business in the manufacture of stoves, fire fronts, etc. The Jefferson Iron Works have long been one of Steubenville's most important manufacturing enterprises. They were erected by Frazier, Kilgore & Co., in 1856, but passed into a partnership in 1859, which was merged into the present corporation. Enlargements and improvements have been made continually, the concern now including a blast furnace of the latest improved type, eighty feet high by seventeen feet bosh, with a capacity of 1,200 tons of Bessemer iron per week, steel works and a nail factory containing 160 machines, which turn out 8,500 kegs of steel nails per week, the product having reached as high as 10,000. The coal field connected with this institution has been noticed elsewhere. The capital stock of this corporation is $800,000, and 550 men are employed here. What is known as the " upper " furnace is located in the Fifth ward, with its accompanying coal shaft and coke ovens. This furnace is seventy-five feet in height and 15 feet in diameter of bosh, and turns out 800 tons of Bessemer pig per week, giving employment to 120 men. It was constructed in 1872, by the Steubenville Furnace and Iron company, but is now the property of the Riverside Iron company, of Wheeling, by whom it has been greatly enlarged and improved. About a mile above the Steubenville corporation limits are the Alikanna works, built in 1873, now the property of the Steubenville Iron and Steel company, whose coal works are referred to above. These works are being constantly enlarged, and now have twenty-three boiling furnaces in full operation. The product is muck iron, which is shipped to the McKeesport tube works, the quantity turned out being sixty tons and over per day, and giving employment to upwards of 300 hands. Five miles above Alikanna are the Cloverdale plow works, completed about a year ago, manufacturing an improved form of plow. At Ironwood are located the works of Wallace, Barnfield & Co., formerly the Irondale Rolling mill, making a good output of galvanized iron. A blast furnace not now in operation is standing here. The Junction Iron and Steel works, at Mingo, are the largest manufacturing establishment in the county. Beginning with a blast furnace, in 1873, they now have two furnaces seventy-five feet in height and seventeen foot bosh, each with a capacity for producing 160 tons of Bessemer pig per day. The flowing capacity being only sufficient for one furnace, they are operated alternately. The steel plant contains three JEFFERSON COUNTY, OHIO - 65 cupolas; two fivementon converters and blooming mill, turning out 275 tons of steel per day. In the nail factory are 126 machines producing 6,000 kegs of nails weekly. The entire concern employs 750 hands, and the business dependent on this industry has built Mingo Junction up from nothing to one of the important shipping p0ints of the county. The Spaulding Iron Works at Brilliant, erected in 1883, have seventy- eight nail machines, with a weekly output of 4,500 kegs of steel nails. The forge department, with twenty furnaces, produces fifty tons of muck iron per day for shipment, the whole giving employment to 350 hands. The sum of the iron and steel products of the county, exclusive of the foundries, machine shops, galvanized works, etc., is 3,120 tons of Bessemer per week, 770 tons of muck bar, 1,925 tons of steel blooms, and 19,000 kegs of steel nails. Among the minor iron works of Steubenville, may be mentioned the Robinson, Irwin & Co. machine shop and Cady Boiler Works. Steubenville has long been an important center of glass manufacturing. Kilgore & Hanna were the pioneers in this direction, starting a factory in 1830. Beatty & Steelman followed in 1846 with a tumbler factory, which in time grew to be not only the largest in the United States, but made more tumblers than all the balance of the country combined. The largest glass establishment now in the city is the Acme, operated by Gill Bros., and engaged in the manufacture of lamp chimneys and reflectors. They have the largest glass making Stock in the world, built in 1887, with two smaller ones, and each week turn out about 350,000 lamp chimneys of all sizes, which go to every part of the globe. They employ 550 hands, and their large pay roll is quite an item in Steubenville's prosperity. Among the improvements lately made at these works is a handsome office building erected at a cost of $10,000. The Sumner Glass Works are devoted to the manufacture of prescription bottles, turning out 120 gross per day, giving employment to 100 men and boys. The Humphrey Glass Works make a specialty of novelties in glassware, such as vault lights, bowls for bird cages, lamp bowls, and everything imaginable in the line of small goods, also goblets and some larger ware. Their employes number about fifty. Closely allied to the manufacture of glass is that of glass melting pots. This is carried on by the Ohio Valley Clay company, an organization recently formed for the purpose more especially of supplying the glass factories in this neighborhood. The process of making these pots is very slow, each vessel being built up layer by layer, and consuming several months in its construction. These works occupy a large establishment at the foot of Washington street, formerly the Arkwright cotton mills, and employ forty men. As indicated above, the pioneer grist-mill at Steubenville was that of Bezaleel Wells, south of the city. A large team flouring mill built at the foot of Market street in 1813, was burned in 1856. It has two vigorous successors, however, large establishments with roller 66 - HISTORY OF THE UPPER OHIO VALLEY. process and all modern improvements. The AEtna mills of Raney, Sheal & Co., employ nine men and have a capacity of 150 barrels of flour per day. The Pearl mills of F. M. Mooney, turn out 100 to 125 barrels per day, giving employment to five men. In the early days of the county every stream with sufficient force to turn a water wheel had along its banks one or more mills, to which the farmers of the surrounding country brought their grain to be ground into meal, or their wool to be converted into cloth. Changes of time and methods have resulted in the discontinuance of most of the country mills, which now stand as picturesque objects in the landscape, and monuments of departed 'industry, while their trade has sought the larger establishments in the cities. Some of them, however, have survived, and with the introduction of steam and improved machinery continue to do a large and profitable business. Principal among these are Bowers's flour mill at Toronto, Barr's mill at Port land, with a capacity of fifty to sixty barrels per day, the famous Tunnel mill in Ross township, run by Alexander Hale, where the water power is supplied through a tunnel under a high hill, the Moore mill on Yellow creek; Pittinger's, at Kno-xville; Darius Davidson's mill on Island creek; Richmond mill, operated by Stevenson & Simpson; John Henderson's, at East Springfield; Boop's, at Bloomfield; Ralston Bros. with roller process, at Smithfield; J. W. Sutherland's on McIntyre, in Wells township; John Barkhurst's, on Piney fork in Smithfield township, and C. W. Harbout's at Mt. Pleasant. The aggregate output of these mills is considerable. In the line of woodwork, the furniture manufactory of Caswell & Pearce, Steubenville, has built up a large trade in artistic and substantial household furniture. Wagener & Heuser's saw-mill annually cut up a large amount of walnut and other hard woods, chiefly from the forests of West Virginia, into convenient sizes for exportation to Europe, to be used in the manufacture of furniture and veneering. A good local trade is done by the planing mills of Massey & S0n, Anderson & Sons, Robert Hyde, Goodwina& Cooper, of Toronto, and by the portable mills and smaller concerns attached to the different flouring mills throughout the county. The keg factories which supply the Jefferson Junction and Spaulding nail mills also do a good business. The pottery business of the county is growing. In 1879 a movement was inaugurated for the establishment of a white-ware pottery in Steubenville, which made its first kiln of glass ware in February, 1880. It now has seven biscuit and glass kilns and six decorating kilns, employing 225 hands, engaged in turning out white and decorated ware of all varieties. A pottery was built at Toronto in 1889, with six large and four decorating kilns, turning out an excellent grade of white and decorated ware. Among the most important of the county's manufacturing interests, if indeed it does not stand first, is the fire clay industry already referred to at some length. From a point six miles above Steubenville, to the upper end of the county, there is almost an unbroken line JEFFERSON COUNTY, OHIO - 67 of these establishments on both sides of the river. It has been said that there are more steam whistles and engines in the thickly settled portion of this territory than in any other similar area in the United States. Our present concern is of course only with those located in Jefferson county, which center mainly around Toronto and Empire. Thomas Freeman may be considered as the pioneer of this industry, he having made the first fire brick in this section upwards of forty years ago, and George Carlyle soon followed with the first sewer pipe at Toronto. Going up the river the first works encountered are those of the New Cumberland Fire Clay company, located near Brown's station, employing about twenty men and having a capacity of 10,000 brick each twenty-four hours. Their specialty is vitrified paving brick. The pioneer terra cotta works in Toronto are those built by Carlyle & McFadden in 1853. In 1872 they were leased by Connelly, Hood & Co., and five years after were purchased by Carlyle, Connelly & Co., who ran them until 1885, when the works were incorporated under the name of Pennsylvania Manufacturing, Mining •and Supply company, of Pittsburg. They manufacture all kinds of sewer pipe and terra cotta flue linings, vases, etc., and occupy a large two-story frame building, giving employment to fifty-five men and shipping over 600 cars of finished product per annum. The Great Western Fire Clay Works, located at the upper end of Toronto, were started in 1879 by W. H. Garlick, T. M. Daniels and R. M. Francy, and were operated by them until 1881, when Mr. Garlick's interest was purchased by W. F. Dunspaugh, and in 1883 Dunspaugh & Francy purchased Mr. Daniels's interest, and have since been operating the works under the same name. They employ eighty-seven men, and turn out about 1,600 cars of sewer pipe, terra cotta, fire brick and clay per year. The Forest City Works, operated by John Francy's Sons & Co., were built in 1874. They make a specialty of fire clay proofing, hollow floor tile, etc., in which they do a large business, also in fire brick and sewer pipe. Their shipments will reach 1,200 to 1,500 cars per year, giving employment to seventy-five men. Just above Toronto, at the mouth of Croxton's run, are the works of the Ohio Valley Fire Clay Co., c0mposed of Messrs. Myers, Wore, McCoy and Lysle. They were changed in 1888 from fire brick exclusively to include sewer pipe and terra cotta. They give employment to forty-five men and have a capacity of 450 car loads per annum, which they are preparing to increase one-half. Above this are the immense Calumet works, established by Dr. W. H. Garlick and Henry Siger. They were destroyed by fire December 14, 1884, but rebuilt larger than ever, and opened in the spring of 1885, occupying immense four-story-buildings, employing 150 men and shipping upwards of 1,500 cars of sewer pipe and terra cotta work generally, per annum. They also have a capacity of 1,200,000 fire brick annually. These works are among the largest of the ,kind in the world, and fitted with the latest improved machinery. Every size of sewer pipe is made from two inches in diameter up to thirty. Elliott & Young about twenty years ago built brick works at what 68 - HISTORY OF THE UPPER OHIO VALLEY. was known at Elliottsville, which three years later were changed into a pipe manufactory, and are now run by Patrick Connor. They employ on an average thirty-five men and ship 300 cars yearly. The Freeman Fire Clay Co. was started by Freeman Bros. in 1869. The upper factory, a substantial three-story frame structure, has a capacity of 400 cars per annum. Their presses will turn out sixty sections of fifteen-inch pipe per hour and 300 pieces of six-inch pipe. It employs thirty-five men. The lower factory is located at Freeman's Station opposite the southern end of New Cumberland, with which it does a good trade. Forty men are employed here, shipping 600 cars per annum. This concern has a large tract of land, and, besides the clay strata, possesses four coal veins. Porter, Minor & Co. at the lower end of Empire have two buildings 60x12 and 30x120 feet, of two stories each, making all kinds of brick. They employ forty men, and expect to make about 7,000,000 brick the coming year. The Empire works turn out both sewer pipe and brick to the extent of about 1,000 cars per annum, the sizes 0f pipe being from two to twenty-four inches. They employ forty to fifty men. The Congo works were built in July, 1888, and turn out 15,000 to 20,000 brick and tiling per day, employing thirty men. The Centennial machine in these works makes from 10,000 to 12,000 per day. The Nonesuch works of Stratton, Hinkle & Stratton, built in May, 1888, work thirty men, and have a capacity of 36,000 brick each twenty-four hours. Nearly all the works enumerated above make heavy shipments by river as well as rail, putting their product in the market at least possible cost 0f transportation. The other fire brick works in the county are those of the Wallaces at Hammondsville, employing fifteen men and making 4,000 to 8,000 per day, and Daniel Lacey 's at Irondale, with about the same capacity. The fire-clay works combined empl0y about B00 men, and the raw material being all found within the county nearly all the money received for the finished product remains here. It will be seen from this that these industries, whether we consider the capital invested, the number of men employed or the product shipped, take a rank of first importance. As stated previously shale and clay suitable for the manufacture of red brick are found in almost every part of the county in practically unlimited quantities. At Steubenville this shale is utilized in the steam works of Edward Nicholson at the head of Market street. It is thoroughly ground and burns to a bright red. Being considerably more than the average hardness it makes a heavy ''brick and is in special demand for building purposes on this account as well as its color. - The works are now turning out 2,000,000 per year. George Fickes and F. Nicholson & Bro., also have large brick yards, turning out respectively about 1,000,000 and 1,500,000, including fire brick, per year. At Rush Run, the Wheeling Brick company has a capacity of 30,000 brick per diem, its present output being 10,000 to 12,000 of superior red brick. John and Joseph Nicholson have started red brick works at Toronto, and are now turning out 25,000 a month. JEFFERSON COUNTY, OHIO - 69 Samuel B. Taylor & Co. have started works at the same place with modern machinery, and temporary establishments are located in other parts of the county to supply local demands. Copperas was an important industry at Steubenville in earlier years, but the only establishment now in operation is that of Benjamin Johnston west of the city. Gas was supplied to the city in 1852, and the works have lately been enlarged to include an extensive electric light plant. The price of illuminating gas here is $1.35 per thousand feet with a discount to large consumers. The city pays $20 per annum for each of its gas street lamps containing 6-foot burners and run on a moon schedule, $25 each for fifteen candle power incandescents, and $75 per arc light. Most of the arc lights at present are furnished to the city at a nominal rate, caused by the overlapping of gas and electric contracts. The brewery of Charles Rall, at the head of Adams street, is an important part of Steubenville industries. In addition to the above industries are the blank bo0k manufactories and binderies of P. B. Conn and Sprague & Carnahan, with their accompanying job offices, the job offices of McFadden & Hunter and W. W. Mackay, all at Steubenville; job offices of F. Stokes at Toronto, J. C. Harrison at Smithfield, and William Beebout at Richmond. The manufacturing industries of the county are on the increase, and all the present concerns are enjoying a good degree of prosperity. Commerce and Transportation.— Among Steubenville's early industries was that of boat building, the " Bezaleel Wells," " Robert Thompson," " Steubenville " and " Aurora " being the pioneer steamers. For a while this was the terminal point for packets to Pittsburgh, and for many years to Wheeling. At present a tri-weekly packet runs from here to New Cumberland and East Liverpool, and with the through lines between Pittsburgh on the one hand and Wheeling, Parkersburg, Kanawha river and Cincinnati on the other there are packets up and down the river every day and sometimes three each way in the twenty-four hours. In spite of the oft asserted decline of river traffic, facilities for travel or shipment via our inland waters were never better. Passenger traffic which at one time had nearly deserted the river is coming back to it again, especially during the summer season when the beauties of the upper Ohio river scenery can scarcely be surpassed. The energetic business men of the county seat did not wait for railroads to reach them from the east in the natural course of events, but on February 24, 1848, the Steubenville railroad was incorporated by James Wilson, James Means, Nathaniel Dike, William McDonald, Daniel A. Collier, John Orr, John Andrews, David McGowan, James Gallagher, James McKinney, Roswell Marsh, James Turnbull and Alexander Doyle. The charter provided for its construction to the Indiana state line, but it was five years before it was ready for business to Newark, Ohio, a distance of 117 miles with an eight-mile branch t0 Cadiz. From Newark, Columbus was reached by a partnership arrangement with the Baltimore & Ohio railroad, and from thence full western connections were secured. The construction of a line across 70 - HISTORY OF THE UPPER OHIO VALLEY. the West Virginia Pan Handle wh0se ultimate destination was Pittsburgh, was begun soon after this, and in 1865 the first railroad bridge over the Ohio river was completed, and the Steubenville & Pittsburgh road opened. Not long after these two roads were consolidated under the name of the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway, becoming a part of the great Pennsylvania system and a trunk line between the east and the west. It traverses the center of the county from east to west, having twenty-one miles of single with four miles of second track in the county. A passenger by it can reach either the Atlantic or Pacific ocean with but a single change of cars. In 1877 a branch road was constructed down the Ohio, on the left bank from Steubenville bridge to Wheeling, under the name of Pittsburgh, Wheeling and Kentucky, and since under the name of Ohio River road, further extended to Huntington, W. Va., becoming one of the best feeders of the Pan Handle line. A branch to New Cumberland was opened in 1887, which is now doing a paying business, and is about to be extended up the east side of the river. Within the last yew years traffic has so increased on this line as to make it necessary to double track it the full length. This work is going vigorously forward, the eastern end now having double track from Pittsburgh to Mingo, in this county. During the past two years the Steubenville bridge has been entirely rebuilt of steel, consisting of seven spans, each 232 feet in length, and one channel span of 312 feet, or 1,936 feet in all, with double track and strength to carry the heaviest engines. The Cleveland & Pittsburgh railroad enters the county via one of the forks 0f Yellow creek, and following that stream to the river, it extends both north and south, running along the entire river front of the county, covering a mileage of 39.38, exclusive of sidings, and reaching directly to the great lakes, bringing ore and lumber and carrying back coal, iron and manufactured products. Its southern extension was made in 1856, and it is now a part of the Pennsylvania system. A third railroad known as the Lake Erie, Alliance & Southern enters the county through the northern end of Springfield township, terminating at Bergholz, in Ross township, where large coal mining interests have been developed. This line also has connections with the lakes, and when extended to the river as contemplated, will be one of the important outlets for the county. The fourth railroad system to enter the county is the Wheeling & Lake Erie, which opens up an entirely new territory. It reaches the county at Adena, in Smithfield t0wnship, and striking the valley of Short creek, follows it through Mt. Pleasant and Warren townships to the river, at Portland Station, from whence it is now being extended to Steubenville, fourteen miles up the river. The construction of this road has already developed the large coal industries in Mt. Pleasant referred to above, and has created the thriving towns of Dillon and Laurelton, within the past year. This road gives direct communication with Toledo and the northwest, besides opening up JEFFERSON COUNTY, OHIO - 71 an important local trade. With the completion of this and other projected lines there will be scarcely a township in the county not traversed by at least one railroad, and some of them by three separate lines. An electric street railway, two and one-half miles long, was built in Steubenville, in 1888, and continues in successful operation. Banks and Banking.— In 1809 the bank of Steubenville was started by Bezaleel Wells and W R. Dickinson, which existed until 1821, when it became insolvent, and although an attempt was afterward made to revive it, the effort was not successful. In 1816 the Farmers' & Mechanics' bank was started, with John C. Wright as president, and Thomas Scott, cashier. It was afterward merged into the Jefferson branch of the State Bank of Ohio, and continued under this title until 1865, when, to conform with the times, it was organized into the Jefferson National bank. Its charter expiring in 1885, it was re-organized under the name of the Steubenville National bank, so that for three-quarters of a century it has been practically the same institution, under different forms; enjoying the uninterupted confidence of the community during the whole period, through panics as well as prosperous times. Its place of business with its Grecian portico has long been one of the landmarks of the city. R. L. Brownlee iS now the president, and Charles Gallager, cashier. Its capital Stock is $125,000. The Commercial bank of Sherrard, Mooney & Co. was organized by R. Sherrard, Jr., W. H. Mooney and James Gregg, in 1862. In 1865 they organized into the First National bank, but in 1868 returned to their original form of private bank, with a capital of $50,000. They have since conducted an extensive business, and rank among the solid institutions of the country. The Union Savings institute was organized in 1837, and for many years under the conservative management of its treasurer, H. G. Garrett, was a popular place of deposit for small investors. It was merged into the Union Deposit bank in 1874, with a capital of $50,000, and its business enlarged. The same careful management which distinguished it from the beginning, still prevails. D. J. Sinclair is the present treasurer. The Exchange bank, a private enterprise, was organized by J. J. Gill and others in 1873, but 1n 1874 changed to the National Exchange bank, with a paid-up capital of $100,000. Although among the youngest of the city banks 1t enjoys equal confidence with the others. W. R. Peters is president, and Thomas A. Hammond, cashier. The Miners' and Mechanics' bank was organized in 1872 to afford opportunity for the investment of small savings, and has enjoyed a marked popularity from the start. Its president is John H. Hawkins, and John W. Cookson, secretary and treasurer. A Mechanics' Fund association was organized in 1832, and was very successfully conducted for twenty years. The Citizens' bank, after running a few years, succumbed during the panic of 1857. J. F. Oliver conducted a private bank for a short time. A banking institution was started in Mt. Pleasant in 1816, which was honorably closed up in 1846. In 1848 the Mt. Pleasant branch of the 72 - HISTORY OF THE UPPER OHIO VALLEY. State bank of Ohio was organized. It was succeeded by the First National bank in 1866, with a capital of $175,000. R. W. Chambers is now president, and J. K. Ratcliff, cashier. The extensi0n of the Wheeling & Lake Erie railroad through that township has brought a large increase of business to the bank as well as to other establishments. Principally through the efforts of Joseph H. Cope, the Smithfield National bank was organized on June 24, 1864, with a capital of $100,000. It has been successfully c0nducted ever since, and is still enjoying prosperity with A. C. Noble, president, and William Vermillion, cashier. During the summer of 1889, a bank was organized at Toronto, with a capital of $20,000, which pr0mises to become an important business factor in that growing town. J. Saltsman is president, and J. McClave, cashier. A building loan association has recently been organized in Steubenville, which has an increasing list of subscribers, and privilege of bringing its capital stock up to $800,000. Wilson McKee is president; W. A. Elliott, treasurer, and William McD. Miller, secretary. Wealth and Taxation.—The total tax duplicate of Jefferson county as made up from the assessors' returns of 1889, is $19,136,230, an increase of $555,460 over the previous year. It is believed that the present year's assessments will bring the total above $20,000,000, which is of course considerably below the real value of property in the county. The total given above is divided as follows: 257,718 acres of land, valued at $8,226,300; value of real estate in city, towns and villages, $4,171,600; value of chattel property, $6,738,330. The principal items of personal property in the county are comprised in the following:  No.      Value. Horses 7,043 $517,478 Cattle 13,406 237,904 Mules 232 15,350 Sheep 91,918 192,137 Hogs 8,605 37,988 Carriages 1,719 56,820 Watches 1,406 28,379 Pianos and organs 1,064 64,490 Merchants' stock 409,562 Manufacturers' stock 104,510 Moneys returned 317,322 Net credits 1,684,990 Corporate property 2,554,150 The tax levied in the county for state purposes in 1889, was $51,667.80, the levy being two and seven-tenths mills on the dollar. The total taxes collected for all purposes in the county upon the general levies, was $345,569.87. In addition, Was the special d0g tax of $2,017, and saloon tax of $13,868.35, making a grand total of $361,455.22. The following table indicates the valuation of the real JEFFERSON COUNTY, OHIO - 73 and personal property in each township, corporation, school-district,, etc., with the rate of taxation on each dollar given in mills: Name. Valuation. Rate in Mills. Brush Creek township $324,510 10.8 Cross Creek township 1,201,380 12. New Alexandria corporation 18,370 13.8 Island Creek township 848,100 11.4 “ ” school-district No. 1 99,090 14.2 “ ” “ No. 2 401,790 12.4 Toronto corporation 179,120 23.2 Knox township 728,010 13.8 “ school-district No 1, 137,170 14.6 Toronto village 258,020 23.4 Empire village 67,460 18. Mt. Pleasant township 557,530 14.2 “ school-district. 141,620 14.2 “ corporation 410,930 15.8 Ross township 504,900 11.2 Steubenville township 292,260 16.8 “ district No. 2 20,040 13.1 " “ ” 5 130,180 16.6 Mingo Junction corporation 589,910 22.2 Steubenville, city 5,204,500 24.8 Saline township 479,350 12.2 Irondale corporation 153,850 14.6 Hammondsville corporation 139,470 13. Springfield township 502,620 14.6 Salem township 806,720 12.3 East Springfield school-district 70,240 12.3 “ corporation 96,370 13. Richmond corporation 120,000 16.6 Smithfield township 989,650 12. “ school-district 124,190 10.8 “ corporation 275,490 12.6 Wayne township 1,249,410 10.4 Bloomfield school-district No. 2. 38,000 3 “ corporation 56,610 114.4 Warren township 719,290 14.4 “ school-district No. 152,700 13. Grover corporation 25,420 17.6 Wells township 824,440 12.6 Brilliant corporation 197,620 21.4 Bonded Indebtedness.-The county, to all intents and purposes, has no bonded indebtedness. At this writing, $1,500 Infirmary Pike bonds are outstanding with the money in the treasury to pay them when presented. The indebtedness in the different political divisions of the county is as follows: 74 - HISTORY OF THE UPPER OHIO VALLEY. Brilliant school-district $6,500 borough 300 Mt. Pleasant school-district. 300 Richmond borough 125 Steubenville city 198,000 township 2,600 Sloan's school-district 7,500 Warren township 450 Total $215,775 The bonds bear six per cent. interest, usually payable semi-annually, except those of the city of Steubenville, which bear five per cent.