Mountains was located on King's Creek, W. Va., about two miles east of the Jefferson County line, where native ores were used. It was built by Peter Tarr and others in 1795, and not only was the ore smelted, but pots, kettles and other articles were made from the iron, thus anticipating the modern idea, the same establishment doing all the work from digging the ore in the ground to the finished product. It was not a success financially, although it appears that James Campbell conveyed the furnace with 300 acres of land to Peter Tarr and James Rankin for $3,600, a good price for those days. Charcoal was used for fuel and its preparation was nearly as troublesome as the manufacture of iron. The furnace was finally abandoned, but its ruins still remain.

Sandstone, both light and brown, suitable for building purposes, is practically inexhaustible, and has been used extensively, but has a formidable rival in concrete. Clean sharp sand for building purposes is found in abundance in and along the streams, and the River Sand Company, with a fleet of steamers and barges does an extensive business in this direction. Mineral springs also abound, but have not been utilized commercially. Salt has been found, especially on Yellow Creek, which will be noticed elsewhere.

Jefferson County has been specially favored as regards mineral resources, of which those interested have not been slow to take advantage. It is scarcely necessary to add, however, that there are no lead, silver or gold mines in Jefferson County, never have been and never will be, as the geological formation is absolutely prohibitory. There have been reports of that kind occasionally, some of them based on old Indian tales. They are delusions or frauds, not deserving of the slightest consideration.

A Century's Activity Almost Unparalleled—Pioneer Manufactories—Rise and Decline of the Woolen Industry--Cotton Mills—Immense Progress in Iron and Steel Making—Pottery, Glass and Clay Products—Silk Making and Miscellaneous Activities.

There seems to be no doubt but that the pioneer manufactory of Jefferson County was the tannery erected by Benjamin Doyle soon after his arrival here in .1798. He constructed his vats west of what is now Highland Avenue in Steubenville, and seems to have done quite a good business, considering the small population and limited resources of the neighborhood. He sold out to Samuel Hanna, from whom Joseph C. Spencer learned the business and ran it for thirty years. He was succeeded by John Myers, after which the tannery went out of existence. A feature of the place forty or fifty years ago was the "marble hydrant" set in against the hillside, which furnished a stream of pure spring water. In 1802-3 Brice Viers established a second tannery north of Market Street on what is now the Steubenville Coal & Mining Company's property, which he conducted until 1831, when the building was converted by Thomas J. Viers and E. H. McFeely into a hand-loom weaving factory, and it was afterwards torn down to make room for the mining .company's coke ovens. In 1810 Samuel Williams opened a third tannery on Market Street, west of Church Street, and ran it until 1817, when he was succeeded by John Jenkinson until 1821, when John and George Hogg, two Englishmen, took it and conducted it until 1835, when

William Elliott, who was already engaged with them in the business, became part owner, afterwards purchasing the whole plant, which he enlarged and carried on until about 1885, when lie retired from business. Since then there has been no tannery in Steubenville.

Local tanneries were quite numerous throughout the county, but changed conditions finally caused their abandonment. A Mr. Moore started a tannery in Smithfield in 1804, on the west side of town. It was managed by Benjamin Griffith. Lewis Cady started the second in 1809 on the east side of the terminus of Tannery Street, it closed many years ago. William Sharon, father of Senator Sharon, opened the third about 1817 on the property later owned by William A. Judkins, at the south end of town. In 1844 he rented the property to George Lee. and operations ceased about 1847. John Wood started the fourth tan yard on West street about 1822, but he died shortly after and two cousins named Hobson carried on the business until 1846, when they sold out to George Lee, who transferred his stock to it, and afterwards sold to John and Rollin Cole. Their brother, Jediah, succeeded them, but the building was soon afterwards sold to Isaac Lewis, who converted it into a blacksmith shop. Phipps and White opened the fifth tannery in 1838

near the eastern end of South Street. John White became sole proprietor and carried on the business for many years. Thomas Latta started a tannery in Bloomfield in 1826, and Henry M. Beckett one in 1827. Joseph Gill ran a tannery in Mount Pleasant. Others will be noticed in the township hi stories.

Grist and flour mills succeeded the first tanneries as business enterprises and perhaps were even more necessary to the wants of a growing community. Bezaleel Wells located one on the run which bears his name, then south of Steubenville on ground now occupied by the La Belle Iron Works. Water was the first motive power, and then steam was introduced and the mill continued in operation for many years until finally a Mr. Geiselman purchased it and converted it into a distillery, which burned down in 1857. The run mill proving a success, a new company, in which Mr. Wells was interested, was formed, which built a large steam flour mill at the foot of Market Street, under the superintendence of Adam Moderwell. John Devenny, Sr., moved here from Pittsburgh and set up the machinery and ran it for some time. Subsequently a brick woolen factory was added on the west side and was operated by the same engine. This not succeeding, the factory was converted into a warehouse for the mill. James Means, Sr., conducted the mill for a number of years, and then Means & Hooker. Subsequently it as rented by Geiselman, and on the night of December 23, 1856, the weather being intensely cold, it was burned to the ground, and the lolts lay idle a long time before being occupied by the present structures. The Aetna Mills at Sixth and North Streets were originally established by Raney, Sheal & Co. in 1868, and purchased by the present company in 1899. The new proprietors installed new machinery throughout, made many improvements and the mill is one of the best equipped flouring mills in the Ohio Valley. The owners and officers of the company are George A. Deano president; A. S. Dean, vice president; L. M. Frazier, secretary and treasurer. Shortly after the Aetna John McFeely built the California flour and feed mill at Washington and Seventh streets, with a capacity of forty barrels a day. It afterwards passed into the hands of John C. Ralston and was subsequently converted to other uses. F. M. Mooney for a number of years conducted a flouring mill on West Market Street, in a building which had been a woolen mill and subsequently a white lead factory rim by M. L. Miller. It did a large business, but for some reason was not a financial success. Probably the first grist mill in the county after one at Steubenville was built on Cross Creek and did a profitable business as early as 1808, the product being shipped by keelboat to New Orleans. It was purchased by George Marshall, who came from Ireland about 1818, who replaced the existing machinery by other for the manufacture of woolens. Nearly all the early flour mills had sawmill attachments. which were not the least profitable part of the enterprise. The numerous streams furnished sufficient power, and the farmers brought their wheat to be converted into flour and their wool into cloth. Nearly all have disappeared, as concentration has applied here as well as elsewhere. Nathan UpdegratT, who came from Winchester, Va., in 1802, and settled on Short Creek, built the first mill in Mount Pleasant Township, where now stands the town of Dillonvale. He also manufactured paper for a number of years, but converted that building into a flour mill and conduct6d it until 1867, when it burned. A fine stone mill, still standing, was erected in its place and was successfully run by John L. Barkhurst, but is now idle. Short Creek had half a dozen grist mills by 1.805, and the number ran up to 23, all of which are defunct. The Smith-Harris mill, two and a half miles up the creek, still stands. C. W. Harbouit conducted a flour mill in the village of Mount Pleasant, which is still in operation. Isaac Wickersham built a hand-mill in Smithfield in 1804, which was called "bettersome," because his sarcastic neighbors declared it wgs some better than

the primitive tin grater. James Carr built a horse mill in 1808 on a lot since owned by H. M. Ong, which was a step in advance. Half bushel grists were received at these mills, toll being taken by the quart. The horse-mill was removed to the northeast part of town and converted into a treadmill, where a boy named Dempster met his death by being caught in the cogs. The building, was afterwards converted into a jeans factory, but Ralston Bros. subsequently took up the flour business, which is still carried on. James McGrew built a mill on Piney Fork about 1812, which passed into the hands of Isaac Ong, and was known as Ong's mill. John Leech built one farther up the creek El out this time, and Abner Hutton another in 1807, the first water mill in the township. The Ong mill had friendly Indians among its customers. Other mills on Piney Fork were Tweedy's, operated to within fifteen or twenty years ago ; James Voorhees' shut down about thirty years since ; Sherrard and John Scott at the head of the stream.

Nathan M. Grew built the first mill in Wayne Township on Cross Creek, where is now Skelly's Station or Cresswell. Between 1856 and 1860 he bought from Henry Eagelson, of Harrison County, a steam flouring mill, which he brought to Bloomfield and erected on the Alexander Bines tanyard lot, being assisted by a number of citizens. It was purchased about 1863 by Voorhees & Keller, who added a saw-mill attachment. It was afterwards bought at sheriff's sale by Reuben Burchfield, who sold out to Patton & Boop. It was then acquired by Clement Boop, who, still conducts it. There was a water-mill operated by the Tiptons at Unionport at an early date, known as Exchange mill. When William Henry bought this property in 1850 he removed it and built a new mill with double engines. He sold it in 1866, since which it has passed through several hands and was again operated by water. It is now owned by James A. Groves.

and Clay Lick runs. Ephraim Cattrell erected a steam mill at Richmond in 1857, which passed into the hands of Fryer, Flody & Co., and then of William Hout. The John Henderson mill at East Springfield is also in operation. Charles Porter built a mill on Cedar Lick Run in the southern end of the township in 1836, which passed into the hands of Joseph Reed. Stephen Cole built the first grist mill in Ross Township in 1808, and was succeeded in 1863 by a steam mill, built by Mordecai Moore at Mooretown. Michael Myers built the first grist mill in Knox Township on Croxton's Run, about a mile from the river—not running. Tunnel mill on Yellow Creek, near the Ross Township line, was a sort of curiosity. The creek makes a large bend here and at one time a coal entry was cut across the circle low enough to be flooded at high water. When the coal was worked out and the creek dammed the tunnel made an excellent mill nice. The mill was formerly owned by Mrs. M. House and then by Alexander Hale. The Pittenger mill at Knoxville, and Bowers' at Toronto, at one time did a good business.

Island Creek Township had numerous mills down to 1830 and later, but all are gone. One of the first was Bray's mill on Island Creek, about half a mile above its mouth, built by Jacob Cable, but rebuilt by John Bray and William Findley in 1823. A woolen mill was attached in 1824, and in 1838 Bray purchased the plant and added steam. Davidson's mill, five miles up, has been torn down. Hartford's on Wills Creek still remains. H. L. Blackburn's mill was removed to Toronto in 1873 and burned down in August, 1879. Today a few logs and picturesque remains of dams tell the story of other days. George Mahan is said to have had a hand-mill for grinding, in the northeast corner of Cross Creek, as early as 1800, but it could hardly be called a manufactory until 1804, when he applied horse power. In 1805 Nathan McGrew built on Cross Creek the first mill to be run by water. Others were built on McIntire,

where J. W. Sutherland had one in Smithfield Township, and lower down on Cross Creek. Charles Maxwell built the first sawmill in 1807, a short distance above the McGrew grist mill, and Lanning the second in 1809 near Gould Station. There was also a grist and sawmill at Holmes Station.

One of the Lintons erected the first grist mill in Wells Township, run by horse power. The first water mill was erected on McIntire by John Jackson in 1808, soon followed by a number of others. Barr's mill at Portland was a leading mill in Warren Township, and four miles up Short Creek are the ruins of a large stone mill once a woolen factory, erected by McKee & Robinson in 1838, where farmers would bring their wool and have it manufactured into blankets and cassimeres or would exchange it for goods already made up. It was subsequently purchased by John McFeely, who did a good business during the first part of the Civil War, and was followed by George M. Cummins, Gibson and others, and quite a little village grew up at that place. The above does not pretend to be a complete list of all the smaller mills of the county, but all the more important ones appear to be included.

Our forefathers, while in the main temperate, were not teetotalers and a "dry" territory was unknown. The whiskey insurrection of Western Pennsylvania is a matter of history, and, like th moonshiners of Kentucky and North Carolina, they did not see why they could not convert their corn and rye into portable liquid without interference on the part of the government. Aside from home consumption whiskey was about the only form in which corn or rye was valuable for export, owing to the difficulty and cost of transportation. Consequently quite a trade grew up in this direction. In 1798 P. Snyder, who may have been one of the "insurrectors," came to Steubenville from Uniontown, Pa., and rested a small distillery at the head of Adams street, where now stands the Buehler brewery, which lie ran for two or three years. He was killed in 1803 by the caving in of a well in Market Square, which he was digging, and his body was not recovered for several days. In fact, one account says no effort was ever made to recover the body, and that his remains lie buried there until this day. The second distillery was put in operation by Bezaleel Wells, at Rockville, about where the Borland coal shaft was afterwards located. It lasted several years, but not a vestige now exists. Andrew and Robert Thompson started a third at "Jacksonville," then a small hamlet at what is now the Market Street entrance to Union Cemetery. They had a small sawmill run by ox-tread power, and began distilling in 1826. Steam power was added, and the distillery sold to James Wilson, who in turn sold to Harrison & Myers. Robert Thompson moved to Bridgeport and died of cholera in 1833. The Jacksonville distillery was afterwards abandoned, and Geiselman purchased the old grist mill on Wells Run, which he converted into a distillery about 1855, continuing until he was burned out in 1857. About 1836 Robert Mears and Mr. Trotter began a rectifying business on Market street between Third and High (now Edwards Hotel), which they conducted a number of years, when Thomas Mears, a brother, came from Ireland and purchased Trotter's interest. The firm erected a large grist mill and distillery at the junction of Fourth and Fifth Streets, where they did an extensive business, and in 1865 purchased a lot on the south side of Market Street, where they erected the fine business block now occupied by the Davidson wholesale grocery. The distillery was operated until 1874, when it burned down and was never rebuilt. Oliver T. Beard, who had been engaged with the Mears firm with some others operated a distillery on Cross Creek until the fire fiend disposed of that. Cross Creek Township engaged quite extensively in this business, the first distillery probably was erected by Daniel Dunlevy on Section 33 in 1803. Joseph Hanlon had one in the same neigh-

borhood, also John McConnell, William McConnell, William Woods and Nathaniel Porter. By 1863 Mr. Porter's was the only one left in the township, which he ran in connection with his mill until the heavy war tax made it unprofitable. There were other small distilleries throughout the country, one on Long Run, in fact the still seems to have been a frequent adjunct to a grist mill, but their records, if they had any, were lost.

Beer was likewise an early product and a Air. Dunlap established a brewery on what is now the lower end of the Hartje paper mill property in 1815. He ran it for three years when he sold out to Charles F. Leiblin, who carried on the trade for many years, when T':ampson Hanna, who th,m. ran the paper mill, bought the property and converted it into tenement houses. Alexander Armstrong opened a second on Water Street just below Washington in 1819, conducting it during his life, when an Englishman named Woods rented the place and is said to have brewed the first ale for the Steubenville market. A Mr. Rolly succeeded him, when Joseph Basler, Sr., took charge, coming from the Leiblin brewery. Ile remained there until 1852, when he built a. brewery on South High Street near Adams. Julius Zimmerman purchased the Armstrong brewery and converted it into a handsome residence property, where his widow still resides. Mr. Basler was succeeded by his sons, Max and Joseph Basler, in the South High Street brewery, who continued until after the former's death, soon after which it was partially destroyed by fire and converted by John McClave, its new owner, into a residence. H. E. Schaefer opened a small brewery on Third street in 1859, which he continued until 1877, when he dropped it. John C. Butte, Sr., came to Steubenville in 1.858, and in 1860 he erected a small brewery at the head of AdamS" Street. Here he gradually built up a trade of 8,000 to 10,000 barrels a year, and excavated extensive vaults under the hill capable of holding 2,500 barrels. The Schaefer brewery at this time had a vault under the hill on West Market Street. He afterwards sold out to Charles Rall, and he to John Buehler, both of whom made further enlargements. The latter is still in the business, although conducting it with some difficulty since the county voted "dry" in November, 1908.

Incidental references have been made to the existence of local woolen mills throughout the county in connection with the grist mill industry, and we here take it up out of its chronological order on account of the unique history of its rise; zenith, decline and fall. The outbreak of the second war with Great Britain found the country without any wool manufacturing whatever, save what was afforded by the laborious work of the hand loom, which did not begin to supply the demand, and consequently practically everything consumed in that line was imported. With the outbreak of hostilities importations ceased, and the stress gave a severe object lesson, which was not suffered to go without improvement. Especially was this the case with the finer grades of cloth. Fortunately in one respect the way had been opened. While William Jarvis was United States consul in Spain during the early part of the 19th century two Spanish nobles who had become involved in an insurrection entrusted to him the care of some valuable blooded merinos to prevent their confiscation by the government. The nobles, it is supposed, were killed, and Mr. Jarvis brought the sheep to his farm in Windsor County, Vermont. There they were purchased by Bezaleel Wells about the year 1814, and brought out to this part of the country. William R. Dickenson already had a flock from the same place and some from New Jersey as early as 1812. They were bred here until 1824, by which time the flocks numbered 5,500. In that year a large portion of the flock was summered on Mr. Wells's land near Canton, being driven to Steubenville to winter. These were the parents of all the fine sheep of this region, and their wool was made into cloth

at the Steubenville mills. They were afterwards crossed with Saxony sheep and still further improved until scattered in the bankruptcy proceedings of 1830. Mr. Wells' descendants still cherish with pride a silver medal awarded by the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia to him for the exhibit of manufactured goods in 1824. About this time the Brazilian minister to this country offered as a prize a silver cup for the rani that would shear the greatest weight of picklock wool. Believing that his sheep were as good as any in the country, Mr. Dickenson selected his ram Bolivar and took him to Baltimore. The contest took place in that city on June 1, 1826, and was won by Bolivar, although he had to compete with the best sheep of the Atlantic states, both native and imported. This sheep was brought back over the mountains in a wagon and was one of the principal attractions, in the parade of the following 4th of July

Owing to financial difficulties these flocks were sold at public auction in Steubenville in 1830; one thousand two hundred ewes and wethers of the first and second quality brought $3.16 per head ; five ewes and five rams of the top of the flock brought an average of $22.50 per head. Buyers attended the sale from all parts of Ohio, Pennsylvania and western Virginia, and in this way the Wells and Dickenson sheep were scattered to improve Ohio wool ; for Ohio wool is grown on the hillsides of Pennsylvania and West Virginia as well as here. Specimens of this wool, known as the Crosskey "clips," have taken medals at several world expositions.

The first sheep in the county, which came from Connecticut, New Jersey and Virginia, were of a rugged character, and gave great assistance to the settlers in checking undergrowth. Their wool was made into hand goods.

In order to remedy as far as possible the condition of affairs above described, Bezaleel Wells and Samuel Patterson, of Steubenville, and James Ross and Henry Baldwin, of Pittsburgh, formed a partnership for the manufacture of woolen goods by steam power. They erected a factory on the north side of Market Street, west of Seventh, being part of outlot No. 15, a brick structure 110x28 feet, surmounted by a spire displaying a golden ball and fleece. John Hart built the basement story, Harrington and Warfield the brick work, and Nicholas Murray the carpenter work, the building being three stories high with hip roof. The building was completed in the fall of 1814, and early in the spring of 1815 the steam engine was brought from Pittsburgh under the supervision of Mr. Latrobe and placed in position. The boiler was tea kettle shape and stood on end ; the bottom was concaved for fire-bed ; the cylinders. two in number, stood on end with shackle bars, walking beams and rotary valve. April 10, 1815, the machinery was started. The same day Samuel Patterson, one of the owners, died. Christopher H. Orth, a German, was employed as manager with a stipulated salary and one-fifth of the profits. under the firm name of C. H. Orth & Co. Stibbin Johnson and Adam Wise, two skilled mechanics in iron and wood, built the machinery. The carding machine was twenty-four-inch cylinder for making rolls and forty-inch spindle for drawing the rolls into slubbing for the spinners. The spinning machines, called jennies, were three in number, one of forty spindles and two of sixty spindles. William Fisher and Alfred Cooper ran the billy and Enos Lucas, George and Peter Dohrman learned to spin. first, by drawing one thread at a time. so that in a short time they were able to fill all the spindles. By this time two broadcloth looms were built. John Artliurs and Robert Semple, hand loom weavers, took charge of the looms and were the first men to weave broadcloth by steam power in this country. It was amusing to see a common laborer learning to weave. To time his feet with his hands he had two big treadles marked hayfoot and strawfoot. To raise the shade for the shuttle to pass through, he would say up comes sugar, down goes

gad. In time different men learned to weave. At first spinning, weaving and some of the other processes were carried on by hand, and steam was applied to the carding and fulling mill. Spinning jennies and looms were increased as men were found competent to operate them, and in 1820 improved machinery was introduced, the broadcloth looms, jennies, knapping and shearing all being done by steam. The firm of Orth & Co. had ceased to exist and Ross and Baldwin sold out to Benjamin Tappan and William R. Dickenson, the firm now being styled B. Wells & Co. Judge Tappan soon retired and the firm now became Wells & Dickenson. On June 20, 1822, the dwelling house, office and warerooms adjoining the factory were burnt but soon rebuilt, and the manufacture of cassimeres and broadcloths was extensively carried on until March, 1830, when financial difficulties arose, and the firm made an assignment, Daniel L. Collier being the assignee. A judgment of $120,- 000 was obtained in the United States Court, and U. S. Marshal John S. Patterson levied on the property, and everything went at public sale, including some 4,000 head of sheep sacrificed at the prices quoted above. Mr. Dickenson went to Texas and died a few years after, while Wells remained a hopeless bankrupt, but with unblemished character. It was at this time that The Grove property passed into the hands of Gen. Samuel Stokely, who with his descendants occupied it until the winter of 1901-2, when it was sold to the Pope Tinplate Company. Mr. Wells died on August 14, 1846. The factory remained idle until 1832 when James H. Blinn purchased it with all the outbuildings and two and one-half acres of land from the trustee on behalf of Christopher H. Wolcott for $7,500. Mr. Wolcott put in new machinery with other improvements, and the hum of industry was once more heard within the factory walls. While continuing the manufacture of cloth he made a feature of jeans, for which there was a good demand, and being of superior quality found a ready sale. At his death Martin Andrews was appointed administrator, who operated the factory through Henry Wolcott, when it was leased by George H. Orth, who failed in '1859, involving quite a number of citizens who had indorsed for him. It lay idle again until the breaking out of the Civil War, when the administrator again took charge and fnanufactured army goods. He sold out to A Mr. Goodale, who operated until the early morning of April 11, 1867, when it caught fire and was entirely destroyed, just fifty years from the day that the engine first started.

The second factory in Steubenville was a wooden structure erected west of what is now Liberty Street, by James Wallace and Brice Baker. It was called the Union factory but more popularly known as Bull Tail factory, from the fact that gentlemen cows furnished the first power, instead of steam, on a tramp wheel. It was first used by Wise & Johnson in manufacturing machinery, and used by Orth and Wallace previous to the erection of their large factory described below. It passed into the hands of Benjamin Fagg and Matthew Steele, who made carding machines, James L. McDevitt using the basement as a machine shop. Samuel Hewitt afterwards purchased the building and used the second and third stories in the manufacture of jeans, the lower or basement story being still retained by McDevitt and a portion by James Little in manufacturing gun barrels. Steele & Fagg had erected a three-story brick building west of and adjoining the factory where they continued the manufacture of carding machines, there being a good demand for them at this time. Francis A. Priest used the lower story for wood turning, making bobbins, machines, wheels and reels, so that this was a centre not only for the manufacture of woolen goods but of the machinery which made them. Mr. Hewitt was familiarly known as "King Sam" from his rather eccentric disposition, impervious to anything that could disturb or excite the ordinary individual. A story is told that one day John

Wallace noticed that the roof of the factory was on fire, and running up to the office said to Mr. Hewitt, "your factory is on fire." Without any sign of emotion he replied, "Well ! Well ! if it burns down I,ll build a brick." At another time one of his employes observed him standing in the back yard with his hands behind his back coolly smoking a cigar and looking very intently at the top of the building. He remarked to the young man, "I wish you would go tell McGuintee to go and throw a bucket of water on that blaze on the roof. I have been watching it for full fifteen minutes and it will neither burn nor go out." McGuintee threw the water and saved the building for the time. Whether the calmness on these occasions was due to faith in an overruling Providence or a large insurance policy we are not informed. Mr. Hewitt, after several years of successful business, met with reverses and went to California, where it was said he accumulated a considerable fortune and paid off his old Steubenville debts. He died many years ago. Bennett Reynolds bought the old factory, and operated it until his death. Robert Boals conducted carding and spinning in the upper story, while McDevitt continued his machine shop and Reynolds made gun barrels below. The building and contents were entirely destroyed by fire in 1857, and subsequently a three-story brick was built on the site and operated as a white lead factory, first by Foster & Hanna for about eighteen months and then by Mr. Foster alone. There had previously been a factory of this kind run by Means & Scott near the present Means foundry, but it had quit. M. L., Miller succeeded Foster, and carried on an extensive business for eight years, turning out 150 to 200 tons per annum. The premises were afterwards rented to Messrs. Grafton & Hanvey, who carried on the metal roofing business, and then sold to F. M. Mooney, who converted them into a flour mill, turning out 100 to 125 barrels per day. Financial reverses overtook him in the nineties, and the mill was shut down and the machinery sold. It afterwards became an Italian tenement, and now does duty as a junk warehouse.

The year 1832 was a speculative one. President Jackson had vetoed the United States Bank bill, which gave the local banks an opportunity of flooding the country with a currency, some of which was good, more of it poor, and some of it worth nothing, at all. This curse lasted until the substitution of Government and National Bank currency at the beginning of the Civil War. But the evil effects had not become apparent at the date of which we write. Money, such as it was, was plentiful, banks were accommodating and visions of wealth were as real to the holders of wildcat money as they are today to the holders of wildcat oil territory. Manufacturing was booming, and although railroads were not then a factor in the West, yet there were the rivers and canals, with easy and cheap methods of transportation. At this time C. H. Orth, James Wallace and Nathaniel Dike concluded to build a mill which should excel anything of the kind west of the mountains. It was located on the corner of Liberty and Market streets and named the Ashland, although more commonly known as Wallace's factory. The building was a four-story brick 180 feet long by 40 wide surmounted by a belfry and weather vane, the project costing $75,000. It ran with varying fortunes until the morning of February 23, 1868, when there was an alarm• of fire, and it was discovered that the big factory was ablaze. It was filled with employes, men, women and children (there were no child labor laws in those days) and reports were rife of persons entombed in the blazing structure. Fortunately all the inmates got out safely, although there were some narrow escapes. The fire department of that day was utterly inadequate to cope with a fire of this character, and a new peril threatened. Directly back of the blazing building was a mass of frame structures covering the shaft of the Steubenville Coal & Mining Company, and should they ignite nothing could save the lives of the hundred men

and boys who had gone to work in the galleries, all 225 feet underground, and some of them three-fourths of a mile from the bottom of the shaft. Under the direction of Superintendent James H. Blinn firemen and other citizens fought the flames above while others entered the mine to give warning of danger, for word of mouth was the only way to convey it. William Dixon and Hugh Sutherin did good service in this direction, while the hoisting cages were run. atthe utmost speed until everybody was out of the mine. Among those working that day were John Stewart and his son William. The father had been crippled by an accident in a Scottish mine, and they were in one of the fa-thest workings when warning was received. They started for the shaft but the prospect of reaching it in time was very discouraging. While the son assisted the father's feeble steps they were passed on the way by men and boys who urged them to hasten if they would save their lives. This increased their excitement, hindering them rather than assisting them. Finally the poor old crippled father sank by the way, and resigning himself to what seemed to be his fate urged his son to leave him and seek his own safety, "I'm auld and crippled, Willie, and of nae account in the warl ; nae worth ony sacrifice ; gang awa an save yoursel or we'll baith perish. You are young and strang an may have mony years tae live ; gang awa, Willie, an save yoursel, I canna coom." "I wanna le yo, fayther. Coom, I'll help you alang, an we'll baith get out," was the reply. After repeated efforts the old man was induced to try again, but sank down in despair, and in most piteous accents in his broad Scotch dialect urged his son to leave him and seek his own safety. Paying no attention to the old man's importunities, William would again, with encouraging words and earnest pleadings, get the old man up and make a little more progress towards the shaft, which they reached after considerable toil and were hoisted to safety. There was no hero fund in those days, but there were heroes. Fortunately the shaft buildings, although scorched, were not burned. James Wallace rebuilt the mill two stories high instead of four, the lower walls being used and installed up to date machinery. He retained an interest in the mill until his death in 1871, after which it was carried on by his sons until 1877 when this structure burned, and was never rebuilt, the knell of the woolen industry in Steubenville was sounded. Its site is now covered by dwellings.

James Dillon had a small woolen mill in a frame building on Washington Street below Third in 1830, operated by a tramp wheel. David Kennedy had a small establishment where he manufactured figured coverlets and fine figured woolen carpets at $1.25 per yard.

Armstrong & Northrup in 1834-5 built a jeans factory on South Fifth Street on a lot previously occupied by Mr. Wampler as a tannery. They operated until 1837 when the stringency of the times compelled them to close down.

The original Franklin factory was located on Seventh Street between Adams and South, and was started by Benjamin Hipsley, William B. Hawkins, Thomas Egan, Alfred Cooper and William Eaken, under the name of Hipsley, Hawkins & Co. They were succeeded by Smith, McEllrath & Co., and then by Viers & Beatty, who continued until their failure about 1844. The machinery was sold and taken away, and the building was afterwards purchased by George D. McKinney and converted into, a planing mill. About 1.860 it passed into the possession of Lewis Anderson and brother William and then to sons of the former. It was finally torn down and a large wall paper manufactory erected on its site by J. H. Timberlake, John W. Fornly, John R. Kendall and others composing a local company. After operating a couple of years the plant was sold to a Chicago company, by whom it is now operated.

Robert C. Peters built a frame woolen mill on South Fifth Street opposite the old graveyard, from which it took the name

Golgotha factory, or place of the skull. Peters was succeeded by Foster & Beatty, Gibson, Price, Loft and perhaps one or two others. It finally went out of business and the building was then converted by J. Hineman into a soap factory which was operated for a number of years by him and George M. Cummins.

Alexander McDowell erected a small woolen factory on Water Street near Adams, which went down with so many others in the panic of 1837. William Kenyon, an expert English machinist, purchased the property in 1848 and converted it .into a machine shop, where he carried on a large business for many years. He was the inventor of a combined machine for cutting gas pipe and cutting the thread, and also a patent wrench and the modern coffee grinder. After his death the establishment was conducted by his son until 1877. Before Kenyon's purchase, William Whan occupied this property for a short time as a foundry. It was afterwards purchased by J. H. Warner and operated by himself and heirs, but finally closed down and the site was used for other purposes.

Wells, Henry & Co., in 1836-7, built a mill at Rockville below town for the manufacture of jeans which flourished for a number of years despite the hard times. Henry was salesman and general manager, and becoming financially involved the works went under. About 1844 Justin G. Morris, D. Foster and Samuel Hunter bought the property and converted it into a window glass factory, but failed for want of experience. The building stood for some fifteen years longer when it was torn down, and was afterwards replaced by the hoisting house of the Borland coal shaft.

About the year 1850 James L. McDevitt, who, as we have seen, occupied the basement of the Union mill, built a three-story brick structure at the head of Adams Street, south side. He leased the upper stories to George Orth, for the manufacture of woolen goods, while he carried on his old trade of machinist in the basement. The building was destroyed by fire in July, 1856, but through the assistance of friends it was rebuilt and better equipped than ever. It was operated with indifferent success until the Civil War, when John Mc-Feely became associated with McDevitt and the partnership did a large business, mainly in the production of flannels. After the war the factory remained idle most of the time with spasmodic efforts at operation, the lower story being occupied by Robin: son & Irwin as a machine shop until they removed to their present quarters at Adams Street and Pan Handle Railroad. The building was then converted into, a barn, warehouse and stable, and during this period was twice gutted by fire in 1893 and 1895, fortunately leaving the walls intact. After Mr. McDevitt's death the property was acquired by McFeely Bros., who converted it into a planing mill, where they now carry on a large business.

While we have enumerated above the leading woolen mills of the city, eleven in number, yet this does not represent the whole of this industry. Even though steam was used as early as 1815 in the original factory, yet hand looms were in common use for many years, and at the foot of the householder's lot, was frequently noticed a small building containing one or more hand looms, and sometimes they were located in the dwelling. That section of the city west of Fifth Street and south of Market was popularly known as Jeantown from the number of looms in operation making this variety of cloth. Then there was carpet weaving carried on by Edward Marion, Samuel McMillan, William Beer-bower, Alexander Meikle and others, all of whom have passed away and left no successors.

About the years 1824-5 David Larimore, Culp & Co. built a cotton factory on the northwest corner of Adams and Water streets, which was quite prosperous and gave employment to a large number of hands. It burned down in 1833, and was never rebuilt.

Street, called the Arkwright, which long remained one of the important industries Df the city. It was convenient to the river landing where cotton could be received from steamers and the finished product shipped in the same manner. At one time the working force numbered three or four hundred, largely girls and boys. Mr. Gwynn was succeeded by Dike & Laughlin, followed by Hunter & Norton and then by Warner, Brown & Co. In 1844 James H. Warner, a Cincinnati iron man, came to Steubenville and bought out the interest of Ur. Brown, who was a resident of Cleveland. From that time until 1867 the factory was operated by G. E. & J. H. Warner. In the latter year a Mr. Sanford came here from Providence, R. I., and in conjunction with Mr. Warner the factory was enlarged to double its former size, new machinery added and everything put in first class condition. A successful future was anticipated and everybody was waiting for the sound of the familiar whistle, when there was a disagreement of some sort among the interested parties. Mr. Sanford went away and the factory never resumed operations. The machinery was sold to Thatcher Bros., of Chicago, who removed it thither in 1872, and the big building lay idle for several years when it was leased by the Ohio, Pennsylvania & West Virginia Wool Growers' Association, a farmers' cooperative institution, which used it as a warehouse and centre, both for collection and distribution of the wools of this section. In 1882 the building was purchased by the Ohio Valley Clay Company, was remodeled and further enlarged. This company went into the manufacture of glasshouse pots, tanks, furnace bricks and glasshouse supplies generally, which are shipped all over North and South America. The product is turned out from domestic and German clay, and the business has so increased as to necessitate successive enlargements both north and south of Washington Street until there is now a frontage of 778 feet on Water Street and a floor space of ten and one-half acres, making it the largest establishment of the kind in the world. The present officers are, J. W. Gill, president ; R. L. Brownlee, vice president ; George W. Cochran, secretary and treasurer ; J. J. Gill, George W. McCook, S. C. Gill, directors. The capital stock is $300,000, and the establishment employs 175 men. The two sections of the works north and south of Washington Street are connected by' a large steel annex carried over the street above grade.

The Tubal Cain of Jefferson County is unknown. It is said that nails were made by hand here as early as 1803, which is very probable, but the first record we have of a nail cutting machine is from Warren Township in a case before a special term of the Common Pleas Court on August 20, 1808, entitled "The State of Ohio vs. Joshua Kelly." The defendant was committed by Robert McCleary, Justice of the Peace, for stealing part of a machine for cutting nails. After examination the commitment was adjudged illegal and highly improper, and it was ordered that he be discharged. Unfortunately we do not have the name of the alleged owner of the machine in which Kelly may have had at least an interest. We do know, however, that in 1811, Andrew and Robert Thompson had a nail manufactory in Steubenville with William Kilgore and Hugh Sterling as workmen. Their machines were operated by hand power and their establishment continued until 1817 when it went out of business. Before this latter event happened Arthur M. Phillips and Robert Carroll established a foundry on the river bank between North and Dock streets. Phillips had come to Steubenville from Carlisle, Pa., in 1807. He was a blacksmith by trade, but being progressive developed into a machinist. His first productions were hollow ware and grate castings, but soon boring was added by means of horsepower. When the steamer "Bezaleel Wells" was building in 1819-20 he received orders for the ma-

chinery including his first steam engine. The tribulations of that steamer on her maiden trip have been related and notwithstanding some drawbacks the work was considered a success, and besides furnishing machinery for the boats built at Steubenville orders were received from Wheeling and other points. In this foundry William McKinley, Sr., father of President McKinley, worked in the early twenties. The property was subsequently purchased by James Means, and subsequently largely developed by his sons, Joseph, James and John P., turning out everything in the foundry line with steam engines, sewer pipe presses and all kinds of machinery. On December 31, 1898, a new company was organized by C. J. Davis and others which purchased the works and has since operated the concern. It rightly lays claim to being the oldest foundry and machine works in Ohio and is being rebuilt at Toronto.

The Ohio foundry was established by William L. Sharp in 1847 west of the present Market Street coal shaft on the site of a former tannery, making plows and stoves, being the pioneer establishment of that kind in this section. George Craig was a partner for several years, the firm name being Sharp & Craig. Mr. Sharp continued the business under his own name. In the early days the product of the plant was shipped to New Orleans and intervening towns on flat-boats. The greater part of it, however, was sold in the neighboring towns and country districts, and often a stove or plow was exchanged for a horse. When a number of horses had been accumulated by these exchanges, they were taken overland to Philadelphia and sold or exchanged for iron, which had to be hauled back over the mountains. About 1860 the plant was moved to Fifth Street, north of Market, and gradually a large business was built up not only of heavy foundry work but enameled work in stoves, mantels and fire fronts. While there the establishment suffered severely from fires, and was almost completely destroyed in 1891. About 1865 George L. Sharp, son of the proprietor, was made a partner, the firm name being W. L. Sharp & Son, the establishment retaining the name of Ohio Foundry which it held from the beginning. Needing more ground and better transportation facilities after the fire of 1891 a large tract was purchased at the corner of the P., C., C. & St. L. Railroad and Slack Streets, where were erected modern buildings equipped with the latest and best machinery that could be devised. The largest building, the moulding department, is 400 feet by 70 feet, besides four other large buildings used in connection with the various processes of manufacture. A railroad switch is run into the main building where cars are loaded for shipment, and .coal, coke and iron are unloaded, thus affording the greatest economy in arrangement. A store and warehouse were conducted at Market Street and when that building was burned in October, 1895, it was decided to conduct all business at the works. Alexander B., son of G. E. Sharp, entered the firm in 1893, and the establishment is conducted as the Ohio Foundry Company, the original proprietor being deceased. This plant employs about 200 hands, and is one of the leading industries of the city.

In 1856 Frazier, Kilgore & Co. erected a rolling mill then south of the city for the ]manufacture of bar iron and nails. They operated it until 1859 when the property was purchased by Spaulding, Woodward & Co., a firm composed of David Spaulding, S. H. Woodward, Calvin B. Doty, William R. E. Elliott, John McClinton, Holston Harden, Henry Wallace and others. Messrs. Spaulding, Doty, Elliott and McClinton took up their residence in Steubenville, Mr. Spaulding becoming business manager, Doty superintendent of the nail factory, and Elliott of the boiling or puddling department. The War of the Rebellion gave a great impetus to the iron business, and a rapid enlargement of the works followed, including the erection of a pair of blast furnaces, sinking of coal shaft, building of coke ovens, etc. About 1882 the

partnership became a corporation under the name of the Jefferson Iron Works Company, with a capital of $800,000, and the stock selling at 115. A steel plant was added, and in 1890 the works had a capacity of 10,000 kegs of steel nails per week, besides their other products. At this time Mr. Spaulding retired from the company and in 1883 organized a new company which built the Spaulding Iron Works at Brilliant, whose forge department with twenty furnaces produced fifty tons of muck iron per day for shipment, and the seventy-eight nail machines 4,500 kegs of steel nails. This establishment ran several years when financial difficulties closed it. In the meantin„,! the LaBelle Iron Works Company, of Wheeling, composed largely of the same men who once owned the Jefferson, purchased the latter property with a large tract of adjacent territory, bringing the area of the grounds up to 125 acres, and proceeded to the erection of one of the largest iron and steel plants in the country. The capital has been gradually increased until it is now $10,000,000, and the stock sells considerably above par. The company owns and operates its own ore and coal mines, coke plants, limestone deposits, blast furnaces, steel plant, finishing departments, consisting of universal and sheared plate mills, sheet mills, pipe mills, corrugating and galvanizing departments, nail factory and auxiliary departments such as foundry machine shop, etc. It also has its own steamers on the lakes for transporting ore, and with the exception of short rail transportation across the state of Ohio absolutely handles and controls its raw product from the Minnesota mines to the finished product at the mill. It has three mines in the Mesaba district, LaBelle, Miller and Wacootah, the last named having a record of 4,660 gross tons or 233 carloads of ore per day. The coke plant is located at LaBelle, Pa., in the Connellsville district, from which shipment can be made direct to the mill either by rail or water, as both the coke plant and Steubenville properties extend to the river banks. As heretofore described, the coal plant is directly under and around the mill, with a supply of this fuel sufficient for a hundred years to come simply at cost of excavation. Natural gas is convenient for any special work, and the company has a fair supply from a leased well on Water Street, Steubenville, and elsewhere. When the first blast furnace was erected on the Jefferson plant it had a capacity of 90 to 100 tons per week. The present furnaces have a capacity of 400 tons each per day. A few years ago pig metal was cast in sand casting beds on the ground, now the molten metal is carried by a huge ladle to the moulding ma chine, and, except in the case of reserved stock, the fiery mass is carried directly on to the open hearth department, to be converted into bessemer. The mill operates ten open hearth furnaces with a capacity of 1,500 tons daily. From here the steel ingots are conveyed to the soaking pit, and hence by electrical apparatus to the blooming-mill, where they are rolled to size for shearing into slabs or billets. Here are also three plate mills for rolling car and ship plates, skelp, sheet and tin bars. In addition are two three-high sheared plate mills with a daily capacity of 450 gross tons. The tube works comprising the pipe mill proper, coupling shop, galvanizing department and warehouse, cover a space of four city blocks. The new sheet department recently built covers an area of ten acres and consists of two jobbing and eight sheet mills, having a total capacity of 6,500 tons monthly with facilities for galvanizing and corrugating. The yard trackage of the establishment aggregates forty-two miles and it operates eleven locomotives in addition to two maintained by the railroads for the exclusive use of the plant. Three powerful locomotive cranes also make part of the equipment. The foundry, laboratories and all other departments are completely up to date. The office building is a handsome three-story structure at the foot of Third Street. The first floor contains reception hall and private offices, second, various departments including tele-

phone exchange and telegraph offices, and the third, draughting and purchasing departments, and restaurant for officials and clerks. Both Pennsylvania and Wabash railway systems pass directly through the plant, and are connected up with the yard system, and there is a water frontage of about half a mile. The company also has two skelp mills and a factory for the manufacture of cut nails at Wheeling, and sales offices in New York, Philadelphia, Detroit, Pittsburgh, Chicago, St. Louis, New Orleans, Denver, San Francisco, Portland. Ore., Billings, Mont., Boston, St. Paul and Montreal. During the panic year, 1908, the works continued in operation, and the company employs some 4,000 men, with a monthly payroll of $200,000. It would require four hundred cars to haul the aggregate production of the different mills and furnaces, outside the output of the ore mines and coke ovens. The following figures represent the average for each day of twenty-four hours :

Gross tons.

Pig iron

Basic Open Hearth Steel Ingots

Billets and Slabs

Sheet

Universal Plates

Sheared Plates

Basic Open Hearth and Bessemer Steel Skelp
Merchant Pipe

Line Pipe and Casing

Sheets, Black and Galvanized

850

1,250

1,000
700
450
250
250
250
150
200

WHEELING WORKS.

Skelp, Nail and Tack Plate

Cut Nails, every style (kegs per day)

250

1,000

The present board of directors is composed of Isaac M. Scott, president W. D. Crawford, vice president; D. J. Sinclair, A. H. Woodward, George Greer, W. S. Foltz, Edward Hazlett, H. C. Franzheim, Hon. N. E. Whitaker, J. J. Holloway, W. H. Hearne.

Adjoining the LaBelle property on the north are the works of the Pope Tin Plate Company, a comparatively modern enterprise but conducting an extensive trade. This company was organized in the summer of 1901 the first ground being broken for the erection of buildings on September 12 of that year and operations started July 9, 1902. It occupies the site of the old Wells-Stokely manor, one of Steubenville's historic places which had to give way to commercialism. The plant consists of twelve hot and ten cold mills and their tin house equipment of sixteen tinning pots. A L400-horsepower Corliss engine is required to operate the hot mills and a 1,000-horsepower Buckeye engine pulls the cold mills. The power transmission is by the rope method with a large wheel 25 feet in diameter and 11 feet across its face, weighing 123 tons. Their annual product approximates 700,000 boxes of tin amounting to over $3,000,000. Their tin is used in making tin cans and hollow ware of all kinds, while the black plate is largely consumed by stamping works for metal ceilings, etc., where high grade flexible steel is required. it also enters into the manufacture of enamel kitchen ware, lacquer ware, etc. Its product is shipped to all points in the United States and many foreign countries, including China, Japan, India and the Philippines. Six years ago this company employed about 400 men, but with the heavy demand for the product this number has been increased from time to time until at the present over 800 experienced workmen are employed at the highest prevailing wages. Additional ground has been purchased for enlargements which may be needed in the near future.

About 1828 Mr. Lindsay made hand nails on Market Street, second door above W. & L. E. R. R., now Melching's cigar store. His spikes were used in steam boats. James Means in 1830 had a foundry on Alley A about where the W. & L. E. passenger station now stands.

On May 26, 1869, a corporation under the name of Mingo Iron Works Company purchased from Daniel Potter and wife thirty and three-quarters acres of what was known as the Potter farm at Mingo.

292 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY

and soon thereafter proceeded to sink a coal shaft, construct coke ovens and erect a blast furnace. That concern merged afterwards into the Junction Iron Steel Company, which added to the two blast furnaces then in operation a bar mill and nail factory, and subsequently a steel plant, then one of the best in the country. It contained three cupolas, two five-ton converters and blooming mill, making 275 tons per day. The nail factory had 126 machines with a weekly product of 6,000 kegs. In the spring of 1897 the AEtna Standard Iron and Steel Company purchased the property, procuring additional property and making further enlargements, including a continuous mil: and two additional finishing mills. From them the property passed into the hands of the Carnegie combination which has continued the enlargements and improvements until the plant, which now has an area of some fifty acres, is one of the best in the valley. At present the plant is confined to the production of Bessemer. steel, and operates four blast furnaces, two continuous mills, two blooming mills, besides the Bessemer mill, a capacity of over 500,000 tons yearly, employing 2,000 hands.

The Steubenville Furnace & Iron Company was organized in 1872 by John H. Hawkins, John McFeely and others. it acquired the property of the Brilliant Coal Company, which included about thirty-nine acres of land at the north end of the city with an unfinished coal shaft, and proceeded to erect a blast furnace and complete the shaft which was afterwards known as the gravel shaft. it was not a paying business for the original projectors. chiefly because of discrimination in railroad rates, for those were the days of rebates and absence of any legal regulation. Nevertheless it continued in almost constant operation for years with an annual output of 14,000 tons and a weekly pay roll of $1,100. It was afterwards purchased by the Riverside Iron Company which practically rebuilt the plant, enlarging its capacity to modern requirements.

Joseph Beatty & Co., in 1873, built an iron works at the mouth of Wills Creek for the purpose of manufacturing bolts and similar lines of goods. The place was called Alikauna, a combination formed from the Christian names of Alexander Beatty and wife. Tt passed through various hands and turned out different products until 1894 when the city of Steubenville acquired the property for the erection of water works.

Reference has already been made to the Irwin and Jefferson machine shops and to these may be added the boiler works of Alonzo Cady, also devoted to oil well supplies.

Although without the boundary of Jefferson County yet the Follansbee Tin Plate Works, directly opposite the lower end of Steubenville, may be considered for all practical purposes as a local manufactory, the Ohio River bridge giving close and speedy connection with the city. They were erected in 1903-4 by Follansbee Bros., of Allegheny, Pa.. and include a hot mill building 800 feet in length, with an average width of 70 feet, annealing building 440 feet by 70 feet, pickling building 440 feet by 50 feet. tin house 440 feet by 50 feet, box house 1.50 feet by 40 feet, boiler and engine rooms 150 feet by 40 feet, and with a. number of other buildings and freight yards covering in all about ten acres along the lines of the Pennsylvania and Wabash railroad systems, equipped with modern machinery, powerful electric cranes, which carry enormous weights from one end of the mill to the other with such ease as to be a source of never ending wonder to the visitor. These works comprise eight hot mills, seven cold mills, bar mill, eight-ton hammer, billet furnace, two ingot furnaces and two melting furnaces. In conjunction with the plant is a thoroughly equipped machine shop, a complete foundry and well arranged laboratories. The yearly products of the plant amount to 40,000 tons of steel and 30,000 tons of sheet iron and tin plate. This product is shipped to all parts of the world, agencies being maintained in the principal cities of the country. More

AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 293

than 750 skilled workmen are employed the entire year, making an average monthly payroll of $50,000, an important item to the commercial interests of this section of the valley and building up a rapidly growing suburb of Steubenville. B. G. Follansbee is president of the company; W. U. Follansbee, secretary and treasurer; William Banfield, general manager; Thomas Rogers, general superintendent ; Thomas Gill, tin house superintendent; Ernest Der-went, superintendent steel department, and W. J. Kirk, office superintendent.

The S. Keighley Metal Ceiling & Manufacturing Company is another industry recently removed from Pittsburgh to Follansbee. The building is a fine concrete structure, and the product metal ceilings. window frames. etc., of various designs. Their sheet steel is mostly procured from the Follansbee Steel and Tin Plate Company adjoining the works, and over a hundred skilled workmen are employed here.

Five miles above Steubenville the Cloverdale plow works were inaugurated in 1888. After leading a somewhat checkered career for several years the property was purchased in 1891 by George L. Conn, who has since conducted a foundry business there. The property occupies four acres of ground with suitable buildings where are manufactured stoves of all kinds, grate fronts and everything in that line. The enterprise which had been very successful from the start, was operated under the name of George L. Foundry Company, but burned down recently.

In 1869 the Pioneer Iron Company, at a cost of $130,000, built a rolling mill at the little town of Huntersville, now Irondale, on the C. & P. Railroad in Saline Township, which gave employment to 150 men. It was followed in 1871 by the Morgan Iron & Coal Company, which erected a large blast furnace costing $162,000, giving employment to 200 men. Both concerns were operated until after the panic of 1873 when they shut down. It was afterwards run on a lease for about a year and then shut down, never to resume. A sheet mill was afterwards started in the rolling mill building which was converted into a tin mill, the only successful one in. the United States at that time. The property was afterwards acquired by the American Sheet and Tin Company and by them shut down and afterwards dismantled. W. H. Bonfield, the manager, subsequently became interested in the Follansbee mill.

A new tin mill is now building in the Steubenville district which will doubtless be in operation when this book reaches its readers. It is located on the river bank six miles above the city, and Weir City, a suburb, is already springing up around it.

The cannon balls used in the Battle of Lake Erie, won by Oliver Perry, were made in a crude furnace by a Scotchman named Grant, near Steubenville, but on the east side of the river, and were conveyed to the lake on pack-mules.

POTTERIES, FIRE CLAY, SEWER PIPE AND

TERRA COTTA.

If the manufacture of iron was ancient the art of pottery antedates it by a long period. That tribe is savage, indeed, which has not learned to fashion clay and burn it into utensils more or less crude. So our forefathers found this craft among the Indian tribes where it had existed from prehistoric times. But it is as the work of civilized man in manufactories that we have to do. The first pottery in the county seems to have been opened in 1806 by J. C. Fisher on Market Street, Steubenville, near the present crossing of the Pan Handle Railroad. The clay was, of course, domestic and the production was common red ware, glazed and unglazed. Mr. Fisher died in about E. year and was succeeded by his son, Thomas, who removed to Adams Street, and taking Samuel Tarr into partnership, started a second enterprise on Market Street between Third and High, on what became part of the Means estate. He died shortly after and the potteries died with him. Subsequently, about 1830, Jesse Holder conducted one on Fourth Street,

294 -HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY

site of Lindsey livery stable, but it finally followed the first, and Steubenville was without a pottery for many years, although there were developments elsewhere along the river.

Finally, on November 17, 1879, the Steubenville Pottery Company was organized with a capital of $25,000, subsequently increased to $100,000. The first board of directors was composed of W. B. Donaldson, president ; James Marion, secretary and treasurer; W. R. E. Elliott, Alfred Day and J. B. Salmon. The old batten factory property was purchased on South Street, and the erection of a three-kiln pottery with two small decorating kilns was begun. Additional kilL, were added in 1883, 1886 and 1889, until it had seven large kilns and six decorating kilns. Sidetracks from the railroad extend into the buildings and the company has four acres of floor space. The company is extensively engaged in the manufacture of dinner and toilet sets in semi-vitrous Canton china, plain and handsomely decorated, a specialty being made of fancy shapes and unique designs. The demand for the product of this plant throughout the United States increases with the years, and at this time it is taxed to its utmost capacity and still unable to supply all the orders. Three hundred and fifty expert workmen are kept busy the entire year, who are paid the highest prevailing wages. The company has its own cooperage plant where all the casks and barrels for the shipping room are made. The output exceeds $350,000 annually. The present board of directors is made up of H. D. Wintringer, president and general manager L. Freudenberger, secretary and treasurer; B. L. Joyce, H. E. Buchanan, D. W. Donaldson.

A few years after the organization of the Steubenville Pottery, W. A. Long, who kept a drugstore on Market Street. on the site of the town's original pottery, formed a company, composed of himself, Alfred Day and William H. Hunter, for the purpose of making artistic ware similar to the Rookwood, of Cincinnati. A kiln and building were erected on the rear of the lot, and considerable ware was produced which in design, glaze and finish would stand comparison with any other. The firm employed quite a number of artists and it Looked as though Steubenville might become a centre for this industry. Some Zanesville parties offered Mr. Long special inducements to go to that city which he, thinking. to better his Ii»aneial condition, accepted. A. pottery was built there but shortly after it was destroyed by a fire which it was said burned the formula! which. Mr. Long guarded ea ref ully in his desk.The pottery was relini it, but Mr. Long was no longer a partner.

Somewhat alt or chronological order, but in line with what immediately precedes, we here refer to the :1 merican China Company's pottery, which is the largest sinale industry in Toronto. It was built in 18'89, and is one of the hest equipped plants in America. The three-story brick buildings contain an area of one and one-fourth acres. There are seven large ware and six decorating kilns. The product consists of a high grade white granite and semi-porcelain table and 1 toilet ware, both white and decorated. One of their dinner and tea designs, "Evangeline," has attained a wide popularity, with others that might be mentioned. company has offices in all the leading centres or the country. Thomas Price is manager.

About the year 1880 James Gisey and some other Wheeling potters organized a co-operative company and built a potters at Tiltonville, this county, for the manufacture of yellow and Rockingham ware. They ran a couple of years when the works were taken over by The Tiltonville Pottery Company, composed of Wilbur L. Medill and a number of Wheeling gentlemen. They added a. line of novelties to the output, and operated a couple of years when the works were leased to John Schneider & Co., who kept them about a year when the plant was sold to Francis J. Torrance,. of Pittsburgh, and John and Alfred Roe. and Alfred Mason, of Wheeling, who

AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 295

ganized the Western Sanitary Ware Company, and ran until the plant burned down in 1893. They built a new structure, 280 by 80 feet, but the hard times of 1894 put them into the hands of a receiver, and Mr. Medill took charge and operated about six months when the old company secured an extension of five years and operated until the fall of 1897, when it went under again. Mr. Aledill again ran it for six months when it lay idle until 1900 when it was sold to John Don Passos, of New York, who in turn in 1901 sold it to J. N. Vance & Sous, Wheeling, who organized the Faience Pottery Company, and for a year and a half turned out a most artistic line of fine ware. It was then disposed of to The Wheeling Potteries Company, which has made a great success in the way of sanitary ware, bath tubs, etc., employing sixty hands.

The greatest development of the local clay industry in its various forms has been in the section beginning five or six miles north of Steubenville and extending to the upper end of the county, Toronto being the centre. Thomas Freeman made the first fire brick in this section previous to 1850, and George Carlyle and John Franey may be considered the fathers of the sewer pipe business. In the later eighties the New Cumberland Fire Clay Company opened a fire brick manufactory below present Costonia station, which turned out 10,000 vitrified brick per day, employing twenty men. It was popularly known as the Island Siding Works, and operated until its territory was exhausted. The Markle works at Jeddo station were built by The Markle Fire Clay Company about 1894, and shortly after passed into the hands of The Kennedy-Kling Company, which was associated with the Toronto Fire Clay Manufacturing Company. The buildings are three stories high and cover a large area. They were fitted with all modern improvements employing seventy-five men with a monthly payroll of $3,000. All kinds of clay products were manufactured and the shipments reached 1,200 cars per year. The works were purchased by the American Sewer Pipe Company and shut down in 1904. The machinery was removed but the buildings are still standing. Carlyle & McFadden built the first terra cotta works in Toronto in 1853. Connelly, Hood & Co. leased them in 1872, and in 1877 they were purchased by Carlyle, Connelly & Co., who operated until 1885, when the concern was incorporated under the name of Pennsylvania Manufacturing & Supply Company. This company made all kinds of sewer pipe, terra cotta, flue lining, vases, etc., occupying a large two-story frame building, employing fifty-five men and shipping 600 cars per annum. It was afterwa operated under the name of Jefferson works by W. V. B. Croskey, C. L. Young and others until 1893 when the property was bought by the Toronto Fire Clay Manufacturing Company, which made extensive improvements and shipped 1,000 carloads per annum. The march of improvement, however, putting it out of date, it closed, and the property was afterwards acquired by the Steubenville & Toronto Railroad, as part of the right of way for the proposed extension of the Wabash system which was never carried out, but sold to the Pennsylvania Company. W. H. Garlick, Thomas Al. Daniels and R. M. Franey inaugurated the Great Western Fire Clay Works in 1879. W. F. Dunspaugh purchased Air. Garlick's interest in 1881, and two years later Dunspaugh & Franey bought out Mr. Daniels. They operated the works until about six years ago, employing about a hundred and twenty-five hands, with a monthly payroll of $6,000, and turning out about 3,000 cars of all kinds of clay products per annum. Most extensive improvements were made, and the company owning its clay and coal mines, tjie plant was peculiarly valuable. At the time referred to a new factor appeared on the scene, The American Sewer-pipe Company, whose object was to combine all the clay factories of the country into a great corporation rivaling the United States Steel Company. The project was only partially carried out, but a num-

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ber of factories were purchased, among them the Great Western. The establishment was closed down for a number of years, but recently was overhauled and operations renewed. John France's Sons & Co. built the Forest City works in 1874. John Franey retired in 1883, leaving W. B. and E. E. Franey and J. W. Roller in control. Successive enlargements and improvements brought the works up to a capacity of 2,000 ears per annum, employing 110 men with a payroll of $5,000 per month. They have their own clay and coal mines at their doors and the yards are provided with fifteen kilns, the buildings being large three and four-story structures. .This concern was also .absorbed by the American Sewer Pipe Company, which still operates it. Another plant taken over by the A. S. P. Co. was the Ohio Valley at the mouth of Croxton's Run, built by Myers, Moore, McCoy .86 Lysle. It was originally fire brick only but changed in 1888 to include sewer pipe and terra cotta. The mill employs seventy-five hands and has a payroll of $3,000 per month, the output being 1,500 cars per annum. Being well equipped in every way it has continued in operation. a list above this are the immense Calumet works established by Dr. W. H. Garlick and Henry Sizer. The original factory burned down in 1884, but the plant was rebuilt on a larger scale and opened in the spring of 1885, occupying immense four-story building. equipped with the most approved machinery for turning out every size of sewer pipe from two inches upwards, terra cotta work, etc., and also 1,500,000 fire brick per annum. There are twenty-three kilns and the coal and clay mines are in the yard. The works employ 1.50 men with a monthly payroll of $7,000 and an annual output of 3,000 cars. The A. S. P. Co. now operates this plant. About 1.870 Elliott & Young built a brick plant near where the Calumet now stands, the surrounding hamlet being named Elliottsville. Three years later it was changed into a sewer pipe manufactory, and in 1876, was acquired by Patrick Connor, who operated under the name of Excelsior Sewer Pipe and Terra Cotta works. He made continuous enlargements and improvements until the establishment was absorbed by the trust, when it had 12 kilns, employed 85 hands with a monthly payroll of $3,000. The new owners operated the works about a month and then tore them down. The Freeman Fire Clay Company was inaugurated in 1.869 by the four Freeman Bros., J. L., S. D., J. lL, and Charles A. They built two factories at what is now' Freeman's Station about a mile north of Toronto which were opened in 1870, for manufacture of all clay products. The firm was incorporated on March 31, 1881, under the name of Freeman Fire Clay Company with C. A. Freeman, president, and J. M. Freeman, secretary and treasurer. When they sold out to the Trust the factories had 19 kilns with a capacity of 2,500 cars per annum, and 80,000 square feet of drying floor area. They employed about 100 men with a monthly payroll approximating $5,000. The A. S. P. Co. dismantled the lower plant keeping the upper in operation, mainly on paving brick. In this connection we may notice the Empire Fire Clay Company organized February 11, 1885, by W. H. Garlick, S. B. Goucher, Samuel McAdoo, Frank Bowles and W. Goucher, all of Toronto with a capital of $50,000. The works were located at Empire, three miles above, and soon had 75 men at work turning out sewer pipe, terra cotta, etc., at the rate of 1,800 carloads per annum. When the A. S. P. Company purchased these works they operated them for a. while and then dismantled. To sum up when the American Sewer Pipe Company entered this territory it acquired eight plants employing about 800 men, with a monthly pay roll aggregating $34,500 and an annual output of 16,800 cars. As noticed it closed some of the plants, but their output was probably made up by the others.

The Toronto Fire Clay Company controlled by Edward Nicholson manufactures a high grade of building and paving brick. Mr. Nicholson also controls plants

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at Port Homer and Steubenville. Rush Run has also been a favorite locality for manufacturing brick.

A comparatively recent Toronto establishment was erected about six years ago by William and Frank Myers under the name of Myers Clay Manufacturing Company. Two years later it was acquired by the Kaul-Ober Kirk Company who further improved it, and the establishment is one of the largest and up-to-date in the town having 17 kilns and everything else in proportion.

Porter, Minor & Company about thirty years ago erected two buildings at the lower end of Empire, where they employed forty men and turned out about 7,000 brick per day. Samuel Minor succeeded the above firm, and the works burned down but were rebuilt. They subsequently passed into the hands of Stow, Fuller & Company, who have trebled their capacity, making a specialty of odd sizes of brick for cupola and other purposes requiring the finest grades.

The Congo works were another important factory here built in July, 1888, and turning out 15,000 to 20,000 brick per day. They are now on the opposite side of the river. Stratton, Hinkle & Stratton built the Nonesuch works in 1888, with a capacity of 36,000 brick per day. The concern has developed into the Stratton Fire Clay Company having three large plants.

Samuel and Adam Minor began fire clay operations at Hammondsville in the early fifties being soon joined by William H. Wallace. Then Adam Minor organized at Irondale, the Minor Fire Brick Company including John Williams, James McBane and Hugh McBane. They operated a few years and then sold out to the Wallace Brothers, but the latter were not successful. The works burned down but were rebuilt under the management of William Downer, Sr. They operated a hand plant until 1893, when the Wallaces failed. Downer leased the plant in 1895 and ran it about a year when it was purchased by Adolph Pritchau, who also operated about a year, when William Downer, James Paisley and James Baxter, under the name of the Furnace Fire Clay operated it for about two years, afterwards Capt. John Porter for three years. It was remodeled and greatly enlarged in 1903, and burned down just when the improvements were completed. It is now controlled by the Standard Fire Brick Company made up of Captain Porter and Carnegie steel men. They then erected a clay grinding plant with a capacity of 500 tons per day, operated by Porter & McInteer, which still exists.

In 1890 the Wallaces erected fire brick works at Hammondsville employing fifteen men and turning out 4,000 to 8,000 brick per day. They also had an extensive coal mine and coking plant. In the former was found a stone with peculiar markings which the miners took to be of artificial or supernatural origin, and which for a time attracted the attention of scientists. It was probably a variety of sigillaria or stigmaria.

Capt. William Lacey set up brick works between Hunterville and Hammondsville about 1852, and operated the same about twelve years, when they were purchased by Adam Pritchau. They have been succeeded by E. S. McLane, who ships about 800 cars per annum.

In 1902, William H. Banfield, who was a large land owner at Irondale united with Frederick Owesney and Alfred Freeman of Steubenville, and organized the East Ohio Sewer Pipe Company. They started with eighteen kilns and now have twenty-three from which they ship about 1,500 cars per annum. The company has a superior bed of fire clay yet untouched twelve feet thick at a depth of ninety feet, and is preparing to make extensive improvements.

A small establishment was erected a few years ago on Wells's Run in Steubenville for making a superior fine brick from the grindings of spawls, but lack of capital caused the abandonment of the enterprise.

S. C. Pugh, of the Elastic Pulp Plaster Company, of Warren, 0., came to Steubenville in 1903 and opened a branch estab-

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lishment on the Pan Handle Railroad north of Logan street. In 1905, Mr. Freeman having sold out his interest in the East Ohio Sewer Pipe Company, joined with others in purchasing the plaster works and a new corporation was formed under the name of Ohio Plaster & Supply Company, which has built up quite a business in furnishing modern house plastering and conducting a general jobbing business iu builders' supplies, giving employment to ten men.

It would be foreign to this work to go into details concerning the clay manufactories on the West Virginia side of the river, but it is not putting it too strong to give Jefferson County the centre of the clay industry of the United States. In this conneetion it may he of interest to state that the average Toronto sewer pipe has stood a crushing test of 12,600 pounds as against the average of others of 10,260 pounds. In a hydraulic test the Toronto pipe stood a test of 112 pounds per square inch as against other averages of 52 pounds which accounts for the fact that in twenty years the shipments grew from 500 cars per annum to over 20,000, and the demand is increasing each year from all parts of the country.

TIIE GLASS INDUSTRY.

Reference has already been made to the efforts of Hunter, Morris and Foster in the manufacture of window glass at Rockville, but their business closed in a few years. The pioneers in this industry seem to have been Kilgore and Hanna who built a factory in 1830, but it ran only a short time. In 1845-46, Joseph Beatty and Edward Stillman built a glass factory on Benton street fronting the river. in a short time they sold out to David and Neill Hull, who were succeeded by Knowles & Company, after which the main building was converted into a private dwelling, which still stands. Messrs. Beatty and Stillman built a new establishment on Third street between South and Slack, where they made all kinds of table ware. In 1852, the works were purchased by A. J. Beatty under whom the business increased to such an extent that in 1862 the old buildings were torn down, and in place of them with their single stack new ones with two stacks and four times their capacity were erected. From miscellaneous ware they were diverted exclusively to the manufacture of tumblers, employing about 160 hands, and turning out 36,000 tumblers per day which was not only more than were made anywhere else in the United States but equal to all the rest combined. They were shipped to all parts of the world, and competed successfully with English products in the latter's own market. Upon the death of Mr. Beatty his sons Robert j,, and George succeeded to the business and made of it even more of a success than their father. About 1887, attracted by a. bonus of $50,000 and other inducements with offer of free gas for full five years, the owners removed the works to Findlay, O., where they operated until the gas supply failed. The original factory stood until a couple of years ago, when it was torn down to make way for dwellings.

In 1870 a stranger arrived in Steubenville claiming to have invented a mowing and reaping machine superior to anything of the kind then on the market, both in simplicity of construction and the work it was expected to perform. He desired to organize a stock company for the manufacture of these machines, and the project meeting with favor, an organization was effected under the name of the Acme Mower and Reaper Company, ground purchased and works erected on Franklin avenue adjoining the P. C. & St. L. Ry. At first the prospects were good, the new machines appeared to be all that was claimed for them, and their market appeared to be all right. But litigation arose concerning the validity of the patent, and the works stopped. There was also litigation among the stockholders, and finally the works were dismantled, and in 1874 they were sold to a Pittsburgh glass company under the firm name of Reddick, McKee & Com-

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pany. This company built a furnace adjoining, which stood on the site of the present extensive buildings. The factory was only operated by this firm about six weeks when they were obliged to shut down temporarily. In September of the same year the factory was purchased by the firm of Gill, Mitchell & Company., composed of James W. Gill one of the present owners; M. C. Mitchell, and several of the original partners. The business was conducted under this name for several months, until the spring of 1875, Mr. Mitchell retired and Gill, Mitchell & Company were succeeded by Gill Brothers & Company, composed of Joseph J. Gill, Samuel C. Gill and James W. Gill. When they took possession, the Acme Glass Works consisted of one small eleven pot furnace and the old Acme Mower and Reaper Works buildings, which were utilized for the other departments of the glass factory. In 1877 an additional furnace of thirteen pots was built and the buildings were enlarged. From that time the business continued to increase steadily, and in 1887 it beta me necessary to erect another furnace of sixteen pots, which is one of the largest glass furnaces iiow in use in the United States.

In 1900 owing to greatly increased business, it again became necessary to enlarge the manufacturing capacity and a fourth furnace was built containing fourteen pots. This was placed in a building erected expressly for the purpose. In 1901 the present corporation, Gill Brothers Company, was organized succeeding the firm, and is officered by James W. Gill, president; J. L. Holton, vice-president Henry B. Grier, secretary, and James Hogan, treasurer. Since that time the growth of business has made further enlargements necessary, and in 1904 the Toronto Glass Works was built and has since then been in constant operation, the entire product of both factories being disposed of as fast as it is made. The goods manufactured consist exclusively of lamp chimneys, latern globes, silvered glass reflectors and electrical glass-ware. By constant experiments made by experienced managers, the quality of the glass turned put has been greatly improved since the firm started, and the Acme glass now has a reputation for high merit which extends all over the world. Not only does the market for the Acme product extend from one end of the country to the other, but a large export business has been built up, and the firm is shipping its wares to all parts of the world and competing with foreign manufacturers in their own markets. The capacity of the works is from six to eight hundred thousand lamp chimneys per week, and when running full about twelve hundred hands are employed. The employees have nearly all grown up in the factory and are not only good citizens but are known everywhere as the best glass makers in this country.

The Steubenville Flint Glass Bottle Company was organized in 1882 by Henry P. Schnellbach, Valentine Rummel and several others. They purchased a tract fronting on Seventh street between North and Logan, and built a factory with a ten-pot furnace. Three years after the concern was sold to The Sumner Glitss Company, a cooperative organization made up of glass blowers from Sharpsburg, Pa. They erected an additional twelve-pot furnace and continued the manufacture of flint glass bottles for a number of years after which the works lay idle for awhile. In 1903 the Jefferson Glass Company was incorporated with a capital of $50,000 and purchased the establishment and enlarged its facilities, especially by the construction of the dry tank. They went into the manufacture of crystal, colored and opalescent table ware, lemonade sets and novelties decorated in gold and enamel. By 1907 their business had increased to such an extent as to require additional room, which not being obtainable in the city they moved over to Follansbee where they have erected a main building 230x360 feet and employ 300 men. The city works were leased to the Imperial Glass Company, of Beaver Falls, Pa., which occupied them until their destruction by fire in 1908. The ground is