EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT - 275 ville J. Hatch and Maggie Emery. What became Sub-District No. 4 was organized in 1867, the first teacher being Clara M. Norton, in 1867 and 1868, and she was followed in succession by ,Mary J. Norton, Addie Bennett, W. S. Mills, and Flora Carter. The first public school house in Providence township was erected in 1828, on the eastern portion of the Peter Manor Reserve, in what later became District No. 1. It was a log structure. Prior to the establishment of this school, traveling pedagogues visited this locality during the winter months and gave private instruction at the houses of their patrons. The first school teacher employed was Martha- Karns, in 1828. School houses were erected in the township as rapidly as required to meet the wants of an increasing population, although it is impossible to ascertain the exact date of the organization of the separate districts. In 1868 there were six school houses in the township, erected in the order numbered. In that year the number of children of school age in each district was as follows : District One, 50; Two, 73 ; Three, 92 ; Four, 78 ; Five, 47, and Six, I 1 ; a total of 351 in the township. District No. 7 was established in 1873, District No. 8 in 1874. and No. 9 in 1885. Cyrus H. Coy, who subsequently became prominent in the affairs of Toledo, filling the position of county treasurer in 1856-57, began his active life in that township in 1835, as clerk in the store of A. B. Mead, at Providence village. He also taught school in different districts in that region, the same being held in log houses without chimneys, the daily winter sessions closing with getting in the great back-log and starting anew the fire in the broad fireplace, without jam or mantle. In 1836 the following school districts were set off in Springfield township : No. I commenced at the northwest c0rner of the township, on section 6, and included sections 7, 18, 19, 3o, 31, 32, 29, 20, 17, 8, 5 ; three-fourths of sections 4, 9, 16 and 21, and the whole of section 28. No. 2 was composed of sections 22 and 15, with the addition .of the quarter parts. of sections 16 and 21. No. 3 was comp0sed of sections 1. 12, 14, I I, 2, 10 and 3, with parts of sections 4 and 7. The settlers in Oregon township built a log school house on the Woodville road, in 1834, and in this the first school in the township was taught by Elizur Stevens. Mr. Stevens later went into the "Patriot" war, was captured by the British and sent to Van Dieman's Land. He afterward returned, broken in health, and died at his father's home in Lebanon, N. Y. After the organization of the township, Sept. 10, 1837, four school districts were laid out, and the amounts of money then distributed among the respective districts were as follows : No. I, $26.24; No. 2, $10.05 ; No. 3, $20.65 ; No. 4, $13.29 ; total, $70.35. Among the early directors of schools in the township, we find the names of Lawson Hicks, Rariel Salisbury, Elijah J. Woodruff, George D. Treat, John Consaul, Jr., James Maddocks, Joseph W. Prentice, Francis W. Jenison, Hiram Brown, Gabriel Crane, and Hiram Vinal. Napoleon Denny commenced teaching in District No. 1, Jan. 11, 1838, and continued about two months, at twelve dollars per month, having twenty-three pupils enrolled. July Ann Whitmore was employed as teacher, June 24, 1839, and taught eight weeks, at a 276 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY salary of two dollars per week, with fourteen pupils enrolled. On May 14, 1842, the four original districts were resolved info two. The enumeration of white youths in the .township, Oct. 1, 1812, showed a total of thirty-eight males and forty females. In 1856 the number of districts was increased to six, the total number of pupils therein was 278, the school -h0use fund of the township was $480.43, and the tuition fund was $1476.88. It will be remembered that Oregon township at that time included the present township of Jerusalem. The first school in Sylvania township was taught in a frame house, built at Whiteford by Gen. David White, in 1834, and but few districts were laid out until after the passage of the school law of 1837. In 1844 John U. Pease, Haskell D. Warren, William Bancroft and Horace Green associated themselves for educational purposes and procured a charter from the State legislature, under the name and style of "The Sylvania High School Company." The object of the association was declared to be "the establishment of a high school in the town of Sylvania, and to promote and afford therein instruction in the usual branches of sound, practical and liberal education, and in the languages, arts and sciences." District No. 2 of the township having taken steps t0ward the erection of a school building, it was proposed by the high school company to co-operate with the directors of the district in making the house suitable for the purposes, both of the district and the company. Accordingly, such arrangement was made. The building was located centrally, on the west side of Division street, and it was about 40x60 feet in dimensions, two stories high, and surmounted by a tower 0r belfry. It was opened in the fall of 1844, the high school department occupying the upper story. Among the principals who taught there while the school was under the company's management, were Professors Gifford, Daniel L. Wescott and Rev. J. B. Taylor. The school numbered among its pupils more than the average village student, among the number being Ira E. Lee, E. R. Wilson, Almeda Doty, Chester H. Harroun, Don A. Pease, Foster R. Warren and James W. Clark, all of whom became prominent men of affairs. The school continued to be managed by the company until about 1850, when a settlement was made with the stockholders and a dividend was declared. The stock was finally disposed of to the Township Board of Education and the school passed wholly under the management of the town board. It has been a free graded school since 1872, with the departments of high, intermediary and primary. In the school report of 1908 the attendance in all grades is given at 207. E. S. Poling was the superintendent, and the value of the school property was given as $22,000. Aaron B. West taught the school for thirteen years, and was prominently identified with educational affairs there and also at Toledo, where he had previously been a teacher in the public schools. The first schoolhouse erected in Richfield Township was located at the southeast corner of section T0, and it was built of logs in 1837. The second building for sch0ol purposes was put up in 1843. It was also of logs and was located on the east half of the southeast quarter of section 4. The third building was built of logs, in 1850, and was EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT - 277 located at the southwest corner of the southwest quarter of section 20. The first schoolhouse in Spencer township was built of logs in the winter of 1836-37, on the land of Eli Munson. There was then no school district organized in the township, but the few settlers got t0gether, cut the logs, split out the "puncheon" for the floor and roof, laid up the walls, and put on the roof, securing it with poles laid across, as nails were not in use in the settlement. A few panes of glass sufficed for a window, and the door, made of spa puncheons, was pinned t0gether and hung on wooden hinges. The first school teacher in the township was Chester Holloway. On April 14, 1845, four school districts were established in the township, and on April 18, 1853, the number was reduced to three sub-districts, but these, of course, have been changed in their boundaries from time to time. The first schoolhouse in Monclova township was a frame building, erected in the village of Monclova, on ground given by Hezekiah Hubbell. in 1838. TOLEDO PUBLIC SCHOOLS. As far as can be ascertained, the first public movement in behalf of common school education in the Maumee Valley, was a meeting, held in the Presbyterian church at Perrysburg, Nov. 17, 1837. At that meeting a permanent organization was affected, S. R. Austin being made its president, and R. H. Crowell, of Maumee City, the secretary. The president stated to the meeting that the object of the organization was the improvement of the school privileges in this section of the State, and the name chosen for the organization was "The Educational Society of the Maumee Valley," its object being to improve the condition of common schools, and to elevate the standard of education by disseminating information on the subject. Of the 490,000 school children in Ohio at that time, the greater. portion were in school only during the winter months, and the annual expenses of the school system of the State, for tuition, books, etc., were about $500,000. The first official record of public schools in the city of Toledo was made Oct. 18, 1836, when the trustees of Port Lawrence township laid off the domain into sixteen school districts. By an act of the Ohio Legislature, passed in 1837, the public schools in Toledo were committed to the care of the city government, and accordingly, on Sep. 25, 1837, the council divided the city into three school districts, as follows : 1st District, east of Locust street ; 2nd District, between Locust and Adams ; 3rd District, west of Adams. The extent of the school privileges to be found in Toledo, in the year 1839, may be judged by the fact that in April of that year an advertisement appeared in the "Blade" for a "gentleman qualified to take charge of a limited number of scholars." On Dec. 20, 1840, the city council passed "an ordinance for the regulation of common schools in the city of Toledo," in which provisron was made for three directors for each district in the city, who should have charge of the public schools. It was also provided, "that in all cases during the period when public money should be applied to 278 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY the support of the schools, said schools shall be free for all white children of each district, under such regulations as may be adopted to secure to each one equal participation therein." It may be timely to mention that it was then unlawful to employ a colored person, even for common labor. In 1848, the late. Francis Hollenbeck, then a resident of Perrysburg, furnished the "Toledo Blade" several articles, setting forth the need of improvement in the school facilities in the city. These articles called attention to the lack of system and efficiency in the existing plan and resulted in a petition being presented to the Legislature for extension to the city of Toledo of the "Akron Law," originally passed in 1846. While not meeting the unanimous sentiment of the people of the city, no active opposition was offered, and the law was passed. By a popular vote, cast in May, 1849, the law was accepted by the city and put into immediate operation. The first Board of Education in Toledo consisted of the following men : Ira L. Clark, president ; Decius Wadsworth, Simeon Fitch, Jr., John P. Freeman, Samuel B. Scott, and Morgan L. Collins. There were then but three small buildings for school purposes, valued at $1,500, and there was no furniture fit to use and no funds with which to buy better. Rooms were leased for a central grammar school, and one in each of the four wards for primary schools, in which latter 489 pupils were enrolled. The first setback the new movement received was the refusal of the city council to approve of and levy a tax of three mills on the dollar for school purposes. The great change from indifference to a recognition of the community's responsibility for free education was calculated to cause antagonism, but in due time, by persistent effort, this opposition was overcome. An important step toward the provision of suitable buildings was begun, in 1852, when the La Grange Street School building was erected and it was occupied in April of that year. The next and still more important step was the provision of a central building which would furnish accommodation for the higher grades of schools. A plan for a high-school building was submitted, in 1853, providing for a three-story structure of stone and brick, 56x102 feet, with 26 rooms ; on the top floor a lecture room 86x53 feet, with a capacity for 1,800 persons. The plan included a tower, with a clock and a large bell, the latter to be inscribed as follows : "Toledo High School, May 1, 1854." and "To Learning's Fount the Youth I Call." The Rev. Anson Smyth, who for several years had been pastor of the First Congregational Church, was the first Superintendent of Schools in Toledo. Upon him devolved the responsibility of organization of the system. SCHOOL STATISTICS. The first school report for the county was made in 1836, when returns were printed for the several townships. including Districts Nos. 2 and 3, Port Lawrence. No. 2 reported 54 scholars, No. 3 had 65, EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT - 279 and No. I made no report. Returns from the Waynesfield districts were: District No. 1, 78 scholars ; District No. 2, 293 scholars ; District No. 3, 103 scholars ; District No. 4, 6o scholars, and District No. 5 41 scholars ; a total of 575 in Waynesfield township. In Waterville township, District No. I reported 131 ; District No. 2, 54, making a total of 185 scholars in that township. Swan Creek and Wing (one district) reported 35 scholars, thus making the total returns for the county, 914 scholars. The total collections of money for school purposes throughout the county, in 1836, were only $626.68. From the report of the Board of Education for 1859-60, there were 92 schools in the county, including villages and the city of Toledo, and the total value of school property was $25.610. The enrollment was 5,597. To teach this number of children, 160 teachers were employed. The total receipts were $35,570.90, and the expenditures were $33,104.26. To show the great progress that has been made during the last half century in public school education in Toledo, the following data is submitted, taken from the report of the city Board of Education for 1909-10 : The population of the city, according to the Federal census of 1910, is near 180,00o, and the school census of 1909 was 40,994 children and youth. The cost of tuition, based upon total enrollment, was : Kindergarten. $14.09 ; Elementary schools, $21.15 ; and High schools, $38.59. The number of buildings devoted to high schools was 2 ; elementary schools, 42 ; annexes, I I ; and portable schools, 15 ; a total of 70. In the various high and elementary schools there were 44 prin- cipals ; in the Normal school. 4 teachers ; in the high school, 73 teachers ; in the special lines (music, drawing, etc.), 10 teachers ; in the elementary schools. 482 teachers ; in the manual training sch00l, 26 teachers ; in the kindergartens, 83 teachers, and in the night schools, 9 teachers, making a grand total of 731 instructors employed in the Toledo schools. The number of pupils enrolled in the different schools at the present time is 27,282. The financial statement shows total receipts of $1,545,210.84. and a total expenditure of $1,111,859.51, leaving. a balance on hand of $435,972.35. The expenditure for improvements and remodeling various schools was $224,280.58. The Finance Committee reports that the present Board, without warning or financial preparation, was compelled last year to practically reconstruct every school building in Toledo. Two bond issues, aggregating $300,000, were found to be necessary to prosecute this work. This money has been expended with a view to making the school structures not only safe but sanitary. The chief difficulty with reference to the building situation is the impossibility of estimating unerringly the distribution of the school population. The most careful shifting of school boundaries is made in order not to compel the children to go long distances to remote buildings. But it is contemplated that eighteen portable buildings will have to be erected in various parts of the city. These portable build. ings will be used to provide temporary school accommodations in sections where the permanent buildings are over crowded, or as the nucleus 280 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY of a permanent building in new districts which are being settled and where the need of school accommodations manifests itself. It is expected that these buildings will be replaced at the earliest possible time by permanent structures. Those already in use haye proved a great relief in cases of congested school attendance, the rooms which they provide being large, well lighted and ventilated, and in eyery respect suitable for school purposes. They are constructed of wood in such way that they can be readily taken down and placed elsewhere. The cost of a two-room portable is about $1,200. Improvements and additions to the present school buildings. the cost of which will aggregate $213,600, are contemplated for the coming year. DATA CONCERNING SCHOOL BUILDINGS. Central High School : Built in 1897-8 ; cost of site (6 of 10 lots donated), $2,500 ; cost of building, $134,266; has sixty rooms, auditorium, manual training equipment ; 1,861 pupils and 64 teachers ; Chas. W. Gayman, principal. East Side Central School : Built in 1895-6 ; addition built in 1903 ; remodeled in 1908 ; cost of site $6,000 ; total cost of building, S99.848 ; 30 rooms, manual training equipment, 826 pupils, 28 teachers H. A. Jones, principal. Arlington school : Built in 1907-8 ; cost of site, $2,5o5 ; cost of building, $1,745 ; two rooms, 29 pupils and two teachers. Auburndale school : Built in 1896-7 ; cost of site, $7,000 : cost of building and addition, $67,986 ; 20 rooms, manual training equipment ; 743 pupils and 19 teachers. Birmingham school : Built in 1892-3 ; cost of site, $1,750 : cost of building and addition, $20,637 ; eight rooms, manual trainrng equipment; 462 pupils and 10 teachers. Broadway school : Built in 1871, additions in 1880 and 1897 : cost of site, $9,100 ; total cost of building, $40,628; i8 rooms, 599 pupils and 18 teachers. Chase school : Built in 1894, additions in 1897 ; cost of site. S1,488 ; cost of building and improvements, $16,324; eight rooms, manual training equipment ; 436 pupils and 10 teachers. Detroit school : Built in 1893, addition in 1905 ; cost of site, S2.150 ; cost of building and addition, $38,036 ; 14 rooms ; 658 pupils and 7 teachers. Erie school : Built in 1866, remodeled in 1908; cost of site. $10,344; cost of building and remodeling, $70,831 ; 15 rooms, manual training equipment ; 542 pupils and 14 teachers. Franklin school : Built in 1872, additions in 1884 and 1898 ; cost of site, $1,800; cost of building and additi0ns, $J4,189; 18 rooms ; 697 pupils and 19 teachers. Fulton school: Built in 1892, addition' in 19(38 ; cost of site, $9,745 ; cost of building and addition, $81,430 ; 22 rooms ; manual training equipment ; 684 pupils and 18 teachers. Glenwood school : Built in 1901, addition in 1907 ; cost of site, 280 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY of a permanent building in new districts which are being settled and where the need of school accommodati0ns manifests itself. It is expected that these buildings will be replaced at the earliest possible time by permanent structures. Those already in use have proved a great relief in cases of congested school attendance, the rooms which they provide being large, well lighted and ventilated, and in every respect suitable for school purposes. They are constructed of wood in such way that they can be readily taken down and placed elsewhere. The cost of a two-room portable is about $1,200. Improvements and additions to the present school buildings, the cost of which will aggregate $213,600, are contemplated for the coming year. DATA CONCERNING SCHOOL BUILDINGS. Central High School : Built in 1897-8; cost of site (6 of io lots donated), $2,500; cost of building, $134,266; has sixty rooms, auditorium, manual training equipment ; 1,861 pupils and 64 teachers ; Chas. W. Gayman, principal. East Side Central School : Built in 1895-6 ; addition built in 1903 ; remodeled in 1908 ; cost of site $6,000 ; total cost of building, 899.848 ; 30 rooms, manual training equipment, 826 pupils, 28 teachers ; H. A. Jones, principal. Arlington school : Built in 1907-8 ; cost of site, $2,505 ; cost of building, $1,745 ; two rooms, 29 pupils and two teachers. Auburndale school : Built in 1896-7 ; cost of site, $7,000 ; cost of building and addition, $67,986 ; 20 rooms, manual training equipment ; 743 pupils and 19 teachers. Birmingham school : Built in 1892-3 ; cost of site, $1,750 ; cost of building and addition, $20,637 ; eight rooms, manual training, equipment ; 462 pupils and 10 teachers. Broadway school : Built in 1871, additions in 1880 and 1897 : cost of site, $9,100; total cost of building, $40,628; 18 rooms, 599 pupils and 18 teachers. Chase school : Built in 1894, additions in 1897 ; cost of site. $1,488 ; cost of building and improvements, $16,324 ; eight rooms, manual training equipment ; 436 pupils and 10 teachers. Detroit school : Built in 1893, addition in 1905 ; cost of site, $2,15o ; cost of building and addition, $38,036 ; 14 rooms ; 658 pupils and 7 teachers. Erie school : Built in 1866, remodeled in 1908 ; cost of site. $10,344; cost of building and remodeling, $70,831 ; 15 rooms, manual training equipment ; 542 pupils and 14 teachers. Franklin school : Built in 1872, additions in 1884 and 1898 ; cost of site, $1,800; cost of building and additions, $54,189 ; 18 rooms ; 697 pupils and 19 teachers. Fulton school : Built in 1892, addition in 1908 ; cost of site, $9,745 ; cost of building and addition, $81,430 ; 22 rooms ; manual training equipment ; 684 pupils and 18 teachers. Glenwood school : Built in 1901, addition in 1907 ; cost of site, EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT - 281 $6,650 ; cost of building and addition, $49,239 ; 16 rooms ; 814 pupils and 21 teachers. Hoag school Built in 15:83, additions in 1891 and 1906 ; cost of site, $2.400 ; cost of building and additions, $50.243 ; 18 rooms, manual training equipment ; 786 pupils and 19 teachers. Illinois school : Built in 1851, addition in 1886 ; cost of site, $750 ; cost of building and addition, $22,410; eight rooms ; 307 pupils and eight teachers. Indiana school : Built in 1897, addition in 1908 ; cost of site. $5,750 ; cost of building and addition, $51,035 ; 18 rooms ; manual training equipment ; 629 pupils and 15 teachers. Ironville school : Built in 1901 ; cost of site, $2,156; cost of building, $13,583 ; six rooms : manual training equipment ; 202 pupils and 5 teachers. Jefferson and Normal Training school : Built in 1870, additions in 1884 and 1894 ; cost of site, $8,680; cost of building and additions, $55,025 ; IS rooms ; 714 pupils and 19 teachers. Junction school : Built in 1891, addition in 1894 ; cost of building and addition, $22,119 : nine rooms ; 341 pupils and 10 teachers. La Grange school : Built in 1895 ; cost of site, $1,100; cost of building, $39,294 ; IS rooms and manual training equipment ; 686 pupils and 18 teachers. Monroe school : Built in 1890, addition in 1904 ; cost of site, $4.750 ; cost of building and addition, $39,672 ; 14 rooms ; 632 pupils and 15 teachers. Mott Avenue school : Cost of site, including five buildings, $7,450 ; four rooms ; 165 pupils and 5 teachers. Navarre school : Built in 1894 ; cost of site, $2,125 ; cost of building, $21,726 ; nine rooms ; 490 pupils and 13 teachers. Nebraska school : Old building built in 1867 ; cost of site. $5.800 ; cost of building and addition $31.932 ; 12 rooms. New building erected in 1882, cost of building, $10,226 ; destroyed by fire in 1898 and rebuilt at a cost of $17,975 10 rooms and auditorium. The two buildings haye 993 pupils and 24 teachers. Newbury school : Built in 1897, remodeled in 1908 ; cost of site, S6.000 ; cost of building and remodeling. $52,924 ; 16 rooms, auditorium and manual training equipment ; 489 pupils and 14 teachers. Newton school : Built in 1896. remodeled in 1908 ; cost of site, 89,000 ; cost of building and remodeling, $46,574 ; 16 rooms, auditorium : 583 pupils and 16 teachers. Norwood school : Cost of site, $700 ; cost of building., $2.187.51 ; six rooms : 160 pupils and four teachers. Ontario school ; Built in 1890, addition in 1905-7 ; cost of site, $2.795 ; cost of building and addition, $40,809; 14 rooms, manual training equipment : 532 pupils and 13 teachers. Parkland school : Built in 1897 ; cost of site, $2,200 ; cost of building, $18,008 ; 10 rooms. manual training equipment ; 547 pupils and 13 teachers. Raymer school : Built in 1890, addition in 1906; cost of site, $1,918; . 282 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY cost of building and addition, $39,607 ; 16 rooms ; 768 pupils and 17 teachers. Segur school : Built in 1888, remodeled in 1908 ; cost of site, $5.000 ; cost of building and remodeling, $49,533 ; 14 rooms, manual training equipment ; 458 pupils and 13. teachers. Sherman school : Built in 1874, additions in 1885 and 1892: remodeled in 1908 ; cost of site, $10,000 ; cost of building and remodeling, $73,715 ; 20 rooms ; 779 pupils and 21 teachers. South school : Built in 1884, addition in 1908 ; cost of site, $2,500 cost of building and addition, $40,354 ; 13 rooms ; 467 pupils and 12 teachers. Southeast Toledo school : Built in 1878 ; additions in 1886, 1898 and 1900, remodeled in 1908 ; cost of building, additions and remodeling, $46,433 ; 14 rooms, manual training equipment ; 622 pupils and 19 teachers. Spring school : Built in 1901, addition in 1907 ; cost of site, $2,128 ; cost of building and addition, $53,475 ; 18 rooms, manual training equipment ; 872 pupils and 7 teachers. Stickney school : Built in 1870, addition in 1885 ; cost of site, $5,300 ; cost of building and addition, $35,588 ; 12 rooms ; 5 i6 pupils and 12 teachers. Waite school : Built in 1900 ; cost of site, $6,400 ; cost of building, $41,533 ; 16 rooms ; 634 pupils and 7 teachers. Walbridge school : Built in 1893, addition in 1901, remodeled in 1908 ; cost of site, $3,600 ; cost of building addition and remodeling, $47,388 ; 14 rooms, manual training equipment ; 578 pupils and 1-6 teachers. Warren school : Built in 1874, additions in 1883 and 1887, addition and remodeled in 1908 ; cost of site, $4,700 ; cost of building and additions and remodeling,. $58,24; : 14 rooms, manual training equipment ; .594 pupils and 14 teachers. Washington school : Built in 1874, additions in 1885 and 1888, and remodeled in 1908; cost of site, $8,700; cost of building, additions and remodeling, $65,397 ; 20 rooms, manual training equipment ; 691 pupils and 19 teachers. Extensive alterations were recommended to be made in every schoolroom in Toledo, by a special committee, appointed for the purpose of pr0viding every possible safeguard against the danger from fire. To defray the large expenditure involved, a bond issue of $150,- 000 .was made by the Board, in May, 1908. and an additional issue of $150,000 in the following October. The total cost of this general remodeling was $327.,000, of which $260,000 was done by contract and $67,000 by workmen employed by the Board. While the primary purpose of the alterations was to secure the best possible protection against fire, the opportunity was utilized to make other changes necessary to provide modern and sanitary structures. SPECIAL WORK. Kindergartens are now maintained in every elementary school in the city, each being in charge of a director, aided by one or more as- EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT - 283 sistants. Attendance is voluntary, children between four and six years being admitted. Last year's total enrollment in the public kindergartens was 1,200. Manual training, or constructive hand-work in the schools, now forms a vital and important part in the educational system of Toledo. In the seyenth and eighth grades of the elementary schools, shop work is proyided for the boys and cooking for the girls. In the fifth and .sixth grades the boys are giyen instruction in knife work or sloyd, and the girls in sewing, and in the more elementary grades hand-work finds expression in weaying, basketry, clay modeling, paper folding, etc. In each of the forty-two elementary schools classes are organized in sloyd and sewing for one hour and a quarter each week. Fourteen special teachers in this work are employed. The instruction is given in the regular schoolrooms, the special teachers dividing their time among the seyeral buildings. Toledo has the distinction of being the first city in the United States to include, within the scope of manual training, instruction for girls, in sewing, dressmaking and cooking. This work was first provided twenty-five years ago, in connection with the high school course, and since then the work has been gradually extended down through the grades. Kitchens haye been opened in nineteen elementary schools, fourteen of which have been opened during the past two years. The work in cooking is giyn in the seventh and eighth oracles, the children in schools without kitchens being sent to the manual centers once each week. and there an hour and a half is deyoted to this work. The policy of the Board is to extend the number of kitchens and shops as rapidly as possible, so that eyentually each school may have its own equipment for manual work. Six special teachers of cooking, and one supervisor are now employed for the seyenth and eighth grade work. During the summer of 1909 vacation schools were conducted at seyen buildings, with a total of 1,700 pupils in daily attendance. Play. grounds were maintained in connection with each of these yacation schools. The work of the yacation school is in no sense a continuation of the regular work of the school year, although academic instruction is proyided for the benefit of pupils who have failed in part of their studies. But the chief aim of the vacation schools is to supplement the regular instruction. by providing physical, manual and mental training for children in parts of the city where such training is most needed. Accordingly, the program of these schools consists chiefly of manual training, nature study, the reading and telling of stories, and organized play. The value of the school garden as a factor in the education of the child has received recognition in Toledo. The properties of soil and the effect of water and sunshine, methods of planting and cultivation, are learned in the school garden from actual observation. While the school garden is important, it is not made a part of the regular school curriculum, being entirely yoluntary on the part of the pupils and carried on outside of school hours. The whole child goes to school, and in the recognition of this fact the school system aims to develop the child physically as well as 284 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY mentally and spiritually. The department of physical education in Toledo is in charge of a director, aided by several assistants. The crowded condition of the Central High School—a building designed to accommodate 1.200 pupils, being taxed far beyond its capacity to care for nearly 2,000—has made imperative the immediate construction of new high schools. Accordingly, the Board of Education adopted as its policy the erection of four district high schools, one to be located in each quarter of the city, and each to be fully equipped for instruction in manual training as well as in academic and c0mmercial branches. By resolution, passed Oct. 19, 1908, it was decided to submit at the following November election the question of issuing bonds to the amount of $500,000 for the construction of two new high schools, one to be located on the east and one on the west side of the river. The proposed bond issue was approved on Nov. 3, 1908, and, in the following spring, sites were purchased for the new schools. These new schools will not belong to the class of academic schools, nor will they be exclusively technical or commercial in character. They are in fact cosmopolitan high schools, offering all three lines of academic, manual and commercial training, and placing equal emphasis upon each. These two schools are to be exact duplicates in every respect, except the difference in the foundation walls below grade, due to the natural difference of the sites. The design is a modified English g0thic, in dark brown brick, with terra cotta trimmings, and roof of green tile. The buildings will be entirely fire- proof, the frames being of reinforced concrete. EVENING SCHOOLS. In December, 1870, a series of evening schools was commenced in Toledo, under Superintendent D. F. De Wolf. Free instruction for both sexes in separate rooms was given, three nights a week. The ages of the pupils ranged from thirteen to thirty years. These schools have been maintained more or less ever since, and last year, particularly, at the Hoag, Parkland and Jefferson buildings. They are designed especially for the benefit of men and women employed during the day, but who desire to obtain at least a part of the advantages of the public schools. F0ur hundred persons received instruction in reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic and other elementary branches. These schools are, of course, free to all, the cost of teachers and text-books being provided out of the regular school funds. TOLEDO UNIVERSITY. On Oct. 21, 1872, Jessup W. Scott and Susan Scott, his wife, conveyed to the Toledo University of Arts and Trades, an incorporation created for that purpose, 160 acres of land in Adams township, near the city line, and estimated in value at $80,000, to be held in trust for the promotion of education in arts and trades and related sciences, in addition to that furnished by the public schools of the city. On Jan. 14, 1873, the trustees of the university arranged to open the scho0l, EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT - 285 purchasing the property known as Raymond Hall, at the corner of Adams and Tenth streets. The property was bought at public sale, and a gift to the amount of $15,000 was made by Mr. Raymond. For several years the institution was conducted as a separate school, and in January, 1884, the trustees of the uniyersity resolved to make a tender of their entire property to the city, on condition that it would assume the trust, under and by virtue of the powers conferred in sections 4,095 to 4,105 of the Revised Statutes of Ohio. The property was formally presented to the common council, and after full consideration was accepted by resolution adopted. This acceptance was duly embodied in an ordinance, under which the common council established the Toledo University. The inauguration of a manual training school was suggested by Albert Macomber, whose attention had been called to the success of the manual training work elsewhere. The City Council and the Board of Education promptly appointed a new board and leyied a tax of two-tenths of a mill on the dollar of taxable property, to enable the board to start a training school. Prof. J. W. Dowd, then superintendent of public schools, gave the project his support and set aside a room in the high school building for use as a shop. In 1885 the trustees disposed of a portion of the property giyen by Susan Scott and sons, and with the proceeds, with the concurrence of the Board of Education, erected the east wing of the high school building, known as the Scott High School. The Manual Training School is maintained under the joint control of the Toledo Board of Education and Directors of the Toledo University. The building is four stories high and is provided as follows : First floor, machine shop and wood working shop, tool room and lavatory ; second floor, domestic economy room and wood working shop, office and lavatory ; third floor, drawing and domestic economy rooms, library and lavatorv. Training is given throughout the four years of the high school course, the time being two and a half ninety-minute periods each week. To appreciate the great progress that has been made in public school education in Lucas county during the last fifty years, it is but necessary to compare the following figures : 1859-92 schools. 5,597 enrollment, 160 teachers. 1910-142 schools, 31,982 enrollment, 788 teachers. The total receipts for public school education in the county for 1909- o were as follows : Township, $167,740.43: $40.970.52 : city of Toledo, $1,545,210:84 ; making a grand total of $1,653,921.79. The total expenditures in the same year were as follows : Township, $1,09,465.57 ; villages, $24,658.57 ; city of Toledo, $1,111,859.51 ; making a grand total of $1,245,983.65. ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. In addition to the public schools, there are several private and parochial schools,' connected with Catholic and Lutheran parishes. Among these schools and academies, St. John's College takes a prominent place. This institution, which is under the direction of the Fath- 286 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY ers of the Society of Jesus, was opened in September, 1898, for the higher education of the aspiring Catholic youth of Toledo and vicinity, and it was incorporated, May 22, 1900. The original charter was amended and the purposes of the institution were extended, Aug. 29, 1903. The power of granting the various degrees was ratified by the secretary of state on the same date. St. John's College comprises an academic department, a high school of commerce and a collegiate department. The college contains a fine library, which contains a choice collection of over 2,300 volumes, and which are all accessible to all students, free of charge. A -meteorological observatory, well equipped with all necessary instruments, adds to the value of the college. The several buildings of the institution are on Superior street, near Walnut, in Toledo. THE LAW FROEBEL KINDERGARTEN TRAINING SCHOOL. The Law Froebel Kindergarten is one of the oldest of its kind in this country, having been established by Dr. Mary E. Law and her sister, Emma L., in September, 1883. It began with seven small pupils, but five years later a training department for teachers was added, and another sister—now Mrs. H. G. Bissell—and two special instructors were added to the teaching force. In September, 1896, the school was moved into its own home, a beautiful colonial building at 2313 Ashland avenue. The attendance has steadily increased in numbers and the influence of the school has widened until its present quarters are outgrown, and an auditorium in an adjoining conservatory of music is used for the music and dancing assemblies. The school was founded upon the psychological and scientific principles of Frederich Froebel, the German founder of the kindergarten system. It has never had a failure among its graduates, or a teacher out of a position. Its diplomas are accepted by all the States having accredited lists and its pupils are sought in all directions. Its success has been due to the intelligent understanding and practical demonstration of the principles of that prince of education, that leader among psychologists and sociologists, Frederich Froebel. TRI-STATE BUSINESS COLLEGE. This institution was organized in September, 1884, by J. W. Melchior, for the purpose of giving practical instruction along business lines to any who wished to avail themselves of the privilege. In 1888 the college was taken over by C. H. Melchior, who, with the association of his two sons—Blaine O. and Roger L. Melchior—superintends the school at this time. Since its founding a great many young men and women have received scientific training in such courses as shorthand, bookkeeping, telegraphy, mechanical drawing, civil service and English. The school, which is located at the corner of Summit and Cherry streets, has 18,000 feet of floor service, and is 0pen throughout the year. For six months of the year a night school is conducted three bights a week for the benefit of those who cannot EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT - 287 avail themselves of the opportunity for day study. That the night school is appreciated by the citizens is attested by the fact that, last year, 525 pupils were enrolled. The present enrollment for day scholars for the year is 400 pupils. THE PUBLIC LIBRARY. The Toledo Public Library may be said to have had its beginning in the Toledo Library Association, which was founded in 1864 by citizens of Toledo interested in the intellectual growth of the city. Organized and maintained as a subscription library, this institution continued in successful operation until the year 1873. It was manifest that this private library association, sustained by subscription, was a luxury of no benefit to the masses, who were not able to share in its support and benefits. The fruit of this conclusion was a movement that gave to Toledo the honor of being one of the first cities in the West to provide a free public library. With the belief that free libraries, sustained by taxation, were as necessary educators as free schools, a bill was drafted providing for a library free to all citizens of Toledo, and it was enacted into law by the legislature of Ohio, April 18. 1873. On Tune 24 of that year this act was formally recognized by the common council of the city, by the passage of a resolution "deeming it esential to establish a library and reading-room," with provisions for their maintenance. At this time, also, the trustees of the new Library Board were appointed, as provided by the act. The members of the Board of Trustees of the Library Association made over to its successor the funds of the association and its books, numbering some 4,878 volumes. By the original act, the Board of Education was directed to transfer to the new public library all books and documents in its possession and not required in the schools for reference ; and from this source the library acquired 1,320 additional volumes, thus affording a nucleus of 6,198 volumes. The new library was opened in the building at the corner of Summit and Madison streets. then known as the King Block, where it prospered and increased for the following seventeen years. On Dec. 22, 1884, the City Council, by ordinance, authorized a deed, which was duly executed by the city to the library trustees, of a portion of the old Miami and Erie Canal bed, between Madison and Jefferson streets, "for the purpose of a public park, and the erection of a suitable building for the purpose of a public library." In .i888, the growing necessities of the library so urgently demanded more commodious quarters, that in April of that year an act was secured from the legislature, authorizing the Board of Trustees to issue bonds for the construction of a library building. The trustees purchased sufficient ground adjoining the library grounds which had been acquired from the city to allow a frontage of 106 feet on Madison street, at the corner of Ontario, and extending that width through to Jefferson street, for the sum of $14,000. Bonds were issued, to the amount of $75,000, and the present building, beautiful, fireproof, and thoroughly safe and permanent in all its appointments, was constructed therewith. The composite gen- 288 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY eral outline of its style of architecture is the early Norman, with a mingling of the nearly related Byzantine. On June 23, 1890, the boks and documents having been transferred from the old location to the new building, it was formally opened to the public, and has since been a great center of education and literary enjoyment for the public, and an earnest of untold benefits to coming generations. During the thirty-seven years of its existence the Toledo Public Library has grown from the years 6,198 volumes to a library numbering over 85,000 well selected volumes, adapted to every grade of scholarship, and necessitating an increase in the working force from two librarians and assistants, in 1873, to nineteen, in 1910. Of the members of the Board of Trustees who have honorably and faithfully served the public during these years, two stand conspicuous as early leaders and organizers of the movement, and in many years of service. To William Scott and Charles King the public is greatly indebted for the inauguration and carrying forward of this noble work. They were both members of the board at its first organization and continued on it until 1893, when, by the death of Mr. King, and, shortly afterward the resignation of Mr. Scott, their twenty years of valuable service came to an end. Other prominent citizens of Toledo have lent their valuable aid and time as trustees, without compensation, in attaining the success of the Toledo Public Library. Mrs. Francis Jermain was connected with the library for twenty-four years, and at the time of her death, Aug. 21, 1905, was superintendent. The Blade of that date said : "Mrs. Jermain was 76 years of age, and the long and useful life which closed so peacefully this morning marked the passing away of one of the most remarkable women of Toledo. During her long public career as public librarian Mrs. Jermain became known to men and women in every walk of life and for years she rendered valuable assistance to professional men as well as students and teachers, her perfect knowledge of the contents of the library making her information most valuable. "Mrs. Jermain was the daughter of Rev. George Page, a Presbyterian clergyman of Ann Arbor. She was married, when quite a young woman, to Sylvanus P. Jermain. Eight children were born to them, and sometime during the fifties Mr. Jermain died at Chillicothe, and Mrs. Jermain was left to rear her children, six of whom were living. In 1871 she came to Toledo, in 1879 was appointed reference librarian, and in 1884, librarian, which positi0n she resigned two years ago. For some time she had been engaged in preparing an elementary work on the science of heat and light to be used in the public school. She had also a work, not quite ready for publication. on the "Origin and Beginning of the Alphabet," a work that required great research and correspondence with some of the m0st eminent scholars of Europe. "The trait which marked Mrs. Jermain preeminently was her domestic nature, which was so beautifully developed in the rearing of a large family, unaided. Her public duties never interfered with EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT - 289 her home life, and the long years of her devotion to her children found its reward in the faithfulness of the children to whom she was the ideal of everything womanly and beautiful. She died in the full strength of her mental powers, only putting her pen down a few days ago and retaining her interest in her home life to the very last." William H. Maher paid her the following tribute: "It will be very hard to realize that our friend, Mrs. Jermain, has said to us her final 'good night.' I say our friend advisedly, for she was friendly to all who came within the circle of her influence, and who is here who was outside or beyond that ? What woman of Toled0 has radiated for forty vears past such helpful, kindly, courteous, refining atmosphere, and where was one whose heart was so full of love and sympathy and honest desire to be helpful to every one who came near her ? I know of no other. Most of her friends of the younger generation will not remember a time when she was not the gentle, helpful. cultured manager of our city library. Some of us can go farther back and testify to the wonderful change made in that room when she became the ruling power. She did not handle books as if they were mere merchandise, but as if each one was a sensitive soul. And her knowledge of them was not a superficial one, and of their titles only—she knew the books themselves, and was exceedingly happy in characterizing them in a few brief sentences. "I loyed to listen to Mrs. Jermain's voice, always so gentle, and to watch the ease with which exactly the right word dropped from her lips. And she wrote just as she talked—easy, graceful, illuminating. My first acquaintance with her came from my reading some pleasant sketches she wrote for the old Commercial. nearly forty years ago. It was a pity that she wrote so rarely in later years. "What a brave woman she was ! She had to be father and mother to a family of small children, and nobly did she fulfill the dual part. Her children are the living evidence of her loving ability and care, and of her refining influence. Her memory will be as sweet as that of a gentle saint who bore her burdens quietly and prayerfully whose sympathy was always ready and genuine, and whose influence was spiritually and intellectually uplifting. Her last good night would be sad to recall. if that was the end of all, but it loses its sting when we remember that in some brighter clime she is waiting to bid us a bright good morning." The following token of appreciation was written by Harvey Scribner upon the occasion of Mrs. Jermain's death : "Last night Mrs. Frances D. Jermain fell into the sleep that knows no waking as peacefully and sweetly as she had lived. No man or woman who has lived in Toledo had a larger acquaintance or more devoted friends than Mrs. Jermain. She became an assistant librarian in 1879. I was a member of the board at the time she was elected librarian, in 1884, and continued as such for some fifteen years, and during all that time never heard any but the kindliest expressions by patrons of the library for Mrs. Jermain. She was an indefatigable worker, read all the books pertaining to libraries and librarv work, kept up with the reports from the different libraries of the country, 290 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY and noted and availed herself of the suggestions made by the leading librarians of this and the .old countries. She was an ideal librarian. I doubt if there was a better informed person anywhere on books and historical characters than Mrs. Jermain. She was a living encyclopedia. When patrons of the library asked her about a country, the Philippine islands, for instance, or a historical event or character, she would refer them instantly to the book that gave the best information, and frequently would tell them all they wanted to know. She prepared the catalogue of the books of the library, containing at that time some 50,000 volumes—a work that was admirable for its classification and the facility it afforded for information. She suggested and carried out the project for the juvenile library. "Always at her post, patiently and intelligently performing her duties with so much grace and winning courtesy, she won the heartfelt affection of the librarians, the trustees and the public. She can render an account of her life that her family and friends will always remember with pride. Her death was sweet and beautiful as her life. `May flights of angels sing her to her rest.' " CHAPTER XIII. CHURCH HISTORY. EARLY RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS-FIRST MISSIONARY EFFORT-PIONEER PREACHERS-METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH-CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES-BAPTIST CHURCHES-CHRISTIAN CHURCH (DISCIPLES)- PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH-ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES- PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES-LUTHERAN CHURCHES-UNITED BRETHREN IN CHRIST-EVANGELICAL AND REFORMED EVANGELICAL-OTHER CHURCH AND ALLIED RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS. The history of the religious movement in Lucas County is a splendid record of work well done by the citizens interested in the humanities, philanthropies and spiritual life of the past and present, and it is a matter of congratulation and rejoicing to those privileged to form a part of that great army of faithful workers who, in the closing years of the past century, gave new impetus to the many movements for the moral and spiritual betterment of the county. The early years of the nineteenth century marked the practical beginning of systematic activities in the Maumee Valley. as the missionary efforts preyious to that time had not proved effective or. permanent. The new century witnessed great strides in the organization of churches. of the yarious creeds. The record is no less admonitory and instructive than it is stimulating, for it is ended. It may not now, though we wish it ever so much, be altered or revised. It is irrevocably closed. To that gift, however, which it holds by inheritance, the most valuable of all its possessions—the gift of opportunity—the Twentieth century has fallen heir. It is the recognition of the value of this gift, and of the highest use to which it may be put, that is the fundamental cause of the existence of a body of altruistic men and women in the city of Toledo and the surrounding districts of the county in this present day. Wonderful as the opportunities of the past century may haye been, still more wonderful is the fact of greater opportunities for religious and moral enlightenment at the present day. In the city of Toledo, with its cosmopolitan population, there is, in this year of 1910, one church or mission to every 1,100 inhabitants, in round numbers. Believing and hoping that these organizations are alive to their duty and professed aim. what will be the story o f religious progress when the next generation records in history the deeds of today? The story of the day when the county was an unknown part of . - 291 - 292 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY that great Territory Northwest of the Ohio River is a tribute to the individual courage and self-sacrific of the pioneer missionaries, both Catholic and Protestant. The work of the pastor or missionary of the present day calls for the same self-sacrifice and a moral courage that will equal the physical courage of the men who encountered priyation and dangers, seen and unseen, to bring the story of the Man of Nazareth to the wilds of the Northwest. The seed scattered by those early Christian workers has borne fruit many times more than a hundred fold, as may be noted by the work of over 200 churches in this county. The first missi0nary effort of which there is any record was instituted by Rev. Henri M. De Pontbriand, sixth bishop of Quebec, he being the first bishop to perform any episcopal duties within the present limits of the United States, at Detroit, Mich. He exerted himself in religious behalf in this territory by sending Father Potier, a Jesuit missionary, who in 1749 ministered to the spiritual needs of the Indians for the first time in Northern Ohio. Occasional religious work was done by the Jesuits until 1773, when they were suppressed, and from that time for several years the priests attached to the military posts were the shepherds of the meagre flocks scattered through the territory as far as Detroit. In the year 1795, after the Jesuit missions had been abandoned, there seems to have been some effort on the part of the Catholic church to reyive the work. Near Fort Meigs, on the Maumee river, at the present site of Perrysburg, the Rev Edmund Burke, an Irish priest, attached to the diocese of Quebec, began a mission among the Indians. In a letter to Archbishop Troy, dated Feb. 2,796. he wrote : "I'm here in the midst of Indians, all heathen This is the most distant parish inhabited by Catholics on this earth in it is neither law, justice, nor subjection. You never meet a man, either Indian or Canadian. without his gun and his knife. My house is on the banks of a river which falls into the lake, full of fish and fowl of all kinds the finest climate in the world." It is probable that there were Catholics among the soldiers in the fort, and he says in his letter that there were Canadians with him. Father Burke's stay in Ohio was at least one year, and then he abandoned his plan for a great Indian mission. In 1802, six years after the abandonment of the Catholic missions, the Rev. D. Bacon, working under the auspices of the Connecticut.Missionary Society, inaugurated the first Protestant mission in the Maumee valley. He left Detroit on April 29, with two companions, and in a canoe made the trip to the mouth of the river. The Indians were in a debauched state at the time, celebrating their annual spring "Conjuration Dance" on the return from the winter's hunting. This practice, together with whisky, had a demoralizing influence on the tribe. Passing on to Fort Miami, he stored his belongings. Returning next day, he found Little Otter, the chief, to whom he made known his mission and was treated in a friendly manner. The chief promised Mr. Bacon a hearing, but just at this time a child in the tribe died, which led to another drunken time. Tired of waiting, Mr. Bacon started up the CHURCH HISTORY - 293 river for provisions, and that night encamped about fiye miles from the mouth of the river, near the Indian dancing ground, in the neighborhood of what is now the block between Elm and Buffalo streets, Toledo, then a favorite rendezvous for the Indians. On May 14, Mr. Bacon finally got his hearing at the mouth of the river, when he laid before the assembled tribe the object of his visit. The chief, Little Otter, replied with the following speech, which gave but little encouragement to the plucky missionary. It may be timely to mention that Mr. Bacon's speech was quite lengthy, and he had to supply the Indians with tobacco that they might listen with patience. Chief Otter said : "Brother, we listened to you and heard all you had to say to us. Since that we have been thinking of what you said to us and have been talking it over among ourselves and have made up our minds. Now, brother, if you will listen to us, we will give you an answer. But it is our way to be very short. Our white brothers, when they make speeches, are very lengthy. . . . We understand that you want us to raise plenty of corn and wheat, horses and cattle, and all other things and creatures that you raise ; and that you want us to live like the people that wear hats. And we believe that you, and our great fathers that sent you, wish to do us all the good you can ; that you want to make us happy, not only here, but in the world to come. Brother, we know that you spoke true when you told us that our game was growing scarce, and that it would soon be that we could not live by hunting as we used to. We feel very poor and we do not know how we are going to live or what we shall do. Now, brother, if you and your great black gowns and chiefs want to help us and make us happy, why don't you stop your people from settling so near us ? If you would do this we might have game enough and do very well. Brother, we know that it is all true what you say to us about the stuff which the white people make we like so well. We know that it makes us foolish, and quarrelsome, and poor, and that it destroys us, greatly diminishing our number ; that we used to be much happier before it came among us, and that it would be much better for us to be entirely without it. You do know how to make it ; Indians don't know how t0 make it and have nothing to make it of. If your people did not make it and bring it to us we would not have it. . . . Brother, since it is so, why do you not stop your people from bringing it among us If vou would do this, then perhaps you might get us to come and live together in one village, so that you might have an opportunity to instruct us and do us good. . . . We understand that you were sent out to travel around and visit the Indians in order to find out their minds concerning this business. You have seen but a few Indians yet. There are a great many that live away back of us. If you were to go and see them all it would take you two or three years. We think you had better go and talk with them all, and see what they think of it ; and if they will agree to have black gowns we will agree to have one too. This is all the red brothers have to say to you." This first effort on the part of the missionary, 108 years ago, did not avert the doom which whisky so rapidly brought to the Indians, for 294 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY within thirty-five years of that time, but a small remnant had escaped the inevitable end, and that remnant was transported beyond the Mississippi, surrendering their possessions in this valley to the white race. Soon after the events last recorded, Mr. Bacon abandoned this field for Northern Michigan. On June 10, 1805, the Rev. Joseph Badger, of Wyndham, Mass., engaged to visit the Wyandotte Indians in Michigan Territory. He left Cleveland in company with Captain Parish, of Canandaigua, N. Y., and a Mr. Knaggs, of Detroit, as interpreters, who were to attend a treaty meeting to be held at Fort Industry, now Toledo. Passing through the black swamp for about thirty-five miles, they camped in the woods. Next day they forded the river at the rapids, breakfasted with a French settler, and forded down Swan creek to near Fort Industry, where the government agent, a Mr. Jewett, and the commissioner of the Connecticut Fire Lands Company, and the chiefs of eight tribes were in council. Mr. Badger lived among the Indians in this territory for about five years and succeeded in doing effective work, especially along the line of temperance reform. Having a large field to cover, which was accomplished largely on horseback through unbroken land, his work, at best discouraging, was hindered by a general lack of sympathy, which, however, only added to his zeal. This was rewarded eventually by a growing respect for him and a confidence in his judgment in other matters. Among the prominent early missionaries, the name of the Rev. Isaac VanTassel stands out. This pioneer married the daughter of Mr. Badger, at Ashtabula, Ohio, and came at once to the Maumee valley, landing Oct. 27, 1822. The couple proceeded to the Mission House, nine miles up the river, at the mouth of Tontogany creek. The Mission family now numbered thirteen persons, besides several employes. The Mission House, a log building, 16x60 feet, and 240 acres of land, gave asylum and sustenance to the noble workers, who began active work among the Ottawas, Nov. 26, 1822. The distinctive work of this mission was as much the general education of the young as the religious training. The pupils the first winter averaged thirty, and the adults were reached through interpreters. It is said that at least thirty persons were converted through the agency of this mission, but great opposition by Indian traders prevented more aggressive work at this time. One of the mission buildings still stood, in 1873, and was at that time owned by George and Thomas Yunt. THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. The Methodists lay claim to having established the first permanent church in Toledo, when, in 1825, the Rev. J. A. Baughman was sent under a regular assignment and held forth in that part of the city known among that denomination as the Monroe street parish. It is said that the first congregation of Methodists gathered within the city was brought here in a lumber wagon, in the spring of 1833, and con- CHURCH HISTORY - 295 sisted of seven persons. Several classes were formed as soon as possible in the homes of members, and these classes organized the Monroe street congregation. What is now Monroe street charge was part of the Toledo circuit until Sylvania circuit was formed, when it became a part of that. The affairs of this early charge are not well known, as no record of any value can be found since the burning of the original Monroe Street Church, in 1891, but in 1875, Monroe street charge became a station. In 1859, a brick edifice was erected at a cost of $1,400, being dedicated in August of that year by Rev. Granville Moody. At the present time the membership is over 300 ; their building, at the corner of Monroe and Auburn streets, was erected at a cost of $11,000, and the present pastor is Rev. M. C. Howey. St. Paul's was the second Methodist Episcopal church in the city and was organized by Rey. S. Baumgardner, in 1836, on Huron street, between Locust and Walnut. In 1851 a better location was chosen on the corner of Madison and Superior streets, where a lot was bought for $800, and a brick church built at a cost of $2,000. The first regular pastor was Rev. J. T. Caples, who served the congregation for two years. In 1865, the building on Madison street was sold, but services were still held there until the dedication of the present church, on the corner of Madison and Thirteenth streets. At this dedicatory service $18,000 was raised, and within four years $23,000 more was subscribed toward the total cost of $60.000. The present pastor of this church is Rey. R. D. Hollington. In 1853, a mission was started on La Grange street, between Huron and Superior, known as the Ames Chapel. Worship was conducted in a frame structure, afterward replaced by brick. In 1872. the name was changed to St. John's Church, and another building on Magnolia street was provided, which was destroyed by fire in 1899, but was immediately rebuilt, and is in use at the present time. The first pastor was Rev. J. H. Wilson. The present pastor is Rey. W. J. Hagerman, who has spiritual oversight of 300 members. The Broadway M. E. Church, which is situated on the east side of Broadway. between Crittenden and *Western ayenues, was the first Protestant church in that immediate neighborhood. It was organized in 1859. a building was erected, and from that time to the present the membership has been on a steady increase, until the present roll is 300. The church building, which is of brick, is valued at $22,000. The pastor is Rey. B. F. Reading. In 1850 the German Methodists organized a small class in the home of J. Von Gunden. There were eight persons in this company, and they had preaching only every three weeks. Shortly after their organization, nineteen other persons joined the church. In a few months a private house was too small to hold the congregation, so they were admitted into the English Methodist Church on Huron street. In about a year they bought this church, feeling the need of a building of their own. In 1852. another story was added to this building to accommodate the needs of the rapidly increasing membership. In 1865, under the pastorate of Rev. P. F. Schneider, property was purchased on Ontario, near Walnut street, where the old building was 296 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY moved. By the year 1880, the congregation had grown to such extent that the old building was removed and the present commodious and beautiful permanent structure was erected at a cost of $20,000. The seating capacity is 600, while the present membership is 200. The church, which is known as Emanuel (German) Methodist Episcopal Church, was built under the pastorate of Rev. Henry Jend. The present pastor is Rev. C. E. Severinghaus. The Zion (German) Methodist Episcopal Church, which is located on Segur avenue, was organized in 1858, as a mission of Emanuel Church, and was conducted as such for ten years. when it was organized as an independent charge by the Rev. G. A. Reuter. This, like the mother church, had a rapid and steady growth, until at this time it is considered the strongest church of that denomination in the county, having an active membership of 240. The church building, which originally cost $8,000, was later remodeled at an additional cost 0f $2,000. The present pastor is Rev. J. Mayer. The early records of the Euclid Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church are missing, but it was organized as the Third Street Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1866, by the Rev. John Farley, who was succeeded by the Rev. J. A. Smith. During the above pastorates seryices were held in Brown's Hall, corner of Front and Oak streets. A church building was erected under the pastorate of the Rev. J. W. Miller and was dedicated by the old pioneer Methodist preacher, the Rey. Elnathan C. Gavitt, D. D. The membership, which is about 450, has at present a beautiful church on Euclid avenue, corner of Starr, which cost $29,000. The present pastor is the Rev. C. W. Sutton. The Collingwood Methodist Episcopal Church, which was originally known as the Tremainesville charge, was organized in 1865, in a frame building on Detroit avenue. In 1874 it was reorganized and the present brick building was erected, under the pastorate of Rev. J. H. Wilson, with sixty members at the time. The membership is now 185, with a Sunday school of 240. The pastor is Rev. Charles Fulkerson. (See also Washington township.) The Asbury Meth0dist Episcopal Church was formerly the Detroit Avenue Church, coming into being under that name in 1875, in a building on the corner of Detroit avenue and Forrer street. Later on a larger and more modern building was placed on the corner of Detroit and Fernwood avenues. The present pastor is Rev. William Hook. The St. James Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1875, on the corner of Albany and Erie streets, in the northern part of the city, and was known at that time as the Albany Street Church. It now homes its 150 members in a fine building, which cost the congregation $15,000. The pastor is Rev. C. W. Collinge. The Salem (German) Methodist Episcopal Church was organized as the East Toledo German Methodist Mission, in 1887. In 1889 a church was built and dedicated on the corner of Federal and Nevada streets. In 1908 a new church was erected at a cost of $3,000. The first pastor was Rev. Carl A. Militzer, and the present pastor is Rev. CHURCH HISTORY - 297 J. H. Holtkamp, who has charge of a membership of ninety-fiye persons. Galena Street ( German) Methodist Episcopal Church was organized to cater to the needs of the Germans of the Methodist church in the northern part of Toledo. The congregation has a small frame church on Galena street. The pastor is Rev. A. W. Klaiber. Clark Street Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1889 by Rev. M. M. Figley, who was at that time pastor of the Third street church. A church edifice was erected and dedicated, in 1890, at which time Rey. J. C. Shaw was appointed to the pastorate. but the same year he was transferred to Perrysburg. The church is in a prosperous condition, with Rev. H. J. Jewitt as pastor. The membership is over 350, and in connection there is a large Sunday school and one of the largest Epworth League organizations in the district. The present church building is valued at $r8.000. Ironville Methodist Episcopal Church is situated in the northeast part of the city. It has a present membership of 140 and a Sunday school of over 300 members. The church property is valued at $5,000. The pastor is Rev. J. W. Smith. Central Ayenue Methodist Episcopal Church, on the corner of Central and Detroit ayenues, has a brick building, yalued at S17.000. The church membership is 170. and the Sunday school membership is 350. The pastor is Rev. N. S. Brackney. Western Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church, on the corner of Edna street. is ministered to by the Rev. B. L. Rowland. The society has a church building that cost $3,000. The membership is 219, according to the church report, and it has a Sunday school membership of 260. Spring Street Methodist Church, corner of Mulberry street. is a small organization of only forty members. It owns a church property valued at 83,000. The present pastor is the Rev. Richard Wallace. Hamilton Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church, on East Broadway and Freedom street, is a small but growing congregation of people, who are under the spritual guidance of Rev. J. W. Smith. Epworth Methodist Episcopal Church, on the corner of Parkwood and Delaware avenues, was organized May 25, 1894, with a charter membership of sixty-eight. The work was organized by Rev. J. W. Dorman. The present membership, which is under the pastoral care of the Rev. J. H. Bickford, numbers about 375 persons. It has a church building valued at $60,000. Bethany Methodist Episcopal Church, while beyond the city limits, is considered one of the East Side churches. It is in a prosperous condition, drawing its membership largely from the rural districts. The building is on Woodville, near Brand street. The pastor is the Rev. G. Matthews. Maplewood Chapel is a small congregation under the care of Rev. N. S. Brackney, pastor of the Central Avenue Church. Besides the churches in the city above mentioned, there are two churches for the colored people. The first step in the religious care and provision for the colored people of the Methodist faith was taken 298 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY in 1850. Funds were raised for a schoolhouse and church and the "Toledo Colored School Association" was organized. In 1862 a colored Sunday school was organized in the old frame building on Erie street, between Monroe and Washington, known as the first courthouse of the county. A congregation was organized and known as Warren Chapel, but it was afterward changed to the First African Methodist Episcopal Church. A building adjoining the 0ld courthouse was erected in 1864. The pastor is Rev. J. A. Collins. Zion (Colored) Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1884, and is situated on Beach street. Of the Methodist churches outside of the city and in the county can be mentioned the Maumee Church, Rev. J. W. Reynolds, pastor Waterville and Whiteh0use, pastored by Rev. E. L. Motter ; Holland, in charge of the pastor of Asbury' ; Sylvania, Berky and Michaw, under the pastoral care of Rev. J. A. Steen. (See township churches.) CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES. The First Congregational Church originated in the First Presbyterian Church, was organized in 1833 by the Rev. Warren Isham, and which is also said to have been the first organized church in Toledo. The form of government was changed from Presbyterian to Congregational, in 1841, under the pastorate of the Rev. Haswell. The two organizations existed until 1844. when, in July of that year, the two united under the name of the First Congregational Church, with a membership of thirty-three persons. A building was erected in 1845, at a cost of $7,000. This was enlarged, in 1856, to meet the demands of the growing congregation. In 1861 this building was destroyed by fire, and it was replaced in 1862 by the present structure on St. Clair street. The membership at present is 630, and the pastor is the Rev. George R. Wallace, D. D. The first Congregational church of Oregon township was organized at the residence of Horace Howland, Oct. 20, 1849, with a membership of seven persons, and the first c0mmunion services were held at the home of William Consaul. Dec. 9, 1849. In 1850 a log church was built, near the corner of Grand street and Creek road, and the Rev. Ezra Howland was called as past0r, that gentleman continuing in charge until the breaking out of the Civil war, when all the male members of the church, excepting the pastor, entered the service of their country. On Sept. 5, 1868, the church was reorganized and its name was changed to the Second Congregational Church 0f Toledo. A frame church was built on the site of the present building, 0n F0urth street, between Cherry and Oak, and Rev. Robert. Quaife was chosen as pastor. In July, 1891, work was commenced on a brick building, which was completed early in the following year. About ten years ago fire almost totally destroyed the church, but it was immediately rebuilt at a cost of $9,000. The present membership is 340, with a Sunday. school of 200, under the spiritual guidance of Rev. George Hatfield. The Washington Street Congregational Church is the outgrowth CHURCH HISTORY - 299 of a small Sunday school, which was opened on Erie street, near the canal weight-locks, and known as the "Point Mission." In 1873 this school was removed to Washington street, near Dorr. A permanent organization was the result, taking the name of Washington Street Congregational Church. The first pastor was Rev. J. F. Ellis. In July, 1867, a Sabbath school was organized in the Protestant Orphan's Home, which movement resulted in a mission known as the La Grange Street Mission. In 1883 a chapel was built and dedicated, and in June of that year the Rev. P. S. Slevin was chosen as chaplain. This mission continued until 1888, when, in January of that year, a special meeting was called and a more permanent organization was effected under the name of La Grange Congregational Church of Christ, of which church Rev. George Candee was first pastor. In September, 1893, the body was incorporated under the name of Plymouth Congregational Church. A brick building was erected, in 1895. at a cost of $7,000. The present membership is 200, and is ministered to by Rev. Matthew Mullen. The Central Congregational Church was organized, Feb. 6, 1881, with 102 charter members, most of them coming from the Westminster Presbyterian Church. Rev. Henry M. Bacon, D. D., was the pastor, beginning his service with the organization of the church. Public worship was held in the brick building on the corner of Adams and Tenth streets, the same having been rented from the trustees of the University of Arts and Trades. About three years later the building was bought by the church for $8.000. The membership of the church increased rapidly during the first two or three years of its existence. Reverend Bacon died in 1894 and was succeeded by Rev. Charles L. Hyde, who served as pastor until 1897, when he resigned. Rev. F. D. Kelsey, Sc. D., was installed pastor in 1897, remaining in office until his death, in 1904. Shortly before his death the cornerstone of the present stone edifice was laid, the building on Tenth street having been sold to a corporation acting in the interests of the Wabash railroad, for $44,000. The new church, which, including lot and furnishings, cost $83,000, is located on the corner of Coiling-wood and Acklin avenues. It was dedicated Dec. 24, 1905. After the death of Dr. Kelsey, Rev. W. A. Cutler was stated supply until the present pastor, Rev. Charles W. Huntington, D. D., began his service, Oct. I, 1905. Dr. Huntington's installation as pastor took place Jan. 16, 1906. There have been over 200 additions to the membership of the church during the four years that it has been in its present location. The membership, on Jan. 1, 1910, was 461. The Birmingham Congregational Church was organized, April 21, 1893, and a church was erected on Paine avenue, near Genesee street. Following are the names of the first officers : Trustees—N. S. Lewis, G. W. Pollitt, Stephen Wood, R. G. Brentlinger and Robert Young; treasurer, Miss Lillie .Valentine ; clerk, George W. Carpenter. The pastors who have officiated up to date are Rev. E. A. Woodruff, Rev. Robert Quaife and Rev. W. H. Baker. The Mayflower Congregational Church is at 1511 Dorr street, and provides for the persons of that faith in that section of the city.