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CHAPTER I.

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* THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.

THE history of the Medical Profession of Lucas County is coeval with its settlement. Among the hardy pioneers who cam from cultivated homes to win fame and fortune in the wilderness, were men who had reputation for peculiar knowledge of disease. I cannot be truthfully said, that all those who called themselves Physicians, were skilled in the arts of Medicine and Surgery; but the knowledge possessed was so heroically an persistently made use of, that untold benefit followed in the path trod by the pioneer Doctor

It was not always choice that led to the selection of a locality in which to establish professional reputation. The lives of many o the cultivated Physicians of those early days reveal the fact that chance, not choice, frequently led to the opening of the office, or rather to the anchoring of the saddle-bags When a successful practitioner, grown gray in the service, was asked how he came to select a his home, a neighboring Town, which to-day is beautiful and lovely, among the fairest of the plain, he said : "Dr. W- and myself came t this place a half century ago-not because w had ever heard of the place, but because, in trying to get to a chosen field, we ' got stuck in the mud' here. To go back was mud; to go forward, was more mud; and so we planted ourselves here to grow up with the country, and benefit those who might desire our professional assistance."

The trials and tribulations of the early-day Doctors cannot be thoroughly appreciated by those of to-day. Settled in a supposed business center, with no incentive to work, except the desire to assist suffering humanity, the disappointments and hardships encountered seem almost incredible. With no road but the bridle-path through an almost impassable wilderness-with rivers to ford or swim-pro. visions to carry-storms to encounter and distances to be overcome-the pioneer Physician was a hero, and should be honored as such. To hear from lips still living of the experiences of the frontier life of that early day, and to converse with those who have seen everything that makes a country desirable, brought from the wilds of the wilderness into cultivated beauty, is a joy that is fast passing away, as one by one their eyes are closed in the eternal sleep. Medical men are still living with us, who have seen all these changes and experienced all these discomforts, and as the

* By William C. Chapman, M. D., Toledo.

individual histories of these men are perused, a clearer and more complete understanding will be gained of the experiences of those who have suffered, that we may enjoy to the full.

For some years before name was given tot Toledo, settlements had been made at various points on the River, both above and below our present City. Maumee, above, had attracted attention, and with the tide of immigration tending toward that point, we find that physicians were necessary, and the demand being supplied, our history of the medical profession will, therefore, begin with the men who were first to make their homes in that locality. It must not be supposed that the practices of these pioneers were limited to the immediate neighborhoods of their offices. So few and scattered were the homes of the frontier settlers, that the demands for medical assistance often came from 30 or more miles distant. It was no uncommon common thing for a call to come from Defiance or other places equally remote to the first settlers at Maumee. At this time there was, perhaps, no more unhealthy place upon the whole continent than at this point of Wood and Lucas Counties. The River, from its headwaters at Fort Wayne, ran slowly through the marshes of the Black Swamp. The land being flat and covered with forests, with no drainage, was a hot-bed of miasm, and was as uninviting as possible to the frontiersman. As land was redeemed from its primitive condition, after the plow-furrow followed the malaria, until whole communities were prostrated with the dread fever and ague. Medicine and medical men were in great demand, and so those first to locate had all that they could do to answer the calls of the suffering. Most of these men have passed away, there remaining but three to tell the tales of primitive times, Drs. Clark and Chase, of Toledo, and Dr. Pray, of Waterville. From the lips of these much of the following history has been obtained.

The first physician that settled in this region was a Dr. Barton. Nothing can be said of him, except that he located about the Rapids of the Maumee in the early part of the century, he taking the place of the Missionaries who had some skill in the healing art, being accustomed to aid both Indians and whites when called upon. Dr. Barton was still at Maumee when Dr. Conant came to that place in 1816.

Dr. Horatio Conant was born in Mansfield, Connecticut, on the 25th of November, 1785.

542 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

He received the degree of A. B. in 1810, at Middlebury College, and in 1813 the degree of A. M. He was engaged two and a half years as tutor in the College. He studied anatomy at Malone, New York, with Dr. Waterhouse. In 1815 he visited Detroit and spent the Winter with his brother, a merchant. In 1816, with Almon Gibbs, e opened a stock of goods on the North side of the River, opposite Fort Meigs. Continuing mercantile business about one year, he commenced the practice of medicine, and, although at different periods he held official positions, such as Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, Postmaster, Collector of Customs, Justice of the Peace for nearly half a century, and the office of County Clerk after the organization of Lucas County, he made his profession his chief business. His professional visits extended up the Maumee River to Defiance; embraced all the country below ; North to the Raisin River, and East and South to the Portage River and Blanchard's Fork ; and on one occasion as far as Fort Wayne. In making a horseback trip to Defiance once during the Spring, he -vas obliged to swim eight streams. At Defiance he left his horse and purchased a canoe, in which he floated to his home. In December, 1817, Dr. Conant married Mrs. Eliza Forsyth, widow of Captain Forsyth. In 1828 Mrs. Conant died, and in 1832 he again married, his second wife being Mrs. Eunice Upton, who died June 8, 1877. Dr. Conant died December 10, 1879, aged (94 years. As indicated by the above statement (furnished by his step-daughter, Mrs. S. M. Young, of Toledo), he was an active, earnest worker in his profession. That he stood high in the community is made apparent by his continuance in offices of public trust for many years. As with many men of sterling worth, his unassuming manner and pleasing address always gained for him the respect and confidence of all who knew him.

Dr. Walter Colton, father of the late Carlos Colton, of Toledo, was born in New England in 1773, where having spent 50 years of his life, he concluded to move Westward, and selected Maumee as the place for a home. To this place e came in 1823, when there was nothing there but a very few houses. He remained in Maumee until 1827, when he removed to Monroe, Michigan, where he remained until his death, which occurred September 26, 1834, of cholera. Dr. Colton was esteemed as a Physician. He was strong in his convictions, and when satisfied that his treatment was correct, no one could change him. His views of the treatment of cholera were peculiar, viz.: that by partaking inwardly of cold water only, and injecting the veins with a large quantity of common salt in warm water, he could best combat the disease. This belief was so strong that he insisted upon it in treatment of himself. Dr. Colton was grandfather of A. W. Colton, now living in Toledo.

Dr. Oscar White was born November 18, 1809, at Ackworth, New Hampshire, a small Village where School privileges were limited. His father, Samuel White, was of the old Puritan stock ; his mother was a granddaughter of Israel Putnam. Oscar was the eldest of a large family of boys, and was early in life trained to hard work. His father was considered well-to do, owning his farm of 50 acres upon which was situated a large tannery, which he managed with the help of his boys. There was plenty of everything but money. Oscar, fully understanding the difficulties in the way, decided when quite young, to get an education, and if possible study medicine. He struggled along, working days and studying nights, until e reached his 14th birthday. At this time his uncle, Dr. Charles White, invited him to live with him, promising to aid him in every possible way. Dr. Charles having no children, his offer was thankfully accepted, and the next three years were passed by Oscar in study and in helping his uncle about the office and house. He next entered Dartmouth College, taking first the academic and then the medical course. In 1829, at the age of 20 he was graduated, taking the degree of Doctor of Medicine. A few months thereafter Dr. White started out to find a home in the far West, Ohio being at that time considered the very outpost of civilization. After a limited survey e determined to locate in Detroit, and was looking up suitable quarters, when he received a call from Dr. Conant, who had located some time before in Maumee, who came to urge him to settle with him, as he considered it a much better opening for a young Physician. Before coming to Michigan, Dr. White had visited Maumee and decided against it, thinking the work only sufficient for one. Having so decided, he at first refused Dr. Conant, but after a time was over persuaded, and the two returned together to Maumee City, when a partnership was entered into which extended over a period of many years, and a friendship was formed which was only terminated by death. The practice thus begun extended in a few years to large proportions, so that Dr. White was called from Defiance, from Tecumseh, Michigan, and as far in other directions. With no roads save bridle-paths, he was often compelled to ride horseback days at a stretch in order to reach his patients; fording streams; wet often for hours, and chilled with the fierce winds, often in winter having his clothing frozen upon his person, there being no houses to stop at; riding night and day, summer and winter, keeping a relay of horses where most needed. This he did for many years, and until the laborious and exhausting effects of his efforts made hint prematurely aged and infirm, and necessitated the abandonment of his much loved profession. In 1834 Dr. White married Miss Anna Maria

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Jackson, daughter of' James Jackson, first Agent for the Ottawa Indians, who were then living in this section. Mr. Jackson was appointed by President Jackson, a first cousin of his. The same year the small-pox broke out among the Indians, and made fearful inroads, many dying of the scourge. Fearing the dis ease would spread to other tribes, the Government ordered the Ottawas vaccinated, and Dr. White was appointed to do the work. The Indians 'were terror-stricken at this order, thinking it a new method for exterminating them, and at first refused to submit; but after a time they were persuaded and were all vaccinated, and soon the dread disease disappeared. When performing this work, Dr. White came near losing his life. Not understanding the Indian language, an interpreter was furnished him, and an old Indian who had some influence with the Chiefs was chosen for this purpose. Through some misunderstanding about the place of meeting, Dr. White reached the Indian Camp first, and thinking the matter had been fully explained, he opened his saddle-bags, took out his case of instruments, and prepared to commence operations. Seeing only dark and scowling faces about him, he wondered, but being of a fearless nature, was not frightened. He caught a little boy standing watching him, and proceeded to vaccinate him. The child screamed and in a moment the whole camp was aroused. All the Indians, male and female, rushed to rescue the papoose, and but for the timely arrival of the interpreter, Dr. White would not have vaccinated another papoose. In 1858, Dr. White removed to Toledo, where e lived until called away from earthly scenes in 1883, being at the time of his death 74 years of age, over 50 years of his life having been spent in the Maumee Valley. Within that time he had seen all there had been of its growth and development. At the time of his coming, there was only one log-house on the present site of' Toledo. Maumee was the metropolis of the sparser• settled district. For the last years of Dr. White's life e was invalided through an attack of paralysis, occasioned by his hard and laborious work during the earlier part of his life. He gave to the Toledo Medical Association his large and valuable library, which he had accumulated during his practice. A kindly. helpful, gentle spirit passed away when he sank to rest, and the world is better for the memory and example e has left.

Dr. J. V. D. Sutphen was born July 24, 1802, in Hunterdon County, New Jersey. He attended School in Nevi- Brunswick, afterwards studied medicine with Dr. Vandenburg of Somerset County; took a course of lectures in New York, and afterwards at Castleton, Vermont, where e was graduated in 1824. He came to Toledo in 1825. Subsequently he bought an interest in 77 acres of land, elsewhere referred to as purchased of him by J. W. Scott. Upon this land he erected his dwelling and commenced the practice of his profession. This dwelling was a small log house and stood where the late Mrs. Holmes's residence now is, on Madison Street, corner of Fifteenth. In the year 1827, Dr. Sutphen married Mrs. Mary Rose, a step-sister of Mrs. Sanford L. Collins, and to them were born five children-two sons and three daughters-all living. In 1832 he sold 70 acres of his tract of' land to Mr. Scott for $12 per acre, reserving the Westerly portion, now known as the Fitch property, for his homestead, erecting thereon a commodious frame house, in which he lived for several years. On the breaking out of the Toledo War he espoused the cause of Michigan, believing she was right in her claim. When the question was finally decided, he was so deeply chagrined that he determined to remove to his beloved Michigan, and selling his house in the year 1836, he removed to Berrien, St. Joseph County, and after devoting himself' to his professional duties for several years, he moved to Clay County, Indiana, where he died in 1856. Dr. Sutphen was an educated physician ; was graduated in Eastern Schools, and came to the West, hoping to build up a successful practice. This he did, having during his residence in Toledo gained an enviable reputation. His friendships were strong and lasting, and his disposition one of gentleness and benevolence. A friend, who knew him intimately, says, "Speak of him as a more than ordinary man, both as a physician and a gentleman." It was unfortunate that being of strong prejudice, he should allow his feelings to overcome his judgment. Against all advice, e left Ohio where he had established a reputation for ability, and located far away from friends and acquaintances. If he bad remained in Toledo, his life would have been one of great usefulness, and he would, beyond doubt, have reached a high position in his professional career. Mrs. Calvin Bronson, of Toledo, a sister of Dr. Sutphen, has assisted in the relation of many of the above given facts.

Dr. John Fassett was born in Bennington, Vermont, December 17, 1769. His ancestors were all of the hardy stock which made New England so famous for strength of her sons. His father was a Revolutionary Soldier. In early life the Doctor removed to Cambridge, Vermont, and when old enough was sent to Amherst, New Hampshire, to study medicine with Dr. Peabody, who gave him thorough instruction, thus fitting him for his after professional life. He began his practice in Cambridge, his home, but desiring to extend his field of usefulness, determined to move West. Selecting Vistula as his future home, where he arrived on October 12, 1832, he immediately entered 80 acres of land, at what is now the foot of Locust Street. As there was no tavern

544 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

in that section of country, he began the erection of a hotel building, locating it at about the spot where William Wilmington's residence now stands (385 Summit Street). He named it the " Mansion House." It yet stands, and is one of the oldest in Toledo, having been moved to Locust Street, just North of the corner of Summit. Having completed the hotel, be immediately constructed his own residence of logs on the present site of Westminster Church, Southeast corner of Superior and Locust Streets. There being then no other Physician in the neighborhood, and much sickness prevailing, Dr. Fassett was overworked to such extent that be was compelled to remove from the West side of the River, and crossed to the East side, and established himself at the point where the Cherry Street bridge now terminates. He named his home Utah Post Office, as all mail for the surrounding country was left there for distribution. Afterwards the name was changed to Yondota, and again to East Toledo. Although desirous of giving up his profession and devoting himself to agriculture, Dr. Fassett was never permitted to do so, as his reputation was of the best as a skillful physician. During the cholera epidemic his treatment was very successful. He died in n May, 1853, aged 84 years.

Dr. Welcome Pray was born in the Town of Winfield, Herkimer County, New York, on October 27, 1.809. Having received an education from the Schools of that part of the State, he attended lectures and was graduated from the Western College of Physicians and Surgeons located at Fairfield, New York, an uncle, Dr. Paris Pray, being his preceptor. Having received his diploma in the Spring of 1830, he immediately began the practice of his profession, but being a young man he believed that his field for usefulness was away from the scenes of his boyhood, and so chose Ohio as his future home, removing to this State in 1833. Maumee City was at this time the largest place of Northwestern Ohio, and he selected the Village of Waterville, only a few miles South of that metropolis. Toledo at that time was but a hamlet, not even having received its name, for Vistula and Port Lawrence were separated by forests and bluffs. Many a time our pioneer Doctor was compelled to swim his horse in crossing Swan Creek when desiring to reach Port Lawrence. Dr. Pray has lived in the same locality for 53 years, and when visited some time ago at his home, was able to recall many incidents of his professional life, which were interesting and instructive. For some time past, he has been suffering from a partial paralysis, the left side of the body being almost entirely useless. Notwithstanding this affliction, he appears to be as well preserved as any man of his age; and although be knows his life-work is ended, he still lives to enjoy the fruits of a well-spent and useful life.

Dr. Harvey Burritt was a native of Connecticut, having been born in that State in 1804. After attending School for some years, e began reading Medicine, his early advantages in the study of his profession being of a high order. He was graduated at the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons under the tuition of those giants of the profession of that day, Willoughby, Delamater, McNaughton, Romeyn, Beck and others. His professional attainments corresponded with the advantages possessed, of which his highly successful practice in Wood County, as well as at Maumee City, furnishes ample demonstration. He came to the Maumee Valley in 1833, and settled at Gilead, Wood County, where for nearly 20 years e followed the practice of Medicine with continued success, beloved and honored by all classes of his fellow-citizens. In 1853, he removed to Maumee City, where he was engaged in his professional duties until his death. An old acquaintance of 30 years' standing observed : "I can most truly say of him, that very few more useful men ever lived in this Valley. I never knew a Phvsician who practiced the profession with as much assiduity, or who with equal generosity attended on both rich and poor. The hearts of thousands will beat with emotion, and their eyes fill with tears at the announcement of his demise." Dr. Burritt married on December 13, 1831, in Campbelltown, New York, Miss Babcock, who survived him, his death occurring on February 10, 1868, at Maumee City. An only child, Dr. W. H. Burritt, is living and following his father's profession at the old home, from whom was obtained the foregoing history.

Dr. Jacob Clark was born June 8, 1807, at Poughkeepsie, New York; studied medicine with Dr. Caleb Pierce of St. Lawrence County. New York, and was graduated at Burlington, Vermont, in 1828. After practicing at Canton, St. Lawrence County, e removed to Toledo in 1834, where e still lives, one of the three living pioneer Doctors. At the time of his arrival on the Maumee there were but few houses, and the whole River front from Oak to Lagrange Street was a dense forest, with wild rice growing into the River from both shores. Many a night the Doctor has sat upon his door-step and heard wolves answering wolves on the opposite shore of the River. His first residence is still standing, now called the Laird House, 461 Summit Street. During the year 1838 scarcely any rain fell and the whole earth was parched and burnt. The Canal was being dug and a large number of Irish laborers were camped along the line upon the flats. Most of them were too sick to work, and endeavored to drown their sorrows with whisky. Many interesting anecdotes are related by the Doctor in describing his endeavors to treat these poor destitute sufferers. Toledo at this time was perhaps among the most unhealth-

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ful places in the universe. During the cholera epidemic, in 1849, the call for assistance was so great that Dr. Clark, as well as all other Physicians, was nearly worn out by his labors. No success followed the treatment as generally pursued, but adopting a method of bleeding, as recommended by foreign Physicians, the number of his recoveries was remarkable Enthusiastically, he says: "If I treated cholera now, I would bleed and save my patient bleed until you think you are killing the patient, and he will get well." At the age of 80 Dr. Clark retains his vigor, and his erect form may be seen on the Streets every day. His fund of anecdote is large, and an hour spent with him is highly entertaining and instructive. [Elsewhere will be found mention of Dr. Clark and historical facts supplied by him.]

Dr. John Mosher was one of the pioneer Physicians of Lucas County. He was born in Dorset, Vermont, March 28, 1805, and was graduated at Woodstock, same State, in 1831. He removed to Toledo in 1834; and after practicing his profession there for 11 years, he retired in 1845 to a farm in Oregon Township, where he led the quiet life of the Farmer, yet occasionally rendering medical aid to his neighbors. While not regarded as wealthy, he accumulated considerable property, and died at his residence, October 24, 1872, aged 67 years.

Dr. Horace Green was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, in 1811. He attended School there until his father moved to Wayne County, New York, when he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Lovejoy. He attended lectures at Geneva College, receiving his diploma there in 1835, and removed to Sylvania in the same year. He was successful in business, but during the cholera epidemic of 1849 he contracted that disease, of which he died at the age of 38 years, leaving a wife and three children. His widow and two daughters (Mrs. William .leers and Mrs. A. D. Randall) still reside in Sylvania, the one son, C. H. Green, residing in Toledo. In speaking of hint, his obituary says : "A kind and affectionate husband and parent, a confiding friend, an obliging neighbor, a prompt medical attendant, and a true friend in affliction, leas passed away."

Dr. James L. Chase was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, February 10, 1805. In 1816 the family removed to Titusville, Pennsylvania, then a mere hamlet, while " Seneca Oil," now the great " Petroleum," was known only as a remedial agent. In 1827 they went to Forest County, same State, where James engaged in iron manufacture. At the age of 23 years he commenced the study of medicine, and three years later had completed the same. January 1, 1836, e reached Lucas County, then just organized, stopping at Manhattan, which continued to be his home while there was a Manhattan. He came but a few months after the more threatening events of the boundary question had transpired, but in time to see much of the bitterness which the contest had caused. The final adjustment of the dispute in the admission of Michigan into the Union, had not then been reached. But the Doctor was here in ample time for another local contest, which took many years for its outcome. That consisted in the struggle for supremacy between the rival " Cities " which lined the banks of the Maumee from its mouth to the foot of the Rapids. Of' these none prosecuted its claims with more assurance and energy than did Manhattan, which to its people seemed to have material advantages over all others. Among these, in succession, were the terminus of the Miami and Erie and Wabash Canals and of the Ohio Railroad-two considerations which could hardly be more hopeful of future success. The Canal was secured, but was disappointing in its results, while the Railroad was never finished. Dr. Chase soon began the practice of medicine, which was continued for nearly 40 years in that locality, and has now scarcely been relinquished in his 83d year. His " ride "covering a circuit of 30 miles-was one of the most severe even in this region ; and it is safe to say, that few pioneer settlements were subjected to greater sickness and poverty, than were those embraced within his practice. Dr. Chase was the Township Treasurer of Manhattan for 36 years, and a Trustee for several terms. He remained in Manhattan as long as the name was spared from the territorial grasp of its older rival, when, in 1874, he removed to his present home, 602 Superior street, Mrs. Chase and daughter Hattie being yet with him ; while his son, George, resides at Detroit.

Dr. Blakesley Henry Bush was born at Sangerfield, Oneida County, New York, March 25, 1808. Having received a good Common School education, he entered the College of the Medical Society of the County of Madison, at Eaton, New York, where e was graduated with honors January 26, 1831. After graduation e remained for some time in the office of Dr. Thomas Spencer, President of the College, but commenced practice at Chittenango for a time shortly thereafter. From Chittenango he went to Manlius, and in 1834 came to Port Lawrence Township, living for a short time in a log-house, the site now being the corner of Monroe Street and Detroit Avenue. Shortly thereafter he moved into the Fistula Division of Toledo, and located a Drug Store On Cherry Street, near the corner of Superior. This was soon abandoned, as there were not people enough in that neighborhood to make the undertaking a financial success. Having always had a natural taste for farming, he purchased a farm near his old home on Monroe Street, and moved there, continuing for some years the practice of his profession ; but find-

546 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

ing the labor too severe, he finally retired entirely from the work, and remained upon the farm until his death, in 1874, aged 69 years. Dr, Bush was twice married-the first wife being Miss Margaret Tubbs, whose daughter is now Mrs. R. E. Richards. The second wife was Miss Frances E. Whitney, who bore him several children, three of whom are living Mrs. Colonel Nathaniel Haughton, Mrs. Wm. H. Bishop, and Mrs. Adolph Schansenbach, all of this city. Dr. Bush was one of the most popular and successful physicians in the early days of Toledo. As a man and neighbor, he was greatly esteemed, and had the confidence of all who knew him.

Dr. Alexander Anderson, an eminent physician, commenced the practice of medicine in New Philadelphia, Ohio, but soon thereafter removed to Fremont, then called Lower Sandusky. There he practiced from 1826 to 1842, when he removed with his family to Maumee, thus entitling him to rank as one of the pioneer physicians of this County. As one of the leading physicians of that time, he was successful. His genial manner and wonderful magnetism rarely failed to inspire hope and confidence. Though never a resident of Toledo, his practice was divided between the two places. In the year 1849, in company with James B. Steedman and others, he " crossed the plains " for California, in which trip he encountered hardship and found " all was not gold that glitters." Having accumulated honey, he returned to Maumee; but not being content to remain, e went back to California. Being interested in some mines in Mexico, he took his family to New Albany, Indiana, and went to Mexico to look after his interests there. Having accumulated enough to satisfy him, he started on his journey homeward, but was stricken with disease, and in the year 1862, in a strange land, surrounded by friends, he passed to " the bourne whence no traveler returns." A daughter of Dr. Anderson (Mrs. Don A. Pease) still resides in Toledo, and to her the writer is indebted for the foregoing sketch of his lice. Mrs. John J. Manor is also a daughter of Dr. Anderson.

Dr. Horace A. Ackley was born in Genesee County, New York, in 1805. He removed to Elba, in the Western part of that State, when a boy, and studied in both the Common Schools and the Academy. He began the study of medicine with Dr. Billings, and continued it under Dr. Coats, of Batavia. He was graduated at Fairfield, New York, under Dr. Delamater, in 1833, and went to Rochester, New York, remaining there a short time, giving a course of lectures on anatomy at that time. In the Spring of 1835, he came West, and settled at Akron, Ohio. In the Winter of 1835-36 he gave his first course of lectures in the Medical College at Willoughby. In the Summer of 1836 he located in Toledo. In 1837 he entered into partnership with Dr. Geo. R. Perkins, and so remained until he removed to Cleveland in 1839. He was appointed to the chair of Surgery in the Medical College at Cleveland, which position he retained until 1855, when he resigned on account of failing health. In the year 1849, when the cholera in its worst form visited Sandusky, he went thither with his students, and remained until the cholera had abated. Although Dr. Ackley lived 10 years thereafter, he never was the robust mail he was before enduring the labor attendant upon his practice in Sandusky. When returning from a visit to Detroit, April 21, 1854, he was taken severely ill with pneumonia, and died on the 24th, being 49 years and 9 months old.

Dr. Manley Bostwick was the oldest son of Shelburn and Mercy Smith Bostwick, and was born January 29, 1810, in Manlius, New York. His father removed to Ohio with his family in the Summer of 1828, and located on a new farm in Geauga County. Manley remained at home, assisting his father clearing up the farm, until his 21st birthday, when he went to School at Concord. In the fall of 1831. he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Gorham, and continued it under Dr. Sherwood, of Unionville. Having received license to practice Medicine and Surgery from the Medical Society of Northwestern Ohio, e went to Jefferson, and afterward to Toledo, arriving at the last-named place in Ray, 7.836. He soon entered into partnership with Dr. Mosher. They dissolved partnership in 1838, and after practicing alone for several years, he became a partner of Dr. Jacob Clark. Dr. Bostwick married Ophelia Atkins, of Jefferson, Ohio, May 25, 1837. They had four children one daughter and three sons. Frank L., the youngest, is the only one now living. Mrs. Bostwick still lives, and it is to her the writer is indebted for the foregoing statements. Dr. Bostwick died April 27, 1849. His body now lies in Forest Cemetery. His death was the result of a fall from his horse.

Dr. Chas. McLean was graduated in Washington City, and came to Toledo in 1836. He located at the corner of Summit. and Walnut streets, where he opened an office and Drug Store. During his stay of about four years in Toledo, he was a leading Physician, doing a large and lucrative business. He was recognized as a leader in society and a well informed and genial Physician. His health failed him and he was compelled to move Last, and selecting Baltimore e remained there, practicing his profession until he died in 1883, at the age of 76.

Dr. B. S. Woodworth was born in Leicester, near Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1816 ; went to Rome, New York, when 13 years old, and resided there eight or nine years. In 1831 he went to Hamilton College, but did not graduate, although in after years the honorary degree of

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A. M. was conferred upon him by that College. Dr. Woodworth began the study of medicine in Rome, and attended his first course of lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and was graduated from the Berkshire Medical College, Massachusetts, in 1837. Soon after his graduation e came West, and was the pioneer Physician at the head of the Rapids of the Maumee, selecting Providence, then one of the embryo Towns of this seemingly inviting country. Alter practicing at Providence for about nine years, he removed to Fort Wayne, where he still lives, enjoying his large and lucrative practice. From an interesting letter recently received, the following extract is of interest: "I shall not undertake to tell the incredible hardships of the `Swamp Doctor,' which I was for seven years. In 1839-40 I recollect during the so-called sickly season, of riding on the average 50 miles each for five successive days and nights, getting asleep the last night on my horse, to the great danger of breaking my neck. When I lived at Providence, it was quite a lively business place, being the point where goods for the Wabash Valley were transhipped to Keel Boats and Pirogues, and poled up the sluggish Maumee over 100 miles, taking 10 to 12 days to perform the trip. On the 4th of July, 1839, I delivered the oration in the shade of a magnificent elm, which then stood under the hill at Providence."

Dr. William St. Clair was born at Bangor, Maine, May 23, 1799. he was graduated from Harvard in 1834, and came immediately to Bucyrus, Ohio, where he practiced about two years. From there he came to Maumee in 1837, where he practiced for many years. In 1864 Dr. St. Clair retired from his profession and removed to Kansas City, where he engaged in the Banking business. He died November 4, 18 7 7. His wife, a sister of Mrs. Judge Nichols of Toledo. is still living.

Dr. Wheeler came to Manhattan in 1837 front Unionville ; was graduated from Willoughby Medical College ; remained but a few years and returned to Unionville.

Dr. Calvin Smith was born February 23, 1811, in Franklin County, Massachusetts. He received his academical education at his home, where e also read medicine. He attended lectures at Pittsfield and Woodstock, and afterwards in Philadelphia. In 1835, at the age of 24, he came West, and settled in Ypsilanti, Michigan, afterward removing to Manhattan, and in 1841 to Toledo, where he continued 11 years in practice, and until e died in 1852 at the age of 41 years. As showing the character of Dr. Smith, the following, taken from a funeral sermon by Rev. Anson Smythe, will be sufficient : ;. Dr. Smith possessed a fresh and vigorous intellect. He thought deeply on any subject to which his particular attention was directed. He was shrewd and sagacious, and, though not distinguished for eloquence, he had such manner of giving expression to his opinions that he seldom was misunderstood. Dr. Smith was a generous and kind-hearted man. A stranger might judge otherwise of him, for e was somewhat stern in countenance and rigid in manner. But it is not always those who most easily smile or weep, that have the kindest hearts. Dr. Smith was a faithful, judicious and successful Physician."

Dr. George R. Perkins was born at Roxbury. Connecticut, January 6, 1813. He studied medicine in Utica and Geneseo, New York, was graduated from the Fairfield Medical School, Herkimer County, New York, and moved to Toledo in 1835, where he soon built up a good practice. He married in Toledo Elizabeth Jenks Acres, January 2, 1843, who lived but two years thereafter. Dr. Perkins died in Geneseo, New York, July 15. 1846. Those who knew him as a Physician unite in saving e had no superior as a faithful and wise practitioner.

Dr. Parker came from Massachusetts to Manhattan in 1844, remained about a year and moved to Monroe, Michigan, where he died.

Dr. Chauncey Matthews was located in Maumee, where he practiced medicine and engage([ in lumbering. He was in charge of the County Infirmary for some time. He died from erysipelas in 1847.

Dr. Isaac N. Hazlett was born in 1815 ; was graduated from the Medical College of Ohio in 1842 ; practiced medicine in Dresden and Zanesville, Ohio, and came to Toledo in 1845. He soon gained prominence in his profession, winning the confidence and esteem of a large circle of friends. He was one of the founders of the Toledo Medical Association, and took deep interest in medical questions. He died in Toledo, May 10, 1861, aged 46 years.

Dr. Hosmer Graham was born in West Simsbury, Connecticut, October 26, 1797. He went with his father's family to Madison County, New York, when quite young. His medical education was received at Lexington, Kentucky, being graduated at Transylvania University, in 1827. He first practiced in Rochester, New York, removing thence to Willoughby, Ohio, and from there to Monroe, Michigan. In 1843 he was called to fill a Professor's chair in the Willoughby Medical College. Dr. Graham came to Toledo in, 1848, where e resumed the practice of his profession. He died November 10, 1855, from injuries caused by a runaway horse. His venerable wife and a daughter (Mrs. Alonzo Godard), yet live in Toledo.

Dr. John H. Van Avery studied medicine under Dr. Oscar White at Maumee ; was graduated at Cleveland, and was appointed Surgeon during the Mexican War. He carne to Toledo in 1849, and remained several years.

Dr. Alfred Taylor was born in Cherry Valley, New York, in 1827, was graduated at Philadelphia; carne to Lucas County in 1850, and

548 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

practiced in both Maumee and Toledo. He lived for a short time in Bryan. He enlisted as Surgeon of a Cavalry Regiment during the late War, and died on the way to join the Regiment. Dr. Taylor was one of the original members of the Toledo Medical Association.

Dr. Franz Joseph Klauser.-The subject of this sketch was born at Hailtingen, Oberamt Riedlingen, Kingdom of Wuertemberg, on February 21, 1824. At the age of eight or nine years, he prepared for the gymnasium ; after passing through which he entered the University of Tuebingen, where he studied Medicine and Surgery, as he also did at Heidelberg and Freiberg. He began the practice of medicine in 1849 (the year of his graduation), but as most of the students of that time and vicinity were readily drawn into the German Revolution, known as the Baden Insurrection, so he became one of the Revolutionists, and was attached as a Surgeon, and with them he fled to Switzerland, where they were received and treated as political refugees. Whilst in Switzerland he was married with Miss Loeffler, and with his wife emigrated to America in the Winter of 1849-50, settling in Toledo during the year 1850, and with a brief intermission, practiced his profession there until his death. Owing to the poor health of his wife, and to gratify her desire to revisit her old home, he applied for a European Consulship, but was unable to obtain a post nearer to their former homes than Amsterdam, Holland. There e served as United States Consul from September, 1861, to the Summer of 1863, when he returned to Toledo and resumed the practice of his profession. During his Consular service he had frequent opportunities for aiding his Government in its struggle to defeat the great Rebellion-once, in particular, by refusing a suspected blockade runner a "Clean Bill of Health," he delayed its departure and gained the time necessary to notify his superior, the American Minister to Holland, so that our Atlantic Squadron could take measures for the capture of the vessel and its cargo of arms and other War supplies. Dr. Klauser died September 1, 1883, the immediate cause being a cold which he contracted while making professional calls, e not having rallied from a serious sickness which had previously confined him to the house for many months. His wife, and four sons-Dr. F. E. Klauser, and his brothers A. E., Herman R., and Charles, with their only sister, Mrs. Avery S. Hill - still reside in Toledo. Dr. Klauser was kind, generous and manly in all his dealings. His memory is tenderly cherished by all who knew him, as that of a faithful husband, a loving father, a courteous, cultured gentleman, and a skillful physician.

Dr. David L. Briggs was born in the State of New York, in November, 1824. He removed to the West when a youth, selected medicine as his profession, and was graduated at Starling Medical College, Columbus, Ohio, in 1850. He commenced practice in St. Joseph County, Michigan, where he remained until 1859, when he came to Toledo, and there devoted his energies to his profession until the time of his sad death, February 6, 1863. At a fire on Summit Street, with other citizens he was attempting to save the contents of a store, when, without warning, the walls fell and he was buried beneath them. No man was ever held in higher esteem by his professional brethren than e. As was said in an eulogy by Dr. Charles Cochran "As a professional brother, he was a model in his intercourse with others, scrupulously obeying the injunction,' Whatsoever ye would that others should do unto you, do ye even so to them.' As a Christian, he was stable, always true to the great principles of his Divine Master."

Dr. Frederick Hohly was born in Neustadt, Wuertemberg, November 27,1831. He studied medicine in Germany for four years, and came to this country in 1856, locating in Toledo. He shortly afterward removed to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan ; also, for a short time, was in Wisconsin and Minnesota. In 1860 he returned to Toledo, where he remained practicing his profession until his death, which occurred October 16, 1884. In 1863, Dr. Hohly enlisted in the Army as Surgeon of the Twelfth Missouri Cavalry, and was subsequently transferred to the Thirty-Seventh Ohio Veterans, and served with them as Surgeon until mustered out in the Summer of 1865, when he resumed his profession in Toledo. In September, 1866, he married Pauline Kirschmaier, who, with four children-two boys and two girls-survive him. Dr. Hohly served two terms (four years) as Coroner of Lucas County, which office e filled with credit. In all his relations with his fellows, he was greatly beloved as a brother and friend.

Dr. Gustave Fenner von Fenneberg was born at Cassel, on January 29, 1823. He was the son of a German nobleman, an officer in the Hessian Army. Dr. von Fenneberg studied at the University of Marburg, first as a pharmacist, and after having received his diploma as such he journeyed through Italy and Switzerland, returned to the University and studied medicine. After graduating e emigrated to the United States in 1853, landing in New York in September of that year. For a year he practiced medicine in Cincinnati, when he came to Toledo, where he located permanently. For a time he practiced alone, but afterward with Dr. Valentine Braun. His office was on Summit Street, near Perry. In 1869 he formed a partnership with Mr. Max Witzigareuter in the drug business, locating on the corner of Huron and Washington Streets. Two years later the Doctor purchased the whole business and remained sole proprietor until his death. At no

THE MEDICAL PROFESSION - 549

time did he relinquish the practice of medicine, but carried the two professions together. In 1862 he was married with Emily, the youngest daughter of Rev. Karl Markscheffel. Shortly after his marriage he was seriously injured by a runaway horse, the injury being a double fracture of the leg which crippled him for life. In the spring of 1883 he suffered from a stroke of paralysis from which he never fully recovered. From this time until his death, e was frequently attacked with pneumonia, which, accompanied by grave complications, led to his death, June 17, 1887.

Dr. Thomas Waddel was born in Seneca, Canada West, October 13, 1843. His parents were natives of Ireland. His preparatory education was obtained in the Common Schools of Canada. In 1865 he went to Buffalo and began the study of medicine. His first course of lectures was taken during 1866-67, when his health failing, he was obliged to discontinue his studies for a time. In 1870 he attended lectures in the Medical Department of the University of Wooster, Cleveland, Ohio, and on graduating in 1871, was elected valedictorian of his class. He entered upon the practice of his profession in Chardon, Geauga County, Ohio, and in December, 1873, moved to Toledo, where he remained until his death, which occurred March 9, 1879, after a sickness of 48 hours. As a physician he was successful ; as a gentleman, he was cultured and refined; and as a student none excelled him. His powers of memory were wonderful, and he could not only remember the names of the authors of various medical articles, but the page and title of the work wherein a subject had been presented. As a writer, he excelled, articles from his pen having been widely circulated and received with much favor.

WILLIAM W. JONES, Physician and Surgeon, was born in Smyrna, Chenango County, New York, September 28, 1819. He is a son of Marquis Jones, whose father was Colonel Israel Jones, of Barkhamsted, Connecticut, a soldier of the Revolutionary Army, and a member of the Connecticut Legislature. His paternal ancestors came to that State very soon after the arrival of the Mayflower, having settled there in 1643. The mother of Dr. Jones (Elizabeth Merrill) was born in New Hartford, Connecticut, where her father was a prominent citizen. Her husband died in 1827, aged 47 ; she surviving him until her 85th year. William W.'s education was limited. He -was in a District School until his 10th year, when he went to a private Academy for three years, and then to an Academy at Salem, New York, where he completed his studies. When about 13 years of age he entered a printing office at Forestville, Chautauqua County, New York, which establishment closing, he went to Buffalo. Here he was employed on a literary publication for a time, when he obtained work on the Buffalo Commercial Advertiser, remaining there until his removal to Dresden, Muskingum County, Ohio, in 1836, where a brother was engaged in the manufacture of flour and the sale of merchandise, with whom he took an interest as partner. While pecuniary returns were satisfactory, he ere long realized that such business was not adapted to his taste and modes of thought. Acting upon such view, he determined upon professional life, and in 1844 began the study of medicine, his preceptor being Dr. W. W. Rickey, of Dresden, who was prominent in the profession, having been the President of the Ohio State Medical Society. For some time Dr. Jones was a student of Dr. Frank H. Hamilton, then Professor of Surgery in the University of Buffalo, where he was graduated during the winter of 1848-49. The young graduate at once carne to Toledo, then a Town of 2,000 inhabitants, and entered upon the practice of his life-calling amidst strangers. For 38 years has this now been pursued, with a success which fully meets his early hopes. Fortuitous circumstances materially favored his advent and early practice here, whereby he was advanced to a flattering position in his profession. His attention was directed to both medicine and surgery, in both of which e was successful. The first case of lithotomy successfully performed in this section was by him, which was followed by many like operations. Similar success has attended his treatment of nearly every kind of surgical cases. Re has been for many years a member of the Ohio State Medical Society, of which e was the President in 1875, and also a member of the American Medical Association, an ex-President of the Alumni Association of the University of Buffalo ; a member of the Detroit Academy of Medicine, and of the Detroit Medical Society; an honorary member of the Michigan State Medical Society ; a member of the Detroit Library Association; the oldest living member of the Lucas County Medical Society, organized in 1851 ; a member of the Northwestern Ohio Medical Society, of the Southern Michigan Medical Society, and of the Northern Indiana Medical Society ; and corresponding member of several Scientific Societies. He is Consulting Surgeon of St. Vincent Hospital, Toledo. Since 1840 Dr. Jones has been a member of the Masonic; Order, the office of High Priest being the highest official position held by him in the same. From his arrival in Toledo he has taken a deep interest and active part in all affairs in which his fellow-citizens were concerned, contributing, in such ways as occasions might furnish, to their welfare and prosperity. In 1857 e was chosen a member of the City Common Council, of which he was elected President. He has served for three terms or six years as Mayor of Toledo, having

550 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

been elected to that office in 1871, 1873, and 1877. For many years he has served as a member of the Toledo Board of Health. In large measure, the material improvement of the sanitary condition of the City has been due to his influence and suggestions, both as a sanitarian and a public officer, in which connection tray he mentioned the superior system of sewerage, the admirable water supply, the plan for collection of vital statistics adopted in 1857, and the compilation of the present Sanitary Code. Like service was rendered by him in connection with the State Sanitary Code. Few writers wield a more trenchant or facile pen, which has done good service in advancing the sanitary and material interests of the City. The following paragraph from one of the City papers of last year, is taken as a sample of his modest way of stating Toledo's past and present sanitary condition

The writer of this has lived to see this City emerge, during the last 40 years, from the most sickly to the most healthy in the country, and much of this improvement is due to the intelligent appreciation of its desirability on the part of our people, and their readiness to co-operate in its accomplishment. In addition to the labors of the citizen and sanitarian, Toledo has been found to possess the most healthful climate of any City East or West, the daily range of the thermometer rarely exceeding 20 degrees in the 24 hours. Situated upon the lowest depression of the line between the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the mouth of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, and tempered by the waters of that great inland sea, Lake Erie, the heat of Summer or the cold of Winter is not so great as is found in any part of the country East or West, North or South of us. That silent witness, the Signal Service, has been telling us this simple truth for years, and yet but few realize how important a factor this has been in connection with the other efforts made by man in making Toledo by far the healthiest City on the continent.

Dr. Jones' political views from the first attached him to the Democratic party, with which he has always acted. On different occasions his name has been mentioned for nomination fin• prominent official positions; but he has always declined every call that was likely to draw him from the pursuit of his profession, the chief ambition of his life. He was married February 15, 1851, with Miss Adeline Knaggs, a daughter of John Knaggs, an early pioneer of Lucas County, who was born in Detroit, and whose father was United States Indian Agent at that point during the War of 1812-15 ; he having been among those made prisoners by the British forces at the surrender of Detroit and General Hull's Army, in 1812. Few families were equally prominent with that of Mrs. Jones, in the earlier history of the Maumee Valley. Five children have been born to Doctor and Mrs. Jones-three sons and two daughters.

SYMMES HENRY BERGEN, M. D., was born near Princeton, New Jersey, July 15, 1826. His parents were Christopher and Mary (Disbrow) Bergen ; his ancestors being among the earliest settlers of New York, Hans Hansen Bergen, a ship carpenter of Bergen, Norway, having arrived in this country and settled at New Amsterdam (New York) in 1633, coming in the same vessel with Wouter Van Twiller, the second Director-General of that Province. In 1639, he was married with Sarah Jansen de Rapalje, born in 1625, being the first white child of European parentage born in the Colony of New Netherlands. The family occupied a prominent place in the early history of New York and New Jersey. Christopher was a Captain in the War of 1812-15, and died in 1844, aged 60 years. His father was a Soldier of the Revolution, and was a Slaveholder when Slavery existed in New Jersey. Symmes's mother was a native of New Jersey and died in 1846, aged 60 years. Her father was a prominent titan of Cranberry, in that State, and was largely interested in an early Stage-line between New York and Philadelphia. Symmes was limited in means for education to those furnished by the Common Schools of the locality. When 13 years old e was sent to a private School at Freehold, where e remained until prepared for the senior year at College, and in 1844 began the study of medicine with a brother, and in 1840 matriculated at Berkshire Medical College,- Pittsfield, Massachusetts. The next year he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York City. Here e remained but six months, when, at the earnest solicitation of Dr. Alonzo Clark, he went to Woodstock, Vermont, and received the position of Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Vermont Medical College, from which College he received his diploma in 1848. His practice of medicine was begun in North Bay, Oneida County, New York, at which place he remained seven years. He came to Toledo in 1855, when he was induced by Eastern friends to make his home there. He was a successful and honored Physician, and always commanded an extensive and lucrative practice. He was devoted to his profession, and even when suffering from physical ailments, would continue to answer the calls of the suffering. During his long career of usefulness in Toledo, e filled many positions of public trust. During the War he was Coroner of the County four years. Was a member of the Board of Education for several terms, and one of the most active and energetic members of the Board of Health. As a member of the City, District and State Medical Societies, he always did his share toward making the meetings of these bodies interesting and profitable. [he was a member of the State Medical Asso-

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ciations of New York, Massachusetts and Vermont. His devotion to the welfare of the Protestant Orphans' Home, now on Lagrange Street, is entitled to special mention. From the date of the organization of that valuable institution, which took place at his house, until his death, his unremitting and gratuitous efforts were employed in its behalf-professionally and in such other ways as occasions permitted. He was Physician to the County Infirmary for 10 years, and for several years Consulting Physician for St. Vincent Hospital, Toledo. He was a member of the Odd Fellows fraternity for years. Uniting with the First Congregational Church soon after arriving at Toledo, he retained such relation to the time of his death. He was for some years United States Pension Examiner at Toledo, and a member of the Pension Board, of which he was the Treasurer. In politics he was originally a Whig, becoming a Republican on the organization of that party. For some time before his death his health became impaired, and he was obliged reluctantly to relinquish his practice, that he might endeavor to regain his strength. In this he was not successful, as he returned to his home from a lengthened sojourn East among his relatives, only to pass away to his eternal rest from his Toledo home. Dr. Bergen and Miss Mary S. Lalor, daughter of Jeremiah and Elizabeth Lalor, of Trenton, New Jersey, were married November 28, 1860. Mrs. Bergen now resides at Toledo.

WILLIAM C. CHAPMAN, M. D., was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, August 15, 1840. His father, Dr. W. B. Chapman, was a physician, and his mother, Margaret Crossman, a daughter of a leading member of the Society of Friends in that City. The son's early educational advantages consisted of the Public Schools. Subsequently he attended an academical course in the private School of Charles E. Matthews. At the age of 18 years, he directed his attention to pharmacy, under the instruction of his father, a leading pharmacist of Cincinnati. lit 1861, e entered upon the study of medicine as a profession, taking a partial course, of lectures in the Medical College of Ohio, and pursuing his studies under the preceptorship of Drs. Wm. Clendenin and Win. H. Mussey. His course of study was for a time interrupted by reason of business connections ; but was resumed in 1871, and in the Spring of 1873, he was graduated from the Miami Medical College of Cincinnati. Having received his diploma, Dr. Chapman directed his steps toward Toledo, as the locality for entering upon his chosen life-work, which since that time has been his home. From his introduction there, his success has been marked, his practice being of steady and healthful growth, and among classes of citizens whose confidence is strong testimony to the true merits of the practitioner. Connecting himself with Westminster Presbyterian Church, Dr. Chapman was subsequently chosen as one of the Ruling Elders of the same and has been re-elected. He was a member of the Toledo Board of Health for several years, and in other channels has taken an active interest in the welfare of his fellow-citizens. On the 3d of September, 1863, Dr. Chapman was married to Miss Harriet Mitchell, daughter of Mr. Jethro Mitchell, of Cincinnati, senior partner of the Lumber firm of Mitchell & Rowland, Toledo. Five sons have been born to them, each of whom is now living.

SAMUEL WOLCOTT SKINNER, Physician and Surgeon, of Toledo, was born at New Britain, Connecticut, June 19, 1820. The genealogy of his family can be traced back for hundreds of years, representing on both sides a line of English ancestors prominent in both hemispheres, and who were among the very earliest settlers in New England. His father, Newton Skinner, was born at East Granby, Connecticut, October 10, 1782 ; a graduate of Yale College; and almost at the beginning of a brilliant and useful career as a Congregational minister, died at the comparatively early age of 43 years. His mother's maiden name was Ursula Wolcott, was born at East Windsor, Connecticut, November 17, 1788, and died June 1, 1869. She was a descendant of' a family many of whom were distinguished in the political history of New England. The founders of the American branch of the Wolcott family settled at Windsor as early as 1632. Shortly after his father's death the mother of the subject of this, with her three children, removed to Weatherfield, Connecticut, but soon after to Hartford. It was at the latter place the early education of young Skinner was commenced, and for a number of years following he attended the Grammar School of that City. The family finally moved to East Windsor, where his preparatory studies were continued until 1837, when for one year following he attended School at Gorham, Maine; after which he returned to Yale College, whence he was graduated in 1842. After graduation, e commenced the study of medicine in the office of Dr. Elijah Reed, of' East Windsor. At the same time he attended lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. He received the degree M. D. at New Haven, in 1846, and soon after commenced practice at Windsor Lock, Connecticut, and there established for himself the reputation of a competent and successful practitioner. Here e continued until the breaking out of the War of the Rebellion. The principles involved in that struggle appealed to his patriotism, and in May, 1861, he left his practice and entered the service as Surgeon of the Fourth Regiment of Connecticut Infantry, which soon was reorganized as the First Con-

552 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

necticut Heavy Artillery. He served with this Regiment until it was mustered out, September 25, 1865, a considerable portion of which time he served as Surgeon in-Chief on General De Russey's Staff. During this period he was stationed near Washington, D. C., South of the Potomac River. So well did he perform his duties, that when the Regiment was mustered out, he received a Brevet commission as Lieutenant-Colonel for efficient and meritorious service. In January, 1866, Dr. Skinner removed with his family to Toledo, where he has since been engaged in a general medical practice, and where he has justly gained a high reputation for professional attainments, and as a public spirited citizen. For several years he served as Health Officer of the City, and for many years he has been a Consulting Surgeon of St. Vincent Hospital. He is a member of the State Medical Society and of the Toledo Medical Association. Dr. Skinner was formerly a Whig in politics, but since 1856 he has been a staunch Republican. While taking a warm interest in all that pertains to good government in City, State and Nation, he has never been a seeker after political preferment. Of a retiring disposition, Dr. Skinner has never striven to gain public notoriety. He is a man of culture, and well advised on the advance of medical practice for the last half century. Of kindly sympathies, he is esteemed in the community in which he resides, not less for his unostentatious character, than for his professional standing. Dr. Skinner was married September 16, 1846, with Doriannie Fuller, of Hampton, Connecticut, a lineal descendant of Dr. Samuel Fuller, known to history as the << Beloved Physician of the Mayflower." Four children have been born to them, all of whom are now living, and in order of births are as follows: Helen, born September 21, 1847, now widow of Chas. M. Dimmick ; Alice, born February 24, 1849, the wife of Judge John H. Doyle, of Toledo ; Edward B., born February 24, 1852, Bookkeeper for Maclaren & Sprague; and Samuel W. Jr., born October 8, 1861, Book-keeper for Milburn Wagon Works.

CALVIN HAMILTON REED, M. D., is a son of George and Martha (Morgan) Reed, and was born near Milford Center, in Union County, Ohio, November 20, 1840, on a farm where his grandfather settled in 1800, as one of the earliest pioneers of that section. Young Reed knew from actual toil the hard work of a farmer's boy. Until his 18th year, his education was limited to the country District School ; but he evinced a taste for literary pursuits, and under these unfavorable advantages made rapid progress in his studies. His parents being unable to keep him in School, he was compelled to begin teaching to provide the necessary money for obtaining an education. From the age of 18 until his 20th year, he taught School during the Winter months and worked on the farm during the Summer. In 1860, with the money his own exertions had gained, he entered the Marysville Academy. While there he responded to President Lincoln for troops in 1863, and enlisted for three months, serving as Corporal in Company E, Eighty-Sixth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Most of the time he was stationed at Clarksburg, West Virginia. He remained with the Regiment until the expiration of its period of enlistment. Alter his return he entered the Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware, where, by teaching a part of the time, he succeeded at the end of finer years in finishing his literary education. During the Summer of 1865 he taught School at Milford Centre, and in the fall began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. John W. Hamilton, Professor of Surgery in Starling Medical College at Columbus. Here he attended three courses of lectures at the Starling Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1868. He then came to Toledo, where, for 19 years, he has been engaged in an active and growing practice. Dr. Reed is identified with the various Societies pertaining to his profession, being a member of the Toledo, the State and the Northwestern Ohio Medical Associations. He was one of the organizers of the Toledo School of Medicine, in 1878, in which he lectured on obstetrics from that time until the reorganization of the School as the Northwestern Ohio Medical College, when he was elected to the chair of Professor of Obstetrics, a position he still holds. While he has devoted his time to the demands of a general practice, he has made the branch of obstetrics a special .feature, to which he has given much time and attention. The doctor has occasionally contributed to medical literature. Among other papers is a report in the American Practitioner, of 1876, of a case of connate gangrene, contradicting the accepted theories in relation to this disease, and which so far as known, is the only well authenticated case on record. In 1.878 he contributed an article to the State Medical Society on "Quinine, a prophylactic in Scarlet Fever,' published in the proceedings of the society, a subject which has since attracted the attention of the profession. Outside his professional duties, he has also given much attention to the educational affairs of the City, having served for several terms as a member of the Board of Education. In 1883 he declined a nomination, but in 1885 was again elected.. The large majorities received by him whenever a candidate is the best testimonial of his Popularity and the strongest endorsement of the manner in which he discharged his duties. He is a member of the order of United Workmen, the Knights of Pythias and the Masonic Order. In the Knights of Pythias he is Past Chancellor, also a member of the Grand Lodge. At its organization he was elected Surgeon of the

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Sixteenth Division of the Uniformed Rank, and in the State organization was elected Regimental Surgeon, and with rank of Major of the Second Regiment ; and in the reorganization of that body was chosen to the same position in the Sixth Regiment, a position he still retains. Dr. Reed was married June 9, 1869, with Emma B. Smythe, of Columbus, Ohio, a daughter of Henry P. Smythe. Five children have been born to them-Morgan Smythe, February 20, 1872 ; Harris Hamilton, November 31, 1873, died August 14, 1579 ; Chase Campbell, February 6, 1875 ; Carl Kirkley, July 15, 1876, died October 24, 1882 ; and Linnel Leckey, August 17, 1877. A member of the Third Presbyterian Church, he has taken an active interest in matters relating to Church work, and for a number of years has been one of its Trustees. In Toledo, where for so many years he has been in constant practice, his social nature as well as professional skill have given him the respect and esteem of a wide circle of friends.

Dr. Waldo C. Daniels was born in Syracuse, New York, February 4, 1833, and having gained a liberal education at the University of Michigan, he studied medicine and was graduated from the Buffalo Medical College in 1854. Soon after graduation he settled in Toledo, and was one of the original members of the Toledo Medical Association. He died in Chicago, January 27, 1882.

Dr. Spencer Dills was born in Warren County, Indiana, and having obtained an education in the Schools of that State, studied medicine and was graduated from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in the Spring of 1871. He was an earnest and faithful student, and gave great promise of a useful life, but died soon after establishing himself in Toledo. Having charge of the small-pox hospital, he contracted that dreadful disease. Leaving his wife and family, as be did not wish them to risk infection, he was taken to the hospital, where he died after a brief illness of five or six days. His death occurred October 20, 1872.

Dr. William M. Douglass. Born May 28, 1843, at Johnstown, Pennsylvania. He received his education in his native place, and entered the Army when 19 years of age, and remained in the service until the end of the War. In 1868 he began the study of medicine, and was graduated at the University of Michigan in 1871. He began practice at Commerce, Michigan, but in 1872 came to Toledo, where he remained until August, 1874, in active practice. At this date he fell sick with pneumonia, resulting in abscess, from which he never recovered. He was removed to his native city, where he died, May 4, 1877, having been a continuous sufferer for nearly three years.

Dr. Harry D. Earl was born at Massillon, Ohio, August 9, 1850. Having obtained an education in Toledo, he spent three years in the study of medicine at the University of Michigan, and was graduated at Bellevue Medical College in 1876. He began the practice of his profession in Toledo, but soon moved to Texas, where he died from typhoid fever on November 30, 1878.

* MEDICAL ASSOCIATIONS.

The earliest organization of physicians in this section, of which record is found, was the Maumee Valley Medical Association. The date of its start is not known. Notice was made in the public press of a meeting of this Association, held at the Commercial Building in Maumee, June 6, 1842, with Dr. H. Conant, President, in the Chair. Dr. E. D. Peck, of Perrysburg, from a Committee, reported favorably on the application of'-Dr. C. S. Ramsay for admission to the Society. Dr. Peck also made report on the subject of Mesmerism, recommending that no further attention be given to that subject by the Society. Whereupon, Dr. Calvin Smith, of Toledo, submitted the following resolution, which, after discussion, was unanimously passed, to wit

Resolved, That in the opinion of this Society, the so-called science of " Mesmerism " or " Animal Magnetism," as generally understood and advocated, is an imposition upon the public credulity.

Officers were chosen as follows : President, E. D. Peck; Vice President, H. Burritt, of Maumee ; Secretary, Cornelius Matthews, of Toledo; Treasurer, Oscar White, of Maumee; Censors, Calvin Smith, of Toledo ; Horace Green, of Sylvania ; J. H. Van Avery, C. L. Ramsay, and N. Dustin. The Society then consisted of the following named members John H. Van Avery, George R. Perkins, Horatio Conant, Calvin Smith, C. Matthews. E. D. Peck, Harvey Burritt, H. S. Woodworth, Horace Green, N. Dustin, Chas. McLean, John Mosher, Justus Dwight, Oscar White, Wm. St. Clair, C. S. Ramsay-16 in number.

The first organization by the medical practitioners of Toledo, was effected June 22, 1851, by Drs. Graham, Jones, Hazlett, Timpany, Scott, Taylor and Dawson, who then met at the office of Dr. Graham. After discussion of the matter it was resolved to organize a Medical Association, and a Committee was appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws, and the Secretary, Dr. Jones, was instructed to notify other physicians of the City of the action taken.

At a meeting held September 29th, a constitution and by-laws were reported from the Committee and were adopted by the Society, thus bringing into existence the Toledo Medical Association. The following named gentle-

*By William C. Chapman, M. D.

554 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

men then signed as members, and were the charter members of the new Society, to wit Hosmer Graham, P. H. Dawson, I. N. Hazlett, Alfred Taylor, W. W. Jones, F. J. Klauser, W. C. Scott and R. H. Timpany. Of these but one (Dr. W. W. Jones) now survives, the remainder having passed to the other world.

At a subsequent meeting, officers were elected and fee bill and additional by-laws adopted. The officers elected were as follows : President, Dr. Hosmer Graham; Vice President, Dr. R. H. Timpany ; Treasurer, Dr. P. H. Dawson ; Secretary, Dr. W. W. Jones; Executive Committee, Dr. I. N. Hazlett, Dr. A. Taylor, Dr. C. Smith.

The Association as thus formed was destined to be short-lived. During the cholera epidemic of 1852 the physicians were so busy that meetings were neglected, and the Society was allowed to languish., We have no reports of proceedings until at the call of Dr. Jones, who still remained the Secretary, a meeting was held in the parlor of the Collins House, July 26, 1856. Again was considered the question of organization, and a committee appointed to draw up a new constitution and bylaws. At this meeting Drs. Timpany, Jones, Swain, Bergen, Bostwick, Ellis, Forbes, Braun, Coldham, Fenneberg, Norris and Daniels were present. At a subsequent meeting, the following officers were elected : President. Dr. Jacob Clark; Vice President, Dr. William C. Scott; Treasurer, Dr. S. H. Bergen ; Secretary, Dr. W. W. Jones; Librarian, Dr. C. H. Swain; Executive Committee, Dr. S. H. Bergen, Dr. C. H. Swain, Dr. S. F. Forbes.

In May, 1857, the Association was made auxiliary to the Ohio State Medical Society at its meeting held in Sandusky during that month.

From the new organization in July, 1856, the Toledo Medical Association has been continuously active in promoting the welfare of the profession. Meetings of interest and value have been held at stated intervals-at present on the second and fourth Fridays of every month. In membership it now numbers nearly 60 active members, with a few upon whom honorary membership has been conferred. Many went from its ranks to serve their country during the War of the Rebellion-some never to return, and others to bring home valuable experience obtained in field hospitalpractice. When in April, 1861, the first gun was fired on Sumter, the Toledo Medical Association came to the front, and at a meeting called for that purpose April 22d, the following patriotic expression was unanimously adopted

WHEREAS, An exigency has arisen in the affairs of our country, requiring the sacrifice of private interests for the public good, and the manifestation of sympathy and kindness by all classes toward those who devote themselves to the public service; therefore,

Resolved, That the Physicians of this Society will attend the families of Volunteer Soldiers without charge during their employment in active service.

The following list embraces the names of all members of the Association, from its organization to the present time. Many changes have occurred by death, and by removal from the City. The profession is constantly changing, some coming to remain a few months, and others, meeting with success. make here a permanent home. Formerly, Lucas County was considered a very unhealthy locality. At the present time, largely through the individual efforts of the members of the Medical Association, the City has been improved in that respect, and now ranks second to no locality in point of healthfulness.

List of members of Toledo Medical Association, with year of admission to same;

1856. William W. Jones. 1870. William Cherry.

Waldo C. Daniels. 1871. George O. Moore.

Charles H. Swain. George L. Hoege.

Symmes H. Bergen. Asa Bigelow.

Samuel F. Forbes. Thomas Cosgrove.

W. C. Scott. Spencer Dills.

Valentine Braun. 1872. J. W. Southworth.

James L. Chase. James A. Duncan.

Jacob Clark. James T. Lawless.

Isaac N. Hazlett. Wm. M. Douglass.

Thos. P. Norris. Zep Rouleau.

1857. L. G. Andrews. Augustus F. Hipp.

Onnelle N. Ellis. 1873. Jonathan Priest.

1859. Jabez M. Cooke. 1873. John M. Crafts.

James G. Nolen. Ivory S. Cole.

Jerome B. Trembley. Frederick Jaeger.

D. L. Briggs. Wm. C. Chapman.

Albert Tyler. Ernst Wuestefield.

B. V. Swerringer. 1874. James Coldham.

1861. Samuel S. Thorn. A. J. Bostater.

Charles Cochran. Wm. W. Cullison.

Geo. A. Collamore. G. Fenneberg.

1862. M. C. Plessner. Thomas Waddel.

1863. John W. Bond. W. H. Parcels.

Lewis H. Bodman. 1875. Henry H. Darst.

D. P. Chamberlin. Wm. L. Kimball.

Albert W. Fisher. M. C. Hoag.

Thomas J. Eaton. Samuel Downs.

1864. Edwin C. Bradley. John H. Curry.

1865. Thomas M. Cook. F. A. Kitchen.

D. B. Sturgeon. 1876. H. D. Chamberlin.

1866. Samuel W. Skinner. C. S. Chamberlin.

J. E. Woodbridge. B. H. Hanks.

H. M. Schnetzler. Theodore A. Felch.

James F. Aris. H. D. Earl.

Frederick Hohly. R. C. Bell.

Frank P. Wilson. O. S. Brigham.

Richard Worth. H. C. Mann.

Wm. H. Ralston. W. C. Craven.

Oscar J. Price. 1877. Thos. J. Cronise.

1868. Henry A. Root. Harrison Hathaway.

Cyrus A. Kirkley. 1877. C. J. Deitz.

Joseph T. Woods. 1878. John A. Wright.

George W. Bowen. F. A. Eldredge.

Max. C. Jungbluth. Chas. W. Higgins.

1869. Lewis Darken. 1879. C. L. Van Pelt.

Jesse Snodgrass. O. N. Tindall.

Wm. T. Ridenour. 1880. John Gardner.

James M. Waddick. 1881. Kenneth Gunsolus.

Joel Green, Jr. 1882. Charles N. Smith.

1870. John A. Blanchard. 1883. Jas. C. Reinhart.

Calvin H. Reed. Wm. G. Anderson.

Philo E. Jones. A. M. Duncan.

THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. - 555

1883. H. D. Babcock. 1886. J. W. Lilly.

1885. E. D. Steincamp. Chas. Roulet.

Jas. Donnelly. A. R. Smart.

J. M. Bessey. 1887. Edward G. May.

James L. Tracy. Seth W. Beckwith.

Allen De Vilbiss. B. Becker.

1886. W. R. Gifford. Albert S. Waite.

L. W. Heydrich. U. G. Lipes.

NORTHWESTERN OHIO MEDICAL COLLEGE.

In the Spring of 1878 the Toledo School of Medicine was organized. Its object was to provide preliminary instruction desirable for admission to Medical Colleges. A more thorough preparation of students, particularly in the fundamental branches of Medical Science, was considered desirable, as contributing toward the elevation of the standard of Medical education. The session opened in March and continued 20 weeks. The following physicians formed the original Faculty:

Samuel S. Thorn, M. D., Surgery ; W. T. Ridenour, M. D., Physiology and Diseases of Nervous System; George A. Collamore, M. D., Principles and Practice of Medicine ; Calvin H. Reed, M. D., Obstetrics ; Cyrus A. Kirkley, M. D., Gynecology and Diseases of Children ; John H. Curry, M. D., Ophthalmology and Otology; W. C. Chapman, M. D., Materia Medica and Therapeutics ; C. S. Chamberlin, M. D., Chemistry and Toxicology; J. A. Duncan, M. D., Anatomy ; 0, S. Brigham, M. D., Pathological Anatomy.

In 1882, the idea of a preliminary School was abandoned, and a charter for a Medical College was obtained, under the name of the Northwestern Ohio Medical College. The Faculty comprises some of the original members of the preliminary School, with the addition of other well known members of the medical, legal and scientific professions. The aim of the College is to furnish a thorough course of instruction in medicine and surgery, hygiene and state medicine, equal to that obtainable at the best Colleges in the United States. The College term is continuous through the Winter, being of six months duration. The College building (Nos. 71 and 73 Lagrange Street) has been especially adapted to its purpose. Classes have been graduated every Spring since its organization.

The following constitute the Board of Trustees and the Faculty of the College:

Trustees-C. F. Curtis, President; J. W. Bond, M. D., Vice President ; George W. Davis, Treasurer; Clarence Brown, Secretary ; Robert Cummings, Hon. N. H. Swayne, Jr., Rev. F. B. DuVal, D. D., C. W. Bond, Thomas Vanstone, J. W. Hiett, H. S. Walbridge, A. J. J. Machen, D. R. Locke.

FACULTY.

S. S. Thorn, M. D., Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery.

G. A. Collamore, A. B., M. D., Dean, Professor of Principles and Practice of Medicine.

C. H. Reed, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics.

C. A. Kirkley, M. D., Secretary, Professor of Gynecology.

J. H. Curry, M. D., Professor of Ophthalmology and Otology.

W. C. Chapman, M. D., Professor of Diseases of the Throat and Nose and Physical Diagnosis.

C. L. Van Pelt, A. B., M. D., Professor of Hygiene and State Medicine and Diseases of Children.

H. M. Schnetzler, M. D., Professor of Diseases of the Mind and Nervous System.

W. J. Herdman, Ph. B., M. D., Professor of Orthopedic Surgery.

G. A. Kirchmaier, Ph. C., Professor of Chemistry and Toxicology.

J. C. Reinhart, M. D., Professor of General, Descriptive and Surgical Anatomy.

I. N. Huntsberger, A. M., Professor of Medical Jurisprudence.

J. M. Bessey, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics.

A. R. Smart, M. D., Professor of Physiology.

James Donnelly, M. D., Lecturer on Pathology.

A. J. Parker, M. D., Professor of Histology.

S. W. Beckwith, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy.

TOLEDO MEDICAL COLLEGE.

This institution was organized in 1882. A charter was obtained in that year, and a course of lectures given in both the Spring and the Winter. The rooms were on Superior Street, near the corner of Monroe. The location being undesirable, a building was remodeled for College use on Superior Street, near Cherry, and is now occupied by the College. One term of lectures is now given during the year, beginning about the middle of September and continuing until March. The names of the Trustees and Faculty are as follows:

Trustees-Hon. Henry Kahlo, Walter Pickens, Hon. Charles A. King, Hon. Frank H. Hurd, David R. Austin, James G. Nolen, M. D., James Blass, T. S. Merrell, Michael J. Cooney, Foster R. Warren, Chas. Cravens, D. D., Anton W. Fischer, Jonathan Priest, M. D., Henry S. Havighorst, M. D., Joseph E. Hackl, M. D.

FACULTY.

J. H. Pooley, M. D., Dean, Professor of Surgery and Clinical Surgery.

Jonathan Priest, M. D., Professor of Principles and Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine. Henry S. Havighorst, M. D., Professor of Anatomy.

Richard Whiteford, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics and Physical Diagnosis.

J. Ernst Hackl, M D., Professor of Physiology and Hygiene.

James G. Nolen, M. D., Professor of Mental Diseases.

Asa Bigelow, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics.

William G. Gardiner, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Toxicology.

Howard E. Munn, M. D., Professor of Histology and Pathology.

James M. Waddick, M. D., Professor of Ophthalmology and Otology.

James M. Hueston, A. B., Professor of Medical Jurisprudence.

William J. Gillette, M. D., Lecturer on Gynecology.

Francis T. Bower, Ph. C., Lecturer on Pharmacy and Instructor in Chemical Laboratory.

Robert B. Cameron, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy.

556 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

*THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.-HOMEOPATHIC.

Doctor Hans B. Gram introduced Homoeopathy into New York in the year 1825. He was the first to proclaim the laws of the New School within the limits of the United States. He quickly attracted the attention of medical scholars, and investigation prompted many to adopt the new theories. Some efforts were made in 1833 to translate a few text books into English, which met with but little success. However, in 1838-9, and in 1840, several works of marked ability were published, which challenged the attention of the profession, and the marvelous growth which afterwards characterized the reformation in the practice of medicine in this country, began. It spread from State to State from City to City-until now, nearly every Village hay its regular Homoeopathic Physician. The introduction of Homoeopathy in Toledo, was made under the happiest auspices. Its local founder was a mail pre-eminently fitted for the work. Alas! that after many years of earnest labor, wearying of the struggle, the strife and the success, the courtly gentleman and splendid physician turned to quieter pursuits for the employment of the talents which had secured for his beloved School so firm an abiding-place in Toledo. Although a quarter of a century has passed since his withdrawal, the chiefest glory of the New School in Toledo is the memory of its founder-Arthur F. Bissell, M. D. He was born in Geneseo, New York, and removed at an early age to Toledo. His boyhood was passed at School, where he won his diploma in his 18th year. After a few months of rest he began the study of medicine. In the autumn of 1844 the young student matriculated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City. Remaining there two years, he passed successfully an examination for the degree of Doctor of Medicine during the sessions of 1846-47, but not then being of legal age his diploma was delivered to hint at the Spring term, 1848. While a matriculate, he was an office student of Willard Parker, Professor of Surgery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and one of the oldest and most widely known surgeons of that time. For a brief period after graduation, the young Physician was placed in charge of the Children's Hospital on Blackwell's Island. Subsequently he opened an office in New York City, devoting himself to such practice as he could obtain and to attendance at the College cliniques. To one of his active mind, the living question of Homoeopathy could not long remain unnoticed. To hear of a new theory in Therapeutics, was to inspire in him an irresistible desire to investigate. And the only investigation which would satisfy him, was the practical application at the bedside. Fortu-

* By W. T. Rowsey, M. D.

nately at that early date, College Professors had not become so frightened as to deliberately and maliciously strive to envenom the minds of students. Investigation was yet permitted to the eager student. Thus, the enthusiastic young Physician pursued his practical tests openly and with ardor, finding daily delight and surprise. After some time devoted to thus proving the truth of the new Therapeutic law, he could no longer hesitate as to the course he should adopt. Closing up his affairs in New York City in the Fall of 1848, he at once removed to Toledo, where he began his unusually brilliant professional career. At the very beginning of his professional walk, he was made to feel something of the smart and hate and prejudice for which the profession is noted. But I do not intend to give the details of ignorance or bigotry, which greeted the arrival and sojourn of the apostle of the New School in Toledo. In defiance of opposition, ridicule and slander, the intelligence and wealth of the City gave its steady support the new system. Among the earliest patrons were the families of Peter F. Berdan, Esq., Joseph K. Secor, Esq., Henry Bennett, Esq., the late Hon. John Sinclair, Chief' Justice Waite, Richard Waite, Esq., and scores of others not now recalled. But Dr. Bissell's abilities were quickly recognized by the public, and antagonism, if not respectful, was disarmed. On the 20th of July, 1849, he was elected Physician to the Hospital of Toledo, erected for the reception of cholera patients. In this position his success was so marked as to excite universal and wondering comment. lie was elected City Physician on the 18th of June, 1850. That was quite an honor in the years before Toledo began to assume metropolitan airs. During the Fall term of 1850, the Doctor was successfully urged to accept the chair of General and Special Anatomy, in the Western Homoeopathic College, of Cleveland. He occupied this chair during 1850-51, and also filled the chair of' Surgery during the latter year. In these positions he added greatly to his reputation. He had rare skill with the pencil or crag on, which, with his unusual ability, gave his lectures an absorbing interest. But his professional duties at home demanded his undivided attention, and, resigning his professorships, he returned, hoping to devote himself wholly to his large practice. He was given but a short respite. The earnest solicitations of the faculty won him back to his old chair in 1856, which he retained with increasing honor until Feburary, 1858, when professional demands forced him to resign. In 1859 he was elected a member of the Board of Censors of the Homoeopathic College of Missouri. In August, 1858, he was invited to accept the chair of Physiology and Pathology, or that of Theory and Practice, as he might prefer, in the Homoeopathic College of St. Louis, Missouri, but his

THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. - 557

recognition of professional duty forced him to decline. Dr. Bissell thus gave up all college honors to devote himself to the toilsome details of professional life. He continued actively engaged until the Spring of 1860, when, hoping to get some relief from excessive labor, he accepted as a partner, S. S. Lungren, M. D., of Hagerstown, Maryland. But Dr. Bissell was overworked. A partnership might somewhat modify his labors, but could not give him rest. The experience of another year decided him to quit the field altogether. Accordingly he arranged to transfer his professional interests to Dr. S. S. Lungren. He soon removed to New York City, where he became a member of the Stamford Manufacturing Company, one of the oldest and wealthiest houses in that City. Here, if he succeeded in shunning the honors of a grateful School, lie could not escape the bright smiles of golden success. When it is remembered that this man-this brave pioneer of 'a new theory in medicine-struggled on, alone and unaided, for many years, it becomes difficult to realize the obstacles so heroically overcome, or to properly measure the greatness of his final success. That success can be best appreciated by his successors in professional toil, for whom lie smoothed the way. For many years, the nearest professional aid on which Dr. Bissell could rely was Dr. Louis Lodge of Adrian, Michigan ; Dr. Ellis or Dr. Thayer, Detroit; or Dr. Wheeler, of Cleveland. I have perhaps lingered long and lovingly about the name of Dr. Bissell, but e was a man whom to know was to love. Dr. Woodruff, of Troy, New York, and I were the only students whom the Doctor ever had, and it is needless to say, that the relationship was delightful to us. If some able pen could wring from the modesty of the Doctor permission to trace his life, there would be found in the delightful detail the correct history of Homeopathy in Toledo. The history of the one would be the life of the other.

Some time about 1855, Dr. F. Bigelow, of Syracuse, New York, located in Toledo and began the practice of Homoeopathy. Dr. Bigelow was a man of quiet, reserved habits, and of gentle instincts. He was a physician of the finest abilities and of the most admirable character. He soon acquired an extensive practice and endeared himself to hundreds of families. Dr. Bissell had made more converts than he could care for, and Dr. Bigelow's arrival was very opportune. Dr. Bissell could not have had a more admirable colleague than was Dr. Bigelow, who remained in active practice until 1866, when ill health drove him out of the field, and compelled him to seek much-needed rest. He removed to Syracuse, New York, where he entered on a less active scene; but broken and enfeebled by overwork, he never regained his old time strength, and after a brief' struggle, passed away a few years ago, sincerely mourned by a multitude of sorrowing friends.

Dr. Bigelow admitted Dr. Silas Bailey to a partnership, which continued only a little while. Dr. Bailey retired to an office of his own some time in 1862. When the late war first stirred the country Dr. Bailey received an appointment from the Government as Examiner of Soldiers applying for enlistment. The appointment created quite an agitation in local medical circles, but the Doctor's influence was sufficient to maintain him in the position. The Doctor soon retired from the practice of medicine and established himself in the book trade, which, after a few years he abandoned and left the City.

It will be remembered that Dr. Lungren located hero in 1860. The doctor's signal success in Uterine Surgery is really deserving of greater notice than is here accorded him, but the reader is referred to his biographical sketch on another page for full information. After him came Dr. Rowsey; theo E. M. Goodwin, M. D.; A. C. Barlow, M. D.; Russel C. Call: ins, M. D ; Myron H. Parmelee, M. D.; S. S. Parker, M. D.; Albert Claypool, M. D., and Herbert Chase, M. D. Thus the list lengthened, until in this year of grace, 1887, there are some 14 Physicians engaged in the practice of "Similia."

Dr. House, of Tecumseh, Michigan, tarried here awhile just previous to his fortunate removal to the present scene of his labors and honors.

E. P. Gaylord, M. D., now of Detroit, was for a time associated with Dr. Bigelow.

Dr. H. W. Hartwell and his accomplished wife, Dr. Emma Hartwell, joined us a few years ago

Dr. Zubenden is also a new-comer, working hard in the general field.

Dr. R. D. Tipple, the Eye and Ear Specialist, located here in 1883, and has deservedly won a large patronage.

Dr. F. P. Taylor, a bright young Physician, settled here about three years ago, and the future seemed full of promise to his eager gaze. He purchased a home on the corner of Mulberry and Huron Streets, and made a fortunate business arrangement with a Physician of Auburndale. A seemingly slight sickness con fined him to his house for a few days, when the rupture of a large blood-vessel drained his life away in a few hours.

There have been many professional birds of passage who have visited here to-day and away to-morrow-gone so quickly that their names have left no trace on memory.

SAMUEL S. LUNGREN, M. D., was born in York County, Pennsylvania, August 22, 1827, and is of Swedish origin. His ancestors settled in America prior to the Revolution. His grandfather, a native of' Sweden, established the first paper mill upon Chester Creek, at a point below the City of Philadelphia. The

558 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

early life of young Lungren was spent in the vicinity of and within the Quaker City, where he received his elementary education. When 16 years of age, he entered the Drug Store of French & Richards, in Philadelphia, on the corner of Tenth and Market Streets, and remained there until he had almost attained his majority. While thus employed, be had charge of the retail department of the establishment. His leisure hours he devoted to the study o medicine, and to the acquiring of Latin and French in the Night-Schools of the City. His progress in his studies, even under adverse circumstances, was rapid, and in October, 1848, he became qualified to enter the Jefferson Medical College as a student, from which he was graduated in March, 1850. He soon after began the practice of his profession at Hagerstown, Maryland, where lie remained for the ensuing ten years. After mature study and reflection, be became a convert to the system of Hahnemann, and attended a course of lectures at the Homoeopathic Medical College of Philadelphia, where he was graduated in March, 1852. After graduation be continued to practice after the tenets of the new system in Hagerstown, until November, 1860, when, desiring a more extended field of action, he removed to Toledo, where he has since continued to reside, constantly and assiduously engaged in his professional labors, and where, by years of able service, he has won the confidence and respect of a community who justly recognize in him a skillful and able practitioner. As a Physician and Surgeon, he is confessedly one of the leading members of his profession in the City and the State. He has performed various surgical operations which have been cited as most remarkable cases of the kind in Ohio and the Northwest. He devotes himself more particularly to Uterine Surgery, and in this branch of medical science has often, under circumstances of peculiar and perilous delicacy, attained to notable success. Removed February 7, 1884, a solid uterine tumor, weighing 60 pounds and three ounces, the largest of the kind, with one exception, ever recorded removed from a living woman. His remarkably successful cases of "Cesarean Section," first performed May 8, 1875, was crowned with the happiest results, both mother and child being saved. The same operation has since been performed (May 22, 1880) on the same patient with equal success, and she, with her two children, represent the only living Cesarean trio in the world at this time. The result in each operation was due in a great measure to his use of silver wire sutures in closing the uterine wound. A case of "Cesarean Section " was for the third time successfully performed by Dr. Lungren April 19, 1885, saving the woman, who is now alive; the child had been dead two days before lie saw the case; the whole constituting a record in this delicate and difficult branch of surgery unequaled by any member of his profession, having performed one-fourth of all the cases in Ohio, saving three of the eight women who have been saved in the State by such means. Dr. Lungren is a member of the State Homoeopathic Medical Society, of which he has been the President, and a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy for 18 years, contributing at each session some paper upon medical or surgical subjects. He is also a contributor to several medical journals, and in all matters pertaining to the advancement of Medical Science he is a zealous and efficient co-laborer.

WILLIAM THOMAS ROWSEY, one of the prominent Physicians of Toledo, is a son of Charles Allen and Mary (Tranor) Rowsey, and was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, August 29, 1838. His father, a Carpenter by trade, was born in the State of Virginia, and is a descendant of the French Huguenots who settled in South Carolina about the middle of the sixteenth century, or immediately after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. His mother was born in Ireland. Both of his parents are alive and reside in Toledo. The boyhood days of Dr. Rowsey were passed in the City of his birth. Until his 14th year he attended the Eighth Ward School, presided over by Father Wood, afterward the celebrated Archbishop of Philadelphia. In 1852, with his parents, he removed to Toledo. Soon after he became a student in the University of Notre Dame, at South Bend, Indiana. Here for four years he pursued a classical course of instruction. For two years following he pursued a Collegiate course at Mount St. Mary's College, Cincinnati, at the expiration of which period he returned to Toledo. In deference to the wishes of his father, he entered the law office of William Baker, Esq., of Toledo. After a few months' study, he relinquished the idea of becoming a member of a profession for which he bad no taste or inclination. In conformity to a desire long entertained, he began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. A. F. Bissell, of Toledo. He also received a course of instruction at the Hahnemann Medical College, at Philadelphia, and the Homeopathic Medical College of Cleveland. At the latter institution he was graduated in March, 1862. He began the practice of his profession with a fellow-student at Logansport, Indiana, continuing there with fair success three years. He then returned to Toledo, where he has remained ever since. He is a member of the Ohio State Homoeopathic Medical Society, and a frequent contributor to different Medical journals. His professional skill has placed him in the front rank of practitioners in Toledo, and at the present time his practice is very extensive. Thoroughly devoted to his profession, the practical duties

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in Toledo, he has had little time to engage in enterprises outside of his special calling. He was married June 9, 1869, to Henrietta F. Folsom, a lady of unusual intelligence and refinement. Three children have been the result of this union--two girls and one boy. To his attainments as a skilled Physician are added the graces of a pleasant, affable gentleman. He possesses in an eminent degree those qualities of heart and mind so essential to the highest degree of success in an v walk of life. Retiring in disposition, he shrinks from publicity, and finds his greatest pleasure in the domestic circle, where his social, genial qualities make him esteemed and beloved.

DRUGS AND MEDICINES.

As in the ease of Books and Stationery and most other branches of trade, Drugs and Medicines in Toledo constituted parts of the comprehensive stocks of pioneer Stores; and grew to the proportions of special traffic, with the enlarged demand of a growing community. Thus, the first record in that connection is found in the advertisement of A. Palmer & Co., in the Toledo Gazette of March 12, 1835, where, in connection with Dry Goods, Groceries, Hardware, Glassware, Stoneware, Flints, Percussion Caps, Window Glass, Cow and Ox Bells, Carpenters' Tools, "Dipt Candles," &c., &c , were offered Patent Medicines, &c." It was not until 1837, that this branch of trade attained the dignity of separate recognition in the advertisements of Marshall & Way, Scovill & Southard, and J. W. Gilbert & Co., as "Druggists," the latter dealing in Botanical Medicines." Others still sold Medicines in connection with other goods.

In 1838 Dr. Charles McLean, a practicing Physician, appeared as Druggist, with Thomas Daniels as Clerk. Luke Draper had then succeeded Hoisington & Manning, It is safe to say, that the residents, before or since, novel' , per capita, furnished for dealers in Medical supplies as much trade as during that Year, particulars of which are given elsewhere. The leading articles in demand were calomel, jalap, quinine, Peruvian bark, epsom salts, Castor and Harlem oils, with Lee's Brandreth's and Gregory's pills. In 1839, Osgood's India Cholagogue was added to the list of " Patent" preparations. It originated with Charles Osgood, then of Monroe, Michigan, who came to Toledo, to confer with Titus & Co., Merchants, in regard to the introduction of the article. The price was a leading point for settlement whether it should be 50 cents, 81.00 or $1.50. Finally, it was settled at the latter sung, as it still remains. The article was first manufactured at Monroe, and subsequently, as now, at Norwich, Connecticut.

Dr. McLean sold out to J. J. Fullerton, Secretary of the Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad Banking Company.

A. Ralston & Co. and Dr. Geo. R. Perkins soon appeared. Thomas Daniels was cleric for both these, as Charles West was for the former. In May, 1846, Mr. Daniels, as successor of Dr. Perkins, commenced the trade. which he has now followed in Toledo without interruption, for the period of 42 years, it being 50 years since lie became a Druggist's Clerk. The firm of A. Ralston & Co. was succeeded by S. Lindsley & Co,, and that by Charles West as Wholesale and Retail dealer. About 1860, the firm of West & Truax took the Wholesale, and West & Vanstone (since Vanstone & Crosby) the Retail trade of this house. In November, 1851, J. M. Ashley & Co. (succeeding Z. C. Stocking) commenced the wholesale and retail trade, continuing until 1859, when they were succeeded by Dooley Brothers (Albert G. and Edwin).

Among the succeeding Druggists were D. H. Miner & Co., C. E. Winans, Henry Wittstein, Peck & Ross, and J. B. & C. A. Trembley, in 1860 ; and A. W. Bailey, John B. Fella, G. Fenneberg, C. R. Heath, Wm. Henzler, C. Hohls & Co., W. E. Lawton. Jacob fiery, L. E. Mulford, J. L. Roller, M. Schnetzler, F. Schroeder, Lewis Brothers (East Toledo), and G. W. Warren, in 1870. The following named Druggists were in trade in Toledo in 1887:

Wholesale- West & Truax, and Walding, Kinnan & Marvin.

Retail-Wm. J. Bach, George Bailey, Wm. Bartlett, Bower & Friedrichs, Adam Burger, Carpenter & Funk, H. C. Christy, Clemons & Hill, Cook Bros., W. W. Cullison & Co., E. C. Danforth, Thomas Daniels, J. B. Fella. Gustavus Fenneberg, Anton Gates, Joseph Gates, John Goldbach, Robert Gysel, R. E. Hamlin & Co., David Harpster, Andrew Heitzman, Wm. Henzler, C. Hohls & Co., Pauline Holly, C. E. Holmes, T. Benton Huston, G. A. Kirchmaier, Win. Kirchmaier & Son., J. W. Lilly, J. M. McCann, McMullen & Moore, A. D. Matthews, J. F. Mery, Wm. H. Moore, Henry Moran, G. C. Nill, I. A. Peed, J. L. Roller, hi. B. Schaefer, Schindler Bros., Joseph Scholl & Bro., C. E. Spayd, H. W. Spayd, R. C. Spohn, A. J. Sprague, Otto Steinbruck & Co., John Thompson, Vanstone & Crosby, Joseph Wernert, W. K. West, Dennis Weyburne, L. A. Young.

ISAAC N. REED was born November 24, 1846, in Springfield Township, Lucas County, 13 miles West of the City of Toledo. His ancestors on his mother's side were of old Puritan stock, and among the very early settlers in New Hampshire. They took an active part in both the wars that established and maintained

559a - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

completed, participating in the historical ceremony of driving the last spike connecting the Union and the Central Pacific Railroads. In 1871, Mr. Reed severed his connection with the Railroad in the West. His career had been eminently successful, and with wife and young son he left the road with letters of high mark from his superior officers and returned to Northwestern Ohio, the home of his childhood, engaging soon after in the hard ware business at Delta. That trade was not in harmony with his tastes. The impressions created at Baldwin University still continued. He then moved to Toledo to engage in the Drug trade, purchasing the interest of M. W. Plain in the Wholesale Drug firm of Plain, Williams & Co. The firm was reorganized under the name of Reed, Williams & Co., and did an extensive business for about three years, when an opportunity was presented for him to purchase the Retail Drug Store he at present manages, at the corner of Summit and Madison Streets. This change was accomplished in the Autumn of 1876, Mr. Reed then withdrawing from the Wholesale trade. During the 12 years he has conducted his present business, his success has been such that he has made himself widely known among the Pharmacists of the country. He has always been a zealous and active worker in the cause of Pharmacy and its elevation as a profession. In 1881 he was elected to the Presidency of the Ohio State Pharmaceutical Association, and served with honor to the Association and credit to himself, infusing into it a life and vigor it had not always enjoyed. In an address. delivered before the Retail Druggists' Convention at Zanesville, in 1882, he fearlessly assailed the then existing laws regulating the practice of Pharmacy in this State, pointing out the great injustice done by it to the vast army of intelligent men engaged in the business, as the law applied only to the City of Cincinnati. and was in the especial interest of her College of Pharmacy. That this defect might the more surely be remedied, Mr. Reed was appointed as one of the Committee on Pharmacy Law, which, in 1884, succeeded in having enacted by the State Legislature what is known as the "Reed Pharmacy Act," which, as a law for controlling and directing the practice of Pharmacy, has no superior in the United States. He also vigorously opposed re-establishing the duty on quinine, which was then being undertaken by the large manufacturers of the United States, and the repeal of the Patent Medicine stamp tax, both of which positions have long since been recognized as correct by his then most active opposers. He was also an active supporter and urged the passage of the then pending " Pond Liquor Law" and its strict observance by his brother Druggists, claiming that the high calling of their profession forbade them the right, under any circumstances, of converting their Pharmacies into incubators of drunkards, the freedom of this country, and without exception, were known for their loyalty and staunch Republican principles. His grandparents on his mother's side, settled in this County on the Maumee River in 1831, and died in 1870 and 1871, at the age of nearly 100 years. His f'ather's people were of Scotch descent, and came from Massachusetts to what then was the Village of Syracuse, New York, in 1820, and there died, leaving a son Hiram J. (father of' Isaac N.), who came to the Maumee Valley in 1836, when 19 years of age. He now resides near Riga, Lenawee County, Micheigan. Isaac N. is the fourth child and third son of' a family of six. His mother died when he was 9 years of age, causing a division of the family. He was placed with his grand-parents (David and Anna Preston), with whom e remained but a short time, when he was bound out to one Henry Cable, to learn the art and mystery of agriculture. During the three years following, he suffered severe want in consequence of the extreme poverty of the family with whom lie was. Hard work was a necessity, and e now points with pride to the acres he cleared and fenced ready for the plow before he was 13 years of age. With poverty and want pressing on all sides, the future presented anything but a pleasant outlook. He asked of his father and his employer, that the contract be annulled, promising that he would not become a burden on the hands of either. This petition having been granted, employment was obtained as "section-hand " on the "Air Line Division" of' the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad, when he at once became a self-supporting member of the community. Up to this time, he had not received even the rudimentary elements of an education. He could neither read nor write. At the age of 15 his schooling began; lie working during the summer and going to School winters. His progress was rapid ; and at 18 he entered Baldwin University, at Berea, Ohio, where e received his first lessons in the profession that subsequently bee came his life-work. Two years after his entrance at Baldwin University, he returned to Monclova Township to teach School in the old School-house, where five years previous e had learned to read and write. As a Teacher, his success was beyond the most sanguine expectations of the School Directors; but at the close of his term, his health was so far impaired as to compel him to seek employment in the open air. He then went to Columbus, Wisconsin, and entered the employ of the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad Company, as foreman of a gang of track-men, in which service be continued until November, 1868, when he started for Wyoming Territory on the line of the then uncompleted Union Pacific Railroad. Here Mr. Reed again, engaged in the Railroad service and continued in it until the road was

THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. - 559b

proprietors, who are now reaping the advantages pointed out at this first small, but significant meeting. Mr. Reed was married with Miss Agnes Kelly, of Oconomowoc, at Watertown, Wisconsin, November 10, 1868. They have had five children: Oliver Clayton, born at Wasatch, Utah, August 28, 1869 ; Arden Boyington, born at Delta, Ohio, May 13, 1873, and died at Toledo. November 3, 1874; Hazel Marion, born at Toledo, November 29, 1884, and Edna and Mabel, born at Toledo, November 10, 1886 and that the sale of liquor by them should be limited to prescriptions of practicing Physicians. He was also, in 1881, elected a member of the American Pharmaceutical Association and of the National Retail Drug Association, and was one of the five Wholesale Druggists who met at the Boody House in Toledo in 1871, and organized the Western Wholesale Drug Association, from which sprang the National Wholesale Drug Association. At their annual meeting in Boston, August 22, 1887, their membership numbered over 400 staunch business

DENTISTRY.

The first practical Dentist in Toledo is understood to have been Dr. J. N. Cassells, who seems to have come here in August, 1840. He had an office at both the Toledo and the American House. In his announcement, he stated that

His mode of plugging teeth with metallic paste, which enters the teeth in a soft, putty-like form,without irritation or pain, and becomes perfectly solid in the short space of 24 to 45 hours, is universally acknowledged to surpass anything ever before used for that purpose.

Dr. Cassell's charges were : Pivot teeth inserted, each, $5.00; teeth inserted on gold plate, each, $8.00; cavities filled, each, 50c.; teeth extracted, each, $1.00; teeth cleaned, $1.00

In November, 1840, "Dr. A. Chandler, Surgical and Mechanical Dentist," announced his arrival in Toledo from Binghamton New York and his readiness to serve the citizens in his profession. lie advertised "incorruptible teeth of the most beautiful varieties, set in natural roots, from a single tooth to any required number." His teeth were designed for "supplying deficiencies in the upper and under jaws," and '' served the purposes of articulation, mastication, as well as the purpose of ornament and comfort." "Teeth cleansed of tartar or salivary calculus, and directions given to prevent its further accumulation.'' The Doctor called special attention to his Odontolgic Drops, as prepared by himself," for the purpose of curing nervous toothache. "By a few applications of these drops in the cavity of a tooth, the nerve would become perfectly paralized and insensible, thus giving immediate relief to the most desperate case of toothache." His office was at the American Hotel.

Other practitioners, from time to time, made temporary visits to Toledo.

The first Dentist of permanent residence here, was Dr. John Estile, who came in 1850, and for a period of nearly 20 years, followed his profession. He died about 1870.

Dr. Chester H. Harroun is now the oldest dental practitioner in Toledo, having opened an office here in 1853, and yet follows his profession. His father (David Harroun) and family came to Sylvania in 1835, where he died several years since. Mrs. Harroun still survives him. David A., son of Dr. Harroun, is associated with him in practice.

Dr. Robert L. Evans came in 1857, when he became the partner of Dr. Harroun, which arrangement continued until 1864, since which time he has continued practice alone.

Prominent among the Dentists of Toledo was Dr. Julius Chesebrough, who came in 1861, and continued in successful practice for about 12 years, when he died. Mrs. Chesebrough still survives.

Dr. John Rowsey, son of Captain C. A. Rowsey, and brother of Dr. W. T. Rowsey, studied with

Dr. Estile and commenced practice about 1864, which e continued until his death, in 1886.

Dr. H. M. Edison came to Toledo in 1869, and soon formed a partnership with Dr. Evans, which continued until 1874. He is yet in practice here.

Dr. S. C. Taylor came in 1872, entering upon a practice which yet continues.

In 1874, Dr. E. D. Scheble opened an office in Toledo and yet continues here.

Dr. J. J. Barber cane to Toledo in 1878, and located his offices at 145 Summit Street. In 1885 he formed a partnership with Dr. A. T. Kline, of Nashville, Tenn. They make a specialty of bridge and crown work and of filling teeth with vitrified porcelain.

From time to time, the list of Dentists has been increased, until in addition to those already referred to, the following named practitioners are in the city:

L. L. Barber. A. B. Mason.

H. A. Black. J. A. Miller.

M. F. DeLano. C. W. Munson.

A. H. Fleming. L. W. Nevius.

L. C. Fleming. M. S. Page.

David A. Harroun. F. A. Root.

Edward Heffron. C. A. Sipe.

H. C. Kuebler. J. A. Stipp.

A. H. Little.