741 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY

CHAPTER III.

(RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE)

RECORD OF NATIONALITY.

AS seen, by statistics elsewhere given, the population of Lucas County, in 1880, was 67,377. Of these, 50.023 were native, and 17,354 foreign born-the latter consisting of Germans, 8,267; Irish, 3,284; from British America, 1,688 ; England, Wales, and Scotland, 1,551; France, 419.

As shown, the Germans now constitute about one-half the foreign born population of the County. This has been the fact for many years. The vanguard of that nationality appeared at the very outset of permanent settlement, and was followed by increasing numbers, who have been identified with every branch and department of industry and trade. At request of the writer, Hon. Guido Marx prepared, evidently with great expenditure of time and labor, a statement showing; something of the part borne in the history of the City and County, by the nationality of which he is a recognized representative. So much of his valuable paper as space (unexpectedly limited) will allow, is given herewith.

Next in numbers and prominence in this connection are the Irish people, who from the first were identified, not only with the development and improvement of the locality, but in religious, educational, governmental, political and other departments of usefulness; and it is much regretted, that something like just mention of the part borne by them has not been found practicable in this connection.

In such special mention of the two nationalities named, the writer is not unmindful of the thousands who have come from other countries, to bear parts equally honorable in the great work of establishing and advancing civilization and improvement here. England, Scotland and France have been specially liberal in such contributions; while other countries, proportionately, have borne creditable part in the work.

THE GERMAN ELEMENT.

BY GUIDO MARS.

This element had a large share in the settlement of this County and the development of the City. One of the first white owners of the real estate on which the City was founded, was a German-Martin Baum, born in 1765. He was with General Wayne as a Hospital Steward in his campaign against the Indians on the Maumee River, and took part in the battle of Fallen Timbers. He was, according to Rattermann's History of the German Pioneers, one of their most prominent representatives in the State of Ohio ; the fourth Mayor of Cincinnati ; the founder of the first Bank there, of the first Sugar Refinery, of the first Foundry, and the first Steam Flouring Mill in Ohio. With others, he bought in 1817, tracts 1 and 2, now the heart of Toledo, having been appointed Trustee of the property of the two Companies (the Baum and the Piatt) organized in Cincinnati to purchase lands of the Government at the public sale in this section. After the adjustment of the titles to this property, Martin Baum became the joint owner, with Major William Oliver and Micajah T. Williams, in that part of it known as Port Lawrence. Mr. Baum died in Cincinnati, December 14, 1831.

EARLY SETTLERS.-In consequence of the uncertain title to much of the land in this section, little of it was taken up by actual settlers until 1824. when these claims were adjusted. From then to 1832, many German names are recorded as having entered tracts of 80 and 160 acres. So, Joh. Fr. Cobian, in 1824; Heinr. Roop, in 1826; Jac. Geilrath, in 1829; Michael and Daniel and Johann and Peter Strayer, Andreas Trapp and Christian Forke, in 1831; and Peter Weiss, Louis Zumreber, Johann and Abraham Walter and Martin Walters, Christian Gnagy and Lucas Leonard, in 1832. These were farms taken up in Towns 1, 2 and 3 ; and an equally long list of names could be given of entries in Town 9. In 1832, Jacob Keller settled in Adams Township, where he died in 1873. In the same year Joseph Seeman took his abode on the East Side of the River, and Heinrich Gottlieb Neubert in Port Lawrence. The latter was born in Saxony ; hence, his sobriquet of "Old Sax." He had served under Napoleon, and lost his right arm by the fill of a tree while working on the Canal. A widower, he married the widow of Johann Peter Brehm, about 1840, who bore him a son in 1841-Henry G. Neubert, whose name we shall have occasion to mention in this historical sketch as a Soldier. From. a subsequent marriage of his father after the death of his second wife, a half-brother, William, was born in 1846, who also distinguished himself as a Volunteer in the 27th Ohio, during the War of the Rebellion. The father died in February, 1853.

The Deutsche Pionier, published in Cincinnati in September, 1883, to which we are indebted for valuable information concerning these oldest settlers, gives the names of 18 Suabians who formed a Company in Cincin-

742 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

nati in 1833 to farm in what is now Adams Township, having bought there 2,025 acres of Government land, and divided it up among themselves. Many of them carried out their intentions. Among the arrivals of 1834 are mentioned Heinrich Siebert, Jacob Seifert, Johann Wolf, B. H. Busch, Heinrich Hertzler and Solomon Wolfinger; and in 1835, Heinrich W. Goettel, who, in company with M. H. Daniels during the following year, built the double three-story brick building on the Southwest corner of Summit and Monroe Streets, which they occupied as a store.

Abraham Hartmann, Mrs. Kayser, Levi Schnell ; three brothers Schaal-William, Karl and Fritz ; Karl Mertz and Johann Jacob Vogelsang, are mentioned as new-comers during that year

In 1836, Adam Huster, Jacob Meyer, Martin Weber, Johann Wilhelm Bieber, Georg Abt and Georg Engel arrived in the fast-growing community at the junction of Swan Creek with the Maumee River.

During the next few years, there was not quite so large an influx of German immigrants; but we can mention as having settled here in 1837, the name of Johann Peter Brehm, who came from Flonheim, near Alzei, in the Grand Dukedom of Hessia. He brought with him his wife Katharina, nee Stump, and daughter Elizabeth, the latter then two years old, who in 1853 was married with Guido Marx, to whom she bore 13 children, 11 of whom are living, and destined, according to the words of our Cincinnati authority, "to propagate genuine German blood, and good German mind and spirit." While enjoying the advantages of the best educational facilities which this country affords, they will also be an honor to the land of their birth, to which they all are sincerely devoted. Their grandfather on the mother's side (Brehm) was a mason and bricklayer, actively engaged at his trade in the building up of the new City until his death, which occurred within a few years.

The names of Adam Grosser, Johannes Fromann and Christopher Quade, are remembered as having also arrived during 1837; the last mentioned commenced a Grocery Store in Manhattan, "here he died in 1842 ; also, that Matthias Boos went into the business of selling provisions, subsequently starting a Bakery with his brother-in-law, John Schmidt. Mr. Boos afterwards went into partnership with Lyman Wheeler, for rectifying whisky and making vinegar. Only the names of Peter Henni and Michael Steinhart are given as having commenced farming during 1838 and '39 in the vicinity of the City ; but many more must have begun then to make Toledo their home, for Edward Klinge, the father of' Mrs. Rosa L. Segur, when he arrived in 1840, found it profitable to start a second Brewery, having been preceded in that business by John Vogelsang. The latter's Brewery was on Michigan Street, near Cherry, while Mr. Klinge, in partnership with Lyman Wheeler, erected his on Monroe Street, near where Wheeler's Opera House now stands. He carried it on afterwards in partnership with Charles Vischer, who came from Wuertemberg. At that time Henry and John Goettel were engaged in the Dry Goods trade. Mr. Sehoenacker had a hotel oil Summit Street, near the mouth of Swan Creek ; Henry Schertz was engaged in grading and as contractor, and Daniel Scharfenberger and Levi Snell were Merchant Tailors; while Charles Schaal had a Grocery Store on Water Street, near Elm. Mrs. Rosa L. Segur, to whom we are indebted for some of these notes from the recollections of her mother, Mrs. Klinge, writes:

"Large numbers of laborers of German nationality found employment upon the costly system of grades, then put in operation by the City, who had previously aided in excavating the Wabash and Erie Canal ; also in the hard, rough work, requisite to build a City in the wilderness. The helpful spirit which characterizes pioneer society predominated among the early German settlers of Toledo, and in sickness, sorrow and adversity, they stood by each other as though of one family."

During the following period-from 1840 to 1848-the, German element gained considerable by new accessions, but space will allow the mention of such only as have become specially prominent in business pursuits or public affairs. Among these are Frederick Puck, who, in 1870, with the brothers Witker, founded the Western Manufacturing Company ; Philipp Redding, still carrying on the Saddlery and Harnessmaking ; and Andreas Stephan, who first in Milan, Ohio, and then in Maumee City, started a Tannery. In 1850 he moved the same to Toledo, and changed it three years later into a Brewery. He was an active, public-spirited man, whose name we shall meet again in various official positions. Misfortune, in various ways, compelled him to seek a ]tome in the far West. Jacob Landman, born in 1823, arrived in America in 18:39. After various experiences in Philadelphia, Cincinnati and Vicksburg, Mississippi, he came to Toledo in 1847, where he opened a Clothing Store with David Heinsheimer, which they carried on until 1855, when they returned to Cincinnati. Mr. Landman came back to Toledo in 1800, engaging first in the Grocery, and afterwards the Liquor trade. He has taken a lively interest in public affairs since he came here.

More true to his original occupation, but taking a less active part in political matters, was Joseph Roemer, who since his arrival in Toledo, was first in the retail, then in the wholesale Clothing line. His first partners were William Kraus and his brother Lehman Kraus, who. with a third, the elder brother, Jacob, took up their abode in Toledo about the same tune, for better or for worse. Jacob Kraus was a very careful, straightforward, and strictly honorable man, who raised a family of six children, with whom he lived alternately after the death of his excellent wife, and after going out of active business. He died at Logansport, Indiana, January 23, 1886, aged 78. The next elder brother, William, experienced a considerable change in fortune. Among his first enterprises in Toledo was that of a Distillery, which he carried on with W. W. Howe, until it was destroyed by fire the second time, about 1857. He then opened a Bank with Charles J. Wood, and continued therein after the latter's death, with Wm. H. Smith as a

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partner, and under the name of City Bank, until it met a disastrous failure in 1873. While his star was in the ascendancy, Mr. Kraus was a very influential citizen, being elected to the Mayoralty and appointed by the Court as Trustee of the Toledo and Woodville Railroad. He never recovered front the misfortune which overtook him, and died in Toledo in December, 1883. The younger brother, Lehman Kraus, attended very closely to the business of manufacturing and selling Clothing, and with good financial success, until he was compelled, by failing eyesight, to retire.

The brothers Joseph and Henry Thorner came to Toledo about the same time as the foregoing, and together in 1853, carried on the Great Western Clothing Store, near the foot of Perry Street. Joseph engaged afterwards with George Meissner in the Barley trade and Brewers' supplies, while Henry associated for a while with A. Graff in selling Dry Goods, then with E. Epker, McNamee, and also Cohen in Liquors.

G. Goldsmith and Louis Wachenheimer belong also to the early arrivals increasing this part of our colony.

Of those not engaged in trade, but in various other occupations, we find mentioned further on Daniel Nitschke, who became the manager of the Book-binding department of the Blade Printing and Paper Company; Paul Hoffmann, who went to farming; and the brothers George, Jacob and Martin Tanner; also A. Henning (the father-in-law of Fritz Opitz, and grandfather of Rheinhold Opitz), who died here in 1876, 88 years old ; and who, by his fiery eloquence and poetical talent, stirred up many a soul during the Slavery agitations and the times of War. The names of others will be met with in the enumeration of the vocations which they filled.

The year 1849 brought, in quick succession, a large immigration, and of a character quite different from any former one The enthusiasm and unselfish patriotism kindled by revolutionary aspirations in Europe, unsatisfied by their partial failures, were transplanted to these shores and sought vent in active participation in all philanthropic movements. The new comers of that and following years entered with considerable zeal into the different arteries connected with the life of the Commonwealth. For some of these they were fitted, for some others they were not. All had first to learn the language and the ways of the country to which they transferred their allegiance ; but we can henceforth mention only the names gathered from the public records, and are able to do this only in periods of several years apart, and even then, many meritorious citizens who have lived and died here during these 50 years, can not be here remembered for the want of space.

CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS ESTABLISHMENTS.

The religious sentiments and wants of the early settlers were undoubtedly among the first causes which prevailed upon German immigrants to gather in congregations; and intimately connected herewith was the desire to carry on such exercises in their native language and to maintain the same. Catholic Priests and Missionaries belonging to the Diocese of Detroit, were the first to administer to these requirements as early as 1833; and from then to 1843, spiritual assistance was rendered by visiting Priests from Norwalk and Glandorf. In the latter year the first mention is made of a German Catholic community; but in 1849 their services were still held in the same edifice with their English speaking co-religionists. In 1851, Father Karl Evrard started a separate German organization, and in 1853 the ground was bought on the corner of Cherry and Michigan Streets, on which, during the following year, St. Mary's Church was erected. Father Evrard remained in charge until 1860, when he went to Tiffin, Ohio. His place has been occupied for many years now by Rev. Wm. Kockerols, with several assistants. A second Catholic community (St. Peter's) exists since 1870, near the corner of Upper St. Clair and Canal Streets, under the guidance of Rev. Peter Dannenhoefer, and a third, that of the Sacred Heart, in East Toledo.

The German Protestants met as early as 1836, in private dwellings, but had no regular services performed until 1841, when Rev. Kronenwirth came every four weeks from Woodville and spoke to audiences made up of different confessions. This condition lasted but a few years. In 1848, the first Methodist community was founded, under the pastorship of Peter Schneider. It built a spacious brick Church in 1863 oil Ontario Street, and replaced it in 1881 by one larger and more handsome. In 1858, it was administered to by Rev. Sebastian Barth ; in 1870, by Rev. Henry G. Lieh ; in 1880, by Heinrich Jend ; and in 1887, by E. F. Wunderlich, and is now called the Methodist Emanuel Church. The same denomination had in 1880, on Segur street, another congregation (Zion's) under Rev. Pullman ; Jas. Kern officiating in 1886. The Reformed Church owned an edifice on the corner of Scott and Allen Streets, of which, in 1858, Rev. Henry Ashmeyer was Pastor; and in 1870, Aug. Toensmeyer. To the Lutheran Church, of which, in 1858 Johann Dorfer was Pastor ; and the St. Paul's Lutheran Evangelical, on Erie Street, founded in 1857, by Rev. Charles Markscheffel, and over which he presided until 1873, when he founded St. Peter's, on the corner of Nebraska Avenue and Hawley Street, we find added in 1870 the United Brethren, Karl Schneider, Pastor in 18723; and Carl Schiller, in 1886. The Evangelische Gemeinschaft, corner of Division and Vance Streets, Karl F. Negley, pastor; and Martin Koehler as Pastor in 1880 of the Presbyterian Church on Allen, now Canton Street. between Baker and North. Also, in 1870, the Lutheran Salem Church, Ch. E. Bode, Pastor ; and G. F. Rausch in 1886 ; and St. John's Lutheran, Rev. John Deindoerfer, Pastor; and Charles Beckel, in 1886. These Societies were increased from 1880 to 1886 by several more, the Evangelical Lutheran Trinity, H. W. Querl, Pastor; St. John's Lutheran, under Rev. Chr. Prottengeier; St. Marcus Evangelical Lutheran, Reformed, John Klag, Pastor ; and the East Toledo Methodist Mission. We count in all, at the present titre, 18 Christian German Churches, and two Jewish Synagogues.

The " Free-Thinking " element, although very numerous, has not succeeded in maintaining a permanent organization. In February, 1854, a Freie Maenner Verein was started, G. Fenneberg and Guido Marx signing the first call ; but it was soon turned from the discussion of religious matters by the all-pervading spirit of politics, into the consideration of the Anti-Slavery issues, and became in this an active participant in the conventions of German Liberals, which formulated very progressive ideas. At the first meeting called to debate the AntiNebraska bill, A. B. Ernst was Secretary.

The first Independent Society, of which Francis E. Abbot was Speaker, in 1870, contained many German names oil its list of members, but it existed only a few years. In the Lyceum of Spiritualists, about the same time, Jacob Engelhardt acted as Treasurer.

THE EDUCATIONAL FIELD.

Provision for instruction in the German language in the Public Schools, was first made when, in November, 1854, Julius Vordtriede was called here from Louisville, Ky., to take charge of it. He was to

744 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

teach in the High School, and also in the Ward Schools. In the former he reports in June, 1855, a daily attendance of 70 scholars. The instruction in most of the Ward Schools was discontinued after the first year; but in the departments of the High School it was kept up. Mr. Vordtriede was succeeded as teacher by E. W. E. Koch, who had also charge of instruction in Gymnastics. which, for a while, flourished in the High School halls. Miss Margaretha Otten followed from 1873 to 1878, as a very successful teacher, and was replaced by Martin Friedberg, who now has not only charge of the German in the High School building, where he is assisted by Miss Elsie Krueger, but also the superintendency of it in the Ward Schools, into which it was re-introduced in 1858. In the higher grades we find in 1882, 108 studying German ; in 1883, 20; in 1881, 30; in which last year 13 scholars graduated in that language, and 12 in 1885, in a graduating class numbering 41. In the Ward Schools this language was taught in 1880 in 18 Classes to 1,300 pupils; in 1882 the number studying had increased to 1,649; and in 1883 was reported to have been 1,712. In 1885, there were 28 teachers employed, some of them teaching in both languages, and some German alone. The lady teachers were mostly born in this country. the daughters of German parents. The instruction gives general satisfaction to our German fellow-citizens, who are attached by it very much to our Public School system ; and the only regret is, that it has not been found feasible so far to carry it on through the intermediate grades. Of the elder corps of male teachers, Casper Weber, .J. Lippman, Ibershof, .J. E. Ecker, and M. Loenshall, are no more in active service; but L. R. Konopak, Karl Hillencamp and Fred. C. Mau, still are, while Ed. Lemberger, G. F. Lok, Albert J. Mayer, and A. C. Seiler were also on the rolls of 1885. Among the ladies, Mrs. Amalia Wandke was the first to teach German here. She was followed later by Miss Emma (the daughter of Emil Marx, now Mrs. Seubert), by Miss Emma Koch, Miss Helen Weber, and by Betty, Julia, Lizzie and Theresa, daughters of Joseph E. Marx. Miss Eliz. Augspurger died while employed. Following are the names of the ladies who taught in 1885: Rosa Lang, Augusta Schrader, Emma E. Koehler, Mary P. Hirth, Mary Wiedman, Della Dallet, Katie Tiedke, Mary Klotz, Mary Kaufman, Olga Heyn, Teresa Marx, Emma Fenneberg, Hulda Buettner, Minnie Halbach, Clara Spielbusch, Annie Koehler, Annie Hirth, Lizzie Schiller, Ottilie Herrman and Louise Hoffman.

On the Board of Education we find from 1871 to 1873, Dr. V. Braun; from 1877 to 1881 Heinrich Kahlo ; from 1877 to the present time, Charles Zirwas ; and from 1883, Rynehold Opitz, the son of German parents ; also Frank H. Tanner from 1885.

In the Board of Trustees of the Toledo University, managing the Manual Training School, the Germans are represented by Henry Kahlo, Win. G. Hagenberg and Guido Marx.

Guido Marx acted also on the Board of School Examiners from 1868 till 1870, and Julius Vordtriede occupies that position at this time.

The several religious communities interested themselves from their first beginnings in instruction in the German language ; hence, we find that the Catholics, starting a School in 1834, or sooner, taught 80 pupils in 1858. St. Mary's is credited with 636 scholars in 1882, and St. Peter's with 263.

Among the Protestants Rev. Charles Markscheffel took from the first an active interest in matters of education. He founded, in 1858 a School, in connection with St. Paulus Church, of which Jacob Klayle was the first Teacher. The number of scholars increased soon to 160, and counted 230 in 1866, when Johann Klag had charge of it. Pastor Markscheffel soon found that the enterprise was outgrowing the means of this Church, and desirous of furnishing his pupils at the same time a good English education, it was arranged with the Board of Education, whose President, General Hill, showed also farseeing liberality in supporting the measure, that this School should be transferred to the Public School system. It was expected that the other Churches would follow the example. In 1887, however, Trinity, St. Johns, First German, St. Paul's and Salem Lutheran still maintain separate schools.

LITERARY PURSUITS.

THE PRESS.-Of great importance in procuring for the German element in Toledo that proportion of recognition to which it was entitled by its numbers, as well as by the moral, mental and industrial activity of its members, and of facilitating their combination into the proper Societies, was the founding of the first press and newspaper in their language. This was accomplished b . Emil L., Guido and Joseph E. Marx and Heinrich H. Hauschild, under the firm of Marx Brothers and Hauschild. Emil, born in January, 1526, and Guido in June, 1827, left Baden, the country of their birth, in consequence of having taken part on the popular, but unfortunate, side of the political commotions which took place there in 1849, and landed in New York October 1st of that year. They wended their way to Ohio, and first entered Government land in Wood County, in company with some traveling companions, intending to devote themselves to farming. But both having been brought up to the book and print trade, followed by their father, gave up their novel agricultural pursuits after the experience of 18 months, and carne to Toledo in the Spring of 1851, where they found employment as clerks. In the Fall of the same year they established themselves as Grocers on their own account, but with very little capital, on the old Packet Dock at the foot of Perry street, moving from there in 1853 to the next corner, on Summit and Monroe Streets, where they had purchased previously the Eastern part of the Daniels & Goettel brick building. In the same year they prevailed upon their younger brother, Joseph E. (a practical printer), to come from Germany, and assisted him in procuring the necessary material and press for a Job and German newspaper printing^, office, which was located in the third story of their building. Heinrich M. Hauschild, of Saxony, an experienced printer and old friend, associated with Marx Brothers, and on the 27th of December, 1853 they issued an advance sheet of the Ohio Staats Zeitung, with the news of the battle of Sinopel, in which the Russians destroyed the whole Turkish fleet, at the beginning of the Crimean war. From January 7, 1854, the paper was published regularly as a weekly. Hauschild was Editor for the first year, and contributed also some very good original poetry. At the close of 1854, he returned to Germany, married there and established a printing house in Bremen, which vet flourishes. In August, 1855, the size of the paper was increased. From June 2, 1856, to May 30, 1857, Marx Brothers published a German Daily, under the name of Toledo Express, of which Julius Vordtriede was Editor. To this name, also, the weekly Ohio Steals Zeitung was changed in February, 1857, when the office passed into the hands of Joseph E. Marx, Guido Marx acting as Editor. In 1864, the former, being appointed Consul to Amsterdam by President Lincoln, sold the paper and material to the Toledo Commercial Company, from which Joseph Bender (his steady friend and assistant since 1855, a thorough printer) bought it in 1866, continuing the publication of the Weekly Express, without interruption. On the 9th (lay of October, 1871, the date of the great Chicago fire, the issue of the Daily Express was resumed, Julius Vordtriede returning from Buffalo to take charge of it as Editor, which position he still re-

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tains. The paper has always been of outspoken, AntiSlavery, and consequently, Republican, tendencies, and has wielded considerable influence in shaping the German public mind in this vicinity.

A Democratic Weekly, the Volksfreund, has been published since 1880, first by C. G. Bush, lately by E. V. E. Rausch. Rev. Martin Koehler published in 1880, Der Evangelische Zeuge, a religious monthly.

A Circulating Library of several thousand volumes, a donation by D. R. Marx, of Baden, to his son, Joseph E., and brought here by him in 1853, furnished reading matter to the rovers of light literature for considerable time. During the last few years the German Teachers, assisted by the Frauen Verein, collected a fund with which they purchased a number of juvenile books. The Public Library once also made a small purchase in this direction, which could profitably be repeated and increased.

PROFESSIONS, SCIENCE AND ART.

In the profession of Law, the Germans have but few representatives. Louis H. Pike, who occupies, with great credit, the Bench of the Court of Common Pleas of this County, and Lorenz Werr. We also claim Avery S. Hill as an adopted son of the Fatherland, he having married a German girl, the daughter of Dr. F. J. Klauser, and obtained knowledge of the German language.

In the profession of Medicine, we find more engaged. The oldest practicing Physician now is Dr. Gustav Fenneberg, who came in March, 1852, and is yet active. Dr. F. J. Klauser, who began practice a short time before, died in 1882; but a son, F. E. Klauser, succeeded him. Frederick Holly, who settled here after the War of the Rebellion (in which he acted as Surgeon of file 37th 0. V. I.), is also dead. Others of the earlier Physicians-Dr. Ehrman, 1847 ; Dr. Saar, 1848; Drs. Rosenk, Solomon, Edeskuty, 1854; and Dr. Plessner, have left. Dr. Valentine Braun, coming in 1853, has given up his practice; Drs. Max Jungbluth, M. M. Schnetzler (since 1855), Fred. Jaeger, A. T. Hipp, E. Merchers, Christ. Zbinden, Reinhardt, and others, are still practicing.

In the science of engineering, the second generation has outdone the first. Chas. D. Marx (son of Joseph M.), after having graduated in Cornell and in Carlsruhe, was employed in Railroad construction and on the Missouri and Mississippi Improvement, and is at present Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering in Cornell University. Henry Marx (son of Guido) graduated in 1879, as Mechanical Engineer, at Cornell, and is now engaged in St. Louis, Missouri, in charge of the Western Machinery Depot of Hill, Clark & Co., of Boston. Philipp Welker, Jr., is engaged in the United States Coast Survey, and located in California, and George Meissner, Jr., after serving in the City Engineer's office, was elected County Surveyor. H. W. Wilhelm, another graduate of Cornell, is also occupied as Civil Engineer. One of the most experienced Mechanical Engineers in the City is Valentin F. Stetzer, Foreman for Shaw, Kendall & Co. ; and in the construction of Optical apparatus and Surveying instruments, Louis Beckman takes high rank. Many other skillful mechanics, employed in shops in the City, lack of space prevents from naming.

ART.-The conditions of primitive society are not favorable to a demand for and devotion to file productions of decorative art ; but such as there were, Thiem helped to supply ; and of the present generation, Machen and Miss Louisa Obermiller have secured recognition for real artistical talent.

Music.-The field in which from the beginning Germans took a leading position, and the cultivation of which played a large part in their social life, was that of music. The execution of instrumental, as well as vocal music, was for some time carried on with considerable energy. Louis Matthias, in both, was the leading spirit, and to his talent, .devotion and perseverance, most of what has been accomplished in the City in this direction must be credited. During the early period-1851 to '58-C. S. Crossmann and D. F. Waltz were well fitted teachers; and later Job. Henzel. Next in point of enthusiasm and ability, was Christ. Milverstedt-at least for orchestral music -and his death, in 1883, was deplored by all classes.

The Kossuth Band is the first of which we find mention. It gave a concert on February 2, 1854, in which Lohman, Busse, Matthias, Sickingen, Steil and Wernhuber took part. From this on, many organizations followed each other until, in 1887, when Milverstedt's Orchestra and Brass Band, under the leadership of Max Frick ; Charles Wolff's Orchestra, and Aug. Lang 's Brass Band yet survive.

For the cultivation of orchestral music proper, in August, 1854, the Musikverein was started, whose first members were L. Matthias, Emil L. Marx, A. Steil, J. Matthias, H. Busse, V. Schulz, J. Zander, S. Zahm, F. Speas and S. Kohn. In 1858, John Werner, Nicolas Auth, Robert Just and Gustav Wittstein were active participants; and some of the same names are mentioned as officers of the Orchestral Union, which flourished in 1870.

Of rate years the taste for music has become so general throughout the community, that some newer organizations, started without regard to nationality, we ere successful in attaching the German performers. Miss Clouse has achieved distinction as pianist and on the Organ.

To cultivate the art of singing, was one of the first aims of combined effort. It originated in 1854 the Saengerbund, of which Frentz was first President, and many of the older citizens members, Rudolph Brand, Peter Lenk, Guido Marx, John G. Holzwarth, Dietrich Schmidt, Christian Dittmar, Jac. Mery, L. Sebastian, and many others, studied their quartettes under the direction of Louis Matthias. In 1858 the " Glee Club " met in Union Hall, under the leadership of H. Neufeld, but during the War most of these exercises gave way to others. After 1866 quite a number of Singing Societies reorganized, until at present writing the "Teutonia Maennerchor," President, Fred. Ritter, and the " Helvetia" can be said to exist, while the Petersburger, the " Gruetli " and the "Liedcrkranz " (mixed chorus), give occasional signs of life, or did as rate as 1880. Messrs. Fred. Seubert and F. C. Hahn, Misses Schrader, Wuerfel and Julia Marx assist in many vocal enterprises.

GYMNASTIC, THEATRICAL AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS.

The Gymnastic Societies, or Turn Vereine, had been in Germany very instrumental in strengthening the minds as well as the bodies of the rising generation, and it became, therefore, one of the earliest purposes of the immigration of 1850 and 1851, to transplant them to this soil. The first Turn Verein was constituted in 1854. G. Fenneberg was the Speaker, and J. Schaefer the Secretary. The year following Theodor Wegener was elected Speaker, and in 1856, E. Morgenroth. In 1858, V. Braun held this office; C. Klives was second ; B. Schnetzler, Leader, and F. Diebel, Treasurer. The Society met then on Oak Street. With the outbreak of the War most of the able bodied and younger members enlisted in the Union Army, and those who remained after peace was restored, united in 1866 with the "Saengerbund," in forming the " Deutsche Gesellschaft," and in erecting for its uses the German Hall on St. Clair Street, between Adams and Oak, where for a while the exercises were kept up. It became apparent, however, that only a separate organization could carry out the purposes properly, and so in February, 1872, the

746 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

Turnverein " "Vorwaerts " was founded, of which Joseph E. Marx was the first President. After his death (April 3, 1872), H. Heyermann, 2d Speaker before, was elected first. Steinboehmer was then First Instructor; Fritz Will, 2d; George Schuck, Secretary ; E. L. Valois, Cashier, and J. T. Frey, Treasurer. The Society grew rapidly in numbers. Anton Holzmann was one of the Trustees, and Fred. Seubert, August Wolpert, Charles A. Vordtriede, F. Hillenkamp, F. Bausewein. Anton Rensch, Julius Keip, William and Christ. Enteman, Henry Hoerlein and many others, assisted as officers. A School for the instruction of juveniles in Gymnastics was instituted by the same in 1876, the first teacher being L. Ibershof. He was succeeded by C. A. Zapp. The School was discontinued in September, 1878. With the close of 1881, the interest in the Society began to flag, and it ceased to be ; but a new organization has been started since, and is flourishing.

In Theatrical performances, the zeal of amateur artists has been more lasting. The first steps to form a Philo-Dramatic Association, were taken in April, 1855, and at the election for officers held in September, 1855, Carl Bauch was chosen Director; Friedr. Schoening, Stage Manager ; Carl Lenk. Secretary ; and Emil L. Marx, Cashier. Many were the pleasant evenings on which Mesdames Schlipf, Schlachter, Morgenroth and Heupel, with a number of gentlemen, delighted the audiences. In September, 1856, Gustav Fenneberg was elected Director. While the original organization long ceased to be, the active spirit of the members remains, and the Society Concordia as well as the Frauenverein, in its benevolent purposes, has been often assisted in the later years by the theatrical talent of Mesdames Trost, Jungbluth, Holzwarth, Lenk and Rosenthal; Misses Schrader, Schweigert, Fenneberg and Olga Heyn ; and of Messrs. Burger, Frame, Krueger, Hahn, Seubert, Hillenkamp and Carl Schon.

The Deutsche Gesellschaft, for a number of years (from 1866 to 1882), was the center of all social occurrences; and the balls, masquerades and concerts it gave its members, were participated in with general delight. In 1870, Dietrich Schmidt was President, and in 1880, Christ. Woehler. Continuing the purposes, but not the name, the Hall came into the possession of the new Society (Concordia), which in 1882 elected its first officers : Charles Zirwas, President ; Dr. M. Jungbluth, Vice President ; Isaac Landman, Treasurer ; C. R. Fischer, Secretary ; and Wm. Markscheffel, A. Rosenthal and V. Braun, Trustees. The Society still exists, with a membership of 95.

The Deutsche Frauen Verein is an organization which the ladies have supported for several years, with the object of assisting worthy German enterprises, such as they found in the German American Teachers' Seminary, the Teachers' Library, and other cases calling for support. The President is Mrs. Johanna Marx, widow of Joseph E.; and the Secretary, Mrs. Dr. Jungbluth.

The Pionier Verein has been founded to afford the old settlers a center of social intercourse and mutual recognition. It consists at present of 115 members. John G. Holzwarth was the first, and Jac. Landman the second President. Henry Brocksieker held the office in 1880. In 1885, H. Kahlo was elected, with George Tanner as Vice President, and Jacob Bailleux, as Secretary.

The Schuetzen Verein has existed since 1878. It affords its members much enjoyment in the practice of Sharp-shooting. In 1880 ,John Ehni presided, and in 1885, Herman Baumbach. A Liberal Shooting Club, of which G. A. Spross is Leader, we also find mentioned in 1885.

Yachting is carried on by Louis Matthias and others in their own bottoms.

BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES--St. John's German Lutheran Orphan Asylum, situated in East Toledo, a short distance South of the River, was founded in 1860. The Trustees in 1870 were Revs. John Deindoerfer, C. E. Bode and Charles Beckel; and H. H. Sampson, Jac. Nesper and John Bittel. It is supported by the Lutheran Church and voluntary contributions, and in 1887 was under the charge of Rev. Beckel.

The Societies for the care of the sick, the burial of the dead, and relief of members in adversity, have augmented since 1854, when the first Firemen's Benevolent Society was inaugurated, to quite a formidable array ; so that we can name but those which now afford proof that the inclination to afford mutual relief and assistance has not declined by the increase of population. One of the oldest of these organizations is the Deutscher Arbeiter (Laborers) Unterstuetzungs Verein, founded in 1868, numbering at present 141 members, and estimating their assets at $4,300. Their first President was George Gerber, with Franz Tillman and Jos. Meyer as Vice Presidents. Officers at present-John Henry, Aug. Schwarz, H. Neumeyer. The Toledo Kranken (Sick) Unterstuetzungs Verein, constituted in 1870 (when George Meissner and C. Hipp were the first and second Presidents), counted in 1885, 137 members, with resources valued at $1,700. Officers -Hy. Stock, President; C. Weil and Herm. Rausch, Vice Presidents ; Jos. Livers, Treasurer. Beside these, we have the Badische Unterstuetzungs Verein-President, Jac. Hoffman ; the German Laborers' Beneficial, President, F. Wagenknecht; the German Protective Association, President, Jac. Hermann ; the Gruetli Verein, President, F. Zumbrun; the Hildise Bend, President, N. Mertes ; the Keduscha Society, of which N. D. Oesterman is President; the Fritz Renter, F. C. C. Man, President ; the Schwaebische (Suabian) Unterstuetzungs Verein, President, John Schrag ; the Hessen Darmstaedter Verein, John Henry, President ; the Alsatian Verein, and the Bayrische or Bavarian Verein, J. Von Ficht, President.

Then there are a number of Relief Societies connected with various Churches, of which we can name-the Catholic Knights of America, President, Melch. Schaal, and connected with St. Mary's; the St. Elizabeth, President, Mrs. Am. Vollmeyer; the St. Joseph's, President, C. J. Kirschuer ; the St. Michael's, President, P. J. Mettler; and St. Vincent de Paul's, President, B. Meilink ; also, the Young Men's Sodality.

Of the (Protestant) Christian Benevolent Association, F. J. Bickel is President. There were 20 German Societies of this character in activity in 1886.

Then there are about 70 Lodges of Secret Societies in the City, having similar purposes, of which at least eight are composed of Germans solely; while we find in the published lists of officers of the others many more German names. So among the Masonic bodies-J. C. Romeis, H. Rosenbaum, H. M. Schnetzler, H. C. Hahn and L. H. Pike. Of Odd Fellows, there are two German Lodges-Robert Blum and Wm. Tell. The Druids count two Lodges and one Chapter: Herman Hain, Toledo and Washington. The Improved Order of Red Men has two German Lodges, the Maumee and the Omaha Tribes ; the Ancient Order of United Workmen, two; the Knights of Pythias, one; and of two Jewish Aid Societies, one at least, is composed of Germans.

It may give an idea of the movement of German Society, that Rev. Charles Markscheffel, during his pastorate (from 1850 to 1885), and while connected with St. Paul's Lutheran Evangelical Church, which counted, in 1873, about 300 members, has baptized 4,108 children ; confirmed 738 juveniles ; married 907 couples; and performed the funeral service for 1,263 persons.

THE GERMAN ELEMENT. - 747

PUBLIC GARDENS, HALLS AND HOTELS.

Public Gardens have always played a large part in German social life. F. C. Hansen, in 1852, was the first to supply this want, by a well arranged Flower Garden and Hall, connected with conservatories on what is now Locust Street, near Bancroft. In 1856, the friends of Fred. Schoening erected for him the Hall in the finely shaded lot on the corner of Thirteenth and Madison Streets, which still survives as a residence. The brothers Wm. and Christ. Enteman, next fitted up a place on Bancroft Street, near Cherry. The River Park, on lower Summit Street; Union Garden, on upper St. Clair; and Mohr's, out on Lagrange, had a run for quite a while; but they were all eclipsed by Lenk's Park, on Nebraska Avenue, which became so popular that the City Council was prevailed upon to buy the ground and convert it into a public Park. It is to this time the handsomest spot of the kind which the City owns. The Schuetzen Park, on tile River bank out Broadway, beyond the Water Works, owned by Jos. Grasser, in 1886 was the only public resort of the kind.

The oldest headquarters for entertainments were, in 1840, at Michael Schoenacker's, on Water Street, where the first German Ball was given. In 1854, Union Hall, on corner of Summit and Oak Streets ; and after tile destruction of that by fire, German Hall, on St. Clair Street, was built. For the accommodation of people living in Petersburg (near Lenk's Brewery), the Academy of Music, on Hamilton Street, was erected by Conrad Huberich. Teutonia Hall, on Cherry Street, is also often patronized ; but Druid Hall, on Washington Street, near St. Clair, is now the favorite place for German parties.

The first Taverns kept by Germans, were in 1854, by M. Schoenacker and Ph. Kreiter, on Water Street ; then by Peter Kohler, on Summit. Many others intervened, until now the Hanner House, on Washington Street ; the National Hotel, by Herman Baumbach ; and Hotel Union, managed by Charles Zirwas, are considered the most prominent.

FARMING AND GARDENING.

So many Germans settled in Lucas County and went to farming and gardening, that it would be almost unjust to single out any name for special mention. The whole "Six-Mile Woods," in the Western part of the County, were cleared and improved by them; and there is hardly a section of it, but shows signs of their labor and thrift. Of those living nearest to the City on the North side, Adam Meissner has been distinguished by awards at many Fairs for his efforts in raising improved cattle and fruit. In the same vicinity Ernst Torgler, George and Joe Engel, Henry Brodbeck and Nic. Braun, have of late years been measurably successful. Koenig and Severin have long held the lead among the Dairies, and the Bergers and Yoesslins supplied the early settlers with vegetables, as the Wenz, John Hague, A. Reiching and other market gardeners do now.

In Horticulture and as Florists, F. C. Hansen has been at the head since 1849, and Bernhard Schramm, Ewald Slider (and his widow, Henrietta, since his death), and G. A. Heinl, have followed closely.

VINICULTURE.

The Lenk Wine Company, whose extensive works and attractive grounds are located on the North bank of Ottawa River, fronting Detroit Avenue, is one of Toledo's most prominent institutions, which has grown from a small beginning to be one of the most important of its kind in the United States. From 1859 to 1861, F. C. Hansen was engaged here with Peter Lenk in improving a Nursery, started some time before. Mr. Carl Lenk, who came to Toledo in 1853, was in 1867, and for several years previous thereto, connected with his brother, Peter Lenk, in this Nursery business, at the present location of the Lenk Wine Company. In the latter year he concluded to utilize his knowledge of Wine-making, acquired at his native place, Wuerzburg, in Bavaria, the home of some of the finest of German wines. Quite a number of acres of the Nursery grounds having previously been planted in grapevines, he commenced active operations in a small way in the fall of 1867, when the first fruit of the young vines was cut; in addition to which he bought a quantity of Catawba Grapes at Put-in Bay. The product of this first experiment met with so much public favor, that he concluded to enter the field more largely, and accordingly in the Summer of 1868 Lenk & Co. built the first Wine-cellar in Toledo, 80x20 feet in dimensions; and in the Fall of that year about 15,000 gallons of Wine were made. The product gaining friends rapidly, additional cellars and capital were soon required, to meet the demand; and in 1870, Louis Wachenheimer and L. A. Fontaine became interested, whom Fred. Gradolph followed in January, 1872. In January, 1873, the present Company was incorporated, with a capital stock of $200,000. The first board of Directors was composed of Carl Lenk, Louis Wachenheimer, Peter Lenk, Fred. Gradolph and Wm. Weis; Carl Lenk was President and Manager ; Louis Wachenheimer, Vice President; and Win. Weis, Secretary and Treasurer. These officers were continued until Will. Weis resigned in May, 1879, when Theod. Beckman was elected to the vacancy, and L. Wachenheimer declined a re-election in 1883, when George Emerson was elected Vice President. The same gentlemen were annually re-elected, and with Carl Lenk continuing as President and Manager, were in 1887 the officers of the Company. The success of the Company was assured from the first, until now the buildings, with their arched cellars underneath, cover more than two acres of ground, and the annual sales reach from 600,000 to 700,000 gallons of Wine, for which from 2,500 to 3,000 tons of Grapes are required. This vast amount of fruit is drawn principally from the Lake Erie Islands and the South shore of the Lake ; and for the last few years, the neighborhood of Toledo has furnished large quantities of Concords and Ives, while Central New York and West Virginia are frequently called upon to supply any deficiency which may exist here. The storage capacity of the buildings is now fully 750,000 gallons, contained in about 400 casks, varying in capacity from 1,000 to 36,000 gallons each. The 36,000-gallon cask is probably the largest Wine-cask now in actual use, and is a masterpiece of cooper's work. It was built in 1883 by Mueller Brothers, of Toledo, and annually attracts large numbers of visitors, it being one of the principal sights of Toledo.

E. W. E. Koch and Henry Brand each have also cultivated Vineyards, and have produced Wine since the beginning of the last decade.

BUSINESS PURSUITS-MANUFACTURING.

In all the occupations which make up the line of building and manufacturing, Germans will be found largely employed. Stoneyards are kept by George Loeb & Sons and Albert Neukom, where the stonecutting for the best structures in the City has been done. The specialty of Marble Works has been attended to by Eckhart Brothers and John Matthies & Son. Brickyards were carried on formerly on a smaller scale than at present. E. Kibbe's (in 1854) turned out much of the material for the earlier buildings, and Wm. Essing was burning kilns about 1870. Masons and Bricklayers we cannot commence to enumerate-there were scores of them. The same as of Carpenters, several of whom, having made their marks as master builders, will be noted. H. E. Bruck-

748 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

sieker and H. H. Samson belong to the older generation. Kuhlman & Koester, Ludwig Frank, Aug. Oechsler and George Platfoot have done some considerable work ; also Chs. Schmuhl, while J. V. Sanfleet has been putting up some of the finest of Toledo's edifices. The latter has also erected a Planing Mill and a Sash, Door and Blind factory, in which branch we find another German firm, C. H. Schroeder & Co., and Christian Zerk as manager of the Toledo Door, Sash and Blind Company.

In Furniture and Cabinet-making, were Meilink & Epker, the pioneers, having arrived here in 1847, and the former has been at the head of this manufacture ever since. Although born in Holland, he has always been counted with other Dutchmen to the German Colony. B. Neher, Jacob Ingold and Philipp Hager, have also been in the business for some time.

In Painting and Frescoing many were engaged since Jno. Werner, who is now manufacturing Varnish on a large scale in Mannheim, painted signs in 1858. Schmidt & Thiem were relieved by death some time ago from the painter's colic ; Thorspecken, Sr., has been succeeded by his son Henry. Cooks Brothers, who did some fine frescoing, left for more promising fields ; but Fred. Ingold, Geo. Josenhans, and especially J.. C. Romeis, are still maintaining their supremacy on the ladders.

In Upholstering Frank B. Elling has been engaged since 1851.

Carpet Weaving appears to be almost entirely in German hands. The four running looms in 1874 were increased in 1886 to 13, all but one or two belonging to this nationality. Billiard Tables are made by only one, George Schulz ; Brooms by the Augsbach Brothers and G. S. Ressler.

To some industries, that they have not been able to maintain, Germans turned their attention quite early, so to Wood-turning, to the manufacture of matches, which M. Edler tried to establish in 1856, and to Brushmaking, in which Albert Wunderle was engaged in 1870.

In the metal-working industries we see the Germans equally active. The Toledo Foundry and Machine Company, of which John C. Wuerfel is President, and John Crowe Secretary, is controlled by them. George Kniesser is the leading mechanic in Haughton & Kniesser's Steam Engine Works. Of Frank and Peter Holzemer, the former has made boilers for more than 20 years. In the manufacture of Iron Fences and Railings, John Mattheis, deceased, has been succeeded by his son. In the blacksmith trade, from which men like Henry Spielbusch have started to serve the City well in various capacities, we find in 1886 20 German names, out of a total of 49. Of those engaged before 1800, Joseph Bulaffer, Henry Kelp, John Reiter, I. Rapparlie and George Hannes may be remembered ; the last named are still at work.

Wagon and Carriage making has for a decade been an industry in the City which required in its large operations more than individual capital could furnish, but while it employs many German hands, and also men like Bernard Meilink among the Directors (of the Milburn Wagon Works), it has been followed by at least one-half Germans out of I8 engaged oil private account, of which F. L. Seibert's works, for instance, have descended from father to son in their duration. In the manufacture of Carriage Tops and Trimmings, C. Z. Kroh & Brother stand alone; but as Saddlers and Harnessmakers, John Redding and A. Bunert are named over 38 years ago. John Sattler & Son in 1880, when four were Germans out of 10, which proportion was increased in 1886 to 10 out of 21 enumerated.

In Roofing, with slate, asphalt and gravel, they have entered the lists; and in laying paving of this material, Hummel & Schillinger stand at the head.

As Coppersmiths, John Groenewold & Son have no competition, the former having come here from Cincinnati 20 years ago ; while in Plumbing, Gas and Steam-fitting, they have to divide the profits with Schulz, Klives Brothers and Raitz.

Val. Seeger has been established as Brassfounder several years ; and William Grah is succeeded by his sons after having been associated for many years as Locksmiths, Cutlers, Bellhangers and manufacturers of Electric apparatus.

Tanning has never been largely carried on in this City ; but while it promised some returns in 1870, A. & Louis Obrist had a yard on Swan Creek, and Jac. Landmann tanned light leather from 1866 to 1868.

Shoemaking was an occupation well followed by the subjects of our sketch, and many of the older settlers will remember John Pauly and Jac. Moellendick "pegging away," when not engaged in their more favorite pastime of hunting John Lang, Mayer & Kapp, Philipp Redding, Caspar Geisert, and J. F. Meyer attended to the "soles" of the next following generation, while 45 German Shoemakers out of a total of 77 named, take care of the " understanding " of the present.

We find a still greater preponderance of German names among the Tailors. Up to 1870, the belonged most all to that nationality ; the names of Theodore Wegener. George Lowwater, J. Stutz, J. Kettemann, Philipp Hassenzahl and J. Jacobi (now the manager of the Buckeye Brewery) will be recalled. In 1880 their number increased to 30, in a total of 35; while the information of 1586 only gives 22 among 30. This maybe owing to the increase of Ready-made Clothing, manufactured elsewhere; also that others prefer to class themselves as Merchant Tailors, among whom .John Daiber, Koelker Brothers, Machen & Huber and Joseph Metzger can be named.

In Dressmaking and Millinery the German ladies are not so numerous as the American, only about 20 of 94; but in the former Miss Mary Koehler has achieved quite a success. In manufacturing goods for ladies' wear, German houses only are engaged. Black & Hoffman formerly made hoopskirts and corsets ; and since the death of Mr. Hoffman (the firm haying changed to Alex. Black), is extensively manufacturing Cloaks.

Roth & Friedman are knitting goods on a very large scale, and employ many hands, haying embarked in the same over 10 years ago. For the same period, Chr. Gunther, Thiede Brothers and Rosa Schaefer have been" dyeing to live and living to dye."

Sussman & Hoffman lately started as Furriers

Among the Jewelers and Watchmakers, J. L. Tanke is one of the oldest. From 1854 to 1870 J. F. Schwarz was a kind of genius in that line, while for the last ten years Jac. Frame has finished handsome work. Dealers as well as makers in that branch are also B. H. Broer, M. Judd, C. A. Keil, J. G. Kapp, Jacob Sherman and John Zurfluh.

The first German Bookbinder was H. Sickingen, in 1854. he was succeeded before 1870 by Julius T. Frey ; but Dan. Nitschke was and has been coeval with them as foreman of the Blade Printing and Paper Company Bindery. Wendt & Rausch (since the latter's death, Wendt & Spatt) are also in the business on their own account since 1580.

It is 20 years since Barth was running the Armada Mills; but Metzger Bros. & Co. are pressing Linseed Oil and Meal at the present date.

The oldest Baker whom we remember was Charles Mertz in 1854, unless he was preceded by Matthias Boos. The former afterwards went into partnership with A. B. Ernst. Leading Bakers since 1870, have been Seyfang & Scheuerman, Henry Birkenhauer, L. H. Meinert & Co., T. C. Riffel & Son, Frederick Ritter, John Sanzenbacher and B. Weber-in all, onehalf of the 24 at present in activity.

THE GERMAN ELEMENT. - 749

One of the first manufacturing Confectioners was S. E. Fuchs, who was burned out. The one now largest in this business is Fred. Gradolph, who was formerly in partnership with his brother William, and succeded Charles Lenk in 1862.

Of Butchers, Sausage factories and Meat Markets, the first and oldest to mention is Peter Kohler, who supplied the settlers from 1845 to 1860. Rieger & Englehardt commenced to flourish in 1850. They were succeeded to 1870 by 42 butchers, of whom one-half were Germans. George Meister, Gottlieb Stahl, M. Stierling, Frank Tillman & Co., and Wiedman & Co. are still remembered. The number augmented in 1880 to 63, and to 83 in 1886; among whom we recognize 37 German names, and can point out as the most prominent-Jacob Folger, Jacob Kurtz, Charles Meyers, Grossenbacher & Co., F. W. Saucke and Wolf Brothers.

In this cursory review of the past and present state of manufacturing in Toledo, we have arrived at some branches to which the Germans, by previous training and experience, felt specially attracted. The making of Cooperage is one in which John Naumann, from 1855 to 1865, employed quite a number of hands. Some of these started afterwards for themselves. The shop was carried on for some time after his death by Henry and Charles Herroeder. Since 1870 Schunk Brothers have established large works in West Toledo, where they keep 35 to 40 men busy. In the specialty of building large Casks, the brothers, Henry and Alexander Mueller, have excelled since 1852.

BREWING AND MALTING.

Brewing and Malting together have been one of the first industries established here by Germans. Of the primitive structures built by J. J. Vogelsang, in 1830, and by Edward Klinge, in 1840, mention has been made ; but it should be added that it is claimed for the former, that in searching for good water for his Brewery he bored here the first Artesian well. In 18,54 Julius Kohler had established a Brewery on Bush Street, near the Canal, which afterwards went through many changes of owners; first, Kohler &Co., then Rudolph & Georgy ; subsequently, in 1858, Stephan & Co. and Lehman & Eckarts ; then through the hands of J. Groenewold and Norton, as assignees ; finally being purchased by Jacobi, Coghlin & Co., and now is the Buckeye Brewing Company.

Andreas Stephan started his first Brewery on Swan Creek, near Superior Street. He associated in 1856 with Peter Lenk, and sold out to him before assuming the one mentioned above, the latter transferring the Brewery on Swan Creek to Hamilton Street, where it was considerably enlarged. It also underwent several changes of management, and is now styled the Toledo Brewing and Malting Company, of which Peter Lenk is President. In 1870 a small Brewery was owned by J. M. Hoffman, at Oliver Street. The Grasser & Brand Brewing Company, on upper St. Clair Street, has been substantially owned and managed by the parties which gave it its name ever since the foundation to the buildings was laid in 1862. Both proprietors (Henry Brand and .Joseph Grasser) have been residents of the City for over 35 years, and have repeatedly held public positions. From 1860 to 1873, F. Lang & Co. (George Stetter) ran the Brewery on Michigan Street, near Cherry, when both went in with Peter Lenk. George, since his arrival in 1850, had been driving Theodore Stockman's hearse during the cholera time, had worked in a Brickyard and graduated as a Grocery clerk. Fred. Lang (in America since 1848) is a practical Brewer, and went into business on his own account again in 1882, with his son Fred., Jr., at the old location, under the style of the Eagle Brewery. Several Germans -Zahm, Theodore Klemm, and lately Herman C. Hahn and Max Eppstein, have been engaged with Finlay's Brewery.

The bottling of Mineral Water and other so-called "soft drinks " was first carried on by Henry Brand, on Erie Street, near the Court-House. He sold out to John Schrink, who in 1878 was succeeded by Philip Schmidt, by whom the factory was considerably enlarged, and improved machinery introduced. Frank Neiss owns, since 1880, the Lake Erie Bottling Works. The bottling of Lager Beer and Ale has become a separate industry, and every Brewery has an establishment of their own, The Buckeye and other brands of Beer are bottled by A. Ullrich & Co.

LIQUORS.

The first German engaged in the Rectification of Spirits, and in dealing in Liquors, was Matthias Boos, from the year 1845, in partnership with Lyman Wheeler. On the latter's death, the firm changed, first to the former, then to M. Boos & Son ; and, the father retiring in 1882, to Win. H. Boos. Matthias Boos died in 1885, highly respected by all who knew him.

In the fall of 1849, two Germans arrived in New York in the same ship, being of very different characters, but having become attached to each other on the voyage. They met in Toledo in the spring of 1850, and commenced the distillery of fine liquors, in which the elder had some experience, while the younger was a Merchant by education. The former, Rudolph Brand, of Witten, was a steady, quiet and affable man, while Peter Lenk, from Wuerzburg, was pushing and very energetic. Both were cultured gentlemen, and their firm of Brand and Lenk soon took front rank among the manufacturing and mercantile houses of the City, while their influence in the society of their countrymen was strongly recognized. In 1857, Peter Lenk went into Brewing, Carl Bauch (his brother-in-law) taking his place in the firm, which was changed, January 1, 1858, to R. Brand & Co. Bauch returned to Germany, and in the summer of 1860, Guido Marx entered the firm, having disposed of his stock of Groceries to do it, with the intention of closing out the same. This purpose was hastened by the fire which broke out in October, 1860, in the Bakery next door, on the corner of Summit and Monroe Streets, and in consequence of which they had to move to No. 36 Monroe Street. June 16, 1865, Rudolph Brand died, one of the most popular, respectable and honorable men that ever graced the business circles of this community. His nephew, Adolph Brand, who had been connected with the house for several years, assumed tile interest of the estate and entered as partner, sustaining in every way, the reputation for integrity the uncle had gained. The firm remaining the same, R. Brand & Co., have ever since been regarded as the leading house in their line ; they first carried the trade of tile City into the Lake Superior Iron and Copper regions, and beyond oil the Northern Pacific Railroad. They first imported Wines directly from Germany, France, Italy and Spain, to this port, those countries having been visited repeatedly by Guido Marx, and also by Adolph Brand, to establish connections. They moreover offered such remunerative prices to the first producers of native Wines in our vicinity as to encourage largely their cultivation, in 1874, the firm erected on St. Clair Street, on the ground on which they before had built the first United States Bonded Warehouse, the fine fourstory and basement, stone-front (Nos. 120-124), in the middle of which they are located at present.

In the same line of business, wee find in 1860, Stettiner, Landman & Co., who subsequently constituted three separate concerns Jacob Landman & Co., Henry Stettiner & Co., and Sam. Stettiner. The firm of L. Franc & Co., transplanted from

750 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

Dry Goods to " Wet," has in its rapid growth, sent out a similar shoot (Rosenthal, Kaufman & Co.). L. A. Fontaine & Co. of that year, has given way to A. Burde & Co. Of Melchers & Lohmann, engaged in the same business in 1869, E. Melchers remains in 1886. The firm of Markscheffel & Co., composed of the brothers Charles and William, with their nephew, George W. Ernst, are also to some extent in the Wholesale Liquor trade, as is E. W. E. Koch, and Alexander Weber.

Manufacturing Perfumery and Flavoring Extracts has been brought to considerable perfection and extension by Lorenz Brothers.

MERCANTILE PURSUITS.

Although the United States records for the last 25 years would show the number of those engaged in selling Cigars and Tobacco, we cannot even approximate the proportion of Germans, but know the same to be very large. Carried on so frequently in connection with other business, the same as selling Liquors at retail, satisfactory figures cannot be given. As a matter of history, a few names may be mentioned for each of the several periods which were considered, at their respective dates, the popular places of public resort, or most frequented Saloons. A picture of German life without a German Beer Hall would not be complete : Steckhahn, 1851 ; Jaroslav Wandke, 1852; Charles Schaal, 1854 ; A. Schiele, L. Taubitz, George Tanner, Schmelzpfennig and Fr. Schoening, 1862; Fred. Diebel, Jacobs, George Weber, Franz Gaetschenberger, Robert Dederichs, Charles Josenhans, 1870; Charles Villhauer, 1880. At the present time, Birkenhauer, Mrs. F. Diebel, Jacob Hoffmann, August Leibius, Peter Schneider, Gustav Baither, since 1858; John Kiessling, John Trier, M. Epple, D. Sansenhacher, Henry Schlegel, Philipp Junghans, and last, but not least, Anton Holzmann.

The same difficulty occurs in detailing the part Germans have had in the Grocery trade. While only three houses-E. & G. Marx, between 1851 and 1860, and Markscheffel Bros. and Stettiner, Landman & Co., somewhat later, endeavored to build up a Wholesale business, we find that in 1870, of 150 Retail Grocers, 71 bore German names. This proportion changed in 1880 to about 80 in 196, and in 1886 we find 278 enumerated, of which we recognize 104 as belonging to the nationality of which we write. It is evidently not within the scope of this work to recall even a minority of those which have occupied the available corners, and often the pace between them, during the last 40 years, devoted to this business. Of those who went to rest long ago, Veit Wening will be remembered, George Redding, F. M. Kumpe, John Auth, Hansen and Schnetzler and August Engfer. Coming down to present time, we find Wuerfel Brothers, and M. Lotterer having gone out, Ferd. Johnson, Aug. Rall, Nic. Auth, John Scheuermann, Mich. Britsch, Aug. Broer, Charles and Henry Herroeder, Christ. Rudolph, Henry Spielbusch, J. J. Vollmeyer, John Wagenknecht, Overmeyer & Duden, Louis Metzger, as successor to Plumey & Metzger, still engaged ; and Everh. Pollmann, Fred. Lange, Chas. Hand and John Manns, as later accessories ; while A. Rensch & Co. make a specialty of Cheese and similar goods.

Of those dealing in Flour and Feed alone, the names of S. Salm, Millers & Diehl, Fred. Adams (successors to Chas. Oekell, Fred. Soltman and Bill! Brothers occur, while others might be mentioned.

Dealing in Hardware, we find Heckman &Gerber before 1870; also Frederick Schaal ; five years later, Carl and George Braun, in the firm of Bostwick, Braun & Co., wholesaling to considerable extent ; then Henry Kahlo & Co., paying particular attention to Carriage Hardware; also Albert Will, succeeding his brother, Fritz Will (who took charge of the Rochester, New York, Stove Works), in the firm of Bacon & Will, E. A. Eversman, Stollberg & Kuhlman, and J. C. Weeber & Co., in Builders' Hardware, Tools, Paints, Oil and Glass. The oldest of all Germans in this line is Henry Philipps, who embarked in it as early as 1854, but turned aside to make Agricultural Implements and Seeds his principal branch, in which he is assisted by his sons. He erected, in 1870, the large Store front, Nos. 141 and 143 St. Clair Street, for his purposes.

Since the close of the War, Henry G. Neubert has been selling China, Crockery and Glassware, on Summit Street, having also established, with one of his former clerks, a branch on Cherry Street, under the style of Shelling & Co. For a shorter space of time, Hassenzahl, Daudt & Co. have been pushing the same lines, and into the wholesale trade. They lately incorporated as the Daudt Glassware and Crockery Company. Otto Schroeter, for 20 years, kept a large stock of Toys and Fancy Goods, and disposes of them exclusively now at Wholesale.

Of the Dry Goods trade, Germans obtained a fair share. Fritz Opitz was in it as early as 1848; and Loescher & Reidemeister in 1853. Previous to 1870, Neuhausel Brothers commenced, and they have considerably enlarged since ; while Ad. Schansenbach, of the same period, has gone out West. C. Daudt returned to Germany, and Graff went to New York, when his partners (Henry Thorner and L. Franc) changed over to the Liquor houses. Lasalle & Eppstein's store, on the latter's decease, was continued with Cohen, and afterwards Koch, as partner, Cohen going into business for himself in the beginning of 1886. S. H. Frank & Co. started during these withdrawals. Billstein & Co., since 1880, supplied the demand for Dry Goods on Broadway, and Gustav Trost on Nebraska Avenue.

The Clothing business bas been pre-empted b Germans largely since 1847, when D. Heinsheimer Co. first entered the race; before they went out, in 1855, Fechheimer & Co.; afterwards G. Goldsmith, Mack, Thorner & Co., succeeded by J. H. Thorner, S. Stettiner & Co., Benj. and M. Gitsky and Jacob Kraus, went in; but the year 1870 found only B. Gitsky & Sons, and Kraus & Daiber on the lists; with John Ketteman, Joseph Simon, C. Weber & Sons (since J. W. & Bro.), and Ab. Sugarman coming in since. Kraus & Roemer started as early as any, but diverged during the last 15 years to the Wholesale Manufacturing and Piece Goods line, first under the style of Roemer & Stern Brothers ; then, as now, as Stern, Bloch & Co. Henry Kiest has been with the firm as Bookkeeper for nearly 20 years.

From 1870 to 1874, the Germania Insurance Company, of which John F. Whitker was President, existed ; but the enterprise not proving profitable, it was wound up. Still, some Germans have remained in that business. We may name Valentine Braun, E. L. Valois, and Geo. Tanner & Son (Frank C.), and Charles R. Fisher acts as Agent for Steamship Lines.

While some Germans have not made a success of the Savings & Loan Association, nor the Bank of which they had the principal control, we find others as trustworthy Directors in National Banks and other moneyed institutions. Matthias Boos for a long time was one of the Directors of the First National Bank; Geo. A. Braun is still one of the Second National; B. Meilink and John Daiber, of the Merchant's National ;-and Guido Marx has been since its beginning, in 1875, Director of the Toledo Savings Bank and Trust Co.

The Mechanics Savings & Building Loan Association, of which Jos. E. Marx was Director in 1870, has also well accomplished its purpose.

While Railroads are usually built by associated capital, a short one (the Swan Creek Railroad) was

THE GERMAN ELEMENT. - 751

constructed by Conrad Huberich alone, to connect the factories on that Creek with the Lake Shore Road. It is still controlled by Germans.

In coming to the last service usually rendered, that of Undertaking, Joseph Abele and Michael Hoeflinger are found ready to attend to it, C. H. Schroeder carrying on with Bennett the same occupation in winch Wm. H. Schroeder had undertaken before 1870.

MILITARY PURSUITS.

The same earnest and active zeal which our fellow-citizens born in Germany or their next descendants have displayed in all the fore-mentioned pursuits and vocations, they have also shown in taking active part in every movement for the best defense of the society of which they had become integral members. In June, 1855, a call appeared in the Ohio Staats Zeitung, signed by Dr. F. J. Klauser and B. Hippler, for the formation of a German Military Company, when the " German Yeagers" were organized, of which, in 1856, Rath was Captain and Dr. Klauser Lieutenant. In 1858 Jacob Tanner was elected Captain. The Company was absorbed in the more serious military life which sprang into existence upon the election of President Lincoln.

Before we enter upon this further, we must mention the spirited, patriotic and charitable enthusiasm with which German Women and Girls acted during the whole of that trying time. The share they took in instituting societies for assistance in the various directions called for during the War, was second to none. From the first call for organizations of Volunteers to support the cause of the Union, the German born of this vicinity took as lively an interest in enlistments as did any other part of the population. In the nature of things, their names were not as frequently mentioned in the rosters of the officers, as in the rolls of the privates; and these will be given as far as obtainable in another part of this volume ; but we find in the former, that in the Fourteenth Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry (the first organized in Toledo for the three months service), Louis Von Blessingh went as Captain, and William Schulz as Second Lieutenant. In this regiment Henry G. Neubert enlisted as private and re-enlisted for three years, being promoted through all the intermediate grades until he received an honorable discharge as Captain at the end of the War. Company H, of the Fourteenth, was largely composed of Germans. Frank Keck was First Lieutenant; Robert Just was also First Lieutenant in the Fourteenth. J. C. Hansen, First Sergeant, died while in service. The Twenty-Fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry contained also a Company recruited in this City. Peter Triquart was promoted in it to First Lieutenant, and Emil L. Marx enlisted as private, was honorably discharged when his first wife died, leaving him in care of five children. The Twenty-Seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry drew also upon Toledo Germans for its contingent. Wm. F. Neubert was one of the privates, serving honorably during the entire War. He afterwards died in St. Louis, Missouri, leaving a wife and two boys. The Thirty-Seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry was composed entirely of Germans, and three of its Companies were enlisted in Toledo. Louis Von Blessingh was Lieutenant Colonel, commanding the Regiment after Colonel Sieber's resignation. Fredk. Hohly was Surgeon, Capt. Fredk. Schoening died May 18, 1864, of wound received in battle of Resaca. Capt. Paul Wittich was killed at Kenesaw July 22, 1864. Capts. Wm. Schultz, John Hamm, Jacob Mery, Herman Rosenbaum, Gustav Baither and Dietrich Smith were mustered out with the regiment; as were First Lieutenants Louis Sebastian, Geo. W. Temme and Jos. Langenderfer, and F. Ingold as Second Lieutenant. Jaroslav Wandke, a private, was killed before Vicksburg. John S. Kountz, the " Drummer Boy," lost his leg at Mission Ridge. The names of others will be found elsewhere, as fully as the records will furnish them. In the Sixty-Seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry Henry Bredt was First Lieutenant, and Emil S. Marx was assigned to this Regiment as Bugler, when he enlisted the second time after he had married again, to serve as substitute for his brother Guido, who was drafted. Emil died in March, 1867, being always very much liked for his goodness of heart. Two of his children and widow survive him. The One Hundredth, as well as the One Hundred and Eleventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry, had many Toledoans in their ranks. Dan'l F. Waltz was in the latter; so were various bodies of Cavalry and Artillery, recruited near Toledo, and joined by many Germans of which we have no record, except of Chas. M. Schiele, First Ohio Light Artillery, Fourth Battery. The First Ohio National Guard, of which four companies, and part of the Fifth, were from Toledo, was organized in July, 1863, and went into the service June 4, 1864, as the One Hundred and Thirtieth Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, for 100 days. It also contained a number of Germans.

Not until 1880 was another Regiment of the Ohio National Guard equipped in Toledo. This time it was numbered the 16th; of which Henry G. Neubert was elected Colonel, which place he filled until his resignation in 1881. It also numbers many Germans.

We have under the appellation " German," included not only such as were born in Germany, but also their children, so far as they have, by education and inclination, considered themselves not too remote from the paternal tree. But whatever their place of nativity, in devotion to their adopted country, in love for American institutions and Republican Liberty, the adopted citizens of German descent do not yield in anything to their native-born brethren. While they have maintained, to a certain degree, their interest in the concerns of the land of their birth, and have taken part, so far as they could, in the events of Peace and War which called for active assistance, they always rendered the same aid to all domestic calls.

POLITICS AND PUBLIC LIFE.

Politically, the Germans of the period before 1848 (with the exception of the immigration of 1830-3) sided mostly, as by a preconceived notion, with the Democratic party. The Know Nothing movement in 1856 tried to punish them for this, but only succeeded in rallying them closer under Democratic colors until the " Free Soil " and Anti-Slavery agitation presented issues upon which the German vote quickly became divided. While the elder immigration largely retained their political predilections, the younger zealously began to advocate the advanced principles as early as 1854, and to vote with those with whom they agreed. They assisted mainly in carrying the Central States for the Republican party, and to bring the same into the power which it held for nearly a quarter of a century. By their active participation in all public affairs, they were soon called to take their share of the responsibilities and honors in the administration of City, Township and County affairs. Under the old Toledo City organization, John Goettel was elected Marshal, and served from 1841 to 1845. W. F. Pregizer held the same position from 1851 to 1852. In 1857 Christ. Woehler was elected City Treasurer and held the office until 1859.

After Toledo had been declared a City of the First Class, the Mayoralty was held by Germans for 10 years out of 16, extending to 1885. Wm. Kraus was Mayor in 1870-1. A celebration of the 4th of July falling on Sunday and being participated in by him, with the Germans generally, created such ill feeling during his term among other constituents, that he

752 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

failed of being re-elected. Guido Marx was elected Mayor in April, 1875, and declined, for private reasons, a renomination at the expiration of his term of two years, which was very flatteringly offered by many citizens, regardless of party. Serving during the Centennial year, he gave in his message to the City Council in that Spring quite full account; of the condition of the City at that period. The enforcement of the ordinance against the running at large of animals in the Streets under his administration made it possible to secure a more general embellishment of the City. Of Jacob Romeis, elected Mayor in the Spring of 1879, and elected again in 1881, and the third time in 1883, serving until 1885, special mention is made elsewhere. George Scheets was elected by the Council to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Mayor Romeis.

The office of City Auditor has been filled by Otto Klemm from 1869 to 1878, very creditably.

John Nauman was twice elected Street Commissioner, first in 1867, and served until 1871. John Bayer held the same office during 1884 and 1885, and was re-elected in 1886.

In the City Council we find previous to 1870, J. F. Witker, A. Stephan, Henry Brand and Henry Philipps ; from 1871 to 1873, George Scheets and Guido Marx ; from 1873 to 1875, George Stetter, George Meissner and Fred. Jaeger. Henry Spielbusch first entered the Council in 1878. During the nine years he has so far served in the City Council, he has been called to serve as Vice President and on very important Committees. From 1879 to 1581, George Fey, Charles J. Kirschner, Jacob Engelhardt, John J. Vollmeyer, Wm. H. Meyer, Christ Yerk, Otto A. Dudes, and Wm. H. Minneker had seats in the Council; and Jac. Romeis (having entered in 1875), E. A. Eversman, Fred. Raitz, George Tanner, and Carl Wenzel in the Board of Aldermen. In 1886 E. H. Kuhlman represented in the latter the 1st Ward, George W. Boos the 3d, J. E. Schultz the 4th, A. Broer the 5th, and G. E. Lorenz the 7th; while in the Board of Councilmen Henry Spielbusch answers for Ward 2d, and Robert Raitz for Ward 7th.

In the old Volunteer Fire Department, Germans took a very lively interest. Fire Engine and Hose Co. No. 3, was partially composed by them, and No. 4 altogether so. The latter was founded in 1853. In 1854 William Kraus was elected 2d Assistant Engineer, and Guido Marx in 1858. Jacob Landman was Foreman of No. 3 in 1852, which position Christ. Woehler held afterwards. The first Foreman of No. 4 was Julius Meyer, Valentine Braun succeeding him in 1854, and then Fr. Schoening. Henry Spielbusch, Guido Marx, Nic. Spinner, A. B. Ernst, Gustav Fenneberg, were some of the members. They constituted the " Firemen's Benevolent Association," the first society of the kind in the City. The City Council authorized by special ordinance, dated March 10, 1856, Emil L. Marx to forma Company of not exceeding 40 members, to be called the " Fire Guard," for the protection of property during fires, and to be part of the Fire Department. It was enrolled, Emil L. Marx became the first Foreman, and Merman Wittstein the Secretary, and did good service while it existed.

An equally large array of German names are found connected with the Police Department. The Mayor acted ex officio as President of the Board of Police Commissioners.

Of the Board of Health, as formerly constituted, the Mayor was ex officio President. Member of the Board was, from 1873 to 1875, V. Braun ; and from 1875 to 1879 Dr. Max Jungbluth. Fred. Tigges and Herman Mahrone Sanitary Policemen.

Trustee of the Water Works was Carl Schon, 1872 and 1876; then President of the Board and Superintendent in 1881. Joseph Grasser was Trustee from 1879 to 1882, and Henry Bruksieker from 1881 to 1885. A. Grauff has been Engineer since the starting of the Works in 1873.

Otto Schroeter has been one of the Park Commissioners for over 10 years.

Trustees of the House of Refuge and Correction, were Dr. V. Braun, Joseph E. Marx and J. E. Witker, previous to 1871 ; John M. Hauser from 1877 to 1881 ; Jacob Landman from 1878 to 1879; and Henry Kahlo from 1881 to 1886; also Martin Friedberg from 1883.

Conrad Huberich was a Director of the Workhouse Board from 1873 to 1879.

B. Meilink is one of the Toledo Tax Commissioners.

Guido Marx was appointed one of the Trustees of the Sinking Fund by the Court of Common Pleas, but did not accept.

Every year for the last 15, from two to four Germans have been elected as Assessors in the eight Wards of the City.

The Decennial Assessor of Real Estate, in 1870, was Henry Brand.

On the Board of Equalization in 1873, was Ernst Greiner; in 1875, George Tanner ; in 1876, Henry Lorenz and George Meissner; and since, Christ. Hammer, John F. Witker, Henry Spielbusch and J. C. Wernert.

Under the Township administration, Wm. Kraus held the office of Trustee in 1855. and Fritz Opitz that of Clerk in 1854. Otto Reidemeister was Justice of the Peace in 1868 to 1872, George Vetter 18811; and Jacob Bailleux since that. George Mack is County Infirmary Director ; and at least six Germans have been Constables since 1857.

Many others held positions in the various Townships. Providence-Dean Christmann as. Treasurer of Waterville, Andrew Gessner Assessor of Waynesfield, and George Vetter and C. Yeslin as Justices in Sylvania and Washington Townships.

Of the County officers, Ernst Greiner, A. Stephan, Val. Braun and John S. Kountz held that of Treasurer successively to 1872. Gustav. Wittstein was elected Auditor-in 1874, and died while in office. This position is now occupied by Charles A. Vordtriede, who is a well-posted officer and very careful. John S. Kountz held the office of Recorder from 1875 to 1878; and Charles J. Kirschner from 1883 to 1886. The term of Wernert as County Commissioner expired in 1886. George U. Meissner, Jr., was Surveyor in 1886. The office of Coroner has repeatedly been filled by Germans. Jacob Schoenacker, who died October 8, 1854, was the first German to hold office in the County ; Simon Kohn followed him; and one of his successors was Val. Braun to 1859. From 1880 to 1881 Dr. Frederick Hohly held the same.

Lucas County has sent three Germans to represent it in the General Assembly. The first one was Guido Marx. who was elected in the Fall of 1870 a Representative, and filled the position from 1871 to '75, having been re-elected. He was succeeded for one term by Conrad Huberich (afterwards United States Internal Revenue Agent). Henry Kahlo was elected to the House of Representatives for the years 1882 and 1883, and declined a nomination by his party (the Democrats).

Jacob Romeis was elected to Congress in October, 1884, by the Republicans, and was re-elected in 1886.

United States offices have been filled by German born citizens on several occasions. .Joseph E. Marx was appointed by President Lincoln as Consul at Amsterdam, and remained there until the latter's death. Under General Grant's Administration, Dr. F. G. Klauser took the same position. Andreas Stephan was Collector of Customs in 1861-65. Joseph E. Marx was Customs Inspector, from 1868 to 1872; and Henry Roemer was appointed to the place on

THE GERMAN ELEMENT. - 753

the latter's death, and occupied it until 1880. Vincent J. Emmick was for several years a Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue for the Tenth Ohio District, serving with special credit. Henry Vordtriede was a Clerk in the same office for some years.

In the Postoffice some Germans were employed under nearly every Administration. George Brenner was for many years Postal Agent, and August Ehnes a Clerk. In 1880, Max Witzman was Clerk, and Max Bruder, Leader ; Ernst Buettner and Ed. Durian, Letter Carriers. At the present time (1886) F. C. Barnes, Ernst Buettner, Adolph Memminger, Val. Lohner, G. A. Putz act in this capacity.

It may serve as a historical item, that the German Letter-list, as early as December 30, 1854, contained 134 names.

The U. S. Census of 1880, giving Toledo a total population of 50,137 (of whom 14,349 were foreign born), ascribes to the German Empire the nativity of 6,809, or nearly 8,000, adding those born in Austria, Switzerland, and such other adjacent countries as are usually counted German.

As already stated, we have in some instances included in our survey, such descendants of the first generation as were usually regarded as Germans; but the absorption of all adopted citizens after the first generation goes on so fast, that special German efforts can only be sustained by new and repeated accessions. The spirit of these has changed according to the occasions prompting the emigration ; but it will always be found devoted sincerely to the land of its choice.

NECROLOGY.

Since the foregoing sketch was written the following, whose names are mentioned in the same, have died

Rev. Charles Markscheffel, December 21, 1880, aged 83 years.

Dr. Gustav Fenneberg, June 17,1887, aged 64 years.

Colonel Louis Von Blessingh, July 15, 1887, aged 58 years.

John G. Holzwarth, Sept. 16, 1887, aged 56 years.

GUIDO MARX was born in Carlsruhe, Germany, June 28, 1827. His father was a Book Dealer in moderate circumstances. From six to 10 years of age, the son attended the Lyceum, where were taught the common branches of education, with the Latin, he receiving therewith some instruction in Hebrew. He had early access to his father's Circulating Library, including many books adapted to his needs, which opportunity he largely improved. The following two years he visited the School in Baden-Baden, to which place the family removed. At 14 he was apprenticed to the Book trade in Brunswick, North Germany. Here he became familiar with works of art, and continued reading standard books, under advice of considerate friends, in connection with the study of natural philosophy and the English language. As apprentice, he had (for three years) to do all work incident to such business, and became acquainted with book-keeping and correspondence. When 17, he returned to his father's store in Baden, where were oil paintings and prints, still employing his leisure hours in the study of the languages, and began that of history of art. At 19 (1846), his father sent him to Paris, where he found employment in warerooms of exporters of City-made goods-meantime improving opportunities for visiting galleries and the study of art. In 1847, he returned to Baden, with a consignment of oil paintings. During the years 1847-8, as a member of different Societies, he became involved in political agitation which specially embraced the young men of the country. The result of this relation was that upon the failure of the agitation for Liberty, it was found best that he and his older brother (Emil) leave Germany for the United States, which they did, landing in New York, October 1, 1849. Continuing their trip Westward, they soon found themselves among German friends in Wood County, Ohio, where, with two others, they purchased of the State 40 acres of" Canal Lands," on which they built a small log-house, cut prairie grass for Winter feed for a cow and a yoke of oxen, and began the work of clearing, grubbing and fencing, preparatory to the next year's crops. In the Spring of 1851, the Marx brothers sold out and removed to Toledo for employment as clerks. There Guido began the active business life, which has been a successful one. With his brother he was in the Grocery trade from 1851 to 1861. Subsequently, with Rudolph Brand, he engaged in the Liquor trade, the firm name being R. Brand & Co. Upon the death of Mr. Brand in 1865, a nephew, Adolph Brand, succeeded him in the firm, whose name was unchanged and still continues. The connection of Mr. Marx with the German Press of Toledo, which he largely assisted financially and as Editor, from 1863, has already been given. Besides habitual attention to business and the cares of a large family, Mr. Marx has found time to serve his fellow citizens in public capacities in extent far above the average of men. In 1869-71, he was a member of the Toledo City Council, representing the Fourth Ward. He was elected as Representative in the State Legislature in 1871, and reelected in 1873. In 1873 he was appointed by Governor Noyes as Commissioner to represent Ohio at the Vienna (Austria) Exposition; and as the result of his observations there, he made report on the necessity for the introduction in the United States of special Trade Schools, such as Toledo now has in the Manual Training School. In 1875, before the expiration of his second term as Representative, he was elected Mayor of Toledo, serving for two years and declining a re-election in 1877. In 1876, by appointment of the United States Centennial Commissioners, he was a member of the Board of Judges of the International Exposition, held at Philadelphia, and was specially assigned to Group IV (Malt Liquors, Wine and Distilled Spirits). His report was the first one published, and the Commissioners directed that a special bronze medal be presented to him, in recognition of valuable services rendered the administration of the Expo-

754 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

sition. By appointment of the Court of Common Pleas, in 1878, he was made one of the Trustees of the Toledo Sinking Fund. In 1881, the Governor appointed him as a member of the Police Board of Toledo, under a special act of the Legislature, which position, on account of ill health, he resigned. He is now serving as a Trustee of the Toledo University, in charge of the Manual Training School, under appointment made in 1884. For a time, he served as Examiner of Teachers for the Toledo Schools. Beside these public positions, Mr. Marx has served as Director in the Merchants National Bank, and in the Toledo Savings Bank and Trust Company-resigning the former position on account of ill health, and now acting in the latter. In 1867-e8, and again in 1872-73, he visited the Fatherland. He made a trip to California in 1884, and to Colorado, in 1887. After the construction of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Line, and before the building of the Pacific Railway, he advocated through the Press a system of Weather reports, substantially as since instituted, with such marked benefits, by the Government. That is believed to have been the first public proposition of that kind. The record thus made of the many public expressions of confidence in both the ability and the integrity of Mr. Marx, bear testimony to the exceptional standing he has gained and held with his fellow-citizens, more full than could added words in this connection. Among the German immigrants settling in Toledo as early as 1837, was Johann Peter Brehm, who came from Flonheim, Dear Alzei, Grand Dukedom of Hessia, bringing with him his wife (nee Stump), and a daughter, Elisabeth, then two years old, who in 1853, was married with Mr. Marx, and since has borne to him 13 children, of whom 11 are now (1888) living-Clara (the eldest), the wife of August Wolpert; Henry, a graduate of Cornell University as Mechanical Engineer, and now engaged in Machinery business at St. Louis, Mo.; Anna, at home; Ella, a graduate of 1887, as Physician of Michigan University, at Ann Arbor; Otto, to graduate as Dentist, at the same institution, with the Class of 1888 ; Theodore, a student in Designing, at Boston and Cincinnati ; Dora, of the graduating Classes of 1888 in the Toledo High and Manual Training Schools; and Werna, Bertha, Erwin and August, yet in the Toledo Public Schools.