STAMBAUGH FAMILY. The importance that attaches to the lives, character and work of the early settlers of Mahoning County and the influence they have exerted upon the cause of humanity and civilization is one of the most absorbing themes that can possibly attract the attention of the local chronicler or historian. If great and beneficent results-results that endure and bless mankind-are the proper measure of the good men do, then who is there in the world's history that may take their places above the hardy pioneer. To point out the way, to make possible our present advancing civilization, its happy homes, its arts and sciences, its discoveries and inventions, its education, culture and social life, is to be the truly great benefactors of mankind for all time. This was the great work accomplished by the early settlers, and it is granted by all that they builded wiser than they knew. Admit that as a rule, but few ever realized in the dimmest way the transcendant possibilities that rested upon their shoulders ; grant it that their lives, in certain instances, were somewhat narrow and that they realized hut little the great results that finally crowned their efforts ; yet there exists the supreme fact that they followed their impulses, penetrated the frontier and with a patient energy, resolution and self sacrifice that stands alone and unparalleled, they worked out their alloted tasks, accomplished their destinies and today their descendants and others enjoy undisturbed the fruitage of their labors. Among the early pioneers of the Mahoning Valley was John Stambaugh, the founder of the family of that name here, a family that has borne its full share of the burdens incident to the upbuilding and development of this community, and representatives of which are today numbered among the leading citizens of Youngstown. John Stambaugh, the pioneer, was born on June 7, 1795, at Perry County, Pennsylvania, and his death occurred on May 30, 1870, in the seventy-fifth year of his age. He came to Mahoning County, Ohio, in 1820, and settled at Brier Hill, where he engaged in farming, and there spent the remainder of his life. He also engaged in driving a four-horse wagon, freighting goods between Youngstown and Baltimore. He was a son of Jacob Stambaugh, of Perry County, Pennsylvania, who was born in 1761, and died May 29, 1837, aged seventy-six years. Jacob Stambaugh died May 16, 1816, aged fifty years, being born in 1766. John Stambaugh married Sara Beaver, who was born on January 25, 1797, and who died on July 9, 1851, in her fifty-fifth year. To them were born twelve children, namely: William, born January 20, 1818, died March 26, 1880. He married a Miss Wise and they had six children, John E., J. Frank, Samuel, Homer, Milton and Charles, the first three of whom were soldiers in the Union army during the Civil war. Samuel, born November 10, 1819, died May 28, 1836. Mary, born December 6, 1821, died January 14, 1908. She became the wife of William Shilling and they had five children, John, James, Samuel, Sallie and Laura. Martin, born September 8, 1823, died June 28, 1891. He married and was the father of Evan, Clarinda and Mrs. George Tod. Julyan, born January 10, 1825, died July 21, 1866. Was married to Calvin Shook and had John W., Silas and Sara. John II, born March 8, 1827, died March 4, 1888. Married Caroline Hamilton and had four children, Grace, who became the wife of Fred Wilkerson, Henry H., died January 4, 1919, John III and George Fowler. Sara, born May 7, 1829, died June 1, 1877. Married to Nelson Crandall and bore three children, Ford, Belle and Charles. Arabella, born September 11, 1832, died May 14, 1904. Was married to James Ford, by whom she had four children, James, Sara (Mrs. H. M. Garlick), Tod and John. Jacob, born May 7, 1835, and the only survivor of these twelve children. Daniel B., born April 6, 1838, died January 14, 1915. Married to Margaret Osborn, to whom three children were born, Philip (married Fannie Williams and has one son, Philip), Annie (Mrs. David Tod) and Mary: Margaret Elizabeth, born October 15, 1840, died March 13, 1841. David Lupper, born March 29, 1844, died October 13, 1869. Married a Miss Fitch and had two children, William F. and David. Jacob Stambaugh, the ninth child in order of birth of the above-named children, was born at the old Brier Hill homestead, where his father settled in 182o. His early years were typical of that period, being chiefly characterized work of the most strenuous sort, interspersed with brief attendance at the winter school. In early manhood he became identified with the coal interests and up to the time of his retirement, in recent years, he had much to do with the coal development of the Mahoning Valley. His principal efforts were at Weathersfield, Mineral Ridge, Church Hill and Vienna. During the early part of the Civil war, he held a first lieutenant's commission in the Home Guards, but in 1864 his command was sworn into the service of the United States and became a part of the One Hundred and Seventy-first Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, of which regiment Mr. Stambaugh became quartermaster. The entire career of Jacob Stambaugh has been passed in the immediate vicinity of Youngstown, where he is widely known and as widely respected. On April 22, 1858, Jacob Stambaugh was married to Elizabeth McCartney, a daughter of George and Mary (Eckman) McCartney, who were pioneers of Trumbull County, Ohio. Four children were born to that union, as follows: George Ford, who married Alice Louise LaTrace, who died some six months later. Harry Jackson, who was married to Cecelia Rachel Long and their three children are, Harry Jackson, Jr. (married Florence Byrd Kennedy and has two daughters, Elizabeth Byrd and Kathleen Roxanne), Cecelia Long (the wife of Henry Glen Heedy and the mother of Henry Glen, Jr., Sara Stambaugh and Mary Elizabeth) and Jere Long (married Mary A. Rabe and is the father of Jere, Jr., and Sarah Jane). Harry J. Stambaugh, Sr., is treasurer of the Republic Rubber Company, of YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 23 Youngstown, previous to which time he was identified with the coal, iron and steel industries. Mary Elizabeth became the wife of George D. Hughes and is the mother of one daughter, Elizabeth Priscilla. Joseph Kincaid is a civil engineer in Youngstown and is unmarried. John Stambaugh II was born and reared at Brier Hill, Mahoning County, and he was early inured to pioneer conditions, which in those days meant the hardest kind of labor from daylight to dark, grubbing the land, splitting rails, planting and reaping, and the other incidental work of the farm. Educational facilities in those days were meager, but what he lacked in scholastic training was made up by the homely virtues of industry, honesty and helpfulness, which were ever characteristic of the man. Becoming interested in the coal and iron business, he was associated with Governor Tod and became, connected with many large transactions, necessitatrng many trips to foreign lands. He was a close reader, a sound reasoner and a keen observer, and thus became possessed of a wide range of information, and, being a man of unusual shrewdness and sagacity, he became one of the foremost business men of the state. He was very public spirited and was a generous contributor to practically all charitable objects. John Stambaugh III was born on February 15, 1862, and received his elementary education in the public schools. He then entered Cornell University, at Ithaca, New York, where he was graduated with the class of 1884. Immediately thereafter he found employment as a chemist with the Youngstown Steel Company, with whom he remained until 1887, when he became an employee of the William Tod Company, of which he shortly thereafter became manager and, after the death of William Tod he was elected to the presidency. In the meantime he was made secretary and treasurer of the Youngstown Steel Company. Since then his activities have widened until he is a stockholder and director in a score or more of the leading industrial concerns of the Mahoning Valley. On September 21, 1887, he was married to Cora Bunts, of Cleveland, Ohio, the daughter of Col. Wilham Bunts who attained his military title by service in the Union army during the Civil war. Mr. and Mrs. Stambaugh have two children, John IV and Caroline. It is, of course, extraneous to the functions of this publication to enter into manifold details concerning the career of the many representative citizens whose names find a place within its pages, but what has been said regarding the Stambaugh family of Ma- honing County is sufficient to indicate the fact, acknowledged by all who are familiar with this history of this locality, that few families in this section of the state have to so large a degree entered into and contributed to the splendid advancement and development which has characterized Youngstown and vicinity. Their distinctive prestige here has been due to their characteristics of courage, enterprise, industry, integrity and faith—sterling traits which ever beget public confidence and esteem, and which have enabled them to be of commendable service in important avenues of usefulness in various lines. H. H. STAMBAUGH. For forty years preceding his death which occurred January 4, 1919, H. H. Stambaugh was a man of power and leadership in the Youngstown District. The power he exercised in industrial affairs is much better understood and appreciated than the quiet and unselfish service he rendered as a community leader. He never posed as a philanthropist, yet his substantial benefactions aggregate a total the more impressive because he exercised great care in seeing that it reached its proper objective. A son of the late John and Carolina Stambaugh he was born at Brier Hill November 24, 1858. He was educated in the common and high schools of Brier Hill, prepared for college at the Greylock institute at Williamstown, Massachusetts, and finished his education at Cornell University. Returning from the university he became associated with the Brier Hill Iron and Coal Company of which his father was president and of which Joseph C. Butler, Jr., was manager. He was with that well known corporation continuously from 1883 until 1912, part of the time as secretary and treasurer and later as president. Possessing all the marked gifts of his family in a business and executive way, his abilities rapidly improved and matured, and enabled him to play a very important part in developing the iron and steel industry of the Mahoning Valley. He was one of the founders of the Brier Hill Steel Company and for five years from 1912 to 1917 served as chairman of its board of directors, after which he was succeeded by Judge J. B. Kennedy, but continued as a director. For twelve years he was a director of the Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company, retiring in 1916, though retaining large holdings in the corporation. He was also a director in the old William Tod Company, which finally sold its business to the United Engineering & Foundry Company. His active interests at the time of his death were represented by directorships in the First National and Dollar Savings Banks ; Tod-Stambaugh Company of Cleveland, shippers of iron ore and owners of extensive mining properties ; The Bessemer Limestone Company, The Stambaugh-Thompson Company, and as a stockholder in numerous other commercial concerns. Mr. Stambaugh owned several large farms in Mahoning and Trumbull counties and was one of the promoters and builders of they Stambaugh Building. With his brother and others he organized the Realty Guarantee & Trust Company. To a rare degree he realized the responsibilities incurred by wealth and business prominence, and even when demands of his business affairs were most pressing he contrived time to interest himself in charitable undertakings. He was instrumental in forming the Community Service. Society, which has taken over the organized charities of the county, placing them on a systematic basis and largely extending their efficiency. About the last important gift made by him of which the public has record was a check for $50,000 to the Youngstown Foundation. This is a fund the income from which is used for charitable purposes. He was the first 24 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY contributor to the Foundation when it was started by him, Henry M. Garlick, A. E. Adams and others. Those close to him are aware that he used his means as direct instrumentalities of helpfulness to individuals, but it was characteristic that he should choose a business like corporation as a chief and most effective means of doing good and cheering homes darkened by misfortune and lightening the burdens of those cast down. The period of the war found him more attentive to local patriotic movements than to his private affairs. As chairman of the Thrift Stamp Campaign Committee in Mahoning County he gave his undivided attention for many weeks, daily appearing at the headquarters established in the Municipal Building and working unceasingly that old Mahoning should beat its quota. His indefatigable efforts were rewarded by the generous success attending this campaign. He was a member of the Executive Committee of the Mahoning County War Chest, aiding in raising the sum of $2,100,000, and also affording his counsel and influence in seeing that the moneys were properly distributed among the war auxiliary purposes for which it was raised. He was also named on the committee to erect a Memorial Auditorium to soldiers of the county who sacrificed their lives in the war. This is a brief outline of the career of a notable Youngstown citizen, but is sufficiently concrete and definite to illustrate the achievements and the qualities of character for which his old friends and associates will like to remember him. WILLIAM I. HOLLOWAY. One of the substantial men of Youngstown is William I. Holloway, superintendent of the hot blast department of the Thomas Works of the Brier Hill Steel Company at Niles, was born at Brierly, Staffordshire, England, on June 1, 1866, a son of Jeremiah and Myra (Adderly) Holloway. The father, Jeremiah, was a sheet roller in his native country, where he was reared and was married. In 1869 the family came to the United States and located in Pennsylvania, where the father worked at his trade, but he later moved to Cleveland, Ohio, and from there to Niles, Ohio, about 1875. In the latter place he became a roller of sheet iron in the old Russia Mill. Still later he moved to Covington, Kentucky, and from there to Piqua, Ohio, where he died in 1913, aged seventy-seven years. William I. Holloway is one of six children born to his parents. He attended the public schools at both Covington, Kentucky, and Niles, Ohio, beginning work in the steel mills of the former place when he was about fifteen years old, and he has continued to be a steel mill worker ever since, being principally occupied with rolling sheet iron. In 1886 William I. Holloway was married to Nellie Agnes Craig and they have five children, namely: William I., Jr., Henry H., Oscar I., Charles T. and Nellie M. Mr. Holloway is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He belongs to the Masonic fraternity, being a Knight Templar, York Rite and Thirty-second Degree, Scottish Rite Mason. In politics he is a republican, and represents the Sixth Ward in the City of Youngstown where he resides, being one of the most efficient members of the city council. Two of the sons of Mr. Holloway saw service during the World war, Oscar I. and Charles T, The former, who is a veterinary surgeon, was in the Three Hundred band Forty-sixth Field Artillery, with the rank of first lieutenant, and saw service at Saint Mihiel, Beaumont and in the Argonne Charles T. resigned from the Brier Hill Steel Com. pany to enlist in the Seventy-fifth Company of the Sixth Regiment of Marines, and was in the engage. ments at Chauteau Thiery, Beaumont, the Argonne, Saint Mihiel, Soissons, earning five battle stars and silver citation medals. He is now in the accounting department of the Sharon Steel Hoop Company. Henry, or rather Harry as he is generally known, H. Holloway was born at Covington, Kentucky, February 2, 1888, and was educated in the Piqua High School, the University of Ohio and the University of Chattanooga, Tennessee. At the State University of Ohio he specialized in iron and steel, and became a member of the Greek Letter fn. ternity Delta Tau Delta. He began doubling on the sheet mill at Piqua, Ohio, when he was thin- teen years old, and continued working in the mills during his vacations, at Middletown, Ohio, Newport, Kentucky, Whittaker, Glessner and Wheeling, West Virginia, and was roller and night superintendent of La Belle Iron Works at Steubenville, Ohio. He was a roller at Portsmouth, and came to Niles in 1911 as hot mill foreman for the De Forest Iron and Steel Company, and was there for four years. Resigning in 1915, he took charge of the special steel department of the Brier Hill Steel Company, and continued as such for three years, or until 1918. He then became superintendent of the operating department of the Hosleton Works of the Sharon Steel Hoop Company of which he later became assistant sales manager in 1919. On Feb' ruary 15, 1920, he resigned to become superintendent of the Thomas Works of the Brier Hill Steel Company, at Niles, a position he now fills. On November 4, 1910, Mr. Holloway was married to Eliza Russell Hogle, of Piqua, Ohio. They' have two sons, Charles William and Harry, Jr. Mr. Holloway is a Council Degree member of the Masonic fraternity. In politics he is a republican His religious sentiments make him a Methodist. Both William I. Holloway and his son, H. H.' Holloway, are among the best known steel mill workers of the Mahoning Valley, and as citizens measure up to the highest standards of American manhood. HARRY L. BRINKER superintendent of the blast furnaces of the Brier Hill Steel Company at Youngstown, has had a practical and thorough training for the position he now fills. Born February 11, 1867, at Pleasant Unity, Pennsylvania, he is a son of Stephen J. and Alice (Leezer) Brinker. Stephen J. Brinker was born in Pennsylvania in 1837, and considered the Keystone State his home during his life. He learned the shoemaking trade in his earlier years, and subsequently followed mercantile pursuits. He was a veteran of the Union army, and is now a resident of Greensburg, Pennsylvania. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 25 Harry L. Brinker was reared at Pleasant Unity, and was graduated in the classical course at Theil College, Greenville, Pennsylvania, in 1890, subsequently attending for two years Johns Hopkins University where he specialized in chemistry. Following that, for three years, he was employed in special laboratory work for the Bethlehem Steel Company, and from September 1, 1895, to April 1, 1900, was assistant to J. C. Barrett, who was then chief chemist of the old Ohio Steel Company at Youngstown, Ohio. At the latter date he was made chief chemist for the Republic Iron and Steel Company, at the expiration of two years and three months, returned to the Ohio works as chief chemist. His intimate knowledge of blast furnace work led to his appointment as assistant superintendent of the blast furnace of this corporation, which position he filled until his present appointment on March 25, 1920,, with the Brier Hill Steel Company. There has been nothing spectacular in the career of Mr. Brinker. He but illustrates the old rule, reflected in many of his fellows, that close application and, possibly, a more than average ability and aptitude, bring legitimate returns. He holds membership in the Engineering Society of Western Pennsylvania, the American Chemical Society, the Youngstown Engineers Club, Grace Lutheran and the Young Men's Christian Association. In politics he is a republican. Well known in Masonary. he belongs to the Thirty-second Degree, Scottish Rite, and Knights Templar, York Rite, and is a member of the Mystic Shrine. As a member of this great fraternity he has been honored as the Master of his Blue Lodge, high priest of his Chapter and eminent commander of his Commandery. On December 22, 1896, Mr. Brinker was married to Miss Nellie May Oakley of Youngstown, a daughter of E. Oakley. The four daughters born to Mr. and Mrs. Brinker are as follows : Hazel May, Mabel Minnie, Gladys Lucile and Edith Eleanor. R. H. WILKINSON, JR., has made a distinctive place for himself in the business life of Warren through extensive operations in real estate, and is correctly numbered among the constructive citizens of the Mahoning Valley. He was born at Malta, Illinois, on March 20, 1876, a son of Rev. Rufus H. and Adelia (Quackenbush) Wilkinson, the former of whom was born at Greencastle, Indiana, and came of an old Maryland family, members of which located at Greencastle at an early day. Reverend Wilkinson responded to President Lincoln's call for ps in 1861, and entered the service for three months, serving under General Lew Wallace of Indiana. After his honorable discharge he entered the university at Greencastle and was graduated therefrom in 1865. He was next graduated from Northwestern University at Evanston, Illinois, in the class of 1867. Leaving it he entered the ministry as a member of Rock River Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and continued active is the ministry until his death in 1913. His wife was born near Syracuse, New York, and she belonged to the old Knickerbocker Quackenbush family. Her parents removed to Northern Illinois at an early date. She survives her husband and now resides at Phoenix, Arizona. R. H. Wilkinson, Jr., completed his academic education in the Evanston, Illinois, High School, and was graduated from Northwestern University in 1898, with the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy. Leaving the university he traveled for about a year, and then, in Iwo, he became identified with the Carnegie Company at Youngstown, rising in 1902 to be superintendent of the furnace of that corporation at Niles, and remained there as such until 1909, when he was -made superintendent of the Struthers Furnace at Youngstown, but resigned this position in 1913 to come to Warren and take over the management of the Warren Acreage Investment Company, which, in conjunction with Joseph G. Butler Jr., W. H. Foster and C. H. Booth of Youngstown and D. A. Geiger and C. E. Carey of Warren, ho had organized. Mr. Wilkinson was made president and general manager of the company; Mr. Butler became vice president; and Mr. Geiger, treasurer of the company. This company purchased the old Perkins estate east of the City of Warren, comprising over 1,000 acres, which they platted and put on the market, and the first plat has been sold out. in 1920 they opened a plat of 300 acres of the same land immediately surrounding the Country Club, which has been improved with paved streets, and similar modern improvements, and it is known as "Shaker Heights" of Warren. The company deeded eighty acres of this valuable land to the Country Club with the view of making it possible for the club to develop a fine organization with a commodious clubhouse and excellent golf links. It may be interesting to the general public to know that this land was the playground of Mr. Butler, vice president of the company, during his boyhood, and that because of this fact he takes a keen interest in the development of the Country Club. Mr. Wilkinson also organized the Perkinswood Building Company, which is erecting fine residences at Perkinswood, and he is serving it as president; and he is also president and one of the organizers of the Perkinswood Transportation Company, which operates a line of automobile busses for the accommodation of the residents of Perkinswood and vicinity. He is vice president of the Warren Guaranteed Mortgage Company of Warren; a director of the Hippodrome Building Company; and is secretary of the Ohio Association of Real-Estate Boards. Mr. Wilkinson is a member of the Warren Board of Trade, the Warren Rotary Club and the Trumbull and Youngstown Country clubs. The First Presbyterian Church of Warren holds his membership. He belongs to Evanston Chapter of the Delta Upsilon Greek letter fraternity of Northwestern University. Mr. Wilkinson married Mary Esther Walton, a daughter of C. H. and Agnes D. (Jeffreys) Walton, of Fort Wayne, Indiana, and to them a son and daughter have been born, namely: Richard, who was born on January 30, 1910; and Helen Elaine, who was born on February 21, 1918. ALBERT R. FINCH Of the department heads of the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company at Youngstown who have established excellent records 26 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY for efficient workmanship, fidelity and steadfast industry, one who has won confrdence and respect during the seven years in which he has been in the company's employ is Albert R. Finch, assistant superintendent of the skeip, plate and puddle mills. He is a native son of Youngstown, born May 15, 1876, his parents being Isaac B. and Mary Jane (Ray) Finch, the former a native of Ohio and the latter of Rhode Island. Isaac B. Finch was a contractor and a veteran of the Civil war, who passed much of his life at Youngstown, and died here in 190o, his widow surviving him sixteen years. They were the parents of four children, of whom one is deceased. Albert R. Finch was reared in his native city and as a boy attended the public schools and for two years was a student at Rayen High School. At the age of eighteen years he started out for himself as a weigh-boy for the Mahoning Valley Iron Company. Later, when the Ohio Works plant was built, he served there as converting mill recorder, and later as steel blower of the Bessemer. Subsequently, he went to Clairton, Pennsylvania, as an employe of the St. Clair Steel Company, serving for a time in the capacity of chief inspector and later being advanced to foreman of the blooming mill. From this he went to Gary, Indiana, when that big industrial point first came into existence as a center of the steel industry, and there became night superintendent of the billet mill. His next location was at Cleveland, Ohio, where for a time he engaged in general contracting, and in 1912 came to Youngstown and began work with the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company as standing turn man. Mr. Finch was subsequently promoted to assistant turn foreman of the blooming mills, and then went back to the Bessemer Mill as turn foreman. He was made general foreman of that mill, and, when the new plate mill was built, in 1917, became assistant superintendent under John M. Bennington, of the skelp, plate and puddle mills. This position he has since continued to fill with ability, earning the confidence of his superiors and the respect and good will of the men under his jurisdiction. Mr. Finch was married February 22, 1917, to Mrs. Mary Collins, who, by her first husband, had one daughter, Isabel. Mr. Finch has several social and fraternal connections and is the possessor of a wide circle of friends. WILLIAM H. WARREN. While he has been general manager of the Brier Hill Steel Company only six years, that period of Mr. Warren's administration has witnessed a marvelous expansion and increase in productive efficiency of this great Youngstown plant. Mr. Warren is a practical steel man in every sense of the word. He learned the business literally in the glare of the furnaces, and today he could take charge as an expert in practically any one of the many departments of the immense business under his general management. He was born in the southern city of Mobile, Alabama, July 3o, 1871. son of Charles H. and Josephine (Foy) Warren. His mother was a noted belle of Mobile during the Civil war period. Charles H. Warren was a graduate of Harvard University and during the war was at Mobile as chief express messenger of the old Pioneer, now the Adams Express Company. He rose to high rank in railroad circles subsequently becoming general superintendent of the Chesapeake & Ohio, later the Louisville and Nashville Railroad Company, and still later was assistant general superintendent of the Chicago Division of the Baltimore & Ohio. Both he and his wife are now deceased. In 1884 when William H. Warren was eleven years of age his parents moved from Mobile to Detroit, and three years later they established their home is Chicago. While in Chicago William H. Warren spent two years in the South Chicago High School. He was only seventeen when he went to work in the Illinois Steel Company's plant as a shipper in the iron ore department. He did good work, showed alertness and ambition, and his efficiency procured him rapid promotion. For a time he was in the roll turning department, becoming assistant super. intendent. Later he was roller, then boss roller of the plant, and finally was assistant superintend. ent of the roller mills, holding that position until 1908. In 1908 Mr. Warren went to the new steel city of Gary, where he built and superintended the erection of all the rolling mills and remained as superintendent of operations until 1914. He came to Youngstown in 1914 and for a time was steel plant superintendent for the Brier Hill Steel Company, and since June, 1916, has been general manager. Mr. Warren can view with a great deal of satisfaction the improvements and additions since he came to the Brier Hill Steel Company. At that time the company was operating two old blast fur. naces the Tod and the Grace, had seven open-hearlh furnaces, one 40-inch blooming mill, one 24-inch sheet, bar and billet mill, and also the Thomas plant at Niles consisting of twelve sheet mills, the Empire Works at Niles comprising eight finishing sheet Mills. Mr. Warren since then has built eighty-four Koppers by-product coke ovens with capacity to recover all by-products ; one henzol works recovering all henzol and other explosive products ; has quadrupled the rolling stock; built one new complete 550-ton blast furnace; one 850,000-ton capacity ore yard with ore bridge and car dumper, has doubled the capacity of the open- hearth departments without interfering with operations ; has doubled the capacity of the blooming mill by additional soaking pit heating capacity; built and operated one 84-inch tandem plate mill, and also constructed and operated one 132-inch plate mill. These last two units are housed under one roof, making perhaps the largest single rolling mill in the world, 1,600 by 420 feet. During his term as general manager the company has purchased and operated the Western Reserve Works, former. ly known as the Western Reserve Steel Company at Warren. and has acquired the Dunwoody ore mines on the Mesaba range. His wide experience and achievements in the iron and steel industry make him a prominenl member of the Iron and Steel Institute and the Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 27 He is also a member of the Youngstown Chamber of Commerce, the Youngstown Club, Youngstown Country Club, the National Association of the American Red Cross. He is a Knight Templar Mason, Shriner and Elk. August 23, 1900, Mr. Warren married Mrs. Dott Jackson Wicks of Chicago. Four children were born to their marriage, but the three daughters are all deceased. The only son is John Wicks Warren. SAMUEL S. BADAL, M. D. It is an accepted fact that some of the most scholarly men of the United States arc those who owe their birth to another country, but who, having become Americans of their own choice, are most devoted to the land of their adoption, giving to it and its civilization the full benefit of their capabilities and carefully trained mentalities. Such a man is Dr. Samuel S. Badal of Lowellville, who was born near Urumia, Persia. Doctor Badal was fortunate enough to come under the influence of the Presbyterian missionaries at Urumia, who, recognizing the brilliancy of the little Persian lad, induced him to enter the American Missionary College, from which he was gradualed with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Following that, although still a mere lad in years, he studied edicine with an uncle, Dr. S. Badal, at Urumia for a year, and then, at the age of nineteen years, he came to the United States and joined a relative at Cleveland, Ohio. Immediately after reaching that city he matriculated in the old Cleveland College of Physicians and Surgeons, now the Medical Department of the Western Reserve University, and was graduated in 1905 with honors and the degree of octor of Medicrne. It was his intention when he first came to this country to fit himself for practice in his native land. But in the meanwhile his uncle had died, he had come imbued with American ideas, and he changed is plans and became an interne at Saint Claire's Hospital at Cleveland. Through his friendship with Mr. John McCurdy of Youngstown, whom he had met while in college, Doctor Badal was led to locate at Lowellville in 1906. At that time Dr. J. A. Vogen, now of Youngstown, and Doctor Newton, now deceased, were the physicians of Lowellville. Doctor Badal opened an office at Lowellville, and from the start met with the success his talents entitled him to, and he is now recognized as one of the best physicians and surgeons of the county. He has a specially large practice among the workers in the steel mills and quarries, although his services are in demand by all classes. Professionally he belongs to he Mahoning County Medical Society, the Ohio State Medical Society and the American Medical Association. In 1906 Doctor Badal was married to Angelina Jesson, born in Schleswig, Holstein, Germany, a trained nurse in Saint Claire's Hospital, and she asists her husband in emergency cases in his office. Doctor and Mrs. Badal became the parents of five children, four of whom survive, namely: Samuel, James J., Daniel W. and Sarah Marie. Both Doctor Badal and his wife are members of the Presbyterian Church, and she is active in the different church societies. Doctor Badal belongs to Hilman Lodge, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, of Youngstown. Doctor Badal has never returned to Persia even for a brief visit. During the late war his family was broken up and their holdings practically wiped out through the cruelties of the Turks. A brother and sisters of his were forced to flee for protection from the invading Turks to the British Mission. Needless to say that Doctor Badal did his full part in supporting all of the war activities in his section, and was a liberal contributor in all of the drives. He is a well educated, cultured gentleman, fully Americanized, and deeply interested in all living questions. WILLIAM F. FAIR. Broad-minded and sober of judgment, some men possess a character that creates respect and invites intercourse, so that in their passage through life they win and retain the esteem and confidence of their associates. When these characteristics are combined with the power to develop their own capabilities to the highest degree of efficiency, they became valuable members of the industries to which they are attached. The foregoing applies in every way to William F. Fair, assistant superintendent of the steel department and in charge of the blast furnaces of the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company. He is a native son of Youngstown, and was born November 8, 1874, one of the nine children of James and Ellen (Carney) Fair, natives of Ireland. James Fair was a young man when he emigrated to the United States, and here he followed his vocation as a blast furnace foreman, the greater part of his career being passed in the employ of the Brier Hill Steel Company. He died in 1913, while his wife, whom he met and wed in this country survived him three years. William F. Fair was reared at Youngstown, where he received his education in the public schools. He was a remarkably bright lad and was only fifteen years of age when he was graduated from the Rayen High School. For a few years thereafter he worked in the rolling mills of the old Youngstown Mill, and later was employed on the furnace for the Brier Hill Steel Company, where he became furnace foreman. Later he was employed by the Ohio Works of the then Carnegie Steel Company as stock yards foreman and furnace foreman, and still later became foreman at Haselton for the Republic Iron and Steel Company, where he was advanced to assistant superintendent, and subsequently to superintendent. In 1908 Mr. Fair came to the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company as assistant to H. S. Braman, superintendent of furnaces at that time, and then became superintendent of blast furnaces, also under Mr. Braman. This position he has since continued to fill and has established a splendid record for efficiency, reliability and fidelity. Mr. Fair is a Roman Catholic in his religious faith and is a member of the Knights of Columbus and of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. In 1892 Mr. Fair, married Miss Bridget Isabel Dean, and they have three children : Edgar, Katherine and William, Jr. 28 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY AARON W. RICKSECKER. Probably there is no profession that demands so much tact, judgment, patience, specialized knowledge and natural executive ability as that of the schoolmaster, and the man or woman who enters into this important field, selecting it as his calling, must be prepared to make many personal sacrifices, to endure many disappointments, to often spend himself for others, without apparent gratitude in return, and to give the best years of his life without the emoluments that equal effort would surely bring in any other profession. It is a profession for which there are no weights and measures. The material with which it deals is rather that life stuff upon which impressions are eternal and afford the man who would serve the race an opportunity than which there are none greater. One who has dedicated his life to the work in this spirit is Aaron W. Ricksecker, superintendent of schools of Lowellville. Professor Ricksecker was born at Mount Eaton, Wayne County, Ohio, on March 26, 1869, a son of parents whose birthplace was Bern, Switzerland. They came to the United States many years ago, locating in Wayne County, Ohio. After attending the common and high schools of Wayne County, Professor Ricksecker secured his degree of Bachelor of Art in a collegiate course at Heidelberg University, Tiffin, Ohio, and did some work at the University of Chicago. In 1887 he began teaching school, and has a record of thirty-two years of continuous service in the schoolroom, having taught in both the common and high schools. For five years he was superintendent of the Mount Eaton, Ohio, schools ; during the next twelve years he was principal of the preparatory department and normal school of Heidelberg at Tiffin, Ohio, and then became superintendent of the schools of Haskins, Wood County, Ohio. In 1911 he took charge of the Lowellville schools. At that time he had eleven teachers and there was an attendance of 385 pupils. Now eighteen teachers are required to instruct the pupils, the enrollment for 1920 being 65o persons. There are sixty pupils in the high school, which in 1919 graduated a class of fifteen pupils. The new high school building which was erected in 1918 cost $35,000, and it contains a splendid auditorium and gymnasium as well as many other modern improvements, and is one of the best in the county. This school has an athletic director, and all of the pupils and teachers participate in healthful sports. The domestic art and manual training courses are optional, but both are very popular. Professor Ricksecker has awakened a deep and enthusiastic interest in home project work and aids the pupils to earn money outside of school hours. Owing to his progressive ideas and unceasing labors this school has taken a high place among those exhibiting at the county fair. Fortunately Professor Ricksecker is backed by an excellent and appreciative board of education, and they have united with him in securing a superior grade of teachers. All of this work has received the unanimous approval of the community so that a perfect harmony has been preserved which has naturally greatly aided in the carrying out of plans and, the inauguration of new methods. Professor Ricksecker is man who believes in teachers' organizations an, belongs to those of his county and state, and he he borne his part in the work of teachers' institutes in Ohio, and has been in the foremost ranks of thee engaged in educational development. He has also served as president of the County Teachers' Institute and belongs to the several associations of school superintendents. For some time he has been on the Board of School Examiners of Mahoning County. All of his interest is centered on schools and educational work, and Lowellville Mahoning counties are to be congratulated in haw ing secured the services of such a scholarly, cat pable man and executive. In 1894 Professor Ricksecker was married at Mount Eaton, Ohio, to Minnie M. Gerber, and they have two children, namely: Russell E., was graduated from the high school course an: then spent two years in the Wooster University is now chemist in the local mill of the Sharon Steel Hoop Company; and Alice, who is attending the Lowellville High School. Professor Ricksecker is not only a member of the Lowellville Presbyterian Church, but he is serving it as trustee. During the late war he took an active: part in the Red Cross drives, and otherwise gas: his services to his country as they were needed All in all it would be difficult to find a man bett fitted for his work, or one who is more alive the fact that his profession offers him unsurpas opportunities for noble labor, the value of wh cannot be adequately estimated.

JONAS H. HOFFMASTER was one of the old reside of Mahoning County who during many years was successful agriculturist of Poland Township, whet, his two daughters now reside, but he is now deceased. He assisted very materially in raising the standard of his chosen calling and the requireme of good citizenship in his neighborhood. He was born near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, on September 12, 1821, and died on December 6, 1897. When he eighteen months old his parents brought him Columbiana County, Ohio, where his father, George Hoffmaster, was engaged in farming. Still laler the family came to Springfield Township, Mahoning County, and there both parents died. Their old farm is now in the possession of the Charles Holzworth family. These parents lie buried in Zion Cemetery, one mile east of New Middletown, Ohio the father having died September 10, 1858, age eighty-two, and the mother, Christina E. Hoffm ter, died January 1, 1855, at the age of 65. The were both born in Wuertemberg, Germany. Growing up in Mahoning County, Jonas H. H master adopted farming as his life work. He married Charlotte Stacy, a daughter of Thomas Stacy who was born and reared in Poland Township. A extended review of the Stacy family is found els where in this work. Following his marriage Jonas Hoffmaster came to the farm now owned by I daughters in Poland Township, which he an brother, David Hoffmaster, bought in co-partners YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 29 from Bilivus Kirtland, who, while he owned the property, did not live on it. This farm is almost contiguous to the Goucher farm, the two families being connected by marriage. It lies on the Pennsylvania state line, two and one-half miles south of Lowellville, and is regarded as a valuable property. They operated this property together, although not long after the purchase was made Jonas bought his brother's interest in it. This farm originally contained 200 acres, but Mr. Hoffmaster sold loo acres of it to Judge Arrel's father. The present house was erected by Mr. Hoffmaster in 1856, and a barn was built in 1869, which was burned in two, and the one now standing was erected on the same site by the family. In early years Mr. Hoffmaster belonged to the Lutheran Church, but later on in life transferred his membership to the Methodist Episcopal Church at Hillsville, Pennsylvania. For a number of years Mr. Hoffmaster was a member of the school board. Mrs. Hoffmaster died in 1887, having born her husband the following children : Hillary, who left the farm in 1896, and died September 18, 1917, having married Ollie Mayberry, and three of their children survive, Lawrence, Warren and Lyle; Mary L., who is Mrs. Lewis Goucher, has two living children, Lottie M., Mrs. 0. W. Sipe, who with her son. Virgil, is living on the Hoffmaster farm with her mother and aunt, and Homer, who is with his mother, the deceased child of Mrs. Goucher having been Morris L., who died on December 16, 1918, aged twenty-six years; and Amanda Hoffmaster, the youngest child of Jonas Hoffmaster, who is also a resident of her father's homestead. She was a nurse in the Youngstown Hospital for a time, but is now occupied with conducting the farm with the assistance of her sister. Both ladies are proud of the fact that they can trace back to two such honorable men as their father and grandfather, and that these two were among the early settlers of the county and did their full part in advancing its interests during their generations. The lives of such men point a moral and afford an example worthy of emulation. SAMUEL Q. MARCH. Forty years of faithful and consecutive service to one institution is not so much a commonplace in human affairs as to pass unnoticed. A delicate and grateful recognition of such service was made when on his retiring from active connection with the Hubbard Banking Company on January 31, 1916, the board of directors voted lhat Samuel Q. March should be retained as honorary president. His death occurred a few Years later, on the 3d of May, 1920. Mr. March began his official career with that hank in February, 1876, when he was elected secretary of what was then known as the Hubbard Savings Bank. This institution was then only three years old. It had been established in 1873 by Alexander M. Jewell and his son Robert H. Jewell. It was operated under a state charter until 1878, when it became the Hubbard National Bank, but in 1886 resumed its state charter and has so continued. The original capital was $25,000, but since 1874 it has been $50,000, and through all the years the bank has never missed a dividend. The first president was A. M. Jewell, who on his death was succeeded by his son, Robert H. Jewell, and the successive presidents since then have been David G. Dennison, S. L. Kerr, George M. McKelvey and S. Q. March. All are now deceased. Mr. March was born in Columbiana County, Ohio, May 8, 1841, and represents a substantial family of colonial stock. His great-grandfather was a native of Pennsylvania and moved from that state to Virginia. He was a merchant at Germantown, which was looted by the British soldiers. His grandfather, Henry March, came from Virginia westward to Ohio in 1808, becoming a pioneer in Columbiana County. Henry March died while in the military service during the War of 1812, on his way home. Philip March, father of the Hubbard banker, was born in Berkeley County, Virginia, in 1803, and for many years was a successful merchant and farmer in Columbiana County, where he died in 1866. He was a member of the Legislature. His wife was Sarah Gillmer, a .native of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. She died in 1859, at the age of fifty-five. Samuel Q. March was one of ten children, and the following are now deceased: William, who died June 17, 1895; Mary Ann, who died December 3, 1857; Henry C., who died September 15, 1899; James, who died March 4, 1859; John H., who died September 28, 1910; one who died February 8, 1889; Philip M., who died February 9, 1918, and Samuel, who died in 1920. Samuel Q. March grew up in his native county, was well educated in local schools and also attended the Mahoning Academy at Canfield and Elders Ridge Academy in Pennsylvania. He taught his first term of school between the ages of sixteen and seventeen. On coming to Hubbard in 1867 he was briefly engaged in the hardware business and then for several years was interested in the lumber industry in Tennessee. He returned to Hubbard as principal of the schools, and subsequently engaged in the hardware business with T. A. and W. C. Winfield. From 1876 all his best efforts were concentrated in banking. He was secretary and later cashier of the bank while under a national charter, was cashier of the Hubbard Banking Company from 1886 until 1903, when he was chosen president. He had the satisfaction of seeing the deposits of the institution increase from less than $40,000 to nearly $500,000. Mr. March also gave his time to the best interests of his community, was a member of the school board about fifteen years, for a similar length of time was on the village council and held nearly all the township offices. He was an independent democrat and one of the veteran members of Hubbard Lodge No. 495 of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He was ordained a ruling elder of the Presbyterian Church in May, 1899. While so much of his life was taken up with practical business, he always kept well informed, was a constant reader and enjoyed to the full the resources of his fine private library. In February, 1871, he married Caroline M. Jackson, who died January 26, 1874. In 1879 he married Amy L. Applegate, a daughter of Calvin 'and Sarah J. (Coudrey) Applegate. Her mother was born 30 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY on McGuffy Street in Youngstown in 1820, a daughter of Erastus and Rebecca (McCormick) Coudrey. Erastus Coudrey was descended in the seventh generation from William Coudrey, who was born at Coudrey Castle in Weymouth, forty miles from London, in 1602. The possessor of this old castle today is the present Lord Coudrey. There is record of Queen Elizabeth having been entertained in this family seat at one time. William Coudrey settled at Lynn, Massachusetts, in 1630, and became prominent in the life of the Massachusetts colony. The only sister of Sarah J. Coudrey was Mrs. Lucinda Coudrey Russell, who died in 1917 at the home of her niece, Mrs. March, the day before her ninety- fifth birthday. Erastus Coudrey, maternal grandfather of Mrs. March, lived in Liberty Township, where he died in 1833, at advanced years. The family were all buried at Seceder Corners. The Applegate family is also closely identified with the history of the Western Reserve. Mrs. March's great-grandfather, Benjamin Applegate, bought from John Young 15o acres in Liberty Township, and part of that land is still held by his descendants, including Mrs. March, who owns forty acres of this land. The 150 acres descended from Benjamin to his son James, who acquired about b00 acres. James Applegate came to Ohio in 1802 and died rather young on the farm in Liberty Township. He was a captain in the War of 1812. Calvin Applegate, father of Mrs. March, was born on the old homestead in 1809 and spent all his life on that farm three and a half miles north of the Diamond in Youngstown. He died at the age of eighty-four and his wife survived him ten years, passing away at the age of eighty-two. The children of Calvin Applegate and wife were: Catherine; Rebecca Jane, who became Mrs. R. J. Fleming and died in Liberty Township at the age of eighty-two; Joseph, who was killed as a soldier at the battle of Perryville, Kentucky; John, who also served in the Union army; Mary Ann, widow of Ephraim Stuart, living with her sister, Mrs. March; Amy Lucinda, Mrs. March; Lois, who died at the age of sixty-nine, the wife of R. P. McGeehan, of Kansas City; James, who lived on part of the old homestead and died in two; Clara, Mrs. Lynn Applegate, of McKeesport, Pennsylvania; Calvin, who died on the old homestead at the age of fifty- two ; and Olive, who never married and died at the age of forty-five. A half brother of these children was Lieut. James P. Brisbine, who was killed at Culpeper Court House, Virginia, during the Civil war. GEORGE E. FISHER vice president of the Fisher Gilder Carter Cartage& Storage Company, is one of the energetic young business men of the city. He was born at Youngstown, Ohio, on June 27, 1883, a son of Emanuel and Sarah (Judd) Fisher. Emanuel Fisher founded a drayage business during the earlier days of his activities at Youngstown, it being then located on the northwest corner of the present site of the Stambaugh Building. When his son, George E. Fisher, was old enough to go into the business, he changed the name to that of E. Fisher & Son Company, and as such carried on a general cart business. In 1913 it was reorganized as the F' Gilder Cartage Company, and in 1918 was 1 with the Fisher Fireproof Storage Company, had been established in 1912, the new cone adopting the present style of the Fisher-Gilder Cartage & Storage Company. Mr. Fisher has charge the cartage department, his partner, Mr. Gi attending to the storage end of the business Emanuel Fisher was prominent in securing present canal system for furnishing Youngstown with its water supply, and otherwise took part many civic movements, but aside from voting democratic ticket, he did not participate in poli His death occurred at Youngstown in 1917. George E. Fisher was reared in his native and after he was graduated from the general to at Kenyon College, he returned to Youngsto and was taken into his father's cartage busin Having spent his life in this line of endeavor, Fisher is admirably fitted to handle its probiem. His concern is the pioneer in the fireproof was housing business of Youngstown, and handles largest number of customers. He is a director the Central Savings Bank. On March 25, 1908, Mr. Fisher was united marriage with Miss Elsie Heller, a daughter Adolph and Maria (Hoffman) Heller of Yowl town. Mrs. Fisher was graduated from the Ra High School of Youngstown. During the late she was very active as a canteen worker for the Cross, and Mr. Fisher was a member of the Chest Committee for the Youngstown District. Inheriting much of the energy and execu ability of his father, Mr. Fisher has taken pro nent part in a number of business enterprises, among other things assisted in organizing the P age Silicate Company, in which he still retains stock, and to which he contributes his services a member of its directorate. In every branch commercial and industrial endeavor with which has been 'associated Mr. Fisher has displayed so judgment and unusual ability, and his connec with an enterprise guarantees its solidity. Youn town possesses no more sterling citizen than I Fisher, and his worth is recognized by the men with whom his activities bring him into contact, a they have grown to depend upon him and to foil his advice for they have found it to be wo taking. WILLIAM H. CUNNINGHAM, mayor of Youngstown, and a justice of the peace for years, is probably the busiest man in the State Ohio. The various milling interests at East Youngstown have attracted to this little city at least for different nationalities. These foreign-born men many of them ignorant of the laws of the coon in which they have taken refuge from the ills their own lands, and few of them can speak I language, so that many are the controversies wil arise and can only be settled by Mayor Cunn ham. To administer justice fairly, to remove cause of discord and at the same time firmly in cate a respect for the broken law, and inspire a reali- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 31 zation of the necessity of refraining from a second infringement, requires characteristics of a very unusual nature. That Mayor Cunningham does possess them is proven by the fact that those coming before his court leave it with a deep respect for him and the authority he represents, and the further one that few of his decisions are reversed by the higher courts. Mayor Cunningham was born in East Youngstown on March 31, 1879, and owning it as a birthplace he understands its people and their problems as few others could. He is a son of A. M. and Ellen (Bentley) Cunningham, the former a pattern maker for years at the Andrew Brothers Mill, having come to East Youngstown at a very early day from Kittanning, Pennsylvania, and worked at his trade until he retired. His death occurred in 1918, when he was sixty-nine year's of age, his wife having passed away when Mayor Cunningham was a child. Growing up at East Youngstown, Mayor Cunningham attended its schools and began to be self- supporting as a clerk in a grocery store at Haselton, Ohio, which lies between East Youngstown and Youngstown, and later opened a grocery store of his own at East Youngstown and conducted it until he was elected mayor in 1913, and was re-elected in 1915, serving for two terms. During the time he has been mayor he has practically remade the place, securing for it electric light and the waterworks, created a board of health, and made it a modern city. Chosen for the office of justice of the peace in 1917, for four years, Mayor Cunningham held court each morning at East Youngstown up to the time when he re-assumed the office of mayor. He has most certainly been a friend of the people and a fearless exponent and supporter of law and order. In November, 1919, he was again elected mayor of East Youngstown for two years, taking up the duties of the office January 1, 1920. His present term is the third time he has served the people as mayor. He is a republican, has always been active in politics and has been one of the speakers in behalf of the party. On November 15, 1905, Mayor Cunningham was married to Bessie Rupp, of East Youngstown, and they have one son, Earl. Mayor Cunningham owns his own residence and two other valuable properties in East Youngstown. He belongs to the Home Circle, the Foresters, the Knights of Pythias and the Loyal Order of Moose. WILLIAM F. PROCTOR has been a resident of Youngstown for thirty-three years and during all of this period has been connected with the shoe business. Commencing in the humblest position, he mastered its many details and has continued in the business until he has attained at length a commanding place among the enterprising dealers of Youngstown, and has been able to hold it amid the strong competition which increasing capital and trade has brought to the city. His success is due alone to his energetic character and business capacity, for he began -life without pecuniary assistance cr the aid of family or other' favoring influence. Mr. Proctor was born at Union City, Erie County, Pennsylvania, March 24, 1862, a son of Albert Proctor and his wife, a Miss Baxter, both of whom died at Union City. His education was acquired in a district school in the vicinity of the home farm, and at the age of nineteen years he secured a position as salesman in the Central Boot and Shoe Store of Erie, Pennsylvania. Coming to Youngstown in 1887, he entered the employ of J. W. Smith, with whom he remained as a salesman until 1894, when in partnership with Charles B. Klingensmith, he founded his present business, the firm taking in three older salesmen, George B. Cornell, vice president of the company; David Millar, secretary, and C. C. Hall, manager of the Walk-Over store operated by the company at 207 West Federal Street. In August, 1919, the Walk-Over Building was purchased by Messrs. Proctor and Klingensmith for the permanent home of the company, and the entire building will be utilized because of the great business expansion which has attended the development of this concern under the able executive management. In addition, Mr. Proctor is greatly interested in real estate matters, and has carried through to successful conclusion many building propositions. His career has been marked by industry, probity and enterprise, and his character has been enriched by such high qualities of generosity and kindliness as have made him popular. He is one of the charter members of Westminster Presbyterian Church, and has been actively en-. gaged in its work since its organization, being at present treasurer and a member of the board of trustees of the church. September 7, 1886, Mr. Proctor married Harriet B. Stelle, of Erie, Pennsylvania, and to this union there have been born two children : Robert V. a graduate in mechanical engineering of Cornell University, class of 1915, who served at Washington, District of Columbia, in the ordnance purchasing department, and who follows his profession independently at Youngstown, until the spring of 1920. Now vice president and general manager of Commercial Shearing and Stamping Company. He married Pearl Grey, of Youngstown, and has one child, Roberta, born November 5, 1918; and Harriet Wilhma, born in 1899, who makes her home with her parents at Youngstown. WILLIAM A. MALINE has practiced law at Youngstown for many years, and though one of the older members of the local bar he is in many ways still a man of youthful outlook and enthusiasm. There is no young man in Youngstown who follows the great sport of baseball with keener interest than this veteran lawyer, and he has long been regarded as one of the mainstays of the local sport. Mr. Maline, who is also known as a gifted writer of verse, was born at Canton, Ohio, September 1, 1852, one of the eleven children of John and Catherine (Pirrong) Maline. His father was born near the River Rhine in Germany in 1808 and came to America in 1832. For many years he was a leading grocery merchant and business man of Canton, Ohio, and became prominent in politics, serving as president of the Board of Education and president 32 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY of the City Council. In 1865 he removed to Fort Wayne, Indiana, and enlisted his capital and enterprise in the manufacture of agricultural implements. His business career was interrupted by death about a year later. He married Catherine Pirrong at Canton in 1835. William A. Maline attended public schools to the age of fifteen and after that for seven years was employed as a clerk, teacher and in other occupations. He began the study of law in the office of Henry Wise at Canton in 1875, and finished his reading at Youngstown with M. W. Johnson. Mr. Ma- line was admitted to the bar March 17, 1877, and has always enjoyed a substantial share of the legal business of the community. He was elected and served as city solicitor from 1882 to 1884, and again held the same office from 1886 to 1888. In 1904 Mr. Maline assisted Hugh W. Grant in organizing the City Trust & Savings Bank, and is now attorney for that institution. He was also one of the promoters of the Columbian Land Company and is secretary and treasurer of that company. He has been a member of the Board of Library Trustees since 1898 and a director in the Community Service Association and Playground Association since their organization. Politically he is a democrat, and at different times has been closely identified with county management of the party. As a poet some verse of exceptional merit is credited to him. In 1897 Burrows Brothers of Cleveland published a volume of his poems entitled "The Nineteenth Century and other .Poems." Mr. Maline is one of the oldest members of the Knights of Columbus, a society which was first established in 1882. Mr. Maline helped organize the first council of this order at Youngstown in 1897 and was the first Grand Knight of the Council and is its present chorister. On June 24, 1880, he married Miss Mary L. Rudge, daughter of George and Jane Rudge of Youngstown. Eleven children were born to their marriage, those to reach mature years being Mary L.; Cecil; John F.; Paul; William E.; Helen ; Ruth; Julian; Frederick Eugene and Jane, and one died in infancy. SAMUEL ALLEN RICHARDS, now deceased, but formerly manager of the Struthers Furnace Company, was one of the honored men of Struthers, who discharged the duties of life with dignified capability, and, dying, left behind him a record of honorable service and right living. He was born at Akron, Ohio, on July 9, 1844, and died at Struthers on January 23, 1918. His parents were William and Mary (Hellawal) Richards, the former born at Quaker Yards, Wales. When he was eighteen years old William Richards came to the United States and located at Akron, Ohio, but in 1845 moved to Niles, Ohio, and in 1846 to Brier Hill, Ohio. A blacksmith by trade, William Richards rose in the world until he was a recognized leader and authority in the iron trade of the Mahoning Valley. Samuel Allen Richards was reared in the Mahoning Valley and attended the Girard public schools and the Warren High School, and subsequently took a course in a commercial college at Cleveland, Ohio. Having thus prepared himself to be useful in the business world, Mr. Richards secured a position with the banking house of Wasson, Everett & Company of Cleveland, Ohio, as bookkeeper, and remained with that concern for six months. In the meanwhile his father and other prominent men of Girard were constructing what became the Girard Iron Works, and Mr. Richards came to Girard from Cleveland to join his father. Later on he became a member of the firm of William Richards & Sons, who developed a furnace at Warren, In 1875 Mr. Richards became superintendent of the Cleveland Iron Company furnace, and remained with that company for three years, and then, until 1890, he was engaged in the conduct of different furnaces over the country, and traveled all over the United States in the interest of furnace owners, giving expert advice with reference to operation a management. In 1880 he was superintendent of the blast furnace department, comprising four furnaces of the Joliet, Illinois, Steel Works. Mr. Richards became a part owner of the Struthers furnaces and was made its manager, but retired in 1910 to assume the responsibilities connected with the m agement of. the Struthers Furnace Company and Struthers Savings and Banking Company. A noteworthy fact in connection with the work of Mr. Richards is that when he started the first blast furnace in Girard the output was about one ton per day, while the daily output of the Struthers Furnace Company which he managed up to the, time of his retirement, is about 550 tons. All the various improvements in the process of making pig iron came under the personal supervision of Mr. Richards while he was in charge of the plant, and being a most progressive man he adopted them with the results as stated above. In 1869 Mr. Richards was united in marriage with Miss Mary Shoenberger, of Warren, and they became the parents of four children, namely: Lucy M., who died at the age of fourteen years ; Charles, who died in infancy; Henry Tod, who was born on November 17, 1875, while his father was superintendent of the River Furnace at Cleveland, Ohio; and Jules G., who is mentioned below. Henry Tod Richards, now retired, was superintendent of the Coates Brothers furnace at Coatesville, Pennsylvania, for three years, from 1911 to 1913, inclusive. He is now a resident of Chicago. He married Sarah R. Richards, a daughter of George W. Homer, of Riverford, Illinois. Mrs. Samuel A. Richards was a daughter of George Shoenberger, and she died on August 10, 1919. In young manhood Mr. Richards was made a Mason. In religious faith he was a Presbyterian. A man of high ideal with reference to business obligations, Mr. Richards handled with tact and success a number of difficult problems. He was a man of personal charm, culture and wide intellectual interests and used his talents in the positions of advancing responsibilities and dignity he was called upon to hold. His were the qualities of character which make for the best type of citizenship, and he was always held to be one of the representatives of the ideals and standards of the substantial ele- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 33 ment of the Mahoning Valley, and always kept the good of his community at heart and was very generous to it of both his time and money. JULES G. RICHARDS, son of Samuel Allen Richards, was born at Joliet, Illinois, July 4, 1880. He attended the Rayen High School in Youngstown for a year and then became a student of the Ohio State University at Columbus, Ohio, and specialized in chemistry. Upon his return to Struthers he entered the laboratory of the Struthers Furnace Company as sample boy, rising to be a chemist and later assistant superintendent under Superintendent Baldwin. On September 19, 1906, Jules G. Richards was united in marriage with Lillie Clark, of River Forest, Illinois, a daughter of George W. Clark, a business man of that city. They have f our daughters, namely: Helen, Dorothy, Marian and Jean. Mr. Richards belongs to the First Presbyterian Church of Struthers. Like his father he is a thirty-second degree Mason, through both the York and Scottish Rites and a member Al Koran Temple of the Mystic Shrine at Cleveland. He also belongs to the Knights of Pythias. In politics he is a republican, and has served as a member of the village council of Struthers. Having learned the fundamentals of commercial life under his father's careful supervision, Mr. Richards bids fair to follow in that worthy's footsteps in many respects, and is equally interested in the welfare of his community, and approaches the subject of its needs with an open mind and quick understanding. GEORGE RUDGE. The active career of the late George Rudge was connected with the most important period in the development of Youngstown, from 1852 to 1906, and is linked with the construction of some of the most important agricultural and commercial enterprises which stimulated the community's growth and formed the basis of its present prestige. Although his death occurred in 1906, his personality is still known, and his labors were so fruitful of results and were conducted on such sound and practical lines, that they entitle his name to be remembered with sentiments of profound veneration among the founders and builders of the city's greatness. Mr. Rudge was born at Ross, Hertfordshire, England, and was there married in 1852 to Miss Jane Stock, of Worcestershire, England. Immediately following their union, Mr. Rudge came to the United States to visit his brother, James Rudge, a resident of Poland, Ohio, and on this trip, as a business venture, brought with him a flock of Cotswold sheep which he had bred in his native land. These animals won for him the first prize at the Northern Ohio Fair, which was held in Cleveland. To Mr. Rudge is given the credit for starting the Long Wool breed of sheep in this part of Ohio, but in February, 187o, he retired from farming and stock raising and from that time forward was principally engaged in the real estate business at Youngstown. His business operations extended over a wide area of territory and brought him into contact with a great number of people, among whom he maintained a position only secured by men of integrity and probity. Fertile in resources, the reverses which often dismay men proved with him to be only temporary embarrassments and every new undertaking was prosecuted with a zeal and energy which merited and attained, success. The engrossment of his undertakings left little time to engage in other employment. Aside from the offices mentioned, he left public concerns to those whose tastes or leisure better fitted them for such tasks. He, however, found time to indulge in the social intercourse and charitable work of his city, and when he died, in 1906, at the age of eighty-three years, there were many to mourn him as friend and benefactor. His wife passed away within three days of his death, being then seventy-six years of age. They were the parents of eight children : George ; Frederick, deceased; Mrs. Louise Maline ; J. Edgar ; Mary, deceased; Eugene, of Milwaukee; Agnes and William of Pittsburgh. PATRICK J. KANE, treasurer and superintendent of the Colloran-Kane Company, of Youngstown, is an exemplification of the predominance of the self-made man, and of the truth of the statement that it is not those who have, but those who gain, a competence who attain distinction in various walks of life. Mr. Kane is a native of Ireland, and was born February 17, 1875, his parents being Robert and Maria (Mulcrone) Kane. The parents of Mr. Kane emigrated to the United States in 1883, with their children, and settled at Youngstown, where they had been preceded by Robert Kane's brother, John Kane, one of the early contractors of Youngstown. Robert Kane worked for his brother for a time and then secured employment in what is now the Republic Steel Company's plant, where he remained until an accident disabled him and he was forced to retire. He was a man widely known, and an outstanding tribute to him was the fact that at the time of his death, in 1918, when he was eighty-four years of age, his funeral was the largest attended of any that Youngstown has known. He is survived by his widow, who lives at Youngstown. They were the parents of nine children, the survivors all being residents of Youngstown: John, Edward, James, Patrick J., Charles, Robert; Catherine, who married Lemuel Snover ; Peter and Philip, deceased. Patrick J. Kane graduated from St. Columbus school in 1889 and at that time entered the employ of J. N. Ewer's Sons, as errand boy. He proved faithful, efficient and industrious, and so rapid was his advancement that at the end of five years he was superintendent of the entire factory. He remained with this concern for thirteen years, and while there interested six men of Youngstown and organized the Colloran-Kane Company, of which he was made superintendent and treasurer, positions which he holds at this time. He is also interested in other large business and financial enterprises, and is accounted one of his city's most energetic and capable business men. He finds time from his business affairs to interest himself in other activities which make up the life of Youngstown, and is a member of St. Edwards Parish Church and president 34 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY of St. Edwards Men's Club of the parish. He has likewise been active in the Knights of Columbus, in which he is at present chairman of the athletic committee. Mr. Kane was married July 25, 1906, to Mary Shaughnessy, daughter of Michael and Mary (Lally) Shaughnessy, both of whom are now deceased. Mr. Shaughnessy having been one of Youngstown's earliest settlers and for many years a worker in the mills. Four children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Kane, only one of whom now survives : Marion Lucille, who was born in 1907. Mr. Kane built and owns the pleasant family residence at 1532 Florence- dale Avenue, Youngstown. WILLIAM C. HOLZWORTH. For over twenty-one years Mr. Holzworth has been one of the skilled technical men and executives in the operation of iron and steel plants both in Eastern Ohio and in Pennsylvania. He began his career as a chemist, but for a number of years has been a superintendent of furnace operation, and his present duties are as superintendent of the Sharon Steel Hoop Companyls plant at Lowellville. Mr. Holzworth, whose home is at Youngstown, at 466 Crandall Avenue, was born at Southington in Trumbull County, November 14, 1881. His parents were William and Pauline (Kurz) Holzworth. His father, a native of Wurtemberg, Germany, became a prominent stone contractor in the Mahoning Valley. In the spring of 1882 he moved his family, to Youngstown, and for many years continued his business as a builder of bridges, houses and foundations. He also operated a quarry for the production of building stone, and at one time operated the old Mill Creek coal mine. His death occurred in 1905, at the age of sixty-three. William C. Holzworth grew up in Youngstown, finished his education in the Rayen High School, and gained a practical and thorough knowledge of the chemistry of metals in a laboratory under S. W. McKeown. Then, in 1899, he was sent to Lowellville as chief chemist for the Ohio Iron and Steel Company, and his present work is with that same plant, operated under a different name. After two years he went to Pittsburg as chemist for the Amerrcan Steel and Wire Company, and was soon assigned to furnace work as assistant superintendent at Allegheny and Neville Island. He was with the American Steel and Wire Company until 1908 as superintendent, and then took charge of the furnace of the Republic Iron and Steel Company at Smoky Hollow, Youngstown, known as the Mahoning Valley Works. He was next with the Worth Brothers Company as general superintendent of blast furnaces at Coatesville, Pennsylvania, but resigned in 1910 to become superintendent for the Ohio Iron & Steel Company at Lowellville. The plant of this company has been operated over forty years at Lowellville. In 1917 it was acquired by the Sharon Steel Hoop Company, without change of local officials. This Lowellville industry has enjoyed an exceptional freedom from strikes and labor troubles, and for years has been worked to full capacity. Mr. Holzworth is a prominent Mason and has taken all the degrees in the order. He is a member of the York Rite, the Scottish Rite Consistory and Al Koran Temple of the Mystic Shrine at Cleveland. In 1916 he married Margaret R. Wagstaff, of Youngstown. She was born at Cambridge, Ohio, daughter of James W. Wagstaff, who is connected with the Sheet and Tube Company. WILLIAM T. WILLIAMS. The business life of William T. Williams, one of Youngstown's prominent merchants, has embraced a period of nearly forty years, from 1881 to the present, and has covered the most phenomenal era in the growth of the city from its business infancy to its full maturity. At the present time he is vice president of the Colbourn-Williams Company, leading wholesale fruit and produce company, being the founder of the company, and his other interests combine to make him one of the prominent factors in the city's commercial and industrial life. Mr. Williams was born in Wales, August 2, 1856, and in the same year came from Cwmtwech, that country, to the United States with his parents, who settled at Youngstown. His father, William T. Williams, Sr., was a coal miner, and worked for a tim in the mines at Crab Creek and Brier Hill, but eventually homesteaded the house and lot at Kyles Corners, which still remain in the family possession, Mrs. Williams, who bore the maiden name of Mary Thomas, died at Boardman, Ohio, in 1917: William T. Williams attended the public school a Hubbard, where the family resided, from the age o ten to eighteen years, and for a time was employed in the coal mines. His inclinations, however, were for a career in business, and his introduction to mercantile affairs was secured as a clerk in the store of his brother, John T. Williams. In 1881 Mr. Williams became a proprietor on his own account, when he bought the business of a grocer on West Federal Street, Youngstown, on the present site of the Benjamin Fellows Building, and continued to be wholly engaged in this enterprise until 1883. He subsequently built a structure at 313 West Federal Street, but later sold his store and with Thomas J. Thomas, former assistant city solicitor, and Griffith T. Williams, formed a partnership known as the. Williams. Thomas Company, wholesale produce dealers, with a place of business at 115 East Commerce Street, This venture grew and flourished until 1911, in which year Mr. Williams' brother, Griffith T., died, and Mr, Williams purchased the interest of Mr. Thomas. Later he became the organizer of the Colbourn-Williams Company, moving to 119 East Front Street, the original officers of this concern being: J. W. Co bourn, president; William T. Williams, vice presrdent; George L. Dicks, secretary and treasurer. Mr, Dicks was succeeded in office in 1915 by J. W. Colbourn, Jr., and Miss Grace Williams is now a member of the board of directors. In 1917 the company moved to its present location at 202 West Front Street. Mr. Williams' business abilities have led him into other fields of endeavor, where he has been equally successful. He is president of the New Park Land Company, of which he was the organizer, and is largely interested in Front Street real estate, in addition to being the owner of a five-acre farm on Jacobs YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 35 Road. His only fraternal affiliation is with the Knights of the Maccabees. The Williams family has always been identified with the Congregational Church, and Mr. Williams' brother, Rev. David T. Williams, is pastor of the church of that faith at Temple, New Hampshire, and has four sons wearing the cloth. Mr. Williams is treasurer and was one of the charter members of Plymouth Congregational Church of Youngstown. His contributions to the development of his city and to the betterment of its institutions have been numerous and generous. Mr. Williams was married to Jane Griffith, daughter of Thomas Griffith, a pioneer of Youngstown, who died in 1889, leaving two daughters : Edith, who is deceased; and Miss Grace. Mr. Williams' second wife was formerly Mrs. Ann Davis, of Youngstown, proprietress of the Commercial Hotel, who died in 1911. In 1913 Mr. Williams was united with his present wife, formerly Mrs. Emma Hoover, of Cleveland, Ohio. NILS P. JOHNSON, of Youngstown, head of a wholesale grocery firm of Mahoning County, has brought to his calling superior and systematic business methods, and in the management of his many affairs is meeting with signal success. A son of Johann August and Christina (Swenson) Nelson, he was born, August 18, 1860, near Halmstad, a city of Sweden, where he was brought up and educated. After leaving the public schools of his native town, Nils P. Johnson worked with his father, who was a contractor, an auctioneer, and a merchant, obtaining excellent training and valuable business experience. Coming to the United States in 1880 ostensibly to visit an old friend, Charles Nelson, of Titusville, Pennsylvania, but going from there to Jamestown, New York, in 1882, he was employed in the Jamestown Ax Factory two years, and for six years thereafter was connected with the Dagus Mines, in Elk County, Pennsylvania, his work being confined to driving entrances, an employment in which he secured a diploma for efficiency, and was offered a position as mine foreman, but the work being distasteful to him he refused the promotion. Locating in Renovo, Pennsylvania, in 1889, Mr. Johnson in company with Peter J. Anderson, one of his co-workers in the mines, opened a general mercantile establishment, which he managed successfully for a number of years. Selling his interest in the firm to his partner in 1904, Mr. Johnson came to Youngstown to join forces with his brother, Alfred Johnson, and D. L. Rose, organizing the Rose-Johnson Company, with Mr. Rose as president, Mr. Johnson as vice president, and Alfred Johnson as secretary and treasurer. Mr. Rose retiring in 1915, Mr. Nils P. Johnson became president of the organization, Claude K. Thomson vice president, Alfred Johnson retaining his office as secretary and treasurer, with Alfred Johnson, D. L. Rose, Nils P. Johnson, and Chase Truesdale as directors. Mr. Johnson has also other interests of much importance. In 1914 he erected a three-story brick building at the corner of Woodland Avenue and Market Street, and on August 30, 1915, there established a dry goods firm. He is president of the Swedish Auditorium Company. An ardent republican in politics, ever interested in city, county, state and national affairs, Mr. Johnson served while in Renovo, Pennsylvania, one term on the local council and one term as city treasurer, and represented Clinton County in the state convention, 1902. During the Taft presidential campaign he was secretary of the executive committee, and won Mahoning County for Taft, Paul Hoxey having served as president of the committee. Fraternally Mr. Johnson is a thirty-second degree Mason, belonging to Youngstown lodge and St. Johns Commandery; to the Valley of Williamsport Consistory; and is a member of Wilkes-Barre Temple, Ancient Arabic Order Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. He is likewise a member of the Swedish Political Club; of the Gustav Adolph Society; and of the Scandinavian Brotherhood. Mr. Johnson married, March 13, 1883, Emma, daughter of Anders and Petro Nella Nelson, of Jamestown, New York. Ten children have been born of their union, three of whom have passed to the life beyond, Charles William, the oldest son having died at two, years of age; Paul, in 1907, and Nellie, in 1916. Those living are as follows : Sadie; Mamie, a hospital nurse; Emma ; Alice ; Florence; Charles, named for the son that died, is credit man for the Rose-Johnson Company; and Walter, who married Miss Maude Osberg, of Struthers, and is now taking the law course at the University of Michigan, was first lieutenant in the Machine Gun Company, Three Hundred and Thirty-Second Infantry, and served in France and Italy, taking part in the defeat of Austrians. Mr. Johnson attended the Swedish Mission Church, and his wife is a member of the same church, and the Ladies' Aid Society. J. CRAIG SMITH, of Youngstown, was for many 'Tears actively and prominently identified with the development and advancement of the mining interests of our country, and through his energetic industry, keen business judgment, and wise economy accumulated a sufficient amount of this world's goods to allow him to spend the later days of his long and useful life retired from active pursuits. He was born, in 1839, in New York City, of pure Scotch ancestry. His father, Edgar E. Smith, was born near Glasgow, Scotland, and there grew to manhood. Soon after his marriage with Helen Scott, a native of Selkirk, Scotland, he immigrated to the United States, locating first in New York City, and later settling with his family in Akron, Ohio, where he was employed as a contractor during the remainder of his active life. But a year old when his parents located at Akron, Ohio, J. Craig Smith attended the public schools during the days of his boyhood, and as a young man worked with his father as a contractor. Coming eventually to Youngstown, he was in the employ of the Morris Price Coal Company at Niles, and then accepted a position with the Moselle Iron Company, at Moselle, Missouri, and for twelve or more years operated the blast furnaces. Returning then to 36 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Youngstown, Mr. Smith operated the Reynoldsville Coal Mines until 1885, when he gave up active business, and thereafter lived retired until his death, August 30, 1911. A man of keen business insight and judgment, Mr. Smith was associated with many of the leading industrial and financial organizations of this section of the state as a director, including among others the Mahoning National Bank, which he served in that capacity for many years. He was instrumental in organizing the Standard Textile Products Company, which first came into existence as the Ohio Oilcloth Company, and was one of the organizers, and a director, of the New York Ship Building Company of Camden, New Jersey. In 1902 he was appointed, by Governor Bushnell, as commissioner from the Congressional District of the State Centennial to be held at Toledo, but which was subsequently postponed. Mr. Smith was twice married. He married first Mary E. Powers, a daughter of Abram and Eliza (Adair) Powers, early pioneers of the Mahoning Valley, where they homesteaded considerable land. Her father was not only interested in clearing and improving the land, but, associated with his brother William as head of the firm of A. & W. Powers, was an extensive and successful coal operator, working mines in both Ohio and Pennsylvania. Mrs. Mary E. (Powers) Smith died in early life, leaving three children, of whom two are now living, as follows: Mrs. Charles D. Spaulding, of New Rochelle, New York; and A. Powers Smith, of Youngstown. In 1880, three years after the death of his first wife, J. Craig Smith married Achsa Adair, of Youngstown, and of the three children born of their union, two are living, as follows : Miss Sidna E. Smith and Miss Jeannette C. Smith, both of Youngstown. JOHN E. LONGNECKER became identified with Struthers in January, 1908. He located here as the purchaser of a drug business formerly owned by A. M. Lyons. Many will recall the financial conditions prevailing at that time all over the country and operating with peculiarly oppressive force upon Struthers. The conditions were largely a reflection of the financial stringency of the preceding fall. Industry at Struthers was at a standstill, and no one could predict an early resumption of business activity. The purchase of a local drug business by Mr. Longnecker was therefore in every sense an act of faith. The drug store reflected the other conditions of the country, its trade had fallen off, and its stock was reduced almost to the minimum. Mr. Longnecker was an experienced druggist and pharmacist, took hold of the business with vigor, put it on a paying basis, and did that at a time when it was most difficult to do so. Consequently he has been in a position to enjoy the full benefit of the remarkable prosperity that has overtaken Struthers in recent years. Mr. Longnecker was born at Piqua, Ohio. He is a veteran of the Spanish-American war, having been in the hospital service of the regular army at Columbus Barracks, at Chickamauga, and Fort McPherson. His first connection with Youngstown was with the Averbeck Drug Company, remaining with it two years as a salesman. For five years he traveled over Northeast Ohio calling on the retail trade as representative for the great Detroit house of manufacturing chemists and druggists, Parke, Davis & Company. After leaving the road he resumed work for the Averbeck Company for two years, and then in January, 1908, invested a very modest capital in the store of A. M. Lyons at Struthers. With the continued growth and expansion of his business in recent years he has established a second store on State Street. Mr. Longnecker served as one of the first commissioners for the Yellow Creek Park. He has been prominent in the Knights of Pythias Order and was a member of the Building Committee for the Knights of Pythias Building, a structure highly creditable to the town. He is a past chancellor of the local lodge of that order and is also a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and a member of Western Star Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, St. John's Commandery, and Al Koran Temple, Ancient Arabic Order Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. He is still a trustee of the Knights of Pythias Building, and has been a representative o the Grand Lodge. In 1903 he married Daisy B. Longenecker, of Columbus, Ohio. They have one child John, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Longnecker are members of the First Presbyterian Church, and both of them gave much of their time and means to promoting patriotic movements during the war. Mr. Longnecker was active in Red Cross work, and is also a literary club worker, being president of the Fact and Fiction Club at Youngstown and one of the founders and a charter member of the Struthers Reading Circle. HENRY MANNING KELLY, assistant district manager United Engineering and Foundry Compan whose name is prominently identified with th Youngstown industrial district, began earning his own living at the age of eleven and at the age o nineteen became an employe of Lloyd Booth & Company, now United Engineering & Foundry Company and eventually rose to executive position in tha well known Youngstown concern. Mr. Kelly was born in Mahoning County, July to, 1867, son of David Z. and Ann Eliza (Griffith) Kelly. His mother was member of one of the prom inent pioneer families of Mahoning County. Hi father was a Youngstown tailor, and later entered the Union army with an Ohio regiment and on ac count of the hardships of his army experience died at a comparatively early age in 1873. Henry M. Kelly was only six years of age when his father died and though he managed to secure an education in the local schools, he went to work as an employe in a store at the age of eleven. He was nineteen when he became office boy for Lloyd Booth & Company, and enjoyed successive promotions until in October, 1902, he was made assistant manager of what by that time was the Lloyd Booth Company Department of the United Engineering and Foundry Company. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 37 Mr. Kelly is a member of the First Baptist Church and fraternally is a Mason, member of the Youngstown Club and Youngstown Country Club. In 1893 he married Mary Lillie Coale, daughter of Garrison Coale of Youngstown. They have one son, Ralph L. GEORGE W. KNOTTS. Thoroughly conversant with his profession, and endowed with much executive and business ability, George W. Knotts, district manager of the United Engineering and Foundry Company, is an active and able assistant in maintaining the reputation of Youngstown as one of the busier centers of the iron and steel industry. He was born in 1867 in Baltimore, Maryland, a son of Henry and Alberta B. (Graves) Knotts, neither of whom are now living. Having a natural taste for mechanics, George W. Knotts was mechanical engineer with the National Tube Company at McKeesport, and had supervision over several departments of United Engineering and Foundry Company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Coming from that city to Youngstown in June, 1917, he immediately assumed the management of the Youngstown District of the United Engineering and Foundry Company, which has absorbed the William Tod Company, the Lloyd Booth Company, and the old Mahoning Foundry Company, and is performing the duties imposed upon him in that capacity with characteristic ability and fidelity. Mr. Knotts married in 1887, Rachel \Vinton, of Pittsburgh, and they have one son, William Walter, born in 1887. During the World war Mr. Knotts served on all local committees. He is now one of the directors of the United Engineering and Foundry Company. Fraternally he is a thirty-second degree Mason and a member of the Shrine. ALFRED JOHNSON, Like many other of Youngstown's active and successful business men, Alfred Johnson, a wholesale grocer, is of foreign birth and breeding, having been born on a farm in Sweden, May 9, 1874. Immigrating to the United States in 1890, he came directly to Youngstown, where two of his sisters, Mrs. C. J. Broberg and Mrs. Alfred Ham- mar, were living. Industrious, and an ambitious student, Alfred completed the course of study in the public schools, in the meantime paying his way by taking care of Captain Stambaugh's horses. Entering the employ of the Baldwin-Morgan Company in 1892,• he remained with the firm nine years, and when, in 1901. the company liquidated, Mr. Johnson, with one of his coworkers, David L. Rose, as partner, embarked in the wholesale grocery business, in the undertaking being very successful. In 1905, with a capital of $100.000, the company was incorporated, Mr. Rose being made president and Mr. Johnson secretary and treasurer. In 1917, after twelve years of prosperity, Mr. Rose retired from the firm, and Mr. Johnson's brother, Nils P. Johnson, succeeded to the presidency while Claude K. Thomson is vice president. Locating on Front Street the company purchased the property belonging to Mr. Maag, of the Vindicator, and erected its present large and well equipped building, and under the efficient management of Mr. Johnson, who has entire control of all inside work, is carrying on business with highly gratifying results. Mr. Johnson married, in 1899, Augusta Kell, daughter of John and Sophie Kell, of Youngstown. Her father is a retired worker of the Ohio Steel Plant, and her mother has passed to the life beyond. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson are the parents of seven children, namely : Harold, born in 1900, is a student in the Thiel College of Greenville; Raymond, born in 1901; Lawrence, born in 1903; Alice, born in 1905; Edna, born in 1907; Henry, born in 1909 ; and Ellen, born in 1912. Mr. Johnson is a republican in politics, but votes for the best men and measures regardless of party alignment. He is a member of the Chamber of Commerce, and of the Sinking Fund Board of the Youngstown schools. Both Mr. .and Mrs. Johnson are active and valued members of the Swedish Mission Church, of which he is treasurer. CALVIN C. LANCE. As secretary and treasurer of the Youngstown Candy Company, Calvin C. Lance is offrcially connected with one of the best patronized manufacturing and mercantile establishments of the city, no class of trade being more attractive to the general public than that associated with the making and selling of toothsome dainties and delicacies, an art and science of which he is past master. A Pennsylvanian by birth, he was born, May 25, 1879, in Beaver County, on the farm of his parents, David M. and Mary L. (Beatty) Lance. Left fatherless in infancy, Calvin C. Lance was graduated from the Beaver Falls High School, after which he began work as a clerk in the retail grocery of Allen Brothers. Becoming somewhat familiar with the business, he had charge of Christopher Schwab's grocery for eight years, being successful in his undertakings. Subsequently entering the employ of the D. L. Clark Company, he traveled on the road for the Beaver Falls branch of that firm for a time, later assuming charge of its Youngstown branch. That company disposed of all its branches in June, 1906, and Mr. Lance, in company with Mr. Clark, purchased the interests of the D. L. Clark Company, and in 1912 had it incorporated under its present name, the Youngstown Candy Company, Mr. Clark being made president, and Mr. Lance secretary and treasurer, as above mentioned. Energetic, enterprising and ambitious, Mr. Lance has been a hard and faithful worker from his youth up, having first worked for wages in a glass factory when but twelve years old, and having been busy ever since, even as a school boy working during his vacations. The firm of which he is now a member erected the building which it now occupies, at 26-28 East Front Street, and also built the establishment in which it was originally located, and which is now occupied by the Ohio Gas Company, at the corner of Champion and Boardman streets. Especially particular that all of their productions shall be pure, wholesome, and health-giving, this company has built up an extensive and remunerative trade, their business, which is done locally and through truck delivery, requiring the services of fifteen employees, six of whom are salesmen. Mr. Lance is also connected with the D. L. Clark Candy Company of 38 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, being a member of its board of directors. In 1908 Mr. Lance was united in marriage with Miss Ella Houston, a daughter of John M. and Annie (Smith) Houston, natives of Washington County, Pennsylvania, and they have one child, David M., born in 1910. Politically Mr. Lance supports the principles of the republican party by voice and vote. Fraternally he belongs to Western Star Lodge, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, of Youngstown; to the local Chapter, Commandery and Consistory; and to the Cleveland Shrine, Ancient Arabic Order Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. JOHN W. SHAFFER is a resident of Lowellville and from December 11, 1912, to January 1, 1920, was superintendent of the local plant of the Mahoning Limestone Company. Mr. Shaffer was born at Bessemer, Pennsylvania, January 26, 1881, son of John Shaffer. He was reared on his father's farm at Hillsville, Pennsylvania, and after his schooling left the farm and became an employe of the Carbon Limestone Company in that village. His first employment was in a humble capacity, such as greasing cars. He was promoted, served as timekeeper four years, and altogether spent seven years with the Carbon Company. The general offices of the Mahoning Limestone Company are at Newcastle, Pennsylvania. This company operates a number of quarries, all of which are in Pennsylvania and the greater part of the quarry at Lowellville is in that state. The quarries at Lowellville are a half mile east of the village. Lowellville is located on both sides of the Mahoning River, and the bold bluffs of that stream at this point contain thick strata of limestone. Ever since the establishment of the iron industry in the Mahoning Valley these limestone bluffs have been worked for material used by the furnaces and steel mills as an essential in the fluxing of iron. Another important use was limestone rock for railroad ballast. While probably the greater part of the output of the Lowellville quarries has gone to the iron and steel mills, in recent years another market has developed large possibilities, in the use of ground limestone rock for agricultural purposes. All progressive farmers now recognize the importance of treating their lands with lime, and in certain seasons of the year great quantities of crushed limestone are hauled direct from the Lowellville quarries to adjacent farms. When Mr. Shaffer became superintendent of the plant in 1912 the daily production was about fourteen tons of lime rock. This output has steadily increased until it now averages 1,000 tons daily. The maximum production for a single month was 30,000 tons. From 154 to 160 men are employed at the quarry, and the monthly payroll averages between $16,000 and $18,000. Many of the employes live near the quarries, though some come to their work from a considerable distance. That the industry has been conducted with an almost entire absence of labor trouble during the last seven years was largely due to Mr. Shaffer's success in creating satisfactory relations between his men and the company and his personal service in adjusting complaints as quickly as they arose. The Lowellville quarries have provided a maximum of the appliances and method for prevention of injury, and while quarrying is generally considered a dangerous occupation, the records of the Lowellville quarries during the past seven years disclose loss of only two lives. Mr. Shaffer resigned his position with the Mahoning Lime Stone Company on January 1, 1920, on account of a nervous breakdown. He is one of the very popular citizens of Lowellville. He served on the village coon cil two years, and in that capacity advocated sewe extension and other public improvements. He is affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. In 1906 he married Miss Charlotte Edwards, of Youngstown. She was born over the Pennsylvania line, a daughter of Jerry and Elizabeth (Wiliams) Edwards. Her father was a sewer contractor and is now. deceased, and her mother lives at Youngstown. Mr. and Mrs. Shaffer have one son, John Edward Shaffer, born in 1910. A. L. GUANINE A man of recognized worth as citizen, A. L. Guentner is contributing his full share in promoting the mercantile and manufacturing interests of Youngstown, having built up a substantial business as a jeweler, his superior knowledge and love of the beauty and value of precious, stones winning him a good patronage. A son of tlze late Anton Guentner, he was born, January 18, 1889, in Cleveland, Ohio, of German lineage. Born in Bavaria, Germany, Anton Guentner obtained an excellent education in his native land, receiving a degree in a Bavarian college. Coming to the United States, he located in Cleveland, Ohio, where he was engaged in mechanical pursuits until his death. His wife, whose maiden name was Josephine Walzer, is still living, her home being in Hudson. Brought up and educated in Cleveland, A. I. Guentner had the usual boyhood experiences. In 1905, having previously acquired some knowledge of the jeweler's trade, he entered the 'employ of Webb C. Ball, a wholesale jeweler, serving first as a stenographer, and later as a buyer. Continuing with Mr. Ball, he was on the road as commercial salesman for six years, becoming well acquainted with the people and country roundabout. Taking up his residence in Youngstown in 1915, Mr. Guentner purchased the jewelry business of the Parson & Amsden Company, and in its management has since met with unqualified success, by his courtesy and upright dealings making and retaining customers from all parts of the Mahoning Valley. Mr. Guentner married, in 1907, Louise Strandt, n daughter of Carl and Louise Strandt, and of their union three children have been born, namely: Antoinette, born in 1908; Josephine, born in 1910; and . Daniel, born in 1915. Liberal in his views, and a close student of current events, Mr. Guentner is as earnest worker for clean politics. During the World war he served on the War Chest Council, and solicited in all the Liberty Loan drives. Socially he is a charter member, and a director, of the Kiwanas Club, which he served as secretary in 191; YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 39 and 1918. Fraternally he is a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. JOHN F. CANTWELL, SR. Distinguished not only as a self-made and self-educated man, but as an able and prosperous business man of Youngstown, and one of its highly respected citizens, John F. Cantwell, Sr., is eminently worthy of representation in a work of this character. He was born, March 16, 1856, in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, a son of Robert and Mary (Keating) Cantwell, neither of whom are now living. His father emigrated from Ireland to Pennsylvania in 1836, and was engaged thereafter in the mining of coal until his death. With practically no educational advantages in his boyhood and youth, it is a significant fact that until attaining his majority John F. Cantwell, Sr., could neither read nor write, his present knowledge, however, bearing evidence of a keen, active brain, and a receptive mrnd. Accompanying his parents to Bradford County, Pennsylvania, in 1866, he was there a worker in the coal mines until 1882, when, owing to the scarcity of coal in that region, he decided to turn his attention to the iron and steel industry. Selecting Youngstown as a favorable location, he entered the puddling department of the Cartwright-McCurdy Company, with which he remained six years. Entering the employ of the city in May, 1888, Mr. Cantwell served on the police force for three years, and from that time until September, 1894, was chief of police, being then retired. Beginning soon after his retirement to write insurance, Mr. Cantwell met with encouraging success, in a comparatively brief time developing a general real estate and insurance business, becoming associated, with Leo Guthman. His sons, Robert W., died January 5, 1920; John F., Jr., and James E., are now in business with him, and the firm is actively identified with the sub-dividing of Youngstown real estate and building property. Influential in local affairs, Mr. Cantwell is a member of the board of directors of the Youngstown Citizens Saving Company, and is connected with the Mahoning Valley Mortgage Company. In 1883 Mr. Cantwell was united in marriage with Margaret, daughter of John and Margaret Ring, and of their union three children have been born, namely : Robert W., who married Nellie Murray, of Youngstown; John F. married Katherine Kerwin, and they have five children, John, Margaret, Frank, Mary, and Sarah; and James E., who married Hattie McCabe, of Cleveland. Fraternally Mr. Cantwell is a member and past state president of the Ancient Order of Hibernians of America. VENICE J. LAMB An active and highly esteemed member of the legal profession, Venice J. Lamb, of Youngstown, has had a large and extended practice, and is justly recognized as one of the able and successful attorneys of Mahoning County. A native of this city, he was born October 1, 1879, coming on both sides of the house of Welsh ancestry. His father, Thomas W. Lamb, came from his native country, Wales, to the United States as a young man, settling in Youngstown in 1863. Forming a partnership with William I. Williams, he was subsequently for many years engaged in the retail grocery business on Federal Street, having been junior member of the firm of Williams & Lamb, the former of whom is now at the head of the Williams-Coburn Company. He married Margaret Williams, whose father came with his family from Wales to this country in 1865, locating in Hubbard, Ohio. Acquiring the rudiments of his education in Youngstown, Venice J. Lamb was graduated from the Rayen High School, and 1898 entered Harvard University, which subsequently conferred upon him the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts. After studying law for a year at Harvard, Mr. Lamb returned to Youngstown, and completed his law course in the office of D. F. Anderson. In 1906 he was admitted to the Ohio bar, and three years later was admitted to partnership with his former preceptor. The firm thus established has been very successful, not only in Youngstown, but in Cleveland, where it maintains an office, in both cities specializing on negligence cases. Mr. Lamb married in 1902, Pearl, daughter of Doctor Whiteside, a prominent dentist of Youngstown, and his wife, whose maiden name was Flora Grier. Mr. and Mrs. Lamb have two children, Herschell, born in 1909; and Caroline, born in 1911. JAMES P. COLLERAN. A man of excellent business sagacity and judgment, James P. Colleran, of Youngstown, president of the Colleran-Kane Company, has been instrumental in developing and advancing the mercantile and financial interests of Youngstown, and has been an important factor in the up-building of city, and in the establishment of beneficial enterprises. A native of West Virginia, he was born in Parkersburg, in 1869, a son of Dennis and Mary (Langley) Colleran, natives of Ireland. His father came to the United States with his family in 1866, locating first at Parkersburg, West Virginia, but later coming to Youngstown, where he was employed as a railroad contractor until his death. in 1879. Obtaining his early education in the St. Columbus school, James P. Colleran, at the age of ten years, entered the employ of E. M. McGillen as cash boy, being the first lad thus employed in the city. He was afterwards a clerk in the general store of M. Clemens for a number of years, while there obtaining scant knowledge of systematic business methods, as his employer never invoiced his merchandise. From 1885 until 1891 Mr. Colleran was with George L. Fordyce, having charge of the linen department, for which he did all the buying, and the following seven years was assistant buyer in the cloak department of the McKelvey Company's establishment. In 1898 he assisted in the organization of the Warren Dry Goods Company, at Warren, and in addition to serving as vice president and a director of the company assumed charge of its cloak department, becoming both manager and buyer. In 1902 he organized the Colleran-Kane Company, of Youngstown, taking the office of president, while Patrick J. Kane was made vice president and superintendent of the firm. This enterprising company, with the able assistance 40 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY of Peter J. Moran and Eugene Hammond has met with success in its operations, its original capital of $20,000 having been increased to $40,000, while its working force has been correspondingly enlarged, numbering now about forty people. Mr. Colleran is also officially connected with other financial organizations, being vice president of both the Central Banking Trust Company, and of the Central Savings and Loan Company, each of which he assisted in forming. Mr. Colleran has been associated with the Youngstown Chamber of Commerce since its inception, and during the years of 1917 and 1918 served as president of the Retail Merchants' Board, which is affiliated with it. He was identified with the Boy Scout movement from the start, serving, in 1916 and 1917, as its first vice president. He is a director of the Riverfront Realty Company, which is confining its efforts to the development of a sub-division of Warren, Ohio, and was one of the original stockholders of the Columbia Land Company, which erected the Columbia Land Building, and is one of the directors. Mr. Colleran married, in 1907, Miss Lillian Sheehan, a daughter of Michael and Catherine (O'Brien) Sheehan, of Youngstown, her father being a retired retail grocer. Mr. and Mrs. Colleran have four children, namely: Catherine Louise, born in 1908; James P., Jr., born in 1911; Marie, born in 1913; and Lillian Josephine, born in 1916. Politically Mr. Colleran is a democrat. Fraternally he belongs to the Knights of Columbus, being a charter member, and for two terms served as Grand Knight, by virtue of that office having been a delegate to the state convention of that organization; and to Youngstown Lodge, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. Socially he is a member of the Poland Country Club. JOHN FRECH. Without any doubt the most essential line of business in any community during this period of reconstruction is that connected with the handling of foodstuffs, and one of the men so engaged is John Frech of Lowellville, grocer and meat dealer. He was born at Wurtemberg, Germany, on December 12, 1869, a son of John and Mary (Geiger) Frech, small farmers. His mother's death when he was fifteen years old and the fact that he faced the compulsory military service caused him to immigrate to the United States. He landed at New York City with but $4.75 in his pocket, but he was fortunate in attracting the attention and securing the sympathy of a Lutheran clergyman who procured passage for him as far as Youngstown, Ohio. After his arrival in that city he obtained employment with C. H. Andrews, a farmer in the vicinity, with whom he remained for over a year, forming friendships with members of the family which still continue. He then learned the butchering trade in the shop of William Bohm of Cleveland, Ohio, receiving his board and lodging and $15 a month. During the week he was in the shop, but on Saturday tended the stall of his employer in the old market on Ontario Street. In two years he came to Lowellville and entered the shop of Frank Leish, with whom he remained for seven years, and then bought the business. Since then he has built up a fine trade, and richly deserves the success to which he has attained. Mr. Frech owned a slaughter house at Poland from which he secures most of his meat, but recently sold it to George Steinbach, a brother-in. law. In addition to his meats he carries a line of staple groceries and takes a pride in having his goods and shop neat and attractive. His business has so expanded that he requires the assistance of several clerks. He erected the frame building he new occupies. He is also first vice president of the Lowellville Savings Bank, which he assisted in in. . corporating, and is vice president of the Struthers Furniture & Undertaking Company. He has held all of the village offices and has been a member of the City Council for two terms. The Lowellville Chamber of Commerce has in him a very active worker, in fact he is one of the most enthusiastic boosters of the place and no man has more friends throughout this section than he. In 1895 Mr. Frech was married to Ida Baker, daughter of Lawrence Baker, and they became the parents of three children, namely: Annie, who is Mrs. Arthur Shafer, of Lowellville; John Lawrence, who is chief clerk of the Pennsylvania Railroad at Lowellville; and Oliver, who is deceased. After the death of his first wife Mr. Frech was married to Mrs. Agnes Kay, of Warren, Ohio. There are no children by this second marriage. While Mr. Frech has amassed a handsome fortune, his prosperity has come to him through his own, unaided efforts, and he contends that any other man could accomplish just as much if he were willing to work and save and use good judgment in making investments. He has lent a helping hand in the inauguration of a number of public improvements, and bought stock in many enterprises so as to get them started in this region. His sympathies are deep, his heart big and his pride in the Mahoning Valley unbounded, and he is recognized as one of most representative of its best citizens. Mr. Frech in September, 1920, went on a visit his mother who is eighty-two years of age, and residing in Wurtemberg, Germany. He spent several months abroad, visiting among other place Switzerland, France, Belgium and the Holy It was his first visit in thirty-three years to the country. Mr. Frech is a republican and has talc an active part in political matters. He is a member of Western Star Lodge No. 21, Free and Accepted Masons and he is a member of the Lutheran Church. CHRISTIAN SCHWARZ. Coming from a foreign land to this country as a "stowaway" when a lad of fourteen years, Christian Schwarz began life for himself in a strange land, friendless and almost actually penniless, his sole capital on landing at Hoboken, New Jersey, having been one penny. Though poor in pocket, he was rich in energy and courage, and through industry and perseverance succeeded in finding plenty of work, each year finding him a little nearer the top of the ladder of attainments, his sun cess being entirely due to his own energetic efforts, and placing him in a prominent position among tlze self-made men of our times. He was born, April 5, 1866, in Wurtemberg, a son of Martin and Mar- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 41 garet (Schwolz) Schwarz, who were brought by their son Christian, in 1894, to the United States, where the death of the father occurred in 1916, while the mother died in 1902. Brought up in his native land through childhood, Christian Schwarz was graduated from the local high school when but twelve years old. The following year, according to the laws of the country, it would be necessary for him to join the cadets. A military life being very distasteful to him, he had no other recourse than to hide as a stowaway on some vessel bound for America. Boarding the good ship "Rhine" on December 29, 1879, he was twenty- nine days on the ocean before landing in Hoboken, an entire stranger in a strange land, with neither kith nor kin, and with but one penny to his name. After a week of discouragement and hardship, Christian found a position as office boy with the New York Staats Zeitung, and held it for five months. Lured by better wages, he then entered the employ of the Cushman Company, New York bakers, receiving $3.00 a week and his board. Going to Savannah, Georgia, in 1883, he worked for several months in the McMaggy Cracker Manufacturing Company, becoming quite familiar with the baking business. Locating in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1885, Mr. Schwarz secured employment with the S. S. Marvin Company, which has since been absorbed by the National Biscuit Company, being made foreman of the cake department. Remaining with that company six months, he was afterward similarly employed by the firm of Nesbit & Company, bakers, and while a resident of that city joined the National Guard, Eighteenth Regiment, and as one of its members did guard duty at the Johnstown Flood. He subsequently traveled throughout the West for a while, and when ready to settle permanently located, in 1890, in Youngstown, where he embarked in the milk business, which was brought to an end by the panic of 1893. From that time until 1900 Mr. Schwarz was in the employ of C. Weick, a retail baker on Federal Street. In 1901 he again crossed the Atlantic, visiting relatives and friends in Germany, and on returning to Youngstown became a shipping clerk in the Union Mills. In 1906 he entered the employ of Charles Bixler, a well known baker, and in 1914 he, with Mr. Kaulback, organized the Bixler Baking Company, of which he has since been the vice president. This firm is now one of the leading ones of the kind in the city, doing business throughout the county, employing forty men and twelve trucks in the filling out of orders. Mr. Schwarz married, November 2, 1893, Annie Tolman, daughter of John and Margaret Tolman, natives of Germany, and they have one child, Margaret, who was graduated from Oberlin College with the class of 1919, and is now teaching in Youngstown. Fraternally Mr. Schwarz is a member of Western Star Lodge, Ancient Free and Accepted Order of Masons ; of Youngstown Chapter, Royal Arch Masons ; and of Lodge No. 55, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. Religiously he is a member of the First Reformed Church, and was one of the Finance Committee for the proposed new church edifice. EDWARD D. KAULBACK. Active and influential in the industrial affairs in Youngstown, Edward D. Kaulback, president of the Bixler Baking Company, occupies an assured position among the more successful manufacturers and merchants of this section of the Mahoning Valley, and as a true-hearted, public-spirited citizen, his aid is always sought in behalf of undertakings for the public good and the advancement of the city's best interests. A son of the late Maj. George C. Kaulback, he was born in New York State, November 27, 1883, coming on both sides of the house of Scotch ancestry. Maj. George C. Kaulback was born in the vicinity of Boston, Massachusetts, as was his wife, whose maiden name was Elvira Ann Goddard. During the Civil war he served as an officer in the army, being retired as a captain, and later, for meritorious service, being breveted major by Abraham Lincoln. Subsequently locating at Sandy Creek, New York, the major owned and managed a tannery there until 1886, when he moved with his family to Detroit, Michigan. Returning East, he lived for a time in New Jersey, but afterwards settled in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he remained a resident until his death, in 1909, at the venerable age of seventy-nine years. His widow still resides in Pittsburgh. Educated in the public schools of Newark, New Jersey, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Edward D. Kaulback began life as a wage earner in 1898, becoming messenger boy for the Bradstreet Company. From 1899 until 1902 he was employed as clerk for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, at Pittsburgh, and during the ensuing five years was price clerk for the Crucible Steel Company of that city. Making a decided change of occupation in 1907, Mr. Kaulback was traveling salesman for the National Biscuit Company until the latter part of 1912, during the last year selling the company's products in the larger cities of the Pacific coast. Returning to Pittsburgh, he was assistant sales manager for the Cruikshank Company, wholesale dealers of preserves and pickles. Coming to Youngstown in November, 1913, Mr. Kaulback, in December of that year, met Mr. Charles Bixler and they, taking over the business of the firm of Bixler & Company, incorporated the Bixler Baking Company, Mr. Bixler being made president, and Mr. Kaulback secretary and treasurer. After the death of Mr. Bixler in 1914 Mr. Kaulback succeeded to the presidency, while Christian Schwarz was made vice president, and R. B. Seemann, secretary and treasurer. This company is carrying on an extensive business, and is actively identified by membership with the National Association of Master Bakers. Mr. Kaulback is a member of the Rotary Club ; the Youngstown Chamber of Commerce ; and the Credit Men's Association. During the World war he served on the War Chest Council of too, and belonged to the American Protective League, and likewise to the Ohio Bakers' Service Board, which was a branch of the State Council of Defense. ROY B. SEEMANN. It was in 1913 that Roy B. Seemann came to Youngstown and joined the organization of the Bixler Baking Company, becoming secretary-treasurer of a company so prominently 42 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY identified with the business interests of the community. Mr. Seemann is a son of John and Louisa Anna (Pershing) Seemann, and was born July to, 1886, at Stauffer Station, Pa. Through his mother he is related to Gen. John J. Pershing. The parents now live in Pittsburgh, where the father is sales manager for the National Biscuit Company. In 1901, Roy B. Seemann graduated from high school in Allentown, Pennsylvania, and in 1902 he entered the employ of the Henry C. Biddle Company of Philadelphia, having charge of the floor salesmen, remaining with the company until 1905 when he went to Pittsburgh, joining the James M. McNally company as a floor manager. In 1907 Mr. Seemann joined the National Biscuit Company as receiving clerk under A. G. Bixler, and four years later he was made assistant superintendent of the plant, his business changes always coming as distinct promotions. Mr. Seemann is a third degree Mason and a member of Western Star Lodge. He is a member of the Lutheran Church. In September, i911, he married Bessie Crook. She is a daughter of Silas and Bertha Crook of Pittsburgh. Their two children are : Alice and William.

CHUEY BROTHERS is the name of a general merchandise partnership, operating flourishing stores in Youngstown, Struthers and Lowellville. The members of the firm are four brothers, Stephen J., John E., Michael B. and Andrew Chuey, and the fifth partner is a sister, Mary Chuey. Ten years ago their enterprise would hardly have attracted attention among the many larger and more prominent business houses of the Mahoning Valley. They started in 1909 with a retail meat and grocery store on the north side of Struthers. The establishment prospered, but the ambition and enterprise of the owners soon looked to broader lines of business. In 1912 they established a grocery and meat market on Center Street in Youngstown. Later in the same year they opened a general merchandise store on the south side of Struthers, and in the meantime changed the character of the north side store to one of general merchandise. In 1915 they opened another general store at Lowellville. The business at Youngstown is still specialized in groceries and meat. The original capital of this firm was $3700. The present assets would aggregate in excess of $r50,000, and the annual volume of sales is more than twenty times as large as the first year, exceeding $500,000 annually. The firm owned their original store property at Struthers, but have been, satisfied to rent buildings elsewhere. The south side Struthers store occupies a double building, and the stock is thoroughly complete and adequate for all the needs of the surrounding population. This is an interesting instance of the success that comes from family unity and cooperation. The parents of the Chuey Brothers were Stephen and Julia Chuey, natives of Hungary, who came to the United States soon after their marriage and established their home at Haselton, now a suburb of Youngstown. The father was a furnace worker in the Andrews Brothers Furnace, and in 1912 lost his life when struck by a switch engine when returning home from work. His widow now lives at, Struthers. Her children Andy and Mary make their home with her. Stephen Chuey, who lives at Poland, was born January 14, 1885, at Hazelton. He received his education in the public schools and worked in company store at Hazelton: He also worked two, years in a mill, and then assisted in the organization of the Chuey Brothers partnership. He marrried Mary Condrick, and their children are John, Frank and Steve. John Chuey married Catherine Condrick, a sister of his brother's wife, and they live at Youngstown. Michael B. Chuey was born September 22, 1890, at Hazelton, now a suburb of Youngstown. He attended public school and engaged in the grocery business for five years, then buying an interest in the business. Two years later the brothers got together and opened a new place in Struthers. In one year they were burned out, and then they bought out his former partner. Their next place was Hazelton, and then Struthers. Mr. Chuey is a director of the Chamber of Commerce at Struthers and is a member of the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks No. 55 at Youngsto He was married December, 1910, in Youngstown, to Mary Pidick, of Struthers. Their children are Paul, Mary and Dolores. Mrs. Chuey is a daughter of Stephen Pidick, of Struthers. Miss Mary Chuey is the treasurer of the concern. SAMUEL DRAA DRAKE. The growth and development or any community is largely dependent upon the exertions of those men who devote themselves to the exploitation of real estate. Without their energy, vim and progressive ideas no locality will move out of the conventional rut; outside money will not be attracted to it, and property will show but little increase. With the advent of an enterprising, experienced man, well able to solve the problems of the real estate business, comes a growth that is remarkable. Many years have passed since the initial work in this line has been done in the older portions of Youngstown, but the needs of this metropolis of the Mahoning Valley have made necessary a constant expansion of the outlying territory, while a maintenance of property already built is extremely important. So it is that the work of the realty operator is counted as being among the important factors in the life of this city. One of the men whose name is associated with developments along this line is Samuel Draa Drake. He was born at Niles, Ohio, August 8, 1883, a son of James Draa and Mary Jane (Lewis) Drake. The Drake family is traced back to 1365 when a representative of it located at Lavistock, England Another member of the family, centuries later, left England in 1767 for the American Colonies, and one of his descendants, Edward Drake, came to Ohio and homesteaded on the present site of Chillicothe John Draa Drake, a grandfather of Samuel Draa Drake, made the cradle used during the infancy of the late President McKinley. James Draa Drake was a machinist by trade, and installed the sheet mills, the Jonathan Warner mill. In and rebuilt the latter in 1892. His death occurred at YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 43 Youngstown. He and his wife had eleven children, eight of whom survive, namely: Mrs. Margaret Ferguson, Mrs. Elsie Beach, Mrs. Olive McGinley, Bertha, James L., Mrs. Maud Dickey, Samuel D., and Vera. Samuel D. Drake lived at Niles, Ohio, where he received his schooling, until 1901, and then came with the family to Youngstown, and worked in the sheet mills and the mill of Jonathan Warner, but not liking this class of work, he left it at the end of two years, and then secured an office position with the General Fireproofing Company, which he held for six years, leaving it in 1912 to embark in the real estate business in which he has since continued, achieving success. He is a member of the real estate board, and is serving on several of its committees, and the Chamber of Commerce. Fraternally lie is an Elk. He is developing the Sauzenbacher farm east of Canfield, subdividing it and inaugurating improvements. This when completed will make a very valuable addition to Youngstown. On October 30, 1910, Mr. Drake was united in marriage with Maud Aurand, a daughter of Fred and Josephine (Lewis) Aurand. For some years Mr. Drake has been a member of Saint John's Episcopal Church of Youngstown. Alert, enterprising and efficient, Mr. Drake is numbered among the men who are accomplishing results, and he deserves the prosperity which has attended him. LAMONT N. GILDER, treasurer of the Fisher Gilder, Cartage & Storage Company, and general manager of the storage end of the business, is one of the successful business men of Youngstown, and with his partner a pioneer in the storage and warehouse business in the Mahoning Valley. He was born at Warren, Ohio, where he still maintains his residence, on February 28, 1885, a son of Frank B. and Minnie R. (Hart) Gilder. Frank B. Gilder is connected with the Gilder-Augstadt Coal & Supply Company and is president of the Fisher-Gilder Cartage & Storage Company. After attending the common schools of Warren, Mr. Gilder took a four-year literary course at Kenyon College, and then entered upon a business career at Youngstown as secretary and treasurer of the E. Fisher & Son Company, the forerunner of the present Fisher-Gilder Cartage & Storage Company, which was reorganized in 1913 as the Fisher-Gilder Cartage Company. In the meanwhile, in 1912, Mr. Gilder had organized the Fisher Fireproof Storage Company of which he was treasurer, and in 1914 he was made its general manager. In 1918 the two companies were merged into the Fisher-Gilder Cartage & Storage Company, with Mr. Gilder as treasurer and manager of the storage department, while Mr. Fisher is vice president and manager of the cartage department. The business was founded by Emanuel Fisher, father of the present Mr. Fisher, as a drayage concern and gradually developed through successive stages to its present large proportions. Emanuel Fisher was the president of the Fisher- Gilder Cartage Company and the first vice president of the Fisher Fireproof Storage Company. He died in 1917. Mr. Gilder is interested in other organizations, notably the Gilder-Augstadt Coal & Supply Company, of which he is a director and vice president. He belongs to Old Erie Lodge No. 3, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, of Warren, and he also belongs to Warren Chapter, Royal Arch Masons. In 1911 Mr. Gilder was united in marriage with Edith A. Ward, a daughter of Doctor and Mrs. Clarence S. Ward of Warren. Mrs. Gilder was graduated from Wellesley College in 1908 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, from the general literary course. She belongs to the Episcopal Church, and is active in its various societies. Mr. Gilder's time is fully occupied by his business responsibilities, which the increasing demands of his patrons are multiplying, so that he has but little time or inclination for social relaxation. Both he and Mr. Fisher are expert men in their several lines, and fully qualified to carry out the wishes of their customers in an efficient and thoroughly modern manner, and their equipment, including solid, fireproof warehouses, is a decided asset to Youngstown and the Mahoning Valley. CHARLES E. GALLAGHER. The record of Youngstown business men demonstrates that none of them who have risen to enviable positions have been thus successful unless they possessed more than average ability, and applied to their work a conscientious thoroughness which in the end justified the trouble and time expended. Competition is greater today than it was in the earlier days of the history of the city and state, but then much of the way had yet to be blazed; people had to be awakened to the need for necessities they were then prone to consider easily foregone luxuries, so that the work of the business men who laid the foundations of Youngstown's prestige was extremely heavy. There were plenty of them found in the earlier days who were equal to any emergency, and fortunately for the welfare of the interests they safeguard, some of them are still in command, one of them being Charles E. Gallagher who for twenty-six years has been connected with the Eastern Ohio Gas Company, also is now actively interested in the oil producing field where he is doing some drilling. Charles E. Gallagher was born at Salamanca, New York, on May 15, 1876, a son of Charles E. and Catherine (Lenning) Gallagher, born in Little Valley, New York, and Ireland, respectively, the latter coming to the United States in childhood. Both passed away at Salamanca, New York. They left three children, as follows : Charles E., who was the eldest; Ralph W., president of the Hercules Motor Company at Canton, Ohio ; and Francis E., who is assistant to the president, John A. Manning of the Manning Paper Company, lives at Troy, New York. After completing the high school course at Salamanca, Charles E. Gallagher took charge of his father's office at Salamanca, owner of general merchandising store, and general contractor, and engaged in lumbering and saw mill business. After a year in his father's office he entered the employ of the Standard Oil Company and held various positions with it at Parkersburg, West Virginia, Brad- 44 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY ford, Oil City and Edinburg, Pennsylvania, and Uhrichsville and Akron, Ohio, leaving it for the Eastern Ohio Gas Company, where he held an initial position as bookkeeper and telegrapher and at the present time is general superintendent of all cities and towns outside of Cleveland. He is also a director of the Youngstown City Savings & Trust Company and the Morris Plan Bank. Mr. Gallagher came to Youngstown in 1909 as manager of the Youngstown branch of his company from Canton, Ohio, where he had spent two years as head of the Canton branch, and since then has become thoroughly identified with the city, belonging to the Real Estate Board, Credit Men's Association and Chamber of Commerce, and taking an active and effective part in the projects of all of these organizations. On June 22, 1899, Mr. Gallagher was united in marriage with Miss Alice Virginia Forker, a daughter of J. B. and Rebecca Jane (Reed) Forker of Edinburg, Pennsylvania. Mrs. Gallagher was graduated from the Clarion Normal School, and is a highly educated and cultivated lady. Mr. and Mrs. Gallagher have two children, namely: Doclie, who was born on June 28, 19o2, is a graduate of the Rayen High School, and is now attending Wellesley College; and Eugenia, who was born on August 31, 1904, is attending the Rayen High School. Mr. Gallagher is an appreciated member of the Youngstown Club. Both he and his wife have a wide circle of acquaintances and are held in the highest esteem by all who know them. As a representative of his company Mr. Gallagher sustains the dignity of his office and the fact that he has remained with this one concern for more than a quarter of a century is sufficient proof that he is regarded as one of the most efficient and valuable men in the organization. As a citizen Mr. Gallagher has displayed praiseworthy civic interest in the expansion of Youngstown, and can always be counted upon to bear his part of the burden of promoting worthy measures looking toward further progress. DANIEL A. DAVIDSON is one of the reliable men of Struthers, who is conducting an undertaking business in such an efficient manner as to give satisfaction to those in need of his skilled services. He was born at Lowellville, June 8, 1869, a son of James and Lavina (Nessle) Davidson, he born at Westfield, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania. By trade he was a shoemaker, and worked as such at Lowellville during the period covered by the war between the states. While he did not seek any public office, he was strict in his adherence to the principles of the republican party. The Presbyterian Church had in him an earnest member, and he served the local congregation as deacon and elder. In addition to the property he owned at Lowellville, James Davidson owned a farm in Pennsylvania and one in Ohio and was a man of considerable means. His death occurred about two, when he was seventy-one years old. His widow passed away at the age of seventy-two years, about twelve years ago. Their children were as follows : Margaret, who married Lon Lowry, who is living retired at Youngstown, Ohio ; Thomas, who was a coal dealer of Lowellville; died when thirty years of age; Mary, who is the widow of John G. Erskine, a merchant of Lowellville, lives at Parkers Lake, Kentucky; and Daniel A., whose name heads this review. Daniel A. Davidson was reared at Lowellville and attended the schools of that city and Youngstown, and the Ellington, New York, Academy, and then in 1888 formed a partnership with J. C. Cunningham and operated a furniture and undertaking business at Lowellville for seven years, in the meanwhile securing diplomas from several undertaking and embalming schools. In 1904 Mr. Davidson came to Struthers and opened his present undertaking establishment, he being the only man of his profession at Struthers. His equipment is very modern, including an auto hearse, and his services are in request at Lowellville, Hillsville and other adjacent points. Like his father, he takes little interest in public life. While he is a Mason, Odd Fellow and Knight of Pythias, he does not take an active part in fraternal matters. In fact his attention is centered upon his profession and he keeps on studying and attending conventions so as to be abreast of modern development in undertaking. He does not confine his services to those of wealth, but renders an appropriate and sympathetic service to those of small means, taking a pride in carrying out all his work in a dignified manner. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and has reached the commander), degree. He is also a member of Summerset, Kentucky, Lodge, Benevolent Protective Order of Elks, When he was twenty-two years of age Mr. Davidson was married to Tressa M. Book, of Lowellville, a daughter of M. H. Book, former proprietor of the Lowellville Hotel and a veteran of the Union army. After the death of the first Mrs. Davidson, Mr. Davidson was married to Mrs. Minnie E, (Book) Becker, his sister-in-law, who had two children, namely: Rachel Becker, who was educated the Struthers High School and the Kent, Ohio, Normal School, is now teaching in the Struthers schools; and Hazen Becker, who married Florence Kashner, has no children. He spent two years at t base hospital in France during the late war, and has just returned and is in the business with his stepfather. JAMES BRUCE FITHIAN. One of the prominent wholesalers of Youngstown, who has developed some very important interests centering in this city, is James Bruce Fithian, president of the Hearn-Fithian Company. He was born at Youngstown on March 14, 1868, a son of Charles L. and Mary J. (Powers) Fithian, and grandson of Isaac Powers, who homesteaded all of the land now occupied by Louisville, Kentucky. Charles L. Fithian served as a soldier during the War between the States, and followed farming when he did not work in one or other of the mills at Youngstown. James Bruce Fithian was brought up in a healtlzful way, alternating attendance at school with work on his father's farm, and he had the advantage of a two years course in college. He then learned telegraphy and from 1888 until 1892 he was engaged in railroad work as an operator. Mr. Fithian had formed a partnership with John Orr at Par- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 45 nassus, Pennsylvania, under the name of John Orr & Company, Mr. Fithian at that time being only twenty years of age. Subsequently Mr. Orr bought Mr. Fithian's interest, and he returned to telegraphy and for a year was night yardmaster at the Ohio Steel Plant. He then embarked in a retail grocery business as J. B. Fithian, which he later sold and then went into the wholesale grocery business with Decker R. Fithian, whose interest he subsequently acquired, and remained alone for two and one-half years. At the expiration of that period Mr. Fithian merged his business with that owned by John G. Thomas, the business for a year being conducted under the name of the Thomas, Hearn, Fithian Company, but is now the Hearn-Fithian Company, of which Mr. Fithian has been president for some time. Employment is given to sixty-five people at Youngstown, and twelve traveling men represent the house on -the road, the territory including New England and Ohio. Mr. Fithian is a Mason, belonging to the Blue Lodge of that order, and he also belongs to the Eastern Star. Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church of Youngstown has him for a member and he is also on its official board. In 1896 Mr. Fithian was united in marriage with Miss Grace Canfield, a daughter of Alexander and Elizabeth (Meenely) Canfield, both of whom are deceased. Mr. and Mrs. Fithian have two children, namely, Elizabeth, .who was born in 1900; and Grace, who was born in 1905. Mr. Fithian favors the republican ticket, and served as a member of the city council for one term from the First Ward, during that period securing for Youngstown the system of universal transfers on the street railway. Always a strong prohibitionist, Mr. Fithian has given a good deal of his time and attention to fighting the liquor interests, and succeeded in having elected men to official position whose stand on this important question was definite and in favor of prohibition. Because of this, the county went dry some time prior to the edict of wartime prohibition. Upon several occasions he has been strongly urged by the representative men of the city to permit the use of his name for the mayoralty race, but refused as he feels that he can accomplish more for his community as a private citizen than if he burdened himself with the duties of public office. Conscientious in a marked degree, he has earnestly sought to exert his influence in behalf of civic betterment and moral uplift and the results speak for themselves. Because of the broad vision, unselfish efforts and true Christianity of such men as Mr. Fithian, the prohibition amendment was passed and ratified. When he and his associates began their concerted action against the liquor interests, many who disapproved of saloons on geneneral principles but lacked the courage to come out openly against them, classed the movement as utterly utopian. Now these same persons are glad to be included in the ranks of the so-called reformers. If Mr. Fithian had accomplished nothing more than his triumph over the liquor element, he could feel that his life has been of great value to his community, but in addition to this side of his character, he is a useful citizen, excellent business man and tried and true friend, and it is doubtful if Youngstown possesses anyone more representative of its best interests than this upright, capable, Christian gentleman. SAMUEL WILKOFF. Several of the largest and most distinctive establishments in Youngstown recognize Samuel Wilkoff as one of their creators and a guiding genius in their affairs. The story of his personal career is an inspiring one, though it can be told only in meager outline. He was born in Russian Poland, April 1, 1863, a son of Julius and Zippora Wilkoffsky, both parents now deceased. A youth of nineteen, inspired by that urge of democracy which is a part of the national character of his people, he came alone to the United States in the late '7os. It was his intention to discover and join a relative but he lost the address, and having only two cents to his name he found as a matter of necessity an opportunity to prove his enterprise and ability to make himself a factor in the new world to which he was a complete stranger. He managed to secure on credit a basket of tinware, which he peddled and kept up this humble role of peddling merchant three months. At the end of that time he discovered the address of his brother in Pittsburgh, and joined him there, but having been successful in his first line he continued as a peddler at Pittsburgh and in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania. He lived at Beaver Falls a number of years. The first important stage in his business success was when he was able to afford a horse and wagon with which to carry his goods about the country. In i888 Mr. Wilkoff used some of his capital to establish a junk business in Akron, Ohio, where he had as partners his brother William and also Charles Wasbotzky, and L. Wilkoffsky, his brother-in-law. In the latter part of that year the partnership was dissolved, and Mr. Wilkoff and his brother William continued the business together for thirteen years, the firm being known as Wilkoffsky Brothers of Akron. Before engaging in business in Akron, Mr. Wilkoff went to. Kansas. Then from Kansas went to Akron to engage in business. In 1901 Mr. Wilkoff removed to Youngstown and opened a branch office of his business in the old McKelvey Building. Later his plant was established where the Baltimore & Ohio Railway station is now located. When the station was erected he removed to below Baldwin Flour Mills at Oak Hill. The business was incorporated in 1901 as the Wilkoff Brothers Company. Mr. Samuel Wilkoff sold his interest in that business and established the Wilkoff Iron & Steel Company, which later was consolidated with the Wilkoff Brothers Company and since then the title has been the Wilkoff Company. In less than twenty years Mr. Wilkoff has achieved a place of the greatest influence in the business and industrial affairs of Youngstown. Vice president of the Wilkoff Company, vice president of the Mill Creek Land Company, and was president of the Glenwood Realty Company until the property which he developed was sold. He still owns considerable real estate. He owned the ground and was instru- 46 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY mental in bringing the Concrete Steel Company of New York to locate in Youngstown, and erected the buildings necessary to house the plant. He also has some farm land in and around McDonald. Mr. Wilkoff for all his success has never lost his democratic spirit. He is charitable to a fault and is now as always deeply interested in the welfare of those associated with him in his various enterprises. Mr. Wilkoff has been happily married a number of years and is father of four children. His oldest son Isaac Wilkoff married Anna Wolfe of Beaver Falls and has a daughter, Betty Frances. Isaac is secretary and assistant treasurer of the Wilkoff Company, is president of the Wilkoff Realty Company, president of the Mill Creek Land Company, director of the Market Realty Company, president of the Youngstown Specialty Company, treasurer of the Willand Petroleum Company, and has had much to do with the re-organization of all these local industries. The second son is Joseph, general superintendent of the Youngstown plant and a director of the Wilkoff Company. The third son is Leo S., a successful Youngstown lawyer, former assistant prosecuting attorney of the county and secretary and general counsel for the Mill Creek Land Company. The youngest of the family, Annetta, is the. wife of Philip Brown of Cleveland, secretary of the Wilkoff Company. SAMUEL O. EWING, whose home was at Boardman Center, was a of sheriff of Mahoning County, and a son of the late John Ewing whose life and the record of the family from its establishment in the valley at the beginning of the 'nineteenth century, are fully described on other pages of this publication. The chief activities of Samuel 0. Ewing were directed to farming and stock breeding and he was well known as a developer of farms in the valley. His death occurred December 15, 1919. Mr. Ewing was born October 1, 1851, at North Jackson on the farm where the Ewings first settled a hundred years ago. He grew up on that homestead, had a high school education, but his college career was interrupted. He began life as a teacher, and for two years was principal of the Lowellville schools. After that he took up the work of a traveling salesman, representing the Johnson Harvesting Company in Eastern Ohio and Western Pennsylvania. While a resident of Canfield, his friends induced him to enter politics as a candidate, and he was elected sheriff in 1889 and re-elected 1891, leading his ticket each time. He performed with general satisfaction the routine duties of his office at a time when the valley was suffering from a general financial and industrial depression. After leaving office he took up the real-estate business, not so much as a broker, but as a buyer, improver and seller of farms. Many tracts of land that had become run down and unprofitable he rehabilitated and made into paying propositions. One of these is now occupied by the Canfield Experiment Station. He thus operated sevral farms to a successful issue. Through all these years Mr. Ewing was a breeder of high grade horses, cattle and sheep. His Percheron horses were exhibited at many fairs and his stock won many honors. He exhibited the prize winning Belgian horse at the State Fair in 1919 and that horse is now at the head of the stud of the Kansas Agricultural College. The Ewing colts have become widely known and sought at fancy prices, and his efforts have brought a great improvement in local stock throughout Ohio and elsewhere. Mr. Ewing had his home in Boardman Center for the past twenty years and improved and developed a fine property of 246 acres there, making it complete as a desirable country home with barns and other equipment. He built the house in which he lived and all its surrounding set of buildings. Mr. Ewing kept up his interest in the party serving in committees and conventions. He was a member of the United Presbyterian Church of Youngstown. He was an Elk and member of the Knights of Pythias. In 1886 he married Miss Emma Fox of Hillsville, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, who survives him. Their son Frank C. Was born January 19, 1888. He has had rather a wide experience for a young man, but at the time of his father's death, he took up the latter's business affairs and has since been carrying them through successfully: He is a Mason and on September 1, 1911, he married Miss Ruth Mann of St. Louis, a daughter of J. A. Mann, a merchant of that city. They have two sons, Samuel and Arthur. The late Mr. Ewing was a man of very many friends, and one of the most popular men in the district. His pleasure in his friendships far exceeded any pleasure he ever got from matetial things, though he was an able executive and a man of wide experience. He was always hailed with enthusiasm whenever he appeared and was surrounded by most prominent men of the community, but was very unassuming. He was a Republican in politics but very democratic in his actions. SIDNEY R. CREPS, an able and influential business man of Youngstown now serving as director of city schools, has been identified with various interests during his active career and as a citizen of worth and ability has contributed his full share toward promoting the welfare of the community in which he resides. Mr. Creps is a native of Mahoning County was born in Austintown, June 27, 1879, from a lineage that traces back on the paternal side to the sturdy German stock which settled in Pennsylvania during pioneer days. His father, Eli Creps, however, was born near North Lima in 1851 and was actively identified with public affairs, prominent in the republican ranks, he served for a number of years as justice of the peace, and at the time of his death when but thirty-four years of age was establishing himself in the furniture and undertaking business. Mary Russell, the mother of Sidney Russell Creps, was of Scotch descent, her grandfather having come from Scotland to Mahoning County while the country was yet a forest, and formed the nucleus for the Russell settlement a few miles southwest of Austintown; his log cabin was the first dwelling in this section. Of the union of Mr. and Mrs. Eli Creps, two YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 47 children were born, Sidney R. and Vinnie P., wife of S. J. Brooks, one of the leading merchants of Warren, Ohio. In the case of Sidney R. Creps we have another proof that hardships are, after all, the stuff out of which character is made. Before he was six years old his father died, and thrown on his own resources so early in life we find him dreaming dreams of a business career. As a boy he established a paper route in Austintown and West Austintown and for five years walked more than three miles a day selling papers. As he grew older the needs for school books and clothes made additional demands. To meet these Sidney did odd jobs on the farm and such other work as an industrious boy could find to do in the rural districts. Late in his teens, when fitted by education and experience, he was employed by Kaley and McDonald in their general merchandise business conducted in the old brick store at Austin- town where John H. Fitch made the start in his business career. Mr. Creps substituted for Mr. McDonald in this partnership. During his busy life Mr. Creps„ because of a natural craving for education, laid a good foundation for his future work; he took a course in Hall's Business College and under the wise tutelage of G. O. Neff, an able educator, gained an ideal and inspiration that has been a controlling force in his life. In 1898 Mr. Creps passed the teachers' examination and taught school for two years at Four Mile Run. At the end of two years, however, he gave up school work and accepted a position with The John H. Fitch Company, later he was employed in the electrical department of the Carnegie Steel Company. Then the old longing to do school work again seized him with such force that he went back to the school room for much less than half the salary received in the mill. After six years more in school work the conflict between love of work and the financial needs resulted in a decision to enter business. Accordingly he entered the real estate and insurance business with L. S. Crum. Always a student, Mr. Creps soon became familiar with the business, and at the death of Mr. Crum, in 1910, took up this business by himself. In 1915 Mr. Creps became identified with the Youngstown schools as clerk and treasurer. When the director of schools, Mr. Ashbaugh, was taken ill, Mr. Creps was made his assistant and on the death of Mr. Ashbaugh was made his successor as director. A man of sterling worth and ability Mr. Creps has handled affairs of his position with credit to himself and to the eminent satisfaction of all concerned. On July 12, 1902, Miss Lillian May Shifferstine, daughter of Andrew Shifferstine of West Austintown, became the wife of Mr. Creps. She passed to the life beyond in 1910, leaving two children, Violet Vinnette and Robert William, Since the death of his wife, Mr. Creps' mother, Mrs. Mary Creps, has presided over his household, making a pleasant home for his motherless children. Mr. Creps is a member of Hillman Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons of Youngstown, and of Hebron Lodge, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, having served this lodge as trustee, and as financial secretary. He is also a member of the Youngstown Chamber of Commerce and of the Youngstown Automobile Club. DANIEL A. HEINDEL. An exceedingly prosperous and popular business man of Youngstown, Daniel A. Heindel is one of the leading automobile .dealers of this section of Mahoning County, his annual sales of the Dort and Apperson cars yielding him a good income. He was born in 1889 in North Lima, Ohio, on the farm of his father, Joshua Heindel. A native of Pennsylvania, Joshua Heindel was born in York County, and as a young man worked in a coal mine which he owned in Morgantown. Embarking in agricultural pursuits, he bought a farm in North Lima, Ohio, and in addition to raising the crops common to that part of the country made a specialty of growing garden truck, continuing thus employed until his death, in 1897, at the age of sixty-one years. To him and his wife, whose maiden name was Emeline Coler, seven sons and three daughters were born, as follows : George and Clarence, living on the old home farm; Clark, farming in North Lima ; Norman and Emanuel of Youngstown, are carrying on a substantial meat business, their market being on Market Street ; Orville, a well- known physician of New Castle, Pennsylvania ; Daniel A., the subject of this sketch; Mary, wife of George Ford, a successful farmer of New Springfield, Ohio ; Dorothy, wife of David Whitmore, who is also engaged in farming at New Springfield; Samantha, who married Spang Bricker, died in York County, Pennsylvania. Although a little fellow of eight years when his father died, Daniel A. Heindel looked after the home farm during the ensuing six years, after which he continued his studies at the North Lima High School. In 1907 he entered the employ of Swift & Company in Youngstown, and subsequently embarked in the real estate business, representing a New York firm in Lancaster and New Castle, Pennsylvania, and in Boston, Massachusetts. In 1913, with perfect confidence in his abilities, Mr. Heindel, with merely sufficient sum to buy a car for himself, established an automobile business at 1418 Market Street, Youngstown, his garage having been 40 by 5o feet. As his trade increased, more room being imperative, he made additions from time to time, the building now occupying a space of 50 by 150 feet. Mr. Heindel is now planning to erect, at an expense of $90,000, a garage at the corner of Evergreen Avenue and Market Street, which will be 90 by 200 feet, finished in marble, and completely equipped in every respect. During the six years that Mr. Heindel has been identified with the automobile trade he has learned the business inside and out, and in working over the cars has become an expert machinist, and perfectly familiar with every part of a machine. Mr. Heindel married, in 1913, Helen, daughter of J. C. Schreck, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and they are the parents of one son, Daniel A. Heindel, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Heindel are members of Saint Paul's Reformed Church. Politically Mr. Heindel is independent, casting his vote for the best man regardless of the party he represents. 48 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY WILLIAM WILKOFF. While his friends and associates at Youngstown declare William Wilkoff to be one of the ablest men of the city, one of the chief elements in his career, enabling him to rise from obscurity and poverty to a controlling influence in the great industrial affairs of Eastern Ohio, has been a remarkable tenacity of purpose which has held him true to his course in spite of all privations, obstacles and handicaps. He was born in Poland, September 14, 1865, a Russian subject. His early environment was that of a small farm. His parents were Julius and Zippora Wilkoff and the family were stoutly orthodox and pious Jews. William Wilkoff used some of the means of his early business success to bring his parents to this country and both of them died at Youngstown. In 1882, at the age of seventeen, he left his native country and came to America. His first work was as a section hand on railroad construction from Pittsburgh to Massillon, Ohio. His wages were $1.50 a day. It was not work to which he was accustomed, yet he held on until he could save a little capital for independent business. His first capital he used to purchase a small stock of merchandise, and became a peddler at Pittsburgh. From a collector of miscellaneous waste material, he became an independent dealer in the junk business, located at Beaver Falls, and by that time had advanced his equipment to a single horse and wagon. In 1888 he joined his brother Samuel in partnership, and they became wholesale junk dealers at Akroni Their business developed so rapidly that it was necessary to find a larger market, and several years later the Wilkoff Brothers moved to Youngstown, establishing their plant on ground leased from the Baltimore & Ohio Railway, where that railroad subsequently built its Youngstown station. In 1904 Wilkoff Brothers Company, incorporated for $100,000, with William as president of the company. In 1915 the business was reorganized on a capital basis of $700,000, and in 1919 it was necessary again to increase the capital stock, this time to $1,000,000. When the Wilkoff Company first bought their present location their intentions were to eliminate the junk and scrap iron department and confine their activities to the building of steel cars. In 1916 the Youngstown Steel Car Company was organized with acapital stock of $210,000, William Wilkoff being president. The capital has since been increased to $1,000,000, and as the outgrowth and result of the enterprise of the Wilkoff Brothers the industry is now one of the largest in the Youngstown district. Recently the corporation acquired a 13o acre tract at Niles, Ohio, and when the works are established in the new plant it is expected that Lo00 men will be employed. The present plant at Youngstown will then be used for scrap iron. Mr. Wilkoff is one of the original incorporators of the Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company, and is still a stockholder. The various business concerns which he has promoted now do a nation wide and international business, maintaining offices at New York and Pittsburgh. Sam Wilkoff is vice president of both companies, David J. is treasurer and Isaac Wilkoff is secretary. January 16, 1894, Mr. Wilkoff married Miss Fanny Cohen of Cleveland. They have three sons, Louis C., Ralph M., and Arthur Edward. The son Louis, who married Miss Sadie Klein of Niles, is secretary of the Youngstown Steel .Car Company; the son Ralph is a graduate of the Culver Military Academy of Indiana, and is taking a university course. Mr. Wilkoff is a member of the Hebrew Temple of 'Youngstown, and one of its most generous patrons. He is affiliated with Youngstown Elks, is a Mason, and many times in the last year his name has been identified with movements affecting the good of his home city. He is a tireless worker, and much of his success is due to the remarkable concentration of energy upon the tasks in hand. In fact he has been so busy that he has never been able to hold the post of director in any other company except his own, and for a similar reason has never found time for public office. JESSE H. LIGHNINGER. An attorney of unquestioned skill and ability, Jesse H. Leighninger rendered efficient service as first assistant city solicitor, and in the fall of 1919, was elected on the republican ticket to the more responsible position of city solicitor. A son of Marion F. Leighninger, he was born March it, 1888, in West Lafayette, Coshocton County, Ohio. Born, reared and educated in Coshocton Counly, Ohio, Marion F. Leighninger chose farming for lzis life occupation, and having bought land in Coshocton County improved a good farm, which he has since managed with fair success. His wife, whose maiden name was Florence Hattie Starker, was born in Tuscarawas County, and died on the home farm April 21, 1911, aged forty-three years. Two sons were born of their union, Jesse H. and Issador S. The father is actively identified with the republican party, and takes an intelligent interest in public affairs, uniformly supporting all enterprises calculated to benefit the public and advance the best interests of his community. Receiving his earliest knowledge of books in the schools of West Lafayette, Jesse H. Leighninger was graduated from the high school in 1906, and from West Lafayette College with the class of ran, completing his studies at the Western Reserve University, when, in 1914, he was there graduated from the law department. An industrious, ambitious lad, with an unquenchable thirst for knowledge, Mr. Leighninger paid his own way through college and university, earning his money in various ways. As a boy, interested in farm journals, he naturally thought every one else should be, and made a business of securing subscribers to different papers treating on agriculture, and later traveled for the Curtis publications, thus earning money during vacations to pay his next year's expenses in school He also sold books, taking an agency for different firms, was a crew manager, and while at the Wen ern Reserve University waited upon tables a, washed dishes for his board, and taught evenings , the Young Men's Christian Association. While in college Mr. Leighninger was one sunlit employed at West Lafayette in the Novelty Work, having charge of the varnishing department, and the YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 49 summer before graduating he sold real estate in Youngstown, being in the employ of the Realty Security Company. Forming a partnership with M. C. McNab, Mr. Leighninger began the practice of law, continuing with him until July, 1915, when he became associated with A. B. Calvin, continuing with him until appointed third assistant city solicitor. After rendering appreciated service in that position for twenty-one months, Mr. Leighninger was made second assistant city solicitor, and at the end of nine months in that capacity he was appointed first assistant city solicitor, his promotions bearing visible evidence of his ability and fidelity in that office. In the primaries of the fall of 1919 he was honored with the nomination for city solicitor, a position for which he was amply qualified not only by education but by training and practical experience. On September 5, 1914, Mr. Leighninger was united in marriage with Marjorie Lightner, daughter of S. H. and Jennie H. Lightner. Her father was a professor of music in the Youngstown public schools for a quarter of a century, and she was graduated from the musical department of Oberlin University, and subsequently taught music in the West Lafayette College and Northfield Seminary until her marriage. Mr. and Mrs. Leighninger have two children, Robert Dean Leighninger and David Scott Leighninger. Religiously Mr. Leighninger and wife are members of the Westminster Presbyterian Church. Fraternally he is a member of Western Star Lodge, Ancient Free and Accepted Order of Masons; of Buechner Chapter, Royal Arch Masons, and Youngstown Chapter, Royal Arch Masons. He is also a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and of the Chamber of Commerce. NELSON A. COWDERY one of the patriarchs of the Mahoning Valley, whose long life was a continuous exertion for good and community welfare, was born at Hartland, Connecticut, May 6, 1826, and in the same fall was brought in a one-horse wagon to Ohio by his parents, Allen and Mary (Norton) Cowdery. The family settled in Mecca Township on a farm that is now owned by J. A. Hayden. Allen Cowdery cleared up the land, which he had obtained from the Connecticut Land Company at $2.50 an acre. About the time Nelson A. Cowdery reached his majority his father traded for a farm in West Mecca near his brother Ambrose, who had come from Connecticut in 1825. At the age of nineteen Nelson A. Cowdery was given permission by his father in order to get married to Flora Beach of Vernon Township, four years his senior. Soon afterwards with his father he bought eighty acres of woods at $7 an acre in West Mecca and obtained fifty acres of this as his share and later the rest. During the oil excitement, with rising prices for land, Allen sold his farm and bought a place a mile south of Cortland, and the son Nelson followed him there six years later and also bought a farm. Allen Cowdery died at the age of seventy- six. His first wife passed away in 1835, the mother of four children, Nelson being the last survivori His second wife was Lavina Beach, and his third wife a Mrs. Croft. There were two children of the second marriage, one son dying as a Union soldier, while Drayton now lives at Farmington. In 1895 Nelson Cowdery built his present home in the Village of Cortland. His farm comprised 125 acres and while living in Mecca Township he also operated a saw mill three years. He was one of the organizers and one of the first directors of the First National Bank of Cortland which was established in 1892 with a capital of $5o,000. He servedas president until the charter expired twenty years later, and it was then succeeded by the Cortland Savings & Banking Company, with a capital of $35,000 and Mr. Cowdery continued as president. From 1872 to 1878 he was a member of the Board of County Commissioners. One work of this board was the construction at a cost of $20,000 of the Market Street bridge in Warren, a structure that has stood the test of time and wear ever since. In 1870 at Cortland Mr. Cowdery built a cheese factory. He hired a cheese maker for one year and during that time his daughter learned the details of cheese manufacture and afterwards she and Mr. Cowdery conducted the factory alone. This factory was the primary influence in stimulating milk production and making this region a dairy center, a character that still prevails. The old factory converted the milk from g00 cows and the Cowdery farm operated a dairy of fifty cows. The business has been in continuous operation for half a century and the plant is now part of the Creamery and Condensery Company. Mr. and Mrs. Cowdery were probably the oldest married couple in the Mahoning Valley. At her death they had lived together sixty-four years, nine months, seven days. Four children were born to their marriage. Mr. Cowdery early became identified with the Congregational Church, his father's church, but while operating the cheese factory he asked for a letter from the old church at Mecca. At first this was refused on account of his working on Sunday, but later it was granted, and since then he has been connected with the Christian Church. In early days he heard President Garfield preach. JUDGE DAVID GOTTLIEB JENKINS. Behind and justifying his present high office as judge of Common No. 1 at Youngstown, Judge Jenkins has a record as a successful lawyer for the past thirteen years, a former editor and technical man in several iron plants, and also two highly creditable terms as city solicitor of Youngstown. Judge Jenkins was born at Port Talbot, a seaport town in Wales, in 1879. His Welsh ancestors for generations have been prominent in the tin and other metal industries of Wales. The father of Judge Jenkins was Daniel R. Jenkins, now living at Youngstown. He was born in Wales, and when about a year old, in 1847, was taken to Germany by his father. David Jenkins. David Jenkins had been called to Germany by the Imperial Government to erect the first tin plate works in the Empire. The two plants which he built were named respectively Germania and Albion. Daniel R. Jenkins as a young man acquired an expert knowledge of the building and management of tinplate mills. Though his home was in