Iron ore Limestone Shale Coal Black-band ore Coal Fireclay

6 in. tor ft. 6 in. 3 f t. 10 in. 2 ft. to 3 ft. 8 in. to 3 ft. 4 in. to 1 ft. to the shale

	Tons
Brier Hill Iron & Coal Company Andrews & Hitchcock C. H. & W. C. Andrews Arms, Warner & Co.	450 1,100 80

Vol. I-49 770 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY

Morris & Price Church Hill Coal Company Warner & Ormsby Tod Iron Company Stambaugh, Tod & Co. Mahoning Coal Company McCurdy Coal Company Jonathan Warner J. Robbins, Jr. New Lisbon Coal Company Powers Coal Company Vienna Coal & Iron Company Wise Coal Company

150 450 100 250 200 800 300 300 300 150 300 778 250

In addition to these firms there were many smaller concerns operating in all parts of the valley east of Niles. The most prolific field was found in Liberty and Hubbard townships, Trumbull County, and the entire field may be said to have been contained in the southern townships of that county and the northern tier of townships in Mahoning County. Some coal was found farther south, but it was not generally of good quality and in workable condition, so that operations in it were not large. In 1875 the total output of the mines in the Mahoning Valley was about 3,500,000 tons per year. The number of men employed was approximately 4,000, and the payrolls of the various companies, totaled about $2,000,000 annually. It was a truly great industry for that day, and the local field was regarded as one of the most important in the entire country. The quality of the coal has seldom been equalled. Its analysis, as shown by samples from Brier Hill mines, was as follows Fixed carbon - 61.244 Bitumen - 35.966 Ash - 2.700 It was low in sulphur and phosphorus, had a remarkably open structure, and was strong enough to prevent breaking up in handling. The fact that it made excellent steam fuel as well as blast furnace fuel, led to its early exhaustion. In a report made by County Auditor C. C. Rice, of Trumbull County, to the state board of tax equalization, under date of March 3, 1881, he recites the fact that, while the number of mines in operation in that county in 1870 was 39 and their output upwards of 2,000,000 tons per year, in 1880 there were only 14 mines being operated in Trumbull County and their annual output was about 420,000 tons. The mines in Trumbull County were opened later as a rule than those in Mahoning, but they were the first to be exhausted, chiefly because they were more easily worked and mining was pushed with more vigor. These mines were the best in the valley, with the possible exception of Brier Hill, which adjoined the county line. Those in the other parts of Mahoning, except at Lowellville, were smaller and YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 771 more subject to difficulties, such as water, faults in the vein and other troubles. In spite of the great decrease in tonnage at the Trumbull mines, the output of the valley in 1880 was about 1,350,000 tons. The period of coal mining in the Mahoning Valley was one of its busiest eras up to that time. From Niles to Lowellville a familiar sight was the mule team with its long string of coal cars on the way to and from the mines, the tramways being usually narrow gauge and laid with wooden rails covered with strap iron. After 1860, less and less coal was used in the blast furnaces. It had grown dear and coke from the Connellsville region became available with the building of a railroad to Pittsburgh. At first this coke was mixed with coal, and later it was used exclusively. A few coal mines are still worked in the Mahoning Valley, and until within two or three years it was possible to secure Mahoning block coal by paying an advanced price. Most of this came from pillars in abandoned mines. An occasional house-coal mine is still found, but the industry is practically a thing of the past. Ruins of deserted villages mark the locality where extensive mines formerly required many laborers, and from the water-filled cavities of once large and profitable operations new towns have secured an unfailing supply. Abandoned railroads mark the routes over which the black wealth of the locality found its way to market, but there is little left to apprise the stranger that a great industry once flourished beneath waving fields of grain and farm houses that now secure their fuel from Pittsburgh or West Virginia, CHAPTER XXXVI OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION OIL AT FIRST MADE FROM COAL-LATER FOUND IN SEVERAL PART THE MAHONING VALLEY-GAS PRODUCTION In addition to being favored by nature in the matter of ore and coal deposits, as well as beds of shale suitable for paving stone and large bodies of limestone, a large portion of the Mahoning Valley is underlaid with oil and gas bearing sand at a depth of about 700 feet or less. This is evidently an extension of the Berea sand, which is quite productive in the vicinity of Bessemer, Pennsylvania. It has been drilled freely it the southeastern portion of Mahoning County, where it yields a small but steady volume of oil and gas in commercial quantities. Previous to the discovery of oil beneath the earth's surface, however, Mahoning County had a very respectable oil industry. This was conducted by four companies and the process consisted in distilling the high volatile coal found in the southeastern section of Canfield Township, the product being known as "coal oil," a name which was commonly used for petroleum long after that fluid was secured exclusively by tapping the natural reservoirs in the earth's crust. The companies carrying on this operation were known as the Hartford, the Mahoning, the Mystic and the Phoenix. They had plants in which was invested about $200,000. All were built in 1858 and 1859, following discovery of the peculiar properties of the coal referred to, which is referred to as "cannel" coal. The capital was largely from the East, although some local money was invested in these plants. The Phoenix, which was the largest establishment, could produce about 75 barrels of oil per week, and as its product then sold for 50 or 60 cents per gallon and was in great demand as an illuminant, it was profitable. The discovery of natural oil in Pennsylvania a few years later, rendered these costly plants valueless almost overnight. Oil has been found in several other parts of the valley, notably in Milton Township, Mahoning County, and Mecca Township, Trumbull County. In both of these localities the oil has a peculiar composition and is valuable for lubricating purposes, although it seems to occur in small pockets or pools and must be pumped. The discovery of oil in these districts, where it is found at a depth of from 30 to 60 feet, was made through its appearance on the springs, a phenomenon common and regarded as quite unfortunate, since it ruined the water. A farmer named Phillips first collected oil from his spring in 1830, and it was - 772 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 773 known that oil could be thus obtained from many springs in Mecca Township from that time forward. In 1859-60, following other oil booms, Mecca Township had one of these experiences that would rival the present day boom in any oil field. A firm named Bonnell, Woods & Jordan sunk a well on the property of William H. Jeffries, at the village of West Mecca. When .oil began to flow from the pump excitement started. The locality was soon full of speculators and the price of land and leases increased to fabulous figures. Scores of wells were sunk. A town, named "Dixie," was laid out in the southern part of the township and soon became a resort with a genuine wild west flavor and many of the characteristics of a western mining camp. Its name indicated the disapproval of the local inhabitants, anything from the slave states at that time being in high disfavor among people in the Western Reserve. Within a short time it was found that the oil wells had very short productive life, evidently tapping small pools only. The oil boom bursted, "Dixie" disappeared utterly, and the old-time calm reigned again along the Upper Mosquito Creek Valley. For many years, however, oil of a very high value was taken from this district, new wells being sunk as the old ones were exhausted. In Milton Township a few wells along the Mahoning were found productive, and these were operated by pumping until the Milton Reservoir was built, when the water backed over them and wiped out the industry in that locality. Here also the oil was of peculiar quality and could be refined into a very fine lubricant, which fact made it valuable enough to justify pumping from wells which yielded only a very small quantity. The first well organized effort to develop the field extending from Pennsylvania into the southeastern portion of Mahoning County occurred in 1907. The Berea sand lies at a depth of about 700 feet under practically all of Springfield and Beaver townships, and yields oil in moderate quantity by pumping. A number of companies, most of which were financed by Pennsylvania capital, acquired leases in this territory and sunk wells, all of which have, up to this time been productive, although none of them produces more than five barrels per day. The West Penn Oil Company is at this time the largest operator and has a number of wells in Springfield Township. These are connected and a line is being laid from them to Youngstown, where it is proposed to make gasoline from their product at a refinery in course of erection. Other companies operating there are the Prosperous Oil Company, Kennedy & Company, the Bruce Campbell Company, the Mahoning Oil Company and the Lawrence Oil Company. Among them they operate pumps at about 150 wells, which produce from one-half to one barrel per day. They are frequently connected and several operated by one pump. About $500,000 is now invested in this industry, and arrangements are being made to test the field farther south, as it is believed the productive sand extends in that direction. Efforts are being made to develop oil bearing sands on Yankee Run, in Hubbard Township, Trumbull County, also, but the result of these is still in doubt. What seems to be a new field was opened in May, 1920, by the discovery of gas in paying quantities at New Buffalo, Canfield Township, Mahoning County. 774 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Natural gas is found in many parts of the Mahoning Valley, especially in Beaver and Springfield, Canfield and Boardman townships, Mahoning County. In most cases the gas can be reached about 200 feet beneath the surface in quantities sufficient to supply farm houses, and many homes are heated in this way. In Springfield and Beaver townships there are about a dozen gas wells producing in large volume, but all of them are troubled by the influx of salt water which overcomes the low pressure and stops the flow of gas until it has been pumped out. Some of these wells also yield oil in small quantities. The North Lima Gas Company, a concern owned by Pennsylvania people, pipes gas from a number .of local wells to supply the village of that name. Its operation is troubled by salt water and much complaint exists as to the regularity of the flow from its wells, which are now producing about six barrels of oil per day in addition to the gas sold. The East Ohio Gas Company, a subsidiary of the Standard Oil Company, conducts the distribution of natural gas in practically all of the cities and villages of the Mahoning Valley, as well as over a large adjacent territory. This company began doing business in 19̊9, having bought various smaller concerns which had operated independently up to that time. Its principal source of supply is West Virginia, the gas being furnished by the Hope Natural Gas Company, of that state, and pumped all over the border of Western Pennsylvania and Eastern Ohio. Gradual exhaustion of the supply of natural gas is apparent, and while numerous new fields are being constantly developed, it seems probable that within a few years many communities now securing this fuel from the earth will be compelled to depend on gas manufactured from coal in the by-product coking process, immense quantities of which are now being used in the steel mills of the Mahoning Valley. CHAPTER XXXVII THE MAHONING VALLEY IN THE WORLD WAR CONTRIBUTIONS OF 1TS PEOPLE AND ITS INDUSTRIES TO THE MOMENTOUS CONFLICT OF 1914-18 The history of the people of the Mahoning Valley in war embraces six national struggles, as well as several conflicts with the Indians. Five important wars have occurred since the settlement of this region, and not a few of its early pioneers had participated in the American Revolution. The War of 1812 made such drafts on the man power of the new settlement that its infant industries were paralyzed and even its farms languished for want of cultivation. This war came particularly close because of the depredations of the Indians in the Northwest, brought about by the effort of the British to enlist their aid in the struggle. The Mexican war found many eager volunteers here, as it did in all parts of the country, and while this was not by any means a desperate enterprise, the number of men who 'failed to return was relatively large. It was the Civil war, however, that was most severely felt, because the number of men who enlisted or were drafted was extremely large in proportion to the population, and it was to a notable extent due to the intrepid bravery of these men that Ohio's brilliant record in the Civil war was possible. That war cost the Mahoning Valley more lives than the World war. While the Spanish-American war was comparatively brief and bloodless, so far as casualties in battle were concerned, the loss of life in camps, owing to inadequate provisions for sanitation, commissary and medical attendance, was disproportionately large. The Mahoning Valley, which had sent more than its share of men in this war, suffered in proportion. Through all these wars the people of the Mahoning Valley exhibited a degree of loyalty and patriotism equalled in few other localities, but the growth of population and the development of industry previous to the World war of 1914-18 made possible contributions to the victory achieved in that struggle such as could not be made in any other war, at least from the standpoint of men entering the service and material and money furnished to aid the Government and its allies. The part played by our people in previous wars has been given in some detail in other chapters. What they accomplished in the World war will be told here as fully as possible within the limits of such a work and with the somewhat imperfect records as yet available. Owing to its large industries, sending their products to all parts of the world and forming an important part of the productive machinery - 775 - 776 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY of this country, this section is naturally in closer touch with national and international affairs than many others without similar features. Consequently, when the European war opened on July 30, 1914, it aroused greater interest here than in most communities remote from the Atlantic seaboard. Few people suspected that it would prove to be the greatest war in all history, involving practically all civilized nations, causing the death of more than ten millions of men, ending the era of despotic government and impoverishing a great part of the world. There was, however, much misgiving as to its effect on our local industries, chiefly because of an expected disturbance of financial conditions. The rapid march of events proved how little even the wisest know about what the future holds in store. At first the only visible result of the European war was severe industrial depression, exaggerating conditions prevailing for about two years previously. There was much idleness and the future was generally regarded with pessimism. The situation changed suddenly at the close of 1914. By that time the Entente allied nations, then consisting of France, England, Russia and Belgium, had discovered that their reserves of military material were entirely inadequate. The first rush of the Germans to the Marne had placed in their possession the iron works of Belgium and 95 per cent of the blast furnaces in France. In stopping this advance just short of Paris the French had used up most of their reserve ammunition. The colossal nature of the war had made it evident that England alone was unable to produce enough steel for herself and her allies, and buyers were sent to America with instructions to secure munitions and material for their manufacture in the greatest quantity and on the best terms possible. From the beginning of 1915 until the signing of the armistice, November 11, 1918, nearly four years later, the demand for semi-finished steel and other materials kept pace with the astounding development of munition plants in England, France and Italy, while, early in 1917, our own Government made tremendous requisitions for similar material. Immense quantities of war steel were shipped abroad during the entire period, all of which went to the Allied governments. Whether any considerable quantity of such materials would have been furnished by America to Germany is a question, especially after the people of this country realized the evident purpose and were shocked by the brutalities of German militarism ; but the British fleet having swept German commerce from the seas and closed all German ports, shipment to that country was impossible, and it is a matter for congratulation that not a pound of steel from Mahoning Val- ley plants and very little from America, went to Germany during the war. This condition may have had something to do with the ill temper of the German government. At any rate its insolence and ruthlessness were shown in repeated outrages against our shipping, disregard of our protests and defiance of our rights on the high seas. On April 6, 1917, Congress passed a resolution declaring that a state of war existed between the United States and the Imperial and Royal German govern- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 777 ment, following this action later with a similar declaration on December 7, 1917, against the Austro-Hungarian government. There was probably less enthusiasm over this than over any previous declaration of war in the history of the country. The people of the United States had learned enough about war on a modern scale to know what it meant, and they entered the conflict with grim determination and a thorough realization of the problems and sacrifices it would involve. Things they did not realize were the marvelous speed with which this country, absolutely unprepared for war and engrossed with the tasks of peace, could be transformed into an armed camp, and the amazing energy which it was to show in marshaling its vast potential strength on the field of battle. Within eighteen months America had mobilized, trained and equipped more than 3,500,000 men, landed almost 2,000,000 soldiers on the soil of France, and created a war machine of proportions never before dreamed of on this side of the ocean. It has been said that America was totally unprepared for war. This is true only in the sense that we had, compared with our antagonists, neither an army nor its equipment. It had been apparent to all for more than a year before we entered the war that we might be drawn into it against our will, and a "preparedness" campaign was begun, during which our industries pledged themselves to the nation's aid and mobilized their resources in readiness for call. An officers' training camp, a civilian enterprise in charge of regular army officers, was established at Plattsburg late in 1915, the purpose being to afford opportunity for training to men who might desire to enlist in the event of war and thus provide to some extent against the almost utter lack of trained officers. To this camp went a number of men from the Ma-honing Valley, most of whom gave good account of themselves later on. Other training camps of the same kind were established, and many other preliminaries for taking part in the struggle, should this become unavoidable, were carried out largely without encouragement from the national administration, which was lamentably dilatory. With the declaration of war and the realization that all resources of the nation would be needed, began in earnest many civilian activities, as well as those inaugurated by the Government. Among the first of the latter was the adoption of the Selective Service System. This was chosen as the best and fairest method of raising an army and building a war machine, but it met with considerable opposition from those who favored the volunteer system, and before it got under way hundreds of men in the Mahoning Valley enlisted in volunteer organizations formed in Youngstown, as well as many in the regular army and navy. The American Red Cross had already organized or reorganized chapters in Trumbull and Mahoning counties to meet the demand for humanitarian work in Europe. Some men eager for the fray had enlisted in British or French fighting units, and a large number of men born in countries involved in the struggle had gone back to their native lands, either in response to orders from the governments to which they were subject, or with a desire to serve there in some capacity. Almost every 778 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY social or religious organization had taken steps to aid in relieving suffering before America entered the war. America's decision to aid the Allied nations in their apparently hopeless struggle against the frightful efficiency and despotic purpose of the German Empire put all this activity on a new footing. Up to that time -we had been working merely in the cause of humanity, but when we entered the war, our efforts at once became further inspired by the desire to serve our own sons and protect them as far as possible against the dangers and discomforts sure to be encountered. Nothing that patriotism or humanity could suggest was left undone. Leaders of public thought and action laid aside their personal interests to serve the country. Men, women and children were fired with a desire to do something for the cause. There was no excitement, for the actual conflict was far away and its devastation could not reach this part of the world. There was nothing to inspire the mighty efforts made by our people except determination to win the war and win it with as little cost in blood and suffering as might be possible, no matter what should be the cost in money. All that has been said up to this point applies alike to all of the Mahoning Valley. If any community did more to win the war than another, it was because that community had greater resources. Each did all that was possible, and the record of what was done sheds imperishable glory on the spirit of the people of every township, village and city in the Mahoning Valley. In order to present this record in the brief form which is necessary here, it has been thought best to treat the activities of Mahoning and Trumbull counties separately, except in such matters as were under the direction of organizations covering both counties, which will be referred to first. VOLUNTEERING AGENCIES The earliest of the purely military activities was the establishment by the War Department of an enlistment office in Youngstown for the purpose of selecting men for officers' training camps which had been established at a number of points immediately after the declaration of war. This was placed in charge of L. J. Campbell, who had trained at Plattsburg and been commissioned in the Officers Reserve Corps. Soon afterward Mr. Campbell was ordered to Fort Benjamin Harrison and the office placed in charge of R. R. Sharman, who conducted both it and an enlistment office for the British-Canadian service in Youngstown. Through the first of these agencies, more than 350 men enlisted for training in the Officers' Reserve Corps, of whom 250 were accepted—this forming a record for the entire United States in propotion to the population of Trumbull and Mahoning counties, which territory it covered. The number of men enlisted for foreign service was eighty-seven, a number of non-citizens also choosing to serve under the American flag and being given opportunity to do so. The first local organization to volunteer its services for purely military duty was the Ohio National Guard. Two companies, known as YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 779 Company H (the Old Logan Rifles) and Company M, Fifth Ohio National Guard, had been mobilized and sent to the Mexican border on patrol duty September 1, 1916. On their return in March, 1917, they were accepted as the nucleus for a new regiment known as the Tenth Ohio Infantry, designed to take care of volunteer enlistments from Northeastern Ohio. These two companies became senior companies in the new Tenth, and were sent to Camp Sheridan for training on September 17, 1917. There they were mustered into the Federal service, after the Tenth Ohio had been disbanded, and all of its three battalions assigned to the Thirty-Seventh Division under the designations of One Hundred and Thirty-Fourth, One Hundred and Thirty-Fifth and One Hundred and Thirty-Sixth Machine Gun Battalions. A new local company had been recruited for the Tenth Ohio Infantry by Capt. A. H. Dillon. It was composed entirely of men of foreign birth and was locally known as "The Foreign Legion." This company was mustered in as a part of the Thirty-Seventh Division also. The two local companies of the National Guard, after being finally assigned to duty with the Thirty-Seventh, were known under the new system as A and B companies, One Hundred and Thirty-Fifth Machine Gun Battalion. Captain Dillon's company was detached from the Tenth Ohio at Camp Sheridan and attached to the Artillery Brigade of the Thirty-Seventh as its Trench Mortar Battery. These companies were captained as follows : A Company—Capt. Ray Dickey ; B Company—Capt. Jesse E. Wells. The battalions to which they were assigned were commanded by Maj. Wade Christy, One Hundred and Thirty-Fifth; Maj. John A. Logan, One Hundred and Thirty-Sixth, Maj. Harry Hazlett, (Canton) One Hundred and Thirty-Fourth. A cavalry troop was recruited and captained by John Stambaugh, III, its members being chiefly Youngstown men. When the cavalry units of the Ohio National Guard were converted into artillery units, this troop became the supply company of the One Hundred and Thirty-Fifth Field Artillery and saw service with that organization abroad. The two local companies originally a part of the National Guard—that is A and B, One Hundred and Thirty-Fifth Machine Gun Battalion, trained at Camp Sheridan and went into the trenches in the Baccarat sector on July 25, 1918. On September 26th of that year they took part in the Argonne offensive, being in action five days. They were later withdrawn from the Argonne and sent to the Panne sector, north of St. Mihiel, and from that point transferred with the Thirty-Seventh to Belgium and later took part in the Ypres-Lys offensive. After the armistice they moved forward to Brussels, from which point they were sent back to France and sailed for home March 15, 1919. The return of these two companies to Youngstown was the occasion of a great demonstration in their honor. They were the only men who had been through severe fighting to be seen in a body in this locality after the war, as well as the only local groups not more or less scattered before they entered the trenches. It is a matter of regret that it is impossible to give the record of 780 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Mahoning Valley soldiers other than those enlisting in these regiments, because these were distributed through so many organizations rendering service at the front. Any attempt to do so would involve inaccuracies' and omissions, since the army records are not yet sufficiently complete to permit following these men through the various units. Many of them saw service in the St. Mihiel drive and were in the Argonne offensive from start to finish, serving in both infantry and artillery units with the greatest credit, while others served on the Italian front. In like manner it is not possible to give the records of many who enlisted in the navy, the air service, and other branches of the national defense. In the matter of military leadership, both Mahoning and Trumbull counties contributed their full share to the winning of the war. In addition to the thousands of soldiers, sailors and marines from the two counties, there were several hundred officers distributed among the various branches of these services, a number of whom reached relatively high rank. F. S. VanGorder, of Warren, as a colonel of infantry, and L. J. Campbell, of Youngstown, as lieutenant colonel of field artillery, were the ranking officers from their respective counties ; while Dr. C. R. Clark and Dr. J. A. Sherbondy, of Youngstown, both became lieutenant colonels in the medical corps and had important assignments in France. There were also a number of officers who attained slightly lesser rank from both Trumbull and Mahoning counties. A semi-military enterprise worthy of note was the organization by the Military Committee of the Youngstown Chamber of Commerce of a volunteer infantry corps. This consisted of two battalions containing four companies each, and had a combined strength of about 1, men. It was completely officered and equipped with uniforms and rifles. Its purpose was to afford an opportunity for preliminary training and at the same time provide police protection in the event of need for this, as well as to perform in any great emergency functions of the fire and regular police departments, both of which were depleted to a certain extent by enlistment and draft. This organization was of great benefit to the community. It appeared frequently in parades and made a brave showing, thus helping to encourage a military spirit and reassure the public. Quarters for this organization were provided in a temporary armory erected on West Rayen Avenue. Eventually most of its members entered the service in one way or another. In Trumbull County the principal military organization when the war began was Company D, Fifth Regiment Ohio National Guard, and this organization rendered distinguished service, not only on the Mexican border, but also in the great war. It was sent to the Mexican border in 1916 and returned from that point in 1917, being shortly afterward mustered into the national service in many different units. Practically all of its members saw service abroad, and its losses were very heavy, many of its members being among those whose names appear in the honor roll of Trumbull County. The development of the Boy Scout movement in both Mahoning and Trumbull counties enabled the boys to render efficient service in cam- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 781 paigns of all kinds, and gave impetus to this movement which will last for years: There were no military or semi-military organizations formed in Trumbull County during the war, but a considerable number of men volunteered from that district for service in the army and navy, as well as in other branches of the national defense, most of these joining the organizations in Youngstown. The number of men and women enlisting for war work with the national organizations thus engaged was large, Trumbull County being well represented in Base Hospital No. 31, as well as in the Red Cross, Young Men's Christian Association and Knights of Columbus organizations abroad and in the camps. THE SELECTIVE SERVICE SYSTEM Under the Selective Service Act, a draft board for Mahoning County and one for Trumbull County were originally established. It was soon found, however, that these boards would be unable to perform the task of classifying, examining and inducting the more than 8,000 men who had registered as of military age under the first call, which included all men between twenty-one and thirty years of age, inclusive. When this was discovered, Governor Cox, who had been given the necessary authority to supervise the draft system of this State, requested the original boards to recommend members for as many additional boards as were deemed necessary to conduct the work expeditiously. As a result, three additional boards were established in Mahoning County, two of these being in the City of Youngstown and the third in the county. In Trumbull one additional board was created, this being known as Trumbull Board No. 2, located at Niles. The membership of the boards was also increased from two to three. The members of these boards were as follows : Youngstown No. 1—(Original)—James R. McAleer, Wm. F. Maag, Sr., John J. Graney. Medical examiner, Dr. R. E. Whelan. Youngstown No. 2—William T. Gibson, Chase T. Truesdale, James Quinn. Medical examiner, Dr. Jas. H. Bennett. Youngstown No. 3-Thomas E. Connell, F. E. Cailor, Ode J. Grubb. Medical examiner, Dr. M. E. Hayes. Mahoning County—(No. 4)—Dahl B. Cooper, Frank Hitchcock, Thomas Woods. Medical examiner, Dr. S. G. Patton. Owing to ill health, resulting from the strain of continuous work on these boards, a number of members were compelled to resign. Among these was James R. McAleer, who was succeeded on Board No. 1 by Rollin C. Steese ; Chase T. Truesdale, whose place was taken on Board No. 2 by Daniel Kerwin, and Dahl B. Cooper, who was succeeded on Board No. 4 by Samuel Thompson. In addition to the medical examiners appointed for each board, a district examining board was appointed in each county. The members of this board in Mahoning County were Dr. W. H. Buechner, Dr. H. E 782 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Welch, Dr. Sol. M. Hartzell, Dr. H. E. Patrick, Dr. John Heberding, and Dr. W. H. Hayden, the last named being a dental specialist. The original board in Trumbull County consisted of W. H. B. Ward, C. L. Bailey, Dr. W. W. McKay and John C.. Tiefel. Trumbull Board No. 2 consisted of C. A. Pierson, E. A. Gilbert, Dr. D. R. Williams and J. J. Casey. The Examining Board for District No. r comprised all the physicians in Warren, and that of District No. 2 all the physicians in Niles, and these in both cases contributed their services without charge. A legal advisory board served both of these organizations, its chairman being Charles L. Wilkins. Rev. F. P. Reinhold was chairman of the board of instruction, on which Rev. Father Mosely served as chaplain ; Judge Chas. Filius as instructor on moral ethics; Col. F. M. Ritezel as instructor in tactics and military bearing; R. H. Allison and McPherson Brown as general instructors. This board accompanied each detachment of enlisted men to the train and provided for their comfort and encouragement in every way when they went to camp. Through the regular election board organizations, these boards first enrolled all men between the ages of twenty-one and thirty-one, inclusive, in Mahoning and Trumbull counties. Later they enrolled all between the ages of eighteen and forty-five. All of these men were required to furnish information by which they could be classified and their availability for military and industrial service could be determined, and from this they were divided into a number of classes, depending on their liability for service under conditions that might develop. It was a Herculean task and involved much distasteful labor as well as the exercise of judicial functions of a high order. The fact that many of these men declined to accept compensation in whole or in part indicates their loyalty. Likewise the task of the medical examiners was heavy and disagreeable. Both the draft boards and the medical boards were assisted by volunteers. Hundreds of citizens rendered voluntary service by assisting in the clerical work involved in enrollment of so many men. The following table, compiled from the final report of Provost Marshal General Crowder, indicates the labor performed and expense attending the operation of these boards, as well as the number of men actually inducted into the service in each district in the Mahoning Valley :

Name of District	Pay of Members None	Pay of Employes	Pay of Examiners	Total Expense	No. of Induc-tions
Trumbull No. 1 Trumbull No. 2 Mahoning County Youngstown No. 1 Youngstown No. 2 Youngstown No. 3	None $4,311.05 4,505.00 3,690.15 9,687.40 4,301.25	$ 626.64 3,533.00 7,269.25 6,032.33 7,064.00 3,898.00	None $ 224.20 247.50 None 1,121.00 None	$ 1,625.69 8,850.71 12,717.71 11,908.08 18,573.86 8,542.79	972 1,015 1,172 1,328 1,761 1,064

MAN POWER MOBILIZED According to the final report of Provost Marshal General Crowder to the Secretary of War under date of July 15, 1919, the total number YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 783 of men actually in the American military service (exclusive of those in the navy) at the close of the war was approximately 3,500,000. Of these 2,758,542 had been inducted through the operations of the selective service system, and the remainder were volunteers. It thus appears that the average number of volunteers was approximately 21 per cent of the whole. There is no way of finding out what the proportion in the Mahoning Valley was, but it is practically certain that it was not less than 25 per cent. Therefore the number of soldiers enlisted or drafted from Trumbull and Mahoning counties was not less than 9,561. It was probably considerably greater than this, since volunteering went forward much more rapidly here than in most communities. This estimate includes the men inducted into service in the Allied armies by the special enlistment office referred to above, but does not include those who volunteered for service in the navy, aviation corps and other branches, concerning whom no record is yet available, although their number is known to be large and to include the sons of some of the families most prominent in the district. Hundreds of men who had passed military age enlisted in the service of the Government or in that of the various war work organizations, many of them without compensation. Industrial organizations gladly surrendered their most efficient men to the Government, and even the heads of large corporations laid aside their own pressing affairs and devoted their energies to the task of winning the war. It was a splendid exhibition of loyalty and unselfishness. This spirit was not confined to individuals, but extended to corporations in a degree never before seen in this or any other country. The great steel companies pledged all their resources to the Government, and during the progress of the war contributed so loyally and effectively to the efficiency of the nation that this industry, alone among all those of national scope, was permitted to conduct its business practically without governmental regulation. All the principal manufacturers in this line pooled their resources, distributing the orders of the Government and its allies to those mills in the best position to make prompt delivery. J. A. Campbell, president of the Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company, as chairman of the Tubular Products Committee of the American Iron & Steel Institute, allocated all of the Government orders for pipe for many months, receiving in return for this service a special decoration from the Republic of France. All ordinary business was side-tracked for the duration of the war, manufacturers shipping to their customers only such portion of their product as the Government or its allies did not need, In addition to this, these corporations rendered financial aid to the Government on a large scale and devoted the entire machinery of their organizations to the task of raising funds, encouraging enlistment, and aiding the country in every possible way. Few industrial corporations in the Mahoning Valley failed to receive from the Government after the war some form of special acknowledgment of the unselfish, efficient and patriotic service rendered. 784 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY HUMANITARIAN WORK IN MAHONING COUNTY Although, as has been stated, many organizations contributed nobly to war work in the Mahoning Valley, the part played by the American Red Cross overshadowed that of any other such organization. Mahoning Chapter, which finally included the City of Youngstown, all the townships in Mahoning County, Niles, Hubbard, Girard, East Palestine and Columbiana, was organized May 17, 1910, as a result of a suggestion made by Miss Mabel Boardman, formerly a resident of Mahoning County, on a visit to friends in Youngstown. The movement was promoted largely by Mrs. E. L. Ford, now deceased, and Dr. Ida M. Clarke was the first chairman. She was, a year or two later, succeeded by Robert Bentley, who has held that position ever since, in either an active or honorary capacity. Until the opening of the World war the chapter was comparatively inactive, being used principally as an avenue for their benefactions by a small number of wealthy people in Youngstown. The great need for humanitarian work arising from the conditions in Europe stirred the American Red Cross into activity in late 1914, and the local chapter responded at once to appeals for effective work. In December, 1916, Mrs. Fred M. Orr was elected active chairman and a campaign was at once planned to increase the membership, which had dwindled to eighteen paid up members. In February, 1917, about 10,000 new members were enrolled, some funds raised, and plans laid for extending the activities of the organization in many directions. In May, 1917, a call was received from national headquarters fon funds. The quota assessed to Mahoning Chapter was fixed at $250,003. A campaign was organized, and with the help of a large number of leading citizens $614,064.93 was secured. Of this amount $473,924.29—or almost twice the full quota, was remitted to Washington, the remainder being turned over to the local chapter for its own use. The membership was raised during this campaign to about 50,000. Every township in Mahoning County contributed to this great fund, as did also all of the outside auxiliaries mentioned above. As the work was extended a number of committees were appointed, each having charge of some special branch of activity. Among these was that on Civilian Relief, of which George E. Dudley was chairman; Military Relief, Henry A. Butler, chairman; Women's Work, Mrs. David Tod, chairman ; Press, R. J. Kaylor, chairman; Junior Membership, Mrs. Robert Bentley, chairman ; Salvage, Mrs. Carroll Thornton, chairman. Each of these committees, together with many other organizations, co-operated with the Executive Committee of and the directors. The Executive Committee consisted of Robert Bentley, chairman; W. B. Hall, vice chairman; R. C. Steese, H. L. Rownd, David Tod, H. M. Garlick and Dr. A. M. Clark. In addition a general committee was formed to conduct the campaigns necessary for securing funds, and had charge of all these remarkable drives during the war. It was composed of H. M. Garlick, J. A. Campbell, John Tod, H. L. Rownd, C. S. R0binson, W. A. Thomas, T. J. Bray, J. H. Grose, W. C. Gubbins, E. V. Hamory, R. C. Steese, Wt YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 785 L. Griswold, H. Kennedy, Henry Stambaugh, S. G. McClure, Wm. F. Maag, A. E. Adams, J. G. Butler, Jr., M. I. Arms, Robert Bentley, John Stambaugh, Carroll Thornton, C. B. Cushwa, T. L. Robinson, W. H. Foster, Rev. M. F. Griffin, Kirt Hine, Frank Hitchcock, Julius Kahn, Harry Kelly, Harry Levinson, Porter Pollock, Clarence Strouss, David Tod, C. H. Booth, James H. McKay, C. T. Truesdale, Ralph Cornelius, W. B. Hall, Hugh Grant, C. H. Kennedy, G. F. Alderdice. OFFICERS OF MAHONING CHAPTER'S AUXILIARIES Columbiana Auxiliary Chairman—Mr. W. T. Holloway. Managing chairman—Mrs. E. F. Bierman. Secretary—Miss Blanche Beard. Treasurer—Mrs. E. Decker. Coitsville Auxiliary Chairman—Mrs. E. C. Harris. Secretary—Dora A. Cowden. Treasurer—Mrs. J. M. Jackson. Canfield Auxiliary Chairman—Mrs. Phill Wetmore. Secretary—Miss Marion Fowler. Treasurer—Mrs. W. J. Smith. Ellsworth Auxiliary Chairman—Miss Frances Fitch. Secretary—Mrs. S. B. Brook. Treasurer—Mrs. L. B. Bingham. Greenford Auxiliary Chairman—Rev. W. H. Noffziger. Secretary—Miss Edith Roller. Treasurer—Miss Mae Stall. Hubbard Auxiliary Chairman—Mrs. R. F. Clash. Secretary—Miss Emilie McMurray. Treasurer—A. J. Mayers. Lowellville Auxiliary Chairman—Mrs. Rachael K. Becker. Secretary—Mrs. Annabel Smith. Treasurer—Mrs. Jas. Meehan, Jr. Locust Grove Auxiliary Chairman—Mrs. G. 0. Calvin. Secretary—Mrs. S. W. Yoder. Treasurer—Mrs. S. W. Yoder. Vol. I-50 786 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY New Springfield Auxiliary Chairman—Mr. S. F. Rumel. Secretary—Mrs. H. W. Felger. Treasurer—Mrs. C. G. Blackwelder. Niles Auxiliary Chairman—Mrs. Chas. Backenstos. Secretary—Miss Hazel Wilson. Treasurer—Carter McConnell. North Lima Auxiliary Chairman—Mr. I. R. Hazen. Secretary—Mrs. Jay Glenn. Treasurer—Mrs. C. H. Welsh. Petersburg Auxiliary Chairman—Mrs. Geo. E. Knesal. Secretary—Mrs. Frank Kiser. Treasurer—Miss Dell Schiller. Poland Auxiliary Chairman—Mrs. Robert L. Campbell. Secretary—Louise Zedaker. Treasurer—Mrs. Louis Kirtland. Sebring Auxiliary Chairman—Mrs. W. L. Murphy. Secretary—Miss Nina Sebring. Treasurer—Mrs. H. R. Ewing. Struthers Auxiliary Chairman—Mrs. A. B. Stough. Secretary—Mrs. Jules Richards. Treasurer—Mrs. John E. Longnecker. East Palestine Auxiliary Chairman—Mrs. R. N. Chamberlin. Secretary—Mrs. D. J. McBane. Treasurer—Mrs. C. B. Rainsberger. Fosterville Auxiliary Chairman—Mrs. S. H. Guisler. Secretary—Mrs. M. E. Wile. Treasurer—Mrs. May Rollonson. Girard Auxiliary Chairman—Mrs. A. P. Hine. Secretary—Clara Blair. Treasurer—Mrs. John Eckman. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 787 Boardman Auxiliary Chairman—Mrs. A. W. Arbuckle. Secretary—Mrs. E. Phillips. Treasurer—Mrs. G. E. Morgan. Berlin Center Auxiliary Chairman—Mrs. H. M. Gunder. Secretary—Mrs. Pearl King. Calla Auxiliary Chairman—Mrs. Etta Cook. Secretary—S. K. Paulin. Treasurer—Martha M. Rogers. Pine Hollow and Brownlee Woods Chairman—Mrs. George Hooper. North Jackson Auxiliary Chairman—Miss Tillie Wanamaker. WORK DONE BY MAHONING CHAPTER The work of preparing surgical dressings, clothing and other articles badly needed in Europe was begun early in 1917, in a residence donated for this purpose. Later this building was sold and quarters were secured in the Ohio Hotel and the Tod House. These soon became entirely too small and the county commissioners offered free use of space in the courthouse, where the work was carried on from that time forward, hundreds of women gathering there daily to sew and knit. When the American Red Cross called for $100,000,000 in April, 1918, plans were at once laid for a second campaign. In the first Youngstown had more than doubled its quota, and this would probably have been done also in the second. But plans had been laid to co-ordinate the work of all organizations in raising funds by means of a war chest, and the local chapter agreed to co-operate in this plan. As a result it received $300,000 from the War Chest Fund. The report for 1917 showed that $104,528.35 had been expended during that year. This included substantial sums contributed by branches at Niles, Girard and East Palestine. The work was continued with the greatest zeal until the signing of the armistice, and, while it dwindled somewhat after that event, it was not entirely suspended until July I, 1919. In order that some idea of the tremendous effort made by the women of Mahoning Chapter may be realized, it may be said that, in addition to their other activities, during the period of two years they made, either at headquarters or at their homes, a grand total of 504,486 sewn and knitted articles for the use of the American soldiers and for the relief of suffering in hospitals and among the refugees of Europe. This does not include the materials prepared for Base Hospital No. 31, which was organized in Youngstown by the Youngstown Hospital Association and 788 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY St. Elizabeth's Hospital early in 1917. The funds for this hospital uni were subscribed separately from those for the Red Cross, however $55,000 needed having been subscribed in a few days by more than 300 persons. BASE HOSPITAL NO. 31 Authorization for Base Hospital No. 31 was received March 25, 1917, before the United States entered the war. It had been almost completely organized by that time, however, and its personnel, consisting of about 300 persons, of whom eighty-five were physicians and sixty-four female nurses, had been completed. The unit was designed for 500 beds, and was equipped with every appliance considered necessary for effective work. Dr. Colin R. Clark was in charge as medical director. The unit entrained for Allentown on September 8, 1917, and soon afterward sailed for France, where it did splendid work at Contrexeville until disbanded on February 2, 1919. Six weeks after that date it sailed for home, having established a record as one of the most efficiently conducted and best equipped institutions of its kind sent from this country during the war. Although much of the credit for this important unit is due to the skill and enthusiasm of officials in the two Youngstown hospitals, it was also a Red Cross institution and belonged likewise to the general public, having been organized largely through the enthusiastic efforts of many leading citizens. LOCAL SERVICE BY THE RED CROSS Great assistance was rendered to the people of its communities by Mahoning Chapter during the influenza epidemic of 1918-19. This Visitation was an incident of the war and proved more fatal than the great conflict itself. In the splendid work done to combat the disease, the local chapter contributed all of its equipment and energy, even installing a special laundry to handle linen from the various influenza hospitals after the employes of local laundries had refused to permit its acceptance. Details of this epidemic will be found in Chapter XIII. In addition to the activities referred to, many nurses were enlisted for service in camps and abroad ; assistance of all kinds was rendered to dependents of soldiers and to foreign-born residents unable to communicate with their families in Europe, and scores of efforts made to relieve suffering. The loyalty, unselfishness and efficiency of the women in every community in the Valley was demonstrated in a manner that provoked the wonder and admiration of all in a position to witness it during the trying times of the great war. At the beginning of the war with Germany the officers of the local chapter were : Chairman—Mrs. Fred M. Orr. Vice chairman—Miss Josephine Ford Secretary—Miss Louise Wick. Treasurer—Miss Marie Campbell. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 789 Honorary Chairman—Robert Bentley. Honorary treasurer—Wells L. Griswold. On July 2, 1917, the chapter was reorganized by the election of a board of thirty-five directors. Mrs. David Tod then succeeded Miss Josephine. Ford as vice chairman, and Miss Caroline Bonnell became assistant secretary. Otherwise the officers remained the same. With slight changes in the personnel the organization remains the same in 1920 as in 1917. The current committees, with their chairmen, are: Executive—C. H. Booth. Women's Work—Mrs. David Tod. Membership—W. J. Sampson. Canteen—Jos. G. Butler, Jr. Junior Membership—Miss Cora Parsons. Civilian Relief—George E. Dudley. Nursing Activities—Dr. A. M. Clark. Publicity—R. J. Kaylor. During the war the membership of Mahoning Chapter reached more than 50,000. It has naturally fallen off considerably and is now about 20,000. THE MAHONING WAR CHEST The Mahoning war chest movement was probably the greatest and most successful movement of its kind in the entire country, considering the population of the territory in which it was conducted. It was the realization of a plan conceived by leading business men in Youngstown to co-ordinate the remarkable generosity of the people, prevent duplication of effort and promote efficiency in the distribution of their gifts on behalf of humanity. Its unusual success attracted attention in all parts of the country, and the plan upon which it was conducted was copied in scores of other cities. To Philip J. Thompson belongs in large measure the credit for working out this plan, and to scores of unselfish, patriotic business men in Youngstown the honor of having made it successful. The Mahoning war chest campaign was launched under the auspices of a war chest council, consisting of 150 of the city's most prominent business and professional men, with representatives from every community in Mahoning County, as well as from Girard and Hubbard, those towns having asked the privilege of joining in the movement. It was launched on April 10, 1918, and, after one month's preparation, the work of soliciting contributions was begun on May 20—lasting four days. The goal set at the beginning was $1,250,000. The amount actually subscribed was $2,096,663.17. The officers of the war chest council were : President—J. A. Campbell. Vice president—H. L. Rownd. Secretary—O. J. Grubb. Treasurer—Wells L. Griswold. The executive committee was composed of J. A. Campbell (chair- 790 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY man), A. E. Adams, P. J. Thompson, Chas. Sebring, George E. Dudley, Hugh W. Grant, H. L. Rownd, H. H. Stambaugh, David Tod, H. M. Garlick, H. C. Ritter, Robert Bentley, Jonathan Warner, Robert Banner, 0. J. Grubb. The Executive Committee named chairmen with authority to organize their own committees to conduct various branches of the work as follows : Campaign Committee—H. L. Rownd and J. H. Grose. Budget Committee—Jonathan Warner. Publicity Committee—R. J. Kaylor. Manufacturers' Committee—C. H. Booth. Arrangements Committee—A. G. Ward. Apportionment Committee—H. M. Garlick. Statistics Committee—A. E. Adams. Teams Committee—P. J. Thompson. The Budget Committee raised by subscription of a few persons enough money to conduct the campaign, so that none of the expenses were paid from war chest funds. The ending of the war, together with the magnificent response of the public, resulted in the fund subscribed proving considerably in excess of probably legitimate needs, and on April 10, 1919, the council directed that collection of the last quarterly installment on all subscriptions should be waived and 25 per cent of all subscriptions paid in full should be returned to the donors. The following record of sums distributed up to May 1, 1920, is of interest as showing the great number of organizations engaged in activities directly connected with the war, all donations from the war chest being limited to these forms of activity : APPROPRIATIONS MADE FROM THE MA HONING COUNTY WAR CHEST

Red Cross ($270,000, $54,000) Camp Sherman Community House Mahoning County Women's Committee of Ohio Branch Council of National Defense For Advertising Third Liberty Loan Advertising and Expenses War Savings Stamps Campaign Mahoning County Food Administration Military Affairs Committee, Chamber of Commerce Armenian and Syrian Relief Committee National League for Woman's Service Serbian Aid Fund Scottish Women's Hospitals Polish War Relief Association Children of the Frontier American Jewish Relief Committee ($40,000, $50,000) A. B. F. B. Permanent Blind Relief ($6,000, $1,000, $1,000) Youngstown Ward, Hospital No. 1, France Fatherless Children of France ($10,000, $12,000) Belgian Soldiers Tobacco Fund	324.000.00 20,000.00 1,000.00 4,286.50 8,000.00 2,000.00 5,000.00 45,000.00 50,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 10,000.00 90,000.00 8,000.00 6,000.00 22,000.00 750.00
YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 791
United War Work Campaign ($289,000, $71,094) Non-war Construction Committee National Investigation Bureau Commission for Relief in Belgium Salvation Army American Fund for French Wounded American Committee for Devastated France ($2,500, $10,000, $10,000) Committee for Relief in Near East ($6,000, $50,000) Italian War Relief Fund of America ($5,000, $1,700) Women's Christian Temperance Union (war work) Advertising Fourth Liberty Loan Military Affairs Committee, Chamber of Commerce ($9,478.94, $4,879.06) Alliance Chapter, American Red Cross American Ouvroir Funds American Committee for Training in Suitable Trades Maimed Soldiers in France Roumanian Relief Committee Duryea War Relief Fund, Inc. American Women's Hospitals Advertising Fifth Liberty Loan American Jugo-Slav Relief Serbian Relief Committee ($2,500, $5,000) American Free Milk and Relief for Italy Refugees in Russia National Allied Relief Committee French Heroes' Lafayette Memorial Fund Serbian Aid Fund Polish Victims' Relief Fund East Youngstown reception for soldiers Coitsville Township reception for soldiers Youngstown Salvation Army Youngstown Knights of Columbus Youngstown Young Women's Christian Association Youngstown Young Men's Christian Association Advertising Liberty Loan payments Lowellville Home Coming Committee	360,094.00 1305.96 1,000.00 5,000.00 10,000.00 3,500.00 22,500.00 56,000.00 6,700.00 1,500.00 3,836.60 14,358.00 1,000.00 500.00 400.00 500.00 250.00 500.00 5,687.53 2,500.00 7,500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 2,500.00. 1,000.00 500.00 25.00 2,570.35 1,485.94 1,400.00 14,636.25 500.00 500.00
Rehabilitation Committee, Chamber of Commerce American Legion of Youngstown Memorial services for returned soldiers Youngstown Public Library (war work) National Polish Committee American Committee for Hungarian Sufferers American Relief Administrator European Children's Fund Czecho-Slovak Council San Domenico Dispensary	968.80 15,000.00 250.00 6,265.08 1,700.00 1,000.00 25,000.00 10,000.00 2,000.00

792 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY ANALYSIS OF THE SOURCE OF MAHONING WAR CHEST FUND So far as can be learned no other communities of equal population in the entire country responded so generously to an appeal for money for humanitarian work during the war. The following analysis of the source of this vast fund is of general interest and worthy of record :

Name of Company	Subscription Companies	Subscription by Employee	Total	Subscribers in Plants
The Brier Hill Steel Co. The Carnegie Steel Co The Gen'l Fireproofing Co The Ohio Iron & Steel Co The Republic Rubber Corr Republic Iron & Steel Co The Wm. B. Pollock Co Stone & Webster Co. Sharon Steel Hoop Co Truscon Steel Co. United Engr. & Fdry. Co The Youngstown Sheet 6 Tube Co.	$ 60,000.00 25,000.00 3,000.00 10,000.00 1,000.00 65,000.00 2,000.00 20,000.00 10,000.00 10,000.00 162,500.00	$167,856.65 121,233.00 21,010.50 29,005.25 196,275.44 2,918.95 18,915.95 48,762.60 30,330.00 18,321.50 291,506.36	$ 227,856.65 146,233.00 24,010.50 10,000.00 30,005.25 261,275.44 2,918.95 20,915.95 68,762.60 40,330.00 28,321.50 454,006.36	4,128 5,612 1,128 1,782 8,501 181 1,179 2,170 1,361 714 12,359
Totals	$368,500.00	$946,136.20	$1,314,636.20	39,115
Total subscriptions by corporations and employees Total subscriptions outside of Youngstown Total subscriptions in city outside of industrial plants				$1,314,636.20 49,834.81 732,192.16
Grand total of all subscriptions				$2,096,663.17
Total number of subscribers in city and county Average amount of individual subscriptions				69,635 24.18

OTHER LARGE CONTRIBUTIONS

In addition to the funds collected for the use of the Red Cross, similar campaigns were conducted on behalf of a number of other organizations actively engaged in war work. The first of these was for the Young Men's Christian Association. A special campaign quietly conducted during May of 1917 resulted in subscriptions amounting to $31,915.00. A second campaign, put on in connection with a national drive by that organization for funds in October, 1917, resulted in subscriptions totaling $269,599.37. This campaign was in charge of the local officers of the Young Men's Christian Association, who were enthusiastically assisted by scores of leading citizens. Of the amount raised about $198,000 was forwarded to the national organization and the remainder used in carrying on war work in this locality.

A similar campaign conducted by the Knights of Columbus in March,

YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 793

1918, under the general direction of Judge George J. Carew and with the assistance of most of the leaders who had taken part in the Young Men's Christian Association campaign the previous year, resulted in subscriptions amounting to $115,000. The purpose of this campaign was to raise only $50,000, which was the quota assessed to Youngstown in the national drive conducted by the Knights of Columbus for a war work fund of $10,000,000. In these campaigns the local quota of both Young Men's Christian Association and Knights of Columbus was more than doubled.

A campaign for war work funds was conducted by the Hebrew Welfare Association, this having the same objects in view. This campaign was begun November 12, 1917, and the amount contributed was largely in excess of the quota.

These were the more important of countless movements of a humanitarian nature. They resulted in the provision by the people of Youngstown, Mahoning County, and the auxiliaries of the local Red Cross Chapter, of a grand total of almost $3,000,000 for the relief of suffering humanity in Europe and for the care and comfort of our soldiers and their dependents.

LIBERTY BOND SUBSCRIPTIONS IN MAHONING COUNTY

The response of the people of Mahoning County, and especially of the industrial districts, to the financial needs of the Government in the emergency of the war was highly creditable. The sale of Liberty Bond& was conducted primarily through the Federal Reserve banking system, which apportioned each issue to the various counties and cities, basing the quota for each not so much on population as on its supposed ability to absorb these securities. The Federal Reserve banks appointed a man to serve as chairman of a Liberty Bond Committee in each county, Wells L. Griswold being chairman of this committee for Mahoning County. The committee itself consisted of the following persons : A. E. Adams, H. W. Grant, Harry Williams, W. J. Roberts, C. H. Kennedy, John Tod, C. T. Truesdale, A. E. Reinaman, John R. Rowland, George L. Fordyce and Robert Wadsworth, secretary. This committee appointed a number of others, the members of which were men who had taken similar parts in the other campaigns for raising funds. An elaborate organization was formed, the large industries lending their aid in the organization of campaigns in the plants as they had done in the other movements. The result of these campaigns is shown in the following tables, which gives also the quota of the county in each campaign:

	Quota	Subscribed	Subscribers
First Liberty Loan Second Liberty Loan Third Liberty Loan Fourth Liberty Loan Victory Loan	$ 3,660,000 5,165,000 4,448,750 10,848,700 8,817,050 $32,939,500	$ 7,722,850 10,793,050 9,015,100 15,127,500 9,543,800 $52,202,300	13,620 30,774 42,074 56,787 15,270 158,525