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CHAPTER VIII.

INDIAN ABDICATION.

Origin of Difficulties—The Captain George Tragedy James Hillman's Exptoits.

Although the Indians had released all claim to that part of the Reserve lying east of the Cuyahoga, wandering bands still camped and hunted here till many years after the Connecticut settlers had arrived. They were remnants of broken tribes, and were in general harmless but often provoked to crime. They did not possess that proud loftiness of character which commands our admiration in the earlier and farther removed inhabitants of the forest. Conscious of their Inferiority and of their inability to maintain possession of their hunting grounds, they degenerated and became' drscouraged, objectless wanderers, ready to absorb any vice with which they came in contact. ,A passion for strong drink obtained a mastery over them, and was a prevailing cause of crime, from the responsibility of which the whites can not claim entire absolution.

The Massasaugas, a tribe of the Delaware nation, were the last dwellers of the race in the Mahoning valley. The name signifies "rattlesnake," and probably originated from the great numbers of that reptile formerly found in this

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region. It was certainly not because of fierceness or venom of character. When the first settlers arrived these followers of a defeated and dying race lingered in considerable numbers, but gradually grew fewer and weaker until they finally disappeared entirely. No serious difficulty affecting the community at large is recorded in the early annals of this region, with a solitary exception. A number of incidents, however, have survived the lapse of time, which are interesting in themselves and enable us to fill out the picture of pioneer life on the Reserve.

The religion of these Indians was that pagan spiritualism so generally believed in by the American tribes. Their worship involved the offering of sacrifices, and such occasions were always made their grand religious jubilees, to which the settlers were invited. The annual sacrifice consisted of a white dog. For days before the appointed time a search was made throughout the settlement for an animal without spot or blemish of any kind, and for such any price might be demanded. At early dawn the whole tribe gathered upon a sacred spot, their solemn countenances expressive of rigid and simple faith. The chiefs, with great ceremony bound the legs of the victim with thongs in such a way that it could be easily suspended on a pole. A torch was applied to the wood which had been carefully placed in a rustic rack. The living dog, by means of the pole to which he was fastened, was raised over the fire, while the head chief, acting as priest, scattered through the flames herbs and spice-wood. While this ceremony was in progress the assembly moaned and shouted and sang. Slowly the poor, howling, tortured victim was raised in and out of the fire until death finally relieved it of excruciating pain. The worshipers grew more and more demonstrative, finally terminating in a spasmodic dance around the dying fire and charred body of the victim. A feast of sugar, hominy, and whiskey terminated the religious festival, by which a great and angry spirit, it was supposed, had been appeased.

On the 27th of July, 1800, there occurred a tragedy at the Salt spring in Weathersfield township, which produced a profound sensation in the settlement, and threatened to interrupt that peace which had thus far aided the pioneers in their struggle with nature.

Joseph McMahon, with a family consisting of a wife and children, had lived in the vicinity of Warren for three years, and perhaps longer, among the Indians, subsisting -on the victims of his rifle, and a small patch of corn planted each year in one of the old Indian clearings along the river. During the year 1799 he lived at the southwest corner of Howland, and the following spring removed with his family to one of the cabins which had been left standing by the salt makers. He planted about four acres of cleared land in the vicinity in corn. The land belonged to Richard Storer, by whom McMahon was employed during the summer. About sixty rods up the ravine was an old Indian camping ground, where a large number of the tribe gathered in July, and as not infrequently happened on such occasions, they were joined by a number of whites, and a drunken frolic was the result. McMahon was a member of this party. When the Indians' supply of whisky was exhausted, the whites clandestinely sent to Warren for an additional supply which they refused to share with the Indians, denying that they had succeeded in getting any.* On the following Tuesday McMahon left home to work for Storer. The Indians were still at the camp, and soon after McMahon left two or three of them visited his cabin, began to tease his wionee, and insulted her with brutal proposals. On being indignantly denied, they finally threatened to kill her and her children. Mrs. McMahon fearing violence, took her child in her arms, and hurried to Storer's to inform her husband. They both returned to the springs on Thursday, and had a consultation with the Indians, who promised to give no further cause for anxiety But when McMahon returned to his work, the Indians again threatened his wife and children. Their threats were es en carried to the extent of striking one of the children on the head with a tomahawk.

The situation became more and more alarming, until Saturday, when Mrs. McMahon again took her family and started for Storer's, near Warren. She met her husband on his way homeward, and told him the whole story. They returned to Storer, and the first impulse of the two men was for blood. Upon consideration, it was determined to lay the difficulty before Captain Ephraim Quinby, of Warren, who bore the

"Another account says Richard Storer chastised Spotted J0hn for stealing his whiskey.

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reputation of being a mild and judicious man. That the difficulty might be permanently settled, Mr. Quinby advised a conference with the Indians, but thought it wise to go in sufficient numbers for self-defense, should any violence be attempted. Accordingly, on Sunday morning, all the young men and middle-aged men in the community, among whom were Henry Lane, Jr., Captain Ephraim Quinby, John Lane, Asa Lane, Richard Storer, William Carlton, William Fenton, Charles Daily, John Bently, Jonathan Church, Benjamin Lane, McMahon, Storer, and others, were mustered out. Each man had a gun, though it was not expected that there would be any occasion for using it. Leaving Warren, they passed along the old winding trail leading to Youngstown, by way of the springs. They were in a jovial mood, and engaged in practical jokes and light conversation until the run below the camp was reached. There Captain Quinby, who was looked upon as leader, called a halt, and a council was held. It was agreed that they should remain while the Captain went to the camp and learned accurately the real state of affairs.

Mr. Quinby found the Indians lolling about the camp. Among them were Captain George, a Tuscarawas, and John Winslow, called Spotted John because he was partly white. The former could speak English fluently, and on that account was the first addressed. Captain Quinby inquired the difficulty between the Indians and McMahon and his family. "Oh, Joe damn fool!" said George. "The Indians don't want to hurt him or his family. They (the whites) drank up all the Indians' whiskey and then would'nt let the Indians have any of theirs. They were a little mad but don't care any more about it. They (McMahon and family) may come back and live as long as they like. The Indians won't hurt them."* After this assurance Captain Quinby felt satisfied that no difficulty was necessary about so trivial a matter, nor no danger need be apprehended. He started back expecting to find his comrades where they had halted. But in the meantime they had sauntered up the ravine and were ascending to the plain where the Indians were when Mr. Quinby met them. They all halted to hear the result of the conference, except McMahon, who passed on.

*Case MSS,

Quinby called to him to stop, but was not heeded. While Quinby was relating his conversation at the camp they all slowly ascended the hill from the ravine into plain open view of the Indian camp about fifteen rods distant. There was only an occasional tree between them and the Indians. McMahon and two boys who had accompanied the party were already at the camp.

Captain George, a large, muscular man, was sitting on the root of a tree leaning his body against the trunk, when McMahon approached him. Five or six other Indians and several squaws and pappooses were lolling about the camp. McMahon saluted George : " Are you for peace ? Yesterday you had your men, now I have mine." George sprang to his feet, seized a tomahawk, which was sticking in a tree over his head, and was swinging it when McMahon, having sprung back and brought his rifle to bear, fired, the ball piercing George's breast. The blood spurted almost to McMahon, who turned instantly and called to the men in open view " Shoot, shoot." The other Indians by this time had seized their guns, took refuge behind trees, and were aiming at the whites. Several flints on both sides snapped, but, the morning being damp and rainy, missed fire. Storer saw Spotted John aiming at him and without a second's reflection brought his sure rifle to bear and fired. John's squaw was directly behind him endeavoring to screen herself and pappooses by the same tree. The ball passed through John's hip, which was the only part of his body exposed, and passing on broke a boy's arm, passed under the cords of the neck of his girl, and grazed the throat of his squaw. The wildest confusion prevailed both on part of the Indians and whites. The two boys* who had followed McMahon when the first shot was fired fled, and doubled their exertion after the second. When they arrived at Davidson's, three miles and a half distant, they were so overdone that "shoot " was all they could gasp between breaths. When Spotted John (Winslow) fell the whole Warren party hurried away at quick pace. The Indians were terror stricken but remained to bury their dead, then hastened westward on the old trail to the Cuyahoga and Sandusky. The widowed squaw of Spotted John took her wounded children in her arms and hastened to James Hill-

*Thomas Fenton and Peter Carlton.

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man's, where she arrived, it is estimated, in one hour and a half—a distance of nine miles, or six miles an hour.*

McMahon was severely chastised for his conduct and shortly after put under arrest. No one who accompanied the party had anticipated any difficulty. They went as peace makers, and none of them meditated violence nor entertained an idea that McMahon did. They were men of high standing, and no blame of criminal intent or even want of discretion was ever attached to them. McMahon, under guard, was taken to Pittsburg, at that time the nearest place where a prisoner could be kept. It will be remembered that no jail was provided until after the session of court in August. The news of the tragedy had spread rapidly, and all the settlers along the river were soon in consultation in Warren. Shortly after McMahon's arrest, discussion turned to the propriety of arresting Storer also. Quietly observing what was going on, and keeping his own counsel, Storer, about 4 o'clock in the 'afternoon, walked into his cabin, put on his hat, took down his rifle, remarking that he must go out to hunt his cows, and unmolested by the excited settlers, he made his escape to the woods. A few months afterwards he returned, and is reported having said that he knew he had done nothing criminal; he had gone to the salt spring only and entirely with the intention of settling a difficulty, but suddenly found himself in imminent danger of being shot and therefore acted in self defense. The fact that Connecticut had ceded political jurisdiction over the Reserve, and that Trumbull county had been erected, was not known by common people about Warren at the time of this tragedy. Storer not knowing by

* Another account furnished by descendants of McMahon says that when Quinby left the party to go to the Indian camp he directed Lane to follow with his company in case he should not return in half an hour, and engage in battle. Quinby did not return at the stated time, and they proceeded rapidly to camp. On coming out of the woods they observed Quinby in close conversation with Captain George. He told Captain George that his tribe had threatened to kill McMahon and his family and Storer and his family, while Captain George hail said that if the whites had come down the Indians were ready to fight them. The whites marched immediately up to the camp—McMahon first and Storer next to him. The chief, Captain George, snatched his tomahawk, which was sticking in a tree, and flourishing it in the air, walked up to McMahon, saying: " If you kill me, I will lie here. If I kill you, you shalt tie there I " and then ordered his men to prime and tree.

what law or by whom he was to be tried, thought discretion the better part of valor, and absented himself from the power of those who were seeking to bring him into a trial which might imperil his life. On the day following her husband's departure, Mrs. Storer, with her two horses and three children, started for her former home in Washington county, Pennsylvania. Such property as she could carry was taken along; friendly neighbors took charge of what was left. Storer has never been seriously blamed for his part in the tragedy.

Among the pioneers of Youngstown was one of those brave, judicious, and useful characters whose life is an oft-told story of "the early days." Possessing the sterling qualities of a romantic borderer, James Hillman exercised his hard sense and used his ripe knowledge of Indian character in such a way as to become the hero of our frontier legend.* Mr. Hillman had been a trader long enough to foresee the possible result of this unfortunate quarrel, and on Monday started toward Sandusky, the route they were supposed to have taken. He came up with them on Wednesday, but found it difficult to obtain an interview on account of their suspicions toward the whites, But finally making known his mission to them, he offered, first $100, then $200, and so on until he had reached $500, if they would treat with him on just terms, and return to their homes ; but this they would not listen to, only saying that they would go to Sandusky and hold a council with the chiefs there. Hillman replied, "You will hold a council there, light the war torch, rally all the warriors throughout the forest, and with savage barbarity come and attempt a general massacre of all your friends, the whites, throughout the Northwest Territory." They rejoined, "that they would lay the case before the council and within fourteen days, four or five of their number should return with instructions on what terms peace could be restored."

Upon Hillman's return it was thought best to prepare themselves for defense in case they should be attacked, and accordingly all the white settlers from Youngstown and the surrounding country garrisoned at Quinby's house at Warren, opened port-holes through the logs and kept guard night and day. The fourth or fifth day after, a circumstance took place which shows the

*See Youngstown.

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fear and caution of the settlers. John Lane went out into the woods a little distance one cloudy day, and missing his way gave some alarm. In the evening a voice known to be his was heard several times, and in the same direction twelve or fourteen successive reports of a gun. It was judged that the Indians had returned, and catching Lane confined him and compelled him to halloo with threats of death if he did not, with the hope thus to entice the whites into an ambush where they might massacre them. Id the morning as the noises continued, a man of strong nerve, named William Crooks, went out very cautiously to the spot and found that Lane had dislocated his ankle and was not able to get back to the fort without assistance. The little party continued to keep guard until the fourteenth day, when according to promise four or five Indians returned with proposals of peace, which were that McMahon and Storer should be taken to Sandusky, tried by the Indian laws, and if found guilty, punished by them. This they were told could not be done, as McMahon was already a prisoner under the laws of the United States, in the jail at Pittsburg, and Storer had fled out of the country.

It was finally agreed on August 23d to hold a peace conference at Youngstown, and there was a prospect of speedy settlement of the "unhappy and unprovoked breach."* Wednesday, August 3oth, was the day agreed upon by both parties and an interpreter was engaged for the occasion. At the appointed hour about three hundred assembled whites were met at Judge Young's by ten Indians. After a friendly conference all expressed themselves as anxious for peace, and the Indians, having exchanged tokens of friendship, departed.

By order of Governor St, Clair McMahon was sent to Youngstown under a strong guard to stand his trial at a special court ordered for that purpose by the judges, Return J. Meigs, and Benjamin Ives. Gilman, Backus & Tod were attorneys for the people, and Mr. Simple, John S. Edwards, and Benjamin Tappan for the prisoner. The court was attended by persons from a great distance, and it was generally believed that many had come with a determination to rescue McMahon in case he should be found guilty. He was acquitted, however, principally

*Judge Kirtland's Diary.

upon the testimony of a man by the name of Knox, who swore that McMahon retreated a step or two before he fired, which was probably not true, and was not believed by those who visited the spot on the day after the affair took place. Captain Peters was upon the bench during the whole trial, and was satisfied that the trial had been fair and he should be acquitted. After this it is said the settlement increased rapidly. McMahon afterwards served in the War of 1812 in the Northwestern army under General Harrison. In the battle with the Indians on the peninsula north of Sandusky bay, on the 29th of September, he was wounded in the side. After his recovery he was discharged in November and started for home. Being alone he fell a victim to the Indians.

An incident occurred a few years after the McMahon tragedy, which illustrates the degenerate character of the Massasaugas. James Hillman was passing a salt spring, some nine miles west of Youngstown, where people were wont to come from long distances to manufacture salt. They generally came with two kettles swung across a horse, and on one occasion a man came to this spring alone and was murdered by the Indians, and full two weeks after James Hillman was passing as above noted, when being attracted to a spot where his dog was barking and scratching in search of game, as he supposed, found upon going to the place a man buried about one foot deep and covered with dirt and brush. He went to Youngstown and reported the case to George Tod, Dr. Dutton, and others, and after consultation it was determined upon bringing the Indians to justice. It was also noticed that these Indians, about three hundred in number, who had for some time been around Youngstown, Canfield and Ellsworth, had lately disappeared and it was found after considerable search that they had gone to Chillicothe. James Hillman followed them some days himself, and not far from old Chillicothe he overtook them and after holding a council and stating his business, told them they had to return, that one of their number had killed a man. After a council of one day they agreed to return. The chief of this tribe stated that one of his men had killed the man; that he had stopped at the camp of the salt-maker, and that the latter had a small jug of whiskey and gave him a drink. The In-

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dian wanted more, which was refused and the Indian had killed him and took the whiskey. He then dug a hole with his knife and tomahawk, buried him, and afterward covered the grave with brush. James Hillman, alone and by himself, brought the whole tribe back to Youngstown. The accused was tried on the bluff back of the Mahoning, between George Tod's residence and Mr. Horsye's, and opposite the old mill. It was stated that Simon Perkins, of Warren acted as judge and Alvin Pense, of Warren, as counsel for one party, and George Tod for the other. After a trial of two days they thought best to acquit the Indian by the chief going his security for his future conduct.

Mr. Roswell M. Grant, brother of Jesse Grant and an uncle of General Grant, relates an incident, in the Historical Collections of the Ma- honing Valley, where a Mr. John Diven, who lived in Deerfield, had traded horses with an Indian, who concluded, after the trade had been made, that Mr. Diven had cheated him, and wanted to trade back; but his request was refused. At that time there were some four hundred Indians near Ravenna, Deerfield, and Atwater, of all ages and sizes. On Christmas night there was a ball at the house of Judge Day. John Diven and his brother Daniel were there. The former had married a Miss Ely, of Deerfield, and Daniel was to be married New Years day. All the parties were at the ball. About dark the Indian came to the door, and wanted to see John, who refused to go out. His brother told him to swap coat and hat, and he would go out. They did so. Just as Daniel stepped out of the door the Indian shot him through both eyes, laying the eyeballs on his cheeks. The Indians all left that night. It was twenty-five miles to Youngstown; but two messengers came to James Hillman, in the night, and told their business. After feeding their horses and eating something themselves, they left for Deerfield before daylight.

Upon arriving there they joined some fifty or sixty men ready to start in pursuit of the Indians. Mr. Hillman told them it they wanted to go they could do so, but if he went he went by himself. They had to consent, and he started alone. There was no snow, but the ground was very rough, and he could track them, as their feet were cut and bleeding, and they were without moccasins, the rough ground having worn them out. After a hard day's ride he came upon their camp, but fell back, and, keeping out of sight, encamped for the night. Early next morning he made preparation, and went up to them, finding the squaws getting breakfast, but the men all asleep. The Indians had a small fork stuck in the ground, with their guns leaning on it, and their shot-pouches and powder-horns hanging in the fork. The squaws did not see him until he came within fifty yards of them, when they gave the alarm, and in a moment every Indian was on his feet. He drew his gun upon the chief, told him to order every man to stack his gun against a certain tree or he would pull the trigger. The chief knew the colonel so well that he gave the order. So soon as their guns, knives, and tomahawks were stuck against a tree, Colonel Hillman took possession of the tree. He then told them his business; told them that one of his men had shot Daniel Diven; that they had to return; that he knew the man that had committed the murder; that if they would return peaceably and give up the guilty man none of the rest would be hurt, and that they all knew him. If they refused, he would kill at least twenty before they could recover their arms ; that the chief would be the first man to fall. He told them to eat their breakfast; after that he would hear what they had to say.

After breakfast the chief told him that they would have to hold a council before they could give him an answer. They went off some two hundred yards, and after being absent some two hours, they returned in the war paint. As soon as the colonel saw their decision, and when they came near enough, he raised his gun, ordered the chief to halt, or he was a dead man. He then told them to go back and take off the war paint. After a parley of half an hour they returned to hold another council which lasted for some time, then came back with the emblem of peace. Then he told them to send out hunters for meat, to mend their moccasins, and to remain where they were until morning. The fourth day after he brought the whole party into Warren, where the authorities put the chief under guard. They remained there for some time until the matter was finally settled. Daniel Diven lived many years after he was shot.

The first missionary among the Indians on the

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Western Reserve was Rev. Joseph Badger, who came to Northern Ohio in 1800. He was born at Wilbraham, Massachusetts, in 1757. When eighteen years of age he entered the Revolutionary army, in 1775, and again in 1777, his time expiring the 1st of January, 1778. He graduated from Yale college in 1785, and in 1787 was ordained as minister over a church rn Blandford, Massachusetts, where he remained fourteen years.

In 1800, at the instance of the missionary societies of the Eastern States, Mr. Badger made a visit to this part of the country, spending a year among the various tribes, and returned for his family. He divided his time among the Wyandots and the tribes bordering on the Sandusky and Maumee, going from place to place, as duty seemed to call.

Great trouble was experienced in securing books for families. Mr. Badger writes: Book- dealers forwarded many unsalable books. The war coming on at the time, increased the difficulty and expense of transportation, and books soon fell below the former price. Rev. Thaddeus Osgood made a collection of books and pamphlets, to be forwarded to Oswego, just as the war began, June, 1812, the forwarding company took them back to Schenectady.

The war created great expense and difficulty in getting anything from the east of Buffalo. Salt was from $12 to $23 per barrel, and all other articles of merchandise in proportion. Soon after the first of October, " General Harrison came. Without being consulted, I was appointed chaplain to the brigade and postmaster for the army. There soon came on a chaplain's commission from the Government. I could not get away honorably, and concluded to stay, Some time in November we were ordered to march for Sandusky. There was no one in the camp that had ever been through, but myself. I observed to the General that, to pass through to Sandusky on the Indian path with teams, would be impracticable on account of the deep mire and swampy ground. He replied : ' Can you find a better route?' I told him I could, mostly on dry ground, He proposed I should take a guard of about twenty men, and several axmen, and mark through where I supposed the army could pass with their heavy teams. I went through in five days, marked out the road, and returned. On the last day was a heavy snow storm. I then piloted the army through in three days. The Indians were then scouting through that section of country. They killed a man, about a mile below the fort, the day I arrrved there, after marking the road."

Mr. Badger returned home the early part of July. His wife died in 1818. April r8, 1819, he married Miss Abigail Ely, who survived him but six months, his death taking place in 1849, in his eighty-ninth year, closing a life of honor and usefulness.

That most loathsome of diseases, the smallpox, became epidemic among the Indians, in 1810, and greatly reduced their numbers. They were ingeniously persuaded that the disease was an indication of the Great Spirit's anger with them for not going West to lands assigned them. The war of 1812 brought to a final close their visits to the eastern part of the Reserve. A straggling hunter was occasionally seen after the restoration of peace, but such visits were few and unwelcome.

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CHAPTER IX.

THE PIONEERS.

Their Toils, Privations, and Hardships—Amusements and Successes.

Begin at the old house in Connecticut, about the opening of the present century. On a farm of forty acres, of uncertain productiveness, lives a large family- The father is a strong, resolute, determined man, whose courage was fully tested twenty years before in the Revolution, and whose body bears the scars of battle. The mother's strong impulse is devotion to her family. Accustomed to share her husband's toil, her life and destiny is inseparably linked with his, and her hopes are swallowed up in solicitude for her children, who are fast growing to maturity. How to give them a start in life is a prevailing subject of anxious thought and conversation. The mail brings a pamphlet giving a map and graphic description of the Western Reserve, which, when nightfall has driven all within the plainly furnished cottage, is read aloud. The romantic, unrestrained life it suggests is vividly

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impressed upon the imagination of the young people, while an idea of accumulation and gain haunts the minds of parents. The pamphlet is read and re-read, and its most picturesque and sanguine paragraphs dwelt upon until they become real pictures. It is finally resolved to emigrate. The old farm is disposed of, the old furniture sold, except so much as is needed for the journey, and a great canvas-covered wagon is purchased. As the time for starting approaches mingled feelings of doubt, regret, and anticipation burden the overworked mother's mind. The father's preparations consume his thinking, and the children, buoyant with hope, are impatient for the day of starting.

A few articles of furniture, necessary cooking utensils, a month's supply of provisions and a jug of old New England rum were packed into the covered wagon, where the family took their places, with four horses to the wagon and several head of cattle, started on ahead, the long dreary journey was commenced. The mountains offered the greatest obstacle, roads were as yet unimproved, and winding, dangerous tracks, through passes and over steep ridges were slowly followed day after day until at last the valleys of the Ohio's tributaries were reached. The road from Pennsylvania into Ohio then lay along the Mahoning as far as Youngstown. By this time other immigrant families had been joined and the procession of white covered wagons moved beneath green trees through a belt of solitary wilderness which separated the Reserve from Pennsylvania settlements. Youngstown was finally reached. This was the place to which nearly all who owned land or desired to own land came. It was the center and mustering ground for the early settlers and proprietors of the Western Reserve, the place at which they rested and from which they branched off into the wilderness, following and guided by township lines marked by blazed trees, to the tracts purchased from the Land company.

It is not to be inferred that the circumstances of Western emigration were the same in every instance. We have given one instance somewhat typical of all- In many cases grown up children urged their parents to leave the homes in which they were contented, and comfortable; ambitious young wives, willing to meet any hardships in the race for fortune, urged their busbands to emigrate, some being willing to share with him his toils from the start, others remaining till a house and lot had been provided. But among the ambitious, generous, and worthy- minded, there were a few who came to escape the restraints of rigid laws or social unhappiness. Neither were all the pioneers from Connecticut, although most of the first ones were. Some came across the mountains from Pennsylvania, a few from New York, and fewer still from Virginia. The primitive Reserve presented a great variety of soil and scenery. A green robe of tightly matted forest, broken only here and there by a stream or Indian clearing, protected the virgin soil from the rays of the sun.

Streams were all larger then than now, not because the annual fall of water was greater, but because nearly all that did fall was poured into the channels which nature provided. Deep umbrage chilled the surface and destroyed the conditions of evaporation. In addition a compact, unstirred vegetable soil prevented the water from penetrating the earth. When the country came to be cleared up and stirred up, courses were opened, by the plow and decaying roots, to coarse, porous formations beneath the surface, which now freely admit and carry off a large proportion of rainfall. In a previous chapter we gave the surveyor's measurements of the Mahoning and Shenango rivers and Pymatuning creek. From their statements it is safe to estimate that all these streams were twice their present volume. In 1806 the Ohio Legislature declared the Mahoning a navigable stream as far up as Holliday's mill, in Newton township. By 1829 this stream had so far decreased in volume that Warren was declared the head of navigation. Batteaux and even flat boats, at an early period of the settlement, were paddled from Beaver falls to Warren without difficulty at all seasons of the year, excepting at two or three shoals where slight lifting was required. The commissioners were at one time empowered by the Legislature to declare Musquito creek a public highway, but no record of action in the matter exists.

When the first settlers arrived the flat lands were wet and swampy, and were consequently neglected by those seeking locations for homes. There was an ample choice for those who came with the idea of purchasing, for nearly every stockholder was anxious to dispose of part of his

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land in order to make back payments due the State of Connecticut on the original purchase. Many of those who owned land back at considerable distance from the centers of settlement, traded for or purchased tracts where civilization had already been planted.

Those in this part of the Reserve, having arrived in Youngstown and settled on alocation, left the family with friends or at a public house of entertainment. Several men in company then selected a site for a cabin with that enthusiasm which cheerfulness always creates. They then set to work. - Neighbors for miles around were there to lend a friendly lift. One of the party was appointed captain, whose business it was to direct the work of the day. He was generally a man of strong character and commanding presence, one whose word was law and yet whose directions were without the semblance of command. A jug of rum or home-made whiskey was always "on tap," and contributed its strength to the spirit of the day. First the ground was cleared. The trunks of large, straight-grained trees were split into clapboards for roof or puncheons for the floor. Smaller trees were cut down and logs of suitable length prepared for the walls of the cabin. Flat stones were placed at each corner for the foundation, on which two heavy logs were adjusted, one at each side of the building. These were notched at distances of about four feet, and straight poles laid across to serve as joists or sleepers for the puncheon floor. A skilled axe- man then took his place at each corner, and as log after log for the walls tumbled into place it was notched near the ends so that the next, crossing at right angles, would rest more firmly. Thus log by log the cabin was raised to the height of about eight feet ; another row of joists was then placed across for the upper floor. One or two logs more and then the gable was commenced, which was built up of smaller timber secured by poles running the whole length of the building at intervals of about three feet. On these, clapboards four feet long were laid in such a way as to make a tight roof.

The very best timber was always used for making clapboards, and, considering the tools used, they were split out with surprising accuracy. The roof was fastened down with weight poles instead of nails, which were at that time scarce and expensive, Weight poles were kept in posi tion by blocks at the ends running from one to the other. It took persons skilled in woodcraft to dress puncheons for the floor. One side was hewn smooth, and the other notched, so that their surface, when laid, was exactly even. A good workman could make a floor as smooth as one made of plane-dressed boards- Less care was taken with the second, or loft floor. When the floors had been laid, and the roof weighted down, the heavy work was finished, and the neighborsleft the proprietor to complete the structure with his own hands. With an axe he dressed down the rough edges of logs inside, and filled the cracks with sticks and mortar made of mud, mixed with leaves and grass. Au opening was cut in the gable end, four feet long and six feet high, for a fire-place. On the outside a chimney was built, on a foundation of flat stones, of small puncheons thickly interlaid with clay. It was four or five feet deep at the base, but tapered rapidly toward the top. A fire-chamber was made of flat stones to keep the wood from burning- Near the top of the large opening was placed a pole of some kind of hard wood, to which chains were attached for hanging kettles, ovens, and other cooking utensils, over the fire.

An opening about five and a half feet high and four feet wide was made in one side of the building for a doorway. The door was made of puncheons, pinned to cleats at each end, and was hung on heavy wooden hinges. A window was made by cutting out a piece of one or two logs, pinning strips of lath across, and fastening over the opening greased paper. Glass was rarely seen in the West at that period, and sold al prices far beyond the most well-to-do pioneer's means- The family generally moved in be. fore all these details were completed. Cabin furniture corresponded with the simplicity of the building. A bedstead was made by tying together the ends of two poles, one reaching to the end the other to the side of the cabin. A bl0ck placed under the corner stood in place of a bed post. Strips of bark fastened to pins at each side of this rude frame work formed a matting on which a husk and straw bed was thrown—in some instances leaves took the place of these materials. A neat linen curtain was hung around the bed, the space underneath being utilized in stowing away various articles. Few cabins afforded more than one or two chairs, benches

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made with the auger and broad-axe being used in their place. A table was brought from the East by most pioneers, though it was also sometimes a home made article.

The cooking furniture consisted of a spider, a "Dutch oven," and a couple of kettles. Everylhing was cooked over an open fire. The table fare was extremely plain, and sometimes even scant. Wheat was scarce, and it was often impossible to obtain it at all. Corn, therefore, became the staff of life. Game was plenty, and few meals passed without its appearance on the table. Potatoes, after the first season, were plenty, and it was not uncommon to see the family sitting on stools and benches around the table, on which stood two pots, one containing boiled potatoes, the other a boiled haunch of venison. Pastry was little used, and it is not improbable that people Here the better for it. "The first 'minced pie' I ate on the Reserve," says Hon. J. R. Giddings, "was composed of pumpkin instead of apple, vinegar in place of wine or cider, bear's meat instead of beef. The whole was sweetened with wild honey instead of sugar, and seasoned with domestic pepper pulverized, instead of cloves, cinnamon, and alspice, and never did I taste pastry with a better relish."'

Most of the pioneer women were skilled, before leaving their Eastern home, in the art of cheese- making, and no sooner had they become settled in their new cabins than preparations were made for producing this Yankee luxury. The press consisted of a home-made cheese-hoop fitted to a bench or block. The necessary weight was brought to bear by fastening one end of a pole between two logs of the cabin and hanging on the other a heavy stone. The dairy product was, however, very poor, on account of an unpleasant flavor given to the milk by leeks, which covered the damp forest pastures and were greedily eaten by cows. The product improved, and cheese-making increased as the land was cleared and cultivated pastures took the place of wild feed.

To increase the acreage of tillable land was the main object of every well-to-do pioneer. He girdled the trees and cut out the underbrush and logs of a small patch, probably ten acres, for the first season's planting. During the second year he more than doubled the "girdling" and began to cut or burn down the dead trees on the first opening. Those that were hollow or partially decayed burned readily, but large, solid timber had to be cut and "logged," that is, piled up to dry. Straight oak, walnut, and some hickory was split up into rails for fencing fields under cultivation. All the small trees and the rougher parts of larger ones were cut into logs of such size as to make them easily handled, and when several acres had been thus reduced a frolic was made to which all the neighbors turned out. Log rollings were not regarded burdensome, but on the other hand occasions of great pleasure. It was a real privilege for people to be given occasions for coining together to exchange jokes and news, and to encourage each other in the severe struggle in which all were engaged. On occasions of these neighborly gatherings axes and handspikes were handled with a lightness and enthusiasm indicative of the temper of the party. There is something inspiring, too, in the traditional "heave, oh heave" which has come down to our own generation. Competition gives earnestness even to amusement, and is the most ingenious device ever used for facilitating and lightening work.

Men at these log rollings were divided off into parties and each party into two sides, thus complicating the trial of strength and endurance in which all were ambitious to excel. Hearty, merry hurry and laughter excluded fatigue, and well-filled jugs of New England rum or homemade corn whiskey added to the hilarity. These pleasant social gatherings often. terminated most joyously in a way that the sweethearts, sisters,. and wives of those strong men could participate. During the day, while the clearing resounded with masculine shouts and calls, gentle voices enlivened the cabin. The assembled ladies, with needles keeping time to merry laughter and innocent gossip, rivaled the men in industry. Rags were worked into warm quilts and linens into clothing. The clearing party concluded their labors by triumphantly carrying the captain on their backs; the cabin party enfolded their hostess in a quilt, a steaming supper of wild meats, corn, cheese and whiskey; and then a squeaking fiddle announced the programme for the night. Round dancing was not indulged in by our forefathers, but they were proficient in many varieties of plain movements. High stepping was in great favor, a circumstance peculiarly adapted to the solid though rrregular puncheon

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floor. Every movement was performed with hearty enthusiasm. The dancers were lost in their amusement and pursued it through pure love of the art and their beaux. Far into the night the dance was protracted, and then along forest paths all sought their humble homes, happy, hopeful, contented.

We have hinted at the free use of whisky in the olden days. Every pushing settler had a copper still which was capable of producing a sufficient quantity of the beverage to supply his family and friends, It is an old witticism, as old as the Reserve, that "corn was the only successful crop, but there was no market for the corn, so it was made into whisky; there was no market for the whisky so' they drank it." We have no disposition in this connection to preach temperance, nor on the other hand to praise this old-time custom. The fact is presented because it is a matter of history, but those who seek to draw from it material for argument on either side of the temperance issue should carefully destermine attendant circumstances. It cannot be maintained that there was no drunkenness then, as is sometimes asserted. Most men, it is true, were temperate as they are now, but every community had its inebriates and it was no unusual occurrence for fights, caused by over stimulated temper, to disturb frolics or public gatherings. The pioneers deemed it parsimony, approaching wickedness, to neglect to offer a guest liquor or to limit the quantity. It was as free as water in the harvest field, clearing, and cabin, at public dinners and on election days. It was about the year 1830 when a reaction took place, temperance societies were organized, and from that time to the present public opinion has been undergoing a gradual change.

In the early years of settlement, cattle, hogs, and other domestic animals were turned to pasture in the fenceless woods. Every cow wore a heavy, coarse-toned bell under her neck, which, at evening time, guided the direction of a search. Cattle were very fond of the leeks which covered the ground in all wet places, and flavored the milk, making it, in all its manufactured forms, revolting to the taste. Sheep were also belled, and, at first, always kept in fields to keep them from wandering far in the forest, where they would have been made the prey of wolves. At night time they were penned in high enclosures, made secure against the bold denizens of the forest. The gun was a constant companion of all the men, and hunting was an employment rather than amusement. The elk and deer were hunted for their meat. They were plenty, and at first easily obtained. A few deer were found in the swamps as late as 1850. The hunter frequently met with bears, black and gray foxes, raccoon, wild cats, opossum, porcupine, polecat, black, gray, red, and ground squirrels, and wolves. The last named animal was the m0st plentiful and bothersome. Being entirely useless, they had escaped the Indians' notice, or, rather, his gun, and were bolder and less cautious in consequence. They killed hogs and sheep, and sometimes even attacked travelers after night. Their dismal howl could be heard on all sides, and their glassy eyes sometimes peered through cracks in the cabin. Panthers were the most ferocious animals found by the early settlers. They soon, however, disappeared after clearing fires broke the spell which so l0ng reigned over the forest. Fur-bearing animals were plentiful. The streams abounded in muskrat, and otter and beaver dams crossed the channel of almost every creek. Wild turkeys were common in the early period of settlement, and furnished much support to the inhabitants. Wild geese and ducks occasionally visited this region. Game and fur-bearing animals 1apidly disappeared, but wolves kept up a guerilla warfare until as late as 1835, in spite of the fact that liberal bounty was paid for their scalps by the civil authorities. Red foxes did not appea1 until about 1815, and rabbits came about the same time, showing that these animals belong to agriculture and civilization.

At an early day rattlesnakes abounded in large numbers. One adventure which occurred in Braceville township is worthy of record. A Mr. Oviatt was informed that a considerable number of huge rattlesnakes were scattered over a certain tract of wilderness. The old man asked whether there was a ledge of rocks in the vicinity, which way the declivity inclined, and if any spring issued out of the ledge. Being answered in the affirmative, the old man 1ejoined, "We will go about the last of May and have some sport," Accordingly they proceeded through the w0ods well armed with cudgels. Arriving at the battleground they cautiously ascended the hill step

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by step, in solid column. Suddenly the enemy gave the alarm, and the men found themselves completely surrounded by hosts of rattlesnakes of enormous size, and a huge squadron of black snakes. No time was lost. At a signal of the rattling of the snakes the action commenced, and hot and furious was the fight. In a short time the snakes beat a retreat up the hill, our men cudgeling with all their might. When arrived at the top of the ledge they found the ground and rocks in places almost covered with snakes retreating into their dens. Afterwards the slain were collected into heaps and, found to amount to four hundred and eighty-six, a good portion of which were as large as a man's leg below the calf, and over jive feet in length.

The discovery of this den of venomous serpents being spread it was agreed that the narrator, Cornelius Feather, and two more young men in Warren and three in Braceville, should make war upon it until the snakes should be exterminated, which was done. Mr. Feather stated that in snake hunting he procured an instrument like a chisel with a handle eight or nine feet long. With this he went to the ledge of rocks alone, placed himself on the body of a butternut tree lying slanting over a broad crevice in the rocks seven or eight feet deep, the bottom of which was literally covered with the yellow and black serpents. He held his weapon poised in his right hand, ready to give the deadly blow, his left holding to a small branch to keep his balance, when both of his feet slipped and he came within a hair's breadth of plunging headlong into the den. He came near in this adventure to meeting with a most terrible death, as he could not have gotten out had there been no snakes, the rocks on all sides being nearly perpendicular.

One of the most celebrated American paintings figures a wife and mother spinning. Both hands are busy with the fabric; one foot is on the treadle which drives the whirling wheel, and the other is rocking a cradle in which is an innocent child lulled by the rhythmic hum, The subject of that picture might have been found in almost every cabin in pioneer New Connecticut. Articles of dress were almost exclusively of home manufacture. Cotton and woolen fabrics were expensive and beyond the reach of the poor pioneers, who had no market for their simple products, Carding, spinning, and weaving was a slow process, but it was the best that could be done under the circumstances. A little patch of flax was planted every year, and at the proper season the crop was pulled, dried, bleached, and hackled. It was then beaten into fine tow ready for the spinning-wheel. Raw cotton was imported and exchanged for flax or siwool. This had to be hand-picked and hand-carded, and then, like the flax, passed into the wife's hands for spinning. Every settler had a few sheep, whose wool was treated in much the same way as the cotton. It will appear that there was plenty of work to be done inside the house, for clothing was not only home-spun but home- woven. For summer clothing cotton was mixed with the flax, and for winter clothing wool was used for filling. Pantaloons were mostly made of deerskin tanned by hand. In wet weather they would stretch and become sloppy; in dry weather, shrink and become hard. Home-made shirts and jackets were worn until a comparatively recent period. Hon. Joshua R. Giddings made his first appearance before the supreme court of Ohio thus attired. What busy activity characterized the life of the pioneers! From daylight till far into the night the hum of a whirling wheel and thud of a ponderous loom accompanied the echoing stroke of axes, the crash of falling trees, and the roar of clearing fires.

The great distance and incapacity of mills was a serious inconvenience, and settlers were often reduced to the extremity of pounding their own corn. Roads were extremely bad, and at times impassable. At such times the spring-pole and pestle were resorted to for pounding corn, This apparatus was made on the plan of the contrivance used by the Indians. A solid stump was hollowed out, by cutting or burning, into a huge mortar, one end of a piece from the butt of a hard-wood tree was then rounded off, and the whole suspended by the other end from a pole balanced across a high stump. Handles were inserted in the pestle with which it could be brought down on the corn in the mortar with great force. In this way a man could crack enough corn in half a day to last his family a week.

But the mills were depended upon when it was possible to get to them. Oxen were largely used as beasts of draft. Deep mud- holes, short turns, brush, and poles, made the

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roads unsuitable for horses. If the distance was considerable bells were thrown into the wagon for use at night when they were turned out to pasture. They seldom rambled beyond the sound of the bell. These journeys were often tedious and sometimes dangerous. A single incident recorded by Leonard Case will give a good idea of the general character of this feature of pioneer life.

In February, 1801, Benjamin Davidson, Esq., of Warren township, his son Samuel, a lad of seventeen, and Ebenezer Earle, a bachelor, agreed to take a sled load of grain to the mill on Mill creek, in Boardman.. The sled was provided with a new wood-rack and drawn by two yoke of oxen. The sledding was rather thin, the distance twelve miles. Soon after they started it became warmer and began to thaw. They reached the mill safely but did not get their grist till after dark. Fearing that the road would soon break, particularly the ice which bridged the streams, they started homeward in the dark. The oxen trudged along slowly, patiently bearing the impatient lash. The ice over mud-holes soon began' to give way. The old gentleman took the lead on foot and so thin did the ice become that he occasionally broke through. Calling back, "Turn out, boys, turn out," he waited till the oxen dragged the sled around and then went on as before exploring the way. By the time they reached Meander creek it had risen above their sled beams, and in order to save their load from getting wet they placed- chains crosswise over the top of their rack and laid poles on the chains. They piled the meal bags on top of the poles and plunged into the stream. At a little more than half-way across the weight crushed down the rack precipitating themselves with the meal into the water more than knee deep. They traveled on, however, allowing the water to drip out on the way. At about four o'clock they were heard coming half a mile from Warren, and an hour later were safely lodged by a warm fire at the Case cabin. The meal-bags had not been wet more than a couple of inches from the surface and the loss was consequently not large.

An interesting picture of the olden time may be drawn of a church gathering in a little log school-house or the forest shade. Nearly every one walked to church, Leather was expensive and shoes hard to get. The ladies economized by carrying their foot wear to the meeting-house, where it was a common sight to see them sitting on logs drawing on their heavy shoes without stockings. Few of the men wore shoes at all. There were neither fulling mills nor tailors. Imagine, then, a muscular frame, rough, tanned face, brawny hands, and large bare feet, with no other clothing than a tow shirt and pantaloons. That is the pioneer young man. Now draw another picture on the other side of the aisle—a smiling face, fresh but dark, a full head of smoothly combed hair tied up behind in a twist knot. A dress made out of seven yards of linsey-woolsey closely fits the natural form and reaches to within six inches of the floor. It is fancifully and uniquely striped with copperas, butternut and indigo alternating. The pioneer mothers made as great effort to look pretty as their more comfortably situated daughters, and considering the circumstances were as successful in their efforts. The belt is made of homespun, but is colored with imported dye, and a row of buttons down the back are also set on a bright stripe. Heavy cowhide shoes conceal substantial feet and shapely ankles. That is the pioneer young lady.

The pioneer preachers of this region were mild, moderate, men and conducted worship quietly and impressively. The worshipers, though lightly attired, were as earnest and devout as their descendants in handsome churches and rich dresses.

But pioneer life was not all burden, and care, and privation ; not all chopping, and rolliUg logs, and grubbing, and plowing among roots, and going to mill ; nor was woman's life all toil, spinning, weaving, pounding corn, hunting cows in the fenceless woods, milking, making butter, and pressing cheese; there were social joys, amusements, and pleasures which gave variety to and lightened the weight of drudgery, The hospitality of the early days is dwelt upon with fondness by all the survivors. The pioneer felt at home wherever he found a cabin. An expressive symbol' of welcome survives the wreck of the .log cabin to which it belonged. The ponderous puncheon door of a cabin was fastened by a wooden latch on the inside, to which a string was fastened. The other end of the string passed through a hole in the door above,

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and hung down outside- By pulling the string the latch was-raised, and the door, creaking the tune of welcome, turned upon great wooden hinges, admitting whoever came to a bright crackling fire of logs in an open hearth, over which was steaming a kettle of hominy and roasting a haunch of venison. A traveler was treated in precisely the same hospitable spirit as a friend of the family. The best was shared with him, and his team cared for as well as it was possible. If it was evening, he was expected to remain till morning, and his visit was made interesting- Conversation dwelt upon the progress and prospects of settlement, the crops and incidents of the day; on events which transpired in the East months back, which were listened to with all the interest of current -news. In the morning the stranger guest waited for his breakfast, and then departed with the best wishes of the family, whom he never offended by offering pay for his entertainment.

If a pioneer visited his neighbor, he was always invited to remain to partake of a meal. Whiskey was always offered, even though potatoes and meat were sometimes scarce. Strong friendships existed between neighbors, which gave zest and enthusiasm to social intercourse. There were few contentions, feuds or strifes to interrupt good feeling. People then could not afford to do without each other, and consequently, could not afford to quarrel.

Such in outline was life on the soil of New Connecticut four score of years ago. Bancroft has described the Connecticut of 1676, and while we are dwelling on the toils and pleasures of the pioneers of our own county, it will be interesting to look back a century farther to the scene of their ancestors conquering wild nature; "there was venison from the hills, salmon in their streams and sugar from the trees of the forest; for foreign market little was produced besides cattle, and in return for them few foreign luxuries stored in. The soil had originally been justly divided, or held as common property, in trust for the people. Happiness was enjoyed unconsciously. Beneath the rugged exterior humanity wore its sweetest smile. There was for a long time hardly a lawyer in the land. The husbandman who held his own plow and fed his own cattle, was the great man of the age. No one was superior to the matron who, with her busy daughters, kept the hum of the wheel incessantly alive, spinning and weaving every article of their dress. Fashion was confined within narrow limits and pride aimed at no grander equipage than a pillion, and could exalt only in the common 'splendor of the blue-white linen gown with short sleeves, and in the snow white flaxen apron, which, firmly starched and ironed, was worn on public days, by every woman in the land. There was no revolution except from the time of sowing to the time of reaping; from the plain dress of the week day to the more trim attire of Sunday. Every family was taught to look up to God as the fountain of all good; yet life was not somber. The spirit of frolic mingled with innocence, and religion itself wore the garb of gayety and the annual thanksgiving was as joyous as it was sincere."

Nobly did the pioneers of old Connecticut do their work, and in this respect history repeated itself in the Connecticut of the West. There was a conquering spirit in the hearts of the New England founders, which was inherited by the New Connecticut founders. Both generations met savage beasts and savage men to be driven back by the exercise of resolution, perseverance and courage, The results to civilization are immeasurable.

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CHAPTER X.

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.

Organization of Trumbull County —Official Vote—Civil List—County Buildings.

Simple, economical and judiciously executed civil government lies at the foundation of

human progress. So important did the Ohio company associates consider a perfected civil

establishment that they refused to confirm the contract of purchase until Congress had ratified

the ordinance of 1787. The fact that "when they came into the wilderness, the law was

already there" offered the greatest encouragement to immigration, and the greatest assurance

of protection. But the Connecticut Land company had no such provision to aid their uncertain speculation. For five years everything, even to the validity of their title to the soil, was doubt

and uncertainty. The National Government was at that time in its formative period. The old

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colonial ideas which made each State separate and independent of all others was giving way to the National idea which made the jurisdiction of Congress paramount to that of any State. The ordinance of 1787 covered the reserved territory of Connecticut, but to have admitted the political jurisdiction of the United States might, ac-. cording to the crude notions of the time, have been interpreted as a release of claim to the soil. Besides, the members of the Land company had anticipated the erection of a new State to be known as New Connecticut, to the head of which they as original proprietors would naturally be called. To admit the jurisdiction of the Northwest Territory would preclude the realization of these hopes, which was an additional reason for continuing to assert absolute independence. Soon after the Connecticut associates had concluded their purchase in 1795, they made application to Congress to have a Territorial government erected over their territory as a preliminary step to the consummation of the idea of a Utopian State. There is no record of Congress touching the prayer of this petition ; we only know that it was not granted. It could not have been granted without amending the ordinance of 1787, under which flourishing settlements were rapidly growing.

The need of a civil organization for the regulation of real estate operations early made itself felt. At length, despairing the hope of favorable action by Congress, the proprietors, in January, 1797, resolved to apply to the Legislature of Connecticut to elect the Reserve into a county, with proper and suitable laws to regulate the Internal affairs of the territory for a limited time, and to be administered at the sole expense of the proprietors. The stockholders found Connecticut as tardy as Congress to come to their relief. In October, 1797, at their annual meeting, the directors gave the trustees full power to pursue such measures as they deemed efficient to procure legal and judicious government over lands of the company, but these resolutions were as ineWectual as the first. Neither the Legislature of Connecticut nor Congress could be persuaded to act. Meanwhile there was no legal power by which to regulate the sale of lands or to enforce payment. Settlers had already erected their cabins, but there was no law to restrain the avaricious' nor to punish common crime. During the whole of the year 1798 immigration continued and the embarrassments resulting from the entire absence of government multiplied. The directors urged the necessity of immediate action, pleading heavy losses as the consequence of delay, and finally, in May, 1799, the State was prevailed upon to abate the interest due on their payments. The inhabitants continued to reject the jurisdiction of Governor St. Clair and the officers of Jefferson county. When Zenas Kimberly, an officer of Jefferson county, came into the Reserve for the purpose of assessing taxes, he was treated with ridicule and retired. From that time the jurisdiction of the Northwest Territory over the Reserve was merely nominal until the final settlement of claims in 1800.

Laws for the regulation of society were not so much needed as legal officers for the transfer of property and collection of debts. Communities, by making a legislative and executive officer, are able to protect themselves against imposition. In some places rules mutually assented to amounting to a municipal code came into use and were rigidly executed. Such social self- imposed laws were as much respected at Canfield and Youngstown as the Stole laws afterwards in operation.

The Connecticut Land company at length, in April 1800, secured the attention of Congress. John Marshall, the great lawyer and subsequently chief justice of the United States, made a masterly argument on the question of ownership and political jurisdiction Of land covered by old colonial charters, and the Connecticut Western Reserve in particular. The deliberations of Congress resulted in a proposition to the State of Connecticut, to the effect that if the State would accept the jurisdiction of the United States over the Reserve, the United States in turn would forever quit claim all right, title and interest in the soil. This agreement was ratified by the Governor of Connecticut, on the 3oth of May, 1800. Thus was confirmed to the Connecticut Land company and all purchasers under their deed, a clear and indisputable title to the soil, and at the same time was secured efficient and equitable civil jurisdiction under the fundamental law of the Northwest Territory, which Chief Justice Chase styled "a pillar of cloud by day and of fire by night in the settlement and government of the Northwest States."

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No sooner did the report of the confirmation of this highly desirable compact reach the West, than was commenced that vigorous and sometimes bitter strife for the location of the seat of government, which lasted for a period of forty- five years in Trumbull county, and seventy-five in Mahoning county. Youngstown was in 1800 the largest and most prosperous village on the Reserve, and Warren probably ranked second. While Warren was nearer the center of the territory Youngstown was nearer the center of population. It was apparent that Jefferson county would not long continue to extend its jurisdiction as far north as the Reserve. Warren representatives were the first to secure the ear of Governor St. Clair in regard to the new county project. On the loth of July, 1800, the Governor proclaimed that all the territory included in Jefferson county, lying north of the forty-first degree, north latitude, and all that part of Wayne county included in the Connecticut Western Reserve, should constitute a new county to be known by the name of Trumbull, and that the seat of justice should be at Warren. It will be seen that the county thus constituted was coextensive with the Reserve or the New Connecticut of five years before.

No better name than Trumbull could have been selected for this western Connecticut. The name is imperishably stamped on almost every phase of the history of the parent State, and represents distinguished achievement in statesmanship, law, art, divinity, and literature. While the name for the county was undoubtedly chosen as a compliment to the staunch soldier and statesman who was at that time Governor of Connecticut, three others of the name and kin were at the time distinguishing their State. Benjamin Trumbull, a divine of reputation, had just published a history of the Connecticut colony, which has obtained a permanent place in our historical literature. John Trumbull was distinguished as a lawyer and judge, as well as a poet. His poem, "McFingal," passed through thirty editions- But more distinguished than either of these was John Trumbull, the painter, whose career was just beginning when the name was conferred upon New Connecticut. Having served with credit as aide-de-camp to General Washington, and having spent considerable time in England under the celebrated painter West, he made himself known as an artist by the production of "The Battle of Bunker in 1796. His most important works are the pictures in the rotunda of the capitol at Washington, which every visitor stops to admire. His brother was Governor Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., in whose special honor the county was named. Their father, Governor Jonathan Trumbull, was one of the most distinguished men of his time, having held the office of Governor fourteen years from 1769. His conduct during the Revolution was highly praised by General Washington. Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., was born at Lebanon, Connecticut, in 1740. He served during the Revolution as a paymaster, and afterwards as aide-de- camp to General Washington. He was elected to the oneirst Congress after the adoption of the Federal Constitution, and in 1791 was chosen speaker of that body. In 1795 the Connecticut Legislature elected him to the United States Senate, where he distinguished himself as a Federalist and supporter of Washington's administration. In 1798 he was elected Governor of his State, an office which he held until his death in 1809. If there is anything in a name to direct aspiration or give inspiration, it would have been difficult to find a more significant gift for a political division of territory. There are few names in American history possessmg an equal range of meaning.

Governor St. Clair's proclamation of July loth, erecting the Reserve into a county, was a surprise to most of the settlers on the Reserve. All the leading citizens had foreseen such a measure at an early day, but those especially interested in Youngstown, which had already become the commercial center, disappointed by the loss of the county-seat, characterized the action of the Governor as indecent haste, and resolved upon keeping up the fight. When we remember the names and character of the men who were especially interested in Warren at that time, the action of Governor St. Clair will be readily understood. Judge Calvin Pease, who received the appointment of clerk of the court, owned land at Warren, and was probably the most popular and influential resident on the Reserve at that time. In addition to Mr. Pease's own personal influence, he was the brother-in-law of Hon. Gideon Granger, Postmaster-General of the United States, whose position gave him influence with the Ad-

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ministration under which Governor St. Clair held his commission. Mr. Granger, besides his interest in Pease, held title to several large tracts which were enhanced in value by the location of the seat of government at Warren. Then there were John Leavitt and Ebenezer King, Jr., to make the lobby for Warren more formidable.

Under the old Territorial law the Governor had authority to appoint officers for any new county which he might choose to erect. The justices of the peace constituted the general court of the county, five of their number being designated justices of the quorum, and the others associates. They net quarterly, and were known as the " court of quarter sessions." In this body was vested the entire civil jurisdiction of the county, local and legislative as well as judicial.

Governor St. Clair appointed the following to act as officers for Trumbull county: John Young, Turhand Kirtland, Camden Cleveland, James Kingsbury, and Eliphalet Austin, Esqs., justices of the peace and quorum; John Leavitt, Esq., judge of probate and justice of the peace; Solomon Griswold, Martin Smith, John Struthers, Caleb Baldwin, Calvin Austin, Edward Brockway, John Kinsman, Benjamin Davison, Ephraim Quinby, Ebenezer Sheldon, David Hudson, Aaron Wheeler, Amos Spafford, Moses Park, and John Minor, Esqs., justices of the peace; Calvin Pease, Esq., clerk; David Abbott, Esq., sheriff; John Hart Adgate, coroner; Eliphalet Austin, Esq., treasurer; John Stark Edwards, Esq., 1ecorder.

The sheriff was directed by the Governor to call a meeting of the court of quarter sessions at Warren, August 25, t800. Having been duly qualified, the justices and officers of the comity met in the afternoon of that day, on the common just south of Liberty street. It was 4 o'clock when the session was called to order by the clerk. That hour marks the beginning of practical government on the Reserve. The court room was a bower of native trees standing between two large corn-cribs. The capital city consisted of a dozen log cabins surrounded by a wall of trees, with here and there a gate opening to a distant settlement. The session continued five days, transacting such business as was necessary to guarantee peace, order, and equity in the administration of the laws of the Territory. We will give a synopsis of the record, which is preserved in the handwriting of Judge Pease.

TRUMBULL COUNTY, ss.

August term, 1800.

Court of general quarte1 sessions of the peace begun and holden at Warren, within and for said county of Trumbull, on the fourth Monday of August, in the year of 0ur Lord eighteen hundred, and of the independence of the United States the twenty-fifth. Present, John Young, Turhand

Kirtland, Camden Cleveland, James Kingsbury, and Eliphalet Austin, esquires, justices of the quorum, and others, their associates, justices of the peace, holding said court. The following persons were returned, and appeared on the grand jury, and were empaneled and sworn, namely: Simon Persons, foreman; Benjamin Stowe, Samuel Menough, Hawley Tanner, Chartes Daly, Ebenezer King, William Cecil, John Hart Adgate, Henry Lane, Jonathan Church, Jeremiah Wilcox, John Partridge Bissell, Isaac Palmer, George Phelps, Samuel Quinby, and Moses Park.

The court appointed George Tod, Esq., to prosecute the pleas of the United States for the present session, who took the oath of office.

The court ordered that the private seat of the clerk shall be considered the sealof the county and be affixed and recognized as such tilt a public seat shall be procured.

The court appointed Am0s Spafford, Esq., David Hudson, Esq., Simon Perkins, John Minor, Esq., Aaron Wheeler, Esq., Edward Payne, Esq., and Benjamin Davids0n, Esq., a c0mmittee to divide the county of Trumbull into townships, to describe the limits and boundaries of each township and to make report to the c0urt thereof.

The committee divided the county into eight townships to be known as Youngstown, Warren, Hudson, Vernon, Richfield, Middlefield, Painesville, and Cleveland. Youngstown embraced the present townships of Poland, Coitsville, Boardman, Youngstown, Canfield, Austint0wn, and Ellsworth in Mahoning county, and Liberty and Hubbard in Trumbull. Warren township embraced the present township of Berlin and Milton in Mahoning county, Lordstown, Weathersfield, Howland, Warren, Braceville, Bazetta, Champion, and Southington in Trumbull county, and Nelson, Windham, Paris, Palmyra, and Deerfield in Portage county. Vernon township included Greene, Mecca, Gustavus, Johnston, Fowler, Vienna, Brookfield, Hartford, Vernon, and Kinsman in Trumbull county, and Andover, Williamsfield, Cherry Valley ,Wayne, New Lyme, and Colbrook in Ashtabula county. Middlefield township embraced the present townships of Bristol, Bloomfield, Mesopotamia, and Farmington in Trumbull county, together with p0rtions of Portage, Geauga, and Ashtabula counties as at present constituted. Hudson township lay west of Warren and extended to the Tuscarawas and Cuyahoga rivers. Painesville and Cleve-

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land lay north of the townships we have named. That part of the county lying west of the Cuyahoga and Tuscarawas was still occupied by the Indians and not laid off in townships.

The court accept the report of the committee appointed to divide the county of Trumbull into townships and confirm and establish the boundaries and names of the townships as reported by said committee.

The court appointed Turhand Kirtland, John Kinsman, and Calvin Austin, and Amos Spafford, Esquires, a committee to view and lay out a proper extent of ground f0r the liberties of the prison, and to make a report thereof 1o the court.

The committee aforesaid, having viewed, report that the boundaries of the liberties of the prison in this county shall begin 'at a soft maple tree marked, standing about ten rods northeast of the prison-house; thence running north forty, four degrees west twenty rods to an elm tree, marked; thence south four degrees east twenty-six rods to a large white oak tree, marked; thence east twenty rods to a stake standing on the west side of the road; thence south by said road twelve rods to a soft maple tree; thence east to a white oak sapling standing on the east side of. the r0ad; thence north on the east side of the road sixty-six rods to a stake; thence west to a white oak sapling standing on the west side of the road near the northeast corner of James Fenton's house; from thence to the place of beginning.

The boundaries of the jail limits cover the ground between Main and Liberty streets, extending north and south from just below Market street to William street ; also embracing the land around the jail and west about twenty rods from Main street. These limits were the bounds within which a prisoner on good behavior and his parole was allowed to walk. The house referred to was the one undoubtedly occupied by William Fenton, on the river bank, and owned previously by James Fenton.

The report of this committee on the boundary of the jail limits was accepted.

The following persons were appointed to serve as c0nstables within their respective townships: James Hillman, for Youngstown; Jonathan Church, for Warren; Heman Oviatt and At Atwater, for the 1own of Hudson; Titus Brockway. for Vernon; Simon Rose and Rufus Grinell for Middlefield; John A. Harper and Mills Case for the town of Richfield; Charles Parker for the town of "Paynesville;" Stephen Gilbert and Eleazer Carter for the town of Cleveland-

Ordered by the court, on motion of Mr. Edwards, that Ephraim Quinby, Esq., be recommended to the Governor of this Territory as a fit person to keep a publick house of entertainment in the town of Warren on his c0mplying with the 1equisites of the law.

On motion of Judge Kirtland, the court ordered that Jonathan Fowler he recommended to the Governor as a suitable person to keep a publick house of entertainment in the town of Youngstown on his c0mplying with the requisites of the law.

Personally appeared in open c0urt Benjamin Davison, Esq,, Ephraim Quinby, Esq., John Bentley, millwight, and John Lane, yeoman, alt of Warren, in Trumbutl county; James Hillman, yeoman, and William Hall, yeoman, both of Youngstown, in said county, and acknowledge themselves severally indebted to the United States in the bond of recognizance in the penal sum of two hundred dollars each, to be levied on their lands, tenements, goods, and chattels, and bodies if a default be made in the condition of their recognizance, which condition is that the said Benjamin Davison, Ephraim Quinby, John Bentley, John Lane, James Hillman, and William Halt be each one in his proper person, before the next court of oyer and terminer, which shall be holden within the county of Trumbull, whenever the same shall be, there to testify the truth between the United States and Richard Storer, on an indictment of murder.

The court ordered that the clerk be authorized to procure a public seal for the county of Trumbull, of such size and with such devices as he shall deem proper, at the expense of the county.

Thus ended the first session of the court on the Reserve.

Governor St. Clair issued a proclamation September 22d, directed to David Abbott, sheriff, commanding him "That on the second Tuesday in October he cause an election to be held for the purpose of electing one person to represent the county in the Territorial Legislature," Under the Territorial government all elections were held in the county seats of the respective counties. Elections were held according to the English, or town-meeting mode. The sheriff, by virtue of his office, presided over the assembly of electors, and received their votes viva voce. The first election in Trumbull was held in Warren on the day specified. In a county so large as the whole Reserve a full vote could not be expected, some citizens having to travel sixty miles to the place of holding elections. Only forty-two persons participated in the election of 1800. Such general gatherings were necessarily of a rollick some character, for it was not often that so many came together,—all brave, strong men, who feared neither the forest nor its inhabitants. There was great unanimity of choice, thirty-eight out of the forty-two votes being cast for General Edward Paine. General Paine took his seat in the Territorial Legislature in 1801, and continued to represent the county until a State government was established in 1803.

During the May term of the following year, the county of Trumbull was divided into districts for the purpose of carrying into effect the Territorial tax upon land. The county was also divided into two election districts. The towns of Middlefield, Richfield, Paynesville and Cleveland, constituted the northern district, and the

68 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.

house of Mr. Simon Perkins, at the intersection of Youngs road and the Lake road, was the place appointed for holding elections in the northern district.

The towns of Warren, Hudson, Vernon and Youngstown constituted the southern district, the elections being held at the house of Ephraim Quinby, Esq., in Warren.

The committee appointed to draft a plan of a jail, reported as follows:

We, being a committee appointed to report to the General Quarte1 Sessions of the Peace a plan of a building which will accomodate the c0unty for a "gaol," beg leave to lay before the court a plan of a building of the following dimensions, to wit : Thirty feet long and twenty-two feet wide in the inside, to consist of two rooms, one of sixteen feet by twelve for criminals, the other sixteen by eighteen feet for debtors, the lower floor to be made of hewn timber fifteen inches in thickness to be laid double, a space say, to extend the whole length of the building, and the doors to be from the space way into each room, the sides of the prison r0om to be made of hewn timber, fifteen inches thick and to be laid double, and well locked in at the corners, to be laid in the following manner: The first stick to be on the floor, the next and outside timber to rise half of the width of the first stick above it; the outside wall from the space way to be laid up with square timber fifteen inches thick. The building to be raised in this manner, so as to be eight feet high between the joints; the upper floor to be lain double with hewn timbers twelve inches thick so as to break joints. The building then to be covered with a good roof to be made of rafters and covered with chestnut shingles eighteen inches in length; the foundation of the building to be a large white oak stick of timber hewn upon one side and buried in the ground; we think proper that all the timber be of white oak- Two small windows in the debtors' room and one in the criminals' well guarded with iron gates.

DAVID ABBOTT,

SAMUEL WOODRUFF,

URIEL HOLMES, JR.,

SIMON PERKINS,

Committee.

COUNTY OF TRUMBULL, March 27, 1801.

The court accept the report of the committee with the following alterations, namely: The roof to be covered with long oak shingles of the common length of long shingles, and order that a public gag be built agreeably to the plan reported by said committee, with the aforesaid alteration, and appointed Mr. Simon Perkins to superintend the building of the said gaol, and to carry into effect such contract as the c0urt of quarter sessions shall make with any person or persons for the building thereof.

CALVIN PEASE, Clerk.

Until the time of the occupancy of the first court-house, which was placed where the present structure stands, the courts were held first in the corn-cribs, next in a log house built by James Scott in 1805, on the corner of Mahoning avenue and High street, long known as the Greater House, and on the lot now owned and occupied by Warren Packard, and lastly in the third story of a log and frame house built by William Cotgreave, on the site of the Van Gorder block, familiarly known as Castle William. A room on the first floor was used for many years as a jail, until, in fact, the old log jail was built, which must have been about 1815- It stood on or near the site of the present structure. The old brick jail which followed it was erected in 1825. The room in Quinby's house was used until "Castle William" was occupied. In 1802 a jail was commenced according to the elaborate specifications approved by the court in May, 1801. The structure had almost reached completion in February, 1804, when it caught fire and burned to the ground. This fire was the signal for a general county seat war. Mutterings of discontent had been growing louder and more distinct each year from the first day of the county's existence, and an opportunity for a change seeming to be open, all parties raised the battle-cry. Settlements in the southeast corner of the Reserve increased most rapidly and were able by casting a solid vote to elect a State Representative and commissioner favorable to Youngstown. It was also supposed that George Tod, the State Senator, was in favor of a change, but he seems to have taken very little interest in the contest. Youngstown was not the only place clamoring for the county-seat. John Kinsman wanted it near Girard and Ephraim Root advocated a point near the east line of the Reserve, and Elias Tracy wanted it farther north at New Lyme, where his largest interests lay. Youngstown, however, seemed to have the best of the fight, having the commissioners and representatives in the Legislature. The Warren men had had enough experience in legislative matters to know the value of personal influence. They accordingly appointed two or three lobby representatives, whose duty it was to stay in Chillicothe during Assembly sessions to see that no law was passed infringing upon the interests of their town.

Youngstown accomplished the first step in 1805, by having Geauga county set off, embracing all the settled western part of the Reserve, thus depriving the argument that Youngstown was too far from the center, of much of its force for Youngstown was now indisputably the center of population.

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Every election was contested on the county-seat issue. The rivalry between the claimants became so animated, even bitter, that it was carried into business, social life, and sports. A striking incident illustrating the the spirit of the times, has been furnished by R. M. Grant. There was in Warren a brag racehorse named Dave, of which the whole village was proud. A number of leading citizens conceived the idea of humiliating Youngstown by Cantering to run Dave against any piece of horse-flesh the latter place could scare up, for a stake of a thousand dollars- George Tod (afterwards judge) at once accepted the wager, and covered the money put up by the Warren party. It happened that Tod at that time was keeping a little bay mare owned by James Hillman, which he selected to match with Dave. It is said that Tod spent every night for two weeks in the stable grooming Fly. A track one mile long in the vicinity of Crab creek was selected for the race, and at the appointed time Youngstown and Warren turned out en masse to witness and to cheer. The result would have an effect upon the ensuing election something like a torch-light procession in a modern campaign. Anxiety raised both sides on tip-toe; all for Warren on the north side, and all for Youngstown on the south side of the track. The lines were filled at an early hour, and the passion for betting reigned supreme- What little cash each one had was soon staked on the result; watches and penknives followed next, and then off came hats, coats, vests, and even shoes, to show faith in their respective towns and cause- An expert rider was mounted on each animal, and at a signal both bounded forward exactly even. This was a fortunate circumstance, for had one got the advantage of a leap the start a general fight would probably haveclosed the track. Side by side the two trained beasts darted on, while the neighboring forest received a continuous roar of cheers. At last Fly gained a length, and the Youngstown side redoubled their cheering. Dave's rider applied his whip faster and harder, bringing Warren's favorite again even. Side by side they dashed on, the riders whipping and yelling. Near the end of the course Fly bounded ahead, now leading by four lengths, now by six; Fly continues to gain; the race is won, and Youngstown, captures the stakes.

This is only one instance of the rival towns being thus pitted against each other. Every logrolling or raising near the half-way line was a contest between Youngstown and Warren. Even dog-fights and bull-fights were interpreted as having some relation to the location of the county- seat.

The necessity for county buildings gave fuel to the flames. In 18o8 Ashtabula and Portage counties were erected with their present western and southern boundaries. This action gave Warren a decided geographical disadvantage, nevertheless it was believed that if aliens who had always been allowed to vote were excluded from the election, Warren could carry her ticket. The election resulted in the choice of Richard J. Elliott and Robert Hughes, with the aid of the alien vote, but without their vote Thomas G. Jones, Warren's candidate, was ahead. It was resolved by the Warren party to contest the election. Mr. Leonard Case, of Warren, and William Chidester, of Canfield, justices of the peace, were selected to take testimony. The aliens were nearly all Irishmen, and the commotion which the attempt to throw out their votes caused can be imagined by those acquainted with Irish character. They considered the whole project a direct blow at their liberties—a sentiment dear to that nationality. Youngstown partisans encouraged boisterousness, and took care to keep up the excitement.

The justices first sat at Hubbard; Homer Hine appeared for the respondents, John S. Edwards for the contestants. There was a general turnout of partisans on both sides, all interested, all excited. Daniel Sheehy made a flaming speech one hour and a half long, which had the effect of increasing the general disturbance. He was at last forced to silence, and the justices proceeded to take depositions. "Many of those summoned," says Mr. Case, "refused to testify until about to be arrested and sent to jail. Then they agreed to give their testimony. About one hundred depositions were taken." On the following day the justices sat at Youngstown, where similar scenes were witnessed. Sheehy was more violent and noisy, and his hearers more clamorous, but the same coaxing, arguing, and threatening was necessary to get evidence. Before the day closed the Irish orator was committed to keepers. Another boisterous day at Poland ended the local comedy. About four

70 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES. OHIO.

hundred depositions had been taken, which it was supposed 'would be sufficient to give Jones a place in the House of Representatives. When the Legislature met at Chillicothe in December, 1809, Messrs. Hughes and Elliott were regularly admitted to seats or, proper credentials. A memorial was then presented by Matthias Corwin, of Warren county, contesting the election of Robert Hughes in favor of Thomas G. Jones. The memorial was referred to the committee on privileges and elections, which reported in favor of Hughes. The report was made the special order for the following day, both contestor and contestee being invited to be present in person and with counsel. Three days were consumed in discussion, which ended in the resolution that "Robert Hughes is entitled to his seat in the present General Assembly." Jones was given leave to withdraw his memorial.

The Youngstown members, however, were not disposed to take advantage of the result, for they made no move toward changing. the county-seat, and even permitted the passage of a bill setting off towns number eight in ranges one to five from Ashtabula county and annexing them to Trumbull, making Warren the geographical center of the county. These towns were soon afterwards set back to Ashtabula. Their inhabitants were reasonably disgusted . with so many changes, making them weapons in a war in which they had no interest. Judge Solomon Griswold expressed the prevailing feeling when he said : "They have no privileges in either county, and are sued in both."

The Jones contest had the effect of making the Youngstown people more politic and less confident and dependent upon numerical strength. The north part of the county had been growing rapidly, and Warren, in consequence of having the county-seat, was rapidly gaining in prestige. Besides, some of the keener heads at Canfield foresaw the prospect of a new county and were on that account indifferent to Youngstown's desires. It seems that in 1810 both Youngstown and Warren were afraid to stake the issue on a straight fight, for Aaron Collar, of Canfield, a neutral candidate, was chosen to the Legislature.

In 1811 the old issue again presented itself and resulted in the choice of Thomas G. Jones, candidate for Warren, and Samuel Boyson, candidate for Youngstown to the House of Rep resentatives, and George Tod, of Youngstown, to the Senate. It was currently reported after the election that Judge Tod, though supposed on account of his location to be favorable to Youngstown, had given the people of Warren to understand that their interests would be safe in his hands. However this may be, Warren had no cause to complain of Tod's course in the Senate. The first chapter in the history of this bitter and selfish sectional conflict came to a close in 1813. The erection of county buildings could no longer be delayed under any pretense, and the commissioners that year contracted for a court-house in Warren. General politics during this interval of local strife had received scarcely any attention. Affairs affecting the most vital interests of the Nation could scarce be seen through the mist and storm of a faction's local conflict, The announcement of Hull's surrender of Detroit and Michigan, and the consequent exposure of Ohio to Indian forces and British guerillas, suddenly poured such a violent stream of patriotism into the community as to produce a shock. Local conflict and pride were forgotten in the broader and nobler impulse to shoulder a rifle and march to the music of the Nation in defense of home and family and the country's flag. The war was doubtless an efficient cause in the temporary settlement of the county seat-

The first court-house was built by James Scott and completed in 1815. A log jail was built about the same time near the site of the present structure. It was replaced by a brick building in 1824. The contract with Seth Thompson for its construction is dated in 1822. It was accepted by commissioners December 9, 1824, and the contractor given an order on the treasury for $2,943.

In 1835 the county commissioners first took means toward providing for the poor and unfortunate. A farm of two hundred and eighty-five acres, located about three miles from Warren, was purchased for the sum of $3,000. Three years later one hundred acres more was purchased for $1,700. In 1839 the contract was let for the erection of suitable buildings at a cost of $4,445. In 1874 an additional building was erected at a cost of $7,000. The institution has always been managed upon economical though liberal principles and is worthy the reputation 0f

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the Reserve for benevolence and advancement. It is a worthy commentary upon the superiority of republican institutions, that the prosperous and wealthy are always willing to provide for the impoverished and imbecile, and the perfection and fullness to which such provision is carried may be considered a fair measure of the intelligence and culture of ruling in the community. There are in the Trumbull county infirmary about one hundred inmates, some of them hopelessly insane, some idiotic, some decrepit men and women and poor, helpless children- It is unfortunate that all are thrown together. Bright, spirited children, should not be compelled to witness day after day the misery of feeble old men and women or the raving of maniacs. It is to be hoped that as the county grows richer and -more benevolent the example of several other counties in the State will be followed, of providing a Children's Home where young minds and bodies will have entirely healthful and elevating surroundings.

About the year 1840 the dilapidated courthouse became an object of general remark. Its floors were shaky, roof leaky, offices cold, and its appearance unworthy the growing pretensions of Warren Leading citizens of .the county-seat, lawyers, and others particularly interested— petitioned for a new building. Youngstown and other southern townships protested against further improvements for the benefit of Warren. Again a strife between envious sections was launched upon the county. The issue was at first confined to the erection of new buildings- This spark was the origin of a flame which enveloped the whole county in its light. The subject of a new court-house was soon lost sight of among the multitudinous projects proposed in every section of the county. Warren was soon forced from 'the offensive on the subject of new buildings to a vigorous defense of her rights to retain the county-seat. There were at least four propositions for dividing the county in such a way as to leave Warren without the seat of government. In this way Youngstown had no difficulty in electing officers committed against the new court-house project. The first newspaper started in Youngstown was called The Olive Branch and New County Advocate, issued in 1843. In the number of December 20th of that year we find the following resolutions embodied in the report of a meeting held at Newton Falls—a previous meeting had been held at which a special committee to frame these resolutions was appointed:

WHEREAS, Vigorous efforts have been made and are now making by the citizens of the south part of Trumbull county, circulating memorials for signatures to be presented to the Legislature now in session at Columbus, praying for a new county in the southeast part 0f said county of Trumbull; therefore,

Resolved, That the diversity of interests which has been shown in the efforts of those in the east, north, and south parts of the county, demands a division, and that that division should be made with reference to the interests and future prospects of an increased population which may in a few years be safely estimated at double the present number.

Resolved, That whenever a division of Trumbull county should be deemed expedient, the following would be most convenient and beneficial to the several sections named in this division to wit: a new county to be formed from the south part of Ashtabula county and the north part of Trumbull county consisting of the townships of Hartsgrove, Rome, Cherry Valley, New Lyme, Andover, Windsor, Orwell, Colbrook, Wayne, and Williamsfietd, in Ashtabula county, and Mesopotamia, Bloomfield, Greene, Gustavus, Kinsman, and Vernon, in Trumbull county. A new county in the east part of Trumbult county, consisting of Mecca, Bazetta, Howland, Weathersfield, Austintown, Canfield, Boardman, Youngstown, Liberty, Vienna, Fowler, Johnston, Hartford, Brookfield, Hubbard, Coitsville, and Poland with county seat at Youngstown- The townships of Windham, Palmyra, Nelson, and Paris, in Portage county, t0 be annexed to Trumbull county with the county seat at Newton Falls-

Resolved, That the foregoing division would be far more beneficiat than the one proposed by the citizens of Youngstown, as it would leave to each of the proposed c0unties about the constitution at amount of territory and would forever afterwards prevent any necessity for any further alteration in the counties 0f Ashtabula, Trumbull, and Portage, and would leave the contemplated counties in a c0mpact and favorable form and with a location for county seats, particutarty at Youngstown and Newton Falls, in the heart of flourishing townships with facilities for commerce by the Pennsytvania and Ohio canal and with water priviteges among the best in northern Ohio and which can be improved to any desirable extent.

Youngstown finally petitioned for a division of Trumbull county as -it then existed into two counties; the south division part having the county-seat at Youngstown, and the northwest, which should retain the name Trumbull, retaining the county-seat at Warren. Canfield further complicated matters by petitioning for the erection of a new county out of the ten southern townships of Trumbull and five northern townships of Columbiana. , This last proposition received the support of the Warren people, and was finally confirmed by the Legislature in 5846, the new county being designated " Mahoning."

72 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.

Thus ended the tedious contest for the county seat so far as Trumbull county is concerned. The main source of opposition to a new courthouse at Warren had been removed, and Time's dilapidations were making the necessity for such a structure more and more apparent. However, six years elapsed before definite measures were taken to supply this pressing need. A contract for building the new structure was awarded early in 1852 to Richards and Logan, of Poland, and work was commenced that summer. Two years were occupied in its construction and completion, the contract being formally discharged by the commissioners in 1854. The total cost appears from bills allowed to have been $23,658. It was considered at that time one of the finest public county buildings in the State.

That public spirit, too often absurdly extravagant, which demands that the hall of justice should be a palace, dates its birth in Ohio not more than a score of years since. Twenty-two thousand dollars was in 1852, as much complained of as five times that amount is now.

In 1871 it was determined to replace the old jail with a modern structure. Plans were submitted and the building contract awarded Epersom and Favorite at the designated sum of $30,694. Several changes were made while the work was in operation, making the total cost in round numbers $35,000.

CIVIL OFFICERS OF TRUMBULL COUNTY.

The first State constitution was adopted in 1802, creating substantially the present system of civil administration, except in the judiciary branch. The State was divided into circuits, a presiding judge being elected for each circuit, whose duty it was to hold regular terms of court- Each county had a board of three associate justices, whose duty it was to sit with the presiding judge during the trial of causes, and also to transact the probate business of their county. Lawyers were seldom ever called to this office, the duties of which were mostly routine. The new constitution of 1850 created the office of probate judge and abolished the system of associates. With the present population the old system would be wholly inadequate. Under the Territorial system the office of clerk of court was filled by appointment of the Governor. Upon him exclusively devolved the clerical duties of the county government. This office was appointive until the adoption of the present constitution in 1850.

CLERKS OF COURT.

The constitutional term under the old constitution was seven years; under the present constitution it is three years. The office has been filled as follows:

Calvin Pease, 1800 to 1803 ; George Phelps*, 1803 to 1806; George Parsons, 1806 to 1838 +, John Huchins, 1838 to 1844+ ; Clayton Harrington, 1844 to 1846 ; Warren Young, 1846 to 1852 ; Jonathan Ingersoll, 1852 to 1855§; Almon D. Webb, 1855 to 1861 ; C. A. Harrington, 1861 to 1867 ; Edward Speer, Jr., 1867 to 1873; M. C. Hart, 1873 to 1879 ; O. A. Caldwell,

1879ii.

Clerks of the court of common pleas also served in similar capacity for the supreme court of their respective counties under the old constitution, and under the present constitution f0r the district court.

RECORDERS.

John S. Edwards, 1800 to 1813; Alexander Southerland, 1813 to 1821 ; William Quinby, 1821 to 1831; Lyman Potter, 1831 to 1837; Vincent Webb, 1837 to 1843; John Veon, 1843 t0 1846; Charles R. Hunt, 1846 to 1849; Sands Bonteu, 1849 to 1852; James D. Watson, 1852 to 1855; S. M. Corter, 1855 to 1861; Alexander A. Adams, 1861 to 1867; Elmer Moses, 1867 to 1873; Wells A. Bushnell, 1873 to 1879; H. J, Barnes, 1879.

COUNTY COMMISSIONER.

This office was created by the State Constitution in 1802. No journal of the board's official acts in a general way appears until 1822, then came William Ripley, who having been duly elected and qualified, took the oath of office; John C. Woodruff, elected in 1827; Rufus Beeman, 1829; Benjamin Stevens, 1829 ; Tracy Bronson and Cornelius Thompson, in 1833 ; Joel Smith, in 1835; Charles Woodruff, Joel Smith, and Amadeus Brooks formed the board in 1836; James King succeeds in 1838; in 1839 came James

* Died in October, 1806 Resigned October, 1838. ++ Resigned in May, 1844 § Elected October, 1851. Re-elected in 1881.

TRUMBULL AND MAHON1NG COUNTIES, OHIO - 73

Colt and John Stewart ; in 1840 came Daniel Shehy ; in 1841 came Jonathan Osborn; 1842 Augustus Stevens; 1843, James Millikin; 1844, Isaac Lee; 1845, E. V. Kellogg; 1846, A. L Ford; 1847, Edward Beaver; 1848, E. V. Kellogg; 1849, Thad. Bradley; 1850, Abner Osborn; 1851, E. V. Kellogg; 1852, Thad. Bradley; 1853, Abner Osborn ; 1854, Edmund Smith; 1835, Edward D. King;, 1856, B. P. Jameson; 1857, J, W. Pattingell ; 1858, N. E. Austin ; 1859, Jacob S. Smith; 1860, Aaron Davis; 1861, H. T. Mason ; 1862, Jacob S. Smith ; 1863, Aaron Davis; 1864, H. T. Mason ; 1865, Orlando K. Wolcott; 1866, E. A. Reed; 1867, J, B. Payne; 1868,0. K. Wolcott; 1869, E. A. Reed; 1870, J. B. Payne; 1871, Charles Harshman; 1872, N. A. Cowdery; 1873, Addison Randall; 1874, Charles Harshman; 1875, N. A. Cowdery; 1876, Addison Randall; 1877, William Bronson; 1878, A. V. Crouch; 1879, John Sampson (appointed to fill vacancy, unexpired term of Randall, resigned); 1879, John L. Smith; 1880, William Bronson; 1881, A. V. Crouch.

AUDITORS.

William Rayen, 1802 to 1805 ; Edward Paine, Jr., 1805 to 1806; J. W. Brown, 1806 to 1807; Richard Hayes, 1807 to 1810 ; Simon Perkins, 1810 to 1812; Lyman Potter, 1812 to 1817; Roswell Mason, 1817 to 1821; Jacob H. Baldwin, 1821 to 1839; Henry Baldwin, 1839 to 1841 ; James G. Calender, 1841 to 1845; Hiram Austin, 1845 to 1849; George Hapgood 1849 to 1851 ; Theodore Webb, 1851 to 1855 ; Charles R. Hunt, 1855 to 1859; 0. L. Wolcott, 1859 to 1863; Junius Dana, 1863 to 1865 ; Charles A. Bugdon, 1865 to 1869 ; James D. Kennedy, 1869 to 1873 ; George B. Kennedy, 1873 to 1877; Ralsa C. Rice, 1877.*

PROBATE JUDGES.

Office created by the constitution of 1850/

I. L. Fuller, 1852 to 1855; George T. Brown, 1855 to 1861; J. W. Tyler, + 1861 to 1864; Albert Yeomans, 1864 to 1879; Wilbur A. Reeves, 1879. +

TREASURERS.

Samuel Tylee, 1803 to 1812; John Leavitt, 1812 to 1815; Francis Freeman, 1815 to 1831;

* Present incumbent

+ Resigned.

++ Re-elected 1881.

Martin Bently, 1831 to 1833; Ralph Hickox,* 1833 to 1834; B. N. Robbins, 1834 to 1842.; Lewis I. Iddings, 1842 to 1846; Francis. Barclay, 1846 to 1848; Augustus Stevens, 1848- to 1850; Zalmon Fitch, 1850 to 1852; John M. Hezlep, 1852 to 1856; John Reeves, 1856 to 1858; D. B. Gilmore, 1858 to 1862; William Ritezel, 1862 to 1866; Edward Hays, 1866 to 1870; Thomas A Brierly, 1870 to 1874; A. A. House, 1874 to 1878; T. W. Case, 1878 to 1882'; Clinton 0. Hart, elected 1881. The treasurer's bond for the year 1803-4 was $4,000.

PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS.

George Tod, 1833 to 1835; William L. Knight, to 1839; R. B. Taylor, to 1841; William L. Knight, to 1843; N, V. Humphrey, to 1847; Joel F. Asper, to 1849; I. N. Fuller, to 1851; N. V. Humphrey, to 1853; D. B. Belden, to 1855; Charles W. Smith, to 1859; John M, Stull, to 1861; E. H. Ensign, to 1865; John M. Stull, to 1869; William B. Porter to 1871; W. T, Spear, to 1875; Thomas J. Gillmer, to 1879; Washington Hyde, re-elected 1881.

SURVEYORS.

Alexander Southerland, from 1832 to 1835; F. E. Storrs, to 1838; Bethel Beaman, to 184i; F. E. Stowe, to 1843; Joseph Barkley, to 1846; E. Leffingwell, to 1848; W. S. Darley, to 1851 Homer M. Lut, to 1854; J. K. Burnham, to 1857; F. Trunkey, to 1860; Amos D. Fell, 1863; F. W. Messerschmidt, to 1866; Samuel F. Dickey, 1872; C. W. Tyler.

SHERIFFS.

David Abbott, 1800 to 1804; Elijah Wadsworth, 1806 ; James Hillman, 1809 ; Trial Tamer, 1813; John Struthers, 1815; Benjamin Austin, 1819; Lemuel Reeves, 1822; Andrew Bushnell, 186 ; Cyrus Bosworth, 1830; George Mygatt, 1834, [executed the sentence of death by hanging passed upon Ira Gardner, who killed Miss Mary Buell in his yard about mid-day by stabbing her with a knife, near the junction of South street with Red run. This was, the only murder ever committed in Warren]; Henry Smith succeeded Mr. Mygatt, and served until 1838 ; Warren Young, 1842 ; James Hezlep. 1846; Benjamin V. Robbins, 1848 ; Williams, 1850 ; Benjamin N. Robbins, 1852 ;

* Appointed to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Martin Bently.

74 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.

Isaac Powers, 1854 ; H. R. Harmon, 1858 ; A. B. Lyman,' 1862; J. G. Butler, 1866 ; S. M. Laird, 1870 ; G. W. Dickinson, 1874 ; S. A. Corbin, 1878; S. F. Bartlett, 1882 ; John Hoyt (elected 1881).

VOTE OF TRUMBULL COUNTY

Total vote in 1803, 1,111

VOTE FOR GOVERNOR,

(Those marked * were the successful candidates.)

1807, Return J. Meigs* 603, Nathaniel Massie 75.

1808, Samuel Huntington* 178, Thomas Worthington 124, Thomas Kirker 407.

1810, Return J. Meigs* 658, Thomas Worthington 118.

1812, Return J. Meigs* 790, Thomas Scott

1814, Thomas Worthington* 622, Othniel Looker 214,

1816, Thomas Worthington* 715, Ethan A. Brown 64.

1818, Ethan Allen Brown* 1,083, James Dunlap 79.

1820, Ethan A. Brown* 1,690, Jeremiah Morrow 27, W. H. Harrison 67.

1822, Jeremiah Morrow* 150, Allen Trimble 1,364, W. W. Irvin 12.

1824, Jeremiah Morrow* 404, Allen Trimble 1,136.

1826, Allen Trimble* 1,969, John Bigger 16, Alexander Campbell 167, Benjamin Tappan 47.

1828, Allen Trimble* 1,968, John W. Campbell 995.

1830, Duncan McArthur* (National Republican) 1,742, Robert Lucas (Democrat) 1,346.

1832, Robert Lucas* (Democrat), Darius Lyman (Whig), vote not given.

1834, Robert Lucas* (Democrat) 2,370, James Findlay (Whig) 2,504.

1836, Joseph Vance* (Whig), Eli Baldwin (Democrat), vote not given.

1838, Wilson Shannon* (Democrat) 3,69, Joseph Vance (Whig) 3,356.

1840, Thomas Corwin* (Whig) 4,031, Wilson Shannon (Democrat) 3,420.

1842, Wilson Shannon* (Democrat) 3,025, Thomas Corwin (Whig) 3,364, Leicester King (Abolition) 456,

1844, Mordecai Bartley* (Whig) 3,696, David Tod (Democrat) 3,611, Leicester King (Abolition) 745.

1846, William Bebb* (Whig) 2,953, David Tod (Democrat) 2,939, Samuel Lewis (Abolition) 471.

1848, Seabury Ford* (Whig) 3,069, John B, Weller (Democrat) 2,028, scattering 15.

1850, Reuben Wood* (Democrat) 1,649, William Johnston (Whig) 1,389, Edward Smith (Abolition) 1,550.

1851, Reuben Wood* (Democrat) 2,232, Samuel F. Vinton (Whig) 1,584, Samuel Lewis (Abolition) 1,616.

1853, William Medill* (Democrat) 2,028, Nelson Barrere (Whig) 1,165, Samuel Lewis (Abolition) 1,447.

1855, Salmon P, Chase* (Republican) 3,109, William Medill (Democrat) 1,474, Allen Trimble (Know Nothing) 31.

1857, Salmon P. Chase* (Republican) 2,311, Henry B. Payne (Democrat) 1,595, Philip Van Trump (Know Nothing) none.

1859, William Dennison* (Republican) 3,143, Rufus P. Ranney (Democrat) 1,791.

1861, David Tod* (Republican) 4,028, Hugh J. Jewett (Democrat) 833.

1863, John Brough* (Republican) 5,334, C. L. Vallandigham (Democrat) 1,618.

1865, Jacob D. Cox* (Republican) 3,989, George W. Morgan (Democrat) 1,851.

1867, Rutherford B. Hayes* (Republican) 4,525, Allen G. Thurman (Democrat) 2,189.

1869. Rutherford B. Hayes* (Republican) 4,621, George H. Pendleton (Democrat) 2,144.

1871, Edward F. Noyes* (Republican) 4,345, George W. McCook (Democrat) 1,766, Gideon T. Stewart (Prohibition) 120.

1873, William Allen* (Democrat) 1,927, Edward F. Noyes (Republican) 3,698, G. T. Stewart (Prohibition) 353, Isaac Collins (Liberal) 23.

1875, Rutherford B. Hayes* (Republican) 5,653, William Allen (Democrat) 3,301, Jay Odell (Prohibition) 96.

1877, Richard M. Bishop* (Democrat) 2,584, William H. West (Republican) 4,763, H, A. Thompson (Prohibition) 123, Stephen Johnson (Greenback) 478.

1879, Charles Foster (Republican) 5,997, Thomas Ewing (Democrat) 3,054, Gideon T

TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 75

Stewart (Prohibition) 120, A. Saunders Piatt (Greenback) 278.

VOTE FOR GOVERNOR, 1881.

Total vote, 10,237

Members elected from districts in Ohio comprising Trumbull and that part of Mahoning county included in the Western Reserve, with date of service:

STATE REPRESENTATIVES.

Ephraim Quinby

Aaron Wheeler

David Abbott

Ephraim Quinby

Amos Spofford

Homer Hine

Homer Hine

James Kingsbury

James Kingsbury

John P. Bisselt

John W. Seely

James Montgomery

Rich. J. Elliott

Robert Hughes

Aaron Collar

Thomas G. Jones

Thomas G. Jones

Samuel Bryson

Samuel Bryson

Benjamin Ross

Benjamin Ross

Samuel Leavitt

Wilson Elliott

James Hillman

Samuel Bryson

W. W. Cotgreve

Homer Hine

Henry Lane

Eli Baldwin

Edward Scovitle

Henry Lane

Edward Scoville

Henry Lane

Henry Manning

Dan Eaton

Etisha Whittlesey

Thomas Howe

Elisha Whittlesey

James Mackey

Cyrus Bosworth

Homer Hine

Ephraim Brown

Ephraim Brown

Eli Batdwin

Henry Lane

Roswell Stone

Titus Bockway

William Ripley

Jared P. Kirtland

George Swift

Benjamin Allen

Richard lddings

Calvin Pease

Jared P. Kirtland

Jedediah FitchBenjamin Allen

March

term 1809

December term-1803

1804

1805

1807

1808-1809

1810

181I

1812

1813

1814

1815

1816

1817

1818

1819

1820

1821

1822-1823

1824

1825

1826

1827-1828

1829

1830

1831

1832

Walter Johnson

Thomas Robbins

Jared P. Kirtland

William A. Otis

Eli Baldwin

Tensard R. DeWolf

Seth Hayes

Tracy Bronson

John C. Woodruff

Tracy Bronson

Tracy Bronson

Thomas Howe

Isaac Powers

Thomas Howe

Peter Allen

Josiah Robbins

John Briggs

Jacob H. Baldwin

Nathan Webb

Henry Manning

Asahet Medbury

Buelt Barnes

Buell Barnes

Henry Boyd

J0seph Truesdale

Joseph Truesdale

John Harrington

Isaac Lee

Albert G. Riddle

(For Trumbult and Geauga)

John Hutchins

Atbert G. Riddle

(For Trumbull and Geauga).,

More C. Bradley

Gamaliel H Kent

(For Trumbull and Geauga)

Franklin E. Stowe

Matthew Birchard

Ralph Plumb

G.T. Townsend

G.T. Townsend

George H Howe

Robert H. Walker.

George H. Howe

Austin D. Ribber.

Austin D. Kibber

William Ritezel

William Ritezel

K. Wing

K. Wing

Thomas J. M’Lain, Jr.

T. J. M’Lain, Jr.D. J. EdwardsE. A. ReedStephen Laird

1833

1834

1833

1836

1837

1838

1839

1840

1841

1842

1843

1844

1845

1846.

1847

1848

1849

1850-1851

1852-1853

1854-1855

1856-1857

1858-1859

1860-1861

1860-1861

1862-1863

1864-1865

1866-1867

1868-1869

1870-1871

1872-1873,

1874-1875

1876-1877

1878-1880pres. Inc.

REPRESENTATIVES FROM MAHONING COUNTY

AFTER BEING TRANSFERRED FROM TRUMBULL.

David Huston

George Pow

Joseph Montgomery

Jacob Musser

Joseph Truesdale

Samuel W. Gitson

Jesse Baldwin

Joseph Bruff

Robert Montgomery

1849

1850-1851

1852-1853

1854-1855

1856-1857

1858-1855

1860-1861

1862-1863

Reuben Carroll

Joseph Bruff

George W. Brook

George W. Brook

Cook F. Kirtland

Sheldon Newton

Joseph Barclay

Robert Mackey

Thomas H. Wilson

1864-1865

1866-1867

1868-1869

1870-1871

1872-1873

1874-1875

1876-1877

1878-1879

pres. inc.

FOR MEMBERS OF CONGRESS.

• John S. Edwards, Warren, Trumbull county, .1813

Rezin Bealt, Wooster, Wayne county 1813 to 1814

David Clendenin, Trumbull county 1814 to 1817

Peter Hitchcock, Burton, Geauga county 1817 to 1819

John Sloan, Wooster, Wayne county 1819 to 1823

Died before the time for taking his seat.

76 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.

Elisha Whittlesey, Canfield, Trumbull county 1823 to 1838

Joshua R. Giddings, Jefferson, Ashtabula Co 1838 to 1843

Daniet R. Tilden, Ravenna, Portage county 1843 to 1847

John Crowell, Warren, Trumbull county 1847 to 1851

Eben Newton, Canfield, Trumbull county 1851 to 853

Joshua R. Giddings, Jefferson, Ashtabula County 1853 to 1859

John Hutchins, Warren, Trumbull county 1859 to 863

James A. Garfield, Hiram, Portage county 1863 to 1881

Lauren D. Woodworth, Youngstown, Mahoning county 1873 to 1877

William McKinley, Stark county 1877 to 1881

E. B. Taylor - 1881

NOTE—Joshua R. Giddings represented the Lake Shore district through the periods occupied by Tilden, Crowetl, and Newton, in the Trumbutt district; the main part of the Lake Shore (both previous and after) was attached to the Trumbull district. The two years service of members of Congress commence next year after election.

STATE SENATORS.

Samuel Huntington

March term

Benjamin Tappan

December term

George Tod

Calvin Cone

George Tod

Calvin Pease

Dan Eaton

Turhand Kirtland.

Eli Baldwin

John W. Seely

Eli Baldwin

Samuet Bryson

Thomas D. Webb,

seat contested an given to Henry Manning

Eli Baldwin

Thomas D. Webb

1803

1803

1804-1805

1806-1809

1810-1811

1812

1813

1814

1815

1816-1817

1818-1821

1822-1823

1824

1825

1826-1827

1828-1829

William Ripley

Ephraim Brown

Leicester King

David Tod

John Crowell

Eben Newton

Samuel Quinby

John F. Beaver

Milton Sutliff

Jonathan I. Tod

Ira Norris

Robert W. Tayler

J. Dolson Cox

Samuet Quinby

Eben Newton

George F. Brown

L. D. Woodworth

L. C. Jones

J. R. Johnson

H. B. Perkins

1830-1831

1832-1833

1834-1837

1838-1839

1840-1841

1842-1843

1844-1845

1846-1849

1850-1851

1852-1853

1854-1855

1856-1859

1860-1861

1862-1863

1864-1865

1866-1867

1868-1871

1872-1875

1876-1879

1879-1883

76 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTY, OHIO

CHAPTER XI.

MAHONING COUNTY.

Erection and Civil History of Mahoning County—County. Seat Controversy.

We have reviewed the toil and trouble, sectional strife, and multiplied projects which finally resulted in the erection of Mahoning county. The county seat war cloud, however, was not dispelled but only intensified by being confined to a smaller territory. Canfield found it necessary in order to secure the adoption of a plan of division favorable to her Interests, to make substantial pledges, which were incorporated in the legislative act of February 16, 1846. The law is headed "an Act to create the county of Mahoning." The first section declares the creation of the county and defines the boundaries as they have since. continued to exist. The section concludes that the county "shall be known by the name of Mahoning, with the county seat at Canfield." In the fifth section it is provided that " the court of common pleas and supreme court of said county shall be holden at some convenient house in the town of Canfield until suitable county buildings shall be erected." In section eight it is provided " that before the seat of justice shall be considered permanently established at Canfield, the proprietors or citizens thereof shall give bond with good and sufficient security payable to the commissioners of said county, hereafter to be elected, for the sum of $5,000, to be applied in the erection of county buildings for said county, and that the citizens of Canfield shall also donate a suitable lot of ground on which to erect public buildings."

James Wallace, of Springfield; James Brownlee, of Poland; and Lemuel Brigham, of Ellsworth, were designated by the Legislature to act as associate justices until an election should be held. They convened for the first time March 16, 1846, in the office of Elisha Whittlesey, in Canfield. Hon. Eben Newton, at that time presiding judge of the circuit, administered the oath of office. Henry J. Canfield was chosen clerk and duly qualified. The only business transacted was a division of the county into four assessment districts and the disposition of probate business. The first . assessors were Thomas McGilligen, James McClelland, Samuel Hardman, and Herman A. Doud. May nth was the time appointed for holding the first regular court of common pleas. The trustees of the Methodist Episcopal church tendered their building for the purposed there being no public hall in Canfield. Few petitions were filed and no business of importance was likely to be called, yet the occasion of opening court is one of the historic days in Canfield. The organization and dignified conduct of a court of justice is always an impressive spectacle, to which on this occasion novelty gave additional interest.

For days before that 11th of May it would have been easy to detect from street conversations and an air of preparation that some event of consequence was catalogued for the near future. On the morning of the day people began to fill the streets, and lawyers from neigh.

TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 77

boring towns and counties made hotel bar-rooms ring with sportive revelry. Citizens opened their houses to friends and acquaintances, and for several days the streets presented a scene of bustle and stir entirely new to that quiet village. At the appointed hour James Powers, the sheriff, took his position on the church steps with a dinner bell in hand, the sound of which, as he waved it back and forth, called together lawyers, officers, and spectators, who packed the room to its utmost capacity. The surroundings were no doubt strange to a majority of the professional class assembled. The presiding judge, Hon. Eben Newton, with great dignity took his place in the pulpit and the associate justices took chairs by his side. Judge Newton, having given directions, Sheriff Powers, with a voice pitched in that tone which indicates an exalted idea of dignity,' proclaimed: "Hear ye, hear ye, hear ye, all person who have business before the honorable court of common pleas of Mahoning county, Ohio, now give your attendance and you shall be heard. Court is now opened according to law." Thus was organized the first court of common pleas.

It will be noticed in the act erecting the county, Canfield was pledged to donate a suitable lot and $5,000 toward public buildings. A committee of citizens of Canfield, soon after the passage of the act of February 16, 1846, duly executed and delivered to the commissioners a bond guaranteeing the payment of the prescribed amount, which was accepted. By private arrangement, however, between the commissioners and a committee of citizens known as the building committee, it was understood that a courthouse constructed on a lot set apart for the purpose by Eben Newton, according to plans and specifications submitted by the committee, should be accepted in discharge of the bond or money obligation. Funds were at once raised by private subscription to the amount f $10,000, and contracts for the erection of a building let. Work progressed rapidly, so that by June, 1848, the committee submitted the following report:

To the Commissioners of the County of Mahoning and State of Ohio :

We, the undersigned, a committee duly chosen to erect a court-house for the use of the county of Mahoning and the State of Ohio, under the name of a building committee, having discharged the duty thus imposed upon us, do hereby offer and tender for the use of said county, the court-house situated in the town of Canfield in said county, and which has been erected by us with funds subscribed by the citizens of said Canfield in compliance with the law erecting the county of Mahoning and in discharge of the sum of $5,000, which by said law the citizens of Canfield, in said county, were required to secure before the county seat of said county should be permanently located at said Canfield.

You will also take notice that a deed duly signed, sealed, and delivered, conveying an acre of land, upon a part of which said court-house now stands, by Eben Newton and Mary his wife, is hereby signed, tendered, and offered to said commissioners for the use of said county of Mahoning.

JOHN WHITMORE,

JOHN R. CHURCH,

JOHN CLARK, Committee.

ATHAN HARTMAN,

EBEN NEWTON.

CANFIELD, June 29, 1848.

It was then ordered by the commissioners, James Justice, Daniel Parshall, and Isaiah Bowman, that the land tendered by Judge Newton, and the building standing thereon, should be accepted as the property of the county, and also " that said building be accepted in lieu of the $5,000 which the citizens of Canfield were required to pay, or secure to be paid, to the commissioners by the act erecting said county, and that said lot of ground and building thereon be accepted in satisfaction of the enactment of the eighth section of said act." The citizens of Canfield esteemed themselves particularly fortunate in securing the county seat on terms apparently so favorable to themselves. They interpreted this acceptance of their court-house as the conclusion. of a specific contract that Canfield should be permanently considered the county seat, and that interpretation was accepted in all parts of the county, even in Youngstown. The offices were duly occupied by the proper officers and the commissioners took steps toward erecting a jail, which was completed in the course of a few years. A large addition to the court-house was subsequently built at considerable expense to the county.

From 1848 the county seat agitation rested till about the year 1872. Youngstown had by that time become a city, and was the seat of more than half the litigation in the county courts, paid one-fourth the taxes, and being a railroad center was more accessible to all parts of the county than Canfield. The question of removal became an open subject of discussion, though Canfield flattered herself on being secure in consequence of the contract implied in the act of 1846.

Early in the year 1873 a large, enthusiastic

78 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.

meeting was held in Arms’ hall in Youngstown, to consider the 'subject. John Stambaugh was chairman, and George Rudge was secretary. The meeting was addressed by T. W. Sanderson, M. Logan, A. W. Jones, William Powers, G. Rudge, J. Stambaugh, D. M. Wilson, and others; all agreeing upon the main question as to the expediency and necessity for removal.

The result of this meeting was the resolution passed to elect a Representative favorable to their interest in the coming fall election, without regard to party, and the appointment of a committee to take such action in regard to removal as they deemed proper and wise. At a subsequent meeting this committee, consisting of Dr. T. Woodwridge and others, reported—first, in substance that the removal of the county seat was to the interest and convenience of a large majority of the people of Mahoning county ; second, that to attain this end it was necessary to unite upon some man to represent them in the State Legislature, irrespective of party, who was fully committed in favor of removal; third, that the city and township of Youngstown pledge themselves to build the necessary county buildings, to be twice as valuable at least as those in Canfield, and in addition donate a site for such buildings.

This report was adopted, and after business of the meeting was disposed of letters from Dr. Brooke and Mr. Wilson, the candidates of the two political parties for the constitutional convention, were read, expressing their views in regard to the constitutional provision relative to Mahoning county seats, both gentlemen favoring the provision as it stood, giving the power of removal to the majority of voters.

Acting upon the feelings of the citizens here indicated, there met in Excelsior hall the largest nominating convention ever held, on Saturday, June 30, 1873, to nominate a county ticket favorable to the removal of the county seat, the following being the ticket: Sheldon Newton of Boardman, representative; James K. Bailey, of Coitsville, auditor; Isaac Justice, of Youngstown, Jonathan Schillinger, of Springfield, commissioners; J. Schnurrenberger, of Green, infirmary director, Henry M. Boardman, of Boardman, surveyor; Dr. Ewing, of Milton, coroner; Sheldon Newton being Republican and the other gentlemen on the ticket in their political affinities were part of them Democrats and part Republicans. This convention passed the usual number of resolutions. Conspicuous were the first two whereases, which were:

FIRST. The Constitution of the State of Ohio provides for the removal of county-seats by a vote of the majority of the voters of a county; and

WHEREAS, The township of Youngstown contains over one-third of the inhabitants, and pays nearly one-half of the taxes of Mahoning county, resolved, etc.:

On August 19th, a convention of those friendly to the retention of the county-seat at Canonfield was held in that village, and the following ticket was nominated, composed partly of Democrats and partly of Republicans : Representative, C. F. Kirtland of Poland; auditor, James M. Dixon, of Jackson; prosecuting attorney, Jared Huxley, of Canfield; commissioner, James Williams, of Ellsworth; .infirmary director, Isaac G. Rush, of Coitsville ; coroner, Dr. E. G. Rose, of Austintown; Surveyor, Daniel Reichart, of Milton,

G. Van Hyning, Esq., of Canfield, as chairman of the committee on resolutions, reported the following, which were unanimously adopted:

Resolved, That we deprecate the issue forced upon us by the convention held at Youngstown; that said convention is directly and wholly responsible for rupturing long established and valued political associations for the probability of engendering local and neighborhood strife and division, the consequence of which will be to injure one portion of our citizens in the uncertain expectation of benefitting them. Resolved, That this convention, representing every township in the county, deny the truthfulness of the Youngstown convention of June 28th, they being a gross exaggeration and misrepresentation of the facts, but on the contrary we claim the seat of government, being now centrally located, of convenient access from alt portions of the county, and having good and ample buildings for the accommodation of the public, the removal of it to one corner of the county largely for the benefit of a few capitalists, and to satisfy uneasy politicat agitation would be an act of gross injustice to the greater portion of the county, and

Resolved, That we deem it of vital importance to the citizens and tax-payers to have economy prevail in the administration of public affairs, and demand, as far as practicable, the reduction of taxation in a ratio corresponding to the decline in prices of mercantile and agricultural products, etc., etc.

The first two resolutions of this convention state the issue made between the removal to Youngstown and retention at Canfield. After these conventions the contest waxed warm and the question was fully discussed by the papers of each locality and among the people at large.

The election of October, 1873, resulted in the choice of Mr. Newton to the Legislature by a large majority, and was consequently a triumph

TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 79

of the removalist party. At the following session Mr. Newton offered a bill "to remove the seat of justice in Mahoning county from the town of Canfield to the city of Youngstown, in said county," which was passed April 9, 1874, chiefly through the influence of the Mahoning representative. The act reads as follows :

SECTION I. That from and after taking effect of this section of this act, as hereinafter provided, the seat of justice in the county of Mahoning shall be removed from the town of Canfietd to the city of Youngstown in said county.

SECTION II. That the loregoing section of this act shall take effect and be in force when and so soon as the same shall be adopted by a majority of all the electors in said Mahoning county voting at the next general etection after the passage thereof, and when suitable buildings shall have been erected as hereinafter provided.

Sections three and four make provisions for submitting to the votes of the electors of the county the question of removal. Then follows

section five, which provides :

That in case a majority of electors of said county shalt vote for removal as heretofore pr0vided, the seat of justice and county seat shalt be deemed and taken to be removed trom Canfield, in said county, to the city of Youngtown, in said c0unty, and be located m said city of Youngstown; provided, however, that nothing in the act shall be so c0nstrued as to authorize the removal of the seat of justice to said city of Youngstown until the citizens and township of Youngstown shalt have donated a lot or lots of land in the city of Youngstown and of sufficient size and suitably located to accommodate the court-house, jail, and necessary offices for said county, and shall have erected thereon and completed thereon suitable buildings for court-house, jait, and alt other offices and rooms necessary for the transaction of all public business for said county, at a cost for said buildings of not less than $100,000, and to the satisfaction and acceptance of the commissioners of said county, and all such buildings shall be completed within two years from the date of the election at which said act shall be ratified ; and said commissioners shalt not nor shalt any other authority of said county levy any tax on the taxable property of said county for said lands or buildings ; provided that the citizens of Youngstown may within two years buitd said buildings and tender the same to said commissioners.

Shortly after the passage of this act Youngstown citizens called a convention and appointed a building and soliciting, and also an executive committee, 'whose duty it was to manage the campaign in favor of removal. General politics were lost sight of. The odds were against Canfield, however, from the first. A county removalist convention was held at Youngstown, August 10, 1874, to which the building committee reported that $1,000, the sum required of the city and township of Youngstown for public buildings, had been subscribed, but that the committee desired to increase the subscription to $200,000. It was also reported that the city council was prepared to donate two lots on the corner of Wick avenue and Wood streets, which were valued at $40,000. The vote in October resulted in a large majority in favor of removal. The building committee then made preparations for the erection of buildings. The city council in March, 1874, authorized the mayor to convey to the building committee in consideration of the nominal sum of $10 the two lots mentioned above. Contracts were let and workmen began the construction of a court-house, which it was estimated would cost upwards of $100,000.

But Canfield was not disposed to subfnit to the results of the strife thus far, and the consummation of Youngstown's victory lay beyond a long line of litigation. Eben Newton and other citizens of Canfield, filed a petition in the district court enjoining the commissioners against removing the county seat to Youngstown on the ground that the law of 1874 was unconstitutional, because it contemplated the violation of a contract between Canfield and the State, which guaranteed to that village the "permanent" location of the county seat. There were other grounds stated in the petition, but none entitled to consideration. The defense or Youngstown party set up the claim that the law of 1846 could not be construed to mean that Canfield should be the county seat forever, for such a construction would take out of the hands of the Legislature the authority of regulating the government of the State, and would consequently make the act of 1846 unconstitutional. It was further argued, that the word pet manent meant "without any intention of changing."

The case went from the district court to the supreme court of Ohio, where it was decided in 1876. It was held that the power to establish and remove county-seats is one which cannot he parted with by legislative contract. It is not the subject of contract, and consequently the Legislature had no authority to pass an act in 1846 making Canfield the perpetual county-seat. But the act of 1846 was not in the nature of a specific contract; a contract of grant cannot be made by the State to rest upon implication; the words of the act must be certain and direct, and must clearly show the legislative intent. Such is by no means the language of the act of 1846, which merely creates the county " with the county-seat

80 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.

at Canfield, and then provides that it shall not be considered as permanently established at Canfield" until donation of lot and $5,000 shall have been made toward county buildings. But further, even though the act of 1846 imply a specific contract and such a contract be constitutional, the validity of the act of 1874 would not be impaired, for the court held that by the word "permanently," as used in the act of 1846, it was not intended to specify that the county- seat was to remain forever at Canfield. The word is capable of a different and narrower meaning which the subject matter requires should be applied in this case. " Permanently established," as used in the act of 1846, was interpreted to mean simply "established as other county-seats are established." "Until the donation should be made," said Judge Welch, "or the commissioners provided for in the general law for locating county-seats in new counties should act in the matter, the seat of justice was to be temporarily or provisionally established at Canfield, but subject as all other county-seats were subject to be changed by future legislation. If, therefore, we are to regard this as a contract it has been fulfilled on the part of the State. The supposed contract was that the citizens should make the donation in consideration that the county-seat should remain at Canfield until removed by subsequent act of the Legislature. The donors have had thirty years enjoyment under this supposed contract, and I suppose when the county-seat comes to be removed their property will revert to them again. I do not see on what ground they can justly complain. If there was a contract they have had its full benefit."

The other counts in the petition of the citizens of Canfield were of a technical character. The court, five judges concurring, failed "to see any good reason for granting the injunction sought," and therefore dismissed the petition.

The case did not stop with this decision of the supreme court of Ohio. The plaintiffs appealed to the supreme court of the United States. The case was reached at the October term, 1879. James A. Garfield appeared for the citizens of Canfield, who stood as plaintiffs in the case, and Thomas W. Sanderson, of Youngstown, for the commissioners, or rather the people of Youngstown. General Garfield, in his argument, relied upon the proposition that the eighth section, relating to donation of property, when complied with by the citizens of Canfield amounted to a specific contract, and the constitution of the United States protects contracts made between any State and its citizens. "The question for this court is to determine whether the act of the General Assembly of Ohio of February 16, 1846, worked a contract for the permanent location of the county seat at Canfield."

General Sanderson's most weighty argument in reply was that the word "permanently," as used in the statutes at that time, did not mean "forever," but "the phrase permanently established is a formula in long and frequent use in Ohio with respect to county seats established otherwise than temporarily." "This practical interpretation of the phrase, though by no means conclusive, is entitled to grave and respectful consideration." The court affirmed the judgment of the State courts, thus leaving the commissioners free to change the location of the seat of justice, or rather confirming the county seat at Youngstown.

The Youngstown Register and Tribune, in the issue following the decision of the Ohio supreme court in August, 1876, said:

The agony is over. The thirty years' contest is ended. The prize so tong coveted is at last secure, and Youngstown is the county-seat. It coutd not but be that a contest extending through so many years should beget much bitterness. It is but natural that Canfield and the southwest should cling to the location which was so c0nvenient of access to them. The county-seat they had obtained not without a struggle and, considering the times, at considerable expense and sacrifice. They were reluctant, of course, to see it taken away. On the other hand, Youngstown, the center of population and of business, where two-thirds of alt the litigation in the county had its origin, justly felt that it was asking too much that so great a majority of the people and so large a proportion of the business interests should be compelled to contribute to Canfield and to be sacrificed to the convenience of the comparatively small mmority. Both parties were earnest and determined in their aims, Canfield to 1etain, Youngstown to secure the county-seat; so through many years run the conflict. Saturday saw it ended. Now that these indirect advantages may be as great as possible in order to reap to the full the advantages of our good fortune, it is necessary that feelings of amity and good will shall be cultivated with distant parts of the county. It is on every consideration of policy and prudence, as well as magnanimity, that all disposition to keep up the controversy should be banished. We want the people of Smith, Green, Goshen, and Canfield to feel that Youngstown is their county-seat, and that the beautiful temple of justice that has been built hem is their court-house. We would have them appreciate the

TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 81

truth that we are actuated by no spirit of hostility against their section, but throughout the controversy have only desired that the claims of the majority shall be heeded, and that we should have what is justly ours.

In another article the same paper says:

It is but just to C. H. Andrews to say that to him more than any other man the success of removal is due. It was largely his energy and tact that secured the enabling act, and it was his indomitable perseverance that pushed the building through to completion. He had the nerve to sign the contracts and become individually responsible fo1 the large sum required for their erection.

The public buildings of Mahoning county are among the best of their class in the State. The court-house, including basement, is three stories high, and is fitted throughout with modern conveniences and fire-proof vaults. The jail and sheriff's residence is well adapted to the uses of such a structure, being healthy, commodious, and secure. Certainly Youngstown can never suffer the reproach of having in any particular failed to comply, not only with the obligations imposed by the act of 1874, but also with the promises which her citizens made in order to secure the location of the county seat. The dedication of such buildings to the uses of the county was a fitting consummation of the struggle she had made for the seat of county government since the organization of New Connecticut into a civil division of the Northwest Territory, in the year 1800. We will close this chapter with a list of the officers of the county since 1846.

AUDITORS.

The auditors are also clerks to the board of county commissioners. Their terms begin on the second Monday in November of alternate years. Andrew Fitch served from March 1, 1846, to March 1, 1848; Benjamin Votaw, 1848 to 1850; Thomas Roller, 1850 to 1852; S. C. Clarke, 1852 to 1855; Jackson Truesdale, 1855 to 1859; Timothy D. Baldwin, 1859 to 1863; David Simon, 1863 to 1867; B. G. Wilcox, 1867 to November 1871; James K. Bailey, 1871 to 1875; James B. Hughes, 1875 to 188o; Freeman H. Scherer, 1880.

SHERIFFS.

The sheriff's term begins on the first Monday in January of every alternate year. The sheriffs of Mahoning county have been as follow : James Powers, from March r, 1846, to January, 1848; William Schmick, 1848 to 185o; William Meeker, 1850 to 1852; Erastus Platt, 1852 to

I1 1856; Albert Cook, 1856 to 1858; Samuel Smith, 1858 to 1862; Mathew Logan, 1862 to 1864; N. P. Callahan, 1864 to 1868; Charles Townsend, 1868 to 1872; John R. Davis, 1872 to 1876; James B. Drake, 1876 to 1880; George W. Ludy wick, 1880.

COUNTY COMMISSIONERS.

The first county commissioners were : Robert Turnbull, who was elected for one year from March 1, 1846; Isaiah Bowman, elected for two years, and James Justice, elected for three years. All their successors were elected for terms of three years each,

In 1847 Daniel Parshall took Turnbull's seat. In March, 1848, Jacob Leyman was elected. At this time the court extended the terms of those then in office from March to November, and thereafter these officials were elected at the regular October elections. On November r, 1849, John Cowden took the place of James Justice, On December 2, 185o, Daniel Thoman took Daniel Parshall's place. On the first Monday in December, 1851, Jacob Brunnstetter took Jacob Leyman's place. On the first Monday in December, 1852, John Stewart took John Cow- den's place. On the first Monday in December, 1853, Furman Gee took Daniel Thoman's place. On the first Monday in December, 1854, John R. Kennedy took Jacob Brunnstetter's place. On the first Monday in December, 1855, Alexander Pow took Stewart's place. On the first Monday in December, 1856, Conrad A. Bunts took Furman Gee's place. On the first Monday in December, 1857, John Warner took John R, Kennedy's place. On the first Monday in December, 1858, John Shields took Alexander Pow's place. On the first Monday in December, 1859, Conrad A. Bunts became his own successor. On the first Monday in December, 1860, William A. Miller took John Warner's place. On the first Monday in December, 1861, James Duncan took John Shields' place. On the first Monday in December, 1862, Stephen Case took Conrad A. Bunts' place. William A. Miller was elected in 1863. Lewis Templin in 1864. In 1865 Stephen Case was his own successor. In 1866 Robert Lowry succeeded William A. Miller. In 1867 Shelden Newton succeeded Lewis Templin. In 1868 William Johnson succeeded Stephen Case. In 1869 Robert Lowry was re-elected. In 187o Lewis Templin suc-

82 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.

ceeded Newton. In 1871 William Johnson was re-elected. In 1872 Samuel Wallace succeeded Robert Lowry. In 1873 Jonathan Schillinger succeeded Lewis Templin. In 1874 J. M, Jackson succeeded William Johnson. In 1875 Shelden Newton succeeded Samuel Wallace. In 1876 J. H. Blackburn succeeded Jonathan Schillinger. In 1877 George Wetzel succeeded J. M. Jackson. In 1878 Frank McMaster succeeded Shelden Newton. In 1879 J. H. Blackburn was re-elected. In 1880 A. D. McClurg succeeded George Wetzel. In 1881 Frank McMaster was re-elected.

TREASURERS.

John H. Donald, from March, 1846, to December, 1847; Hosea Hoover, 1847-51; John Wetmore, 1851-53, Singleton King, 1853-55 ; Lewis Ruhlman, 1855-59; James W. McClennand, 1859-63; Robert M. Wallace, 1863-67 ; John R. Truesdale, 1867-71; James Barclay, 1871-73; Alexander Dickson, 1873-75; Henry Flickinger, 1875-77; Alexander Dickson, 1877-81; William Cornelius, 1881-83. The treasurer's term begins in September.

RECORDERS,

Saxon Sykes, from March 1, 1846, to October 18, 1849; George Hollis, from October 18, 1849, to October 23, 1856; A. P. Flaugher, from October 23, 1856, to June 1, 1863; J. B. Leach, from June 1, 1863, to the second Monday in January, 1865; J. V. McCurley, from the second Monday in January, 1865, to January, 1868; F. M. Simon, from January, 1868, to January, 1875;

S. B. Rieger, from January, 1875, to January, 1878; Thomas H. Ward, from January 8, 1878, to January, 1881. Recorder Ward was re-elected in October, 1880, as his own successor. The recorders are elected every three years.

PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS.

William Ferguson, from 1846 to 1848; James B. Blocksom, from 1848 to 1850: E. G, Canfield, from 185o to 1852; R. J. Powers, from 1852 to 1856; T. W. Sanderson, from 1856 to 1858; R. J. Powers, from 1858 to 1860; William C. Bunts, 1860 to 1862; James B. Blocksom, from 1862 to 1863; F. G. Servis, from 1863 to 1867; H. G. Leslie, 1867; Asa W. Jones, from 1867 to 1869; W. G. Moore, 1869 to 1871; A. W. Jones, frorp 1871 to 1873; I. A. Justice, from 1873 to 1875; C. R. Truesdale, from 1875 to 1877; M. W. Johnson, 1877 to 1881; C. R, Truesdale, from 1881 to 1883.

James B. Blocksom and H, G. Leslie died while in office.

PROBATE COURT.

The probate court of Mahoning county was organized on March 8, 1852. The time of service of the judges dated from the second Monday in February of each year. William Hartsel served until February 12, 1855; Garretson I, Young until February 9, 1861; Giles Van Hyning until February, 1867; Joseph R. Johnston until February no, 1873; M. V. B. King until February 14, 1876; Leroy D. Tohman until 1879; Louis W. King until February, 1882.

Judge King became his own successor at the election held in October. 1881.

VOTE FOR GOVERNOR-MAHONING COUNTY.

1848-Seabury Ford (Whig), 1,69; John B, Weller (Demccrat), 2,069.

1850-Reuben Wood (Democrat), 1,862; William Johnston (Whig), 828; Edward Smith (Abolition), 477.

1851 -Reuben Wood (Democrat), 1,546; Samuel F. Vinton (Whig), 484; Samuel Lewis (Abolition), 633.

1853-William Medill (Democrat), 1,360; Nelson Barrere (Whig), 381; Samuel Lewis (Abolition), 1,004.

1855-Salmon P. Chase (Republican), 1,592; William Medill (Democrat), 1,495; Allen Trimble (Know Nothing), 60.

1857-Salmon P. Chase (Republican), 1,891; Henry B. Payne (Democrat), 1,825; Philip Van Trump (Know Nothing), 2.

1859-William Dennison (Republican), 2,424; Rufus P. Ranney (Democrat), 2,041,

1861-David Tod (Republican), 2,505; Hugh J. Jewett (Democrat), 1,566.

1863-John Brough (Republican), 3,206; C, L. Vallandigham (Democrat).

1865---Jacob D. Cox (Republican), 2,504; George W. Morgan (Democrat), 2,184.

1867-Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican), 2,898; Allen G. Thurman (Democrat), 2,602.

1869 -Rutheford B. Hayes (Republican), 3,003; George H. Pendleton (Democrat), 2,552,

1871-Edward F., Noyes (Republican), 3,087; George W. McCook (Democrat), 2,602: Gideon T. Stewart (Prohibition) 160.

TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 83

1873—William Allen (Democrat), 3,003; Edward F. Noyes (Republican), 3,46o; G. T. Stewart (Prohibition), 48; Isaac Collins (Liberal), 16.

1875—Rutherford B. Hayes, 3,788; William Allen, 3,947; Jay Odell, 27.

1877—Richard M. Bishop (Democrat), 2,820; William H. West (Republican), 2,947; H. A. Thompson (Prohibition), 34; Stephen Johnston (Greenback), 1,339.

1879—Charles Foster (Republican), 4,179; Thomas Ewing (Democrat) 3,854; G. T. Stewart (Prohibition), 16; A. Saunders Piatt (Greenback),219.

VOTE FOR PRESIDENT IN 1880 IN MAHONING COUNTY.

Garfield

Hancock

Weaver

Dow

Youngstown (city)

Youngstown township

Springfield township

Smith township

Poland township

Mitton township

Jackson township

Greene township

Goshen township

Ellsworth township

Coitsville township

Canfield township

Boardman township

Berlin township

Beaver township

Austintown township

Totals.

1693

528

169

295

399

54

112

209

264

221

160

189

40

121

24

295

4943

1265

408

432

81

144

136

163

207

78

89

126

206

88

112

291

218

4044

68

32

44

16

22

7

3

3

4

10

2

30

241

5

6

1

5

2

17

5

41

Total vote, 9,269.

TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 83

CHAPTER XII.

MILITIA ORGANIZATION AND WAR OF 1812.

The Need of Watchfulness—Hull's Surrender—General Wadsworth and Perkins go to the Front.

Behind the fringed border of settlement and frontier cabins was a power which gave constant apprehension of danger. Although weakened by defeat at Fallen Timbers and pledged to peace by Wayne's treaty at Greenville, in 1795, there was reason for distrusting the Indians, and every able-bodied man held himself in 1eadiness for defense at any time. An Indian is always pre pared for war. The tools with which he secures his daily food are his implements in battle; he needs no commissary, the trees are his fortifica tions and hidden forest paths his army roads. Besides his slyness and shyness and deep-seated hatred of the whites there were active influences at work which made the situation especially alarming. The revolution and treaty of 1783 was not a final settlement of affairs between England and the United States. The British crown had been forced to recognize American independence, but continued to cherish jealous resentment and neglected no opportunity to throw obstacles in the way of the young nation's growth, The Indian tribes of the West were found ready and useful instruments in carrying out this line of public policy. British agents were tireless in their efforts to incite insurrection and instigate savage cruelty as a means of checking the growth and development of the Northwest. By making the Indian warriors a standing army of enemies to the United States England preserved a formidable ally when the inevitable conflict should come. The magnificent and complete success of Wayne's expedition frustrated for a time these inhuman foreign intrigues. But jealousy is an active force and while it exists cannot long be restrained.

The rapid progress of western settlement was explained to the Indian to mean the extinction of his race. His pride, his prudence, and his hope were appealed to in persuading him to rally once more to the defense of his home and hunting ground. British agents found in Tecumseh an agent whose talents made him able, and whose ambition made him willing to serve their purpose. As early as 1805 this wily chief began' to organize a confederacy of tribes, ostensibly at first for the purpose of effecting much-needed reforms. He sought to soften tribal prejudices and to re-establish original manners and customs. By reuniting hostile nations his influence became almost imperial. He was unceasing in his toil. His reputation as a sagacious counselor and warrior secured for him everywhere considerate attention. Having succeeded in effecting a general union, he proceeded to his second step in a manner which compliments his cunning. Superstition was summoned to his aid. The Prophet, his brother, began to dream dreams and see visions. The fame of his divine commission spread throughout the forest. and believing pilgrims received British teaching at the shrine of the Prophet. Meanwhile, Tecumseh's activity was

84 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.

simply wonderful. One day he was pleading loyalty to 'the United States at Governor Harrison's office at Vincennes, Indiana, and the same week arranging war plans in the valley of the Wabash and on the plains of Sandusky. His canoe was seen crossing the Mississippi, and before any were aware he was addressing Cherokee councils in Georgia and Alabama. The whole West was thus aroused to war, which began openly at Tippecanoe in 1811. The fact that British and Indians were relying upon each other for aid could no longer be concealed.

Meanwhile diplomatic affairs between England And the United States had become threateningly complicated. The former country and France had long been active belligerents. American vessels were accused of receiving British deserters, and under a pretended right of search merchant ships were plundered of their sailors on the high seas. Hundreds of Americans were in that way impressed into the severe service of the British navy. The crown was appealed to in behalf of American rights, but without avail. Not only did past injuries go unrepaired, but fresh insults were added till war became the only honorable course.

Standing armies are the reliance of the Old World monarchies; the patriotism and courage of its citizens has always proved adequate for the defense of our Republic. A vigilant and ready militia have responded in every emergency to the bugle notes of danger, and an industrious citizenship is converted by the presence of an enemy into a valiant soldiery. Thus we have all the safety of a standing army without the expense of its maintenance. Western settlers were well qualified for the camp and battlefield. Pioneer labor had toughened their muscles ; frontier dangers had hardened their courage and made them accurate marksmen ; hardships and privations they were accustomed to. The first constitution of Ohio provided for a thoroughly organized defensive force ready to be called into action whenever occasion might demand. At the second session of the Legislature of the State in Chillicothe in 1803-4 specific laws were passed providing for an effective militia. The State was divided into four divisions. John S. Gano, of Cincinnati, was elected major-general of the first, Nathaniel Massie, of Chillicothe, of the second; Joseph Beall, of Marietta, of the third, and Elijah Wadsworth, of Canfield, of the fourth. The fourth division comprised the n0rth half of the State, including Trumbull, Columbiana, and Jefferson counties. The first division order issued by General Wadsworth is dated April 6, 1804, and reads as follows :

GENERAL ORDER

FOURTH DIVISION OHIO MILITIA.

The fourth divisi0n of militia 0f the State of Ohio is divided into five regiments, which for the purpose ot facilitating the election 0f officers and until further arrangements ate made by the c0mmander-in-chief, will be numbered as follows: The first brigade including the county of Trumbull in two regiments; the second brigade, including the c0unties of Jefferson and Columbiana in three regiments; the tirst regiment of the first brigade includes alt that part of the county of Trumbull lying north of the line of township five in the survey of said county; second regiment includes all that part of the county 0f Trumbull lying south 0f the first regiment; third regiment includes the county 0f Columbiana, the fourth and fifth regiments inctude all of Jeffers0n county, of which all persons concerned ate to take notice and govern themselves accordingly.

Benjamin Tappan and John Stoan, Esq., are appointed aides-de-camp to the major-generat of the f0urth division and are to be obeyed and respected accordingly.

ELIJAH WADSWORTH,

Major-general F0urth Division O. M,

A general military election was held May 7, 1804, at which the following officers were chosen for the first and second regiments of the fourth division of Trumbull county, which at that time included the whole Western Reserve.

FIRST REGIMENT.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Nathaniel King.

Captain George W. Hawley.

Captain Martin Smith.

Captain Solomon Griswold.

Captain lames A. Harper.

Captain Charles Parker.

Captain Josiah Cleveland.

Captain L0renzo Carter.

Lieutenant Seth Harrington.

Lieutenant Stephen Brown.

Lieutenant David Randall.

Lieutenant Thomas Martin.

Lieutenant Ebenezer Hewens.

Lieutenant Joel Paine.

Lieutenant Jedediah Baird.

Lieutenant Nathaniel Drane.

Ensign Daniel Sawtell.

Ensign John Henderson.

Ensign Zopher Case.

Ensign Skene Sackett.

Ensign George Caldwell.

Ensign Ela S. Clapp.

Ensign Lyman Benton.

Ensign Samuel J0nes.

TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 85

,SECOND REGIMENT.

Captain Homer Hine.

Captain Eli Baldwin.

Captain John Struthers.

Captain Barnabas Harris.

Captain George Todd.

Captain Samuel Tylee.

Captain James Applegate.

Captain George Phelps.

Captain William Bushnell.

Captain Henry Rodgers.

Captain Thomas Wright.

Captain Ezra Wyatt.

Captain John Oviatt.

Lieutenant Aaron Collar.

Lieutenant Josiah Walker.

Lieutenant John Russell.

Lieutenant James Lynn.

Lieutenant Moses Latta.

Lieutenant Edward Schofield.

Lieutenant Henry Hickman.

Lieutenant James Heaton.

Lieutenant Daniel Humison.

Lieutenant John Diver.

Lieutenant William Chard.

Lieutenant Gersham Judson.

Lieutenant Aaron Norton.

Ensign Jacob Parkhurst.

Ensign Nathaniel Blakesley.

Ensign William Henry.

Ensign James Struthers.

Ensign Henry Hull.

Ensign John Smith.

Ensign John Elliott.

Ensign John Ewalt.

Ensign Ebenezer N. Combs.

Ensign John Campbell.

Ensign David Moore.

Ensign Thomas Kennedy.

Ensign James Walker.

The county of Trumbull was constituted one brigade. The second brigade consisted of the then 1egiments from Columbiana and Jefferson counties. Martm Smith and Lorenzo Carter were chosen majors for lhe first and second battalion respectively of the first regiment, and James Applegate and Henry Rodgers of the two battalions of the second regiment, all being promoted fr0m the captaincy. Between 1804 and 1812, owing to increase of settlement, the fourth division was divided into four brigades, commanded by Generals Miller, Beall, Perkins, and Paine. The third brigade, commanded by General Sim0n Perkins, embraced the present counties of Mahoning, Ashtabula, and Trumbull; the fourth brigade (General Paine's) embraced all the Reserve west of the third.

In 1812 Cleveland, Mansfield, and Urbana were the fr0ntier towns in Ohio. There were a few scattered settlements west of the Cuyahoga in the Reserve, but they were totally unable to make defense, even against the Indians.

General Perkins' brigade consisted of three regiments, commanded by Lieutenant-colonels William Rayen, J. S. Edwards, and Richard Hayes. The Ohio militia before the War of 1812 followed the example of the Continental establishment after the Revolution, and had no colonels, the command being vested in lieutenant-colonels, who by courtesy were generally called, except in official correspondence, colonels. The regiment numbered about five hundred men. Congress, anticipating war, passed an act' in February, 1812, increasing the United States army. It provided for a regiment of volunteers from Ohio and Kentucky, of which Samuel H. Wells was commissioned colonel, and John Miller, of Steubenville, lieutenant-colonel. George Tod was subsequently appointed major of the regiment, which was listed as the Seventeenth United States. Tod previous to his commission in the regular army had been brigade-major and inspector to General Perkins. The news of the war preparations caused considerable apprehension on the frontiers on account of the open hostility of the Indians. General Perkins' first significant document was the following

BRIGADE ORDERS,

Third brigade, Fourth division, Ohio militia, issued 28th of April, 1812, to Lieutenant-c0lonels William Rayen, Richard Hayes and John S. Edwards.

SIR: You are hereby required to cause to be raised within the regiment over which you have command, if they can be raised by voluntary enlistment, twenty-three good and able-bodied men, to serve in the service of the United States as a detachment from the militia f this State. If that number f men cannot be attained by voluntary enrollment, you are required to cause to be raised by draft and on your regiment thirteen men of the above description, to be taken from the respective companies composing the same, in proportion to the numbers in each. In whatever way the detachment from the Third brigade, Fourth division, Ohio militia, may be raised, it is to be officered in the manner as the law directs. On the execution of this order, you are to make the brigadier of the aforesaid brigade a return of the men enrolled or drafted by the 9th day f May next. The above order is issued in consequence of recent and pressing 0rders from the President of the United States, through the major-general of Fourth division of Ohio militia. The detachment from your regiment shall rendezvous at some convenient place in your regiment, as you shall order, on the 4th of May next, when it will receive further orders.

The above orders are to be executed with the greatest possible promptitude and dispatch.

For information you are referred to a statute of the United

86 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.

States, passed the 6th day of February, Ara, entitled: "An act authorizing the President of the United States to accept and organize certain volunteer military corps;" likewise to the statute of the State of Ohio regulating the militia theref April 27, 1812. By order of

SIMON PERKINS, brigadier.

GEORGE TOD, brigade major and inspector.

There was at that time considerable opposition to the policy of the administration at Washington. The old-line Federalists accused President Madison of fostering war for political purposes, and in place of encouraging enlistments endeavored to cultivate a popular feeling against a resort to arms. It was on the eve of a Presidential election, when the Federalists were making a last desperate effort for existence as a party. Their only hope of success lay in their appeal for peace. Gideon Granger wrote from Washington in February:

The Ohio delegation have recommended General Miller for colonel and George Tod for major. I am astonished at Tod's entering the army. If I could see him I could change his mind.

The recruiting and enlisting service was difficult until war had actually been declared. Major Tod wrote from Zanesville on June 29, 1812: I have just received a file f newspapers from Washington city giving intelligence of a declaration of war by the Congress of the United States against Great Britain. This event wilt give a new aspect to affairs, and it is really to be hoped that it will produce a union f sentiment and action.

The war was expected for more than a year before Congress passed a formal declaration, and during this time the militia was kept in steady drill. The following order of General Wadsworth to the brigade commanders was sufficient to enable them to anticipate what they might at any time expect :

CANFIELD, September 14, 1811

I am directed by the commandant of the Fourth division of the militia of this State to call your attention to the subject f making returns f the brigade under your command. It is important that the government of this State and that f the United States should know at a time when war almost appears inevitable, their actual strength. There is little or no doubt but that "the weighty and important matters" which the President has to lay before Congress, by reason f which it is called to meet eartier than usuat, relate to our differences with foreign powers.

Should Congress deem it expedient to declare wa1 against 0ne or both of the belligerents, its attention must necessarily be drawn to ascertain the force they could compel to take the field. This information cannot be derived from any other quarter than the returns made from the several States, and their neglecting to make returns at the adjutant-general's office dries up the source of information on this subject. The adjutant-general has heretofore complained of the remissness of this department, and it has been impossible for the commandant of this division to be more punctual in the discharge of the duties assigned to him, as the returns from the brigades under his command have in some instances been partiality, and in others wholly with holden from him, and they have been made months after it was his duty to have forwarded them. The general expects from you1 attention and exertions, that a return of your brigade will be duly made and transmitted to him, agreeable to the 27th section f the militia law of this State.

With esteem and regard I am your obedient and humble servanl,

ELISHA WHITTLESEY,

Aide-de-Camp.

In response to Governor Meigs' order of April 27, 1812, calling for one company from each brigade, under date of May 11, Brigadier-general Perkins says in a letter to Major-general Wadsworth:*

DEAR SIR: On the 9th inst. I received returns fr0m the several colonels, complying with my order of April 28th. From two regiments volunteers were returned, and in one a draft was made. The volunteers returned here have been sufficient in this regiment to form a company, but they were from two regiments. I have issued an order for drafts to those regiments which 1eturned volunteers, and my return will no doubt be complete in the course of the present week.

SIMON PERKINS.

The following was subsequently returned as the quota of the Third brigade :

WARREN, June 12, 1812.

SIR: In compliance with your order of the 17th day of April last I have caused to be drafted, and wh0 now hold themselves in readiness for you1 further order, the foll0wing list of officers and men:

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain John W. Seely.

Ensign lames Kerr.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Samuel Bill.

Third Sergeant Zadock Bowell.

First Corporal John Cherry.

PRIVATES.

Asa Lane, Peter Lanterman, Miller Blackley, William Strader, Joseph Nettelfield, William Crawford, James Chalpin, Robert Brewer, Nathaniel Stanley, Alexander Hayes, David Kiddie, William Martin, Conrad Knafe, James Anderson, John Strain, Matthew Dobbins, Ezra Buell, Solomon Wartrous, Peter Yatman, Urial Burnett, Hugh Markee, Amos Rathburn, David Fitch, Joseph Walker, Michael Crumrine, Barnabas Slavin, Martin Tid, Jr., Justin Fobes, William Meeker, James Mears, Aaron Scroggs, Andrew Markee, Jr., Eathen Newman, Daniel Fowter.

SIMON PERKINS,

Brigadier-generat Third brigade, Fourth division, Ohio militia.

Congress took early steps in 1812 to provide for the protection of the northwestern frontier, The plan was to seize upon Upper Canada as soon as war should ben declared, thus throwing a

* Generat Perkins' order to the lieutenant-colonels is given above under date of April 28,

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strong f0rce between the Brilish army and the hostile Indians. The plan was prudent and gave the Ohio frontier an assurance of safety; ils executi0n was, perhaps, the most contemptible exhibition of military imbecility in American history. President Madison as a statesman and diplomat was the peer of any man of his time, but he lacked the executive energy necessary to make a successful war .president. His wa1 secretary deserves scarce less reprobation than Brigadier-general Hull, of whom we shall presently have occasion to speak. Although for four, years war was anticipated as the probable issue of international complications, and while provisions were made for increasing the army and for taking possession of Canada, no marine force whatever was equipped for guarding the upper lakes and intercepting a free approach of the enemy by water. Canada projects into the United States like a wedge, the extreme point of which is Malden, where the British had a fort. Govern0r Hull, of Michigan, in April, two months before war was declared, was commissioned a brigadier with an army of about two thousand men, half of whom were raised in Ohio. He was stati0ned at Detroit, with instructions to cross the river, seize Malden, and invade Canada as soon as war should be declared. He was on the Maumee giving attention to the erection of works of defense, when a common mail communication informed him of the declaration of war. The British on the opposite shore had received the important news three days earlier by express messenger. The action of the Secretary of War in trusting to the doubtful course of mails, through a dangerous wilderness, the delivery of a message upon which depended a military campaign, has never been accounted for. General Hull, after being notified, passed with his two thousand men in sight of Malden, which was defended by one hundred British regulars and one armed schooner, without making an attack. The entire British force, including Indians and local militia, did not exceed one five hundred. Hull crossed the Detroit river, but on being informed that General Brock with the British 1egulars from Niagara was approaching, and that all the Indians of the Northwest were preparing for a descent upon his army, retreated to his fortifications at Detroit. This movement lost him the confidence of his army, who were anxious for action and ambitious for glory. A few days later General Brock arrived at Malden, and assumed command of the whole British army. On the 16th of August, with 300 regulars, 450 Canadians, and 600 Indians, he crossed the 1iver below Detroit under cover of several armed vessels and at once moved toward the fort. Advance parties of the garrison annoyed their approach, while the front line of batteries were planked in such a way as to sweep the advancing columns wilh grape-shot. Every one within the fort was sanguine of a successful resistance, but at a critical moment, when an order of fire was expected, General Hull, seemingly frightened, to insure civility hoisted the white flag, surrendering to the British the garrison, stores, public property, and the whole of Michigan; besides laying bare to British cruelty and Indian bloodthirstiness the whole Western frontier. Hull was afterwards exchanged for thirty British prisoners, court-martialed and sentenced to be shot for cowardice, but in consideration of his 1evolutionary sevices was pardoned by President Madison.

"Hull," says General George Sanderson, who was one of the humiliated army, "was an imbecile, not a traitor o1 a coward, but an imbecile caused by drunkenness. He was an ardent drinker. On the day before his surrender his son, Captain Abraham F. Hull, came among my men in a beastly state of intoxication.

On the day of the surrender I saw Hull frequently. His face about the mouth and chin was covered with tobacco juice and I thought in common with other officers that the general was under lhe influence of liquor. He was surrounded by a military family, the members of which were fond of high times, wines and liquors. After his surrender and before the enemy had entered, many of the officers begged Colonel James Findlay to take command of the American forces and resist the enemy, but he declined to take command. Colonel James Miller was also urged to take command, but he refused to assume the responsibility, saying 'matters had gone too far, but had Hull signified to me his intention of surrendering, I would have assumed command and defended the fort to the fast. Miller would have done so, too."

The disaster at Detroit was totally unexpected

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on the Reserve, where the danger it threatened was greatest. The news reached General Wadsworth at Canfield, August 22d. The situation was alarming, and without waiting for instructions from any source he issued an order at once for the whole military force under his command to rendezvous at Cleveland. "The orders," says Colonel Whittlesey, "were received in the third and fourth brigades like the calls of the Scottish chiefs through the highlands." "As soon," says the Trump of Fame newspaper, "as the news of the fall of Detroit was confirmed, every man 1an to arms, old and young, without distinction of politics, and repaired to the lpost of danger. None waited for the formality of orders, but every one, whether exempt from military duty or not, put on his armor." Messengers pressing hard on the track of those who brought the news from Detroit, brought the appalling report that boats were seen rounding Avon point at Cleveland, supposed to be freighted with British and Indian invaders. Women and children from about the Cuyahoga and westward deserted their homes and fled in desperate fright toward the interior, and couriers, taking up the cry of appeal for help, rode day and night spreading it. It was on Sunday, while people were assembled in forest arbors, in barns or log houses for public worship, when these messengers reached Trumbull county. At the same time General Wads- worth's messengers were spreading the summons to arms. Meetings were dispersed, hasty preparations were made for the field by cleaning hunting rifles, sharpening their knives, and filling their powder horns and bullet pouches with ammunition.

Colonel Richard Hayes' regiment, consisting of men from the north part of Trumbull and south part of Ashtabula, mustered at Kinsman's store, August 6th. This regiment embraced eight companies from Hubbard, Vernon, Bro0kfield, Vienna, Kinsman, Williamsfield, Gustavus, Wayne, Johnston and Fowler. Colonel Rayen's and Colonel Edwards' regiments were already on the way. So general was the uprising that Major-general Wadsworth gave directions that half of the volunteers should be sent home to act as a reserve or second guard in case of an emergency. We have traditionary authority for saying that this order was received with 1egret by many detailed to return. At Cleveland the im mediate cause of alarm was found to be a mistake. The boats supposed to contain enemies were found to be transports with dejected victims of the surrender returning on parole. The self- organized militia met them as friends and gave them the sympathy they needed. But the clanger of an invasion was still apparent, and prudence advised thorough organization. General Wadsworth, with the assistance of General Perkins, at once began organizing the troops who were massed together without the semblance of military order. The force was ample so far as pertained to numbers, courage, arid ard0r, but their equipment was insufficient, and their knowledge of discipline deficient. The following letter, 'found among General Wadsworth's papers, will give some idea of the situation.

HEADQUARTERS, CAMP AT CLEVELAND, O.,

August 26, 1812.

SIR :—On the instant that I 1eceived information that General Hull had capitutated with the British commande1 for the surrender of Detroit; that our army were prisoners, and the British and Indians in possession of the Michigan territory, and on their march to this State, I immediately ordered 0ut alt the militia under my command, consisting of the first brigade, commanded by Brigadier-general Beall; the second brigade, commanded by Brigadier-general Mitler; the third brigade, commanded by Brigadier general Perkins, to repair immediately to Cleveland, with their arms and days provisions. My orders have been promptly complied with, ab0ut troops have already arrived and others are continually coming in from all quarters. I expect in a few days to have a sufficient force to repel any force that the enemy can at present bring against us, but I am destitute f everything needful for the use and support of an army. The troops are badty armed and clothed, with no provisions or camp equipage, or the means of procuring any. But the dangerous situation f the country obliges me to face every difficulty, since my command arrived at this place, on the —the instant, and established my headquarters. Since my arrival at this place about prisoners have been added here by the British.

Yours with respect,

ELIJAH WADSWORTH.

To Secretary of War.

That the people at home had entire confidence in the troops gone to the front is shown by the following item from the Trump of Fame:

Major-general Wadsworth has established his headquarters at Cleveland, and pushed forward a body f troops under the command of Brigadier-general Perkins to Huron. The detachment, from the brigade under the command of General Beall, has been ordered to Mansfield, The unfortunate prisoners belonging to this State, who surrendered at Detroit, are daily coming into Cleveland. All accounts concu1 in the establishment of the treachery of General Hull. But we trust if the Government of the United States will put arms in our hands, that the patriotic militia of Ohio will soon take abundant satisfaction.—[September 2, 1812.

We have been unable to find more than frag-

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mentary information of the events which followed. A block-house known as Camp Avery had been erected at Huron, near the present site of Milan. General Perkins was given command of the army at the front, with large discretion, and Colonel Richard Hayes, with the Trumbull and Ashtabula troops, led the advance westward from Cleveland. By September 6th, General Perkins had reached camp at Huron, where he had command of about four hundred men.

No order had yet been issued at Washington by the War department, and it is probable that Hull's surrender was not known there when the Reserve troops reached the line of frontier defenses. Colonel Rayen's regiment from the south part of Trumbull county joined the front. ranks about September 15th. A poisonous malaria filled the valleys of the rivers and produced' distressing sickness among the troops. The m0nth of September is especially sickly when fever and ague prevail. Captain Burnham estimates that by September 15th, there were not more than two hundred and fifty fighting men at Huron, and Joshua R. Giddings has noted :

The billions fever had reduced our effective troops until we were able to muster only two guards, consisting of two relieves, so that each healthy man was compelled to stand post one-fourth of the time.

Prior to September 15th Major Austin and Lieutenant Allen, returning from an expedition to Kelly's Island, found the body of Michael Guy, of Colonel Rayen's regiment, and a native of Warren, on the peninsula. He had been scalped. A soldier of the command was shot on the way. The only engagement known to have taken place on the Reserve occurred on September 29, 1812. Colonel J. S. Edwards informed Colonel Hayes, who was in command at Huron (General Perkins having been called to Cleveland to consult with General Wadsworth), that he had four hundred bushels of wheat on the Ramsdale place on the peninsula which he was requested to secure for the troops. Several days had been passed in inactivity and in the usual Yankee amusement of practical joking. But on the evening of the 28th of September drumming and fifing announced more important business. Volunteers were called for to march against the Indian depredators. Sixty- four responded with Captain Joshua A. Cotton and Lieutenants Ramsey and Bartholomew in command. The party started that evening, and on the following day met a large body of Indians. A spirited engagement took place, in which six volunteers were killed, viz.: James S. Bills, Simon Blackman, Daniel Mingus, Abraham Simons, Lieutenant Ramsdale, and Alexander Mason. 'Ten were wounded, among the number Joseph McMahon, who escaped, but was killed on his way home.

The President on September 5th ordered a draft of one hundred thousand men for the regular service. Three regiments were required of the fourth division, which General Wadsworth reported ready for service, as will be seen by the following letter to the Secretary of War :

HURON, November 28, 1812.

SIR : I have organized three Regiments from the Division under my command, comprising the number of men you require me to order to take the field, and have placed them under the command of Brigadier-general Simon Perkins, agreeable to instructions from Generat Harrison. One regiment has advanced to Sandusky bay, where they occupy the Fort. Parties are detached daily to gather corn and other forage, and every means are made use of to prepare for a continuous campaign. I trust, Sir, that the men will signalize themselves when they engage with the enemy. I have drawn three several Bills of Exchange on you to defray a part of the expenses incurred in organizing this detachment and keeping it in the field. The draft that I mentioned in my letter of November 8th was not forwarded by Lieutenant Church from Pittsburg, owing to his having been informed by Major Stoddard that the subsistence of the provisions fr0m Detroit was improperly embraced in his estimate on which my draft was predicated. It would accommodate the public creditors if some person in the Western Country should be authorized to purchase bills on the War Office.

General Wadsworth having rendered the Government, and particularly the Reserve, patriotic, and useful services in defending the frontier, returned to his home in Canfield early in December. He had gone ahead from the beginning promptly, efficiently, and fearlessly, according to orders when he had them, without orders when it was necessary. He did not stop to ask until his work was finished "how the expense accrued in this business was to be defrayed." He had spared no pains in the discharge of duty, and had involved himself in ruin should the Government neglect him. His strong confidence in the administration did not permit him to entertain the thought of being allowed to suffer. He explained the situation on his return from the army in the following letter:

CANFIELD, December 20th, 1812.

SIR: Having on the 29th ult. completed the force ordered by you front my division by your letter of September 5th, and placed them under the immediate command of General Har-

90 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.

rison, reporting to him the whole force, it seemed that my service was no 'longer necessary or required by Government, and accordingly on the 3oth I left the headquarters f the right wing f the Northwestern army at Huron and returned home.

Various causes combined; which were altogether beyond my c0ntrol, has in some measure lengthened the time in completing the organization of the detachment. However, no time has been lost. The extensive new settlements have been saved from savage barbarity, and the detachment equally ready to go forward with the main army. Doubtless you are sensible of the great disadvantages I have labored uncle' to equip, support, and march into the field such a detachment of men with0ut money. Although the credit of the United States may be good, there are a class of citizens that will not lend any assistance or support to the war. Of course it is more difficult to procure supplies for a military force, and in the present case has fallen heavy on the real friends of the Government. You will see I am placed in a critical situation. By my orders great expenditures have accrued. I am daily called on for payment and several suits have been actually commenced, although I do not conceive myself personally holden, yet it will make extra expense and, Sir, .I do conceive it necessary as well for the honor of the Government as the good of the creditors, that some effectual measures be immediately adopted to save expense. Would it not be advisable to appoint some person within the limits of my Division to audit and pay off those demands?

I can assure you, Sir, that many of the creditors are much embarrassed for want of their just dues.

Yours very respectfully,

ELIJAH WADSWORTH.

It must have taken the raw frontiersmen some time to discard their notions of social equality and conform to the severe strictures of military etiquette. One of the first orders issued by Judge Tod after his promotion to the majority was the following :

The non-commissioned officers and privates at the barracks are required, when not on parade, to salute all commissioned officers whenever they meet them by raising the right hand as high as the eyes, with palm of the hand turned toward the officer. They are never to come into a room where there are any commissioned officers but with hats off. Soldiers on duty, when having arms in their hands, without any command, on the approach f a commissioned officer, will carry their arms. Any soldier or other person belonging to the barracks, who shall be found drunk or intoxicated with liquor, when called on parade, shall be immediately arrested by the officer or non-commissioned officer commanding on parade and put in confinement, and as soon as the parade has been dismissed, such offenders shall forthwith be reported to the major or other commanding officer at the rendezvous.

The major hopes these orders will be attended to with cheerfulness. If not, offenders will be punished.

GEORGE TOD, Major

United States army.

PERSONAL SERVICE.

We have been unable to obtain full rosters of all the regiments, the records at Columbus having been destroyed, and those at Washington burned in the capitol in 1814, when the British captured and burned that building. Neither have we been able to learn the comp .vies which continued in the army after February, 1813, the date of the expiration of original enlistments. It is known, however, that many soldiers from Trumbull county participated in the campaign of 1813, which terminated with Harrison's brilliant victory of the Thames in the fall of that year. That victory left the Northwest secure, the Indians having been brought to peace and the British arms driven from Upper Canada.

Colonel J. S. Edwards, a prominent citizen of Trumbull county and an efficient officer, died early in the campaign of malarial fever, contracted in the swamps. He enjoyed the friendship of General Wadsworth, General Perkins, and Governor Meigs.

Elijah Wadsworth, though born at Hartford, Connecticut, November 4, 1747, was a resident of Litchfield, in the same State, when the Revolutionary war broke out. He was a lieutenant in Captain Benjamin Tallmadge's troop of horse, in Elisha Sheldon's regiment, serving to the end of the war with honor. Like many Revolutionary heroes, he obtained little promotion. Tallmadge's promotion to be major allowed Wadsworth to be captain, bey0nd which he did not rise. Major Andre was placed in his custody so0n afte1 his arrest by Williams, Paulding, and Van Wert, on the 23d of September, 1780. In 1802 Mr. Wadsworth removed to Canfield, then in Trumbull county, Ohio, where he owned largely of wild lands. In 1804 he was elected by the Ohio Legislature to be major-general of the F0urth division, embracing the northeastern part of the State. The promptness, perseverance and patriotism displayed in this command, at the outset of the War of 1812, may be inferred from this correspondence. He was long embarrassed by personal debts, contracted for the Government in raising supplies for the troops. He died at Canfield, on the 30th of December, 1817, where his grave is marked by an appropriate stone.

General Perkins came to Ohio in 1798, as an agent, explorer, and surveyor of lands on the Western Reserve, being then an energetic young man of twenty-seven years. Surveyors, engineers, and explorers are the material of which first-class military men are formed. In 1804 he settled at Warren, in Trumbull county,

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and was appointed postmaster. By General Wadsworth's influence he was commissioned as brigadier in 18o8, our relations with Great Britain having already given premonitions of trouble. When the war occurred he was at full maturity of mind and body, and having the unlimited confidence of General Wadsworth, was immediately entrusted with the troops and posts at the front. When the term of service of the Ohio volunteers had expired, and their place was filled by the new regiments of the regular army, he was offered a colonelcy in the United States infantry. On account of the care of a growing landed estate this was declined, much to the regret of General Harrison and the administration, who were sadly in need of good officers. General Perkins died at Warren on the 19th of November, 1844. Judge Tod, of Youngstown, was commissioned a major of the Nineteenth regiment of United States infantry (Colonel John Miller), July 6, 1812. He performed a gallant and important part in the sortie from Fort Meigs, in May, 1813, in which the British were driven from their guns in a position across the ravine, near the fort on the southeast. On the 1st of January, 1815, he was prom0ted to be lieutenant-colonel of the Seventeenth United States infantry. The Nineteenth regiment was raised in Ohio. After the evacuation of Malden by the British, on the approach of General Harrison in September, 1813, Major T0d was left in command of that post. He was the father of Governo1 David Tod, late of Bria1 Hill, and a very pr0minent characte1 in n0rtheastern Ohio during the first thirty years of the present century. Before the war he held the p0siti0n of justice of the supreme court. One of the most efficient men in the northern Ohio service was Calvin Pease, of Warren. He entered the service under the following order from General Wadsworth.

HEADQUARTERS,

CAMP AT CLEVELAND,

August 28, 1812.

CALVIN PEASE, ESQ.:

SIR:— You are hereby ordered and instructed to repaid with all convenient speed to the middle or western parts of this State, to ascertain what number of troops are raised, or about to be raised, where stationed and by whom commanded; to gain all possible information respecting the forces of this State and of the United States, and f the enemy; to ascertain the best route for a line of communication from this camp to such other camps or posts as shall be established, and c0nfer with 'the commanding officers of posts upon the means of establishing such tine of communication until the commander-in-chief shall give orders respecting the same, and transmit to me at my headquarters with0ut delay such informati0n as you shall obtain.

You are hereby authorised if necessary to impress any horses necessary for this service, and the citizens of this State are requested to afford the said Calvin Pease all necessary assistance, and alt military officers are requested to give him full credence in the premises.

ELIJAH WADSWORTH,

Major-general Fourth Division Ohio Militia.

Mr. Pease was afterwards commissioned by Governor Meigs to direct the express mail and commissary service in the Northwest.

Rev. Joseph Badger, at Camp Huron, filled the places of postmaster, chaplain, and nurse. Dr. Thompson, of Hudson, filled the place of surgeon, with a scant supply of medicines, no sanitary assistants, and scarcely any hospital accommodations. For delicacies to soothe their collapsed and nauseated stomachs, "Parson Badger made in a mortar made of a stump, by pounding corn, meal for “hasty pudding.'" This he called "priest-craft." He was more popular than the surgeon with his calomel prescriptions.

RETURN OF DRAFT

from First regiment, Third brigade, Fourth division, made 5th of September, 1812.

I do certify this to be a true return of drafts from First regiment, Third brigade, Fourth division Ohio militia, as made to me.

WILLIAM RAVEN,

Lieutenant-Colonel.

FIRST COMPANY.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Joshua T. Cotton.

Lieutenant Ge0rge Montieth.

Ensign Jacob Irwin.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant john Cotton.

Sergeant John Myres.

Sergeant George Wintermute.

Sergeant Abraham Wintermute.

Corporal John Carlton.

Corporal Boardwin Robins.

Corporal John Russell.

Corporal Jesse Graham.

PRIVATES.

Henry Peter, Daniel Shatto, James Crooks, Matthew Guy, John McColtum, Henry Bronstetter, Robert Kerr, Henry Crum, Nicholas Vinnemons, Witliam McCrery, Joseph Osburn, Adam Swazer, Henry Thom, John Parkust, Samuel White, Seneca Carver, Jacob Hull, john White, John Muskgrove, Ge0rge Smith, John Hayes, Thomas McCrery, John McGlaughlin, Michael Storm, John Truesdale, Francis Harvey, Anthony Whitterstay, Thomas Cummons, Jacob Parkust, Isaac Parkust, Samuel Calhoun, George Gilbert, Abraham Simons, Thomas Craft, Archibald Maurace, James Fitch, Henry Foose, Abraham Leach, Daniel Stewart, Joseph Carter, Isaac Fisher, Jacob Powers, Thomas Irwin,

92 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.

William Munn, Nathan Angue, Philip Kimmel, Abraham Hoover, Benjamin, Roll, John McMahon.

SECOND COMPANY.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Samuel Denison.

Lieutenant David A. Adams.

Ensign William Swan.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant Amos Gray.

Sergeant William Carlton.

Corporal James Walton.

Corporal Robert Stewart.

Corporal Mathew I. Scott.

Corporal David Ramsey.

PRIVATES.

John Dunwoody, Ephraim Armitage, Samuel Ferguson, Conrad Miller, Jacob Fight, Sr., Jacob Oswalt, James Eckman, Andrew Boyd, John Moore, David Kays, John Day, Robert Walker, Thomas Wilson, John Tolley, James Lynn, William Crawford, David Willson, David McConnell, David McClellan, Isaac Lyon, Samuel Mann, john McMurry, William McMurry, William Bell, John Nelson, Peter Carlton, Jacob Fight, Jr., David Stewart, Joseph Baggs, William McKnight, Thomas Fowler, Sampson Moore, John Poynes, John Bradon, Daniel Augustine, John Polly, John Yost.

THIRD COMPANY.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Warren Bissell.

Lieutenant Alexander Rayne.

Ensign Nicholas McConnell.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant A. Stilson.

Sergeant Asa Baldwin.

Sergeant Parkas Woodrough.

Sergeant Simon Stall.

Corporal William Hamilton.

Corporal Jacob Dice.

Corporal Amanuel Hull.

Corporal Isaac Blackman.

PRIVATES.

David Noble, Aaron Dawson, David Conizer, Henry Rumbel, John Riddle, James Moody, Joseph Mearchant, John Bucannon, John Dickson, John Moore, Joseph McGill, Phitlip McConnell, Richard McConnetl, Robert Goucher, Thomas Combs, William Bucannon, William Reed, William Shield, Alexander Craze, David McCombs, George Mockerman, John Dowler, Josiah Bearsley, John Murphy, Josiah Watker, John Earl, John Ross, John Cowdan, John Brothers, Robert McGill, Renalds C0wdan, Samuel Love, Wiltiam McGill, Walter Bucannon, William Cowdan, John Zedager, Wiltiam Frankle.

A RETURN OF CAPTAIN HINES' COMPANY.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Lieutenant Edmund P. Tanner.

Ensign Thomas McCane.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant -Julius Tanner.

Sergeant Silas Johnson.

Sergeant Danier Fitch.

Sergeant John Hutson.

Corporal Christopher Rasor.

Corporal Joseph Bruce.

Corporal John McMullan.

PRIVATES.

Henry McKinney, John Turner, John Young, John Chub, James McDonald, Jacob Shook, Samuel Green, Conrad Osborn, Benjamin Manchester, William Thomas, William Leonard, John Hill, William Steel, Robert McCrary, Nicholas Leonard, Henry Ripley, James Moore, George Leonard, Robert Cain, Henry Boyd, William McKinnie, George Heater, Henry Hock, James Saseton, James Potlock, John McConnell, Arthur Anderson, Elijah Stevenson, Henry Stump, John McCully, Francis Henry, John McKey, James Jag, Garrett Peckard.

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CHAPTER XIII.

GEOLOGY.

Physicat Features and Economic Resources—Geological Formation.

The geological features of Trumbull and Mahoning counties are too intimately associated to be separated in our discussion of that subject No minute and scientific treatise will be expected or would be in place in a work of this character, We shall, in a general and popular manner, endeavor to trace the origin and determine the extent of the subsurface resources, in the development of which half the capital and one-fourth the population of both counties are employed.

The whole surface area of Trumbull and that part of Mahoning counties embraced in New Connecticut may be described as an undulating plain, sloping toward the north, with a deep furrow or trough running transversely from north. west to southeast, declining toward the south, Topographically this plain belongs to the lake basin, the southern rim of which passes through the northern part of Columbiana county. Why is the water-shed separating the lake from the river streams thirty-five miles north of this 1im, is a question which confronts us at the outsel. This is a question, too, which involves the wh0le theory of geological formation. The process of rock making was necessarily slow, and can be understood only by those who have given some attention to the; elements of the science. Rock strata or layers are formed 0f sand and gravel deposits worn by water from solid forma.

TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 93

nom and transported by water, or, as in the case of coal and limestone, of animal o1 vegetable deposits.

The starting-point of surface geology in this region is a kind of sandstone known as the Berea grit, which is the surface rock of Farmington, Southington, Mecca, Johnston, and part of Kinsman townships. Immediately beneath this lies a soft shale—the Mecca oil 1ock which is exposed at several places in Trumbull county. Still deeper lies the Cleveland shale, Erie shale, and Huron shale, the last being an oil producing rock. It is to be supposed that when the sands of the Berea grit had hardened, another inundation br0ught a drift of a different character, which, in turn, solidified, and has been named by geologists, Cuyahoga shale. Over this was thrown a layer of coarse gravel forming a hard conglomerate rock which is the foundation of our block coal. During the thousands of years occupied in this building up process, it is not to be supposed that the surface was level. There were water-channels, and hills and valleys, which were constantly being washed down and filled up, so that none of these rock layers form a continuous sheet. The surface, in geological ages, bore a general resemblance to the surface at present, though there may be hills now where there were valleys or lakes then. In fact, we know that this is true, for coal beds were nothing more than swamps which gave growth to luxuriant vegetation year after year, perhaps for centuries, and then came another deluge of water and earthy matter, burying these peat beds for the use of man. It is probable that these bogs and swamps, in which was deposited the vegetable matter for coal, extended as far northward as Ashtabula county.

There is good evidence that the coal measures of western Pennsylvania continued in one unbroken sheet across the county. But during the drift period of geological history, great gorges of snow and ice from the north, carrying at their base boulders broken from hard ledges in Canada, ploughed out the deep valleys of the Grand and Mah0ning rivers. The northern rocks are softer than those to the south, so that through Trumbull a broad and even valley was scooped 0ut by the moving mountains of ice and rock. On approaching the present territory of Mahoning county, heavy conglomerate and sandstone was encountered. The eroding force naturally concentrated, cutting out a channel comparatively narrow, bordered near the State line by abrupt bluffs three hundred feet high. It was by these old glaciers that a channel to the Ohio river was formed through a region which belongs to the lake depression. It would he useless to attempt to compute the amount of coal mined by natural forces during the glacial period. Part of it was ground up and mingled with the soil of the county. The balance has been washed to the alluvions of the Ohio and Mississippi. Fragments of this coal are often found by farmers, and the mistake has sometimes been made of supposing they indicated the presence of a coal bed in the vicinity. They are, rather, indications of the opposite, for the forces which prepared the soil fo1 agriculture have transported them from a much higher level.

The lower or block coal and rocks associated with it underlie the surface except in the immediate valley of the Mahoning and its tributaries. In Trumbull county, the whole of Hubbard and Brookfield townships, the greate1 portion of Hartford, Vienna, and Liberty, small parts of Lordstown, Newton, and Weathersfield, and patches in Vernon and Fowler are covered with coal rocks. It would be impossible to give the black coal areas of Mahoning county, for reasons which will be given further along. The coal and coal rocks are everywhere covered with drift, making it impossible to determine from surface indications the exact limit of the area. Block coal in the Mahoning valley lies in veins and beds, never in sheets of unvarying thickness or quality. The outline of deposits are extremely irregular, showing great unevenness of surface when the vegetation of which it was formed was deposited. It seems from present exploration to have been a surface covered with scattered swamps and marshes, sometimes running into a long-connected chain, and sometimes quite isolated, just as in low lands of the present day, A search fo1 coal is a search for these old swamps, hidden unde1 newer layers of sandstones, and shales, and drift, and soil, At places a current of water has ploughed a ravine through these overlying materials, exposing a vein o1 section of 'coal. Where Nature has not taken this advance in exploring, the search is often difficult and expensive. A practical geolo-

94 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.

gist can determine the greatest limit of the coal area, but the location of a profitable shaft can be determined only by piercing the ground. The distance between the edges of the old swamps was at places considerable. The swamps themselves in many cases seem to have filled old channels with entering tributaries, so that a drill may be sunk in the vicinity of a profitable vein without showing any indication of the presence of coal.

The relative location and form of deposits will be best understood by supposing the drainage of a large irregular area to be suddenly checked and the lower portions of the surface become marshes. This is what happened in the coal age. Peat formed to the depth of fifty or sixty feet, covering the irregular rock bottom. The highlands between the marshes or elevations and crags rising up out of them like islands were not covered. After the lapse of time this region subsided and overflowed with water. The inundation was at first quiet, gradually arresting the growth of vegetation and then covering the peat marshes with fine clay. Under the weight of this sediment the spongy peat was compressed so that the upper coal surface shows a marked subsidence toward where the deposit is deepest. The strata of coal and shale is found dipping downward from the feather edge along the old water line. At a later date streams of water rushed over these deposits, cutting channels through the clay and peat, these channels in them filling up with sand and gravel, which now appear like walls of hard rock through the coal beds and still further complicate explorations and mining. How far these irregular and branching coal basins are connected has not yet been determined. The different sections lie in belts which have a general direction of a little east of north and west of south. The mineral ridge belt in Mahoning county extends from the old Warner & Co.'s mines in Weathersfield to the southern part of Austintown, including eight workable slopes. A similar belt extends through Vienna and Liberty townships, in Trumbull county, and Youngstown in Mahoning county.

Along the west side of Youngstown township is another belt of mines reaching into Coitsville. Even within these belts a large number of the shafts have. failed to strike coal, and between them explorations have entirely failed, though there may be other rich belts entirely untouched, Several times the deposit has seemed almost exhausted, when more diligent search and closer borings resulted in new discoveries. The geological structure of this region will not permit an abandonment of the mining enterprise till every acre is thoroughly proved. The fine quality, high reputation, and prices of Mahoning block coal justify considerable expense in searching for it as long as there, is a reasonable prospect of success. The northern townships of Mahoning county have been explored much more thoroughly than the middle and southern tier. It is d0ubted with good reason whether coal exists at all in the middle and southern parts of the county. If found at all it will be much deeper than farther north, and consequently will involve more expense. No thorough exploration of that section may be looked fo1 until the workable northern beds are so far exhausted as to increase the demand and price. It is estimated by Professor Newberry that in those townships with producing mines not one out of ten drillings passed through veins of workable thickness. With this experience before them, it will be some time before operators invest thei1 money in doubtful projects in unexplored and difficult 1egions, Block coal has been found in all five of the northern townships of Mahoning county, but is not mined in Jackson or Milton. In Canfield township a block coal seam was found 0f workable thickness at the depth of one hundred and sixty feet, and in Ellsworth at the depth of one hundred and fifty feet it was found two feet thick.

Coal veins in the Mahoning valley are rarely found more than four feet thick, and lie below the surface as far in some instances as 0ne hundred and fifty feet. Mines are worked by sinking shafts, then tunneling. A peculiar structure is found in one of the mines in Hubbard township. Near the center of the bed is an island of cannel coal, which is rejected in mining. This probably represents open water in the cente1 of the old peat marsh, in which the vegetable matte1 became so largely mixed with earthy material as to make it worthless. The good coal 1epresents the parts of the marsh where vegetation. grew through and gradually formed peat beds from the edges toward the center.

"The quality of coal," says Professor New

TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 95

berry, "obtained from the lower seam in the Mahoning valley, has now been so fully demonstrated and understood that words would be wasted in its praise. It has been shown by a great number of analyses and by long and varied trials to be one of the purest and most valuable coals known in the world. Its open burning character, its c0mparative freedom from sulphur and small amount of ash it contains especially fit it fo1 the smelting of iron, of which properly managed it gives a product scarcely inferior in quality to that obtained with the use of charcoal, Bessemer pig and car-wheel iron ore are constantly made with it, which can hardly be said of any other coal. It has been largely used for forge and mill purposes, but this has been to a degree a sacrifice, since cheaper coals would have served these purposes nearly as well. The interests of iron 'manufacturers of the Mahoning valley would probably have been best served in the past as they will be in the future by using the block coal only for smelting."

The Mineral Ridge coal and blackband iron belt deserves special attention. Over a bed of block coal, about two feet in thickness, lies a band of shale and iron ore ten inches thick; covering this is another bench of coal nearly three feet thick and of inferior quality. It is soft, pitchy, and contains a much larger percentage of bitumin than average block coal. So different in character was this uppe1 layer, that geologists for a l0ng time supposed it to belong to a different seam from that mined in the Mahoning valley. It was for a long time known as the blackband coal. They have been proved, however, essentially the same in kind, the quality being affected by the date of formation. Professor Newberry supposes the history of this deposit to be about as follows: The belt of Mineral Ridge c0al mines was a shallow basin of variable breadth, in which peat, of limited thickness, accumulated, which, under peculiar conditions or from the nature of the vegetation, produced block coal. When the basin had accumulate d peat sufficient to form one or two feet of coal, the water rose, smothered out vegetable life, and covered the peat deposit with a carbonaceous mud. The water contained a strong solution of iron, which was precipitated into this mud. This became the blackband ore, lately mined and worked with profit. Subsequently there was a second growth of vegetation, which formed a peat bed thicker than the first, but probably of a different character; the physical conditions may have also been different. The fact that iron was precipitated, shows evaporation of standing water. The iron of bog, found in the basin of swamps at the present day, was precipitated in the same way.

A piece of slate rock, which must have been transported from Canada, was found some years ago imbedded in this blackband. It is not rounded like the boulders drifted from the north during the later periods of geological formation, but seems to have been bound up in the roots of a tree and floated with the trunk. If this hypothesis be correct there must have been a strong water current bearing southward. It should be borne in mind that the depression now forming the lake basin was then a plain with hills and valleys much like other parts of the continent.

Overlying coal number one, or "block coal," is a soft shale. Then comes a heavy sandstone of good quality, having a thickness in some places of one hundred and sixty feet. Sandstone, like all other rock strata, lies in patches of variable thickness, depending upon the surface when the sand was washed in and deposited in beds and bars. Alternating layers of sandstone and shale cover coal number one, or block coal, to an average depth of eighty feet. Then is found another layer of coal which geologists have called number two. It is nowhere of workable thickness, but is frequently passed through in drill. ing for the lower and better deposit. In Trumbull county it is found nearer the block coal seam, the distance between being at some places not more than thiity feet. The value of this seam consists in the iron deposits with which it is associated. Near the Mahoning county line, just south of Weathersfield, is a splint of semi-canal coal in two benches, four feet thick, containing a workable variety of nodular ore.

Further north in Trumbull county the shales above this coal contain iron nodules. In Hubbard township is a compact layer of this iron eighteen inches thick, which has been successfully worked by the Hubbard Iron company. It is mixed with lime and bituminous matter. The out-crop of this ore covers considerable area in Hubbard and Liberty townships. It is the source in Brookfield township of the iron paint

96 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.

deposit found at a series of springs about one mile south of Brookfield center. The bed• is about four feet deep and covers one acre of land. It is saturated with water, which empties out at the spring highly charged with iron in solution. The iron on coming in contact with the air is precipitated in the form of yellow hydrated oxide—the basis of ordinary mineral paint. In Trumbull county no coal is found higher than number two, which associated with nodular ore, spreads over a considerable part of Mahoning. The early smelting furnaces on Mill creek and in Poland probably used this nodularore In Mahoning county there are four coal measures above number two. About one hundred and fifty feet above the lower or block coal is found a seam in Ellsworth, Austintown, and Canfield townships varying in thickness from one to four feet; some of it is of fair quality, but it is generally slaty, It is used for ordinary heating purposes, and mined in some localities with profit. Overlying this seam is a limestone bed of great profit. It is the most constant bed of stone in the county, and is exhaustively used in the furnaces, for building stone, and lime. It is from two to three feet thick, at some places resting on the coal, and at places thirty feet above it. The stone is covered with a layer of iron ore of variable thickness appearing :as a series of flattened nodules.

Forty or fifty feet above this limestone is another series of coal beds of an inferior quality. In the south part of the county west of the Niles & New Lisb0n railroad it is four feet thick, but is of an inferior quality, and consequently not worked. The fourth seam from the bottom is second in importance only to the block coal, which lies lowest. It is a valuable seam so far as 1egarus thickness and character, but is almost always present in localities where it belongs. In some places it is six feet in thickness, all cannel coal of good quality; in other places it is remarkably pure bituminous coal from two to three feet thick. It is generally found to have a thickness of three feet bituminous with six inches cannel on top. This vein was first opened in the southwest corner of Canfield by J. and W. Whetmore, where it is five feet thick, all cannel. A mine was afterwards opened on the Ewing farm in the same locality, the vein being two feet bituminous and six inches Cannel. This coal approaches the surface near the center of Canfield, lying immediately under the surface rock of sandstone, on Academy hill. The most extensive mines are near Green village, New Albany, and Washingtonville. In the southern part of Mah0ning county is a fifth seam, nowhere more than a foot and a half thick, and of no economic value, except for forge fuel.

The higher points of the southern part of Mahoning county are capped by white limestone, The most northward extension is midway between Green village and Canfield. It is used extensively in the manufacture of lime and for flux in the furnaces. From the place 0f the first development of the coal resources of the valley, the old Brier Hill mine, near the north line of Youngstown township, the search f01 coal has radiated in every direction. The country about Youngstown has been more thoroughly explored than any other part of the county. A number of extensive basins have been struck in that neighborhood and profitably worked. The mines in Trumbull county have been found among the most profitable in the valley, but seem to be on the decrease. It is evident that s0uth in place of north of the Mahoning line aff0rds the most encouraging oneield f0r exploration. In considering the probability of early coal exhaustion and its consequent effect upon industries the following document will be of interest :

AUDITORS OFFICE,

WARREN, OHIO, March 3, 881.

To A. S. Macintosh, Member State Board Equalization.

DEAR SIR: I herewith transmit for your consideration a statement showing the condition of our mining interests in 1881 as compared with 1870. In the items of coal furnaces and rolling mills in previous statements sent you we nave claimed a great reducti0n in valuation in 1880 as compared with 1870. But we fear we were not sufficiently explicit in statements sent. We have therefore prepared this statement, compiled from the best authority, giving names and locality. Its 1870, there was in Hubbard township: Carbon valley, mined out; Mayers. Coat company, abandoned; Hubbard Coal company, Tod & Stambaugh, and Crawford, Davis & Co., mined out; P. Jacobs & Sons, abandoned; Eureka Coal company, Chestnut Ridge company, Owen & Co., Mahoning Coat company No 1, and Mahoning Coal company No.3, mined out; Stewart Coal company, abandoned; all together averaging about 200 tons per day when run. There was in 1880: Burnett Coal company No. 1, averaging 40 tons per day; Burnett Coal company No. 2, 200 tons; Mahoning Coal company No. 3, zoo tons; Applegate mme, 25o tons; Andrews & Hitchcock, 28o tons, as reported by A. K. Price, Esq.

Brookfield—1870: Curtis & Boys, 100 tons per day, worked out; Chew & Co., 25 tons per day. worked cut;

TRUMBU LL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 97

Brooktield company, goo tons per day, operation let; Otis Coal company. 150 tons perday, operation let. In 1880 there was: Brookfield Coal company, 200 tons per day, fair condition; Otis Coal company, coo tons per day, nearly out.

Hartford township-1870; Woodchuck, to tons per day, played out; reported by T. W. Case, Esq.

Liberty township, reported by T. W. Case, Esq. In 1870: McCurdy Coal company, zoo tons per day, mining let; Church Hill Coal company, 400 tons per day, mining let; Arms, Wick & Co., 5o tons per day, mined 0ut. In 188o, Kline Coal company, 200 tons per day, fair condition; Church Hill company, Soo tons per day, fair condition; McCurdy company, zoo tons per day, fair condition.

Vienna township, reported by J. B. Payne, Esq. In 1870: Moore slope, 30 tons daily, abandoned; Cork and Bottle, 250 tons daily, mined out; Vienna shaft, 25o tons daily, mined out; Shoo Fly, 150 tons daily, abandoned; Blackberry, co0 toils daity, abandoned; Holliday, nearly done; Strip-and- atit, 50 tons daily, abandoned. In 1880, McMasters shaft, 8o tons daily, worked only part of time; Holliday shaft, coo tons daily, worked only part f time; Andrews shaft, worthless.

Weathersfield, reported by H. H. Mason and C. F. Whitney—1870: Peacock Coal company, Morris & Rice, Arms, Warner & Co., Campbell bank, and Fulk Coal company, all mined out; Weathersfield bank, drawing pillars 1880. 1880: Osborn Coal company, nearly out, 20,000 tons mined in 1880; Weathersfield shaft, 5,000, nearly done for; Williams & Co., 20,000, nearly done for.

FURNACE AND ROLLING-MILL PROPERTY.

There was running in Hubbard, "Andrews & Hitchcock," two furnaces in 1870, in good condition and doing good business. In 1880: Jesse Hatl & Son, poor condition, fair business.

In Liberty—1870: Corns Iron Company rolling-mill, good condition, one furnace doing fair business. 1880: There is the same one running, not doing as well.

Weathersfield-1870: James Ward & Co.'s mill, Russia mill, Falcon Iron & Nail company's mill, Niles Iron company's mill, William Ward's furnace, and Jonathan Warner's two furnaces, all in flourishing condition. 1880: Ward & Co.'s old mill, Russia mill, and Niles Iron company, doing fair business; Fatcon Iron & Nail company, doing good business; Thomas & Co.'s furnace, doing middling business. Warren city, reported by auditor-1870: Richards & Co.'s rolling-mill, good condition; Richards & Co.'s furnace, fair condition. 1880: Torn down furnace, and rolling-mill burned; repaired, and valued by appraiser at $8,000; former valuation of mill and furnace, $40,000.

Thus we had of coal banks, 1870, thirty-nine, and all in very good condition, with a mining capacity of about 7,500 tons daily, upwards of 2, 000, 000 tons annually. In 1880 there were but fourteen in operation, mining about 420,000 tons coal. At this rate of decrease there can be but little left in 1885.

Furnace and mill property.—Fine furnaces are non est, and mills greatly depreciated.

I am. sir, with profound respect,

R. C. RICE,

County Auditor.

The geological structure of the central and northern parts of Trumbull and Mahoning counties remains to be treated.

Underlying the coal formations is a massive conglomerate which thins out as it approaches the coal beds. It is composed of water-worn pebbles and quartz, and is generally found to contain solutions of salt and iron. It is the source of the salt springs in Weathersoneield and the mineral springs in Howland. It is an excellent building stone in the counties west of Trumbull, but is not available here for anything more than bridge or foundation work. Coal is never found below this formation. So that in Trumbull county any explorations north of where it appears in the surface rock is useless. This line extends through Vernon, Hartford, Vienna, Howland, Weathersfield, Lordstown, and Newton townships.

The Berea grit, with the shaly rock below it, deserves special attention because it is the only accessible oil producing rock in northern Ohio. In Mesopotamia and• Farmington townships it is finely exposed and affords excellent quarries. A good quality of grindstones and coarse whetstones are made from it. As a building stone it is unequaled by any other variety. It forms a belt of surface rock passing through Southington, Champion, Mecca, Johnston, Gustavus, and Wayne. In the first it is deeply covered with tough clay. In Vernon, on Pymatuning creek, it is exposed in massive layers, from which blocks of any desired size can be taken. It is, however, damaged for building purposes by nodules of iron which color the stone. Petroleum is found on the ridges on the east and west sides of Musquito creek. Many wells have been bored in Mecca township, and a few in adjoining townships. The sand rock is soft and porous, and is underlaid with carbonaceous shale, which is the source of oil. The carbon vapors escaping from the shale penetrates the pores of the sand rock, and there condenses to a liquid. It is a circumstance deserving attention that the wells east of Musquito creek are more productive than those west. Oil is found in nearly all the wells on the east side, but is soon exhausted by pumping. After the lapse of a few months the crevices have filled up again and another supply can be pumped out. The reason oil is more plentifully obtained east of the creek is because there are fewer crevices for its escape, having over the sand rock a heavy pasty covering of clay. On the other side there are seams which gradually drain the crevices. There

98 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.

is a second oil-producing rock twelve hundred feet deep, but it lies too compactly to afford profitable wells in this locality. In Pennsylvania, where this stratum is disturbed the most productive wells in the world have been struck.

In the northwest part of Trumbull county may be seen how coal fields were formed hundreds of centuries ago. The extensive swamp in Bloomfield township, covering several thousand acres, was evidently once an old lake basin which gradually filled with peat. This varies in thickness from six to ten or more feet, and is now covered with grasses, mosses, and cranberry vines, in some pares, and in other parts with tamarack trees and small shrubs. This store of carbon may sometime be utilized for fuel, but not until wood is exhausted and coal becomes expensive. The chief present value of peat is for fertilizing clay laud. It is equal in a hard compact soil to barnyard manure, It ought not be used directly from the swamp, however, but should be exposed to the atmosphere and sun till its. acid properties are lost; otherwise it will sour land and do more damage than good. Where it is practicable it should be mixed with lime, the two supplying properties needed for vegetables and grains. Rightly utilized peat beds are sources of great wealth.

The soil of Trumbull county is composed for the most part of stiff, tenacious clay, which is well adapted for grazing but is not sufficiently reliable for profitable agriculture. Crops are affected and often destroyed by a deficiency or excess of rain. There is more danger from over- saturation than from drought. It is remarked by many of the older farmers that crops are far less reliable now than for the two or three decades following the clearing—a fact which is easily accounted for, The old roots burrowing to great depths, decaying left holes which communicated with the lower and more porous earthy matters. They were the channels trom a variable surface to a depth of constant moisture, carrying off surface over-supply and supplying surface deficiencies. These channels have by cultivation been stopped up, and if agriculture is to be relied upon by the farmer he should bring art to his rescue by making tile drains. Trustworthy experiments have proved that clay soil can be doubled in productiveness by tiling. The more advanced farmers have understood this fact for some time and profited by it. Happily for Mahoning county and parts of Trumbull the soil is of such a character as not to require artificial drainage. The surface is hilly, and has in consequence better natural drainage, besides the soil is composed of gravel and sand fertilized with disintegrated particles of limestone. Mahoning ranks high as a wheat-growing county, Trumbull county exceeds all others in the production of cheese. The alluvions bordering the Mahoning are well adapted to corn culture.

In succeeding chapters of a more local character the industries based upon geological forma. tions are fully detailed. It would be impossible to give the number of men employed in the coal trade and iron industry in all its ramifications, nor would such a fact be essential history. The manufacture of iron began as early as 1805 or 1806 on Yellow creek, near the Mahoning 1iver, by Daniel and James Heaton. The forest surrounding it was used for making charcoal for the blast and an ore bed in the locality furnished the iron. It was probably the nodular ore ass0ciated with coal number two, The blast was of an extremely primitive character. A square box was placed upright in a cistern of wate1 communicating with a drain; the upper end was placed in communication by a long pipe with a dam of water, anothe1 pipe extending from the side of the upright box into the blast stack. Water suddenly turned on at the dam forced the air contained in the connect* pipe and box into the blast. Water was then shut off at the dam and allowed to escape into the cistern, air taking its place in the apparatus. This contrivance was ingenious, but was rendered unsatisfactory by charging the air with moisture, neutralizing in some measure the heat. James Heaton after a few years removed to Niles where he started another furnace. Danrel continued at the old works, making kettles, stoves, and castings. A furnace was built below Heaton's in 1814 by Robert Montgomery, with a blast made of fly fans driven by a water wheei, which proved much more satisfactory. Such was the simple beginning of an industry which employs in the valley more than ten thousand men in its various branches.

Coal, prior to the Completion of the Ohio and Pennsylvania canal in 1840, was mined in limited quantities for household, mill, and forge use. A

TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 99

mine was opened on the Tod farm, about three miles above Youngstown, which was estimated superior coal for ordinary engines. After the Ohio and Pennsylvania canal was completed, David Tod, with his characteristic energy and foresight, 0pened out a bank on a hill rising up from the river valley, the surface of which was covered with briers. " Brier Hill " was therefore a natural designation for the place and the coal which has since become so famous. Lake steamers seemed the only promising source of a large market. Two canal-boat loads were shipped to Cleveland, and after a thorough test by engineers, was accepted as the standard fuel. The market from that time steadily grew, but a more economical and profitable use for open burning block coal was soon discovered. Charcoal and coke had been used exclusively in the manufacture of iron. About 1842 the attention of practical mineralogists from Pittsburgh was drawn to coal on account of its chemical composition and peculiar physical structure. These experiments led t0 the establishment in 1844, by Messrs. Wilkes, Wilkinson & Co., of Pittsburgh, of the first blast furnace in America for the manufacture of pig iron from bituminous coal. This furnace was located at Lowell. The Eagle furnace soon followed, built by Messrs. Philpot, Warner & Co., and after it the Brier Hill furnace, built by James Wood, of Pittsburgh. These first raw coal furnaces used the native or blackband ore. The hot-blast had not yet been invented, and the demand for iron was not one hundredth as great as at present. It has been remarked that a couple of canal-boat loads stocked the market. The general rapid progress of improvement increased the demand fo1 iron, and invention,' the handmaid of necessity, responded promptly to the demand made upon he1 for improved furnaces. The product of native ore was what is known as American Scotch pig, which was superior to the foreign article, but in time pr0ved inadequate to the demands of the iron trade. Explorers in the Lake Superior 1egion had f0und banks of almost pure iron. The prop0sition to transport this for manufacture to the coal-fields was at first ridiculed as visionary, but was soon demonstrated to be entirely practicable and profitable. The ore for more than one half the iron manufactured in the valley at the present time is transported from the Lake Superior mines. Native ores and Pennsylvania ores are the complement. Block coal has always stood the test for blasting, but its exclusive use for that purpose has been abandoned by advanced manufacturers. The proportion of raw coal to Pennsylvania coke is about one to five. Only enough coal is used to supply the gas needed for heating purposes, not because coal is inadequate for the purpose, but because the use of coke is more economical. The celebrity of Brier Hill coal and the physical properties which adapt it to transportation have given it a price beyond its value as a furnace fuel. This circumstance has given an additional impetus to transportation industry, which will be considered in the following chapter. Along with the furnaces came rolling mills, and with the rolling mills other manufactories depending upon them, the growth of which will be elsewhere considered. There are at present nineteen furnaces of large capacity in operation in the valley. There are in the valley thirty producing coal banks yielding about one million tons annually. The coal and iron industry and the transportation industry have always been mutually dependent upon each other, and their growth is intimately associated.

The following statistics will show the importance of the mineral resources of the valley. The entire coal output for the year 1880 was 1,020,841 tons. Three thousand one hundred and fifty-seven laborers are employed in these mines.

The following rolling mills are located in Trumbull ,and Mahoning counties. Statistics from the census of 1880:

Firms

Year built

Tons annual capacity

Pudding furnaces

Nail and spike machines

Number employees

Brown, Bonnell & Co

Cartwright, McCurdy & Co

Wick, Armes & Co

Mahoning Valley Iron Co.

Youngstown Rolling Mill Co.

Corus Iron Company

Falcon Iron & Nail Company

Jesse Hall & Son

Niles Iron Company

L. B. Ward

Ward Iron Company

C. Westlake & Company.

1846-79 1863-74 1876

1871

1871

1873

1867

1872

1872

1864

1841

1870

25000

10000

850

8000

7000

11000

4000

12000

7500

14000

9000

53

30

52

14

13

12

7

19

12

20

16

46

2

44

5

900

600

50

363

350

20

180

125

280

150

200

75

Total rolling mill employes

Total blast furnace employes

Total number coal miners

No directly connected with iron

and coal pr0duction.

3293

755

3157

7250

100 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.

There were twelve furnaces in blast, as follows:

Name

Names of Owner’s

No. men employed

Brier Hill

Eagle

Fatcon

Grace

Heselton

Himrod

Phoenix

Mary

Struthers

Girard

Hubbard

Thomas

Brier Hill Iron and Coal Co.

Eagle Furnace Co

Brown, Bonnell & Co

Bner Hill Iron and Coal Co

Andrews Brothers

Himrod Furnace Co

Brown, Bonnell & Co

Ohio Iron and Steel Co

Struthers Furnace Co

Mahoning Valley Iron Co

Girard Iron Co

Andrews & Hitchc0ck

Thomas Furnace Co

Total

60

50

50

60

58

109

50

50

80

36

60

60

33

755