ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 625 But all state candidates were practically lost sight of by the public in the larger interest in the campaign for the presidency. There was no doubt as to the result in Ohio, but many famous men from other states were imported to make campaign speeches, as it was important on each side to elect as many congressmen as possible and to make a good showing in the vote for state officers. The republican state ticket was successful in October by more than 20,000 plurality. In November the vote for President was as follows : James A. Garfield, republican, 375,048 ; Winfield S. Hancock, democrat, 340,821 ; James B. Weaver, greenback, 6,456; Neal Dow, prohibition, 2,616. Garfield's plurality, 34,227. At the adjourned session of the General Assembly in January, 1881, the official vote on state officers was declared as follows : Secretary of State—Charles Townsend, republican, 362,021 ; William Lang, democrat, 343,016; Charles A. Lloyd, greenback, 6,786 ; William H. Doan, prohibition, 2,815. Judge of the Supreme Court—George W. Mcllvaine, republican, 364,045 ; Martin D. Follett, democrat, 340,998. Clerk of the Supreme Court—Dwight Crowell, republican, 364,225 ; Richard J. Fanning, democrat, 340,870. Commissioner of Common Schools—Daniel F. DeWolf, republican, 363,887; James J. Burns, democrat, 341,204. Member Board of Public Works—Stephen R. Hosmer, republican, 364,053 ; William J. Jackson, democrat, 341,001. Fifteen of the twenty congressional districts were carried by the republicans. As General Garfield had renounced his election as United States Senator, because het was to become the President, it was incumbent upon the General Assembly to choose another man. The republican caucus named John Sherman by acclamation, and on January 18, 1881, he was elected over Allen G. Thurman by a vote of twenty to twelve in the Senate, and of sixty-four to forty in the House. Shortly after President Garfield was inaugurated, March 4, 1881, dissension and discord appeared in the republican party. Senator Roscoe Conkling, of New York, who, Although he had campaigned for Garfield's election, was not friendly to him, attempted to dictate to the President in a way that was far from agreeable to him. A complete rupture resulted. Conkling resigned his senatorship and sought reelection as a vindication of his course, but in this he failed. Acrimonious feeling marked the period, and relations between republican leaders and their followers became very much strained. Then came the assassination of President Garfield. As he and his secretary of state, James G. Blaine, were standing in the station of the Baltimore & Potomac Railroad in Washington on the morning of Saturday, July 2, the President preparing to leave the city, Charles Jules Guiteau, of Chicago, fired two shots into his body. He lay at the White House for two months while eminent physicians did all in their power to save his life. Then he was removed (September 6th) to the sea coast, at Elberon, New Jersey, and there he died at 10 :52 P. M. of September 19th. The country was plunged into grief, and at all foreign capitals the most poignant regret was expressed. On September 26th the remains of the President were entombed in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, after a series of extraordinarily solemn services at Washington and Cleveland, participated in by the highest officials of the Nation and by some of the most eloquent orators of the time. Later an imposing memorial was erected in the cemetery, in the crypt of which lie the mortal remains of James A. Garfield. On June 28, 1881, an Ohio River tragedy aroused the people to renew complaints upon an old subject—the loss of life caused by reckless steamboat racing. There had been, through the years, many appalling accidents of this kind lower down the river and on the Mis- 626 - HISTORY OF OHIO sissippi, but the one at this time occurred at the very door of the state. The Phaeton and the Handy, two swift boats which were rivals as to speed, left Maysville, Kentucky, together, one bound for Vanceburg and the other for Portsmouth. They at once entered into a race, and within half an hour the boiler of the Phaeton exploded under the strain put upon it, "throwing the passengers, timbers and freight all over the river," as reported in the press. Many lives were lost, and there was intense public condemnation of the officers of the two boats. It was the opinion of many editors that they should be hanged, but there was no record of such a termination of the incident. On November 20th the unusual event of a lynching in Ohio occurred at Athens. Some time before that date one Chris Davis, a negro, had committed an offense against an elderly white woman at Albany, Athens County. He had been transferred to the Chillicothe jail for safekeeping, but was returned to Athens for trial. The next night a mob broke open the Athens jail, took him out and hanged him to the Hocking Bridge. The members f the mob were all masked, and they were never apprehended or punished. The campaign and election of 1881 were without special incident. The republicans, at Cleveland on June 8th, renominated Governor Foster by acclamation, and several of the other state officials were also named without opposition. The democrats held their convention in Columbus on July 13th, and decided upon a ticket headed by John W. Bookwalter, a Springfield manufacturer f great prominence. The republicans won by pluralities ranging froth 20,000 to 29,000, and they elected two-thirds f the members of both the House and Senate. SIXTY-FIFTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY Regular Session, January 2 to April 17, 1882. Adjourned Session, January 2 to April 19, 1883. The president ex-officio of the Senate during the two sessions of this General Assembly was Lieutenant-Governor R. G. Richards. Orlando J. Hodge, of Cuyahoga County, was elected speaker of the House of Representatives. As tile vote in the Senate stood at twenty-two republicans to eleven democrats, and that in the House at seventy republicans to thirty-five democrats, the organization of clerks and sergeants-at-arms was republican throughout. On January 4, 1882, the official canvass of the election held the previous October was made in the presence f a joint session of the two Houses, as follows : Governor—Charles Foster, republican, 312,735 ; John W. Book-waiter, democrat, 288,426 ; Abraham R. Ludlow, prohibition, 16,597 ; John Seitz, greenback, 6,380. Foster's plurality, 24,309. Lieutenant-Governor—Rees G. Richards, republican, 314,100 ; Edgar M. Johnson, democrat, 288,266. Judge of the Supreme Court—Nicholas Longworth, republican, 316,005 ; Edward F. Bingham, democrat, 286,650. Attorney-General—George K. Nash, republican, 315,655 ; Frank C. Daugherty, democrat, 287,470. Treasurer of State—Joseph Turney, republican, 316,232 ; Alonzo P. Winslow, democrat, 286,591. Member Board of Public Works—George Paul, republican, 315,459 ; John Crowe, democrat, 287,645. A considerable part of the work of this Assembly, at both sessions, consisted of the amending of the code of existing laws. On January 4, 1882, a joint resolution was adopted looking to the creation of a statue of James A. Garfield and presentation of it to Congress, to be placed in the old hall of the House of Representatives in the capitol at Washington, which had been converted into a statuary hall in which the several states were allowed to be represented by statues of one or two of the ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS- 627 distinguished sons of each. On April 11, 1882, the Assembly, having had a report from a special committee on the matter, appropriated $10,000 for the statue, and appointed a commission headed by the governor to have in charge the details of its production. They employed Charles Niehaus, a celebrated sculptor of Cincinnati, to design the statue, and it is now a conspicuous object in the hall for which it was made, standing among similar works of art contributed by other states from time to time. This General Assembly redistricted the state for congressional elections. Under the census of 1880 and the new apportioning made by Congress, Ohio was now entitled to twenty-one members, an increase of one over the number allowed during the previous ten years. The Assembly's session of 1882 was chiefly distinguished by a decided, definite, step taken in the matter of temperance legislation. Two bills were passed upon the subject. The first of these, popularly known as the "Pond Law," was enacted April 5, 1882. It levied an assessment f $100 on each saloon not in or within a mile of any village or city ; $150 upon those in or within a mile of any village or town of less than 2,000 inhabitants ; $200 upon those in or near towns f less than 10,000 inhabitants ; $250 upon those in or near cities of more than 10,000, and $300 on those in the largest city—Cincinnati. Under the law the liquor dealers were required to execute a bond of $1,000 to the state to secure payment f the assessments. Severe penalties were imposed for doing business without executing this bond. The second act ref erred to, known as the "Smith Law," prohibited the sale of liquors on Sunday, under heavy fine for violation. The passage of these two laws immediately precipitated a violent contest between the temperance and anti-temperance factions of the people. There was a distinct party division also—the democrats officially condemning, and the republicans formally approving them. Under the action of the Pond law many saloons closed their doors. A large proportion of the liquor dealers defied the Smith law by keeping their places open on Sunday, and in many localities they did so with the connivance of the authorities, who made no pretense of enforcing the law. There was great turmoil in Cincinnati especially, where it was found practically impossible to stop Sunday selling. The liquor dealers of the state made early preparation to test the constitutionality of the Pond law, and on May 30th the Supreme Court annulled it, as in effect establishing a system of license, which was expressly forbidden by the constitution of the state. But the republicans, who had been responsible for it, did not in the least recede from their position in the matter, and at the adjourned session of the Assembly (on April 17, 1883) they passed the "Scott Law," which was intended to accomplish the same result as the one which had been declared unconstitutional. It placed a uniform assessment of $200 on all saloons at which ardent spirits were sold, and of $100 on those where only malt liquors were to be had. The bond feature, to which the Supreme Court had objected, was eliminated, and the owners of premises where saloons were located were to be held responsible for payment of the assessments. This was also held unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in all cases where leases of premises had been made before the law went into effect. On July 4th of the year 1882 another deplorable Ohio River disaster occurred. The Scioto and the John Loomis, crowded with hundreds of holiday pleasure seekers, collided near Mingo Junction. The Scioto sank within three minutes and a large number of the excursionists aboard her were drowned. Investigation showed that the cause was a misunderstanding between the two pilots as to which had the right to the "channel." Southeastern Ohio was in deep gloom for many days. On June 7, 1882, the republican state convention met in Columbus, and was presided over by Robert P. Kennedy, of Bellefontaine, who four years later, as lieutenant-governor and president of the Senate, was 628 - HISTORY OF OHIO the central figure in a political clash notable in the legislative history of Ohio. At the convention addresses were made on the temperance issue by Governor Foster, Judge William H. West, the "blind man eloquent," and other, prominent party leaders, and much enthusiasm was in evidence. The platform adopted highly endorsed Governor Foster's administration, declared that the state constitution ought to be amended so that the liquor traffic could be taxed and regulated by the General Assembly, and upheld enforcement of the Sunday closing law. Secretary of State Townsend was renominated, and the other candidates for election were named without contention. The democrats convened on July 20th, also at Columbus. George H. Pendleton was chairman. There were many candidates for all the offices to be filled, and several ballots were necessary on each to make the nominations. The platform opposed laws for regulation of the sale of liquors in the following plank : "The Democratic party has always maintained and still steadfastly adheres to the doctrine of the largest liberty consistent with the public welfare, and is opposed to legislation merely sumptuary." The liquor issue was thus clearly drawn between the two parties, and the campaign was fought out upon it almost to the exclusion of every other. The prohibitionists and the greenbackers placed candidates before the voters, as usual. The election resulted in a complete democratic victory by pluralities of from 16,000 to 19,000. The republicans also lost several congressmen, the democrats electing thirteen of the twenty-one. Of the republicans who were elected, William McKinley received a majority of only eight votes, Alphonso Hart of only ten, and Henry L. Morey of only forty-one. The last named defeated a man afterwards one of the most distinguished in the state—James E. Campbell. The official canvass on the election of state officers, made at the joint session of the Assembly the following January, showed the following : Secretary of State—James W. Newman, democrat, 316,874; Charles Townsend, republican, 297,759 ; Ferdinand Schumacher, prohibition, 12, 202 ; George L. Hafer, greenback, 5,345. Judge of the Supreme Court—John W. Okey, democrat, 315,753 ; John H. Doyle, republican, 299,389. Member Board of Public Works—Henry Weible, democrat, 315,- 358 ; Charles A. Flickinger, republican, 299,633. The General Assembly by resolution of April 4, 1883, submitted two amendments to the constitution on the temperance question, to be voted upon by the people at the next October election. One of these proposals, intended to remove constitutional obstacles to placing regulation and taxing the traffic in the hands of the Legislature, was as follows : "The general assembly shall regulate the traffic in intoxicating liquors so as to provide against evils resulting therefrom ; and its power to levy taxes or assessments thereon is not limited by any provision f this constitution." The other amendment would provide absolute prohibition, its language being as follows : "The manufacture of and the traffic in intoxicating liquors to be used as a beverage are forever prohibited ; and the general assembly shall provide by law for the enforcement of this provision." On April 17, 1883, appropriation of $1,000 was made by the Assembly for the erection of a memorial monument at Urbana over the grave of Gen. Simon Kenton, the renowned pioneer and Indian fighter, who had died near Bellefontaine on April 29, 1836, at the age of eighty-one years. He had been buried there, and in 1854 the Legislature had made ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 629 provision for placing a monument, which, however, had never been erected. In 1865 his body had been transferred to "Kenton Square" in Oakdale Cemetery, Urbana, and the act of 1883 revived the plan for the monument. A commission of five men was appointed to carry out the project, and they made such rapid progress that in 1884 the work was entirely completed and the memorial dedicated. The world-famed sculptor, J. Q. A. Ward, who was a native of Urbana, made the design free of charge for his service. Gen. J. Warren Keifer, who, as a member of the commission, delivered the address on the occasion of the dedication, thus estimated Kenton's place in the history of Ohio : "A long life f hardy adventures, with unexampled courage and devoted patriotism in the cause of his country, justly stamp him as illustrious." In February, 1883, the Ohio River rose to a height never before known. In Marietta hundreds of people were driven from their homes, there was much distress and suffering, and great damage was done to property. But much more serious loss was caused by the flood at Cincinnati. The railroad stations, the water and gas works were covered by water to a depth of many feet. The whole city was plunged into darkness, and but for a very limited supply in reservoirs, it would have been entirely without water. More than 2,500 persons were rendered homeless and destitute, necessitating measures for redistributing relief which was promptly forwarded from other parts of the state. In February of the following year, 1884, the river rose many feet higher even than in 1883, and the damage by flood was enormous. Several lives were lost. A relief committee of the Chamber of Commerce was provided with great sums of money sent from all parts of the Nation. One of the unusual and interesting events incident to the time was a great concert at Music Hall, given gratuitously by a number of famous artists who were there for a music festival. The performance was given by candle light, since the gas works were entirely out f commission, and it realized $6,170.14 for the relief fund. Senator John Sherman was president of the republican state convention of 1883, held in Columbus on June 5th. The platform promulgated, notwithstanding the republican defeat of the year before had been caused, in the general opinion, by the party's stand on the liquor question, squarely commended the General Assembly for its act in submitting the constitutional amendments on the subject, and directly espoused the cause opposed to the untrammelled traffic in intoxicants. Its candidate for governor, named by acclamation, was Joseph B. Foraker, of Cincinnati, who now made his first entrance upon the political stage of Ohio, and who was to occupy a place of eminence for many years thereafter. The democrats, at Columbus on June 20th, named the distinguished lawyer, George Hoadley, for governor. Its platform reiterated its policy against sumptuary legislation, but made no mention of the constitutional amendments then before the voters. The campaign was conducted largely upon the liquor regulation issue, and the democrats won, as they had done the year before. The vote on the amendment empowering the Legislature to tax the liquor traffic was : Yes, 99,849 ; no, 192,117 ; not voting, 429,244. As those who voted on the candidates but did not vote on the amendment were counted as against it, the adverse majority was 621,461. On the straight out prohibition amendment the official vote was : Yes, 323,189 ; no, 240,975 ; not voting, 157,146. Thus, although the favorable votes outnumbered those unfavorable by 82,214, the counting against it of those who did not vote at all on the measure, defeated its adoption by 74,932. The result of the vote on this amendment, however, revealed a decided trend toward absolute prohibition. The temperance people began to see the advantage of waging a non-partisan war against the traffic. Under the present provision for amending the state constitution, Ohio would have "gone dry" in 1883. 630 - HISTORY OF OHIO ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR GEORGE HOADLY SIXTY-SIXTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY Regular Session, January 7 to April 14, 1884 ; Adjourned Session, January 6 to May 4, 1885 John G. Warwick was the lieutenant governor and ex-officio president of the Senate. Archelaus D. Marsh, of Mercer County, was speaker of the House. As the democrats had majorities of eleven in the Senate and fifteen in the House, the organizations in both were democratic. The clerk of the Senate was Charles N. Vallandigham, son of the noted Clement L. Vallandigham, who had been so conspicuous in the state during war times. The canvass of the vote cast for state officers at the previous election disclosed the following official figures : Governor—George Hoadly, democrat, 359,693 ; Joseph B. Foraker, republican, 347,164 ; Ferdinand Schumacher, prohibition, 8,362 ; Charles Jenkins, greenback, 2,937. Hoadly's plurality, 12,529. Lieutenant Governor—John G. Warwick, democrat, 356,413 ; William G. Rose, republican, 350,009. Judge of the Supreme Court, full term—Selwyn N. Owen, democrat, 360,295 ; John H. Doyle, republican, 347,091. Judge f the Supreme Court, to fill vacancy—Martin D. Follett, democrat, 360,486; William H. Upson, republican, 346,615. Clerk of Supreme Court—John W. Cruikshank, democrat, 360,179; Dwight Crowell, republican, 347,005. Attorney General—James Lawrence, democrat, 360,184; Moses B. Earnhart, republican, 347,589. Auditor of State—Emil Kiesewetter, democrat, 360,319; John F. Ogilvee, republican, 346,923. Treasurer of State—Peter Brady, democrat, 359,847; John C. Brown, republican, 348,399. Commissioner of Common Schools—LeRoy D. Brown, democrat, 359,679 ; Daniel F. De Wolf, republican, 347,095. Member Board of Public Works—John P. Martin, democrat, 360,707 ; Leo Weltz, republican, 346,856. Governor Hoadly was inaugurated on Monday, January 14, 1884, in the rotunda of the state house. There was no military display and no escort except that of democrat clubs. There was an unusual attendance of prominent democrats from all parts of the state, attracted by the induction into office of a democratic administration, but more particularly by reason of a fierce struggle over the election of a democratic United States Senator to succeed George H. Pendleton, whose term was about to expire. The candidates were Pendleton himself, Durbin Ward of Warren County, and Henry B. Payne of Cuyahoga. Direct charges of corruption were made, and there was much excitement, but the caucus of the majority decided on Payne, and he was elected on January 15. The republican minority voted blank. Later, attempts were made to prevent Payne from retaining his seat and formal charges of bribery in his election were made, but the Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections reported against taking any action in the matter. Senator Payne served the full term of six years from March 4, 1885, to March 4, 1891. He died at Cleveland five years later. On March 20, 1884, this General Assembly enacted a law establishing legal rights of married women. Under it they could sue and be sued as could unmarried women, they were entitled to homestead exemption, they could acquire, own and sell their own real estate. This reform had been agitated many years by the women, whose property had been entirely out of their own control. A new division of the state into congressional districts was made, as had been done many times before when the political complexion of 632 - HISTORY OF OHIO the General Assembly changed. The new districts were expected to elect fifteen democratic congressmen. On March 5, 1884, the Assembly adopted a joint resolution which led to an event of almost national interest. It was a formal request that the United States Navy Department send a war vessel to Constantinople to convey to the United States the body of J. A. McGahan, who before his death had been a war correspondent of international reputation. He was a native of New Lexington, Perry County, Ohio, and had died in 1878 at Constantinople, after a series of extraordinary experiences as a correspondent of the London Daily News. He was regarded throughout Europe and America as the "Liberator of Bulgaria" because of his graphic descriptions f conditions in that country under Turkish rule. As a result of the action taken by the General Assembly f Ohio, McGahan's body was brought to. New York in a United States war vessel, was there received with unusual official ceremonies, and lay in state in the City Hall on August 21, 1884, with a guard of honor. On August 27 the remains were placed in the rotunda of the capitol at Columbus, on which occasion Governor Hoadly delivered an eloquent tribute to the dead journalist. On September 11 interment of the remains was made in the cemetery at New Lexington, where they lie under a fine monument. On April 14, 1884, the General Assembly passed a special appropriation act to pay $70,000, the cost of the Ohio militia regiments "at the late Cincinnati riots." This referred to an event which was the most alarming and destructive exhibition of mob spirit ever known in the State of Ohio. It had its origin in a righteous public indignation over lax administration of justice in the Cincinnati courts, which had prevailed for some time and now reached its climax. An atrocious murder had been committed, which doubtless deserved the extreme penalty of the law upon its perpetrators. But the first one of them who came to trial, a young German named Bender, had been convicted of only manslaughter. On the night of March 28, a great mass meeting in Music Hall adopted resolutions of protest and condemnation of what was regarded as corruption in the courts. This action provided an excuse for thousands of men of the lowest classes to make an assault, the same night, upon the county courthouse with the intention of hanging Bender. He had already been started on the way to the penitentiary, but the turbulent mob, finding itself in complete control, ran rampant. A Cincinnati militia regiment had been called out, and after a fierce struggle had dispersed the crowd by morning. But it later reformed, and a dense throng of ruffians surged about the jail throughout the day. At night they completely destroyed the jail and were ready to proceed against other county structures. The Fourteenth Regiment, from Columbus, arrived at ten o'clock and a battle immediately ensued. The determined stand and deadly fire of the soldiers quelled the rioting and the disturbance terminated the next day. But the property loss had been millions, more than fifty persons had been killed, and many hundreds were wounded. This Assembly instituted an important addition to the penal system of the state. On April 14, 1884, it passed an act for the establishment of an intermediate penitentiary, in which were to be incarcerated those convicted persons who had not been previously sentenced to a penitentiary in this or any other state. The governor was authorized by the act to appoint a board of managers of three members, to determine upon a site and to prepare plans for the buildings ; also to adopt a code of rules for its government. It was intended to apply to young men not criminally vicious, and the discipline was to be for the ref ormation rather than the punishment f prisoners. The board appointed under this law, after consideration for more than a year, decided upon Mansfield for the site, and it was there that a splendid institution was erected on a thirty-acre tract of land. The corner stone was laid on ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 633 November 4, 1885, and on September 15, 1896, the doors were opened to the first inmates-150 prisoners transferred from the state penitentiary at Columbus. This place, now known as the Ohio State Reformatory, is a model of its kind, where young prisoners work part f their time, are educated in useful knowledge, and trained to be self-sustaining, good citizens. As has been previously stated, the Ohio River flood of 1884 greatly surpassed the disastrous rise of 1883. Tremendous damage, and some loss f life, were inflicted at other points besides those along the river—Massillon, Warren, Canton, Youngstown, New Philadelphia, Coshocton, Zanesville, Chillicothe, Athens, Greenfield, Logan, Dayton and Columbus, but Steubenville, Belpre, Pomeroy, Gallipolis, and especially Cincinnati, suffered in a far greater degree. An epitome f the situation, from day to day, is found in the headlines of the newspapers f February 7 and the ten succeeding days : February 7—"A booming river ; ten miles f the city front swept by raging waters ; exodus of families and property to the higher levels." February 8—"Twenty thousand homeless at Pittsburgh and ten thousand at Wheeling ; immense damage done at Logan ; the Scioto out of its banks, and hundreds upon hundreds f dwellings in the grasp of the remorseless element." February 9—"The raging waters mounting slowly but surely ; stage of water 62 feet, 2% inches." February 10—"Destruction increases as the swell approaches ; water 64 feet, 4 inches." February 11—"The deluge growing in volume with every moment ; the fearful plunge of a pleasure party to a death in the awful waste; Cincinnati spends a night in utter darkness ; strictest economy in the use of water is demanded ; water 65 feet, 5 1/2 inches." February 12—"67 feet, 2 1/2 inches, and the awful addition goes steadily on; hungry and shivering thousands appealing for food and clothing." February 13—"Ruin and desolation sweeping through the valley ; a hundred cities at the mercy of merciless waves ; millions and millions of dollars worth of property totally destroyed ; fifty thousand people destitute and starving in the Gallipolis district ; water 69 feet, 2 inches." February 14—"Still rising; the river now climbing the second bluff ; houses tumbling in the Queen City and swept into the never ceasing current ; every wholesale street in Cincinnati navigable for boats from end to end ; over two hundred buildings in Lawrenceburg destroyed ; water 70 feet, 9 1/2 inches." February 15—"71 feet, 3/4 inch, but now falling, and a million people praise God." February 16—"A human sacrifice offered to the receding waters ; ten victims buried under a falling building; water 69 -feet." The charity organizations had been vigorously active, and by February 20 they were able to care for all hungry people. Hundreds of thousands of dollars had been pouring in from every part of the nation. On April 28, 1884, a devastating cyclone ruined the town of James,. town, near Xenia. One hundred buildings were totally destroyed, according to the reports in the newspapers, and 200 others were badly damaged. Five persons lost their lives and a dozen or more were badly injured. At Lake Park Station, two miles north of Canton, a railroad wreck occurred on July 19, 1884, in which many lives were lost. The employes of the Aultman Agricultural Works with their families-2,000 in all—had enjoyed an outing at Cuyahoga Falls, and while returning home in the evening one of the two trains containing them was thrown into a deep ditch. 634 - HISTORY OF OHIO In the year 1884, for the first time since 1855, every elective officer in the state house was a democrat, with the exception of two judges on the Supreme bench and one member of the Board of Public Works. This situation, combined with the fact that another president was to be elected, made the campaign of 1884 a highly important one. It was, in fact, the most bitterly fought political contest which had occurred since the "Log Cabin" campaign of 1840. The republican state convention was held on April 23 in Cleveland. Its business was to nominate its list of candidates for state officers, elect four delegates-at-large to the party's national convention, and select two electors-at-large for president. William McKinley, who had been unseated by a democratic majority in Congress, was permanent chairman of the state convention, and William H. Taft, then twenty-six years old and unknown to fame except as the son of Alphonso Taft, minister of the United States to Russia, was one of the vice presidents. It is unlikely that any delegate there dreamed that he would become secretary f war, President of the United States, and chief justice of the Supreme Court of the nation. The delegates-at-large to the national convention designated by the convention were Joseph B. Foraker of Cincinnati, William McKinley of Canton, Marcus A. Hanna of Cleveland, and William H. West of Bellefontaine. The presidential electors-at-large named were John Beatty of Franklin County and James M. Comley of Lucas, who had been United States minister to Hawaii. At Columbus, on June 18, the democratic state convention was presided over by E. B. Finley of Bucyrus. Four distinguished men were elected as delegates-at-large to the national convention—ex-Senator Allen G. Thurman, Governor George Hoadly, John R. McLean, owner of the Cincinnati Enquirer, and Durbin Ward of Lebanon. Governor Hoadly was substituted- for Jacob Mueller of Cleveland, who was first named, but declined. State conventions were also held by the prohibitionists and the greenback-labor anti-monopoly party. Both named candidates for state officers and delegates to their national conventions. At the National Republican Convention of 1884, held in Chicago the first week in June, Ohio was represented by the four delegates-at-large already mentioned and by the following from the several districts : Benjamin Eggleston, William B. Smith, Amor Smith, Jr., and Charles Fleischmann, all of Cincinnati ; Henry L. Morey of Hamilton, M. J. W. Holter f Batavia, Samuel Craighead of Dayton, A. R. Byrkett of Troy, James S. Robinson of Kenton, Joseph Morris of Lima, Albert M. Pratt of Bryan, J. N. High f Napoleon, Robert W. McMahan f Bowling Green, Oscar T. Martin of Springfield, George M. Eichelberger f Urbana, Thomas E. Duncan of Mount Gilead, John F. Locke of London, C. L. Luce of Toledo, John B. Rice of Fremont, Alphonso Hart of Hillsboro, Charles W: Boyd of Levanna, Orin B. Gould f Portsmouth, H. S. Bundy of Wellston, Clinton D. Firestone of Columbus, Charles E. Groce of Circleville, William I. Shriver of New Lexington, Austin W. Vorhes of Pomeroy, Henry Clay VanVorhes of Zanesville, Edwin L. Lybarger of Spring Mountain, Elizur G. Johnson of Elyria, W. L. Sewell of Mansfield, Charles H. Batzell of Bellaire, M. R. Patterson of Cambridge, C. H. Andrews of Youngstown, William Monaghan of Lisbon, Elbert L. Lampson of Jefferson, Julius 0. Converse of Chardon, Arthur L. Conger of Akron, Timothy G. Loomis of Lodi, A. C. Hord and Edwin G. Cowles. of Cleveland. Joseph B. Foraker was made chairman of the delegation, and William McKinley was selected as Ohio's member of the Committee on Resolutions. The chairman of the Republican National Convention was Benjamin F. Jones f Pennsylvania. The platform was largely written by William McKinley, and as chairman of the Resolutions Committee he read it. It was adopted with enthusiasm and without debate. Foraker placed ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 635 before the convention the name of John Sherman for president, and Judge West of the Ohio delegation presented the name of James G. Blaine of Maine. Thus at the outset it was known that the Ohio delegates were not all behind Sherman. The other candidates formally presented to the convention were Augustus Brandegee of Connecticut, John A. Logan of Illinois, Chester A. Arthur of New York, and George F. Edmunds of Vermont. Four ballots were necessary to arrive at a choice. On the first Ohio cast twenty-five votes for Sherman and twenty-one for Blaine. On the second twenty-three for Sherman and the same number for Blaine. Blaine received twenty-five Ohio votes on the third ballot, Sherman twenty-one. On the fourth ballot Foraker withdrew Sherman's name and cast the entire vote of the state for Blaine, who received 544 votes as. against 276 for all the other candidates combined. Gen. John A. Logan was nominated for vice president on the first ballot, by a practically unanimous vote. The Democratic National Convention was held at Chicago on July 8. William F. Vilas of Wisconsin was the permanent chairman. Two Ohio democrats were formally presented for the presidential nomination—Allen G. Thurman and George Hoadly. On the first ballot Thurman was given eighty-eight votes and Hoadly three. Grover Cleveland of New York received 392 votes on the first ballot and 683 on the second. He was then named unanimously, and Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana was made the nominee for vice president. The campaign was fought very largely on the issue f a protective tariff. Blaine's was the greatest name before the American people, as it had been for years, and Cleveland was not much known except in the State of New York. The republicans were supremely confident, and were literally stunned when their candidate was defeated. The democratic majority in New York was but 1,047, but the Empire State, with the South and a very few northern states, gave Cleveland a total of 219 electoral votes, to 182 for Blaine. Had a few more votes in New York been cast for the republican cause, Blaine would have been successful in achieving the great ambition of his life. His narrow loss in New York was attributed to three causes : (1) A political speech by a republican speaker in New York City in which democracy was defined as "Rum, Romanism and Rebellion," which alienated many Roman Catholics ; (2) election frauds in New York City, charged to Tammany Hall ; (3) the bitter enmity of Roscoe Conkling, well known throughout the country, and which was responsible for a change of 4,000 votes in his own county, Oneida, including the City f Utica. The vote in Ohio was : James G. Blaine, republican, 400,082 ; Grover Cleveland, democrat, 368,280 ; John P. St. John, prohibition, 11,069; Benjamin F. Butler, greenback anti-monopoly, 5,179. Blaine's plurality, 31,802. The twenty-three Ohio presidential electors were : At large—John Beatty, Franklin County ; James M. Comly, Lucas. By districts—Samuel Bailey, Jr., John Ross Baumes, both of Hamilton County ; Robert G. Corwin, Warren ; Andrew R. Calderwood, Darke ; Samuel Taylor, Allen ; Alonzo B. Holcomb, Paulding ; Lovell B. Harris, Seneca ; Asa' S. Bushnell, Clark ; Philander B. Cole, Union ; Ralph P. Buckland, Sandusky ; Charles E. Kirker, Adams ; Edward S. Wilson, Lawrence ; Joseph F. Wheeler, Logan ; Jesse R. Foulke, Morgan ; William A. Bovey, Coshocton ; George Adams, Holmes ; Rodney M. Stimson, Washington ; John S. Rooller, Mahoning ; Albert W. Stiles, Ashtabula ; Ulysses L. Marvin, Summit ; and William Kaufman, Cuyahoga. The republican state ticket was elected with pluralities of from 11,000 to 17,000, and ten f the twenty-one congressmen were also republicans. 636 - HISTORY OF OHIO At the adjourned session of the General Assembly the official canvass was made of the October election, with the following results : Secretary of State—James S. Robinson, republican, 391,597; James W. Newman, democrat, 380,355 ; Evan J. Morris, prohibition, 8,607 ; Peter M. Harrold, greenback, 3,475. Judge of the Supreme Court—William W. Johnson, republican, 392,918 ; Charles D. Martin, democrat, 378,965. Member of Board of Public Works—Charles A. Flickinger, republican, 393,885 ; John H. Benfer, democrat, 376,602. On January 21, 1885, the General Assembly adopted a joint resolution designating William Allen, who had died in 1879, as the second eminent Ohioan whose statue should represent the state in statuary hall in the capitol at Washington, and appointing a commission to have it made and placed. The order for this art work was given to Charles Niehaus, of Cincinnati, the sculptor who had produced the statue of Garfield a few years before. On March 25, 1885, the General Assembly adopted a joint resolution submitting to the people a constitutional amendment which would change the date of state elections from October to the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. This change was approved by the people at the following election by a majority of 338,578. Public executions of murderers had for many years been a subject of serious consideration. Aside from the fact that they were sometimes carried out in a bungling manner, there was a general opinion that their effect on the public mind was pernicious and deplorable. Accordingly, on April 29, 1885, the General Assembly enacted a law providing that thereafter all executions should be privately held in a chamber at the Ohio penitentiary to be especially prepared for that purpose. It was required that they should occur before daylight in the morning, and the law specifically designated the few who were to be allowed to be present—three persons to be named by the condemned, five county sheriffs to be named by the warden of the penitentiary, a few newspaper reporters, the chaplain of the prison, the coroner of the county in which the crime was committed, and another minister if the condemned man so desired. This law went into effect immediately and it was found so great an improvement over the old method that it has ever since been a matter of wonderment that it was not adopted long before. Executions were by hanging, but not many years later this was changed to death by electricity. At 8:30 p. m. of September 8, 1885, the most destructive tornado in the history of the state occurred at Washington C. H., Fayette County. Fully 700 houses were damaged, of which 150 were completely demolished. A majority of the business buildings facing the public square were leveled to the earth. There were the inevitable casualties, protection of property by militia, and activities of a relief committee. The gas works were destroyed, and bonfires were necessary at night to make possible search of the ruins and prevention of depredations. Governor Hoadly visited the scene the next day and issued an appeal to the state for assistance to the stricken residents of the city. The political campaign of 1885, following after the exciting presidential contest of 1884, was lacking in unusual incident. The republican convention was held in Springfield on June 11, and that of the democrats at Columbus on August 20. The two contestants for the office of governor were the same as in the campaign f two years before—George Hoadly for the democrats and Joseph B. Foraker for the republicans. The prohibitionists and the greenbackers again nominated tickets. The republican candidates won by substantial majorities. The Legislature was in doubt because of alleged frauds in Cincinnati, from which city two delegations claimed to be elected. It was this circumstance which brought on a spectacular contest, with sensational and unusual events, when the Assembly convened the following January. ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS- 637 ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR JOSEPH BENSON FORAKER SIXTY-SEVENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY Regular Session, January 4 to May 19, 1886 ; Adjourned Session, January 4 to April 2, 1887 Lieutenant Governor Robert P. Kennedy presided ex-officio over the proceedings of the Senate, and John C. Entrekin, of Ross County, was speaker f the House of Representatives. The speaker pro tempore of the House was Daniel J. Ryan, who then held his first official connection with the affairs of the state, except for one term previously served in the House f Representatives. Later he became secretary of state and a noted lawyer, but his great claim to fame is his authorship, jointly with Emelius O. Randall, of the "History f Ohio ; the Rise and Progress of an American State," in five volumes. The canvass of the vote at the preceding October state election was made by the Assembly on January 6, and declaration made of the official figures as follows : Governor—Joseph B. Foraker, republican, 359,381; George Hoadly, democrat, 341,830 ; Adna B. Leonard, prohibition, 28,081 ; John W. Northrup, greenback, 2,001. Lieutenant Governor—Robert P. Kennedy, republican, 360,720 ; John G. Warwick, democrat, 341,809. Judge of the Supreme Court, full term—Thaddeus A. Minshall, republican, 361,216; Charles D. Martin, democrat, 341,712. Judge of the Supreme Court, vacancy—William T. Spear, republican, 363,770; Gibson Atherton, democrat, 335,383. Attorney General—Jacob A. Kohler, republican, 360,802 ; James Lawrence, democrat, 341,762. Treasurer of State—John C. Brown, republican, 361,463 ; Peter Brady, democrat, 340,969. Member Board of Public Works—Wells S. Jones, republican, 361,- 598; Henry Weible, democrat, 341,244. On January 12, 1886, John Sherman was again elected United States Senator by a vote on joint ballot of eighty-two, to sixty-two cast for Allen G. Thurman. Senator Sherman arrived in Columbus on the 14th and was given a public reception at which there were present Governor Foraker, the judges of the Supreme Court, the two houses of the General Assembly, and a large concourse f private persons, including many ladies. The General Assembly continued in a great turmoil of excitement during a large part of this session because f incidents arising out of charges of gross frauds in the Cincinnati elections f the previous October, in which the legislative delegation f that city was concerned. In the House of Representatives summary proceedings were taken by the republican majority to declare that the democrats from Hamilton County were not entitled to their seats, and the republicans who contested for them were promptly recognized. But in the Senate where the politics of the four members from Cincinnati would determine which party would be in a majority, the situation was very different. Before the new president, General Kennedy, had been inducted into office the four democrats were sworn upon presentation of their certificates of election, but Kennedy refused to recognize them as members. The contest thus precipitated was attended by riotous scenes. Finally, on May 5, the democrats determined to break the quorum in the Senate, and thus prevent the republicans from proceeding with their intention to seat the republican contestants. They therefore left the statehouse—all except one who was left to stand guard. Under these circumstances it was the aim f the republicans to prevent a record being made which would officially disclose that no quorum was present. To accomplish JOSEPH B. FORAKER Governor January 11, 1886--January 13, 1890. Born July 5, 1846; died May 10, 1917. Judge of Superior Court, Cincinnati ; United States Senator. ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 639 this purpose President Kennedy recognized Senator Pavey, of Fayette County, as having the floor, and whenever Senator VanCleaf, of Pick-away, the democrat left to keep watch, rose to demand a "call of the house" Kennedy refused to recognize him because Senator Pavey had the floor, and could not be compelled to yield it. This went on for two weeks, during which time no business f consequence was accomplished in the Senate. There was naturally great excitement over it, and the situation became very strained. In a moment of absence of Senator VanCleaf from the floor of the Senate the republicans, by a viva voce vote seated the four republicans from Hamilton County, and a quorum was thus created regardless f the absence of the democrats. No record of this vote was made since the roll had not been called, and the Supreme Court later decided that the act was legal and in order because the Senate Journal did not at any time show the lack of the necessary quorum. The absent democratic members returned before final adjournment. A law was passed, pursuant to the approval of the people, changing election day from October to November.—The eight hour day for labor was established.—An appropriation of $35,000 was made to provide suitable Ohio monuments on the field of Gettysburg.--The salaries of the state officers were raised to the following figures : Governor, $8,000 per annum ; lieutenant governor, $800 ; supreme judges, $4,000 each ; secretary of state, $3,000, with fees and allowances ; auditor, and treasurer of state, $3,000 each ; attorney general, $1,500 and fees ; members of the General Assembly, $600 each. These have all been materially increased since that time.. Joint resolutions of the Assembly provided for centennial celebrations in Columbus and Marietta in 1888 to commemorate the settlement of the state in 1788. That in Columbus was to be a great exposition to demonstrate the material and educational progress of the state. A board was to be appointed, with the governor as chairman, consisting of five members to be designated by the State Board of Agriculture, two by the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, and on by the State Horticultural Society. This board was instructed by the act "to secure intelligent representation in departments of education, history, art, science, agriculture, horticulture, live stock, forestry, mechanics, mining, commerce, transportation, merchandise, journalism, domestic manufacturing, and all arts and industries beneficial to mankind." The celebration at Marietta was to be in charge of the State Archaeological and Historical Society. Both of the events thus launched were successfully carried out two years later. On March 3, 1886, a joint resolution of the General Assembly recited that the State House was too small to accommodate all the departments and provided for the appointment of a joint committee of the two houses which should investigate and report a plan for either enlarging it or erecting a new building on the capital grounds. This was the first act toward the building of the state house "Annex," which was finished ready for occupancy in 1900. But even with this relief it has been necessary since that time to house several of the state departments in large office buildings in Columbus, and the question of greatly enlarging the original capitol building has been a perennial one. On the night of May 12, 1886, devastation was created by a terrible storm and flood in Xenia and Greene County. Shawnee Creek, a small and supposedly harmless stream, "went mad" as a result f great rains, and the overflowing water submerged a large part of the town. Many houses were washed away and thirty-three persons were drowned. This was followed next day by another great storm of wider area in western Ohio. Several lives were lost at Celina, and great destruction of property was wrought at Fort Recovery, Tiffin and Kenton. The usual annual political conventions presented tickets for the suffrage of the people—the democrats at Toledo on August 18, and 640 - HISTORY OF OHIO the republicans at Columbus on August 25. The greenback party had disappeared, but its place was taken by the labor party. The republicans attacked President Cleveland in their platform, and the democrats advocated a license system for the regulation of the evils growing out of the traffic in intoxicating liquors. The vote was large and the republicans were successful by pluralities approximating 20,000. They also elected fifteen of the twenty-one congressmen. William McKinley, whose district had been restored to its old bounds, was returned to Congress by a majority f 2,559. At its adjourned session, beginning January 4, 1887, the official canvass of the October, 1886, vote on state officers was declared by the General Assembly to be as follows : Secretary of State—James S. Robinson, republican, 341,095 ; John McBride, democrat, 329,314 ; Henry R. Smith, prohibition, 28,982 ; Charles Bonsall, labor, 2,010. Judge of Supreme Court—Marshall J. Williams, republican, 343,739 ; Martin D. Follett, democrat, 326,227. Clerk of Supreme Court—Urban H. Hester, republican, 344,552 ; John W. Cruikshank, democrat, 325,046. Commissioner of Common Schools—Eli T. Tappan, republican, 344,243 ; Leroy D. Brown, democrat, 325,943. Member Board of Public Works—William M. Hahn, republican, 344,557 ; William F. Ludwig, democrat, 325,163. The "Black Laws," which had stood on the statute books of the state since its foundation, were all repealed by act of February 22, 1887. They had been made in the days of slavery. The war had removed the most important of the restrictions on negroes, but the act of February, 1887, struck from the books all legal and civil distinctions between white and colored people in Ohio. At one o'clock a. m. of January 4, 1887, an appalling collision occurred on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad near Tiffin. The weather was extremely cold, and one of the trains was stalled because the boiler of its locomotive could not keep up a sufficient steam pressure. The conductor was too late in sending a warning light to stop the "lightning express" which was approaching at sixty miles an hour around a curve, and the two trains telescoped. Within a few minutes the cars were a mass of flames, ignited by overturned stoves, and seventeen passengers who had not been able to escape from the wreck were burned alive. This catastrophe contributed largely to the movement which eventually secured the scrapping of all wooden cars and the exclusive use of steel in the construction of rolling stock for passenger trains. Preparations for the political battle of 1887 began early. On June 30, at Delaware, the prohibitionists nominated Morris Sharp, f Fayette County, for governor ; and at Columbus, on July 4 and 5, the labor party named John Seitz, f Seneca. On July 20 the democrats, at Cleveland, decided on a ticket headed by Thomas E. Powell, of Delaware, extolled President Cleveland, and again urged a constitutional amendment permitting a license system for regulating the sale of intoxicating liquors. The republican convention, at Toledo on July 27, renominated Governor Foraker and strongly endorsed John Sherman for the next presidential nomination—in 1888. The campaign was a whirlwind affair from start to finish. An unusual move was the bringing of the former Confederate general, John B. Gordon, from Georgia to make speeches for the democrats, and the republicans took full advantage of the situation thereby created. The election resulted in victory for the republican candidates by largely increased majorities. The newly elected Legislature consisted of twenty-three republicans and twelve democrats in the Senate, and of sixty-seven republicans and forty-five democrats in the House of Representatives ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 641 SIXTY-EIGHTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY Regular Session, January 2 to April 16, 1888 ; Adjourned Session, January 8 to April 15, 1889 The presiding officer f the Senate, ex-officio, was Lieutenant Governor William C. Lyon. Elbert L. Lampson, of Ashtabula County, was the speaker of the House f Representatives. The usual canvass f the vote for state officers occurred on the third day of the session, with the following results : Governor—Joseph B. Foraker, republican, 356,534 ; Thomas E. Powell, democrat, 333,205 ; Morris Sharp, prohibition, 29,700 ; John Seitz, union labor, 24,711. Foraker's plurality, 23,329. Lieutenant Governor--William C. Lyon, republican, 356,932 ; DeWitt C. Coolman, democrat, 328,189. Judge of the Supreme Court, full term—William T. Spear, republican, 357,137; Lyman R. Critchfield, democrat, 327,887. Judge of the Supreme Court, short term—Franklin J. Dickman, republican, 357,039; Virgil P. Kline, democrat, 328,137. Auditor of State—Ebenezer W. Poe, republican, 356,793 ; Emil Kiesewetter, democrat, 327,821. Treasurer of State—John C. Brown, republican, 357,597 ; George W. Harper, democrat, 327,435. Attorney General—David K. Watson, republican, 357,433 ; William H. Leete, democrat, 327,551. Member Board of Public Works—Charles A. Flickinger, republican, 357,138; Orsamus E. Niles, democrat, 326,025. The demand for local option as to the sale f intoxicating liquors was met by the General Assembly in a law passed March 2. By its operation one-fourth of the voters of any township, not within any municipality, could petition the township trustees at any time to hold a special election to determine whether sale of intoxicants was to be prohibited. If it should appear at such election that a majority f the voters favored prohibition, it would be unlawful to sell, furnish or give away such liquors. For violation the offender could be fined as high as $500 and imprisoned in the county jail six months. All fines were to be paid into the county poor fund. Many townships availed themselves f the provisions of this law, but its weakness consisted in that liquors sold unlawfully in towns or in adjoining townships were very easily obtainable by those living in local option territory. An act of April 10, 1888, made it unlawful to sell cigarettes, cigars or tobacco to minors under the age of fifteen. The law was passed in response to demands of reformers, but it proved a dead letter. It was not until 1888 that electric lights were installed in the State House, and then only as an experiment. The Edison Electric Light Company of Columbus was furnishing customers with current, and on January 24 a law was passed authorizing that company "to run wires into the Supreme Court Room, consultation room and law library at its own expense." It was not permitted to charge more than three-quarters of 1 per cent per hour for each light of sixteen-candle power, and the state reserved the privilege of terminating the arrangement at any time. The State Board of Pardons, which had been so earnestly recommended by Governor Foster in his first inaugural address in 1880, was not established until 1888. On April 11 of that year the law was passed which brought it into existence. It was to consist of four members, two from each of the leading parties, and they were to serve four year terms. All applications for pardons of convicts was to be made directly to the board, and it was, after full investigation, to make recommendations in writing to the governor, with all details. But the governor was to have full power either to accept or reject the recommendations made. 642 - HISTORY OF OHIO The Ohio Centennial Exposition was held at the State Fair grounds in Columbus, from September 4 to October 16, 1888. The celebration was opened with a great parade f Ohio National Guard and an immense gathering of people in the Auditorium, one of the ten buildings specially constructed for the occasion. Governor Foraker was present and Coates Kinney was poet f the day. Mrs. Foraker pressed the button which set the mass of machinery in motion. The exposition was in every way a fitting exemplification of Ohio's first century of progress and her proud place in the sisterhood of states. At Marietta, for some days beginning April 5, 1888, exercises were held commemorative f the first Ohio settlement, April 7, 1788. Governor Foraker delivered the address of welcome, and the formal oration was by George F. Hoar, the distinguished United Slates Senator from Massachusetts. There were also addresses by ex-President R. B. Hayes, Hon. J. Randolph Tucker of Virginia, Dr. Edward Everett Hale of Massachusetts, Dr. Henry Storrs of New Jersey and Dr. A. L. Chapin of Wisconsin—all of whom were among the most prominent men of that day. On July 15-19, also at Marietta, equally impressive ceremonies commemorated the establishment of civil government in the Northwest Territory. These exercises were participated in by Senator John Sherman, Governor Foraker, Senator John W. Daniel of Virginia, Mrs. Mary A. Livermore of Massachusetts, Generals Charles H. Grosvenor and Thomas Ewing of Ohio, and Senator William M. Evarts of New York, who had been secretary of state under President Hayes. Both of these occasions at Marietta were dignified and impressive, worthy of the great event, and they attracted attention throughout the nation. The national political campaign of 1888 overshadowed every other interest. Some of the policies and measures of President Cleveland, the first democrat to occupy the White House since Buchanan was succeeded by Lincoln in 1861, had been bitterly denounced by the republicans f all the states, and they were determined to reinstate their party in control of the national executive department. The democrats were equally determined to give no ground. The conventions in Ohio emphasized this antagonism. The democrats held theirs at Dayton beginning May 15. It endorsed Cleveland's administration "without qualification," and demanded a great reduction in the tariff rates. It named a state ticket and elected the following delegates-at-large to the national convention : Delegates-at-large—Calvin S. Brice of Lima, Charles W. Baker of Cincinnati, Thomas E. Powell of Columbus and L. E. Holden of Cleveland. Electors-at-large—William D. Hill of Defiance and W. W. Ellsberry of Georgetown. The republican state convention was held, also at Dayton, on April 18. Its platform condemned Cleveland, denounced suppression of negro voters in the South, declared for an adequate protective tariff, commended Governor Foraker's administration, and urged that the national convention nominate John Sherman for president. It nominated a state ticket, named Isaac P. Lampson of Cuyahoga County and Absalom H. Mattox of Hamilton as presidential electors-at-large, and the following delegates-at-large to the national convention : Joseph B. Foraker of Hamilton County, William McKinley of Stark, Charles Foster of Seneca, and Benjamin Butterworth of Hamilton. The district delegates were : Thomas W. Graydon, Howard Ferris, Amor Smith, Jr., and Frederick Tucker, all f Hamilton County ; O. Britt Brown and Joseph E. Lowes of Montgomery; George P. Waldorf, Allen ; A. M. Kuhn, Auglaize ; William H. Gibson, Seneca ; E. J. Totten, Hancock ; H. A. Hamilton, Wood ; Isaac N. Alexander, VanWert ; John Little, Greene; James B. Swing, Clermont ; John Foos, Clark ; Festus Walters, Pick-away ; H. M. Carper, Delaware; R. L. Woodburn, Union ; James B. ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 643 Luckey, Ottawa ; Clarence E. Brown, Lucas ; Edward F. Wilson, Lawrence ; S. M. Brandyberry, Gallia ; Azariah W. Doan, Clinton ; Marcus Boggs, Ross ; Jared P. Bliss, Franklin ; John W. Jones, Hocking ; Henry C. Hedges, Richland ; Sidney S. Warner, Lorain, Charles L. Kurtz, Athens ; Walter W. Merrick, Meigs ; Samuel J. Davis, Licking ; Mendal Churchill, Muskingum ; John A. Bingham, Harrison ; Robert Sherrard, Jefferson ; Robert N. Chamberlain, Columbiana ; Thomas R. Morgan, Sr., Stark ; William Grinnell, Portage ; W. H. Johnson, Lake ; C. J. Mannix, Cuyahoga ; Martin L. Smyser, Wayne ; Myron T. Herrick, Cuyahoga ; Marcus A. Hanna, Cuyahoga. Candidates were again presented by conventions of the prohibition and union labor parties. The democratic national convention met at St. Louis, Missouri, on Tuesday, June 5. Grover Cleveland had no opposition for the presidential nomination, and he was made the candidate with great demonstrations of enthusiasm. Allen G. Thurman, of Ohio, was named for vice president, on the first ballot, with only negligible opposition. The republicans met at Chicago on June 19. It had been expected that James G. Blaine would again be the candidate, but he positively refused. No other candidate had been previously talked f except John Sherman, but at the convention the following men were placed in nomination: Benjamin Harrison of Indiana, William B. Allison of Iowa, Russell A. Alger of Michigan, Jeremiah M. Rusk of Wisconsin, Chauncey M. Depew of New York, Joseph R. Hawley of Connecticut, John J. Ingalls f Kansas, Edwin H. Fitler of Pennsylvania, and John Sherman of Ohio. In the voting Sherman led for six ballots, but on the seventh his vote was exceeded by that of Harrison, and on the eighth Harrison was the winner. On motion of Governor Foraker, who had spoken before the convention on behalf of Sherman, Harrison's nomination was made unanimous. Levi P. Morton of New York was made the candidate for vice president—on the first ballot. The campaign in Ohio was vigorous, as it was in all parts of the North, but as Ohio, under the new constitutional amendment, would hold no October election, the former efforts to make a large pre-November showing were not in evidence. The state went republican by about 20,000 on all the candidates, the vote on president being as follows : Benjamin Harrison, republican, 416,054 ; Grover Cleveland, democrat, 396,455 ; Clinton B. Fisk, prohibition, 24,356; Alson J. Streeter, union labor, 3,496. The republicans made a gain of one more congressman, electing their candidates in sixteen of the twenty-one districts. At the adjourned session of the General Assembly the canvass of the vote on state officers showed the following figures : Secretary of State—Daniel J. Ryan, republican, 416,510 ; Boston B. Young, democrat, 395,522 ; Walter S. Payne, prohibition, 24,618 ; George F. Ebner, union labor, 3,452. Judge of Supreme Court—Joseph P. Bradbury, republican, 415,842 ; Lyman R. Critchfield, democrat, 396,236. Member Board of Public Works—Wells S. Jones, republican, 416,143 ; James Emmitt, democrat, 395,869. On March 20, 1889, the General Assembly appropriated $5,000 for the erection of a monument, or memorial, in the National Cemetery at Chattanooga, Tennessee, at the group of eight graves where lie the bodies of the famous "Andrews Raiders," who were executed by the Confederates at Atlanta, Georgia, in June, 1862. These were the daring spirits in the Union army—most of them Ohioans—who in April, 1862, captured a locomotive at Big Shanty, Georgia, and attempted to run it to Chattanooga, cutting telegraphic wires, burning bridges, and tearing up the railroad tracks as they went, as a means of helping in important army movements. They were unsuccessful, for reasons beyond their control. The men were captured by the Confederates 644 - HISTORY OF OHIO and eight of them executed as spies. The Assembly's resolution named them as follows : James Andrews, citizen, late of Flemingsburg, Kentucky. William Campbell, citizen, late of Salemville, Columbiana County, Ohio. George D. Wilson, Company B, Second Ohio Infantry, enlisted at Franklin, Miami County, Ohio. Marion A. Ross, Company A, Second Ohio Infantry, enlisted at Urbana, Champaign County, Ohio. Perry D. Shadrock, Company K, Second Ohio Infantry, enlisted at Mitchell's Salt Works, Jefferson County, Ohio. Samuel Slavens, Company E, Thirty-third Ohio Infantry, enlisted at Portsmouth, Ohio. Samuel Robinson, Company G, Thirty-third Ohio Infantry, enlisted at Bourneville, Ross County, Ohio. John Scott, Company K, Twenty-first Ohio Infantry, enlisted at Findlay, Hancock County, Ohio. The memorial thus provided for was ready to be unveiled by 1891, and the impressive ceremonies on the occasion, May 30 of that year, consisted chiefly of an eloquent address by ex-Governor Joseph B. Foraker. One of the most notable legislative events in Ohio in the year 1889 was the passage, on April 15, of a law greatly strengthening the act for compulsory education. It required attendance at school of all children between the ages of eight and fourteen years for at least twenty weeks each year in cities, or sixteen weeks in country districts. It was made unlawful to employ children under fourteen years old. Minors over fourteen and under sixteen who could not read and write were required to attend day or evening school, or take private instructions, until they could read and write simple sentences in the English language. The enforcement of the law was placed in the hands of the school authorities, with truant officers in larger cities and constables in smaller towns, and in townships, to make sure that all children were brought under these requirements. The state political campaign of 1889 was a very bitter one. The democrats nominated James E. Campbell, of Butler County, for governor, and the republicans, for the fourth time, named Joseph B. Foraker. There were charges that Campbell had been guilty of suspicious transactions in connection with a patent ballot box, but it was proved that the charges were entirely unfounded, and the effect was favorable to him. The canvass for votes was vigorous and the speaking campaign more active and far reaching than usual. The democrats elected Mr. Campbell by almost 11,000, but the republicans carried the rest of their ticket, including the lieutenant governor, by small pluralities. The General Assembly chosen was democratic by nineteen to seventeen in the Senate, and sixty-four to fifty in the lower house. Among the members in the lower body of legislators was Harry M. Daugherty, a young lawyer of Fayette County, who became prominent in political affairs in the state, and thirty years later attained the high position of Attorney General of the United States. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR JAMES E. CAMPBELL SIXTY-NINTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY Regular Session, January 6 to April 28, 1890 Extraordinary Session, October 14 to 24, 1890 Adjourned Session, January 3 to May 4, 1891 The first president,, ex-officio, of the Senate at this session of the General Assembly was Elbert L. Lampson, who had received his certifi- 646 - HISTORY OF OHIO cate of election as lieutenant governor, but on January 30 he was unseated, and William V. Marquis, his democratic competitor in the 1889 election, was declared elected to the office. The speaker of the House was Nial R. Hysell of Perry County. The clerk of the Senate was William A. Taylor, a noted newspaper editor and historical writer. The vote of the previous election for state officers, as canvassed in joint convention of the two houses of the Legislature, was as follows : Governor—James E. Campbell, democrat, 379,423 ; Joseph B. Foraker, republican, 368,551 ; John B. Helwig, prohibition, 26,504 ; John H. Rhodes, union labor, 1,048. Campbell's plurality, 10,872. Lieutenant Governor—Elbert L. Lampson, republican, 375,090 ; William V. Marquis, democrat, 375,068. Lampson's plurality, 22. Secretary of State—John C. Brown, republican, 377,102; William E. Boden, democrat, 373,476. Judge of the Supreme Court—Urban H. Hester, republican, 377,021 ; Israel J. C. Shumaker, democrat, 373,453. Attorney General—David Kemper Watson, republican, 377,140 ; Jesse M. Lewis, democrat, 373,335. Commissioner of Common Schools—John Hancock, republican, 377,107; Charles C. Miller, democrat, 373,391. Member Board of Public Works—William M. Hahn, republican, 377,059; Frank Reynolds, democrat, 372,659. Governor Campbell's inauguration, January 13, was a brilliant occasion, with a fine parade and great crowds in attendance. The Board of Equalization, after canvassing and adjusting tax valuations of real estate this year, determined the total valuation to be 1,232,305,312. On January 14, the two houses balloted separately to elect a United States Senator to succeed Henry B. Payne on March 4, 1891, and the next day, in joint session, declared Calvin S. Brice elected. The candidates before the caucus of democratic members included, besides Brice, John A. McMahon of Montgomery County, John H. Thomas of Clark, Charles W. Baker of Hamilton, John McSweeney of Wayne, and a few others who developed no particular strength. Two ballots were required, and Brice was chosen by fifty-three votes against a total of twenty for the others. The republicans supported ex-Governor Charles Foster, who received fourteen votes in the Senate, and fifty-two in the House. The experiment of using electric lights in the judicial department of the state capitol, instituted the previous year, had met with the approval of the Legislature, and on January 6, 1890, the first day of the session, a joint resolution was adopted looking to the use of the new illumination in all parts of the building. The first intention, however, was that the state would generate its own current, and the first act appointed a committee to inquire into the practicability of installing a plant in the basement f the capitol. It was not found wise to do this, and early the following year an order was given to the Edison Company to wire the capitol throughout. This was eleven years after Edison had perfected his incandescent lamp, and the industry made possible by that great invention had already grown to considerable proportions. On March 11, 1890, the democratic Legislature passed another bill dividing the state into congressional districts. The object was to throw as many republican counties as possible together into single districts, in order to concentrate their vote and thereby secure to them as few districts, with large majorities, as could be devised. In this the democrats were successful, for at the next election, although the republican state ticket was elected by more than 10,000 plurality, the democrats carried fourteen of the new twenty-one congressional districts which they had carved out and the republicans carried seven. Perhaps the most notable feature of the legislative program of the ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 647 session of 1890 was the number and importance of "labor laws" passed. The unions of workingmen had grown very strong in numbers and power, and their influence on the Legislature was potent. By act of April 2 labels upon union made goods were authorized. On April 28 a law established free employment agencies in some of the larger cities ; on the same date the first Monday in September was designated as "labor day" and made a holiday. A law was also enacted creating certain hours of election day a holiday and making it unlawful for employers to require their men to work during those hours. Railroad companies were forbidden to compel their employes to sign agreements holding the companies harmless from damages in case of accidents or injuries to employes. Railroad companies were also obliged to pay their men an extra rate for time over ten hours per day. All incorporated companies were required to pay their employes at least twice a month. Governor Campbell called an extraordinary session of the Legislature which convened October 14, 1890, and adjourned ten days later. It passed a few special acts, but its main work was the reorganization of the government f the City of Cincinnati—the law being known at the time as "the ripper bill." Later this law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. The four political parties which had been in the contest of the previous year again presented candidates for election in 1890—the organizations of union labor and prohibition in addition to those of the republicans and democrats. The loss by the republicans of the governor and General Assembly had been a severe blow to the party, as it carried with it the United States Senator, the majority representation in the lower house of Congress, and the control of all the state institutions. The republican managers of the 1890 campaign therefore made the greatest possible effort to regain the lost ground. In this they were successful except as to the congressmen. As has been before stated, the new districts made up by the democratic Legislature of the previous year elected only seven republicans in the twenty-one districts. Among the defeated republicans was William McKinley, whose district had been made overwhelmingly democratic. But to this fact was largely due his nomination for governor in 1891. His standing and ability in Congress had enabled him to secure the passage of "the McKinley Tariff Bill," and he was now one of the great figures f the. nation. Meanwhile, Marcus A. Hanna of Cleveland was becoming a power in the republican councils, and his management f McKinley's interests easily secured for him the nomination for president in 1896. In the decade between 1880 and 1890 the population had increased from 3,198,062 to 3,672,316. The inhabitants of Illinois now totaled 3,826,351, and that state had therefore crowded Ohio out f third rank among the states f the Union. But there was a difference of a million between Ohio and Missouri, which stood next lower on the list. Some f the cities of Ohio had shown phenomenal growth—Cleveland from 160,146 in 1880 to 261,353; Findlay from 4,632 to 18,553 ; Youngstown from 15,435 to 33,220; Canton from 12,258 to 26,189 ; Lima from 7,669 to 15,987. The largest ten cities of the state now were: Cincinnati, with a population f 296,908 ; Cleveland, 261,353 ; Columbus, 88,150; Toledo, 81,434 ; Dayton, 61,220 ; Youngstown, 33,220 ; Springfield, 31,895; Akron, 27,601 ; Canton, 26,189; and Zanesville, 21,009. At the adjourned session f the General Assembly, in January, 1891, the official result of the election of 1890 was thus declared : Secretary of State—Daniel J. Ryan, republican, 363,548; Thaddeus E. Cromley, democrat, 352,579 ; Melancthon C. Lockwood, prohibition, 23,837; Ezekial T. Kurtes, union labor, 1,752. Judge of the Supreme Court—Thaddeus A. Marshall, republican, 362,896; George B. Okey, democrat, 353,628. 648 - HISTORY OF OHIO Member Board of Public Works—Frank J. McColloch, republican, 362,594 ; Leopold Keifer, democrat, 353,840. A legislative joint resolution dated February 3, 1891, called upon Ohio's representatives in Congress to do all in their power to secure the passage of a law submitting an amendment to the federal constitution under which United States senators would be elected directly by the people instead of by the state legislatures. This was not a new idea at that time, but it was the first action taken in Ohio upon the subject. The movement made slow progress, however, and it was not until 1912 that Congress took the necessary steps to make the change, and it was declared in force on May 21, 1913. This was the seventeenth amendment to the fundamental document which is the Supreme Law of the Land. In the preliminary statement of a joint resolution adopted by the General Assembly on April 24, 1891, it was recited that 56 per cent of accidents to railroad employes were caused in the operation of coupling cars. The resolution therefore urged upon Ohio's representatives in Congress to secure if possible the passage of an act requiring railroad companies to install automatic couplers on all cars. It was a reform greatly needed, recognized by the companies themselves as well as by their employes and the public at large. Thousands of inventions to accomplish the purpose were patented and presented for trial, but it required some years of experimenting to find automatic couplers which were thoroughly dependable, after which they were put into universal use. The act of the sixty-ninth General Assembly which personally concerned the greatest number of people was that which established the Australian ballot system in elections—dated April 30, 1891. It was practically complete in its original form, very few alterations or amendments have since been found necessary. The law secured absolute secrecy in marking ballots and made election frauds by officials practically impossible. It was the outstanding achievement of Governor Campbell's administration. A new political party was formed at Cincinnati in a conference held May 19, 1891, being representative f the Farmers' Alliance and various industrial organizations. It was called "The People's Party." National in scope, it existed long enough to take part in the presidential election of 1892, after which it disappeared. But in 1891 it held a state convention, at Springfield on August 6, and nominated a full ticket. The prohibitionists again entered the field with a complete list of nominees for state offices. The republican state convention met at Columbus, June 16 and 17. Gen. Asa S. Bushnell f Springfield presided. The only candidate for governor was William McKinley, his name being presented in a characteristic and eloquent speech by ex-Governor Foraker, who moved that the rules be suspended and that Major McKinley be nominated by acclamation, which was done amid great cheering. McKinley and Senator Sherman addressed the convention. All the candidates were nominated on first ballots, including one for a new office—dairy and food commissioner—the honor falling to Frederick B. McNeal of Union County. The democratic convention was held at Cleveland on July 15 and 16. Governor Campbell was renominated. The platform declared for free silver and a tariff for revenue only, and denounced the "republican billion dollar Congress." Campbell and McKinley were warm personal friends, each having the highest respect for the other, and the campaign was entirely free from undignified personalities. Once, at Ada, Hardin County, they met in joint debate on the silver and tariff issues, before an immense audience. Both speakers were treated with fairness, and not an unpleasant incident marred the proceedings. Much of the interest in the campaign centered about the people's party, the managers of which were ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 649 extremely active, and its strength was a matter of much speculation. The Australian ballot required by the new election law was confusing to many voters, and a large number f them made a mistake in marking, by which their ballots were counted for governor only, so that the candidates for that office received a total of almost 30,000 more votes than were counted for the other candidates. The republicans were victorious, McKinley being elected by more than 21,000 plurality. The new General Assembly was overwhelmingly republican—twenty-one to ten in the Senate, and seventy-two to thirty-five in the House. Ohio was at this time normally a republican state. Some observers have contended that if Governor Campbell had not sought to remove the democratic office holders in Cincinnati, whom he regarded as guilty of maladministration—if he had permitted them to remain undisturbed—he might have been reelected. A high regard of duty led him to a different and more honorable course. Had he won over McKinley in the state election, his way to the highest office within the gift f the people might very naturally have been open. He and not Grover Cleveland would probably have succeeded Benjamin Harrison to the presidency. In the meantime, factional differences had developed in the republican party of the state. These had become more pronounced after the defeat of Governor Foraker in 1889. They 'culminated in the early weeks of 1898. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLIAM McKINLEY SEVENTIETH GENERAL ASSEMBLY Regular Session, January 4 to April 18, 1892 Andrew L. Harris was the new lieutenant governor who, ex-officio, presided over the deliberations of the Senate. Elbert L. Lampson, of Ashtabula County, who had in the previous Assembly been unseated as lieutenant governor by the democratic majority, was now elected president pro tempore. Lewis C. Laylin, of Huron County, who as secretary of state a few years ago later rose to added prominence and influence in the state, was speaker of the House during this session. The official formality of canvassing the vote of the last previous election occurred on January 6, and the results were declared as follows : Governor—William McKinley, Jr., republican, 386,739; James E. Campbell, democrat, 365,228 ; John Seitz, people's, 23,472 ; John J. Ashenhurst, prohibition, 20,190. Lieutenant Governor—Andrew L. Harris, republican, 373,953 ; William V. .Marquis, democrat, 346,892. Auditor of State—Ebenezer W. Poe, republican, 373,838 ; Thomas E. Peckinpaugh, democrat, 345,611. Treasurer of State—William T. Cope, republican, 373,395 ; Charles F. Ackerman, democrat, 345,847. Attorney General—John K. Richards, republican, 373,816 ; John P. Bailey, democrat, 345,245. Judge of the Supreme Court—Marshall J. Williams, republican, 373,433 ; Gustavus H. Wald, democrat, 345,374. Commissioner of Common Schools—Oscar T. Corson, republican, 373,280 ; Charles C. Miller, democrat, 345,623. Member Board of Public Works—Charles E. Groce, republican, 374,136; John McNamara, democrat, 344,704. Dairy and Food Commissioner—Frederick B. McNeal, republican, 371,677; Ambrose J. Trumbo, democrat, 344,109. Governor McKinley's, inauguration, on January 11, was attended by a large number of people from all parts of the state, but the military