500 - HISTORY OF OHIO Rio Grande College for the year ending June 30, 1924, reported to the state superintendent of public instruction a total of 171 students ; value of property, including investments, $215,617.93. John Merrill Davis was connected with the institution from 1879 to 1919, a period of forty years. He was elected president in 1887 and served in this position until 1911. He afterwards taught psychology and ethics in the college until 1919. He died November 11, 1920. Horace F. Houf is now president. UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI This institution, located in the City of Cincinnati, for many years had the distinction of being the only city university in Ohio. Although established by law in 1870, one of the colleges now included in this corporation for university purposes dates back to 1819. A university for Cincinnati must have been in the minds of the people of that city more than a century ago. A charter for such an institution was granted in 1818. The name "university" was prophetic of what was to be realized long years afterward. Institutions of higher learning, bearing different names were here opened at different dates, continued for a time with a degree of success, then passed out of existence or were merged into other institutions of a similar character. Such was the experience of higher educational institutions in the Queen City of of the West through the first half of the last century—a condition which then prevailed in many cities of the United States. The great need was a continuous and ample financial support. The tax-supported university had scarcely been dreamed of at that time. The university idea, however, was in the minds of public spirited citizens and philanthropists. Such a citizen was Charles McMicken. He was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in 1782. He came to Cincinnati when it was a village in 1803 and died there in 1858. He had prospered financially and had come into possession of valuable property in Cincinnati and at Bayou Sara, Louisiana. In his will he left most of his fortune, estimated at more than $1,000,000, for the founding of a university in the City of Cincinnati. This, of course, greatly encouraged the friends of the university movement. The will was contested and the portion of the property in Louisiana went to the heirs of the estate. The remainder, however, amounting to about $600,000, was available under the provisions of the will. The general assembly of Ohio passed an act "To enable cities of the first class to aid and promote education." This law went into effect April 16, 1870. Considerable money had accumulated in the McMicken fund and it was thought best to unite the various educational trusts in Cincinnati—notably the Cincinnati College, the Mechanics Institute and the McMicken University. Such was the real purpose of the act, although it does not appear in the title. Under the provisions of this law, the common council of Cincinnati on March 14, 1871, passed an ordinance to provide for the university. The teachers of Woodward High School in September, 1873, begun instructions, and in 1874 the academic department was opened. In 1872 the Cincinnati Astronomical Society, founded in 1842, surrendered its property to the city for the university. In June, 1895, plans were laid by which the Medical College of Ohio, which was established in 1819, should be merged into the university. The law department was organized June 14, 1897, and Cincinnati Law School became another adjunct of the new university. In 1888 the Ohio College of Dental Surgery was added to the departments. Unfortunately the McMicken will contained conditions that made it difficult to accomplish the purpose of the bequest. One of these required the university to be located on the grounds of the McMicken home in Cincinnati. This provision was complied with for a time, when EDUCATION AND THE PRESS - 501 it was found almost absolutely necessary to provide more suitable grounds. There was serious question as to whether or not this would be possible under the provisions of the will. In a "friendly suit" the courts decided that other grounds might be occupied and the change was made to the present site in Burnet Woods. The cornerstone of the new McMicken Hall was laid and the building was ready for occupancy in the autumn of 1895. Many have been the benefactions to this institution since that date, including those of Henry Hanna, for $50,000 for Hanna Hall ; Briggs S. Cunningham, $60,000 for a hall named for him. The $50,000 library building was the gift of Asa Van Wormer ; the endowment fund of $100,000 was by David Sinton. The mayor of Cincinnati is ex-officio member of the board of eighteen directors over this property. The enrollment in the university (1924) was 4,759 ; graduates in history of the institution, 12,400; value of property, including investments, $6,159,123. The following have served the university as president for the periods indicated here : Jacob Dolson Cox, April, 1885, to June, 1889 ; Howard Ayers, July, 1899, to 1904; Charles William Dabney, July, 1904, to August, 1920 ; Frederick Charles Hicks, September, 1920, and still serving as president of the university in 1925. The following are the executives : Thomas Vickers, 1878-84, known as rector ; H. T. Eddy, 1884-85, dean ; H. T. Eddy, June, 1889-January, 1891, acting president ; W. R. Benedict, 1891, dean ; E. W. Hyde, 1892, dean ; W. 0. Sproull, 1893-94, dean ; E. W. Hyde, 1894-95, chairman of faculty ; P. V. Myers, 1895-97, dean ; E. W. Hyde, 1897-99, dean. THE WESTERN COLLEGE FOR WOMEN This institution at Oxford, Ohio, began its history as the "Western Female Seminary," and as such continued until 1894, when the trustees decided to change the name, as work of college grade was then offered. In 1901 the name was again changed to "The Western College for Women" to indicate that emphasis should hereafter be given to the college course. The institution owes its start to what was then termed the New School Presbyterians. The object as set forth in its charter was : First—to give a liberal education. Second—to give the education at a moderate cost. Third—to give it under distinctive religious influences. The patronage has, until of recent years, been mostly from Presbyterian homes, but lately many are coming in from other denomination. The campus of the college has sixty acres and on this tract stand three college structures. The resources are about $250,000. The faculty has twenty-five members. The number of graduates to 1905 was 675. This college and Lake Erie College represent a definite idea in the education of women, and more closely than any others in Ohio follow the methods of the colleges for women in the East. Western College for Women for the year ending June 30, 1924, reported to the state superintendent of public instruction a total enrollment of 318 students ; number of graduates in history of school, 1,311 ; value of property, including investments, $1,298,725. The presidents of this institution have been as follows : Helen Peabody from 1855 to 1888; Miss Lela S. McKee, Ph. D., who held the office from 1888 to 1904 ; Dr. Lillian W. Johnson succeeded her from 1904 to 1906. Dean Mary A. Sawyer acted as president for a two-year interim ; Rev. Grant Newman, D. D., was president from 1908 to 1912. Then through another two-year interim Dean Sawyer again served as acting president. The present president, W. W. Boyd, came into office in 1914. 502 - HISTORY OF OHIO WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY In 1801 a petition by certain residents of the Western Reserve was presented to the territorial legislature asking for a charter for a college to be located in that section. This was not granted. Two years later, after the admission of .Ohio into the Union, the petition was renewed and the "Erie Literary Society," with full college powers, was organized. A building was erected and an academy opened in 1805 at Burton. The Presbyteries of Grand River and Portage had organized an educational society for the purpose of educating young men for the ministry. They proposed to the Erie Literary Society to establish a theological department. Their request was not granted and efforts were made to establish an institution in a new location. The Presbytery of Huron joined with the other two drew up a charter, selected Hudson as the location and were incorporated as Western Reserve College, February 7, 1826. The relationship between this college and the institution at Burton was not a very close one and the Western Reserve College has not a very strong claim as the successor to the Erie Literary Society. Its career really began with the act of incorporation in 1826. Next year (February 7) will therefore be its centennial anniversary. The cornerstone of the first building at Hudson was laid April 26, 1826, and the building was ready to occupy in 1827, when a preparatory department was opened. The founders of the college were for the most part graduates of Yale. The early teachers were well qualified to give instruction. New England ideas, even to building, obtained almost entirely. In 1828 Rev. Charles Backus Storrs was appointed professor of theology, and became president in 1830. The theological department continued until 1852. In 1876 many interested friends of the institution wished to remove it to Cleveland. The project was discussed in the years immediately following and interest in the proposal continued to grow. President Carroll Cutler threw his influence in favor of the change and Amasa Stone offered more than half a million of dollars for the support of the institution if it would move to Cleveland. This offer was largely instrumental in taking the college to its present location. The gift of Mr. Stone was accepted and Western Reserve College became "Adelbert College of the Western Reserve University." The name Adelbert was given in memory of an only son of Mr. Stone who was drowned while a student at Yale. The college opened in Cleveland in September, 1882. As the new name suggested, the purpose of those who had encouraged the movement to locate in Cleveland was to establish there, not a college, but a university, in which, of course, Adelbert College was to be the prominent feature. The Cleveland Medical College, organized February 23, 1844, became a department of the university in 1884. In December, 1885, the trustees admitted the college for women which is now known as The College for Women of Western Reserve University. A department of law was added in 1892, which, the year following, was substantially endowed by Mrs. Backus in honor of her husband, Franklin T. Backus. It is now known as the Franklin T. Backus Law School of Western Reserve University. A dental college was added to the university in 1892. In the same year a graduate school was organized. Andrew Carnegie gave $100,000 in 1903 to endow a library school. This was opened in 1904. A school of pharmacy was added in 1908. In speaking of these colleges and departments a member of the faculty has said : "These professional schools are not closely articulated one with another. They constitute a mere confederation under the centralizing control of the trustees and president." Total enrollment (1924), 1,546; graduates in history of the institution, 10,000 ; value of property, including investments, $10,062,478. The following is a list of the presidents who have had charge of EDUCATION AND THE PRESS - 503 this institution : Charles Backus Storrs, 1830-33 ; George Edmond Pierce, 1834-55 ; Henry Lawrence Hitchcock, 1855-71; Carroll Cutler, 1871-86 ; Hiram Collins Haydn, 1887-90; Charles Franklin Thwing, 1921-23 ; Robert Ernest Vinson, 1923—still serving (1925). WILMINGTON COLLEGE This institution since 1870 has been under the patronage of the Society of Friends or Quakers. It had its inception at Tupper's Plains, Meigs County, where a meeting was held in January, 1862, to consider the establishment of an institution to be known as Franklin College. A constitution was drafted and arrangements made for raising funds. In the early summer of the same year Franklin College was incorporated by the religious denomination known as Christians. In 1865 citizens of Wilmington offered to erect suitable buildings for the college if the directors would move the same to that village. The directors of the college accepted the proposition, and in February, 1866, a site for the building was chosen and purchased for the sum of $5,881.25. A little later work on the building began. T. D. Garvin had been elected president of the college. The school was carried on under the corporate name until 1868, when it became necessary to sell the property to liquidate indebtedness. The building had not yet been fully completed. On April 30, 1870, the records of the quarterly meeting of Friends held at Fairfield show that $20,000 had been raised for the purchase of the property. A later record of the committee of managers of Wilmington College shows that the property was purchased at sheriff's sale for $11,334. The building was completed and formally opened for the admission of students April 11, 1871. Like other educational institutions, Wilmington College had a series of struggles for adequate financial support. Frequently money seemed not to be forthcoming to meet its modest needs. For a short period in 1874 the college was closed. It was soon opened again, however, and its friends in the face of many difficulties persevered in their determination not to let the enterprise die. The first president under the patronage of the Society of Friends was Lewis A. Estes. He was employed for a period of ten years, but resigned at the end of the third year and was succeeded by Benjamin Trueblood, who served for five years. His administration marks a successful period in the development of the college. He left the presidency to assume new and larger duties in Penn College at Oskaloosa, Iowa. The next president was David W. Dennis, who continued in office two years. The fourth president was James B. Unthank, who had been a successful teacher in the institution for seven years. He served as president twenty-two years, resigning in 1903. He was followed by Albert J. Brown, who presided for ten years. In 1913 Samuel H. Hodgins became president and remained in that position for two years. In June, 1915, J. Edwin Jay, a graduate of Earlham College and Yale University, became acting president and a year later was elected president, a position which he still holds. In the summer of 1917 he led in a successful campaign to raise an endowment fund of $100,000. The college has prospered and attained high rank under his administration. Wilmington College for the year ending June 30, 1924, reported to the state superintendent of public instruction a total of 243 students ; number of graduates in history of school, 600; value of property, including investments, $688,243.66. WITTENBERG COLLEGE This college was founded in 1845, at Springfield, by the East Ohio Synod of the Lutheran Church. It was first located at Wooster, Wayne County, but soon changed to Springfield. 504 - HISTORY OF OHIO Dr. Ezra Keller, first president, surveyed an unfrequented woodland north of Springfield, April 3, 1845. Now that grove has become internationally known and annually draws 1,600 persons. Previous to the surveying, the first board of directors had received a charter from the State of Ohio, after the members had come to a decision that the college should be located in Springfield, Ohio. It is recorded that the first impulse to found a school in Western Ohio came at a meeting of the English Lutherans in synod at Washington, Guernsey County, in 1842. According to their minutes, the first subscription for the college amounted to $1,000. Doctor Keller, who came from Hagerstown, Maryland, was a pioneer in higher education. Springfield then had 3,000 population. It was located on the Old Cumberland Road. Its accessibility and healthful environment attracted the founders. Not for forty years after the first college building was erected did the second one make its appearance. But later, from time to time, other buildings were erected on the beautiful campus with its stately native oaks. One of its faculty writes as follows : "With the reputation of never closing the college year with a deficit, and operating consecutively through the Mexican, Civil, Spanish-American and World wars, the Lutheran College experiences its greatest growth in the present decade, reaching in the fall of 1924 an enrollment which makes Wittenberg the largest college under patronage of the United Lutheran Church in America. Compare 1920 with an annual budget of $65,000 and 1924 with a budget of $250,000; or a faculty in 1907 of 19 members as contracted with 72 on the faculty in 1924. Compare an enrollment in winter college classes of 113 in 1900 with 818 in 1924." Among famous alumni are Adam Wagnalls and I. K. Funk, founders of the publishing house of Funk and Wagnalls, New York City, students at Wittenberg just before the coming of the father of Newton D. Baker, secretary of war, and the arrival here of Benjamin F. Prince, now vice president, and for fifty-eight years, continuous in service, member of the college faculty. Dr. William F. Kuhn, class of 1875, became highest Royal Arch Mason in America. The high standard of scholarship has been recognized by making Wittenberg a member of the Association of American Universities, including in its list less than 20 per cent of all American colleges and universities. A greater Wittenberg Appeal Fund campaign was launched in 1920 by which about $1,500,000 has been realized. In the near future there will be erected many new buildings, including the Carnegie Science Hall and a new administration building. The plan is soon to meet the requirements of the Rockefeller Foundation contract, by which the college will receive $233,000. Wittenberg College for the year ending June 30, 1924, reported to the state superintendent of public instruction a total of 876 students ; number of graduates in history of school, 2,067; value of property, including investments, $1,167,181.65. Presidents in order and their administration dates are : Dr. Ezra Keller, 1845-1849 ; Dr. Samuel Sprecher, 1849-1874 ; Dr. John B. Helwig, 1874-1882 ; Dr. Samuel Ort, 1882-1899 ; Dr. James M. Ruthrauff, 1899-1902 ; Dr. C. G. Heckert, 1902-1920 ; Dr. Rees Edgar Tulloss, 1920_____, ST. XAVIER COLLEGE This college of Liberal Arts and Sciences, located at Cincinnati, became an incorporated institution in 1842. The real history of the college begins October 17, 1831, when the Right Rev. Edward D. Fenwick, bishop of Cincinnati, opened what was fashionable at that day, EDUCATION AND THE PRESS - 505 a "Literary Institute" for higher instruction of youth. The new-born institution bore the name, "The Athenaeum." The prospectus announced that the college would teach many branches, "especially Greek and Latin authors, historical and poetical ; Hebrew, Spanish, French and English languages, Mathematics, Reading, Writing, Geography, and the use of the Globes." The Jesuits took the institution over in October, 1840, and changed the name to St. Xavier College. The first president was Rev. John Anthony Elet, S. J. A temporary charter was obtained in 1842, and a perpetual charter was granted in 1869. Under its first president, the college prospered. At first it was run as a boarding school and had a good attendance from the states both South and West, but space on the premises forbade the necessary dormitories and in 1854 this feature was abandoned. From 1853 to 1865, were years of discouragement, for during that period occurred the cholera epidemic, the agitation of the Know-Nothing party and the Civil war. All three made the struggle for St. Xavier's very arduous. But pluck and use of good business calculations, brought the college out into light and usefulness again. In the autumn of 1911 a Department of Commerce and Economics of college grade was added to the work offered at St. Xavier. A course in Journalism was also instituted about that date and in 1918 a course in Sociology was added to the departments. Having always been cramped for room for the needed buildings, several changes were made, and the last was when it selected its present site on Victory Boulevard in Avondale. The first building erected by the college was the Alumni Science Hall, in 1920. Another building that season was the Administration Building. The campus is large and well improved. Value of property, including investments (1923), $1,538,300. Number of graduates in history of school, 823. Enrollment (all departments), 1,321. The presidents of St. Xavier College have been as follows : John A. Elet, 1840-47 ; John Blox, 1847-49 ; John de Blieck, 1849-51; George A. Carrell, 1851-53 ; Isidore Boudreaux, 1853-56 ; Maurice Oakley, 1856-61 ; John Schultz, 1861-65; Walter H. Hill, 1865-69; Thomas O'Neil, 1869-71 ; Leopold Buschart, 1871-74 ; Edward A. Higgins, 1874-79 ; Thomas O'Neil, part of 1879 ; Rudolf J. Meyer, 1879-81 ; John I. Coghlan, 1881-84; Henry Moeller, 1884-86 Edward A. Higgins, 1886-87; Henry A. Schapman, 1887-93 ; Alexander J. Burrowes, 189397 ; Michael J. O'Connor, 1897-1901; Albert A. Dierckes, 1901-08 ; Joseph Grimmelsman, 1908-11; Francis Heiermann, 1911-17; James McCabe, 1917-23 ; Hubert F. Brockman, April 1, 1923, and still president in 1925. JOHN CARROLL UNIVERSITY This institution succeeded to St. Ignatius College, of Cleveland. Like St. Xavier's, it is conducted by the Fathers of the Society of Jesus. It was first opened for scholars September 6, 1886. It was incorporated December 29, 1890. Among other things taught thoroughly are Christian doctrine, the Latin, Greek and English languages ; rhetoric, poetry, elocution and English literature ; mathematics, physics, and chemistry ; history and geography ; bookkeeping and penmanship. John Carroll College for the year ending June 30, 1924, reported to the state superintendent of public instruction a total of 531 students ; number of graduates in history of school, 187. The following have served as presidents of the first and latter institutions : Rev. John B. Neustich, S. J., acting president, September 1. 1886, to November 4, 1888; Rev. Henry Knappmeier, S. J., November 4, 1888-June 22, 1893 ; Rev. Joseph Le Halle, S. J., June 22, 1892-January 1, 1897; Rev. Godfrey Schulte, S. J., January 1, 1897-April 506 - HISTORY OF OHIO 21, 1902 ; Rev. John I. Zahn, S. J., April 21, 1902-January 6, 1907 ; Rev. George J. Pickel, S. J., January 6, 1907-September 6, 1910 ; Rev. John B. Furay, S. J., September 6, 1910-August 22, 1915; Rev. William B. Sommerhauser, S. J., August 22, 1915-July 2, 1919 ; Rev. Thomas J. Smith, S. J., July 2, 1919—still serving in 1925. NOTRE DAME COLLEGE This is a new institution under the auspices of the Catholic Church in the City of Cleveland. It was opened tor service in September, 1922. Hence the history is to be made in future times, rather than to be recorded today. Mother Mary Evarista, Superior of the Cleveland Province of the Sisters of Notre Dame, has been the only president serving since its organization as a college. This institution is incorporated under the laws of the State of Ohio and invested with full power to confer degrees. Its corporate title is "Notre Dame College, Cleveland, Ohio." It is a well organized college for the education of young Catholic women. Not only will classics be taught there, but also business and commercial branches so much needed by the coming American woman. Fine arts, history and social science, each have their special place. Language, natural and physical sciences, music and painting are all thoroughly taught ; there are departments in religion and philosophy. Notre Dame College for the year ending June 30, 1924, reported to the state superintendent of public instruction a total enrollment of 474 students ; value of property, including investments, $1,076,667.40. THE UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON The University of Dayton traces its origin to the earliest days of the Society of Mary in the United States. The Marianists, commonly known as "Brothers of Mary," came to this country in 1849, in response to a call from Cincinnati. Rev. Leo Meyer, among those who came to Cincinnati at that call, was sent to Dayton and took the first steps toward the establishment of a school for boys. St. Mary’s College was opened July 1, 1850, with an enrollment of fourteen day students. The growth was slow, and in 1855 a fire destroyed the Stuart Mansion, then used as a school building, by reason of which the school was closed for two years. From 1869 to 1874 three college buildings were erected. With the erection of St. Mary’s Hall in 1871 the name was changed to St. Mary,s Institute. St. Joseph,s Hall was built in 1884 and served as a normal school of the Society of Mary until 1915, when it was transferred to Mount St. John, four miles east of Dayton. The heating plant was built in 1898, the Chaminade Hall in 1904, the Cafeteria in 1919, and a temporary class-room building in 1921. The name of St. Mary’s Institute was changed to St. Mary’s College, in 1913, and in 1920, to the University of Dayton. In 1918, at the request of the Government, a Student’s Army Training Corps unit was established at the university in order to give the students military and technical training required before they could be admitted to officers, training camps. Since 1900 the attendance at this institution has increased rapidly. The University of Dayton for the year ending June 30, 1924. reported to the state superintendent of public instruction a total of 937 students ; number of graduates in history of school, 6,063 ; value of property, including investments, $2,428,350. Its presidents have been as follows : Rev. Leo Meyer, 1850-1860; Brother Zehler, 1860-1876; Rev. Francis Feith, 1876-1879; Rev. George Meyer, 1879-1886; Rev. John Harks, 1886-1888; Rev. Joseph Weckesser, 1888-1896 ; Rev. Charles Eichner, 1896-1902 ; Rev. Louis Tragesser, 1902-1908; Rev. Bernard P. O,Reilly, 1908-1918; Rev. EDUCATION AND THE PRESS - 507 Joseph Tetzlaff, 1918-1923 ; Rev. Bernard P. O'Reilly, the present president, has had charge since 1923. COLLEGE OF MOUNT ST. JOSEPH-ON-THE-OHIO This institution is located at Mount St. Joseph and is conducted by the Sisters of Charity, Cincinnati, and was chartered in 1852. It was empowered to confer academic degrees. These powers were confirmed and extended in 1920. Its first degrees were conferred June 11, 1924. It is listed as an accredited standard college by the Ohio State Department of Education and it is affiliated with the Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. It also holds membership in the Catholic Educational Association of Colleges. The College of Mount St. Joseph for the year ending June 30, 1924, reported to the state superintendent of public instruction a total of 196 students ; value of property, including investments, $591,000. The presidents of this college have been : Mother Mary Bertha, 1920-1923 ; Mother Irenaea, 1923---. THE COLLEGE OF THE SACRED HEART This is a Catholic institution situated in Cincinnati. It was organized in 1915-1916 and is incorporated under Ohio laws with full power to confer degrees, and is listed by the Department of Education of the state as a standard college and approved for preparing students to receive high school teachers' certificates. The College of the Sacred Heart for the year ending June 30, 1924, reported to the state superintendent of public instruction a total of forty students ; number of graduates in history of school, twenty-five. The presidents of this college have been as follows : Mary Nolan, R. S. C. J., 1915-1916 ; Mary O'Loane, R. S. C. J., 1916-1921 ; Mary Nolan, R. S. C. J., 1921, and still serving as president in 1925. ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE This Catholic institution, located in the City of Toledo, is for men only. It was established under direction of the Fathers of the Society of Jesus, and was opened in September, 1898. It was incorporated May 22, 1900, under the name of "The St. John's College of Toledo, Ohio." On August 29, 1903, the original charter was amended and the corporate title was changed into "The St. John's University of Toledo, Ohio." The university includes three departments : College of Men—St. John's College ; College of Women—Mary Manse College ; and Teachers' College. The purpose of St. John's College is to educate in the completest sense, that is to develop fully and harmoniously, the faculties of the whole man—intellectual, moral and physical. It aims to give that solid training of both mind and heart which will make for the student the correct development and the just interpretation and uses of life. St. John's College for the year ending June 30, 1924, reported to the state superintendent of public instruction a total of 305 students ; value of property, including investments, $547,500. OHIO STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY 1 Facing High Street, just south of the main entrance to Ohio State University campus, there stands a fine building of substantial dimen- 1 - This contribution was adapted from a descriptive article on the "Museum and Library," by Joseph C. Goodman, published in the Ohio State University Monthly of February, 1925 508 - HISTORY OF OHIO sions and classical architecture, built of beautiful Indiana "oolitic" limestone. This dignified structure, measuring 200 feet in length by 50 feet in width, has been supplemented by an addition of about equal size, at right angles to the original—making the two sides of a quadrangle—which it is hoped to complete in the future. Although upon the university grounds and the very first one that many visitors to the university see, this building is, nevertheless, not a part of the university. It is, the inscription over the main entrance tells us—the "Museum and Library of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society." This society was first organized on September 1, 1875, as the Ohio Archeological Association—but on March 12, 1885, it was reorganized and incorporated as the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Since its inception the Society and Museum have been drawn (gravitated, one might say, for the attraction has been both natural and constant,) closer and closer to the university, until finally after many years of untiring effort on the part of its devoted officers it secured, in 1911, an appropriation from the state Legislature for a building. This appropriation was made on the condition that the structure should be located on the campus of the Ohio State University, to which the president and trustees of that institution generously agreed. The building was dedicated on Memorial Day, May 30, 1914. The society's expressed' purpose, as stated in the articles of incorporation, is "promoting a knowledge of archaeology and history, especially of Ohio, by installing and maintaining a library of books, * * * museum of prehistoric relics and natural or other curiosities or specimens of art or nature," etc. How well it has carried out these objects may be gathered from a visit to this building. The library is situated at the south end of the main floor, and contains about 25,000 volumes, besides many unbound newspapers—manuscripts—and other material. This collection deals almost entirely with the history of Ohio and the Northwest Territory, and with the Archaeology and Natural History of this region. It is one of the most complete libraries of Ohioana in existence, and is growing rapidly in size and importance. Included in the collection is the "Claude Meeker Library of Ohioana," a gift from the Hon. Claude Meeker, who is at present a member of the board of trustees of the society. It contains in addition to the collections of Mr. Meeker, the books of the late Daniel J. Ryan, a total of about 4,000 volumes and is constantly being added to by the donor. There is also included "The Gard Alcove," a private, general library presented by Mr. Daniel Hosmer Gard, who at his recent death was the last surviving charter member of the society. In its 4,000 volumes there are many rare "first editions." Another valuable collection recently acquired is the library of the old Northwest Genealogical Society, including a complete set of the publications of that society. This was secured through the efforts of General Edward Orton, Jr., a member of the board of trustees, with the cooperation of Messrs. Spahr and Glenn of Columbus. Notable among the resources of the library is a large collection of newspapers, pamphlets and unbound prints relating to Ohio's part in the World war, which will be an invaluable source of material whenever the World war history of this state is written. Newspaper clippings have been mounted in scrap books and arranged according to subject matter or county. Sixty-six Ohio counties are represented by separate collections of clippings. There are also complete sets of Government food bulletins, Red Cross reports and about 700 World war posters. Through the considerate interest and generosity of Miss Sarah J. EDUCATION AND THE PRESS - 509 Cutler, a lineal descendant of one of the pioneer families of Marietta, the society is in possession of the famous "Coonskin Library." The museum naturally divides itself into three distinct sections—natural history exhibits, archaeological or prehistoric collections. and lastly collections representing the historical period. The natural history collection is small, and this department is in the initial stage of organization. It was for the study of archaeology and for the preservation of archeological material and earthworks found in this region that the society was originally founded. The museum has naturally grown along that line. It now contains the finest material as well as the most abundant collection in the world of the implements, ornaments and remains of the prehistoric race or races who occupied the valley of the Ohio River, embracing the states of Ohio, Western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana and Illinois. Restoration of the cultures of these people have been made, including models of their burial mounds, village sites, forts and memorial structures. The museum is particularly rich in artifacts of the non-mound building prehistoric people of Ohio, as represented by implements and weapons made of stone. The grooved stone axes and plain celts belong to this culture. A great number of large private collections have been given intact to the society by various collectors. The largest and most noteworthy one being the "Kettering Collection." The historical collections contain material representing every period of the white man's advance into, occupation of, and development of the virgin State of Ohio. Here, for example, is an interesting model of Campus Martins, the fortified home of the first Ohio settlers, built at Marietta in 1788. Here is the desk and chair used by Edward Tiffin the first elected governor of Ohio (1803 to 1807) and many other articles of furniture, apparel, and utensils of the earliest settlers in this region. And here, also, are the "Wayne Relics," consisting of some of the personal effects of General "Mad Anthony" Wayne and the Grand Calumet or peace pipe which was used at the signing of the Greenville Treaty. It was this treaty that brought an end to the warfare with the Indians in this territory and opened it to white settlers. A photographic copy of the treaty itself is on one of the walls of the museum. The Greenville Pipe is said to be "the rarest pipe in existence." 510 - HISTORY OF OHIO Near by is quite a large case containing the "John Brown Relics" —a very valuable and interesting collection of pre-Civil war equipment and utensils including several photographs of John Brown and his companions. This interesting collection came into the custody of the society through Mrs. T. B. Alexander, granddaughter of John Brown. In another case is "The Fitch Model Steam Engine," said to be the first for application of steam for motive power. The museum contains all of the Civil war and other relics formerly displayed in the Relic Room in the statehouse. These include drums, knapsacks, cartridge belts, spurs, cooking utensils, garments, practically everything in use in those days for war and peace. The Spanish-American war is represented, too, but by less abundant material. A recent and valuable accession is the silver service of the battleship "Ohio," consisting of twenty-six massive pieces, beaten and chased in a handsome design of the buckeye leaves and fruit and bearing the seal of Ohio and of the United States Navy .on the borders. With this came the ship,s bell, and the loving cup presented to the battleship by Miss Helen Deshler, who was her sponsor. These souvenirs were obtained for the society through the prompt and efficient services of United States Senator Frank B. Willis and Governor Vic Donahey, when the Ohio was broken up, in accordance with the Treaty for the Limitation of Naval Armaments. They were transferred to the museum on July 1, 1924. The exhibits of the World war are already abundant and valuable. The central room of the, new wing will be the "World War Memorial" section, circular in form and with domed ceiling. On the walls are four large bronze panels, portraying in sculpture four characteristic aspects of the World war. These panels are intended to lead up to the heroic bronze statue of "A Marching Soldier," symbolizing Victory, placed in the center of the steps at the main entrance of this wing. The panels and bronze statue are the work of Mr. Bruce W. Saville. In addition to conducting the Library and Museum, the society has title to and supervision of many important historic and prehistoric places throughout Ohio. These places are Serpent Mound, Fort Ancient, Miamisburg Mound, Mound City group, Big Bottom Park, Spiegel Grove State Park, Campus Martius, Fort Laurens, site of Battle of Fallen Timbers, Schoenbrunn Park, George Rogers Clark Monument, Fort Amanda Monument, Felix Renick Monument. Spiegel Grove State Park at Fremont was the place of residence of former President Rutherford B. Hayes, whose homestead, library, souvenirs and relics were presented to the society as a memorial to his father by Col. Webb C. Hayes. In this park has been erected a memorial building jointly by the state and Colonel Hayes. The publications of the society include "The Quarterly," the official organ, and thirty-three annual volumes containing its proceedings and much historical matter in the form of contributed articles, maps and diagrams of interest and value, relating to Ohio and the Northwest Territory. The society has also published the following books : "George Rogers Clark,s Conquest of the Illinois and the Wabash Towns," by Consul Wilshire Butterfield ; "Archaeological History of Ohio," by Gerard Fowke ; "Expedition of Celeron to the Ohio Country in 1749," C. B. Galbreath ; "History of Ohio Canals," Huntington & McClelland ; Poems on Ohio," C. L. Martzolff ; "Map and Guide to Fort Ancient," W. C. Mills ; "Archaeological Atlas of Ohio," W. C. Mills ; "The Centennial Celebration," E. O. Randall ; "The Serpent Mound," E. O. Randall ; "The Ohio Mound Builders," E. O. Randall ; "History of the North American Indians," David Zeisberger ; "The Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes," edited by Charles R. Williams, in five volumes, four of which have been published, and "The Life of Governor William Allen," by Reginald C. McGram. EDUCATION AND THE PRESS - 511 The affairs of the society are administered by a board of trustees; nine of whom are elected by the members and six appointed by the governor of the state, and in addition the governor and the state director of public instruction are members ex-officio. On December 18, 1924, former Governor James E. Campbell, president of the society for more than six years, passed away and the society lost one of its most devoted, loyal and enthusiastic officers and members. His sincere interest in the building up of the society and extension of its activities, his profound and accurate knowledge of the history of the state, his fine and unfailing vein of humor and his lovable and loving personality endeared him to all with whom he came in touch. The board of trustees and the society feel deeply the loss of their leader and friend. In April, 1925, Arthur C. Johnson was elected to succeed Governor Campbell as president of the society. Dr. W. C. Mills, director of the society, is the leading exponent of mound exploration and one of the noted archaeologists and collectors in the country. Mr. H. C. Shetrone, as curator of archaeology, has direct charge of mound explorations and the care and preservation of specimens. Provision has been made for a curator of natural history. Mr. C. B. Galbreath is secretary, librarian, and editor of "The Quarterly." He is capable, earnest, and enthusiastic and deserving of lasting praise for the manner in which he has conducted his work. The trustees elected by. the society are : Arthur C. Johnson, George F. Bareis, Edward Orton, Jr., Dr. W. O. Thompson, Edwin F. Wood. Beman G. Dawes, Webb C. Hayes, George Florence, and Clarence D. Laylin. The trustees appointed by the governor are : Claude Meeker, Mrs. Orson D. Dryer, J. Warren Keifer, F. C. Furniss, Joseph C. Goodman, and Carl Armstrong. CHAPTER III OHIO PUBLIC LIBRARIES In the Ohio Country before the state was admitted into the Union the work of the public library began. Even before the little log school house had been erected the subscription library was established. For many years both the library and the school were supported by the subscriptions of their patrons. The history of some of these early libraries is full of interest. It indicates a thirst for learning among the pioneers that reveals also the use that they had made of their limited educational facilities before they came over the mountains to find new homes in the valley of the Ohio. The first of these libraries of which there is authentic record was the Putnam Family Library, established at Belpre as early as 1795 by Colonel Israel Putnam. It was afterwards known as the "Belpre Farmers' Library," and still later as the "Belpre Library." The organization was maintained until about the year 1816. The books in this library were from the private library of General Israel Putnam, who died in 1790. His son, Colonel Israel, brought to Ohio most of his books, which formed the nucleus of the Putnam Family Library. All who contributed to its support were entitled to its use. It may therefore be considered a public library, although it could not be called a free public library. Some of the volumes of this library are still in existence. The second public library was established in Cincinnati, March 6, 1802. Arthur St. Clair was among the subscribers. While this library started with fair promise, it soon suspended. In 1804 the famous "Coonskin Library" was organized in Ames Township, Athens County. It was not incorporated until February 19, 1810, as the "Western Library Association." It was called the "Coonskin Library" because subscriptions were frequently paid in coon skins, which in the absence of legal currency became a medium of exchange in the early settlements. Thomas Ewing, later United States senator, when a youth contributed to this enterprise "ten coon skins," which were all that he had. In after years he was enthusiastic in praise of the books in this pioneer library. "It was well selected," said he ; "the library of the Vatican was nothing to it, and there never was a library better read." The original bookcase of this library, with many of the volumes, through the kindness of Miss Sarah J. Cutler, has recently been transferred to the library of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. The Dayton Library Society was incorporated February 21, 1805. This appears to have been the first library incorporated under the laws of the state. Other early libraries were established at Granville, then in Fairfield County, January 26, 1807, and at Newton, in Hamilton County, February 10, 1808. The importance of the library as a supplement to the work of the public school was early recognized. In 1846 a law was enacted authorizing each legally constituted school district in the state to raise money for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a common school library. This left the matter entirely optional with the authorities of the school district. In some of the more populous districts of the state, however, advantage was taken of this law and modest school libraries were established. On March 14, 1853, an important law was enacted authorizing the - 512 - EDUCATION AND THE PRESS - 513 state commissioner of common schools to purchase books for libraries in every school district of the state. In his report for 1854, Mr. H. H. Barney, commissioner of common schools, gave a list of books of which 2,000 copies of each had been purchased for the school libraries. In 1855 he reported a much longer list. The law continued in operation until April, 1856, when it was suspended for one year. No appropriation for books was made, however, until the year 1859. On March 10, 1860, the law authorizing the collection of taxes for school libraries was repealed. The opening of the Civil war absorbed the attention of the people of Ohio, and the state in economizing to meet the emergency, suspended appropriations for the school libraries. The net result of the effort of the state to establish school libraries on a generous scale may be summed up in the statement that through THE WAGNALLS MEMORIAL, LITHOPOLIS This is the gift of Mabel Wagnalls Jones, the daughter of Adam Willis Wagnalls of the Funk-Wagnalls Company of New York City, in memory of her parents, who were born in Lithopolis. It contains many priceless manuscripts and is visited by tourists from all parts of the country. appropriations made while the school library law was in effect, over 400,000 volumes of the best literature of the time were purchased and distributed to the common schools of Ohio. There was no provision for the responsible administration of the libraries established in the public schools. Rules and regulations for their use were drafted and distributed, but practical responsibility for their care was not provided. As a result these libraries, especially in the villages and rural districts, gradually diminished in the number of volumes, and many of them early disappeared because, as stated by way of apology on the part of the local school officials, "the books were lost." This was true, but they were lost among the people of the state, the best place in the world at this time to lose the books. In the cities where better administration was possible, these school libraries later became the nucleus of public libraries. In at least one instance the school library has maintained a distinctive and independent existence to the present day. The school library of Columbus was organized under this early law, and its function is still to serve the public schools of the city. Many of the books of these old school libraries are still in existence, 514 - HISTORY OF OHIO and in the homes of the state a volume stamped "Ohio School Library" frequently appears to bear testimony to this early effort to furnish library privileges to the people of the entire state. After the war the growth of public libraries for a number of years was slow. Interest in the establishment of free public libraries rarely extended beyond the cities of the state. About the year 1890 a notable revival of interest in the free public library reached the northern Mississippi valley. A movement which much earlier originated in the older states crossed the Alleghany Mountains and spread through the states formed from the Northwest Territory. Its first notable manifestation was in the State of Wisconsin. Ohio, when not the originator of a movement, is usually a good follower when the experiment is tested out in other states. In 1896 interested parties in the state sought to prepare the way for the extension of the service of the Ohio State Library. This library had been established, as previously related, in the administration of Thomas Worthington, who spent a goodly portion of the contingent fund provided for his office in the purchase of books for a state library. As originally constituted, this institution numbered 509 volumes, almot all of which are still in the library. Some of these were law books, which were transferred to the law library of the state, when that was organized as a separate agency for the service of the Supreme Court and state officials. The circulation of the State Library was at first limited strictly to state officials. The early librarians were chosen by the general assembly. After the adoption of the Constitution of 1851 the governor appointed the state librarian. In 1896 a law was enacted placing the State Library under a commission appointed by the governor. This commission was given the authority to choose the state librarian and adopt rules for the management of the library. Promptly after the enactment of this law, rules were adopted extending the service of the library to citizens of the state, and providing for the loan of books not only to individuals but through the traveling library system to communities. This new departure was sufficiently popular to encourage the legislature to make at its next session a special appropriation for the traveling library department, which rapidly grew in public favor through succeeding years. Later a legislative reference department and department of library organization were authorized by law. These were all in operation prior to the year 1911. Under the law of 1896 the library commissioners, three in number, were chosen by the governor to serve for two, three and six years respectively after their first appointment, and thereafter for a term of six years. In 1921 the law was still further modified, and the State Library is now administered by a board of five members, four appointed by the governor and the superintendent of public instruction ex-officio. In recent years the State Library has had a steady growth and now ranks well with similar institutions in the northern section of the middle west. The first state librarian received as compensation for his services two dollars a day during the session of the legislature. This salary has been gradually increased. Since the adoption of the Act of 1921 the salary has been fixed at $5,000. The list of Ohio State librarians to date is as follows :—