- 175 - WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, the victor of Tippecanoe, was the ninth President of the United States. He was born on the 9th of February, 1773, at Barkeley, Va., and obtained his early education in the schools of his native district and at Hamden Sidney College, Virginia, where he studied medicine. Prior to his graduation he concluded to enter the army to take part in the campaign against the Indians, who at that time were a menace to the entire Western frontier. This purpose was opposed by his guardian, Jacob Morris, in whose care young Harrison was placed by his father prior to his death. General George Washington, a friend of the family, however, induced his guardian to withdraw his opposition, and on the 16th of August, 1791, young Harrison was commissioned ensign in the First Infantry Regiment. He joined his regiment at Fort Washington and was appointed Lieutenant of the first sub-legion. Later, joining the new army under General Anthony Wayne, he became aide-de-camp to the commanding officer and took part, in 1793, in the expedition that erected Fort Recovery, on the site of the defeat of St. Clair's forces two years previous. For his services he was, with others, mentioned by name in general orders. He subsequently participated in the Indian engagements which commenced on the 30th of June, 1794, and on the 19th of August, in a council of war, submitted a plan of march which was adopted and led to the victory on the Maumee on the following day. Lieutenant Harrison was especially complimented by General Wayne in his dispatch to the Secretary of War "for gallantry." In May, 1797, he was made Captain and given command of Ft. Washington. While in command he formed an attachment for Anna, daughter of John Cleves Symmes. The father opposed the match, but the young couple were married, nevertheless, during the absence of the parent. Symmes later became reconciled to his son-in-law. After peace was concluded with the Indians, Captain Harrison resigned his commission, and was immediately appointed, by President Adams, Secretary of the Northwest Territory. In 1799 he resigned his post to take his seat as Territorial Delegate in Congress, to which he was elected shortly previous. He then was appointed Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs of the territory of Indiana, which then embraced the present States of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. To this position he was reappointed successively by Presidents Jefferson and Madison. In 1805 he organized the Legislature of Vincennes. His solicitude for the welfare of the Indians was unceasing, and he made a strenuous effort to eradicate the scourge of smallpox among them by inoculation. On the 30th 0f September, 1809, he concluded a treaty with several tribes by which they sold to the United States about three million acres of land on the Wabash and White Rivers. This sale of lands was condemned by some of the leading Indians, who were secret allies of the British, emissaries of whom had carefully prepared the minds of the red men against the Americans, anticipating the outbreak of the war that was soon - 176 - to follow. In the spring of 1810 General Harrison invited a council to take place at Vincennes in August. At it Tecumseh appeared with four hundred armed followers. As the result of this council General Harrison believed it necessary to take suitable precautions for war. In the following spring the hostile savages began to roam over the Wabash country in small parties, plundering the white settlers and the friendly Indians. Harrison sent word to Tecumseh, the principal chief of the hostile Indians, and his brother, called the "Prophet," that these depredations must cease, and that he was determined and prepared by force of arms to stop them. Tecumseh went to Vincennes, the seat of the Indian territorial government, and there found several hundred well-armed militia. After making solemn assurances of friendship, he went to the Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws and other Southern Indian tribes and tried to induce them to join him in an aggressive campaign, but without success. In the meantime, with a much increased force at Vincennes, obtained from Kentucky and Ohio, General Harrison, late in September, 1811, marched up the Wabash Valley toward the town of the "Prophet," near the junction of Tippecanoe Creek and the Wabash River ; on the way he built a fort near the present city of Terre Haute, Ind., calling it Fort Harrison. There the troops en camped in a healthy elevation am0ng 0ak trees and without underbrush to hinder their operations, and the General was visited by the "Prophet," his 'brother Tecumseh being absent. Suspecting treachery, the General, on the 5th of November, arranged his camp to resist any sudden attacks. Two Captains' guards of fifty men each were detailed to defend the camp. Thus prepared, the whole camp except guards and sentinels went to sleep. The "Prophet," on his part and that of his followers, arranged when the whites were asleep they should rush in and murder them. To excite his followers he indulged in vari0us incantations, until he had every Indian worked up to a frenzy, when he gave the w0rd to attack. At 4 o'clock in the morning of the 7th of November, General Harrison being in the act of pulling on his boots, the crack of a sentinel's gun caused him to order the whole camp to be aroused. A sharp battle ensued, which lasted until daylight, when the Indians were driven at the point of the bayonet into the wet prairie that surrounded the camp. In that battle there were killed and wounded 0f the whites one hundred and eight. The loss to the Indians crippled them from any other attempt to attack Harrison's forces. Here is where Harrison derived his appellati0n of "Tippecanoe," a word which became afterwards a household word during Harrison's campaign for the Presidency. In that battle Harrison had led the troops in person and was highly complimented by President Madison in his message of December 18, 1811, as well as being thanked by the Legislatures of Kentucky and Indiana. On the 18th of June, 1812, war was declared between the United States and England, and G0vernor Harrison was given command of a detachment that was sent to reinforce General Hull, with the rank of Major General of the State Militia. On the 2nd of September he received a Brigadier General's commission in the regular army. After relieving Fort Wayne, which had been invested by the Indians, he turned over his force to General Winchester and was returning home t0 Indiana when he was intercepted by a messenger from the Secretary of War, with papers appointing him Commander-in-Chief of the Northwest. "You will exercise," said the letter, "your own discretion and act in all cases according to your own judgment." No latitude as great as this has ever been given to any commander since Washington's time. Harrison was actively preparing for the struggle against the British and the Indian allies; erecting fcrts at different points and forwarding supplies. Th0ugh constantly harassed by the Indians, no important engagements occurred until the early part of the following year. On the 18th of January, General Winchester captured Frenchtown, now Monroe, 4Michigan, but three' clays later met with a bloody defeat on the river Raisin, from the force of Colonel - 177 - Henry Proctor. Harrison hastened to his aid, but arrived too late. After establishing a fortified camp, which he named Fort Meigs, after the Governor of Ohio, he visited Cincinnati to obtain supplies, and while there urged the advisability of maintaining a fleet on Lake Erie. On the 2nd of March, 1813, he was given a Major-General's commission. Shortly after, learning that the British were to attack Fort Meigs, he hastened thither and arrived on the 12th of April. On the 28th it was ascertained that the enemy was advancing in force, and on the 1st of May siege was laid to the fort, Colonel Proctor commanding. For five days a heavy fire was kept up on b0th sides, but re-enforcements, under General Green Clay, arriving, the enemy was put to flight three days later. The attack was renewed, however, in July, with five thousand men, but the enemy was compelled to again withdraw after a few days. On the l0th of September, Commod0re Perry gained his splendid victory on Lake Erie, and on the 16th of September Harrison embarked his artillery and supplies for a descent on Canada, to meet the enemy in its own stronghold. On the 27th the army landed and Proctor burned the navy yard and fort at Malden and retreated, Harrison following the next day. Proctor was overtaken on the 5th of October, and his army destroyed, he escaping to the wo0ds. This victory, together with that of Perry's, was of the greatest imp0rtance, as it gave to the United States undisputed sway of the Great Lakes and control of all the territory contiguous. Celebrations were held all over the country in honor of Harrison's victory, his praises were read in the President's message to Congress and in the halls of Legislature. In 1814 Harrison resigned from the army and ended his military career. In that year and in 1815 he was appointed on commissions that concluded satisfactory treaties with the Indians, and in [816 he was chosen to Congress to fill an unexpired term, serving until 1819. On the 24th of March, 1818, Harrison received a gold medal, struck off by the Government in his honor. In 1819 General Harrison was chosen to the Senate of Ohio, and, in 1822, was a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by reason of his vote against the admission of Missouri into the Union with the restriction that slavery was to be prohibited there. In 1824 he was a Presidential elector, voting for Henry Clay, and in the same year he was sent to the United States Senate, where he became an advocate for the rights of the common soldier. In 1828 he resigned from the Senate and accepted the appointment of U. S. Minister to the United States of Columbia. He was recalled, it is claimed, by the demand of General Bolivar, and returned to his farm at North Bend, Ohio, where he accepted positions of local trust. In 1835 he was nominated for the Presidency, but received only seventy-three electoral votes to Van Buren's one hundred and seventy. Four years later he was again nominated for President by the National Whig Convention, and Van Buren was renominated by the Democrats. The result of the contest was a choice of Harrison, who received two hundred and thirty-four electoral votes to Van Buren's sixty. He was inaugurated 0n the 4th of March, 1841. On the 27th of March, the same year, President Harrison was prostrated by a chill, following several days of indisposition, and bilious pneumonia ensued. He died on the 4th TOMB OF WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON NORTH BEND, OHIO - 178 - of April. His end was so sudden and unexpected that his wife was not at his bedside during his last hours, as she remained at the family seat suffering from a slight sickness. The President's body was interred in the Congressional Cemetery at Washington, but was later removed to North Bend, Ohio, where it was placed. in a tomb on a hill overlooking the Ohio. This tomb and the surrounding land was later deeded to the State of Ohio by his son, John Scott Harrison, with the condition that the State keep it in repair, but the State for many years allowed his burial place to become desecrated by vandals and fall into ruins, until, in the fall of 1904, a solid stone structure, simple in design and not at all in keeping with the hallowed memory of the great Harrison, was erected. General Harrison was the author 0f a "Discourse on the Aborigines of the Valley of the Ohio." His wife, Anna Symmes, died, in 1864, and rests with her distinguished husband in the tomb at North Bend. ULYSSES S. GRANT, the second President from Ohio, and the eighteenth President of the United States, was born at P0int Pleasant, Clermont County, on the 27th of April, 1822. He was of Scotch ancestry, but his family had been American in all its branches for eight generations. His father was Jesse R. Grant and his mother Hannah Simpson. Ulysses was the oldest of six children. When a little boy his parents removed to Georgetown, Ohio, where he spent his boyhood in assisting his father on the farm and also in a tannery. In the spring of 1839, when seventeen years of age, after having attended the village school, he was appointed to a cadetship in the United States Military Academy by Thomas L. Hamer, member of Congress. The name given him at birth was Hiram Ulysses, but he always was called by his middle name. Mr. Hamer, thinking that his first name and that his middle name was probably that of his mother's family, inserted in the official appointment the name of Ulysses S. The officials at West Point were notified by Cadet Grant of the error, but they did not feel authorized to correct it, and it was acquiesced in and became the name by which he was always known. As a student Grant showed the greatest proficiency in mathematics, and at cavalry drill he proved himself the best horseman in his class, and afterwards was one of the best in the army. Graduating in 1843, he was commissioned as a Brevet Second Lieutenant and was attached to the Fourth Infantry, and assigned to duty at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis. In September, 1845, he was commissioned Second Lieutenant, and in the same month he went with his regiment to Corpus Christi, Mexico, now in Texas, to jcin the army of occupation under command of General Zachary Taylor. In the war with Mexico Grant served with great distinction, and for gallantry in the field he was breveted First Lieutenant and Captain, and commissioned First Lieutenant on the 14th of September, 1847, soon after the Sentry of the army into the City of Mexico. In the summer of 1848 he obtained a leave of absence and went to St. Louis, where, on the 22nd of August, he married Miss Julia B. Dent, sister of one 0f his - 179 - classmates. On the 5th of August, 1853, he was promoted to a Captaincy, but on the 31st of July, 1854, he resigned his commission and settled on a small farm near St. Louis. He was engaged in farming and in the real estate business in St. Louis until May, 1860, when he removed to Galena, Illinois, and there became a clerk in the hardware and leather store of his father. When the Civil War broke out Grant raised a company of volunteers, which he drilled and accompanied to Springfield, Ill. Governor Yates, of that State, employed Captain Grant in the Adjutant General's Department and appointed him mustering officer. On the 17th of June he was appointed C0l0nel of the Twenty-first Illinois Infantry, and on the 3rd' of July he went with his regiment t0 Palmyra, M0., thence to Salt River, where he guarded a p0rtion of the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad, and thence to the town of Mexico, where General Pope was stationed as commander of the military district. On the 31st of July Grant was assigned to the command of a sub-district under General Pope, his troops consisting of three regiments of infantry and a section of artillery. He was appointed a Brigadier-General of Volunteers on the 7th of August, the commission being dated back to the 17th of May, and was ordered to Ironton, Mo., to take command of a district in that part of the State, where he arrived on the 8th of August. About three weeks later he was directed to rep0rt in person at St. Louis, and on reaching there found that he had been assigned to the command 0f the district 0f S0utheastern Missouri, embracing all the territory in the State south of St. Louis and all Southern Illinois, with headquarters at Cairo. Arriving at Cairo on the 4th of September, he received information the day following that the enemy was about to seize Paducah, Ky., at the mouth of the Tennessee River, having already occupied Columbus and Hickman. He moved that night with two regiments of infantry and one battery of artillery, and occupied Paducah the next morning. Kentucky had declared an intention to remain neutral in the war, and this prompt occupation of Paducah prevented the Confederates from getting a f0othold there and did much toward retaining the State within the Union lines. On the 25th 0f the same month he rendered important service by the seizure of Smithland, at the m0uth 0f the Cumberland River. His next move, a month later, was to check the advance of a large force under General Jeff Thompson, this being successfully accomplished by two battles, one at Fredericktown, Mo., and the other at Belmont. The district of Cairo was now enlarged, and General Grant was placed in command. In February, 1862, he moved from Paducah with 15,000 men, aided by Comm0dore A. H. Foote, with a fleet of gunboats, for the purpose of capturing Fort Henry, on the Tennessee River, and Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland River. The former surrendered on the 6th of February, its reduction, however, being due to the work of the gunboats. The latter was taken on the 6th, after a severe battle, in which the land forces were engaged. The capture of this fort was the first important and brilliant victory of the Federal arms, and it made a great impression upon the country. General Grant was at once made a Major-General of Volunteers, his commission being dated as of the day of the battle. The Battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing, was next fought. The Federal troops at that point were attacked on the 6th of April by a large Confederate force under General A. S. Johnston, and suffered heavy loss. General Grant arrived on the field at the critical moment and reformed the broken lines, and, heavy re-enforcements, under General Buell, having arrived, the battle was renewed on the 7th, and the Confederates, now under the command of General Beauregard, Johnston having been killed, were driven back to Corinth. In this battle General Grant was slightly wounded. He was second in command in the m0vements against Corinth, which was occupied by the Federal troops on the 30th of May. When, in July, General Halleck was called to Washington to take command of the armies of the United States, General Grant was assigned to - 180 - the command of the Department of the Tennessee, with headquarters at Corinth. In September he defeated the Confederate General twice at Inka. He then removed his headquarters to Jackson, leaving Rosecrans with twenty th0usand men to hold Corinth. In October General Grant's department was enlarged by a portion of Mississippi, including Vicksburg, the forces under his command being designated as the Thirteenth Army Corps. After several efforts by different plans to capture Vicksburg, he was finally enabled, as a result of his brilliant movements, to invest the city on the 18th of May, 1863, and on the 4th of July, General Pemberton surrendered with about thirty thousand men. General Grant was now appointed a Major-General in the regular army, and in October was placed in command of the military division of the Tennessee, comprising the department commanded by Sherman, Thomas, Burnside and Hooker. General Grant next conducted the operation against the Confederate General Bragg, at Chattanooga. On the 24th of November the Federals stormed Lookout Mountain, and on the 25th they carried the heights of Missionary Ridge. Congress at its next session passed a vote of thanks to General Grant and his army and ordered a gold medal to be struck in his honor. The grade of Lieutenant-General was revived, General Grant was nominated by President Lincoln for the positi0n, and the nomination was promptly confirmed by the Senate. On the 17th of March, 1864, he issued his first order as Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the United States. His headquarters were with the army of the Potomac. The battles of the next campaign, which had for their object the capture of Richmond, in front of which the main army of the Confederates was concentrated for a last and desperate resistance, were among the bloodiest of the whole war. The first movements of General Grant, though unsuccessful as to his main design, resulted in crippling the enemy and so preparing the way for final victory, but they were attended with terrible loss of life. The great battle of the Wilderness was fought against General Lee on the 5th and 6th of May, followed by the bloody engagements at Spottsylvania Court House. On the 3rd of June Lee repulsed a tremendous assault 0f the Union forces at Cold Harbor. General Grant, having failed in his flanking m0vements, saw at last that his only hope of seizing Richm0nd depended upon his first taking Peters.. burg, and to this object he now addressed himself with his usual pertinacity. Lee attempted to create a diversion by sending Early on a raid across the Potomac. Sherman so0n after forced Hood to evacuate Atlanta and then started on his famous "march to the sea." Sheridan's victory at Five Forks, an the 31st or March and 1st of April, 1865, destroyed the last hope of a successful defense of Richmond. On the 2nd of April Petersburg was abandoned, and on the 3rd the Federal forces entered the Southern Capitol, the Confederates fleeing as they advanced. Grant pursued the flying army, overtook and surr0unded it, and forced it to surrender on the 9th of April, at App0mattox Court House. The Confederacy was overthrown. The assassination of Lincoln and the accession of Andrew Johnson followed, and then came the excitement of the period of reconstruction, in which General Grant, for whom Congress had created the rank of General of the Army, bore a loyal and honorable part. On the rem0val of Secretary of War Stanton by President Johnson, Grant was asked to fill the vacancy ad interim, and he held it from August, 1867, to January, 1868. Having become prominent in National politics, he was soon recognized as an available candidate for the Presidency, his military services making it evident that whatever party nominated him would receive a large independent support. He was approached by members of both parties, but his views were more in accordance with those of the Republicans. In May, 1868, a convention of soldiers and sailors at Chicago indorsed his contemplated candidacy, and on the 20th of May the Republican Convention on the first ballot nominated him unanimously, amid the greatest enthusiasm. - 181 - At the following election General Grant received tw0 hundred and fourteen electoral votes out of two hundred and ninety-four. The new administration was marked 'by a studied independence of Congressional politicians ; by the disregard of various political traditions of the National Government ; by persistent efforts in favor of the annexation of Santo Domingo, the treaty of which, however, was rejected by the Senate. A policy of supervision 0f the S0uth American States was als0 followed, and much interest was manifested in the war of independence which was being waged in Cuba, and the danger of intervention seemed imminent, especially for a brief period during the excitement caused by the seizure of the Virginius. The political condition of the South continued to present serious problems, although most of the actual work of reorganization had been accom- TOMB OF PRESIDENT GRANT NEW YORK CITY plished and the President was inclined to lessen the direct control of Southern administration at the hands of the National Government and to look forward to the moral regeneration of the newly organized political bodies to their own initiative, unaffected by external influences. In 1872 President Grant was re-elected by the unprecedented number of two hundred and eighty-six electoral votes. At the close of his second term, in 1877, he made a tour of the world, visiting especially the great countries of Europe and Asia, and receiving, as a soldier and civilian, and .the first citizen of the United States, all the honor which rulers and peoples could bestow. On his return home, in the spring 0f 1880, a large and influential portion of the Republican party sought to make him a candidate for the Presidency once more, but the movement was defeated, n0t because the people did not still - 182 - admire and trust him, but on account of the formidable opposition to bestowal of the offrce upon any man for more than two terms. After his long journey General Grant made his home in New York. He became a partner in a financial firm which came to grief and involved in pecuniary ruin. This story is a sad one, which will not here be recorded. The only blame that attached to him was that he bestowed much confidence upon those wh0 misused it. With the energy of a young man, he took up his pen and wrote the recollections of his military life, "for the money it gave me," he said, "for at that moment I was living on borrowed money." Every token of respect was shown to him in the city of his residence, and Congress, by special enactment, in 1884, placed him; on the retired list of the army as General, with full pay—a position he had resigned to become President. In the summer of 1884 General Grant entered upon a long period of suffering from a cancerous affection of the throat, and he died at Mount McGregor, near Saratoga, New York, on the 23rd of July, 1885. His body found its resting place in a magnificent tomb in Riverside Park, New York City, overlooking the Hudson. RUTHERFORD B. HAYES became the successor to President Grant, being the nineteenth President of the United States he was born on the 4th of October, 1822, at Delaware, Ohio. His ancestry this side of the Atlantic Ocean began with George Hayes, who came from Scotland to the colony of Connecticut in 1680, and settled at Windsor. President Hayes' father, Rutherford Hayes, was a prosperous merchant at Dummerston, Vermont, but in September, 1817, with his household goods stored in two large wagons, removed to the native place of the future President, but died in the July preceding the birth 0f his distinguished son. President Hayes received his education in the village schools, at the Academy at Norwalk, Ohio, at Middlet0wn, C0nnecticut, and finally graduated from Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, in 1843, after a four years' course of study. Immediately after graduation he entered an office at Columbus, Ohio, as a law student. In August, 1843, he went to the law school of Harvard University, from where he graduated in 1845. He began the practice of Taw at Fremont, forming a partnership in 1846 with R. P. Buckland. Three years later he removed to Cincinnati. Here he became a member of the law firm of Huron & Hayes. This was succeeded, in 1854, by another with H. W. Corwin and W. K. Rogers as partners. In 1856 he was nominated for Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, but declined the honor. Up to this time he had acted with the Whig party. When the Republican party was formed, he took an active interest in its first campaign, proving himself a capital political speaker. In 1858 he was chosen City Solicitor of Cincinnati by a majority of over 2,500 votes. When his term of office ended, in April, 1861, a political reaction had set in ; the municipal election occurring prior to .the bombardment of Fort Sumter, the entire city Republican ticket was defeated, Hayes, who was on the ticket for re-election, among the - 183 - rest. On the 13th of April, at a mass meetrng, called to appeal to the patriotism of the people in response to President Lincoln's proclamation calling f0r seventy-five thousand troops, he was Chairman of the committee appointed to draw up resolutions expressive for the intense feeling which had now been aroused. Immediately, the members of the Literary Club, to which he belonged, organized a military company of which he was chosen Captain, and President Lincoln sent him a commission as Colonel of Volunteers, which he declined, saying that he was not ready for so much responsibility for the services and lives of other men. At the same time he entered upon a methodical course of drill and study, and on the 1st of June, 1861, he accepted a commission from the G0vernor as Major of the Twenty-third Regiment of State V0lunteers, of which W. S. Rosecrans was the first Colonel, and Stanley Matthews, afterwards Justice of the United States Supreme Court, was Lieutenant Colonel. On the 24th of October, 1861, Hay es was promoted Lieutenant Colonel, from which date he commanded the Twenty-third Regiment until December, 1862. After the important campaign in West Virginia and the disastrous result of the peninsular campaign, the regiment was ordered to Washington, arriving there on the 24th 0f August, 1862, and ten days later, with the army of General McClellan, was on its way into Maryland, following the invading Confederate force of General Lee. In the brilliant action of South Mountain, early in the day, Hayes received a severe wound in the left arm, which compelled him to leave the field. After the battle of Antietam the regiment was returned to West Virginia, where, on the 30th of November, 1862, Hayes rejoined it as Colonel, having been promoted on the 24th of October. He was soon after placed in command of the first brigade of the Kanawha Division, which he retained until September, 1864, when he succeeded to the command of the division. In the summer of 1863, his command was engaged in the pursuit and defeat of Morgan, then raiding through Ohio, and in April, 1864, he took part in Crook's raid on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. He was soon after commissioned Brigadier General of Volunteers, to date fr0m the battle of Cedar Creek, at the close of which he received news of his election to Congress from the Second District of Ohio. He was now made Brevet Major General f0r gallant services, and resigning from the army on the 1st of June, 1865, returned soon after to Cincinnati. In December he took his seat in Congress; was re-elected in 1866, but left his seat in 1867, having been nominated for Governor of Ohio, to which, office he was elected in October and re-elected in 1869. In 1872 he suffered his first defeat for C0ngress ; in 1875 he reluctantly consented to allow his name to be used once more as a candidate for Governor, and was elected for a third term—an honor never before or after conferred on a citizen of Ohio. The prominent issues were the currency and school questions, which attracted the attention of the whole country, and caused his name t0 be favorably mentioned as the Republican candidate for the Presidency, and on the 16th of June, 1876, he was nominated at Cincinnati on the seventh ballot, receiving 384 votes to 351 for James G. Blaine, and twenty-one for B. H. Bristow. His Democratic opponent in the ensuing canvass was Samuel J. Tilden, and the result of the election became the subject of violent contention, the leaders of each of the great parties charging fraud upon the other. Both parties claimed the Electoral votes of Florida, South Carolina, Louisiana and one of those of Oregon. The facts turned 0ut to be when the Forty-fourth Congress met, that the canvassing boards of the several Southern States declared the Republican Electors chosen, and General Hayes had a majority of one in the Electoral College. These returns were sent to Washington by the State Governors, but others were sent as well which certified the choice of the Democratic Elect0rs, and in this emergency an Electoral Commission, the only one in American hist0ry so far, consisting of five United States Senators, five United States Representatives and five Judges of the United States Supreme Court, was - 184 - appointed by Congress, which was to decide on all contested cases, the decision of this corn-mission to be final, unless set aside by concurrent vote of the two Houses of Congress. This commission, by a vote of eight to seven, in each case confirmed the returns made by the Governors of the States. On the 2d of March, 1877, the Republican candidate was declared to have been elected President of the United States, and on the 5th 0f March Mr. Hayes was duly inaugurated. During the four years of his office the affairs of the Government were conducted in a manner that will command the favorable judgment of history. After the expiration of his term of office, President Hay es positively refused to have his name used in connection with a renomination. He retired from office, returned to his home in Fremont, Ohio, and died on the 17th 0f January, 1893. JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD, twentieth President of the United States, was born on the nth of November, 1831, in the wilds of Orange Township, Cuyahoga County. He descended from a Puritan family, his ancestors coming from Chester, England, to the colony of Massachusetts Bay as early as 1630. Maternally he was from a French Huguenot family. His parents were Abram and Eliza Ballow Garfield, who were married in 1820, he being twenty, she eighteen years. The father was a native of Wooster, Ostego County, New York, and the mother of New Hampshire, and a relative of Hosea Ballow, the celebrated preacher and author. Abram and Eliza Garfield had four children. In May, 1833, the father died, and on his deathbed he said to his wife, "Eliza, I have planted four saplings in these woods. I leave them to your care." James was less than two years old when his father died. The mother struggled to support her young and growing family and worked on the farm and at the spinning wheel. Fr0m the outset the life of James was one of toil. B0rn and fostered in a log cabin, his childhood was as humble and rude as backwoods life could make it. The opening of his career was most unpromising. By force of circumstances he was compelled t0 work in early youth. He received such early education as was possible to be had in such a sparcely settled community. After leaving school he accepted a position as driver on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Canal 'in the employ of his cousin, Amos Letcher. For a short time only he held this position, for having sickened of fever he returned home. Here he began to study with great diligence, as he had firmly resolved that at whatever sacrifice he would obtain a collegiate education. By day he worked upon the farm or at the carpenter's trade, and at night continued his studies. By these means he was soon enabled to enter the seminary at the  JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD adjoining town of Chester. With his earnings during vacation time, together with the heroic self-sacrifice of his mother and elder brother, he was enabled to secure the advantages of several terms at the seminary. From Chester he went to Hiram College, an institution established in 1850 by the Disciples of Christ, to which church he, as well as nearly all of the Garfield family, belonged. In order to pay his - 187 - way at Hiram he assumed the duties 0f a janitor and at times taught school. At Hiram he continued his studies till sufficiently advanced in the classics and mathematics to be qualified to enter Williams College, Massachusetts, two years in advance. In September, 1854, he enterd the college and graduated with honors in 1856. Returning to Ohio, he became a teacher at Hiram, where he was also pressed into the additional work of preaching the Gospel. He soon became popular, both as a teacher and a preacher, and within less than one year he was promoted to the Presidency of Hiram College. While a student at Hiram, he met in one of its classes Miss L. Rudolph, and in the autumn of 1858 he married her in her father's house at Hiram and began a home life of his 0wn. She ever afterwards proved a worthy consort in all the stages of her husband's career. After his marriage, Mr. Garfield began the study of law, and giving to it all the time he could possibly spend at it, he was able, in 1860, to pass the necessary examination, and was admitted to the bar. He was a man of strong m0ral and religious convictions, and was attracted to legal studies by his active and patriotic interest in public affairs. He was an Abolitionist, Freesoiler and Republican, and always open and bold in the declaration of his political principles, whether in college, church or caucus. In 1859, he made his first political speeches, and in the fall of that year he was elected to the Ohio State Senate by a sweeping majority, and when he took his seat in that body, in January, 1860, he was the y0ungest member of the Senate, being but twenty-eight years of age. During the trying years of 1860 and 1861, he was a very useful and eloquent member of the State Senate, and on the breaking out of the Civil War, in 1861, Mr. Garfield resolved to fight as he had talked. He was 'appointed a member of Governor Dennison's staff to assist in organizing troops for the war. On the 14th of August, 1861, he was commissioned as Lieutenant Colonel of the Forty-second Regiment of Ohio Volunteer Infantry, composed largely of his classmates and students at Hiram College. Colonel Garfield's regiment was immediately thrown into 'active service, and before he had ever heard a gun fired he was placed in command of four regiments of infantry and eight companies of cavalry, charged with the work of driving the Confederates, headed by Humphrey Marshall, from the State of Kentucky. This task was speedily accomplished, though against great odds. On account of this success President Lincoln commissioned him Brigadier General, on the 11th of January, 1862, and as he had been the youngest man in the Ohio State Senate two years before, so now he was the y0ungest General in the army. He was with General Buell's army at Shil0h, also in its operations around Corinth and its march. through Alabama. On the 15th of June, 1862, General Garfield was detailed to sit on a trial by court martial of a Lieutenant of the Fifty-second Indiana Volunteers. In this trial his skill, combined with his memory of judicial decisions, elicited from officers sitting with him in court commendation of his signal ability in such matters. On the 30th of July he obtained a leave of absence on account of fever and ague, and during the summer months he was at Hiram. Recovering 'his health he reported to the War Department at Washington, according to order from the Secretary of War. This was in the end of. September, 1862. He was ordered in the court of inquiry in the case of General McDowell, and on the 25th of November, 1862, he was made a member of the court in the celebrated trial of General Fitz John Porter for the failure to co-operate with General Pope at the battle 0f Bull Run. In January, 1863, he was ordered into the field, being directed to report to General Rosecrans at Murfreesborough. After his arrival he became chief of staff of General Rosecrans, then commanding the. Army of the Cumberland. He won the stars of Major General by his military services at Chickamauga. In the fall of 1862, without any effort on his part, he was elected as a representative to Congress from the Nineteenth Congressional District of Ohio, which had been represented for many years mainly by two men—Elisha Whitlesey and - 188 - the renowned anti-slavery champion, Joshua R. Giddings. He resigned his commission on the 5th of December, 1863, having served in the army more than a year after his election to Congress, and took his seat on the same day in the House of Representatives, where he served until elected to the United States Senate, in 1880, just before his n0mination to the Presidency. His election to the Senate by the Ohio Legislature was a just and reasonable compliment to him for his eminent service in the lower house of the National Congress through sixteen years of a most active legislative life. Upon entering Congress he was the youngest member, but for his work he was well endowed by nature and education. He was a ready speaker—apt, eloquent, pointed and vehement, and possessed all the physical characteristics, strength, countenance and voice, which are so useful in the public forum. Thus he was well equipped for a place in a deliberative assembly. General Garfield was appointed on many special as well as important committees by Congress. He was sent by the President to Louisiana to report upon, the political conditi0n of the pe0ple with reference to the reconstruction, and was ch0sen 0ne of the High Commission to which was referred the contested Presidential election in 1876, and which gave Rutherford B. Hayes the seat. In June, 1880, at the National Republican Convention, held in Chicago, General Garfield was nominated for President, both t0 the surprise of himself and the country. He was a delegate to the convention, and was 'an open advocate of the nomination of John Sherman, of Ohio. The party was in danger of a most serious division, in which the adherents of General U. S. Grant and of James G. Blaine were the contestants. The only measure to adopt was found in the nomination of an unobjectionable man who was allied with neither faction, and hence with great enthusiasm they turned to General Garfield and, although many Republicans were disappointed on account of the failure of their respective candidates for the nomina- GARFIELD MONUMENT LAKEVIEW CEMETERY, CLEVELAND - 189 - tion, General Garfield was elected by a strong majority. His inauguration occurred at Washington on the 4th of March, 1881, amid great enthusiasm. During the few months following, he was hampered 0n every hand by disappointed leaders of his party, as well as annoyed and harassed by importuning office seekers. Among the latter was Guiteau, a practicing attorney of erratic character. After having failed in. his desire to become. Consul at Marseilles, France, he swore to revenge himself with the life of the President. On the morning of the 2d of July, 1881, while President Garfield was in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Station, at Washington, acc0mpanied by Secretary Blaine, Guiteau stepped behind the President and fired two revolver sh0ts int0 his body, one proving fatal. After suffering for eighty days, the President peacefully ended his earthly career on the 19th of September, 1881. The cowardly assassin was hung subsequently. President Garfield's death occurred at Long Branch, from where his remains were removed to Washington, and finally to Cleveland, Ohio, where they found their last resting place in a tomb in the beautiful Lake View Cemetery of that city. BENJAMIN HARRISON, the twenty-third President of the United States, and the fifth< contribution of Ohio to the Presidency, was born on the loth of August, 1833, at North Bend, Hamilton County. He was the son of John Scott Harrison, and grandson of William Henry, the ninth President of the United States and the victor 0f Tippecanoe. After attending school he was sent to Farmer's C0llege, at College Hill, near Cincinnati, where he remained for a period of two years. Afterwards he entered Miami University, at Oxford, Ohio, making a splendid record as a student, and graduating from that institution at the age of eighteen. In 1853, he married Miss Caroline L. Scott, daughter of the Rev. Dr. John W. Scott; principal of a seminary for young ladies at Oxford. He then went to Cincinnati, where he studied law in the office of Storer & Gwynne, and, in 1854, removed to Indiaapolis, Indiana, where he made his home and practiced his profession. In October, 1860, he was elected to the position of Reporter of the Indiana Supreme Court. In 1862 he entered the Union Army, and was commissioned Second Lieutenant of Indiana Volunteers. He recruited Company A of the Seventieth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and on the reorganization of the regiment was commissioned Colonel. He brought his regiment to a high degree of efficiency, and with it participated in the campaign waged by Sherman, in 1864, against Johnston. He served with special distinction at the battle of Peach Tree Creek, had charge of the brigade at the battle of Nashville, and was breveted Brigadier General in February, 1865. His military record was in a high degree honorable. In 1864, while in the field, he was re-elected Reporter of the Supreme Court of Indiana, and after being mustered out he served in that capacity for a peri0d of four years. In 1876 Mr. Harrison was the Republican candidate for Governor of Indiana, but was defeated at - 190 - the following election. In 1879 he was appointed a member of the Mississippi River Commission, and in the following year was Chairman of the Indiana delegates to the Republican National Convention at Chicago which nominated Garfield for President. In the following winter Harrison was elected to the United States Senate, after which he was offered a portfolio in President Garfield's Cabinet. He declined that position and t0ok his seat in the Senate on the 4th of March, 1881. During six years Mr. Harrison rendered valuable services in the Senate, and he became known as the advocate of pr0tective duties, civil service reform and the restoration of the United States Navy. In 1884 his name was mentioned at the Republican National Conventi0n in connection with the Presidency. Mr. Harrison was a delegate to that convention, but his opportunity had not arrived. He remained in the Senate until the close of his term, when he failed of re-election; the Indiana Legislature being Democratic at that time. In 1888 the Republican National Convention nominated Harrison for the Presidency on a protective tariff platform. His election fol- BIRTHPLACE OF BENJAMIN HARRISON NORTH BEND, OHIO See Explanatory Notes lowed after an exciting campaign in which the tariff question was the controlling issue. Mr. Harrison received 233 Electoral votes against 168 cast for Cleveland, while the popular vote stood 5,439,853 for Harrison and 5,540,329 for Cleveland. Among the most notable events of Harrison's administrati0n were the passage of the McKinley bill ; the suppression of the Louisiana lottery; the enforcement of the reciprocity policy; the extension of the new navy; the promotion of civil service reform ; the arrangement of the International Monetary Conference; the organization of the Bering Sea Arbitration ; the difficulties with Chili, and the settlement of the Samoan question. In 1892 President Harrison was renominated by the Republican party, being again opposed 'by Cleveland as the Democratic candidate. In the following election the Democratic party was successful, Cleveland receiving 276 Electoral votes against 145 for Harrison. The popular vote stood 5,533,142 for Cleveland and 5,186,951 for Harrison. At the close of his term, Harrison was appointed lecturer in international law at the Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. He died on the 13th of March, 1901, at Indianapolis, Indiana, where he is buried. - 191 - WILLIAM McKINLEY, the last of the Presidents of the United States from Ohio, was born on the 29th of January, 1843, at the little city of Niles, in the northeastern part of the State. The chronology of the career of William McKinley is a household tale. He sprang from the middle class, from Scotch and Irish ancestry. The first McKinley in this country was David, known as "the Weaver," born in 1705, who settled in York County, Pennsylvania, where he received a tract of land granted to him. Then followed John McKinley, a soldier in the War of the Revolution ; then David McKinley, who died in Crawford County, Ohio, in 1840. James McKinley, who for years conducted a charcoal furnace at Lisbon, Ohio, and William McKinley, the father of the future President. The elder William McKinley was born in Pine Township, Mercer County, Pennsylvania, in 1807, and died in 1892. He was manager of the old furnace near Wilmington, in that State, for twenty-one years, married Nancy Allison, in 1829, and resided at Poland. He was a devout Methodist, staunch Whig and an ardent advocate of the protective tariff. He was managing an iron furnace at Niles, Ohio, when his illustrious son was born. The family consisted of nine children, the future President being the seventh child. He received his first training in the public schools of Niles, but when he was nine years old the family moved to Poland, Mahoning County, a village noted for its educational facilities, where he was at once admitted into the Union Seminary, remaining until he was seventeen years of age. In 1859 he was sent to Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania, where he was admitted to the junior class, and would have been graduated the following year but for failing health. He was obliged to return home, and as soon as he was physically able, began teaching in a country school in what was known as the Kirr district. When the Civil War broke out he was a clerk in the Poland Postoffice, but promptly volunteered in the Union Army, enlisting in Company E, Twenty-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, on the 11th of June, 1861. With him enlisted his cousin, William McKinley Osborn, who later became United States Consul in Lond0n. He remarked about their enlistment : "Our enlistment was in cold blood and not through the enthusiasm of the moment. It was done as McKinley has done the most things 0f his life, as the logical offspring of careful conclusion." The military record of the President shows that after his enlistment as a private soldier, that he was promoted to Commissary Sergeant on the 15th of April, 1862 ; to Second Lieutenant on the 23rd of September, 1862 ; to First Lieutenant on the 7th of February, 1863; to Captain on the 24th of July, 1864; that he was detailed as active Assistant Adjutant General of the First Division, First Army Corps, on the staff of General Carroll, and that he was breveted Major on the 13th of March, 1865. He was mustered out of service on the 26th of July, 1865. - 192 - The Twenty-third Ohio Regiment had some distinguished members within its ranks. Its first commander was General W. S. Rosecrans, and two future Presidents, Hayes and McKinley, were on its rolls. The later United States Senator and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Stanley Matthews, was once its Colonel, and several Members of Congress, two Lieutenant Governors of Ohio, and one United States Consul were members of the regiment. McKinley participated in all the engagements of his regiment. He was in the battles of Clark's Hollow, Princeton, Frederick, South Mountain, Antietam, Buffington's Ford, Cloyd's Mountain, New River Bridge, Buffalo Gap, Lexington, Buchanan, Otter Creek, Lynchburg, Buford's Gap, Kerntown, Berryville, Opequan, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. At Antietam he performed a signal service. The battle began at daylight, but before that time men were in the ranks and preparing for the conflict. Without breakfast or even coffee they went into the fight, and it continued until the sun had set. The commissary department of that brigade was under Sergant McKinley's charge and personal supervision. From his hands every man in the regiment was served with hot coffee and warm meats, a thing that had never occurred under similar circumstances in any other army of the world. He passed under fire and delivered with his 0wn hands this food so essential for the men. At the session of the Seventy-fifth General Assembly, in 1902, Judge John C. Royer, of the Tiffin District, introduced and had passed by both houses a bill appropriating $22,000 to mark the places where the Ohio regiments fought at Antietam and also for a monument to mark the spot where McKinley stood while serving coffee and meat to the famished troops of the Twenty-third Regiment. For this daring Governor T0d ordered his promotion from Sergeant to Second Lieutenant. McKinley also served on the staff of General Rutherford B. Hayes, performing hazardous duty. At Berryville his horse was shot under him. At Opequan and Fisher's Hill he was an aide on the staff of General Crook, and distinguished himself by ordering General Duval's command to the support of the Sixth Corps. For this he was breveted Major, his commission being signed "A. Lincoln." He participated in the last act of the war, the "Grand Review" at Washington, and was mustered out with his regiment. After the war Major McKinley began the study of law at Poland under the preceptor-ship of Judge Charles E. Glidden, of Youngstown. After a year of such study he completed his course at the law school in Albany, New York, and in March, 1871, was admitted to the bar at Warren, Ohio. Locating at Canton, he soon gained a practice, besides taking considerable interest in politics. Though living in a Democratic county, he was always an ardent Republican, and in the fall of 1867, made his first political speech in favor of negro suffrage, when the constitutional amendments were pending. In 1869 he accepted the nomination for Prosecuting Attorney of Stark County, and made an energetic canvass and was elected. In 1871 he was defeated for a second term by seventy-one votes. On the 25th of January, of that year, he was united in marriage to Miss Ida Saxton, daughter of James A. Saxton, a banker in Canton. Her grandparents were the f0unders of that city in the early part of the century. In the Gubernatorial campaign of 1875, between Hayes and "Rise-up" William Allen, at the height of the Greenback craze, McKinley's speeches in favor of honest money and the resumption of specie payment attracted 'attention throughout the country. In 1876 he was nominated for Congress in the old Seventeenth District, succeeding Laurin D. Woodworth, of Youngstown, on the first ballot, and in the following October was elected over Leslie L. Lanborn by 3,300 majority. He entered Congress the same day his old c0mmander of the Twenty-third Ohio, Rutherford B. Hayes, became President, and he was not without influence, even at that early date of his Congressional experience. He made his debut as a speaker in Congress in an elaborate attack upon the Wood tariff bill, the first of - 193 - the measures designed to cripple the tariff system. His argument was published and attracted wide attention. In 1877, Ohio went strongly Democratic, and the Legislature gerrymandered the State, so that McKinley found himself confronted by an adverse majority of 2,500 in a new district. The Democrats nominated General Aquila Wiley, of Wayne, who had lost a leg fighting in the Union Army, and a strong candidate, but McKinley defeated him and was re-elected to the Forty-sixth Congress by 1,234 majority. The Legislature of 1880 restored his 0ld district, and h e had no difficulty in being returned to the Forty-seventh Congress, defeating Leroy D. Thoman, subsequently one of the Civil Service Commissioners of the United States, by 3,571 votes. He was chosen the Ohio member of the Nati0nal Committee in 1880, and accompanied General Garfield on his campaign tour to New York. He opened the Ohio campaign that year at Portsmouth, and spoke in several other States. The Forty-seventh Congress was Republican, and acting on the suggestion of President Arthur proceeded to revise the tariff. It was then agreed to constitute a tariff commission to prepare such bills as were necessary to report at the next session. Major McKinley delivered an interesting speech 0n the subject and insisted that a protective policy should never for an instant be abandoned 0r impaired. The elections of 1882, occurring while the commission was still holding its session, the Republicans were everywhere most disastrously defeated. That year the Democrats carried Ohio, electing their State ticket, headed by James W. Newman, 0f Scioto, and elected thirteen of the twenty-one Congressmen. McKinley had been nominated for a fourth term, after a sharp contest, and was elected in October by the narrow plurality of twenty-eight votes over his opponent. Toward the close of the session of the Forty-eighth Congress he was unseated on a contest.by his Democratic competitor. In the meantime he had delivered a great speech in opposition to the Morrison tariff bill. In 1884 he was again a candidate for Congress, this time in a district gerrymandered by the Democratic Legislature, elected in 1883. He was again triumphant, defeating his opponent by a large majority. In that year, besides canvassing his own district completely, he accompanied Blaine on his celebrated tour, speaking constantly. with him from the car platform and after the October elections in Ohio devoting his time to the campaign in West Virginia and New York. His old district was restored in 1885, and he was again unanimously renominated in 1886, and elected. In the States campaigns of 1881, 1883, 1885 and 1887 he was on the stump in all parts of Ohio, two of his strongest addresses being those at Ironton, on the 1st of October, 1885, on equal suffrage, and at Dayton, on the 18th of October, 1887, on the Cleveland administration. In the Forty-ninth Congress, 1886, he made a notable speech on arbitration as the best means of settling labor disputes. The attention of the country was sharply arrested by Mr. Cleveland's third annual message, on the 6th of December, 1887, 'because it was largely devoted to an assault on the protective tariff laws, upon which he was previously thought to h0ld a conservative opinion. A bill was immediately prepared and intr0duced in the House by Roger Q. Mills, from Texas, embodying the President's views and policy, and the two parties were arrayed in support or in opposition to it. Then occurred the most remarkable debate, under the inspiration and encouragement of the Presidential canvass already pending, in the history of Congress. Major McKinley was given charge of the opposition to the bill and this was the opportunity of his life, which he took complete advantage of. He was nominated for the seventh time in 1888, defeating George P. Ikirt by more than 4,000 votes. In the State campaign of 1889, he took an active and prominent part, delivering sixty speeches in half that number of counties. One of the best of these was on "Protection and Revenue" before a great audience at Cleveland. At the organization of the Fifty-first Congress he was a candidate for Speaker, but, although strongly supported, was - 194 - beaten on the third ballot by Thomas B. Reed, of Maine. He resumed his place on the Ways and Means Committee, and on the death of Judge Kelly, of Pennsylvania, became its Chairman. On the 17th of December, 1889, he introduced the first important tariff measure of the session, a bill to simplify the laws in relation to the collection of revenue. In April of the following year he introduced a general tariff measure that has since borne his name. It passed the House, but after being sent to the Senate was debated for months, having been amended by a reciprocity feature, and was passed in the following September. The bill became law on the 1st of October, 1890, subject to the approval of the President, which was given on the 6th of the same month. In the midst of the innumerable difficulties of this protracted struggle, he was renominated for Congress. His district had again been changed by what was known as the Campbell Legislature, so that he had 3,000 majority to overc0me. Governor Campbell was opposed to attempting to legislate Major McKinley out of Congress, for his fame at that time was of such a character that the attention of the entire Nation was upon him, the Governor saying, that if it was done the act would make McKinley President of the United States. Governor Campbell was an excellent prophet, but his councils did not prevail. Hardly a month elapsed from the adjournment of Congress until the election, but McKinley accepted the nomination. The fight was a notable one, attracting almost as much attention as the famous Lincoln-Douglas debate of thirty years previous, but in the end McKinley suffered his first defeat for Congress. The prominence of Major McKinley at this time was so great that when the Rpublicans of Ohio began to search about for a candidate to defeat Governor Campbell for his second term no one but McKinley was mentioned for the honor. A convention was held in Columbus, and ex-Governor Foraker placed McKinley in nomination, and he was named for Governor without a dissenting vote. The campaign that followed was a notable one, but Campbell was defeated by a plurality of more than 21,000 votes. Two years later, the Republicans held their State convention in Columbus, and McKinley was renominated to the same office. The Democratic ticket was headed by L. T. Neal, of Ross County, and in the ensuing election McKinley had a plurality of over 80;000 votes. His administration of State affairs was wise and economical and the Republican voters of the Union were then looking forwards to McKinley as the man to lead them in the next National campaign. The story of the Republican National Conventions of 1888 and 1892 is one of intense interest. In Chicago, in the first named year, he might have had the nomination for President, but Ohio stood for John Sherman and William McKinley was not the man to betray his trust. In 1892, at Minneapolis, he cast the glittering prize from him, although it would only have been necessary for him to have given his consent to his friends from every State in the Union to defeat Benjamin Harrison for a second nomination. On both occasions honor stood in the way, and William McKinley never faltered. He was a pronounced "opportunist," and knew that the hour for his triumph had not yet arrived. With his tremendous p0wer of self-control he could bide his time. For a year before the National Convention met in St. Louis, in 1896, it was apparent that McKinley was the choice of the people for the Presidency. The industries of the country had languished under the operation of what was known as the Wilson tariff law, and McKinley, the author of the protective tariff bill bearing his name, was looked upon 'as the natural leader to lift the people out of the commercial and financial wilderness. Marcus A. Hanna had charge of McKinley's campaign for the Presidency, and his cleverness was apparent by the result of the balloting at St. Louis. But with all of Mr. Hanna's accumen and power 0f organization, his efforts would have come to naught but for the fact that the sentiments of the voters were behind the McKinley candidacy. At the convention McKinley was nominated for the Presidency by ex-Governor Foraker, seconded by John M. Thurston, of - 195 - Nebraska. He received the nomination on the first ballot. The announcement of his nomination was greeted with a great outburst of cheers amid a scene of indescribable enthusiasm. William Jennings Bryan was named by the Democrats at Chicago, and a wonderful campaign followed, which ended triumphantly in the election of the Republican candidate. William McKinley was inaugurated 0n the 4th of March, 1897. In the second year of his administration war was declared between the United States and Spain, following the blowing up of the battle ship Maine in the harbor of Havana, and hostilities ended in just one hundred days, with Cuba independent, Porto Rico and the Philippine Islands a part of the United States, ceded by Spain under the treaty of Paris. In the management of that war President McKinley used consummate skill and tact, and the confidence of the people of all parties was shown when on the outbreak of hostilities Congress gave the President by an unanimous vote in both Senate and House $50,000,000 to be expended as he deemed best rn the prosecution of the war. President McKinley had n0 desire for an open rupture with Spain, and hoped to secure an amelioration of the horrible conditions in Cuba without an open appeal to arms. But when the Maine was blown up action was quick as lightning and the results achieved again demonstrated the value of the McKinley policy of delay until the Government was able to cope with Spain. The war was undertaken not for conquest of territory, but in behalf of freedom, and most gloriously was that beneficent end achieved. The first administration of President McKinley was also notable for the cementing of the old ties between the sections North and South, due to the commingling of the people in a common cause. When the Republican National Convention met at Philadelphia in June, 1900, there was no name but that of William McKinley on the lips and in the hearts 0f the delegates. His nomination for a second term foll0wed. Bryan was again n0minated by the Democrats and again suffered defeat. McKinley entered upon his second term on the 4th of March, 1901, and prospects were bright that the signal success of the first administration would be duplicated and emphasized in the second. But the American people were doomed to bitter disappointment, for six months after his inauguration the world was thrilled and horrified by the story of the third assassination of a President in the history of the American Republic. The President had spent a month of the middle summer at his old home in Canton, where he sought to recuperate his strength for the duties of his high office. The Pan-American Exposition was in full operation at Buffalo, and he had accepted an invitation to be present as the guest of the management, the first week in September. Never was the "Rainbow City" more radiant, attractive or beautiful than when the President and his beloved wife honored the great exposition with their presence. On the afternoon of the 6th of September, while the Presidential party was holding a reception in the Temple of Music at the exposition, a dastardly anarchistic assassin—his name be damned and forgotten—who had been taken kindly by the hand of the President, shot him. The Nation and the world were convulsed by the cowardly crime, and all that skillful surgery could do or suggest was invoked in behalf of the stricken Chief Executive. But skill and prayers were of no avail, and at 2 :15 in the morning of the 14th of September, he died. The final obsequies took place in his old Canton home, and all Ohio was there to see him reverently placed in the vault of Greenlawn Cemetery. At the h0ur when the funeral took place in Canton simultaneous services were held all over the world and in the United States every wheel was stopped when the remains were being deposited in the tomb. A King could not have been more honored, yet William McKinley was a plain American citizen, a noble, spotless man, who had been raised up like Lincoln to fill a place in destiny, who performed a mission with which he had been charged in a manner that challenged the admiration of mankind. - 196 - OHIO'S GOVERNORS Men Who Helped to Build up the State Incumbents of the Gubernatorial Chair, From Edward Tiffin to Myron T. Herrick.—Strong Men of Large Experience and Great Distinction.—Tried and Trusted Leaders of the People of Ohio. - 197 - SINCE Ohio was admitted into the Union as a State many men, of National reputation have contributed to its fame. Among them the Governors 0f Ohio have won distinguished recognition for statesmanship and intellectual force. In the Nation's history these men illumine the page with mighty actions. With few exceptions, they were strong men, of large experience and distinction, and tried and trusted leaders. The first incumbent of the Governor's chair was Edward Tiffin, a man of forceful character and great executive ability, a strong and fearless opponent of all schemes to introduce slavery into Ohio, a bold advocate of the free navigation of the Mississippi and a courageous factor in stopping the conspiracy of Aaron Burr. Ex-Secretary of State. Daniel J. Ryan, in his history of Ohio, says of Edward Tiffin : "No man who has ever filled the Gubernatorial chair of Ohio possessed a greater genius for the administratron of public affairs than Edward Tiffin. His work in advancing and developing the State has not been equaled by that of any man in its history." Governor Tiffin was a native of England, born in Carlisle in 1766. At the age of 18 years he came to America, in 1784, and attended Jefferson Medical College, and in due time was licensed to practice his profession. In 1789 he married a sister of Thomas Worthington, then a resident of Berkeley County, Virginia, and lived in that State until 1798, when he manumitted the slaves inherited by his wife and moved to Chillicothe. He appeared up0n the scene of action in the Northwest Territory in its creative period, when the work of molding the destinie's of a future comm0nwealth was committed to the care of very few men. When Tiffin came to Chillicothe he was still a physician, practicing with marked success. In the sparsely settled Scioto Valley his labors carried him over many miles of travel, and he formed the friendships that explain much 0f his popularity in after years. In 1799, when the people of the Northwest Territory assumed the legislative form of government and under the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787, elected a Legislature, Edward Tiffin was sent as representative from Chillicothe, and upon the assembling of the first Territorial Legislature at Cincinnati, he was unanimously elected Speaker of the House of Representatives, which position he held until Ohio became a State. As President of the first Constitutional Convention he won still greater honors and established his reputation as a man of unquestioned ability. The immediate result of this was that he was elected Governor of the new State in January, 1803, without opposition. Two years later he was re-elected, without opposition, and in 1807 declined a third term, which the people were ready to confer upon him. During his second term Governor Tiffrn broke up the conspiracy of Aaron Burr. In 1807 Governor Tiffin was elected to the United States Senate. While a member of this illustrious body he secured much valuable legislation for the young State. Owing to the death of his wife, Senator Tiffin resigned in March, 1809, and returned to Chillicothe, intending to spend his remaining days in peace ; but, contrary to his wishes, he was immediately elected a member of the General Assembly of Ohio, in which body he served two terms, during both of which he was speaker of the house. He was afterwards appointed C0mmissioner of the Land Office, being the first incumbent of that office, and was in Washington in 1814, when the city was captured and burned by the British. He remained at his post of duty, when President Madison, his Cabinet and the heads of the different other departments fled like cowards, and he was the only public official who saved the complete records of his department, while the records of all other depart- - 199 -