450 - HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. with a brigadier-general in each. The brigade districts were again sub-divided into regimental districts and company districts. In time of need the militia was easily rendezvoused and each man knew the company, regiment, brigade and division he belonged to. Company muster was held in August and regimental muster in September of each year. On these muster days the officers were elected. The rank and file elected their captains and lieutenants, and these the higher officers and so on. The elections of all commissioned officers were certified up to the governor, who (as now), was the commander-in-chief, and issued the commissions accordingly. Thus the " army of Ohio " was organized, and it was no small affair to be a captain, major, colonel, or general. People took great pride in military affairs and it was considered a mark of honor and distinction to be a military officer and in the line of promotion. There was as much electioneering on those muster days for a captaincy, or to become a colonel as there is now-a-days in the race for an office in civil life. The muster days were regarded as days of fun and frolic. The hotel keepers and gingerbread shops made the most out of them. The men were ordered out on parade, " uniformed, armed and equipped as the law directs;" but the state furnished no arms and the men had no uniforms. There was no need of a uniform for only two days' drill during the year, and officers being changed so often, refused to uniform on account of the expense. Everybody, therefore, appeared on parade in citizens' clothes and just in such dress as was convenient to each. Some dressed in the best they had and others came just as they left their work. The larger number were in " homespun," colored with bark.. It was both convenient and usual to pull the boots over the pants and wear linsey-woolsey wammuses, the corners tied into a knot in front. Some had fur caps on, others straw hats or slouch hats; no two were dressed alike. Standing in line or marching, the men swung their arms, laughed, talked, looked about and generally did as they pleased. If the captain scolded or undertook to be strict in his discipline, they would elect another man net time. Those who had no would borrow a piece for the occasion, or use any stick or cornstalk as a substitute for a gun, for there was no time for going through the manual or firing exercises. The captain himself, having no knowledge of military tactics, could give no instructions, and the whole day was spent in marching around, forming line, calling the roll, electing officers, drinking, carousing and fighting. It was customary to have several fights at fisticuffs on every muster day. OHIO MILITIA - 451 In 1842 Dr. Charles Beilhars, a dentist, was elected captain of a Tiffin company, and having no military experience, was very innocent in his new position. After dinner he took charge of his company and marched up and down the street several times and the men got tired of walking so much. The captain had a long, cavalry sword, which he leaned against his right shoulder, and marched at the head of his company in single file. One time the captain and his drummer turned into Market street, marching east, and when he reached the alley east of the court house he looked back, and, to his great surprise, his whole company was gone. They had all " skirmished " and could not be rallied again that day. A good story is told of a man who had been a standing candidate for captain several years, and finally one morning on a muster day succeeded, by treating all the boys. He bought the out-going captain's chapeau, sword and coat, put them on, and at noon recess went home to tell his wife and exhibit himself to her in " war paint." While his wife was busily engaged preparing dinner, the captain employed the time by drilling himself on the porch, giving words of command very strong. There was a trap door in the porch floor leading to the cellar below, and the wife, in her hurry to get dinner, running up and down the cellar stairs, left the trap door open. The captain, full of war, paid no attention to the cellar way. Now he gave the command: " Company, three paces to the rear—march!" and in the execution of the command, he fell into the cellar. His wife heard the racket, ran to his assistance, and helped him up on to the porch again. She brushed him off nicely and consoled him on his lucky escape, having no bones broken and all that, and, when " Richard was himself again," the captain straightened up, looked over his shoulder at his wife, and exclaimed in a loud voice, " Sal, what in h-11 do you know about war?" When the new constitution was adopted, the legislature made many changes in the militia system of Ohio, and the old " cornstalk muster" was " done away with." The system of the " National Guards " was then inaugurated and is now in vogue. And is not this idea of " well-regulated militia " the best military system after all ? Look at your standing army of idlers and consumers that eat out the substance of the people, and crush out their liberties. Will the world never learn the fact, that the tree of liberty cannot grow in a soil that trembles under the iron heel of the soldier ? The history of our own wars has established the fact, that the militia is the best standing army in time of need, and the only standing army that is compatible with a Republican form of government. 452 - HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. War seems to be the normal condition of man, anyway, and our people are perfectly imbued with this idea. Our v ar amongst the states has proven to the world that men can leave their farms, their shops, stores, factories and offices, and in a few short weeks of drilling, make valiant soldiers with an easier mobility, in larger or smaller bodies, than the stiff, garrisoned drones of a standing army, with its endless red tape. Let those who talk of a strong, centralized, brilliant government, backed and upheld by bayonets, look over the following tables, and if they are Americans, blush: KINGS AND BAYONETS. This table shows the daily pay of some of the crowned heads of Europe: The Czar - $25,000 The Sultan - 18,000 The Emperor of Austria - 10,000 The Emperor of Germany - $8,000 The King of Italy - 6,400 The King of Belgium - 1,643 THE ARMIES OF EUROPE ON A PEACE FOOTING. Men. Russia - 447,370 France - 446,224 Germany - 418,821 Austria - 269,577 Great Britain - 268,924 Turkey - 130,000 Switzerland - 120,077 Spain - 91,400 Belgium - 46,333 Total - 2,506,225 The reserves, the militia and irregular troops are not included in the above numbers. From the Cincinnati Enquirer of May 15, 1880, I take the following notice of the proceedings in the German diet: A Berlin dispatch says: When all the new formations, planned and worked out in their minutest details by the German war ministry, are completed, the total strength of the army will exceed two millions of men. Germany alone, remember. The annual appropriations for this consuming host from the exchequers of these states, respectively, run into many millions, thus: Russia - $127,289,435 France - 110,587,252 Germany - 81,553,988 Austria - 65,850,945 Italy - 34,374,347 Great Britain - $80,259,052 Turkey - 23,163,295 Switzerland - 2,229,833 Spain - 24,428,384 Belgium - 8,212,247 Making an average of $224 for each man per year. The average of the daily salary of the president of the United States of America—$138—looks small in comparison, but the annual expense 8TH REGIMENT O. V. I. UNITED STATES ARMY - 455 of our standing army of 25,000—$39,000,000—average $1,500 per man for each year. Costly gentlemen, these. And Europe is the country were bayonets and bibles have been cherished for many centuries. Standing armies crush the masses, from whom they are drawn, to the earth, into poverty, degradation, starvation and rags, and are kept up to cut the throats of their fellow men in christian lands. What a commentary on christian governments. What a lie and burlesque on the beautiful and glorious gospel of Jesus Christ. CHAPTER XXVII. SENECA COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. THIS is not the place to look for a relation of events that preceded the war of the rebellion, nor for the immediate cause. No opinions shall be expressed on its political aspect; nothing shall be said on the manner in which it was conducted. It is enough to say here, that when Fort Sumpter was fired upon, people were filled with awe, and a sadness inexplicable, pervaded the minds of all thinking, patriotic men. Old Seneca stood by Abraham Lincoln, and more than one thousand five hundred men left the charms and endearments of home and bore their breasts to the storm of war. The first company that was raised in this county was Co. A, 8th regiment, O. V. I. Captain—A. H. Winslow. Promoted to major December, 1861. First Lieutenant—B. F. Ogle. Promoted to captain December, 1861. Resigned December, 1862. Second Lieutenant—C. W. Barnes. Died from wounds received in the battle of Anteitam September 17, 1862. Sergeants: First—A. H. Byers. Discharged for disability. Second—J. M. Henry. Discharged for disability. Third—J. C. Kipka. Killed in the battle of Gettysburg, July, 3, 1863. Fourth—J. Weidman. Fifth—D. J. Goodsell, Jr. Killed in the battle of Gettysburg, July 2, 1863. Corporals: First—George Baugher. Discharged for disability. Second—J. N. Travis. Promoted to 2d lieutenant November 7, 1862. Third—F. McBride. Fourth—S. F. Poorman. Transferred to United States hospital. Fifth—P. J. Hossler. Sixth—D. Troxell. Seventh—F. Neely. Discharged for disability. Eighth—O. McCormack. Died in hospital at Culpepper, October, 1863. Privates: L. D. Arnold. Transferred to 6th United States cavalry. 8th REGIMENT O.V.I. - 455 C. A. Adams. Died in hospital at Washington, November, 1862. N. Backus. G. Baker.  L. Bang. Discharged for disability. D. Barnhart, Jr. Discharged for disability. G. W. Beard. Transferred to invalid corps. J. H. Beaty. Killed May 12, 1864, in the battle near Spottsylvania. H. Bloom. Transferred to United States service. N. J. Brandeberry. Discharged for disability. J. Brandeberry. Missing; supposed to have deserted. G. W. Brestel. H. Breiner. G. Brown. J. L. Camp. Discharged for disability from wounds received at Winchester. J. W. Canary. F. N. Colwell. A. D. Colwell.  Philip Diehl. A. J. Dildine. Killed in the battle of Gettysburg, July 3, 1863. S. H. Dildine. M. Dowd. Died in hospital at Grafton, Virginia, September, 1861. E. A. Fahnestock. Discharged for disability. J. Fell. A. Fortney. J. N. Green. T. J. Griese. Missing; supposed to have been captured at the battle in the Wilderness. D. Gross. H. IIarbaugh. William W. Hathaway. Discharged for disability. H. Heisserman. Discharged for disability from wounds received December 13, 1862. J. A. Hoover. Discharged for disability. Philip Johnson. Discharged for disability. E. Jones. Died froth wounds received at Gettysburg. J. K. Kershner. A. R. Kieffer. Discharged for disability. C. LAMPSIN, Jr. H. L. Langdon. J. R. Lewis. J. B. Lightcap. Transferred to 6th U. S. cavalry. M. B. Linn. Died in hospital, at Grafton, Virginia, September, 1861. J. W. Long. R. Low. A. K. Miller. S. H. Martin. Discharged for disability. Wm. L. Myers. Discharged for disability. Wm. Myers. Discharged on account of wounds received at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863. 456 - HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. C. T. Naylor. Wm. Nuson. Joseph Nuson. J. H. Nichols. A. J. Orme. Transferred to 6th U. S. cavalry. A. Palmer. Wm. H. Pockmyer. Discharged for (Usability from wounds received at Anteitam, September 13, 1862. J. J. Ranch. Killed in the battle of Gettysburg, July 3, 1863. Charles Rouch. Died in the hospital at Oakland, September, 1861. H. H. Ray. J. Redd. Discharged for disability. Wm. P. Richardson. Killed at Anteitam, September 17, 1862. A. Shertzberg. Discharged for disability. A. Shreiner. Charles Seewald. Died in hospital at Washington from wounds received. at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863. M. Slart. S. C. Sloat. Transferred to Invalid corps. J. Smith. L. Snover. Appointed commissary sergeant. J. W. Snyder. J. H. Sopher. Charles Sener. P. Stoner. Abel Swaney. J. Teach. Discharged for disability. H. G. Thurwaechter. Discharged for disability. N. Watcher. L. Watcher. J. Washnich. Killed before Petersburg. D. G. Watson. G. W. White. Discharged for disability. D. Yunker. Killed at Anteitam, September 17, 1862. W. H. Haas. S. Z. Beams. Discharged for disability from wounds received while on picket duty at Romney. This regiment had a bloody history, and covered itself all over with glory. It enlisted under the first call of the president, between the 16th and 22d days of April, 1$61, and all arrived at Camp Taylor, at Cleveland, Ohio, April 29th. The regiment was at Romney, Hanging Rock, Blue. Gap, Bloomey Gap, Ceder Creek, Strasburg, Winchester, Front Royal, Malvern Hill, Germantown, Fairfax C. H., South Mountain, Anteitam, Boonsboro, Reedyville, Leesburg, Hulltown, Snicker's Gap, United States Ford, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Auburn, Bristow,. 49TH REGIMENT O. V. I. - 457 Robinson's Cross Roads, Locust Grove, Mine Run, Morton's' Ford, Wilderness, Spottsylvania C. H., Petersburg, North Anna, Cold Harbor. The regiment was mustered out the 13th of July, 1864, by Captain Douglass. I am indebted to my friend Andy Shriner, of Tiffin, for the minutes of company " A," in this regiment. The 49th, 55th, 101st and 123 regiments O. V. I., were organized in this county, and the names of the officers of each will here be given. Aside from these organizations, very many men from Seneca county entered the service and joined regiments making up outside of this military district. Some joined Colonel Bousenwein's 58th, forming at Columbus. Captain Philip Faulhaber organized a company, with which he joined Colonel Mungen's 57th. A goodly number of men joined Colonel Buckland's 72d at Fremont. Colonel Louis Zahm's 3d Ohio cavalry was joined by many men from Seneca, and when Colonel Seraphim Myers raised the -107th German regiment, at Cleveland, many joined from here. Some also entered the naval service; so that in every department of the service Seneca county was represented. THE 49TH O. V. I. The 49th was organized at Tiffin under special ,authority from the secretary of war. It started from Camp Noble, near Tiffin (the old fair grounds), to Camp Dennison, the loth of September, 1861. It was the first organized regiment that entered Kentucky. The boys will always remember Mumfordsville, Pittsburg Landing (where Colonel Gibson commanded the brigade), Corinth, Bridge's Creek, Frankfort, Lawrenceburg, Dog Walk, Nashville, Nolinsville Turnpike, Murfreesboro, Nashville Turnpike, Liberty Gap, Chattanooga, Chickamauga, Orchard Knob, Mission Ridge, Knoxville, Dalton, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Chattahoochie River, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Franklin. After a severe march through Texas, it was mustered out at Victoria November 30th, 1865. The whole number in the regiment was 1,552, of whom nineteen were born in Europe. Eight officers were killed in battle, and twenty, wounded, six mortally. Of the privates, one hundred and twenty-seven were killed in battle, seventy-one were mortally wounded, sixty-five died from hardship and disease,' and seven perished in prisons at Danville and Andersonville; six hundred and sixteen were discharged on account of wounds and sickness. 458 - HISTORY OF SENECACOUNTYY. OFFICERS OF THE 49TH REGIMENT. Colonels—W. H. Gibson, Joseph R. Bartlett. LIEUTENANT-COLONELS. A. M Blackman, Levi Drake, Benj. S. Porter, Samuel F. Gray, Luther M. Strong, Joseph R. Bartlett, Milton F. Miles. MAJORS. Levi Drake, Benj. S. Porter, Samuel F. Gray, Luther M. Strong, Joseph R. Bartlett, Milton F. Miles, J. Kessler, George W. Pool Surgeons—Robert W. Thrift, W. H. Park. Assistant Surgeons—W. H. Park, H. B. Lung, S. A. Smith, S. H. Spencer. Chaplains—Erotuss H. Bush, George S. Philips. Captains: A. Langworthy, Beni. S: Porter, Amos Keller, George W. Culver, Nathan Callihan, Joseph R. Bartlett, Luther M. Strong, Orrin B. Hayes, George E. Lovejoy, James M. Patterson, Samuel F. Gray, Jonas Foster. Lyman W. Mow, John E. McCormack, Morris C. Tyler, John Green, Hiram Chance, Daniel Hartsock, Samuel M. Harper, John L. Hollopeter, J. Kessler, George W. Pool, Thomas J. Ray, Shepherd Green, Theodore C. Pero, James Ewing, Jacob Herr, George S. Crawford, Dwight R. Cook, Francis R. Stewart, Milton F. Miles, Nathan L. Lutz, Anthony W. Adams, Jonathan R. Rapp, First Lieutenants: Charles A. Norton, Samuel F. Gray, John E. McCormack, Aaron H. Keller, Jacob Mosier, Jonas Foster, Morris C. Tyler, Daniel Hartsock, Hiram Chance, Alonzo F. Prentice, William C. Turner, James W. Davidson, William Martin, Moses Abbott, C. W. Drake, John Green, John L. Hollopeter, John Kessler, Samuel M Harper, Milton F. Miles. Henry A. Spaythe, James A. Redman, Milton Cowgill, Sheppard Green, Jacob C. Miller, Theodore C. Pero, George W. Pool, Thomas J. Ray, James Ewing, Isaac H. White, John C. Ramsey, Jacob Herr, John Glick, Silas W. Simons, Charles Wallace, George S. Crawford, Dwight R. Cook, Francis R. Stewart, John K. Gibson, Nathan L. Lutz, Daniel M. Fultz, Anthony W. Adams, Jonathan J. Rapp, John Vandenburg, Edwin P. Dana, Jacob W. Cline, John J. Fry, Charles W. England, George W.. Vail, Ezra P. Phelps, James F. Harper, John H. Yarger, James J. Zint, Conrad Flaugher, H. H. Fausey, Caspar Snyder, Franklin H. Gibbons, William Whittacker, 55TH REGIMENT O. V. I. - 459 Nearly all the above were second lieutenants and promoted. Colonel Gibson commanded a brigade, by virtue of his rank, during about two-thirds of his term of service. He is adjutant general of the state at this writing.. THE 55TH O. V. I. This regiment went into camp at Norwalk, Ohio, on the 7thh day of October, 1861, where it was kept, wasting time, until January 25th, 1862, when it was ordered to Grafton and New Creek, Virginia. At Grafton the regiment suffered severely from measels. At one time over four hundred men were on the sick list. The regiment took part in the following battles, viz: McDowell, or Blue Pasture Mountain, Cross Keys, Slaughter Mountain, Bull Run. The regiment arrived at Chancellorville on the 30th of January, 1863, where it took position in the second brigade. The battle opened about five o'clock in the afternoon, the rebels in strong force upon the right. The national troops were preparing supper, and no scouts had been sent out, hence the attack was a surprise. The first regiment on the extreme right had three hundred and fifty guns stacked, and upon the first fire from the rebels, this regiment fell upon the second, and they not being able to stand the fire, fell back also. The remainder of the brigade also retreated to the left. Regiment after regiment was compelled to fall back, including the 55th. The retreat became general, and was only checked by the darkness of the night. In this engagement the 55th lost one hundred and three men killed, wounded and missing. This regiment was also present at Gettysburg, where it lost about fifty men, and at Chattanooga. On the 1st Of January, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted with three hundred and ninety men, and re-assembled on the 22d of February. It then participated in all the battles of the loth corps. At the battle of Resaca it lost ninety men, May 15th. It was at Dallas, Cassville, New Hope Church, Marietta and Kenesaw. It was at Atlanta, and at Smith's Farm. The regiment was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, on the 11th of July. During its service this regiment enrolled one thousand three hundred and fifty men, of whom seven hundred and fifty were either killed or wounded in battle. Eight officers were killed or died of wounds. 460 - HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. Colonels—J. C. Lee, Charles B. Gambee, Edwin H. Powers. LIEUTENANT-COLONELS. George H. Safford, Charles B. Gambee, James M. Stevens, Edwin H. Powers, Charles P. Wickham. MAJORS. John C. Lee, Daniel F. DeWolf, Charles B. Gambee, James M. Stevens, Rudolphus Robbins, Charles F. Wickham, Hartwell Osborn. Surgeons—J. Kling, Joseph Hebble. Assistant Surgeons—Henry K. Spooner, J. L. Morris, Joseph Hebble. James C. Myers. Chaplains—John G. W. Cowles, Alfred Wheeler. Captains: Charles B. Gambee, Augustus M. Bement, Horatio M. Shipman, David C. Brown, Frederick A. Wildman, James M. Stevens, R. Robbins Ira C. Terry Horace Robinson, Edwin H. Powers, Benj. F. Eldridge, Charles P. Wickham, Henry Miller. Albert E. Peck, Frank W. Martin, Robert Bromley, Frank J. Souter, Charles D. Robbins, Henry W. Persing, Hartwell Osborn, F. H. Boalt, Robert W. Pool, Francis H. Morse, Butler Case, Charles M. Stone, Charles M. Smith, Aug. M. Wormley, Thomas W. Miller, Henry H. Moore, John R. Lowe, Jesse Bowsher, William S. Wickham O. B. Gould, Russel H. Bever, Benj. F. Evans, Joseph H. Gallup, John H. Boss, Jr., First Lieutenants: Robert G. Pennington, Benjamin F. Eldridge, W. D. Sherwood, Henry W. Persing, Jacob Thomas, Charles P. Wickham, Rudolph Eastman, Henry Miller, Albert E. Peck, Frank W. Martin, Richard F. Patrick, Robert Bromley, Raymond Burr, Benj. C. Tabor, Charles D. Robbins, Frank J. Souter, F. H. Boalt, Rob. W. Pool, Francis C. Morse, Hartwell Osborn, Thomas O'Leary, Butler Case, Charles M. Smith, Charles M. Stone, A. M. Wormley, Thomas W. Miller, Charles M. Stillman, Henry H. Moore, John R. Lowe, Jesse Bowsher, William S. Wickham, O. B. Gould, Russel H. Bever, Ben. F. Evans, James P. Jones, Philetus C. Lathrop. Pliney E. Watson, Thomas T. Petit, Adam Cramer, Joseph H. Gallup, John H. Boss, Jr., Lewis Peck, Alvin B. Chase, W. E. Childs, W. H. Hessinger, Henry B. Warren, Frederick Reeser, James T. Boyd, John Bellman, Robert Fewson, Thomas S. Hossler. John Burkett, Henry J. Pelton, Most of the foregoing were second lieutenants and promoted. THE 101ST O. V. I. - 461 Eri, Huron, Seneca, Crawford and Wyandot were formed into a military district, in which this regiment was organized. It was mustered into the service at Monroeville, on the 30th of August, 1862, while the writer was busily engaged recruiting the 123d regiment, and the 101st occupying Camp Monroeville at the time, was compelled to subsist the troops on the fair grounds near Tiffin.  On the 4th of September the regiment was hurried over the Ohio to Covington, Kentucky, to assist in dispelling the threatened tad of Kirby Smith. The regiment was attached to Robert B. Mitchell’s division. It was in the battle at Perryville, on October 8th, and before they had time to learn the manual, but they bore up bravely. It was also at Lancaster, Kentucky, and at Nashville. At Knob hey captured two bronze field pieces, one of which had on the word " Shiloh." The regiment behaved like old veterans, and deserved great great praise. The 101st was the first regiment to arrive at the battle of Stone River, and became at once engaged with the enemy's out-posts. It was in the hottest of the fight, changing position six times during day . The lamented Colonels Stem and Wooster were both killed on the front line on the right of the army, leading on ti men to of daring. The regiment remained in the fight to the close of the battle, losing seven officers and two hundred an twelve men killed or wounded. All this work of ravery was exedcuted in less than four months from the time the boys left their farms and a, workshops to organize the regiment. They were at Liberty Gap, Chattanooga, Chickamauga, where it re-took the national battery from the enemy, fighting over the guns with clubbed muskets. It was at Catoosa Spring, Buzzard's Roost. The Atlanta campaign kept this poor regiment almost under constant fire. The were at Franklin also, and at Nashville, and were finally must tered out of service at Huntsville, Alabama, June 12, 1865. It is said that at Franklin, just at nightfall, this regiment was ordered to re-take an angle of the woks held by the enemy, which it did with the bayonet, and held the position until eight o'clock P. M. notwith-standing the rebels were almost within bayonet reach during that time. The following were the officers: Colonels—Leander Stem and Isaac M. Kirby. LIEUTENANT-COLONELS.  John Trouts, Isaac M. Kirby, Moses F. Wooster, John Messer  Bedan B. McDonald, MAJORS Moses F. Wooder, Bedan B. McDonaid. Daniel H. Fox, John A. Lattimer. 462 - HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. Surgeon—Thomas M. Cook. Assistant Surgeons—George T. Yingling, Walter Caswell, Henry F. Lacy, H. H. Russell. Chaplains—Oliver Kennedy, Erastus M. Gravath. Captains: Charles C. Calligan, Thomas C. Fernald, Bedan B. McDonald, Henry G. Shelden, Wm. C. Parsons, Isaac M. Kirby, John Messer, Jesse Shriver, Newton M. Barnes, Montgomery Noble, Franklin Pope, Lyman Parcher, Asa R. Hillier, Daniel H. Fox, Leonard D. Smith, John P. Fleming, Milton F. Ebersole, Stephen B. Beckwith, Wm. H. Kelmer, John A. Lattimer, Robert D. Lord, George E. Seney, Wm. N. Beer, Benj. F. Bryant, Henry C. Taggert, Ira B. Reed, Horace D. Olds, John F. Neff, George W. Hale, James M. Robert, Z. C. Butler. First Lieutenants: Asa R. Hillier, J. B. Curtis, Lyman Parcher, George E. Seney, Isaac Anderson, J. P. Fleming, Milton F. Ebersole, Leonard D. Smith, Stephen B. Beckwith, Franklin Pope, Robert G. Ogden, Robert Lysle, Robert D. Lord, Daniel H. Fox, Jacob Neuhart, Wm. H. Kelmer, Wm. N. Beer, Benj. T. Bryant, John A. Lattimer, Henry C. Taggart, John M. Butler, Ph. T. Kline, George W. Hale, Horace D. Olds, Charles McGraw, John F. Neff, Ira B. Reed, Alex. C. Hosmer, James M. Roberts. Elbert J. Squire, J. C. Butler, John G. Petticord, John S. Milliman, Wm. P. Myers, J. C. Smith, Jasper F. Webster, Wm. R. Davis, Orander J. Benham. Charles Mosfoot James R. Homer, John Shuman, David Allison. Second lieutenants were nearly all promoted to first lieutenants, etc. 123D REGIMENT O. V. I. Most all great men have their peculiarities, and Mr. Robert G. Ingersoll, of Illinois, who has made the christian world in America say many unpleasant things of him, because he doesn't want any hell, is in the habit, when driving a nail where a strong point comes in, of saying: " Honor bright; now, be honest." In the little space that shall be devoted to a short record of the 123d 0. V. I., I would say, in due deference to those who have written or spoken of this regiment without saying a word as to how it was raised, "honor bright," gentlemen. When you undertake to tell the truth, tell the whole truth. When Mr. Whitelaw Reid got up his " Ohio in the War," he did not know, perhaps, how the regiment was raised, or care but little about the labor it 123D REGIMENT O. V. I. - 463 took to raise it, and the injustice that was done to somebody when he said, on page 629, vol. n.: "This regiment was organized at camp Monroeville," Having taken a very active part in raising this regiment, and having been assisted and sustained in my work by the military committee of every county in this (then) congressional district, and other good men and women from both political parties, and having succeeded in a most wonderful degree, I have no apology to offer when I speak my feelings on this subject in my own plain way. Having stated facts as they occurred, the reader is left to himself in forming conclusions. It was the 12th of August, 1862, when, at the solicitation of the military committee of Seneca county, my good old friend, Robert G. Pennington, and the writer went to Columbus to confer with Governor Tod on the propriety of raising another regiment in this district, and to procure his order to that effect. We presented to him the fact that Seneca county was still in arrear in her quota of troops some 600 men; that the draft which was then fast approaching would most likely take some of our citizens who could not well go, and that if a regiment was ordered to be raised under the leadership of the writer, the committee entertained strong hopes of raising men enough to avoid the draft. The governor said: " Gentlemen, I appreciate your situation, and I have no doubt that all you tell me is true, but I have no authority at this late hour before the draft to order the recruiting of a new regiment. The recruiting must stop and preparations made to enforce the draft." Mr. Pennington undertook to tell the governor who the writer was and what the feelings and hopes of the people were if he were appointed colonel of a new regiment, etc. Governor Tod said many flattering things about his friendship for, and long acquaintance with, the writer, etc., and finally said: " Gentlemen, you go home and write to Secretary of War Staunton, telling him just what you told me, and let your congressman write or telegraph also to that effect. I will myself do so to-night, and urge the order, and as soon as I can obtain it, will telegraph you." We returned and reported accordingly. Urgent appeals were made to Secretary Staunton for the order. On the night of the 14th of August, 1862, about midnight, a rap at my door brought me to my feet to get the military committee of Seneca county into the house. Captain John J. Steiner had an order from Governor Tod, authorizing the raising of the 123d regiment, and gave us time to the 22d of the same month inclusive—seven days all told. Instead of returning to bed, we aroused the printer boys belonging to 464 - HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. the different printing offices in Tiffin and put them to work printing large handbills and posters, calling upon the people to stop all other work and help in recruiting the regiment, etc. Meetings were held and addressed in various places throughout the district, and companies that had a partial organization were speedily filled up; new ones organized and filled, so that on the evening of the 7th day from the time of re-: ceiving the order, the writer was enabled to telegraph to Governor Tod, that the regiment was full, awaiting his orders. We had then the minimum number; and when we finally gathered at Monroeville, we had 1,063 men, and as good men as " ever drew a rammer." During two weeks the writer slept in no bed nor changed clothes until the regiment was full. It required labor and money to accomplish the work. The recruiting service was exhausted and the high premiums had been paid to fill up old regiments, and it looked simply like an impossibility to raise a thousand men under these circumstances without premium •or bounty. Yet it succeeded. The loafers and drones of society had all been enlisted. The men that made up the 123d were gentlemen, who left their farm,, stores, workshops and factories, and every other path of industry, and joined the regiment without a promise of bounty, and from no other motive than that of a patriotic determination to help preserve the Union and the integrity of these states. Colonel Stem was ordered to report with his regiment (the 101st) at Monroeville, and for want of a place to rendezvous, the companies of the 123d, from Seneca and Wyandot, were quartered on the old fair grounds, and John Remele, who had a butcher shop, and Dr.. ,Crawford, who owned a bakery, subsisted the men in good style. The citizens furnished quilts, blankets and comforts and camp life commenced in good order. While the recruiting was proceeding vigorously outside, the men were ,drilled on the fair ground and on the streets. Captain F. K. Shawhan filled up his company in Tiffin first, and then we recruited Captain Zimmer's company, made up of Germans. A board shanty was built on the southwest corner of the court house yard and a justice of the peace kept there to administer the oath to the men as fast as they enlisted. The hotels and saloons were kept open all night and the fifers and drummers marched up and down the street until nearly morning. Many of the men were sworn in after midnight. Here is a copy of one of Captain's Shawhan's handbills: 123D REGIMENT O. V. I. - 465 THE 123D-COLONEL WILLIAM LANG. " Strike till the last armed foe expires, Strike for your altars and your fires, Strike for the green graves of your sire's; God and your native land !" Authority has been given this military district to raise another regiment, the 123d, to be commanded by Colonel William Lang. The regiment must be organized and filled by the 22d of August. So all men can see the necessity of lively work. Let every patriot in Seneca county put his shoulder to the wheel ! Seneca county will get credit for all recruits raised within that time, and if our quota is filled by volunteering, the necessity of a draft in our county will he obviated. Recruiting officers are being appointed. Seven days are given to fill up Seneca companies. Men of Seneca, rally ! rally !! rally !! Awake ! Remember that the fortunes of a hundred generations are at State ! Let us show the parricides who would destroy the Republic that she can be as terrible in war as she is gentle in peace. TIFFIN, OHIO, August 16. Here is another: WAR MEETING!, At______ August —, 1862. Speaking by ________ Turn out, everybody, and fill up the ranks as volunteers. in the 123d regiment, W. Lang, Colonel. This regiment has just been authorized by Governor Tod to be raised by the 22d of August, then drafting takes place without fail. "Strike till the last," etc. Recruits wanted to fill up company A, which holds the post of honor in the regiment. Headquarters at Tiffin, Ohio. F. K. SHAWHAN. The companies were raised and subsisted as above indicated until Colonel Stem, with the ioist, Was ordered to Kentucky, and Colonel Jones, who was the commander of camp Monroeville, telegraphed to the writer to report with the regiment at Monroeville immediately. The order was promptly executed and we entered the camp after taking our supper in town, just at dark. There was nothing .to live on in camp. Several boxes of tallow candles and a quantity of blankets were all the 101st had left. The men were assigned to their quarters, the officers of the day were appointed and the camp soon became quiet and orderly. Quartermaster Brown was at his desk, writing, while the writer stretched himself on a pile of .blankets for a night's rest. - 30 -  466 - HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. It was about midnight when a heavy rap was heard at the door of our tent; a Mr. Brown opening the door, a man slipped in and showed him a paper and retired. Mr. Brown then came to me and told me that this man had the appointment of colonel of the regiment and his name was Wilson. Mr. Wilson used to edit a little Republican paper at Upper Sandusky. On the next morning, taking the' early train for Tiffin and arriving there early, the writer received a dispatch about 9 o'clock A. M. from Governor Tod, in these words: " Mr. Wilson is appointed colonel of the 123d. Will you accept the lieutenant-colonelcy. D. TOD." It will interest the reader but very little to know the reason why the office was not accepted, but my answer to the governor is still preserved among the archives of the executive office in Columbus, and it simply says that the kind offer could not be accepted for the respect I bear to the regiment and to his excellency, etc. Another wrong perpetrated by somebody, worked in this form, viz: Upon our urgent solicitation the Right Rev. Bishop Rappe, of Cleveland, consented to let my highly esteemed and kind friend, the Rev. Father L. Molin, go with the regiment as its chaplain. This fact became known very rapidly, and one speech from Father Molin, in Sandusky City, was sufficient to fill up Captain Rigg's company. Father Molin made every necessary arrangement to go with us, and when Colonel Wilson took charge of the regiment, at Monroeville, Father Molin was left out also with the writer. I rejoice at the fact, and to this day it is a very great consolation to me to know, that Colonel Wilson took good care of the boys and they became attached to him gradually, but the manner in which he received the appointment is no credit to him-nor to those who helped to bring it about. A few words more on the subject and the reader can form an opinion of his own. There were already three colonels appointed from Tiffin over regiments raised in this district, Gibson, Lee and Stem. A lawyer in Norwalk, Charles L. Boalt, took great interest to keep Tiffin from having another colonel, and went to Columbus on purpose to carry his point. He there found a little intelligent baboon hanging about the state house and a willing tool to help; and while Boalt succeeded in dissuading Governor Tod from giving the colonelcy to the writer, the other fellow made it count by helping a relative. One thing will not be denied by anybody, and that is this: that while the writer labored hard and faithfully to raise the regiment, and spent his money 123D REGIMENT O. V. I. - 467 freely, Colonel Wilson laid around loose about Columbus and simply did nothing for the regiment. In the winter following Governor Tod, who was one of the most efficient war governors of the north, told the writer that in all his appointments and official acts, he regretted nothing so much as this act to which he had allowed himself to be persuaded by these false friends and designing men. One other thing will not be denied, and that is this: the leading Republicans who took an active part in helping to raise the regiment, felt the outrage very keenly, and expressed their opinions at the election that followed soon thereafter. They meant what they said in October, 1862. This congressional district went Democratic that fall, and elected the Hon Warren P. Noble to congress. The regiment was mustered into the service October 16th, 1862, and immediately ordered on the march to Virginia. This same O. M. Brown above spoken of (E. H. Brown), who had been left in charge of stores at Petersburg, on the evacuation of the place by the regiment, put his stores in one of the churches of the town, set fire to it, and burned both church and stores. He was captured by the rebels, but ' was paroled the next day. On the 1st of March the regiment was sent up to Winchester, where General Lee, with his whole rebel army, on their way to Pennsylvania, passed through and surrounded the town. On the afternoon of the 13th the regiment had an engagement with General Early's corps, in which it lost in killed and wounded nearly one hundred men. On the next day the national forces were driven into their fortifications, and kept under a severe artillery fire for two hours, and the place was evacuated in the night, leaving the, guns spiked. When four miles out on the Martinsburg road, the regiment was captured, and in the attempt to cut their way through,, about fifty were killed and wounded. The whole brigade were made prisoners, except Co. D, of the 123d. They were taken to Richmond, where the officers of the 123d were in Libby prison about eleven months. Colonel Wilson was exchanged and sent home. The other officers, after eleven months' confinement in Libby, were removed to Macon and Savannah, Georgia; thence to Charleston, and placed under fire, thence to Columbia. From here several officers made their escape, among whom were George D. Acker, late sheriff of this county, and Thomas W. Boyce. Colonel Wilson, Lieutenant-Colonel Hunter, Captain Chamberlain, now cashier of the National Exchange bank in Tiffin, Lieutenant Schuyler, M. H. Smith, Frank A. Breckenridge, and Charles H. Sowers were exchanged. Captain Charles 468 - HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. H. Riggs, of Sandusky, and formerly a Tiffinite, died in Charleston, South Carolina; September 15th, 1864. Captain W. H. Bender died at Columbia, South Carolina. The privates were exchanged in a few months, and sent to Annapolis, Maryland, and Camp Chase, Ohio. The regiment was finally collects together at Martinsburg. From Cedar Creek it moved under Seigel up the valley. At a sharp fight at New Market, May 15th, it lost twenty-nine killed and wounded. The regiment was under General Hunter at Port Republic, where, after a short but severe fight, the rebels were whipped and 2,000 prisoners captured. They were also at Lynchburg, from whence they made their flight to Salem. The men suffered very severely on this retreat for want of provisions;' some died of starvation. They were also at Snicker's Ferry, where a number of the men were killed. On the 22d of July they had another fight With the rebels at Winchester, where the 123d were driven away, and they retreated across the Potomac into Maryland, at Williamsport. At Berryville they lost twenty-five men killed, wounded and captured. They were again at Winchester, where the rebels were routed. Here the regiment lost five officers and about fifty men. At Strasburg they lost six men. Under the command of General Sheridan, after his ride, they drove the rebels at Cedar Creek and assisted in clearing the Shennandoah valley of the rebels. At Hatcher's Run their loss was quite severe. The whole regiment was captured by the rebel Howe Guards, near High Bridge. They were carried along to Appomattox C. H., where the rebel army surrendered to General Grant, and the prisoners were thus released. They were mustered out June 12th, 1865, at Camp Chase. Officers: Colonel—W. T. Wilson. LIEUTENANT-COLONELS Henry B. Hunter Horace Kellogg. MAJORS A. Baldwin Norton Horace Kellogg, John W. Chamberlain. Surgeons—O. Ferris, William B. Hyatt. Assistant Surgeons—J. H. Williams, William B. Hyatt., Napoleon B. Brisbine. Chaplain—Charles G. Ferris. Captains John W. Chamberlain, Horace Kellogg, Charles Parmeter, F. K. Shawhan, Samuel W. Reid, Louis Zimmer, Vill. R. Davis, David S. Caldwell, William H. Bender, Alonzo Robbins, Edwin H. Brown, William V. McCracken, Abner Snyder, Harvey S. Beverton, Benj. F. Blair, 123D REGIMENT O. V. I. - 469 Curtis Berry, Sr., Charles H. Riggs, John Newman, Richard A. Kirkwood. Dwight Kellogg, John F. Randolph, Jr., Oswell H. Rosenbaum, M. Hoadley Smith, J. F. Schuyler, Joshua W. Leonard, First Lieutenants: William V. McCracken, Ed. H. Brown, Vill. R. Davis, John F. Randolph, Jr., Edgar Martin, H. L. McKee, Dwight Kellogg, Alonzo Robbins, Oswell H. Rosenbaum. D. S. Caldwell, William H. Bender, Randolph B. Ferris. Abner Snyder, Benj. F. Blair, Caleb D. Williams; Harvey S. Beverton, James H. Gillian, Josephus E. Schuyler, M. Hoadley Smith, Frank B. Culver, Joshua. W. Leonard, Thomas W. Boyce, Mentor W. Willoughby James B. Pumphrey, Elmer E. Rusted, Charles H. Sowers, Sherman A. Johnson, George D. Acker, Charles M. Keys, David Miller, Frank A. Breckenridge, Frederick W. Wickham, George A. Scoby, James Healer, CHAPTER XXVIII. DR. ROBERT R. McMEENS. "Majesty of human nature I Shall I seek thee among the masses? never live but with a few."--Schiller. IN the preceding pages the name of my faithful old friend, Dr. McMeens, has been frequently mentioned, and I would do violence to my own heart and a long, unshaded friendship, did I not devote a separate space amongst these leaves to the memory of a true friend, who, in social life, in the medical profession and on the field of battle, everywhere, was so distinguished for his skill and his manly traits of character.  The following short record of him will be all the eulogy intended. His widow, one of the most esteemed and distinguished ladies in Sandusky City, has kindly furnished the writer with records, giving the incidents of her husband's closing hours, and they are given here without comment. For a specimen of the Doctor's polished, poetical genius, the reader is referred to the poem entitled, “The Islands of Erie," in the second chapter of this book. True friendship lives beyond the grave, and fills the soul with ho like the christian longing after eternal life, for— " In that profound and firm reality Rests the soul's hope of immortality." Dr. McMeens was born in Lycoming county, state of Pennsylvania, on the 26th of February, 1820. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in the spring of 1841, and soon thereafter settled in Tiffin, Ohio, where he commenced the practice of medicine, and where he soon secured, not only a splendid practice, but also the esteem and confidence of the old doctors and the people generally. On the 31st of August, 1843, he was married to Ann C., the oldest recorded daughter of John Pittenger, a sketch of whose life has already been In the fall of 1846, the Doctor moved to Sandusky City, where he DR. ROBERT R. M'MEENS - 471 lived to the time of his death and where he was buried. He was of rather small stature, but very active, and took great interest in public affairs. He organized and was captain of the Bay City Guards, one of the finest independent military companies of Sandusky City, and assisted greatly in the organization of the Monumental Association, described in chapter 11. Mrs. McMeens, in sending to me the subjoined papers, said: SANDUSKY, OHIO, May 9, 1880. Judge W. Lang: MY DEAR FRIEND: I am much. obliged for your good, kind words, and your interest in my loved one; for, although he has been dead to the world for many years, he lives in our home. I cannot write you as fully as I desire , but will give you some items, and your pen can supply the rest, for you were one of the Doctor's faithful friends, and he was warmly attached to you. I enclose dates, etc., and a published article, written by, General W. II. Lytle, of Cincinnati; also a letter from Dr. Shumard to Governor Tod., of our State. These were all published, but I cannot find the papers, so send you the original letter. Ever truly your friend, ANN C. McMEENS. Doctor Shumard's letter to Governor Tod: MEDICAL DIRECTOR'S OFFICE, DANVILLE, October 31, 1862. To His Excellency Governor Tod, Ohio : SIR : It is with feelings of the deepest regret that I have to announce the death of Surgeon R. R. McMeens, of the 3d regiment Ohio Volunteer Army, which occurred suddenly at 'Perryville, Kentucky, on the night of the 30th inst. Surgeon McMeens was among the first to offer his services to his country after the breaking out of the rebellion. Entering the three months' service as a regimental surgeon, he was immediately after ordered to Camp Dennison, were his gentlemanly deportment and great professional skill soon won for him the esteem and confidence of his brother officers, at whose request he was appointed medical director of the post; all the arduous duties of which office he performed in such a manner as to win for him the warmest commendations of the surgeon general of the state. From that time until the period of his death, he has continued in active service, filling many important positions in the medical department of the army. Shortly before the battle of Perryville, he was appointed medical director to the troops under the command of the lamented Jackson, and after having participated actively in the battle, was detailed to assist in taking care of the wounded at Perryville, in which position his kindness of heart, sound judgment, and great professional skill, enabled him to contribute very largely toward the relief of our suffering soldiers. He has fallen while nobly working at his post; although suffering greatly from disease, he refused to abandon his work, and performed several important surgical operations only a few hours before his death. 472 - HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. In his death the army has lost a kind hearted, faithful and effrcient offrcer ; the country a pure patriot, and the medical profession one of its brightest ornaments. I am, sir, respectfully, your obedient servant, GEORGE G. SHUMARD, M. D., Medical Director Danville District. General W. H. Lytle's letter to the Cincinnati Commercial.. THE LATE DR. R. R. McMEENS. EDITORS COMMERCIAL : The announcement of the sudden death of this distinguished medical officer, at Perryville, will be received with propound sorrow in Ohio. Surgeon McMeens was one of the ranking medical officers in the Ohio line, his commission in the .service bearing date April, 1861. He was originally commissioned surgeon in the 3d regiment of Ohio Volunteers, a veteran regiment which did good service in Virginia; and which recently, at Chaplin Heights, side by side with the 10th Ohio, the 15th Kentucky, the 42d and 88th Indiana, and Loomis' battery, constituting the 17th brigade, covered itself all over with glory. A few days before the battle, Dr. McMeens was appointed acting medical directorof the 10th division, commanded by the lamented Jackson, of Kentucky. The writer of this notice Met him at Perryville, three days after the fight, apparently in his usual health ; but it is quite probable that over-exertion, fatigue and anxiety in his department, had brought on the illness, which so suddenly terminated his career. Surgeon McMeens was a resident of Sandusky City, Ohio, where his professional abilities had secured him an extensive and remunerative practice, while his estimable qualities endeared him to a large circle of attached and appreciative friends. Impelled by a high sense of duty, and the noblest of motives, he exchanged at the very beginning of the rebellion the endearments and comforts of home for the perils and hardships of the tented field. Through the dark ravines, and over rugged mountains of western Virginia under Rosecrans ; through Kendtucky, Tennessee and northern Alabama under, Mitchell and Rouseau ; and back again through all the vicissitudes of Buell's last campaign, to where it terminated, in the sanguinary struggle at Chaplin Hights, he discharged with the utmost skill, faithfullness and heroism, his varied and responsible duties. His devoted care and watchfulness ; the strict observance Which he compelled to the laws of hygiene and police, rendered the camps of his regiment at Huntsville and elsewhere, models in the service. Officers and men had implicit faith in his professional skill, while his noble, genial and chivalric traits of character, linked all hearts to him inseparably. No soldier, however humble, ever complained of his neglect, nor accused him of sacrificing duty to his personal comfort. The eye of the invalid brightened at his presence, and as he moved through the dreary hospitals, crowded with the ghastly harvests of war, despairing sufferers turned toward him on their pallets and smiled hopefully once more. Beloved and' lamented by all who knew him, a brave, whole-souled, gallant gentleman, thus, 'with. "harness on," discharging faithfully the high behests of his profession, died Robert R. McMeens. Ohio will offer up no nobler sacrifice on our country's altar. DR. ROBERT R. M'MEENS - 473 The following are the minutes of the proceedings of a meeting of army surgeons held at Perryville, Kentucky, October 31st, 1862: DEATH OF SURGEON R. R. MCMEENS. At a meeting of the surgeons of the United State army, held in Perryville, Kentucky, on the 31st day of October, A. Ds., 1862, Surgeon J. G. Hatchilt, of Kentucky, medical director, was s called to the chair, and Surgeon Solomon Davis, of Indiana, was appointed secretary. The chairman briefly explained the object of the meeting and announced the sudden and unexpected demise of an eminent and distinguished surgeon of the army, Dr. Robert R. McMeens, of Sandusky City, Ohio. Whereupon a committee was appointed to draft suitable resolutions of regret and condolence, consisting of Surgeons T. B. Williams, of Ohio, F. G. Albright, of Pennsylvania, Assistant Surgeon L. T. Fuller, of Wisconsin, Surgeons G. D. Jacques, of Indiana, and J . G. Hatchilt, of Kentucky. After a short adjournment the committee reported the following, which were unanimously adopted: WHEREAS, In the order of events and the fortunes of war, an eminent and distinguished medical colleague, Surgeon Robert R. McMeens, of Ohio, has fallen a victim to disease, superinduced by excessive labor and exposure in the discharge of his duty to the wounded soldiers on the field, during the battle of Chaplain Hills and since the battle of Perryville; and WHEREAS, In his death the public service has sustained a great loss, and science an ardent devotee and surgery one of its brightest ornaments; and WHEREAS, He has been cut off in the prime of his manhood, and in the midst of his usefulness; universally beloved by all who knew him intimately as one of the most generous and noble-minded men in all relations of private and public life; therefore, Resolved; That this meeting is deeply impressed with this sad event; that they realize the loss the country has sustained by his untimely death and the sorrow with Which his relatives and numerous friends will receive the mournful intelligence; in view of which we tender assurances of our profound regret and heartfelt sympathy. Resolved further, That we tender to the widow of the deceased our sincere condolence in the melancholy bereavement which she has sustained in the loss of an affectionate and devoted husband. And we pray that in the consolation of the christian religion she may find a solace in her affliction and sorrow. Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting be signed by the chairman and secretary and published in the papers at Sandusky City, Columbus, Cincinnati and Louisville, and that a copy be sent to the widow of the deceased. J. G. HATCHILT, President. SOLOMON DAVIS, Secretary. The reader will expect no comments from the writer, and the subject is ended here with the effect the language of the foregoing documents will naturally create and impress upon a noble and patriotic heart. CHAPTER XXIX. ADAMS TOWNSHIP. ADAMS TOWNSHIP- T. 3, N. R. 16 E. UNDER the treaty of Washington, made on the 28th day of February, A. D., 1831, the Senecas ceded their entire reservation of forty thousand acres to the United States. By the eighth article of this agreement the United States are bound to sell all this land, deduct from the proceeds certain expenses and six thousand dollars, advanced to the tribe, and to hold the balance of the purchase money until the same shall be demanded by the chiefs, and in the meantime pay them five per cent interest on the same. The agreement was signed by James B. Gardiner, in behalf of the United States, and by Coonstick, Small Cloud Spicer, Hard Hickory and Captain Good Hunter, in behalf of the Senecas, the Indians making their marks. The witnesses were Henry C. Brish, sub-agent, George Herron, interpreter, W. H. Lewis, Henry Tolan and P. G. Randolph. In offering the public lands for sale, it was so usual for the presidents in issuing their proclamations to that end, to except the school sections, sixteen, that General Jackson, in his proclamation of November, 1832, putting the Seneca reservation on the market, made the same exception, which was an error, simply because the general government had agreed to sell the whole tract. (See chapter x ) Section sixteen, in Adams, was, therefore, not sold, and whenever the, same shall be sold, the proceeds belong to the Senecas, if any of them still exist. This was the only section sixteen embraced in the whole reserve in this county, and for want of a school section in Adams, the government granted to this township the west half of section twelve (12). This was done in 1827, and four years before the Senecas sold out. In Pleasant, section sixteen is on the west side of the river, and not in the reserve. The south and east lines the reserve did not embrace sections six-