300 - Pioneer Biography. sioners of the board of public works, he located himself in Rossville, Butler county, and opened a store of dry goods, to which business he attended till the time of his death, which took place on the 5th of August, 1845. He was an energetic, persevering man, well qualified to perform the business which he engaged in. He was much beloved and esteemed by all who knew him. James Anderson, the youngest son, was born in Cincinnati, on the 12th of December, 1810, and on the 14th of October, 1841, was married to Hannah Margaret Taylor. He inherited the old homestead and farm on Indian creek, Butler county, where he is still living. The youngest child was a daughter, named Euphemia Anderson (the second). She was born in Ross township, Butler county, December 18, 1813, and was married to J. Parks Gilchrist, on the 12th of April, 1837. V Samuel Dick. SAMUEL DICK was born in the county of Antrim, Ireland, on the 21st of April, 1764. His parents, though not wealthy, were in comfortable circumstances, and occupied a respectable position in the middle ranks of life. His parents died while he was quite young, leaving him in a great measure to the guardianship of a few relatives and friends. While quite a youth he determined to leave the land of his birth, to seek his fortune on the other side of the Atlantic, in the far off wilds of North America. Accordingly, in the spring of the year 1783, being then just arrived at the age of nineteen, he embarked on board a ship at Belfast and sailed for America. They had a fine passage, and in due time landed at Philadelphia, whence he wended his way to Baltimore, where he met with two of his elder brothers, who had previously come to America. They were merchandising, and were about establishing themselves in business in Gettysburg, a town in the south part of Pennsylvania, and proposed to Samuel to take him into partnership with them; and although he was poor, and his brothers rich, 302 - Pioneer Biography. he declined their offer, determined to adhere to the resolution which he had first formed when he set out from Ireland, to be the builder of his own fortune. However, he went with his brothers to Gettysburg, with the intention of going to school, during the ensuing winter, as the education which he had been enabled to obtain in Ireland, was rather limited. For that purpose he provided himself with books and stationery, and made an agreement with a farmer that he would assist his sons with their work, on mornings and evenings and on Saturdays, in consideration for his boarding. The first Saturday after the school commenced, Mr. Dick with the farmer and his sons, after closing up some morning labor, went a few miles distant to a vendue, where they met with a gentleman who wished to engage a person acquainted with the art of distilling, for the purpose of distilling brandy from apples. Mr. Dick being somewhat acquainted with the distilling business, and the gentleman promising his assistance, and the farmer with whom Mr. Dick was engaged, consenting, the school and the idea of prosecuting his education, were abandoned. He engaged with the gentleman. The brandy was distilled, for which he was handsomely remunerated, by which his purse was so well replenished that he was soon enabled to purchase a horse, saddle, and bridle. Mr. Dick spent the winter in the neighborhood of Gettysburg, in this employment. The tide of emigration was then setting toward the country west of Samuel Dick - 303 the Alleghany mountains, and Mr. Dick determined to seek his fortune still further in the " backwoods," as the western part of Pennsylvania was then called. The ensuing spring he crossed the mountains, where he met with a very worthy man by the name of Penticost, with whom he made an engagement in the distilling business. Soon after making this location with Mr. Penticost, he formed an acquaincance with another family by the name of Gillespie, in the neighborhood. He was employed by the old gentleman, George Gillespie, to teach one of his sons the art of distilling. This necessarily brought him much about the house and in frequent intercourse with the family, which resulted in an intimate and lasting friendship. During all this time, unknown to any one but himself, Mr. Dick was admiring the fine form, pleasant countenance, and industrious, active habits of the old gentleman's daughter Martha. It so happened, on a certain occasion, her very uniform good temper became a little ruffled, by what she considered rather harsh treatment from her father. She said the first respectable man that offered, she would accept and marry. Mr. Dick, who happened to be in hearing, replied, laughingly, as though in jest, "Here is your man." He pursued his business, as usual, and at the same time pressed his suit with Martha, and finally what was said as a joke, was ratified in earnest. Samuel Dick and Miss Martha Allen Gillespie were married in Washington county, Pennsylvania, in the winter of 304 - Pioneer Biography. 1785-6, and lived together in great harmony, prospering in all things necessary for their mutual comfort for nearly half a century. Mrs. Dick died at the old homestead, on Indian creek, in the year 1833. They lived in Washington county, Pennsylvania, a few years, when he concluded to push his fortune still further to the west, and in the year 1790, set out with his wife and two little children, and descended the Ohio river to Cincinnati. Cincinnati was then a small village composed of a few log cabins, and containing not more than two hundred inhabitants, exclusive of the garrison of Fort Washington. He arrived in Cincinnati a short time before General Harmar marched on his campaign against the Indians, on the 3oth day of September, 1790. He was also a resident of Cincinnati during the time, and saw the armies of Generals St. Clair and Wayne march from there on their expeditions against the Indians. Early in the spring of 1790, John- Dunlap and a few associates laid out a station on the east bank of the Great Miami river eight miles below where the town of Hamilton now is, and erected a work of defense, called Dunlap's Station, since known as Colerain. In January, 1791, it was attacked by the Indians and besieged for a day and night and part of the second day. Mr. Dick was one of a party that marched from Cincinnati for their relief; but, fortunately for them, perhaps, the Indians had abandoned the siege a few hours before they arrived at the brow of the hill overlooking the Samuel Dick - 305 station. Mr. Dick purchased a lot in Cincinnati on the north-east corner of Front and Walnut streets, on which he erected a house where he resided during the time he lived in Cincinnati. He also possessed himself of several other lots and pieces of property, which then could be purchased at a small price. During his residence there he had a grocery establishment, and occasionally was engaged in forwarding provisions and supplies for the troops at Fort Hamilton, and other forts in the interior. He afterward .kept a tavern in the house where he resided. Mr. Dick, at an early period, became the purchaser of a section of land containing six hundred and forty acres, lying on the head waters of the creek now called Dick's creek, Warren county, adjoining the Butler county line. It was within Judge Symmes' purchase; but Symmes failing to make payment for the whole of his purchase, it fell north of the tract of land for which he received a patent. However, the congress of the United States passed a law giving the right of pre-emption to those who had made contracts with Judge Symmes previous to a certain date. Mr. Dick availed himself of the privileges of the law ; but had to pay the government two dollars per acre for the land. It is one of the richest sections of land on the Miami valley : the old Mad-river trace, from Fort Washington to Mad river, passes through it. He had an improvement made upon the land among the first in the settlement, although he did not go there to reside 28 306 - Pioneer Biography. for some time. The United States public lands west of the Great Miami river, were first brought into market in the year 1801. The first public sale was held at. Cincinnati on the first Monday of April of that year, at which sale Samuel Dick purchased a section containing six hundred and forty acres of land in the rich bottom of Indian creek, in what is now Butler county, and forthwith commenced improving and opening a farm upon it. In the year 1802, he, with his family, removed from Cincinnati to his land on Indian creek, where he raised all his family in great respectability, and here he spent the remainder of his days, excepting a very few weeks. Mr. Dick was one of the grand jurors in July, 1803, of the first session of the court of common pleas of Butler county. At the general election in October, 1803, he was elected a member of the house of representatives of the State of Ohio that met at Chillicothe on the first Monday of December, in that year. He served in the legislature during that session ; but ever afterward refused to permit his name to be used as a candidate for any public office. Samuel Dick died at the house of his son-in-law, Judge Fergus Anderson, in Ross township, Butler county, on the 4th of August, 1846, aged eighty-two years, and was buried beside his wife in the burying-ground at Bethel church. He sustained a high moral character through life. He was prompt in meeting all Samuel Dick - 307 his engagements, so that no one could charge him with want of punctuality. Having ample means, he was liberal in his contributions, for the purpose of forwarding improvements and useful public enterprises in his neighborhood. He was remarkably fortunate in all his financial transactions, and by his early enterprise, never-tiring industry, perseverance, and economy (without parsimony), he was enabled to rise from a small beginning to be a man of wealth. He was enabled, after settling all his children comfortably in the world, previous to his death, to leave a large unincumbered estate as the fruits of his labors, which his descendants are now enjoying. During a great portion of his life, Mr. Dick was a member and a regular attendant on the worship of the Presbyterian church, and in his will he bequeathed a legacy for the benefit of the Presbyterian church at Venice, to which congregation he belonged. Samuel Dick and his wife Martha had born to them four sons and five daughters, who arrived at maturity, and were all settled comfortably in life. George Dick, the oldest son, was married in Cincinnati in the year 1811, to Miss Jane Anderson, a daughter of Isaac Anderson, an old pioneer of the country, who had lived near to Samuel Dick, in Cincinnati, and afterward removed to Indian creek, in his neighborhood. George Dick settled on the bank of the Great Miami river in Butler county, a short distance above where the town of Venice now is, He had mills on 308 - Pioneer Biography. the river and a post-office, called Dick's Mill Post Office, was established at the place, of which he was appointed postmaster. George Dick died on the 2d of September, 1828, leaving a widow and seven children, who all arrived at maturity, and are respectably settled in life, David Dick, the second son, married Miss Judith Bigham, the youngest daughter of William Bigham, a respectable and wealthy gentleman, whose large landed estate was bounded by the "out-lots," on the north and east of the town of Hamilton. David Dick now is, and for a number of years past has been, a citizen of the town of Venice, Butler county, in very easy circumstances, a worthy member of the Presbyterian church, at peace with all his neighbors, and highly respected by all his numerous acquaintances. Samuel Dick, the third son, named after his father, is married. He owns and lives on the north half of the section of land originally purchased by his father on Indian creek. He has raised a large and respectable family of children, who are all living. James Dick, the youngest son, inherited the old homestead and farm, being the south half of the section of land on Indian creek, first purchased by his father. Here he resides with his wife and a small family of children, in comfortable and respectable circumstances. The eldest daughter was named Elizabeth Dick. Samuel Dick - 309 She married Joseph Wilson, who was a merchant in Rossville, and postmaster at that place for several years. She died several years ago. Her husband is also since deceased. They left two daughters. One of them married Joseph Blair, a son of Thomas Blair, formerly of Hamilton, Ohio. Joseph Blair died some years since. The other daughter married John M. Cochran, and now lives near Glendale, Hamilton county, Ohio. Jane Dick, the second oldest daughter, married John Wilson, a brother of Joseph Wilson. He was a merchant, and for a time pursued his business in Dayton, and at other places. He afterward went to Switzerland county, Indiana, where he built mills, which he operated for some time. He laid out the town of Numa, Park county, Indiana, of which he was the proprietor. He died at that place in October, 1853, leaving his wife Jane a widow with eight children, all of whom are married excepting the youngest daughter. She is since married to a Mr. Hedges. Mary Dick, the third daughter, on the 28th of June, 1821, intermarried with Fergus Anderson, a son of Isaac Anderson, an old pioneer of the country, who lived in the neighborhood, and who had been an associate of her father, Samuel Dick, from early times. Fergus Anderson has represented the county of Butler in the house of representatives and in the senate of the State of Ohio for several years. He was for some time a justice of the peace of Ross township, and served a term of 310 - Pioneer Biography. seven years as associate judge of the court of common pleas of Butler county. He and his wife are now living on a fine farm near Indian creek, in Ross township, Butler county, in the enjoyment of a happy family, and in independent circumstances. Martha Dick, the fourth daughter, married James Bigham, a son of William Bigham, and brother to Judith who married David Dick. They live on a farm in Hanover township, Butler county, on the turnpike road leading from Hamilton to Millville, and are in affluent circumstances. Susan Dick, the youngest daughter, who is now deceased, became the wife of Thomas J. Shields, of Morgan township, Butler county, a worthy son of the late Hon. James Shields, who for many years was one of the people's representatives in the general assembly of the State of Ohio. He also served two sessions in the congress of the United States previous to his death. VI. Joseph Hough. JOSEPH HOUGH was long a resident and promiJ nent merchant of the town of Hamilton, acted a conspicuous part in the early history of the place, and was well and favorably known throughout the Miami valley. He was born on a farm near Brownsville, Fayette county, Pennsylvania, on the 26 th day of February, 1783.* In 1788 the family removed to Washington county, where they continued to reside till 1798, when his father died. His mother survived her husband about eighteen months. His father had been in easy circumstances; but with the hope of bettering his fortune, he had, two years before his death, engaged in the mercantile business, in which he had had no experience, and the result was that he sustained considerable losses, so that on the settlement of the estate there was but little left for the family. At the time of the death of his father, the family at home consisted of his mother, * He was of Quaker parentage, his ancestors being a well-to-do English family of " Friends," two sons of which came out with Penn's colony, and settled originally in Buck's county, Pennsylvania.—J. M. 312 - Pioneer Biography. three sisters quite young, and himself. Benjamin, an older brother, had settled in the upper part of Ohio. He was Auditor of the State from i8o8 to 1815. In connection with Mr. Bourne, he compiled and published the first sectional map of the State, which was so correct that it has been the basis of all maps since published. John, another brother, was a farmer, and lived in the northern part of Hamilton county, Ohio. Thomas, another brother, will be mentioned hereafter. After the death of his father, Joseph resolved that he would not draw his support from the scanty resources of his widowed mother and young sisters. He apprenticed himself to his brother-in-law, Israel Gregg,* of Brownsville, to learn the trade of silversmith, clock and watch-maker. He engaged to serve till he was twenty-one. * Israel Gregg afterward engaged in steamboating. In 1814. he was in command of the steamboat Enterprise, built at Brownsville, by Daniel French, on his patent, and owned by a company at that place. This was the fourth steamboat built on the Western waters. She made two trips to Louisville in the summer of 1814. In the winter of 1814-15 she descended to New Orleans, and in the spring of 1815 returned to Pittsburg, being the first steamboat that ascended the Mississippi and Ohio rivers to that place. Captain Gregg continued in this business for several years. He subsequently came to Hamilton, where he resided the remainder of his life. He was elected sheriff of Butler county in 1835, and served four years. He held several other offices of trust and responsibility. He died at Hamilton on the 20th day of June, 1847, aged seventy-three years. Joseph Hough - 313 In a letter to the compiler of this sketch, dated October loth, 1852, Mr. Hough says : " When I had served my allotted time, I found myself twenty-one years old, a free man, and out of debt. Notwithstanding I was without a dollar, I did not despair for a moment. I felt as independent as I have at any period since. I asked neither advice nor aid from any one. Knowing well that I had no time to idle, before the expiration of my apprenticeship, I had engaged to work at my trade with another clock and watchmaker at Brownsville. On the first morning after my time was out I commenced journey-work, and continued to work at my trade for about two years. During that whole time I lost (Sundays excepted) only two days. In these two years I earned and saved, over and above my expenses, about one thousand dollars, and was debtor to no man." Previously to this, his brother Thomas had been selling goods on commission, and now having closed up that business, he proposed to Joseph that they should unite their capital, purchase a general stock of merchandise, and take it out West. The attractions of the Miami country began at this time to be known in the Eastern States, and Western Pennsylvania contributed many of her enterprising young men to the growth and prosperity of the then Far West. They determined to make their venture at Lebanon, in Warren county, Ohio. Loading their boat at Brownsville, with goods previously purchased at Philadelphia, on the 1st of June, 1806, they proceeded down the Monongahela 312 - Pioneer Biography. and Ohio, which were both very low. As neither of them had any knowledge of these rivers, they had a very tedious voyage, almost daily grounding on bars, from which they encountered both difficulty and delay in extricating their boat. They reached Cincinnati, however, in about twenty-five days. Here they hired wagons to take their goods to Lebanon, which they loaded and started. After a little delay they followed them on foot, as they could not procure horses for the trip. They expected to overtake the wagons about where Reading now stands, but night overtaking them, they missed their way, and some time after dark found themselves at Jacob White's mill, on Mill creek, about nine miles from Cincinnati. They were hospitably received and entertained by Mr. White, who, on learning their views and purposes, told them that they could not procure a house in Lebanon to open their goods in, and advised them to go to Hamilton, as John Wingate had just given up business, and they could, no doubt, obtain his house. They determined to follow his advice, so they started early next morning to overtake the wagons, which they did just in time to turn them toward Hamilton by the old Deerfield road. There was at that time no road between Lebanon and Hamilton.   They reached Hamilton on the 1st day of July, 1806, rented the log building lately occupied by Mr. Wingate, near the corner of Front and Basin streets, where the Joseph Hough - 315 Irish Catholic church now stands, and commenced business. There was but one other store at that time in Hamilton, which was kept by John Sutherland, on the east side of Front, between Stable and Dayton streets. They met with good success in their business, but early in September, Thomas was attacked with bilious fever, which prevailed extensively along the valley of the Great Miami, and particularly about Hamilton. He died on the 17th of that month, and four days after his death Joseph was taken with the same disease, and for some days his life was despaired of; but after a lingering illness of five weeks he recovered, so that he was able to transact business. In the settlement of the business of the firm, he gave to his younger sisters his share of his brother's estate. He persevered in his business, and the following spring entered into partnership with Thomas Blair, Robert Clark and Neil Gillespie, all of Brownsville, under the firm name of Hough, Blair & Co. They purchased a new stock of goods, which Mr. Hough opened out and sold in the same building in Hamilton which he had previously occupied. Soon afterward, however, he bought lot No. 84, on the opposite side of the street, on which he erected a convenient frame house, into which he removed his stock. This partnership continued till 1811. In reference to the mode of conducting their busi- 316 - Pioneer Biography. ness, and the difficulties they had to encounter, he writes (in 1852) : " The difficulties connected with the Mercantile business of that early period can not be realized by the merchants of this day. We had to travel on horseback from Hamilton to Philadelphia, a distance of six hundred miles, to purchase our goods. We were exposed to all kinds of weather, and were compelled to pass over the worst possible roads. When our goods were purchased, we had to engage wagons to haul them to Pittsburg, a distance, by the then roads, of three hundred miles. Their transportation over the mountains occupied from twenty to twenty-five days, and cost from six to ten dollars per hundred. Our goods being landed at Pittsburg, we usually bought flatboats, or keel-boats, and hired hands to take our goods to Cincinnati, and we were able to have them hauled to Hamilton at from fifty to seventy-five cents per hundred. We were generally engaged three months in going east, in purchasing our stock of goods and getting them safely delivered at Hamilton. These three months were months of toil and privation, and of expense of every kind. " In illustration of the truth of the above remark, I may state that, in one of my trips from Pittsburg to Cincinnati, I was thirty-nine days on a keel-boat, with six men besides myself to man the boat. The river was then as low as has ever been known on many of the ripples in the deepest channel, if channel it could be called where there was scarcely a foot of water. My boat drew one foot and a half after taking out all such articles as we could carry over the ripple in a large canoe, which was the only kind of lighter we could procure. Consequently, we had to scrape out channels at the low ripples of sufficient width Joseph Hough - 317 and depth to float our boat. We usually found out the deepest water on the ripple, and all hands would engage in making the channel. When we passed such a ripple, we reloaded our goods and proceeded to the next, where the same labor had to be performed, and the same exposure endured. The extent of the labor which had to be performed in order to pass our boat, can be best understood when I state that we were frequently detained three days at some of the worst ripples. " At that early day the road from Philadelphia to Pittsburg was exceedingly bad. It was only graded and turnpiked to Lancaster. The residue of the road in many places was very steep and exceedingly rough. From thirty to thirty-five hundred pounds was considered a good load for a good five-horse team. There was only a weekly line of stages from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, and the time occupied in going from one place to the other was six days. " After the receipt of our goods at Hamilton, our difficulties were by no means all overcome. In order to sell them, we were compelled not only to do the ordinary duties of merchants, and to incur its ordinary responsibilities and risks, but had to become the produce merchants of the country. We were compelled to take the farmers' produce and send or take it to New Orleans, the only market we could reach. It was necessary for the merchant to buy pork and to pack it, to buy wheat, have barrels made, and contract for the manufacture of wheat into flour, and then to build flat-bottomed boats, and with great expense and risk of property commit the whole to the dangers of the navigation of the Miami, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers. The difficulties of the trip were not overcome when we had safely arrived at New Orleans. In returning home we had either to travel eleven hundred miles by land, five hundred of 318 - Pioneer Biography. which was through the Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Cherokee nations of Indians, or else go by sea either to Philadelphia or Baltimore, and thence home by land. I have descended the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to New Orleans, before steamboat navigation could be relied on to bring one to Louisville, fourteen times. Thirteen trips were made on flat-boats, and one on a barge. I traveled home by land eight times, and we were usually about thirty days in making the trip. The first two trips I made by land ; there were neither ferries nor bridges over any water course from the Bayou Pierre, at Port Gibson, in the Mississippi territory, to George Colbert's ferry over the Tennessee river. When we came in our route to a water course which would swim our horses, we would throw our saddle-bags and provisions over our shoulders and swim our horses over. We were compelled to camp without tents, regardless of rain or any other unfavorable weather, and to pack provisions sufficient to last us through the Indian nations. Notwithstanding the difficulties and dangers of these trips, our spirits never flagged. The excitement incident to the trips sustained us, and we were always ready to enjoy a hearty laugh whenever the occasion provoked it. " The first time I descended the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, I left Cincinnati in December, x808, with five flat-boats, all loaded with produce. At that time there were but few settlers on the Ohio river below the present city of Louisville. The cabins were few and far between, and there were only two small villages between Louisville and the mouth of the Ohio. One was Henderson, known then by the name of Red Banks ; the other was Shawneetown. The latter was a village of a few cabins, and was used as a landing place for the salt works on the Saline river, back of the village. The banks of the Missis- Joseph Hough - 319 sippi, from the mouth of the Ohio to Natchez, were still more sparsely settled. New Madrid, a very small village, was the first settlement below the mouth of the Ohio. There were a few cabins at Little Prairie, a cabin opposite to where Memphis now is, and on the lower end of the bluff on which that city is built there was a stockade fort called Fort Pickering, garrisoned by a company of rangers. Cabins were to be seen at the mouth of "White river, at Point Chico, and at Walnut Hills, two miles above where the city of Vicksburg now is. From this place to Natchez there were cabins at distances from ten to twenty miles apart. The whole country bordering on the Mississippi, from the mouth of the Ohio to Natchez, might be regarded as an almost unbroken wilderness. The Indians seldom visited the banks, except at a few points where the river approached the high lands. "The bands of robbers who had infested the lower part of the Ohio and the Mississippi rivers had not been entirely dispersed, and were yet much dreaded by the merchant navigators of those rivers, so that the men on the boats were well armed, and during the night, when lying at the shore in the wilderness country, a sentinel was kept on deck to prevent surprise." Mr. Hough descended these rivers shortly after the earthquake which so violently convulsed a great portion of the Mississippi valley, in the winter of 1811-'12. Many boatmen who had lost, or in their fright abandoned, their boats, were returning home in despair, giving frightful accounts of the dangers they had encountered. Mr. Hough, however, persevered in his trip. On entering the Mississippi and approaching 320 - Pioneer Biography. New Madrid, the effects of the earthquake became apparent. On the west side of the river, for a long distance, the cotton-wood and willows that lined the shore were bent or prostrated up stream, showing that the current had rushed violently in that direction contrary to its natural course. The town of New Madrid suffered severely. At Little Prairie, about thirty miles below New Madrid, where had been a small settlement, a large portion of the bank had sunk into the river, including the burying-ground. Not a house was left standing, and the inhabitants had all fled. The surface of the ground was fractured in many places, leaving deep and wide chasms. In other places circular holes, or depressions, resembling sink holes, remained, from which had issued water and sand, the sand forming an elevation round the margin of the holes. Where these had occurred under large trees, they were often riven and split up for ten or twenty feet,. and so remained standing. Other trees in the forest were shivered and broken off; as by the effects of a great tornado. Large masses of the banks, sometimes many acres in extent, had sunk so as to leave only the tops of the high trees above the surface of the water. Occasionally shocks were still felt, preceded by a rumbling sound like distant thunder, agitating and convulsing the shores and waters of the river, and jarring the boats as though they had grounded on the bottom. An island below Little Prairie had totally disappeared. In some places the Joseph Hough - 321 bottom of the river had been elevated, and numerous boats were wrecked on the snags and old trees brought near the surface. So numerous were they in some places that they presented the appearance of an overflowed field covered with old deadened timber. On several occasions the boats had to be tied up while Mr. Hough went forward with a skiff to explore for a passage. Of the early steamboat navigation Mr. Hough says: " I was at New Orleans, in the spring of 1816, when Captain Henry Shreve, of Brownsville, Pennsylvania, was at the wharf of that city with the steamboat Washington, a new boat of one hundred and fifty tons burden. She was preparing for her trip to Louisville. The price asked for a cabin passage was one hundred and fifty dollars and for freight five dollars per hundred pounds. I regarded the charge most exorbitant, and in preference, bought a horse and went home by land. Captain Shreve made his trip at that time in twenty-five days, and on his arrival at Louisville the citizens gave him a public dinner for having made the trip in so short a time. In a few remarks he made on the occasion, he told them he believed that the time would come when the trip would be made in fifteen days. He was regarded as being insane on the subject ; the event was regarded as impossible. "Those engaged in steamboat navigation of the great rivers at the present day know but little, if anything, of the difficulties that were encountered by Captain Shreve and other pioneers in steamboat navigation. Wood could not be obtained as now ; no wood-yards had been established. The officers were often compelled 29 322 - Pioneer Biography. to take their crews into the woods and cut and haul a sufficient quantity to last the usual time of running. The wood thus obtained was necessarily green, and but little suited for making steam. The officers had everything to learn in relation to their business. Engineers had no science, and but little experience in operating an engine. Pilots were generally flat-boatmen, who knew the channels of the river imperfectly, and nothing about the management of a steamboat. In fact, Captain Shreve labored under so many difficulties that it was not to be wondered at that he should have occupied twenty-five days in making the trip. " My first trip on a steamboat from New Orleans was made in the spring of 1819, with Captain Israel Gregg (the person to whom I bound myself as an apprentice), on board the steamboat General Clark. We were nineteen days in making the trip, and perfectly satisfied with the result." When the partnership of Hough, Blair & Co. was dissolved, in 1811, Mr. Hough, with the writer of this sketch, commenced the business of purchasing wheat, having it ground into flour, and taking it to New Orleans on speculation. This partnership was closed in February, 1815. Our adventures had been fortunate, each realizing a handsome profit on our investments. In March, 1815, Mr. Hough again commenced the mercantile business, with Samuel Millikin, and afterward with Lewis West, and continued it, sometimes with and sometimes without a partner, till the fall of 1825, when he wound up his business in Ohio and removed to Vicksburg, Mississippi, where he opened a Joseph Hough - 323 store. In 1828 he sold out and commenced speculating in land, in which he was quite successful. He continued to hold his property in Hamilton. He also owned a valuable farm in the southern part of Butler county, where he resided after his return with his family from Vicksburg, which he cultivated with great taste, raising some of the choicest fruit in the Miami valley. With the exception of a few years, during which his family resided in Vicksburg, he continued regularly to go south in the fall of the year, and to return to Butler county with the opening of spring. His last visit was his twenty-ninth trip since his first removal to Vicksburg. On this visit he was attacked with typhoid fever, which, after a severe and protracted illness, terminated his life on the 23d day of April, 1853, at the age of seventy years and nearly two months. His remains were brought to Hamilton by his son-in-law, Major John M. Millikin, and were interred in Greenwood Cemetery on the 3d day of May, 1853. It is a difficult matter for the present generation to appreciate the trials and hardships endured by the pioneers who laid the foundations of our institutions and our prosperity. It is well for us, as one by one they pass away, to pause and reflect upon their lives and experiences, that we may do justice to their memory, and keep alive the recollections of their hardy virtues, their simple habits, and their perilous enterprises. 324 - Pioneer Biography. While we enjoy the peaceful security and boundless comforts which their hardships and sacrifices were, under God, the means of securing for us, let us keep a place in our memory where their names shall be enshrined. Let us learn to imitate their noble deeds, and shun their errors where errors were exhibited. Among the intimate acquaintances of Joseph Hough there was little difference of opinion in regard to the general features of his character. He was eminently a practical man. Clearness of perception and promptness of action were traits that no one would fail at once to observe in him. A decision once made, its execution was immediately entered upon, and so firm were his purposes that no ordinary obstacle ever prevented its accomplishment. He was remarkable for method and punctuality ; very seldom did he ever suffer anything to interfere with an engagement he had made. It is by no means surprising these traits should have resulted in pecuniary success, and the acquirement of a handsome fortune. Mr. Hough was never physically robust, but he had such firmness of fibre and activity of temperament as to maintain great vigor and litheness of movement up to the period of his last illness. His attachments were warm and persevering. As a husband and father, nothing that affection could bestow was ever withheld from his family. In transacting business he was exact even to minuteness, but the demands of charity he ever met Joseph Hough - 325 with a cheerful liberality. There are many instances of his assistance to unfortunate friends, and kindness to the children of deceased relatives and friends, which exhibit this trait in his character in a praiseworthy manner. He entertained views on some points of business peculiar to himself, but our community has furnished few examples among business men so worthy of close imitation. His persevering industry, his temperate habits, his judicious economy, his prompt fidelity to his engagements and steadiness of purpose, may well be held up for the imitation of all who are now entering upon the active stage from which he has been called. He was for several years previous to his death a consistent member of the Methodist Episcopal church. Seldom has it been the lot of any one to be more blessed and happy in domestic relations than he was. On the 27th day of December, 1810, he married Jane, daughter of Joseph Hunter, a respectable farmer in Butler county, sister of the wife of the late John Reily. She was a most excellent woman, and a devoted and consistent christian. She died in 1840. They had but one child, Mary Greenlee Hough, now the wife of Major John Minor Millikin, son of the late Doctor Daniel Millikin. Major Millikin studied and practiced law some years in Hamilton, but he relinquished the practice, and now resides about two miles from Hamilton, on a fine farm 326 - Pioneer Biography. which he owns, and cultivates in a scientific and tasteful manner. Doctor Daniel Millikin was one of the pioneers of the county, and the first regular physician who settled permanently in Hamilton. He was born in Washington county, Pennsylvania, on the 14th day of February, 1779 ; studied medicine and removed to Hamilton in May, 1807, where he continued to reside, practicing his profession in the Miami valley, among the children and grandchildren of his early friends, until the time of his death, over forty-two years. His enterprising spirit did not permit him to confine his usefulness to the practice of his profession. During the war of 1812, when the frontiers of Ohio were threatened, and her outposts beseiged, he, at the head of a company of his neighbors, marched to their relief. Afterward, before the militia system fell into neglect, he rose to the rank of brigadier general. He was also a member of the legislature of Ohio, and served twenty-one years as associate judge of the court of common pleas of Butler county, discharging with faithfulness and ability these and other important civil trusts. He died at Hamilton on Saturday, September 3d, 1849, in the 71st year of his age, and on the Monday following his remains were buried in Greenwood Cemetery. He was a man of uprightness, simplicity of manners, amenity of temper, and liberality of soul. VII. John Woods. ALEXANDER WOODS, father of John Woods, was a native of Ireland, born in the county of Tyrone, in 1768. In 1790 he left his native land and emigrated to the United States, and resided for some years in the eastern part of Pennsylvania. He afterward came to the west ; first to Kentucky and afterward to Warren county, Ohio, where he purchased a farm a few miles east of the town of Franklin, which he improved, and on which he resided until the time of his decease. He died on the 9th day of January, 1848, at the advanced age of eighty years. In 1793, Alexander Woods was married in Pennsylvania to Mary Robinson. She was born in 1762, consequently she was about six years older than her husband. She died on the 16th of August, 1828, aged about sixty-six years. The fruits of this marriage were eight children : I. John Woods, the oldest son, the subject of this notice, born in Jonestown, Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, on the 18th of October, 1794. II. Samuel Woods, the second son, born on the 26th 328 - Pioneer Biography. of November, 1796. He studied medicine and practiced several years, but preferring mechanical pursuits became a practical silversmith. He died in Hamilton, in 1847, leaving seven children. III. Jane Woods, a daughter born on the 21st of July, 1798; married Mr. Bonner, of Ross county, Ohio, whom she still survives. IV. James Woods, born on the 24th of September, 1800. He married Maria Robeson, a daughter of the late Major William Robeson, who formerly lived on Seven Mile creek. He was a farmer, and lived a short distance north of Darrtown, Butler county, Ohio. He and his wife are both dead. V. Alexander Woods, born on the 12th of January, 1802, still resides on the old farm near Franklin, and has three children. VI. Mary Woods, born on the 16th of April, 1803, married Jonathan Gray, a respectable farmer in independent circumstances, who lives on the south line of Butler county, six miles from Hamilton. She has had six children, four of whom survive. VII. William C. Woods, born on the 14th of August, 1806. He graduated at the Miami university in 1833, studied law, and was admitted to the bar, and commenced the practice of his profession in Hamilton, but soon afterward died. VIII. Rebecca Woods, born on the 15th of November, 1810. She was married to James Kennedy, of John Woods - 329 Chillicothe. She still resides there and has three children. When Alexander Woods settled upon his land, in what is now Warren county, in the year 1797, the country was a primitive wilderness, the lofty trees had to be prostrated, and the dense forest cleared by hard labor, before the land could be brought to a fit condition for cultivation. His son, John, then in almost infancy, was reared in a log cabin, and as soon as his strength would admit, had to participate in the labors of the farm. He received such an education as the common schools of the country at that time afforded, which, by severe study at nights and such times as he could spare from hard labor on the farm, he improved, much to his advantage in after life. He served as a soldier in the war of 1812. He was included in the last draft of the Ohio militia which was made in 1814, and was in the garrison at Fort Meigs when peace with Great Britain was proclaimed. On his return from the army, he opened an English school in the neighborhood of Springborough, which he continued for one or two years. From boyhood, Mr. Woods had formed the resolution of acquiring an education and finally becoming a lawyer; and for the purpose of enabling him to carry out his design, he contracted, for a certain compensation, to clear a piece of ground adjacent to where his father lived, as a means of support. He built a hut or camp on his clearing, and after chopping and 330 - Pioneer Biography. mauling the heavy timber all day, at night he often read and studied law in his rude cabin, while others slept. He pursued his course of reading under the direction of Hon. John McLean, who had been a member of congress, and was afterward one of the judges of the supreme court of the United States. Mr. Woods prosecuted his studies in this manner for some time, and went regularly once a week to Lebanon, where Judge McLean then resided, to recite to him and receive instructions. He afterward devoted his time more exclusively to the study of law. Having qualified himself for admission to the bar, and having undergone an examination, touching his legal knowledge and abilities, he made application to the supreme court of the State, sitting at Dayton, in Montgomery county, at their June termm 1819, and was admitted to practice as an attorney and counselor at law in the courts of Ohio. Afterward, in January, 1725, he received a license as attorney and solicitor at law to practice in the courts of the United States. In August, 1819, he established himself in Hamilton, and opening an office on the 19th of that month, commenced the practice of his profession. The courts of Hamilton were then attended by some of the old and able lawyers from Cincinnati and Lebanon, with whom Mr. Woods had to come in competition. At his first attempts at the bar, Mr. Woods said that he sometimes felt himself in rather an awkward predicament, with a confusion of ideas ; but, John Woods - 331 reflecting that but few of a large audience could immediately perceive what was sound sense or the reverse, that those who were capable of thus discriminating were probably the most generous and indulgent to youthful orators, and that it was necessary at all events, to succeed in his profession, he made it a positive rule never to sit down, or to hesitate, or halt, but to talk on, and go ahead. And he did go ahead. In 1820 he was appointed prosecuting attorney for the county of Butler, in which office he served until the year 1825, at which time his services as a member of congress commenced, when he resigned. On the 20th of June, 1820, John Woods was married to Miss Sarah Ann Lynch, of Springborough, Warren county. She was a native of South Carolina, born on the 29th of December, 1801. They forthwith commenced house-keeping in Hamilton. At the general election in October, 1824, he was elected a representative in congress from the second congressional district, composed of the counties of Butler and Warren, over Thomas R. Ross, of Lebanon, who had been the former representative. His term of service commenced on the 4th of March, 1825, but he was not required to take his seat until the first Monday of December following. On the 18th day of October, 1824, Mr. Woods formed a partnership with Michael B. Sargent, in the practice of the law. Mr. Sargent was a fine classical 332 - Pioneer Biography. and literary scholar, as well as a thorough lawyer. His qualifications and strict attention to business in superintending the affairs of the office, while Mr. Woods was absent attending congress, was of great advantage to Mr. Woods. Mr. Sargent died suddenly on the night of the 19th of May, 1830, aged thirty-three years. He was found in the morning dead in his bed, in the room adjoining their law office, supposed to have expired by apoplexy, or some similar affection, of which, it is said, he had discovered some previous symptoms. He lies buried in the old graveyard at Hamilton. When Mr. Woods' first term in congress expired, he was again elected for a second term, so that he served four years from the 4th of March, 1825, until the 4th of March, 1829. While there he was distinguished for his industry and attention to business. On the 18th of January, 1828, Mr. Woods, from the committee on roads and canals, made a report accompanied by a bill "to aid the State of Ohio in extending the Miami canal from Dayton to Lake Erie." The bill was twice read and committed, and finally passed, and became a law on the 4th of May following.* By this law there was granted to the State of Ohio a quantity of land equal to the one-half of five sections in width, on each side of said canal between Dayton and the Maumee river at the mouth of the Auglaize. The same law also granted to *Laws of the United States, vol. viii, pages 118, 119 . John Woods - 333 the State of Ohio, the further quantity of five hundred thousand acres of land for the purpose of aiding the State in the payment of the debts which had been or might thereafter be contracted in the construction of her canals. Mr. Woods was a warm friend of internal improvement, and while in congress advocated that measure with all his energy. At the session just referred to, the subjects of the tariff, internal improvement, Indian appropriations, and Indian affairs, were largely debated, in all of which he took a prominent part. He was decided and ardent in politics, as he was in every thing else. He warmly opposed the election of General Jackson to the presidency. This threw him in the minority in Butler county, which was then about three-fourths in favor of Jackson. The consequence was, that at the end of his second term, he was defeated by the election of James Shields. After Mr. Woods retired from Congress, he became the proprietor, publisher, and editor of the Hamilton Intelligencer which he conducted with great ability for three years, a portion of the latter part of the time in connection with Lewis D. Campbell, who assumed the business management of the concern. Although Mr. Woods was engaged in editing a newspaper, and attending to various other kinds of business, he did not relinquish the practice of his profession as a lawyer, but prosecuted it vigorously until the year 1845. On the 3oth day of 334 - Pioneer Biography. January, 1845, the legislature of the State of Ohio elected him auditor of state, for the term of three years from the fifteenth day of March ensuing, at which time he went to Columbus and entered upon the duties of his office. At that time the State of Ohio had been running in debt, from year to year, borrowing money to pay the interest on the State debt, and thus compounding it until the public obligations loomed up in fearful magnitude. John Brough, the former auditor, had vainly endeavored to accomplish a reform in taxation ; fear brooded over the members of the legislature ; none dared to touch the dreaded subject. It was necessary that something should be done. Mr. Woods represented the condition of affairs to the legislature and strongly urged upon them to take measures to remedy the evil, and it was mainly through his instrumentality and by his courage, industry and perseverance that the State was saved from repudiation, bankruptcy, and ruin. By virtue of his office, Mr. Woods was one of the board of fund commissioners, who contracted the loans on behalf of the State, and had the control of the public debt. When he went into office there was not found in any of the offices at Columbus a book in which was entered an account by which the condition of the State debt could be clearly seen. Mr. Woods procured a set of books, and from the loose papers found in the office of the fund commissioners, and in the auditor's John Woods - 335 office, he had a set of accounts opened, showing the amount of each description of public debt, and the balance remaining outstanding. He also introduced important reforms in the mode of keeping some of the accounts in the office, by which they were simplified and rendered more intelligible. As auditor, he left indelible marks on the policy and history of the State. He had determined to relinquish his office at the expiration of his first term of three years ; but through the persuasion of a number of his influential friends throughout the State, he was induced to serve for another term, and accordingly was re-elected and remained until March, 18.51, when he returned to Hamilton. His habits of industry and restless energy would not, however, permit him to remain idle. He became president of the Eaton and Hamilton railroad company, and brought his strong powers to bear on the prosecution and completion of that work. Previous to the second election, after Mr. Woods became president, a proposition was agitated and advocated by many for the construction of a branch road from Eaton to Piqua, by the Eaton and Hamilton company. This, Mr. Woods strongly opposed, and in consequence was defeated at the second election. Subsequent events have proved the correctness of his judgment on this subject. With some difficulty and trouble, the Eaton and Hamilton railroad company have since been released from their obligation to construct that branch of road. 336 - Pioneer Biography. Immediately after retiring from the Eaton and Hamilton road, Mr. Woods was appointed, and accepted the office of president of the Junction railroad, leading from Hamilton to Oxford, Connersville, and thence to Indianapolis, to the prosecution of which work he brought his energy to bear, and faithfully attended to the business of the office, with honor to himself, and to the advantage of the company, until the time of his death. Mr. Woods was indefatigable and persevering in everything he undertook.* His energy was untiring * The following anecdote is related in a late number of the Cincinnati Times : "WHY THERE NEVER HAS BEEN A MAN HUNG IN BUTLER COUNTY.-Just at this time, when there is a probability that there will be a man hung in Butler county, it may be of interest to our readers to know why an execution has never taken place in that locality. In the summer of 1835, a man named Sponsler, then residing in Madison township, Butler county, Ohio, shot and killed his son-in-law, for which offense he was arrested and lodged in the county jail. When Sponsler was brought to trial, Hon. John Woods, an eminent lawyer, one of the oldest members of the Hamilton bar, and former member of congress from the second district, was appointed by the court to defend him, which he did with all the legal acumen possible, taking advantage of every circumstance, and fighting the case inch by inch. In spite, however, of all his herculean efforts, the prisoner was found guilty of murder in the first degree. Motions for a new trial and in arrest of judgment failing, Sponsler was sentenced to be hung on Friday, June to, 1836. Immediately after sentence was rendered, his counsel set to work, John Woods - 337 and his firmness indomitable. His early course of life had rendered his constitution hardy and capable of great endurance. At the bar, his conduct was a model for nor did he cease until a commutation of sentence to imprisonment for life was procured. This change of affairs, however, had not reached the ear of the public, and at the hour and place appointed an immense crowd assembled, to see the first man hung in Butler county ! When the mob—for it could be called nothing else—found that the execution was not to come off, filled to the muzzle with fighting whisky, they threatened to storm the jail, then a frail structure, situated on the public square, in the rear of where the present court-house now stands. William Sheeley, a man of herculean proportions, was then sheriff, and called to his assistance a number of able-bodied men. Taking a view of the situation, the mob considered " discretion the better part of valor," and dispersed. Before Sponsler could be taken to Columbus to undergo the penalty of life imprisonment, exasperated by the trying scenes through which he had already passed, he managed to commit suicide, by cutting his throat in his cell. This final act in the tragedy, together with the disgraceful scenes formerly enacted, so disgusted the prisoner's counsel that he then and there made a solemn vow that so long as he lived, there should never be a man hung in Butler county. How faithfully his vow was kept is known to the public, inasmuch as throughout his life he was untiring in his efforts to secure commutation of sentences of death to imprisonment for life, and it is said that his dying request was, that his relatives should pursue a similar course. This, we are informed, they have faithfully done ; and thus have we given the reason why there has never been a man hung in Butler county. In conclusion, we may add that there are yet living in Hamilton a number of influential relatives of the Hon. John Woods, but whether 30 338 - Pioneer Biography. imitation, despising all low and illiberal practice. To the junior members of the bar he was ever prompt to extend his friendship and patronage; and as an adviser to young men beginning life he won many friends among rising men by his generous treatment and sympathy. To the judges of the court he was polite and respectful; and to witnesses he was considerate and candid, never attempting to puzzle or embarrass them, except when there were strong signs of falsehood or corruption. None, it is believed, ever discharged their trusts as a lawyer with more scrupulous fidelity and spotless integrity. The strong mind and energy of Mr. Woods have left their impression on almost every public improvement in and about Hamilton. He was a liberal contributor to everything which had for its object the promotion of the happiness of man. Many years ago he took a leading part in founding and establishing the Hamilton and Rossville female academy, in which institution many of the daughters of our prominent citizens received their education, who are now matrons and engaged in the active duties of life, and we hope that they will interfere in behalf of the convict John Griffin, or not, remains to be seen ; or, in other words, we might more properly say, that the probabilities of Governor Hayes being so easily worked upon as former governors, are doubtful." Griffin was hung at Hamilton, July 29, 1869. John Woods -339 the proceeds arising from that establishment, will yet prove the basis of a nobler institution. He was active in the construction of the Cincinnati and Hamilton turnpike road, of which he was a director. He was president of the Hamilton, Darrtown and Fairhaven turnpike, and spent much time in attending to the location and construction of the road, and to its business afterward. He was one of the leading spirits in projecting and constructing the Hamilton and Rossville hydraulic works, which have brought such an immense water power to our doors, and is one of the principal elements of the prosperity of the town. He spent considerable time in procuring subscriptions to the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton railroad, in which he was largely interested, and of which he was a director during his life. Indeed, far more of the labor and energy displayed in carrying forward that great work came from Mr. Woods than from any other man. In short, wherever any useful improvement was projected, there was Mr. Woods ready to contribute to its accomplishment by his means and his energy. In his temperament Mr. Woods was decidedly amiable, and of a most kind and forgiving disposition. His walk through life was without a deviation from the paths of honor and rectitude. In his dealings and business relations, he was prompt, honorable, and expert, and a pattern of integrity. Law and order had in him an undeviating advocate. He was always found 340 - Pioneer Biography. on the moral side of every public question. He was a regular attendant at the house of worship of the Associate Reformed church, of which he was a consistent member. The purity of his private morals has never been questioned. In the early part of the month of July, 1855, Mr. Woods was attacked with inflammation of the lungs, so severe as to cause strong apprehensions of its fatal termination. However, he became better, and hopes were entertained that his system would rally, but the disease finally terminated in typhoid fever, with ulceration of the bowels, which ended his existence on Monday, the 3oth day of the month, in the sixty-first year of his age. Thus closed a useful and well-spent life. During his severe and protracted illness, he always manifested an humble submission to the will of heaven and resignation to his fate, that could only flow from the expectation of a better life. Proceedings of the Court and Bar, July 31, 1855 The District Court of Butler county having met at two o'clock P. M. Judge Elijah Vance announced that since the last session of the court, on yesterday, at five o'clock P. M., the Hon. John Woods, the oldest member of this Bar, departed this life ; and thereupon moved that the court adjourn, in order that measures might be taken to attend the funeral of the deceased. Thereupon Judge Kennon ordered the sheriff to adjourn the court until to-morrow morning at eight o'clock. A meeting of the Bar was then organized by the appointment John Woods - 341 of William H. Smith, Esq., chairman, and N. C. McFarland, Esq., secretary. On motion, the Chair appointed a committee of three, consisting of Valentine Chase, John M. Millikin, and Judge James Clark to report resolutions. The committee, through Mr. Chase, reported the following preamble and resolutions : WHEREAS, God, in the dispensation of His providence, has removed from among us, by death, John Woods, for more than thirty years a member of this Bar, who, by his strict integrity, generous deportment, and active benevolence, had endeared him not only to us, but also to our whole people; therefore, for the purpose of showing our respect for the man while living, and for his memory when dead, be it Resolved, That this Bar has heard, with deep sorrow, of the death of a fellow-member and friend ; and that we regard it as no ordinary calamity that the lawyer, statesman, citizen, and christian should thus be stricken down in the vigor of ripened manhood and upon the very theater of his usefulness ; and that we will be admonished by this of the certainty of death, and the necessity of the solemn injunction, " Be ye also ready." Resolved, That the Bar will attend the funeral this afternoon, at five o'clock, in a body, with crape upon the left arm, and that eight of its members be appointed to act as pall-bearers on the occasion. Resolved, That the District Court, now in session in this county, be requested to direct that these proceedings be spread upon the minutes of the court, and that the clerk be requested to send a transcript thereof to the family of the deceased. The Chair appointed the following gentlemen to act as pallbearers, in accordance with the resolutions : Elijah Vance, John Pioneer Biography - 342 M. Millikin, Thomas Millikin, Josiah Scott, Thomas Moore, James Clark, Isaac Robertson, and David Heaton. During the pendency of the motion to adopt the resolutions, remarks were made by John M. Millikin, Thomas Millikin, Valentine Chase, John R. Lewis, James Clark, and L. W. Ross, illustrative of the life and character of the deceased, and tending to show that he was a man of strict integrity, great power, and unbending purpose ; and, at the same time, combining therewith a forgiving disposition, more than ordinary kindness, and eminent practical benevolence; and that in his last sickness he was sustained by the christian's hope. The resolutions were then adopted. It was moved and carried that the papers of Butler county be requested to publish these proceedings; and thereupon the meeting adjourned. W. H. SMITH, Chairman. N. C. MCFARLAND, Secretary. The funeral took place at five o'clock P. M. on Tuesday, the 31st. The services on the occasion were by the Rev. William Davidson, of the Associate Reformed church, of which Mr. Woods was a member ; after which, the corpse was conveyed to Greenwood Cemetery, followed by one of the largest concourses of citizens ever assembled in Hamilton on a similar occasion. His remains were consigned to the tomb amid the regrets of numerous friends, and with the respect due to a life of integrity and useful public services. Mr. Woods left his widow, Sarah Ann, and several John Woods - 343 children surviving him. They had born to them six daughters and two sons. I. Mary Woods, born June 3, 1821. She married Dr. Cyrus Falconer, the son of an early and respectable citizen of Rossville. He was a graduate of the Ohio medical college at Cincinnati, and resides in Hamilton, pursuing successfully the practice of his profession. II. Sarah Woods, born January 18, 1823. She died on Friday the 21st of February, 1823. III. Martha Woods, born February 14, 1824; married William Beckett, the son of a wealthy farmer of Butler county. He graduated at Miami university in 1844; studied law and was admitted to the Bar; but turned his attention to manufacturing operations. He owns and operates a very extensive paper-making establishment on the hydraulic in Hamilton. IV. Sarah Woods (second), born October 10, 1827, died July 23, 1840. V. Rebecca Woods, born February 17, 1831. She married William H. Miller, a lawyer of Hamilton.* VI. Rachel Woods, born April 6, 1835. Was married September 13, 1855, to Samuel K. Worthington, * Mr. Miller was commissioned as lieutenant in the Twelfth Ohio Regiment of infantry, and fell in the Western Virginia campaign under General Rosecrans, in August, 1861. His remains were interred in the cemetery at Hamilton. Pioneer Biography - 344 commission merchant of Buffalo, New York, where she resides with her husband. VII. Cyrus Falconer Woods, was born December 8, 1840, and died on the 24th day of November, 1844. VIII. John Woods, the youngest, and only son living, was born on the 19th of June, 1838.* * He graduated at Miami university in 1860, subsequently studied theology at Alleghany and at Princeton seminaries, and was ordained to the ministry in the O. S. Presbyterian church, by the Presbytery of Oxford. He is now pastor of the congregation at Bloomingburg, Ohio. In a note, recently received from him, he says : " Since Mr. McBride wrote his sketch, my uncle, Alexander Woods, Mrs. Bonner, and Mrs. Kennedy have died. Mrs. Gray is the only one of my grandfather's family now living. Mrs. Kennedy's children have also followed her excepting one son, the youngest of the family. My father's constitution was remarkably vigorous ; he scarcely knew what it was to be sick, and could go through a greater amount of labor than any man I ever knew ; yet all his brothers and sisters, now gone,.died of consumption." INDEX. Adair, Captain John, expedition into Ohio, 2.17, 221, 225. Adams, George, 139; sketch of, 573. Allen, Colonel John, 240. American Pioneer, 30, 89. ANDERSON, ISAAC. Birth, 265 ; lands at Philadelphia, 265; joins the Revolutionary army, 266; at battle of Bemis Heights, 266; at Burgoyne's surrender, 270 ; wounded and taken prisoner, 275, rejoins his regiment, 272 ; lieutenant in Col. Laughery's command, 273i descends the Ohio, 274; Laughery's party attacked and Anderson taken prisoner, 276; journal during captivity, 278-287; the killed and prisoners at Laughery's defeat, 286; appointed commissary, 288; married to Euphemia Moorehead, 288 ; removes to Cincinnati, 291 ; to Butler county, 292 ; death, 292; family-Robert, 26o, 293 ; Jane, 295, 307 ; Margaret, 296 ; Fergus, 297, 309 ; Susan, 298 ; Isaac, Jr., 298; Euphemia, 299 ; Joseph, 299 ; William, 299 ; James, 300 ; Euphemia, the second, 300. Archbold, Edward, 65. Armstrong, Captain John, 525, 132; Diary of Harman's Campaign, 118-122 commands at Fort Hamilton, 153. Atwater's History of Ohio, 153. Avery, Charles, 42, 505. Baily, James, 11, 94. Ball, Ezekiel, 54: Zephu, 11. Baptist Church at Columbia, 28 ; History of, 94. Barbee, Colonel, 249. Bartlett, Captain Henry, 225. Battle at Great Kanawha River, 1; Guilford Court House, 2; Camden, 3; Ninety-Six, 4; Eutaw Springs, 7; Bemis Heights, 266. Baum, Martin, 105. Beckett, William, 343. Bedinger, Major, 162. Beeler, Elizabeth, 234: Samuel, 234. Bemis Heights, battle of, 266-270. Benham, Joseph S., 48. Ben ham, Captain Robert, 48, 113, 555. Bigham, Judith, 308 : William, 308: James, 350. Bishop's History of the Church in Kentucky, 92. Blackburn, James, sheriff of Butler county, 50. Blair, Joseph, 309: Thomas, 309, 315. Blount, Governor, of Tennessee, treaty with Indians, 226. Boal, James, 298. Bonner, Mr., 328. Boone, Colonel Daniel, 210, 227. Boone's Station, 181. Bowling, Robert, 224. Bowman, Jonas, 15 ; house attacked by Indians, 25. Bowman, Colonel, 187. Bowman's Station, 185, 187. Boyd, Surgeon, 222. Boyle, Hugh, 51. Bradford, Captain, killed, 142. Bridges, Ensign, killed, 142. Brooky, John, 203. Brough, John, 334. Brown, Hon. John, 218. Bruce, Charles, 173. Bryant, Lieutenant, 189; killed, 197. Bryant's Station, 181 ; attack on, 209. Buchanan, Ensign, 224. Bunnel, Rachel, 293. Buntin, Mr., 161. Burgoyne's surrender, 270. Burnet, Jacob, first recorder of Cincinnati, 42, 53 ; letter concerning John Reily, 73; account of Rev. John Smith, 97, 105; Notes on the Northwestern Territory, 97. Burr, Aaron, 29, 97. 346 - Index. Burns, James, 108, 112, 115. Burying-ground at Fort Hamilton, 46. Butler, General Richard, 32, 150; killed, 167. Butler, Major Thomas, 162, 165; wounded, 168. Butler, Captain, 160. Butler county, established, so, courts, 50-51 ; why there never was a man hung in, 336. Buxton, Edmund, 11. Byrd, Colonel (British), expedition to Kentucky, 190-195. Camden, battle of, 3. Campbell, Colonel, of Virginia, 5, 7, 9. Campbell, Colonel, 244. Campbell, Lewis D., 52, 69, 333. Campbell, Mrs. Jane H., 67. Carpenter, James, 11. Cary, Abraham, 42. Chillicothe, 41 ; the name of various places, 199. Church, armed attendance, 27; first organized in the Miami country, 28 ; of Moravian missionaries in Ohio, 29. Cincinnati, territorial capital, 41 ; chartered, 42; first officers, 42 ; first library, 43, 104; original proprietors of; 204; in 1789, 110; in 1790, 304; in 1795-96, 291. Cist's Cincinnati Advertiser, 11, 88, 95. Clark, Elder Daniel, 29; sketch of, 99. Clark, General George Rogers, 117, 218; expedition into Ohio, 195—200 ; expedition down the Ohio, 273. Clark, Lieutenant, killed, 142: Major, 159, 162, 164, 169: Robert, 315. Clayton, Mr., killed at the capture of Spencer, 37. Clinton, Joseph, 224. Cochran, John M., 309. Coleman, Mrs. Mary, at the capture of Spencer, floats down the Ohio, 38. Coleman, W., 13 : Jesse, 13, 38. Colerain, 14, 86. Collett, Joshua, 54. Collins' Historical Sketches of Kentucky, 99, 221. COLLINS, JOEL, birth, 179 ; removal of his father's family to Kentucky, 181— 187 ; Bowman's Station ; 1871 removal to Lexington Station, 201 ; with General Scott's expedition, 2 ; with Captain Adair's expedition, 217 sergeant in General Scott's command in 1793, 225 ; appointed lieutenant in the regular army, and establishes posts on Wilderness road, 226; spends three years in guarding the Wilderness road, 226-234; appointed judge of Lincoln county, Ky., 234; marriage to Elizabeth Beeler, 234; removes to Ohio, 234; elected justice of the peace, 235; appointed captain, and serves in the war of 1812, 235-261 ; elected representative of Butler county, 261 ; appointed associate judge, 261 ; trustee of Miami University, 262; marriage to Mrs. Nancy Woodruff; 263 ; death, 263 ; roll of his company in the war of 1812, 264. Columbia, settlement of, so ; first settlers, 11 ; Indian troubles at, 22 ; Baptist church at, 28, 94; intended attack on, 220. Conner, James, interpreter, 252. Cornstalk, Indian chief; 2. Cornwallis, surrender of; 206. Corry, William, first lawyer at Hamilton, 53. Corwin, Captain Matthias, 238, 242. Courts, first in Butler county, 50, 51. Court room, first in Hamilton, 52. Cox, Mr., brought tidings of the attack on Dunlap's Station to Fort Washington, 146. Cox, Peter, 148. Crab Orchard, Ky., 181. Craig, Captain: defends Bryant's Station, 209. Crawford's (Colonel) defeat, 100. Creacroft, Major, 274, 278. Creaton, Mr., 166. Crow's Station, 181. Crum, William, 86. Cunningham, Mr., 16, 108 Cushing, Major, 225. Cutter, Seth, 113. Darke, Colonel William, 151, 164, 168. Darke, Captain, killed, 174. Davidson's History of the Presbyterian Church in Kentucky, 92. Davidson, Rev. William, 61, 342. Daviess, Colonel Joe, 246. Davis. Benjamin, is, 28, 49, 94: David, 11: Mary, 28, 94 : Samuel, 11, 15. Delorac, Lieutenant Alexander, 259, 260. Index - 347 Denman, Matthias, one of the original proprietors of Cincinnati, 204. Denny, Major, 117, 152. Detroit, Captain Collins commands at, 259. Dewitt, Captain Z. P., 26o. Dick, SAMUEL. Birth, 301 ; lands in America, 301 ; engages in distilling, 302 ; removes to Western Pennsylvania, 303; marriage to Martha A. Gillespie, 303 ; removes to Cincinnati, 304; one of the first trustees of Cincinnati, 42 settles at Indian creek, 306 ; elected to legislature of Ohio, 306; death, 306; family—George, 295, 307; David, 308; Samuel, 308; James, 308 ; Elizabeth, 308; Jane, 309; Mary, 297, 309 ; Martha, 310; Susan, 310. Dickey, Patrick, 105. Dillon, Samuel, 50. Doughty, Major, constructs Fort Washington, 515. Duffield, Robert E., 55. Dumont, Benjamin, 113. Dunlap, John, 85. Dunlap's Station, establishment of, 85; various accounts of the attack on, 14, 87, 146, 304. Dunlevy, Francis, teaches school at Columbia, 30, 80 ; appointed judge, 51 ; sketch of, 100. Dunlevy's, A. H., History of Miami Baptist Association, 91, 94, 98, 99, 101. Dunn, Hugh, 11 : James, 50. Duval, Lieutenant, of Maryland, 5, 6. Eaton and Hamilton Railroad Co., 335. Earhart, Henry S., 48. Earthquakes on the Mississippi in 1811-1812,, 320. Ellis, Mr., 155. English, Matthew, killed, 223. English's Station, 181. Enoch, Abner, 48. Eutaw Springs, battle of, 7. Expedition to St. Clair's battlefield, 31. Fairfield, since called Hamilton, 46. Falconer, Dr. Cyrus, 343. Farnesworth's Cincinnati Directory for 1859, 89. Faulkner, Captain, with Harmar's expedition, 116, 528, 129, 138 ; with St. Clair's expedition, 162. Ferguson, Captain, 117 ; killed, 174. Ferris, Isaac, Elizabeth, John, Mary, Susan, 28, 94; Dr. Ezra, 95. Findlay, James, 44, 505 ; general in war of 1812, 236. Findlay, Jonathan Smith, 105. First book printed in Cincinnati, 102. First legislature of Northwestern Territory, 41. First legislature of State of Ohio, 50. First library in the Northwestern Territory, 104. First marriages in Cincinnati, 147. First mill in Hamilton county, 13. First school in the Miami country, 30. First sermon delivered in the Miami country, 28. First settlers at Cincinnati, 110, 113. Flinn, Captain James, 11, 23. Flynn, Ensign, 224. Fontaine, Major, 127, 129, 138; killed, 539. Ford, Captain, 166, 174. Fort. Defiance, 248; Hamilton, 32, 45, 151, 218; Harmar, 23, 115; Jefferson, 32, 258 ; Jennings, 250; Loramies, 241 ; McArthur, 240 ; Malden, 248, 251, 259; Miami, 13; Nelson, 195; Recovery, 290; St. Clair, 217— 2,59, 221-225; Washington, 11, 23, 36, 155, 150, 291 ; Wayne, 116, 124., 240, 243, 251. Foster, Gabriel, sr: Luke, 11, 14, 23 ; death, 24. Fowler, Edward, 148: Jacob, 154, 156: Matthew, 113 ; killed by the Indians, 148. Freeman, Thomas, 54; Ezra Fitz, 149. Frothingham, Lieutenant, 117 ; killed, 142. Gaines, Captain, 144. Galloway, Major James, 238, 240. Gano, General John S., 11, 28, 40, 94, 154, 175. Gano, Elder John, 30 ; sketch of, 98. Gano, Elder Stephen, 28, 94; sketch of, 93. Gard, Lieutenant Ephraim, 250. Garrard, Colonel, 249. Gibson, David, 86: Colonel, killed, 174: Lieutenant, 238. Gilchrist, Jane, 299 : J. Parks. 300. Gillespie, George, 303: Martha Allen, 303 : Neil, 315. 348 - Index. Girty, Simon, leads the Indians against Dunlap's Station, 18; at Blue Licks, 207. Glover, Elias, taken prisoner, 86. Goforth, Dr. William, 111, 28, 44, 95. Gowdy, Thomas, first lawyer in Cincinnati, 149. Gray, Jonathan, 328. Greene, John, 49. Greene, General Nathaniel, 2-8. Greer, John, associate judge, 50. Gregg, Captain Israel, early steamboating, 312, 322. Griffin, Daniel, 11 : Mrs., 48. Guilford Court House, battle of, 1 Guthrie, Major, 162. Hahn, Samuel, account of the attack on Dunlap's Station, 88. Hale, Lieutenant Job, 221 ; killed, 222. Hall, Ensign John, 25o: Lieutenant, 260 : Captain, 517, 129. Hamilton, Captain John, 260. Hamilton Intelligencer, 333. Hamilton, early reminiscences, 45, 57. Hamilton and Rossville Female Academy, 338. Hamilton and Rossville Hydraulic Works, 339. Hamtramck, Colonel, 16o. Hardesty, Francis, 110 Uriah and Hezekiah, 111. Hardin, John, 11: Colonel John, of Kentucky, 116, 123, 129, 137. Harlan, George, 49. Harmar, General Josiah, 23, 115, 137; expedition, 116-145 ; the killed and wounded, 132, 142; order issued after the battle, 543 ; trial and death, 145. Harper, Lieutenant, 260. Harrison, General William Henry. Ensign, 31 ; major-general of Kentucky militia, 239 ; commander-in-chief of Northwestern Territory, 240. Harrod's Station, 181. Hart, Captain, killed, 174. Heaton, James, 49, 56. Herbert, William, 49. Hickman, Mr., 223. Hinkle, Captain, 238. Hinkston, Captain John, escapes from the Indians, 194. Hinkston's Station, 181. Historical Collections of Ohio, 89. Hodgdon, Samuel, quartermaster St. Clair's army, 160. Holder's Station, 181. Holland Land Company, 290. Hough, Benjamin, 312: John, 312: Thomas, 49, 313 ; death, 315. HOUGH, JOSEPH. Birth, 311 ; serves apprenticeship to clock and watch-making, 312; removes to Hamilton, 314; engages in business there, 315 ; mode of conducting business in early times, 316 ; trading trips to New Orleans, 317 ; earthquakes of 1811-12, 319 ; early steamboat navigation, 321 ; in business at Hamilton and Vicksburg, 3223 death, 323 ; character, 324; marriage to Jane Hunter, 325 ; their daughter Mary Greenlee, 325. Hubble's Narrative, 95. Hueson, Lieutenant, 116. Huffnagle, Michael, 277. Hull, General, surrender of, 236. Hunt, Abner, killed at Dunlap's Station, 15, 18, 87, 147 : Jeremiah, 505 : Captain Ralph, 547. Hunter, Nancy, 67: Joseph, 67, 325 : David, killed by Indians, 202 : Jane, 325. Huntington, Judge Samuel, 51. Hurley, Cornelius, 11. IRWIN, THOMAS. Birth, 107; removes to Miami country, 109; arrives at Losantiville (Cincinnati), 110, 111; returns to Pennsylvania, 115 ; joins General Harmar's army, 116; details of the campaign, 117-545 ; attack on Dunlap's Station, 88, 146; early reminiscences of Cincinnati, 112-114, 147-149 ; joins General St. Clair's army, 151 ; account of the campaign, 151- 175 ; marriage to Ann Larimore, 175 ; removes to Butler county, 175 ; serves in the war of 1812, 176 ; elected state senator, 176; member of legislature, 176; justice of the peace, 177 ; character, death, 177. Irvine, General William, 277. Jackson, General, anecdote, 247. Jackson, Mary, 299. Jail at Hamilton, 53. James, John, 222. Jennings, David, Levi, and Henry, 111, Colonel William, 248. Jenkinson, Captain Joseph, 238, 240. Jett, Isaac, 224. Johnson, Colonel Richard M., 246, 254. Index - 349 Jones, Elder David, 27 ; sketch of, 90. Junction Railroad, 336. Kelly, James, 288. Kelsey and Smith, 49. Kemper, Rev. James, first minister at Cincinnati, 149. Kennedy, Francis, 113 : James, 328. Kenton, Simon, 211, 245 Kerr, Lewis, 105. Kersey, Captain, 23 : John, 186. Killgore, C., 105. Kingsbury, Lieutenant, commands at Dunlap's Station, 17, 86. Kirkwood, Captain, killed, 174. Kitchell, John, so : Luther, 113. La Fayette, General, 48. Lale, Peter, 193. Land, U. S., sales at Cincinnati, 43, 291. Larimore, Ann, 175. Larned, Ezekiel, 11. Larrison, Thomas, 86. Larwell, John, 66. Laws of Northwestern Territory, 102. Lawyers practicing at Hamilton, 53. Laughery, Colonel Archibald, raises a company, 273; descends the Ohio, 274; attacked by the Indians, 276; killed, 277; killed and prisoners at his defeat, 286. Leather-breeches makers, 179. Lee, Lieutenant-Colonel, 5, 7 : Levi, 235. Leggett, Ensign, 257. Lemon, Captain, 156. Leonard, Captain, 238. Lewis, General Andrew, 1 ; sketch of his services and family, 82: Thomas, 82: William, 83, 240 : Charles, 83 : Dr. Jacob, 49. Lexington Station, 181. Library, Cincinnati, the first in Northwestern Territory, 43, 104. Library, "Coonskin," 104. Light, Jacob, wounded at the capture of Spencer, 36. Line, Solomon, 54. Linn, Colonel William, 198. Little Turtle, Indian chief; 143, 217. Logan, Colonel Benjamin, 197, 209: David, 110. Logan's Station, 181. Long-hunters, 179. Longworth, Nicholas, 55. Losantiville (Cincinnati), record of the distribution and sale of lots at, 110, 204. Ludlow, Israel, surveys Symmes' Purchase, 43 ; lays out the town of Hamilton, 46; 110, 204. Ludlow, John, first sheriff of Hamilton county, 149. Lukins, Lieutenant, killed, 174. Lynch, Sarah Ann, 321. McArthur, Governor. 144, 260. MCBRIDE, JAMES, Biographical Sketch, vii. McBride, Captain James, killed by the Indians, 205. McCarran, Barney, 49 : William, 298. McClain, Lieutenant Nathaniel, 242. McClary, Mr., 125. McClellan, William, 47, 51, 154. McClung's Western Adventure, 96. McClure, Captain, 525. McConnell, Alexander, taken prisoner, 202; escapes, 203. McConnell's Station, 181. McConnell, Robert and James, 110. McCoy, Captain Kenneth, 215. McCullough, Thomas, 49. McDonald, Henry, 203. McGary, Major, 209. McHendry (or Henry), Enoch, 113 : Sally, 147 : Frances, 148. McKinney, John, schoolmaster, wounded at battle of Kanawha, 212; adventure with a wildcat, 212; death, 214. McLean, Hon. John, 54, 330. McMcans, Captain, 238. McMichael, Ensign, killed, 174. McMillan, William, 110, 112, 147, 149. McMullin, Captain, 138. McMurtrie, Captain, killed, 142. McQuircy, Mr., 125. Mac Vicar, Mr., 17. Madison, Lieutenant George, 221. Mail route, early, in Miami valley, 57. Manning, John, 11. Markle, Captain, 244 Marshall's Life of Washington, 132. Martin's Station, 181. Mason, Rev. John, 28; sketch of, 91. Masterson, Mrs., 213. Matthews, James, 11. Maxwell's Code, 102. Meeks, Mrs., 28, 94. Meigs, Governor, 239. Mentgetz, Colonel, 152. 350 - Index. Mercer, Aaron, 11. Merchants, difficulties of early, 316. Miami Canal, 332. Miami University established, 57. Mill, first in Hamilton county, 13. Miller, Ichabod B., : Alexander B., 11; Alexander P., 55: Clarissa, 294: William H., 343. Millikin, Hannah, 299: Samuel, 299, 322: Dr. Daniel, 299, 32.6 : Major John M., 32.3, 325 Mills, Elijah, 11: John R., 5 : Colonel James, 260. Miracle, Mary, 193. Mississippi River, early travel on, 318 ; earthquakes of 1811-12, 320. Mitchell, Mr. 148. Monmouth Court House, battle of, 272. Moore, Patrick, 11, 14: William, 11, 296. Moorehead, Euphemia, 288 : Fergus, 288 : Joseph, 290. Morgan's Station, 181; attack on, 189,192. Morris, John, 11, 22: Margaret, 299. Morristown, 22. Muir, Major (British), 251. Mulford, Captain, killed, 227. Murray, William, 48, 148. Navigation, early steamboat, on western waters, 321. New Baltimore, 20. Newall, Mr., 21 Ninety-Six, attack on, 4. Northwestern Territory, laws of, 102. Ohio constitutional convention, first, 45. Ohio river, flood of 1789, 13 ; early travel on, 316. Oldham, Colonel, 162. Orcutt, Darius C., 48, 147. Orr, Captain Robert, 273 ; taken prisoner, 277. Patterson, Colonel Robert, establishes Lexington Station, 204; one of the original proprietors of Cincinnati, 204. Patterson, Captain, 162. Paul, Major James, 116, 123. Payne, Brigadier-General John, 240, 254, 256. Pennsylvania, Memoirs of Historical Society of 117. Phillips, John, 11, 84, Piamingo, Cherokee chief, 159. Pierson, Ludlow, 49. Pitman, Jonathan, 11. Plasket, Mrs., 95. Poage, Colonel, 248. Post-office established at Hamilton, 56. Prince, Joseph, 42, 105. Prior, Mr., killed by the Indians, 40. Prisoners taken at Ruddle's Station, 193; at Laughery's defeat, 286. Punk, Captain, Delaware chief, killed, 215. Putnam, General Rufus, 216. Ramsay, William, 42. Randolph, Benjamin F., 11, 12, 54. Rawdon, Lord, British commander, 3, 5. Reeves, Caleb, 110. REILY, JOHN. Birth, 1 ; joins Revolutionary army, 2; at battle of Guilford Court House, 2 ; at battle of Camden, 35 at investment of Ninety-Six, 4; at battle of Eutaw Springs, 7, 76; retires from the service, 9; moves t2 Kentucky, 9 ; to Columbia, to, 84 ; volunteers for relief of Dunlap's Station, 14; opens school at Columbia, 30, 84; joins expedition to St. Clair's battlefield, 31; commences a clearing, 39 ; resumes teaching, 4o ; enters office of clerk of Hamilton county court, 30 ; clerk of Territorial legislature, 41 ; one of the first trustees of Cincinnati, 42; appointed land commissioner, 44; member of constitutional convention, 45; removes to Hamilton, 455 surveys Rossville, 50; clerk of court of common pleas, 50 ; of supreme court, 51 ; recorder of Butler county, 56; clerk of board of county commissioners, 56; postmaster at Hamilton, 57 ; trustee of Miami University, 57 ; character, 58 ; death, 60; extract from his Journal, 84; marriage to Nancy Hunter, 67; family-Joseph H., 67 : James, 67: Robert, 68 ; sketch of his military services, note, 68-70 : Caroline, 69: Jane H., 69. Reynolds, Jonah and Amy, 94. Rice, Rev. David, 28 ; sketch of, 92. Richardson, Matthew, 54. Roads, Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, 317. Robeson, Captain William, 235, 260, 328 : Maria, 328. Robinson, Captain John, 236. Rogers, Lieutenant, killed, 142. Ross, Jonathan, 11, 113: Thomas R., 54, 331 : Elsy, 147. Rossville, town of, laid out. 49-50. Index - 351 Ruddle, Captain John, 191. Ruddle's Station, 181 ; attack on, 189-192. Ruffin, William, 42, 105. St. Clair, General Arthur, scene of his defeat, 33 ; governor of Northwestern Territory, 41, 105, 150; expedition and defeat, 150-175. St. Clair, Arthur, Jr., 51. Sargeant, Colonel, 172: Michael B., 331. Sandwich, Canada, 259. Schenck, Aaron L., 40. School at Columbia, 30. Scotch merchants, 179. Scott, Captain, killed, 142: Colonel John M., 240. Scott, General Charles, expedition up the Wabash, 255 ; joins General Wayne in 1793, 225 ; governor of Kentucky, 259 Sedam, Cornelius P., 105. Selden, Lieutenant, 6. Sellman, Dr. John, 44. Seward, James, is, 52: Daniel, 13. Shannon, Captain, 273; taken prisoner, 274, 279. Shayler, Captain, in charge of Fort Jefferson, 32, 155. Shields, Thomas J.,310 : James, 350, 333. Shoemaker, David, 154, 147. Short, Peyton, 105. Shreve, Henry, early steamboat captain, 321. Simrall, Colonel, 249. Skin-dressers, 179. Slaughter, Colonel George, 198. Sloan, John, 16. Sloo, Thomas, 94. Smith, Elder John, 28, 29, 149; sketch of 97. Smith, James, 42 : Judge George, 63 : Captain, killed, 174: Major, 255. Snyder, George, 49. Sohn, John W., 48. Sparks, Captain, 559. Sprague's Annals of the American Baptist Pulpit, 93, 99. Spear, Lieutenant, killed, 174. Spencer, Lieutenant Anderson, 260 : Colonel, 22, 36. Spencer, Oliver M., captured by the Indians, 36-39. Sprigg, Judge William, 51. Squier, William, 55. Stanley, William, 42, 105 : Isaac, 48. Stinson, Thomas, 203. Stites, Benjamin, original proprietor of Columbia, 10, 11, 12, 80 : Elijah, 28, 94: Rhoda, 28, 94. Stone, Ethan, 54. Strong, Captain, 23. Stroud's Station, 181. Stuart, P. P., 105. Sutherland, John, 49, 355. Sutton, Colonel David, 238. Swearingen, Captain, killed, 174. Sweet, Ensign, killed, 142. Symmes, John Cleves, 10, 43, 305 : Celedon, 54. Talbert, Archibald, 49. Taylor, Mr., 108 : Captain John, 235: Hannah M., 300. Tecumseh, 251. Territory Northwest of the Ohio, government, 40; convention of inhabitants, 41; first legislature, 45. Theikeld, Ensign, 142. Thomas, John B., 57. Thompson, Miss, 213. Thorn, Azarias, 49. Thorp, Captain, 38 ; killed, 42. Todd, Colonel John, 205, 209. Todd's Station, 181. Torrence, John, 48, 50, 54: George P., 54, 237. Tory, confession of a, 207. Travel in early times : Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, 317; New Orleans to Cincinnati, 318. Traverse, Lieutenant Scott, 14; killed by the Indians, 149 Trigg, Colonel, 209. Trotter, Colonel, 116, 126. Truby, Colonel, 116. Truman, Captain Alexander, 14, 547. Tumalt, Colonel Henry, 170. Tupper, General, 239. Turkey Bottom, 11, 24. Vance, Elijah, 61: Samuel C., 105: John, 110, 112. Van Cleve, B., on the relief of Dunlap's Station, 89. Van Eaton, John, 110, 111 Van Nuys, Isaac, 105. Venice, Butler county, 16. Virgin, Captain Brice, 31. Voorhies, Luke, 223. 352 - Index. Wade, Thomas C., 28, 94: David E., 42, 105, 296: Nehemiah, 296. Wallace, John S., 15, 21; account of attack on Dunlap's Station, 87. Wallace, Richard, 277. Walker, James, 105 : John, a half-breed, 229. Watts, Colonel John, Cherokee chief and tribe hunt in Kentucky, 228-234. Wayne, General Anthony, 142. Weaver, Henry, 261. Webb, John, 11. Welles, Captain, 144. West, Lewis, 322. Western Library Association, 104. White, Jacob, 105, 110: Sylvester, 113. Wickerham, Mr., 11. Wilderness trace, 180; sufferings of emigrants on, 182-187. Wilkinson, General James, commander at Fort Washington, 30, 219: expedition to St. Clair's battlefield, 31; at Fort Hamilton, 47. Williams, Colonel, 7: Joel, 105, John, 224. Wilson, Joseph and John, 309. Winchester, General J., 247, 249, 251, 255. Wingate, John, 48, 49, 55, 260, 314. Wiseman, William, 15; account of the attack on Dunlap's Station, 88. Woodruff; Mrs. Mary, 263. Woods, Alexander, 327 ; family—JOHN, 327-344: Samuel, 327: Jane, James, Alexander, Mary, William C., Rebecca, 328. WOODS, JOHN. Birth, 327 ; services in war of 1812, 329; works on farm, 329; studies law and is admitted to the bar, 330; marriage to Sarah Ann Lynch, 331 ; elected to congress, 331; services in congress, 332; editor of Hamilton Intelligencer, 333 ; elected auditor of state, 334; president of Eaton and Hamilton Railroad Company, 335; president of Junction Railroad Company, 336; "Why there never has been a man hung in Butler county," 336; director of Cincinnati and Hamilton Turnpike Company, 339; death, 340; proceedings of the bar, 340; family—Mary, Sarah, Martha, Sarah the second, Rebecca, Rachel, 343 : Cyrus Falconer, John, 344. Worthington, Thomas, 245: Samuel K., 343 Wurmser, Sigismund, 151. Wyllys, Major, 117, 138 ; killed, 142. Wymer, John, killed by the Indians, 252. Yeatman, Griffin, 105. Yeatman tavern, Cincinnati, 43, 104. Zeigler, David, first mayor of Cincinnati, 42. Zeigler, Major, 123.