250 - Pioneer Biography. Louisiana (7-1) was born February 5, 18 10, at Bellefontaine, Missouri.* She married at Hamilton, Ohio, in 1832., James W. Taylor, of Frankfort, Kentucky, by whom she had two children, Richard Cleves and James W., Jr. Mr. Taylor died in 1838. She subsequently, in 1843, married Joel Baker, and had a son, Americus Stanley, and a daughter, Mary Symmes. She sent her sons, Richard and James, to the Western Military Academy, at Drennon Springs, Kentucky. In the fall of 1853, the typhoid fever broke out in the institution. James took it and died, and was buried in Frankfort Cemetery on a Friday. Richard was also attacked, died, and was buried on the next Friday. Mrs. Baker was so overwhelmed with grief at the loss of her sons that she died of a broken heart, and her remains were consigned to their last resting place on the following Friday. Americus(7-2) was born at Bellefontaine, November 2, 1811. He married Anna, daughter of Dr. Daniel Millikin, of Hamilton, in 1832. She died there January 5, 1839, leaving three sons, Anthony Lockwood, James Taylor, and Daniel Cleves. He married, second, Frances, daughter of Major Chasteen Scott, of Boone county, Kentucky ; by this marriage he had eight children, Florence, Scott, Americus, William, Henry, Lilly, Ida, and May. Mr. Symmes resided at Hamilton *A garrison post, situated sixteen miles above St. Louis. It was subsequently destroyed by the caving in of the bank, and Jefferson Barracks built in lieu of it. John Cleves Symmes - 251 until October, 1850, then he went to Covington, Kentucky, where he lived until June, 1852, when he removed to his present residence, a fine farm, three miles southeast of Louisville, Kentucky. William Henry Harrison, (7-3) the second son, was born also at Bellefontaine, in May, 1813 ; married in 1840, at Greyville, Illinois, and his wife died there in 1851, leaving three children, William Scott, Littleton F., and Alice. He married, second, Mrs. Barger, in 1854, at Shawneetown, Illinois; they had two children, Oliver Reeder and Ida Carr. He removed to Mattoon, Illinois, in 1857, and is now a practicing physician at Kansas City, Missouri. Elizabeth (7-4) was born in 1814, and died at Newport, Kentucky, in 1821. John Cleves, (7-5) the youngest son, was born October 25, 1824, at Newport. He was appointed a cadet in West Point Military Academy in 1843, and was graduated at the head of his class in 1847. He was put into the artillery corps, and was engaged, during 1848-49, as a teacher in ethics at West Point. In 1849 he was transferred to the ordnance corps, which he had always preferred, and spent six months in Europe. On his return he was stationed at Watervliet Arsenal, New York. Here he invented and built an iron bridge for the use of the arsenal, and afterward built four more on the Erie canal. Having a natural genius for invention, he turned his attention to fire arms, and made, 252 - Pioneer Biography. from time to time, fifteen breech-loading guns and a cannon, all different, just as improvements or modifications would suggest themselves to his mind while making them. One of his was one of four selected by a board, in a competition at Washington, for further trials, but nothing ever came of it. He was, unsolicited, appointed by Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War, a captain of infantry in 1855, but declined it, preferring the artillery service. In 1855-56 he was again assistant professor of ethics at West Point. In 1858 he issued a challenge to all inventors of breech-loading small arms to compete with him for the championship of the United States, and a prize of $500, and was himself declared the victor. In 1857 he erected the arsenal at Fort Leavenworth, and was taken sick there—nerves and eyes. He went to Europe to consult Dr. Von Graefe, a celebrated oculist, at Berlin. In 1861 he was recalled by an order from General Scott, and in November of the same year was pronounced, by the Retiring Board, unfit for the service on account of the condition of his eyes. He remained in the United States until he saw his country fairly over the effects of Bull Run, and then returned to Prussia, in September, 1862, where he now resides. He married Marie Lipowitz, of Posen (Polish part of Prussia), and they have one son, John Haven Cleves Symmes, born at Berlin in 1866. XVIII. John Sutherland. JOHN SUTHERLAND, one of the earliest settlers of Hamilton, and among the most prominent men of his day, was born in Caithnesshire, Scotland, in 1771. He was the son of a farmer, and when about the age of seventeen years, he emigrated to the United States, and immediately went to the western part of Virginia, where he remained a few years and then came to what now forms the State of Ohio, which was then almost entirely unsettled and overrun by savage bands of Indians. The Indian war was then at its hight. In the year 1793 we find Mr. Sutherland a captain of packhorse, engaged in transporting provisions and stores from Fort Washington (now Cincinnati) to Forts Hamilton, St. Clair, and Greenville, then posts in the interior of the Indian country. There were at that time no good roads by which provisions could be transported by wagons. The supplies for the army had to be transported on pack-horses, for which purpose a pack-horse department was established, which was under the command of an officer called "Pack-horse Master-General." Captain Robert Benham held that office at 254 - Pioneer Biography. the time. He was assisted by John Sutherland, William McClellan, Elias Wallen, and others, as subordinate captains. Each had the care and management of forty horses, divided into proper divisions, with the requisite number of men to load and unload, drive and take care of them. This branch of the service was very laborious as well as dangerous. The drivers were frequently attacked by the Indians, and sometimes killed. A number always went together, and were generally protected by an escort of soldiers or dragoons. Mr. Sutherland continued in this employment for some time, and afterward held some post in the commissariat department of the army, until after peace was concluded with the Indians by the treaty made by General Wayne, at Greenville, in August, 1795, after which he settled in Hamilton, where he opened a store and traded largely with the Indians. The friendly Indians then occupied most of the country west of the great Miami river as hunting ground; their camps were in what is now Darke and Preble counties, and in parts of Butler county. A great portion of his trade for some time was with the Indians for furs and peltries. As late as the year 1808, a party of eighty or a hundred Indians came in and encamped in the lower part of Rossville, where they remained several weeks trading with Mr. Sutherland. When the Indians retired. further west, he employed several persons, whom he supplied with goods, to go to their towns between the Mississinawa and the head John Sutherland - 255 waters of the Wabash river, and trade with them. Among those so employed were John McClellan, who lived in Hamilton, and David Conner, who lived in the lower part of Rossville. On one occasion, I remember, Mr. Conner, on his return, brought in a small, brass field-piece, which he had found near St. Clair's battle ground. It lay for a considerable time in Hamilton, on the ground where the garrison stood. What ultimately became of it I do not know. Some years afterward Mr. Sutherland traded largely in beef cattle, which he purchased in Kentucky and the Miami Valley, and drove them through the wilderness to Detroit, where he disposed of them principally to citizens of Canada. About the time Mr. Sutherland commenced business in Hamilton, or soon afterward, he formed a partnership in the store with Mr. Henry Brown, and did business for several years under the firm name of "Sutherland & Brown." After some time they divided their goods and established a store in Dayton, which was placed under the management of Mr. Brown, where it was continued until they finally dissolved partnership in the year 1810. About the year 1813 Mr. Sutherland entered into partnership with James P. Ramsey, a brother of the late Mrs. Sutherland, and did business under the firm name of "Sutherland & Ramsey," until the year 182o, when they dissolved partnership. Mr. Sutherland first commenced business in Hamilton in a double log building, which stood south of the 256 - Pioneer Biography. pickets of the garrison ; a part of the same building is the one in which the office of the clerk of the court for Butler county was afterward kept. It was south of where the Associate Reformed Church now stands. He then removed to the east side of Front street, between Stable and Dayton streets, where he had built a store and dwelling house on lot 1 20, and afterward built the large frame house opposite to the northwest corner of the public square, to which he removed his store and family. The same house is still in possession of the family. By a long course of industry and strict attention to business, at a time when large profits were realized, Mr. Sutherland accumulated a considerable fortune. He was, at one time, undoubtedly the wealthiest man in Butler county, and among the most wealthy in the State of Ohio. Independent of abundant capital to carry on his business, he possessed a large amount of real estate in both the States of Ohio and Indiana. His credit was unbounded. Mr. Sutherland was most liberal and generous in his dealings, and as the custom then was, an almost unlimited credit was given to customers; the consequence of which was that, during the long period in which Mr. Sutherland was doing business, a vast amount of debts were accumulated, from a great portion of which nothing was ever realized. He furnished goods to several young men to open stores in the country farther back, and in the State of Indiana; John Sutherland - 257 in some of these cases they were not faithfully accounted for, by which he lost heavily. About the year 1818, and for some subsequent years, he engaged largely in the pork and flour trade, and made heavy shipments to New Orleans. This was a most unfortunate time to embark in that trade, and many of those engaged in it failed. Mr. Sutherland lost heavily, and being of an accommodating disposition, he became indorser for some of his friends for large amounts, which he had finally to pay. These causes, with the change of times, embarrassed Mr. Sutherland in his financial matters. He finally suspended business, and it required the greater portion of his accumulated wealth and property to relieve him from his embarrassments. However, a sufficient amount was saved from the wreck of his fortune to render his family comfortable. Mr. Sutherland was a man of unbounded charity and hospitality. He was a friend to every one who deserved it, and befriended many who did not. Many a young man is indebted for his success in life to his friendship and patronage. He was among the very few, known to the writer, whose heart seemed to rejoice whenever he heard of a poor man meeting with success in his worldly affairs. He always adhered to the old Scotch Associate Reformed Church. He was a regular attendant at the place of worship, and for many years one of the principal leaders of the Hamilton congregation. His house was 258 - Pioneer Biography. always the stopping place and home of the clergy of that denomination when they visited Hamilton. He died at his residence in Hamilton, on the 9th day of September, 1834, aged sixty-three years, and was buried in the old graveyard in the south part of the town. Mr. Sutherland was three times married. His first wife was Miss Mary Scott, of Fayette county, Kentucky. She died some years after they were married, leaving one son, named Alexander, who died at Hamilton about the time he arrived at maturity. His second wife was Miss Mary Steele, also of Kentucky, who died soon after their marriage, leaving no issue surviving her. Mr. Sutherland, in May, 1810, married Nancy, a daughter of James Ramsey, who then lived in Ligonier Valley, Pennsylvania. Mr. Ramsey had previously resided in Franklin county, and was a ruling elder in the Associate Reformed Congregation of Greencastle, in that State, while the Rev. Matthew Lind was its pastor ; consequently his family were reared in the belief of the tenets and under the rules of that church. His youngest son, James P. Ramsey, who was a partner with Mr. Sutherland in the mercantile business at Hamilton, afterward removed to Philadelphia, and took an active part in the formation and organization of the Associate Reformed Congregation there, of which the Rev. J. B. Dales was lately pastor. Mrs. Nancy R. Sutherland was born on the 6th day of John Sutherland - 259 November, in the year 1787, and came to Hamilton to reside with her husband in 1810. She was one of those who composed the Associate Reformed Congregation of Hamilton at the time it was first organized, and continued a worthy and devoted member of it until the end of her life, ever loving it and ready to do all in her power to promote its welfare. Mrs. Sutherland was in many respects a remarkable woman. During her long and somewhat eventful life, she passed through many of those changes incident to earth, but always appeared the same, whether in prosperity or adversity ; always possessed the same equanimity, and met a friend with the same cheerful and benevolent countenance. Though her education was not much superior to what was common among females in her day, she could, while in the vigor of life, appear to advantage in the most intelligent society. She could testify her dislike of what was low, vulgar, or profane, without the use of strong and pointed epithets. If an evil report was in circulation on any of her neighbors, it was seldom that her intimate friends could learn from her that she had heard it. Of those concerning whom she could say no good, it was only when necessity required her that she would mention even their names. As a Christian her life was exemplary. While her house was for many years the resort of the wealthy and fashionable, it was in the company of persons of serious piety, though their condition in life 260 - Pioneer Biography. might be far below her own, that she seemed best to enjoy herself. Mrs. Sutherland died at her residence, in Hamilton, on the 21st day of March, 1855, in the sixty-eighth year of her age. They had eight children, two sons and six daughters. Elizabeth St. Clair Sutherland, the eldest daughter, named after her grandmother on the maternal side, died unmarried about the time she arrived at womanhood. James R., the oldest son, a most promising young man, died in June, 1834, just as he entered upon the twenty-second year of his life. Mary A., a daughter, married Carter B. Harrison, a son of General William Henry Harrison, who was subsequently President of the United States. Carter B. Harrison died at Hamilton on the 12th of August, 1839, leaving his wife a widow with one daughter, who continued to reside there. Sarah, another daughter, intermarried with Nathaniel Reeder, a son of one of the oldest pioneers of Cincinnati. Mr. Reeder built a tasty residence in Hamilton, where they reside in comfortable circumstances. John, the youngest son, resides in Hamilton, when not engaged in business elsewhere. Jane, Isabella, and Nancy, the three youngest children, reside on the old homestead. XIX. The Bigham WILLIAM BIGHAM, SEN., was born at Williamsburg, Virginia, November 1, 1752, and removed, with his family, to Lewiston, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, where he married Mary Reed, November 25, 1779. They had thirteen children; George and Margaret, twins, born September 19, 1780 ; Sarah, born May 25, 1782 ; Jane, born April 26, 1784; Mary, born March 4, 1786 ; David, born April 3, 1788 ; George R., born January 31, 1791 ; Judith, born April 17, 1793; James, born October 2, 1795 ; born April 12, 1802 ; and three who died in infancy. Mr. Bigham made two trips to the West ; first in 1795, and again in 1801. His absence on the first trip was prolonged so far beyond the time proposed, that fears were entertained by his family that he had been captured by the Indians. It was, however, by his extending his trip through Kentucky, by Harrodsburg, Lexington, and Bardstown, to the Falls of the Ohio. On his return from Kentucky, he purchased three hundred and fifty acres of land about one and a half miles from Cincinnati, four or five town lots in the town, 262 - Pioneer Biography. and seven hundred and forty acres of land near Hamilton. He did not finally remove West till 1809, when he brought to Cincinnati his wife, four sons--David, George R., James, and William ; and two daughters—Mary and Judith. The other daughters were already married ; Margaret to James Patterson, and Sarah to Samuel Reed; they had previously moved West, and were at that time living near Cincinnati. Jane, the other daughter, married Henry Long, and remained at Lewiston. Mr. Bigham, in the spring of 181o, removed to Hamilton, and the following year settled on a large tract of land on the Miami river above the town, which he had previously purchased. He was a member and an efficient ruling elder of the Presbyterian Church, and was considered the father of that denomination in Hamilton. He died on the 4th of September, 1815, aged sixty-three years. By his will he gave a considerable sum to the Presbyterian Church for the purpose of aiding in the erection of a house of worship, and divided the balance of his property among his children. DAVID BIGHAM was a man of high moral and intellectual character, and at an early age determined to study for the ministry ; while thus engaged he was attacked with a cancer, and obliged to abandon the profession. During the war with the Indians, Mr. Bigham went The Bigham Family - 263 to Harrisburg to consult a physician as to his cancer, and was cured under his treatment; his health, however, was never fully restored. David Bigham came to the West with his father when he made his second visit. He was twice married ; first, to Miss Beardsley, of Chester, Butler county, Ohio, by whom he had one child, who died in infancy, and the mother soon after; second, to Mrs. Susan Cummins, nee Ludlow, daughter of Esquire John Ludlow, and granddaughter of Colonel Cornelius Ludlow, by whom he had six children, two of whom died in infancy—the other four were as follows : Mary J. Bigham married E. R. Hawley, and removed to San Francisco, California ; William D. Bigham died in Cincinnati, November 23, 1866, aged thirty-three years ; Frances S. Bigham married Charles R. Fosdick, residence Cincinnati; and David L. Bigham married Anna M. Curtis, residence Cincinnati. Mr. David Bigham was ruling elder of the Presbyterian Church, at Hamilton, for thirty-one years, having been elected in 1815, at the time of the death of his father. His home was the resort of the first men of the country. He was noted for his hospitality, and his house was ever open for his friends. His correspondence was large, and included many of the first men of the period. His taste for studies continued, and his knowledge of the Latin and Greek languages rendered his society useful and much sought 264 - Pioneer Biography. after by the clergy and others connected with his church. The lively interest he took in its welfare caused him to be looked up to as the head of that church in Hamilton. His home was on that portion of land left him by his father situated near Hamilton, on which he built his residence and a woolen factory, which he conducted until his death—February 17, 1847. The city of Hamilton afterward bought quite a large tract of the old homestead, and it is now used as Greenwood Cemetery, where the remains of William and Mary Bigham and their four sons and many of their descendants lie buried. The Miami canal and the Hydraulic run through the land of Mr. Bigham, and some years prior to his death he deeded to the State of Ohio the land on which the lock is located in the canal near his house. GEORGE R. BIGHAM resided with his father and worked on the farm. He inherited the old homestead and a portion of his father's land, where he continued to reside and cultivate the farm until the year 1834, when he removed to a house he had previouly erected in Hamilton. Having studied mathematics and the science of surveying before he came to Ohio, in June, 1822, he accepted the appointment of county surveyor of Butler county, to succeed James Heaton (who was the first surveyor appointed, in 1803). He discharged the duties The Bigham Family - 265 of his office until October, 1836, when he was succeeded by Ludwick Betz. He did not at any time seek advancement in political life, but executed with energy and faithfulness the duties of the office which, unsolicited, had been conferred upon him. He was remarkable for the minute accuracy of his surveys, and spent much of his time, after the expiration of his term of office, in the practice of this profession. He was one of those employed to make the first survey of the line of the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad. With the patrimony he inherited, and by a course of industry and economy, pursued for a long period of years, he acquired a handsome property, sufficient to render himself and family comfortable for the rest of their lives. But in an ill-starred hour, in 1838, he entered into a partnership with Mr. William Wilson, in a mercantile business at Hamilton, and invested in it a large portion of the wealth he had acquired. As he had been brought up and spent nearly all of his previous life on a farm, he was not familiar with business, and did not attend personally to its details, confiding the management of the concern entirely to his partner. After continuing the business for eight or nine years, the house failed for a large amount. The debts of the firm were paid in full, but it took the whole of Mr. Bigham's estate to do it. This misfortune preyed heavily on his mind, and 266 - Pioneer Biography. rendered the latter days of his life unhappy. He was a perfectly honest and upright man in all his dealings and intercourse with mankind, and remarkably regular and temperate in his habits. In the early part of October, 1852, he was attacked with congestion of the stomach and bowels in an aggravated form, and died, after a week's illness, on the 14th of that month, aged sixty-one years and eight months. The following day at three o'clock P. M., the body was removed from his residence to the Presbyterian Church, where an impressive discourse was delivered by Rev. Mr. Sturdevant, after which the body was conveyed by a large concourse of citizens to Greenwood Cemetery. At the age of fifteen years, he made a public profession of religion, uniting with the Presbyterian Church under the pastoral charge of Rev. Mr. Latta, Chestnut Level, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. When he removed to Ohio, he early attended to the interests of the church, and was one of the members who organized the first Presbyterian Church at Hamilton, under the charge of Rev. Matthew G. Wallace. At the time of his death he was the last surviving member, residing within the bounds of the congregation, who was present at its organization. He was an active and consistent Christian. Mr. Bigham married, first, on the 15th of April, 1819, Margaret, daughter of Thomas Gormley, of Fayette county, Ohio. She died May 18, 1827, leav- The Bigham Family - 267 ing a daughter, Margaret, who married Dr. A. B. Nixon, of Hamilton. They subsequently removed to California, He married, second, on the 5th of February, 1829, Miss Margaret Cook, of Ross county, Ohio. They had four children—Martha, who married Mr. Steen, of Bellefontaine, and Mary Elizabeth, who married Rev. George L. Kalb, also of Bellefontaine; and Jane and David, who died young. MARY BIGHAM married Robert. Taylor, of Rossville. She died on the 12th of October, 1811, in less than a year after her marriage. JUDITH BIGHAM, the youngest daughter, married David Dick, son of Samuel Dick, one of the early pioneers of the Valley, who lived on Indian creek. They reside at Venice, in Butler county. JAMES BIGHAM was married twice: first, to Miss Catherine Scoby, a native of New Jersey. She died in about a year, leaving one daughter, Mary Catherine, now Mrs. Joseph Symmes, of Symmes' Corners. He married, second, Miss Martha Dick, a sister of David Dick. They had three children—Susan J., Margaret, and Sarah. He resided on a farm west of Hamilton, where he died. WILLIAM BIGHAM married Martha C., daughter of Ogden Ross, an old pioneer of Hamilton. They had seven children : Lydia, John, Caroline, James, Ross, Darwin, and William. He inherited a portion of his 268 - Pioneer Biography. father's farm, on which he lived till the time of his death, January 27, 1853, in the fifty-first year of his age. He had early united with the Presbyterian Church at Hamilton, and continued a member of it for thirty-five years. In 1847, three months after the decease of his brother David, he was elected ruling elder to supply his place; thus there was a succession of three ruling elders from the same family officiating in the same church. William Bigham was noted for his modesty, good sense, and strict integrity; he was kind, faithful, and conscientious in the discharge of his duties both as a private citizen and as an officer of the church. XX Dr. Jacob Lewis. JACOB LEWIS was born at Somerville, Somerset county, New Jersey, October 13, 1767. His father was called out, during the occupation of New York by the British, to serve in the New Jersey militia, and, while in the service, was attacked with camp fever, brought home, and died shortly afterward, leaving his wife and seven children. They had a good farm, and the boys, under the direction of their mother, worked it so as to produce supplies sufficient to maintain the family comfortably. Some time after peace was declared his eldest sister married Mr. Joseph Kinan, emigrated west of the Allegheny Mountains, and settled high up in Tygart's Valley, on the middle fork of the Monongahela, in Virginia. In 1790, Jacob, attracted by the accounts sent by his brother-in-law of the fertility of the land and abundance of game, concluded to pay them a visit. The country was at that time a wilderness of woods, unbroken, save here and there, by little bands of pioneer settlers, grouped together for mutual protection, living more on the fruits of the chase than of the 270 - Pioneer Biography. farm. They had for some time been undisturbed by the Indians, and began to think they were entirely rid of such undesirable neighbors. During the winter of 179o-91, a young man named Daniel Conley returned to this valley, where, ten years previous, his father, mother, sisters, and brothers had been killed by the Indians, and himself taken prisoner. He had just escaped and returned to look up the old farm. It lay near Mr. Kinan's, and, as the cabin was in ruins, he boarded in Mr. Kinan's family. One evening in the spring of 1791, Jacob, on coming home from his work, as he had been out all the previous night watching a deer-lick, felt drowsy and tired. He told his sister that he would lie down, and when supper was ready she could call him. But that supper never was eaten ; before it was ready three Indians came into the house, and at once shot Mr. Kinan dead. Conley was sitting at the fire dressing a powder-horn with a drawing knife; he instantly arose and struck an Indian with his knife, but in doing so, lost his hold on it. He made his escape through the room in which Jacob was lying, and out at a back door, and started to alarm the neighbors. Jacob, awakened by the report of the guns and the cries of his sister, arose and looked through the partly open door, and saw the Indians and the apparently lifeless bodies of his sister and brother-in-law. He was entirely unarmed, with no gun or ax or any other weapon near, and it would Dr. Jacob Lewis - 271 have been certain death for him to have gone into the room, so he made his escape, and supposed that he was the only one that had done so. After he had gone some distance into the woods, he began to think that as their house was the outside one of the settlement, and the farthest from the point from which the Indians must have come, the other houses must have been visited before they reached Kinan's. So he struck of through the woods five miles to another settlement. Here he found that Conley had alarmed the whole neighborhood, and that the house of a Mr. Hamilton had been agreed upon as a retreat. To this place he went, and learned that a party was already on the trail of the Indians; but they returned as soon as they found that the Indians were retreating as rapidly as possible, as they were not strong enough to follow them far. Out of the ten persons that were in Kinan's house at the time of the attack, six had escaped. Conley, although shot at, was unhurt. Mr. Kinan's oldest boy made his own escape. A Mrs. Ward and two of her children were in the house at the time; she, with one of her children and Mr. Kinan's youngest, slipped into a shanty attached to the house, and thence out of a back window, and got off in safety into the woods. The next day the neighbors collected and went to the house; there they found the bodies of Mr. Kinan, his little daughter, and one of Mrs. Ward's children, all 272 - Pioneer Biography. scalped. Mrs. Kinan was nowhere to be found, so they concluded that she was taken prisoner. Jacob was thus left, a young, inexperienced man, with two orphan children in his care. After weighing the matter seriously and consulting the neighbors, who were willing to do all they could for him and the little ones, he concluded to leave the children with one of the settlers and return to New Jersey. He expected to be able to persuade one of his brothers, who had lately married, to move out and take Kinan's farm and the care of the boys. But when the story was told nothing could induce the young couple to venture into such a country. After some delay one brother and a brother-in-law offered to take each one of the boys if he would bring them to New Jersey. So he had to return as he came, over three hundred miles, on horseback. He worked that summer in the valley, and in the following spring conveyed the boys to their uncles, who brought them up as their own. Jacob remained in New Jersey, and commenced the study of medicine with Dr. John Randolph, of Somerset county. Entering his office, Jacob had the benefit of an excellent medical library, and, as was customary in those days, spent part of his time in visiting patients with his preceptor. He remained with the Doctor until the fall of 1793, when a letter was received from his sister, Mrs. Kinan, who had been taken prisoner by the Indians as before related. Dr. Jacob Lewis - 273 In the summer of 1793, the government had sent out commissioners to the Northwestern tribes to treat with them for peace. Mrs. Kinan heard of these commissioners, and managed to write a letter to her brothers, and put it into the hands of a Mr. Moore, a Quaker gentleman who lived in New Jersey. He returned by way of Philadelphia, where he took the yellow fever and died, so that the letter did not reach its destination till late in the fall. In this letter she wrote that she was still a prisoner and closely watched, but if one of her brothers would go to Detroit and inquire for a Mr. Robert Albert, an Indian trader, he could tell all about her, and direct where she could be found. As Jacob's brothers were all married, and had their farms and households to take care of, he resolved to start for Detroit and make the attempt to rescue his sister, the other brothers contributing of their means for that purpose. He made his preparations as quickly as possible, and started on horseback about the 1st of November. The winter was early, and traveling rough and laborious. At Genesee he left his horse, and engaged to assist a young man who was just starting for Niagara with a drove of cattle. They suffered much on the way on account of the cold, and had to camp out in the woods two nights. Late on the third day they reached Niagara. Next day he crossed over to Canada, and made inquiries as to the possibility of reaching Detroit. He found that he had about three hundred 274 - Pioneer Biography. miles of wilderness to travel through, with but few resting places for travelers on the way. On telling his story, he obtained a pass from the authorities, and an introduction to Colonel Butler, Indian Agent for that section of the country. He gave him a letter to Captain Brant, the Chief of the Six Nations, whose camp was about thirty miles in the direction of Detroit. He remained at the Indian camp about a week before he could get a guide. At last Captain Brant, who, in the meantime, had treated him well, procured for him two guides, who agreed to make the trip for twenty dollars. It was a weary journey, traveling through unbroken woods and swamps, in snow and sleet, with little food and little rest, camping every night with only such frail shelter as they could put up after a hard day's tramp. They stopped a day or two at the old Moravian town on the Thames, and reached Detroit on the 3d day of February, 1794. Here he dismissed his guides, and presented his pass to Colonel England, the officer in command at Detroit. These were suspicious times on the frontier, so he had to stand a close examination; but after exhibiting his letters and telling the object of his travel, Colonel England gave him a permit to remain. The next day he fortunately found Mr. Robert Albert in town, and showed him his sister's letter. He said he knew her well, that he had goods with her tribe, and she had often worked for him when he was with them. He appeared very willing to give Lewis all the Dr. Jacob Lewis - 275 assistance in his power, but said that he would have to act very cautiously, as, should the Indians suspect that he was at all concerned in her release, that would be an end to his trade with them. He met also a Mr. Israel Rulin, who knew her, and tried to make an arrangement with him to secure her freedom by purchase. Rulin made application to the old squaw who owned Mrs. Kilian, but she could not be induced to part with her. Much disappointed at this failure, he spent some weeks at Detroit trying to devise other plans for her release. He received the sympathy and friendship of many of the best people in the place, and was advised by all to act very cautiously, as, if the Indians suspected his object, his sister would be hurried off to some of their distant camps. One day while he was sitting chatting with Dr. Freeman at his house in the outskirts of the town, the Doctor looking out, said: " H ere comes Simon Girty." Jacob was surprised and alarmed, knowing the bad reputation of the man. Girty entered the house without knocking, and without saying a word, stood looking at Jacob. He had evidently been drinking, which did not render his presence any more agreeable. After a few minutes, in which he did not change his position, Jacob asked him if he had ever seen him before. He answered, " No ; but if I ever see you again I shall know you," at the same time pulling out a large butcher-knife and throwing it down between the Doctor and Jacob. In a few 276 - Pioneer Biography. minutes, however, he picked it up and went out of the house. Girty was grown old, broken down, and dissipated, so much so that he was neither fit for a soldier or an Indian. He had a family, and lived at Malden, on the opposite side of the river. Jacob saw him several times afterward, and was always treated respectfully by him. Weeks passed in this way, alternating between hope and fear. All the traders he met seemed to sympathize with him, but were unwilling to run any risk to aid him. He could not even induce them to acquaint his sister with his presence in Detroit, as it would only result in a useless attempt to escape, followed by greater hardships and her removal to a distant camp. Mr. Lewis, however, was determined to remain in the neighborhood and persevere in his plans, however long it might take. Just as he was looking round for means to get into the Indian country, a contractor came to Detroit to engage men to cut and clear timber round Fort Maumee. This gave him just the chance he wanted, so he engaged at once as a chopper, and in a few days he was at work at the fort. A few weeks afterward the advance of General Wayne and his army was reported at the fort, and with it came large numbers of Indians, who encamped in its neighborhood. Mr. Lewis had enlisted the sympathies of a companion of his daily work, Thomas Matthews, Dr. Jacob Lewis - 277 and they resolved to go out to the Indian encampment, though without much expectation of finding the missing one. But I must let Mr. Lewis tell this part of his story in his own language : " We went out," he says, " and straggled among them in a careless manner for fear of being suspected. While thus walking about a woman clapped her hands and cried out, Lord, have mercy on me !' I knew her at once, but turned my back toward her, and walked off, telling Matthews who she was. We dare not go to speak to her, but turned our course toward the fort, at the same time fixing in our minds the situation of her tent and the lay of the ground and timber about the camp. There was a large burr or white oak tree lying prostrate near the camp, with a dense top. As we knew the Indians kept no sentries at night, we thought if we only could get her to come there at night we could easily carry her off; but how to make the arrangement with her to meet us was the puzzling part. We had observed that the squaw at whose tent she was had a cow ; and it was agreed that Matthews should go the next morning to the squaw with a loaf of bread and try to exchange it for milk. I was afraid to go myself, lest I should, by my emotion, betray myself. So Matthews went, and, fortunately, my sister was called to interpret. This gave him the opportunity he wanted, and he mingled the bread and milk talk with the plan for escape, which she agreed to. Fortu- 278 - Pioneer Biography. nately, the head engineer had command of the outposts that night, and, as he knew my story, when he learned our plans he told the guard to pass us outside of the lines, and allow us to return with any one we might bring with us. "We went to the tree as soon as it was quite dark, and waited there till near daylight, but my sister did not come, and we were obliged to return to the fort disappointed. The bread and milk strategy was tried by Matthews again. He found that she had been out all night also, but in another tree top. He soon made her understand which tree was to be our meeting-place, and returned. Again our friend, the engineer, favored us. We waited at the tree but a short time when my sister came. Our greeting was short, as the slightest noise might defeat our plans. We started at once for the fort. When we got within the lines, not deeming it safe to take her into the fort, we took her to a large brush heap near the fort, where we had been at work that day, in the middle of which I had made a hollow large enough for a person to sit in quite comfortably. Here we left her, well supplied with water and provisions. The next day had nearly passed when I heard that a boat called the Shawanee had been ordered down the river, and thence to Turtle Island. I immediately went to the boat, and frankly told the captain how I was circumstanced, and asked him to carry myself and sister to Turtle Island. After studying a few minutes, Dr. Jacob Lewis - 279 he said that he would if I could get my sister safely aboard ; but, said he, 'It will be almost impossible; see yonder, there are almost a hundred Indians scattered along the bank.' I told him to leave that to me. I went to the fort, got an extra suit of clothes I had, and taking them to the brush-pile, told my sister to put them on. When she was dressed I took her by the arm, as if she was sick, and started for the boat. One of my fellow-workmen saw us, and not knowing what I had been doing, hallooed to me, 'You are afraid of Wayne, are you, and going to Detroit ?' I answered that I was helping this sick man on board the Shawanee, and walked on through the crowd of Indians, and got aboard without attracting attention. "By daylight next morning we were safely moored at Turtle Island. Here we took passage on a brig bound for Detroit; but when we got to the head of the lake we were becalmed, and fearing delay, at my request the captain landed us on the Canada side, and we walked up to Detroit. Here we procured rooms at a tavern, and I was so overcome with my anxiety and excitement that I was taken sick, and was confined to my bed for a week. We had to remain sometime here before we could get a chance to go to Niagara. Colonel England again befriended me; when a vessel was about starting for the mouth of the Chippewa, he procured a passage for us and gave us a pass. We had a smooth passage down the lake, landed at the mouth of the 280 - Pioneer Biography. Chippewa, and made our way down on the Canada side to Queenstown. Here we obtained new passes, and sailed for the mouth of the Genesee river. Thence we traveled on foot to where I had left my horse on my outward trip. I found the horse had been traded off, but I got another. On this my sister rode, and I walked by her side all the way to New Jersey. We reached Somerset in the month of October, lacking only a few days of a year from the time I started out, and there was great rejoicing in the whole family and neighborhood." Mr. Lewis remained in New Jersey about a year, finishing his professional studies, when he married and moved to the western part of Pennsylvania, and established himself in practice. In the spring of 1802, he moved to Hamilton, Ohio, where he lived quietly and prosperously. In a letter to me, he says that those early days at Hamilton were very "free and easy." Among other reminiscences, he says : " On court days our judges and lawyers would turn out and play long-bullets for half pints of whisky, or walk out in a body to the race-course, and see and take part in the sport." In 1813, Dr. Lewis was appointed surgeon's mate of the First regiment, third detachment, of Ohio militia. Colonel James Mills commanded the regiment, which rendezvoused at Dayton. They were ordered to St. Mary's, where the regiment was divided into three divisions. Dr. Lewis had professional charge of the Dr. Jacob Lewis - 281 two divisions stationed at Wapokoneta and Amanda, which were on the Auglaize, almost twelve miles apart. His superior officer, Dr. Squier Little, soon after this resigned, and Lewis had charge of the whole regiment. When news came that the British and Indians were collecting strongly near Fort Meigs, the First regiment was ordered down the St. Mary's to that point, but Lewis was left at Amanda in charge of a large number of sick and wounded at that place. Here he had comfortable quarters and good attendance. Sheriff John Smith, paymaster, was his room-mate. While there, Colonel Dudley came along with his fine regiment from Kentucky. " Splendid fellows," Lewis said, " who seemed every one of them a match for a dozen Indians; but, poor fellows ! they met a miserable fate; for, before they reached Fort Meigs, they were ordered to the other side of the Maumee, to take a position occupied by the British ; but they mistook their orders or their way, and were cut off almost to a man !" At the end of the six months for which the regiment had enlisted, they were mustered out and returned to Hamilton. Lewis then made a visit to his friends in New Jersey, and on his return settled on his farm, which he had purchased in 1.804. " Here," says he, in his letter to me, " I have lived a quiet and retired life until I have advanced so far in age that, at this time, 185o, I am now in my eighty-third year." 282 - Pioneer Biography. Dr. Lewis died July 19, 1851, of apoplexy, it is supposed, having been found dead in his stable on his farm in Butler county. He married, first, in 1796, Mrs. Deborah Randolph, widow of Dr. Samuel Randolph, of New Brunswick, New Jersey. She died December 24, 1811. They had children, Mary Fitz Randolph, born July, 1797, married in Natchez, Mississippi, to Dr. John D. Cornell, in 1824, died in New Orleans, February 18, 1853 Cyrus, born January, 1799, died December, 1815; Ira Randolph, born February, 1801, married Eliza Hunt, daughter of Abijah Hunt, an early settler at Cincinnati, in 1822, died in Texas, August 23, 1867 ; Sarah Fitz Randolph, born July 18, 1807, married John D. Garrison at Hamilton, October 29, 1823. She is yet living, and resides with her son, D. L. Garrison, Esq., of Cincinnati. He married, second, Mrs. Sarah Cassidy, daughter of the late Dr. John Freeman. They had one son, who, years ago, went to the Far West, and is supposed to have died there, as he has not been heard from for many years. INDEX. Adair, Colonel, 118. Adams, George, 182. Adventure with the Indians, 9-17. Adventures of Captain Wells and his scouts, 19-30. Adventures with the Sioux, 35, 37, 43, 47. Albach, Annals of the West, 110. Albert, Robert, 273. American Fur Company, 38, 41, 65. American Pioneer, 115. Anderson, Isaac, 144; Susan, 198. Ashsahta, or Big Horn, 62. Astor, John Jacob, 38. Astoria, 64, 69. Bailey, Thomas, 182. Baker, Joel; Amencas S.; Mary, 250. Barber, General, 134. Barger, Mrs., 151 . Bear Stories, 190-194. Beard, James, 158. Beardsley, Miss, 263. Bedell's Station, 154. Benham, Captain Robert, 18, 174, 210, 253; Joseph S., 175. Betz, Ludwick, 265. BIGHAM FAMILY. WILLIAM, Sr., birth, family, moves west, 262. DAVID, 262; marriage, family - Mary J., William D., Frances S., and David L., 263. GEORGE R., county surveyor, 264; failure in business, 265; death, marriage, 2 66 ; family - Margaret, Martha, Mary E., Jane, and David, 267. MARY, JUDITH. JAMES, his family-Mary C., Susan J., Margaret, and Sarah, 267. WILLIAM, family -Lydia, John, Caroline, James, Ross, Darwin, and William, 267. Bishop, Dr. Robert H., 215. Black Snake, Indian name of Captain Wells, 99. Blue, Colonel, 116. Bogart, Pamelia, 198. Bowman, Lucy, 158. Boyd, Ensign, 116; killed, 117. Brackenridge's Voyage up the Missouri, 37, 51, 53 Bradbury's Travels in. the Interior of America, 40, 47, 52, 53. Bradshaw, Lieutenanti killed in a duel, 119. Brady, Mr., 189. Brant, Captain, 274. Brice's History of Fort Wayne, 100. Bronson, Lieutenant, 93. Brooks, Moses, 2.46. Brown, General, 239; Henry, 255. Buchanan, James, President, early life of, 200. Budd, Harrison C., 213. Burdge, Mary; Anthony, 197. Burke, John, 173, 178. Burnet, Jacob, 195 ; Notes, Butler, Colonel, Indian agent, Niagara, 274. BUTTERFIELD, JEREMIAH. Birth, starts for the West, 161 ; to Fort Massac, St. Louis, Missouri river, 162; returns to Massachusetts and marries, 163; back to Cincinnati, 164; running treaty lines, 165 ; purchases a farm in Butler county, 166; progress of the settlement, 168; driving hogs to Detroit, 169; shipping hogs to Cuba, shipwreck, 170; death, 171; family - Sherebiah, John, Jeremiah, Nathaniel, Elijah, Mary, Elizabeth, 172. Caches, 60, 73. Campbell, Polly, 163; Lewis D., 179. Carmichael, Dr., 132. Carson, Mr., 189. Cassidy, Mrs. Sarah, 252. " Cats to whip the men with," 107. Christy, Andrew, 144. 284 - Index. Cincinnati Gazette, Literary Gazette, Chronicle, 231. Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad completion, 146. Clark, Colonel James, 144; Governor of Missouri, 240; Elizabeth, 158. Clarke, Captain, 33. Clawson, Randall, 159. Cleves, Mary, 226. Close, Hannah B., 230. Clymer, Lieutenant, 236 Coggeshall's Poets and Poetry of the West, 230. Cogswell, Eunice, 226. Colburn, Charles L., 232. Collins, Mr., 246. Comstock, Joab, 168. Conley, Daniel, 270. Conner, David, 255. Cook, Captain, 130; Abel, 183; Margaret, 267. Cornell, Dr. John D., 282. Covalt's Station, 183. Craig, Major Isaac, 507; Lieutenant, killed, 125. Crane, Susan, 552; Joseph, 552, 197; Major John, 152; John R., 157; Elizabeth, Catherine, and Aretus, 197. Crooks, Ramsey, partner of McClellan, 34; in the American Fur Company, 40, 60, 70. Cummins, Mrs. Susan, 260. Curtis, Anna M., 263. Darke, Lieutenant, 124. Darwin's Golden Secret, 244. Davis, Samuel, 113; Catherine, 208; Jefferson, 252. Davy, Sir H., 244. Day, John, 70. Dick, David; Samuel; Martha, 267. Dickenson, General, 227. Dillon, Mary, 174. Dory, DANIEL. Birth, removes West, 181 ; life at Columbia in early times, 582-186; to New Orleans and New York, marriage, 187; commences a clearing, his cabin, 187-8; bear hunting, 190-194; collector of taxes, 195; death, 196; family-Joel, Noah, John, Daniel C., Elizabeth, Huldahi Orpha, Serepta, Joseph, James. Jerusha, Elias, 197-8. Drake, Benjamin, 231. Dudley's defeat, 281. Duffield, Eleanor, 157. Dunlap's Station, 114, 168. Dunmore, Governor, 9. Earheart, Henry S., 144, 176. Edsall's Address, Sussex Centenary, 227. Elliot, Rev. Arthur W., 178, 223; Robert, contractor, 210. Embly, Susan, 158. England, Colonel, Indian agent, Detroit, 274. Findlay, General James, 214. Finley, Rev. J. B., Autobiography, 9 ; Captain John, 107. Ford, Colonel Jacob, 227. Fort, Adams, Ohio, 126; Adams, Miss., 139, 241 , Campbell, 28; Dearborn, 101 ; Defiance, 27, 127, 133, 217 ; Erie, 240.; Goweri 9; Greenville, 21, 118 ; Hamilton, 31, 153, 183 ; Henry, 202 . Jefferson, 516, 118, 184, 205; Loramie, 165 ; Massac, 163; Meigs, 28; Mifflin, 227 ; Osage, 93; Recovery, 95, 120, 127, 137, 165, 184; Redbank, 227; St. Clair, 116; Taylor, 205 ; Washington, 17, 204; Wayne, 138. Foote, John P., 231. Fosdick, Charles R., 263. Fowles, Dr. John, 233. Freeman, Dr., 275; Dr. John, 282. Gallagher, William D., 231. Gano, John S., 182. Garrison, John D.; D. L., 282. Gibson, Captain Alexander, 104, 115, 245. Girty, Simon, 275. Gray, Thomas, 211 ; family--Samuel, William, Robert, Elizabeth, Josephi and Sarah, 210-212. Greaton, Captain, 137. Greene, General N., 142. Griggs, Matthew, 101. Gormlay, Thomas, 266. Hackley, Mrs., 100. Halsey, Mrs., 228. Hamilton, Mr., 275. Hamtramck, Colonel, 116, 137. Hardin's. Colonel defeat, 135. Harker, Mary, 229. Index - 285 Harmar, General Josiah, 9, 135, 182. Harper, Robert, 213. Harrison, Carter B., 260; William Henry, 228, 260. Hartshorn, Captain, killed, 121. Harvey, Asa, 166. Hawley, E. R., 263. Heald, Captain, and Mrs., 101. Heaton, James, 264. Henry, Mr., Indian trader, 54, 58 ; Joseph, 189. Hickman, one of Captain Wells' scouts, 21. Hill, George, 115. Hinkle, Mr., 183. "Hobson's choice," 110. Hogs shipped from Butler county to Cuba, 170. Hough and Blair, 575. HUE5TON, MATTHEW. Birth, 199; the family removes to Virginia, 201 death of his father, William Hueston, 202; learns tanning, 202; goes to Cincinnati, 203; appointed commissary in Wayne's army, 205; commences business at Greenville, sickness, unfortunate in business, 206; driving cattle to Detroit, 207; buys a farm, 207; marriage, 208; in the War of 1812, 209 ; elected a commissioner of Butler county, 210; his father's family — Matthew, Mary, Thomas, Robert, John, and Jane, 2 ; his mother marries Thomas Gray, their family, 211, 212; death, 212; family—William, Eliza, Mary, Samuel, Thomas, Eleanor, Robert, Cynthia, Catherine, 212, 213. Hueston, Lieutenant, killed in a duel, 119. Hughes, Rev. James, 215. Humboldt, Baron Alex. Von, 244. Hunt, Wilson P., in charge of the expedition to Astoria, 38, 41, etc. Hunt, Jesse, 204; Eliza; Abijah, 282. Hutchinson, Ann, 225. Indian adventures, 9-57, 19-30. Indian Tribes- Arapahays, 86. Arickaras, 43, 46, 49, 53, 55. Blackfeet, 77. Cheyennesi 55. Delawares, 127. Mandans, 43, 46, 49, 53, Miamis, 101, 135. Minaterees, or Gros Ventres, 43, 46, 49, Ottos, 91 Poncas, 42. Pottawatomies, 101. Shawhaws, 55. Shoshonees, 72. Sioux, 35, 37, 42, 47. " Tetons Bois Brute, 43. " " Min-na-kine-azzo, 43. " " Okandandas, 43. " " Sahone, 43. " Yangtons Ahnah, 4.3. Snakes, 58, 82. Upsarokasi or Crows, 56, 73, 82, 87. Irving's Astoria, 34, 39, 47, 50, 52. Jewell, Peggy ; John; James, 197. Johnson, Colonel R. M., 217, 246. Jones, Ben, 68, 70 ; Robert, 157. Junkin, Rev. Dr., 223. Kalb, Rev. George L., 267. Kelsey and Smith, 575. Kemper, Rev. James, 184. Kenton, Simon, 210. Keyt, Daniel, 157. Kibby, Captain Ephraim, 19, 182. Kinan, Joseph, 269 ; killed by the Indians, 270. Kinan, Mrs., taken prisoner, 272; her rescue, 277-279. Kingsbury, Captain, 137. Lancaster, Ohio, Indian village at, 9. Law, Amy, 158. Lathrop, John, 225. Latta, Rev. Mr., 266. LeClare, Francis, 70. Legion of the United States, under General Wayne, 105. Leslie, General, 227. Lewis and Clark's expedition, 33. Lewis, Catherine, 142. LEWIS, DR. JACOB. Birth, moves to West Virginia, 269; attack on settlement by the Indians, his sister taken prisoner, 270-272; returns to New Jersey, studies medicine, 272; letter from Mrs. Kinan, 273; goes to Detroit in search of her, 274; want of 286 - Index. success, 275 ; engages as a chopper at Fort Maumee, 276 ; finds his sister, her rescue, 277-279; reaches home, 280; moves to Hamilton, 280; surgeon's mate in War of 1812, 280, 281; death, family-Mary Fitz, Cyrus, Ira R., Sarah Fitz, 282. L'Hommedieu, S. S., 231. Lind, Rev. Matthew, 258. Lipowitz, Marie, 252. Lisa, Manual, 36, 41, 50. Little, Dr. Squier, 281. Little Turtle, Indian chief; 99. Livingston, Susanna, 228. Lockwood, Captain Benjamin, 539, 241 ; Mary Anne, 241 ; Anthony W., 247. Long, Henry, 262. Lossing's Field Book War of 1812, 102. Lowry, Lieutenant, 116; killed, 117. Ludlow, Israel, 165; John ; Cornelius, 263. Ludlow's Station, 154. MCCLELLAN, ROBERT. Boyhood, 7; with Harmar as spy, 95 adventures as spy, 9-17; goes to Hamilton, 17; scout in Wayne's army, x8; athletic exploits. 18 ; adventures as scout, 19-30; returns to Hamilton, 31; went by New Orleans to Philadelphia, 31 ; failure to procure a pension, 32; commences trading at Wilkinsonville, 33; on the Missouri, 33; Attacked by the Sioux, 35; continues trading, plundered by the Indians, 37 ; joins the American Fur Company, 38; lwing's description of McClellan, 38; composition of the party, 40; resume their course up the Missouri, 41; voyage to the Arickara village, 42-52; adventures and trials in the trip to Astoria, 53, 55; McClellan starts with a return party, 66; attacked by the Indians and return to Astoria, 66-69 , another start for the States, 70; sufferings and adventures of the party, 71-93; arrive at St. Louis, 93; opens a store at Cape Girardeau, 94; death, 94. McClellan, William, 7; pack-horse master, 17, 96; keeps-inn at Hamilton, 31, 96; marriage, 96; elected sheriff; 97 ; death, 97 ; character and family, 98. McClellan, John, 7; sketch of; 94; killed by the Indians, 95. McCoy, Rev., missionary at Fort Wayne, 100. McCrea, Mr., 204. McCullough, Mr., 149. McDaniels, Polly, 159. McDonald's Sketches, 19. McDonald, Thomas, 19. McDougal, Duncan, 39, 65. McKay, Mr., 39. McKean, Thomas, 143. McKee, Colonel, Indian agent, 131. McKenzie, Donald, 39, 41, 60, 64. McMahon, Major, killed, 121. McMechan, Rev. James, 222. McNeal, Ruth, 158. Mahaffy, one of Wells' scouts, 29. Marshall, Gilbert, 211 ; Lieutenant, 235. Matthews, Thomas, 276. May, one of Wells' scouts, killed, 29. Mayward, Mr., 172. Meigs, Judge, 229. Miami University, 215. Mifflin, Governor Thomas, 143. Miller, Henry, one of Wells' scouts, 20; Christopher, 20; taken prisoner by his brother, 23 ; Joseph, 41 ; Thomas, 213; Colonel James, 239. Milley, Abraham, 144 Millikin, Samuel, 145 ; Dr. Robert, 212; Dr. Daniel, 250; Anna, 250. Mills, Major, 124; Colonel James, 280. Minnesota Historical Society, 219. Missouri Fur Company, 36. Missouri River, trading on, 34, 91. Mitchell, Dr. S. L., 244. Moore, Hugh, 230; Mr., 273. Morton, McClellan's partner, 33. Nelson, John, 212. New England Historical and Genealogical Register, 225. Nicholas, Lieutenant Colonel Robert C., 239. Nixon, Dr. A. B., 267. Northwestern Fur Company, 34. Nutall, Thomas, naturalist, 40, 54 O'Hara, James, 32. Oliver, Elizabeth, 229. Omaha, 42. Index - 287 Pack-horse transportation, 8. Page, Nancy, 158. Patterson, James, 262. PAXTON, ISAAC. Birth and boyhood, 103; enlists in Captain Gibson's company Wayne's campaign, - 104; encampment at Legionville, 106; at camp Hobson's choice, 110; account of the campaign, 112-139 ; receives his discharge and walks to Cincinnati, 139; marriages and death, 140. Perlee, Rebecca; Peter, 160. Peters, Major William, 139. Phares, Mrs., 140. Platt, John H., 144. Pope, Hon. Nathaniel, 99. Porter, Captain, 137. Potter, Elizabeth; Amos; Daniel, 196. Preston, Captain, 137. Price, Risdon H., 94; Major, 130. Prince William Henry, 228. Radcliff, James, 192. Ramsay, James P., 255, 258; James, 258. Randolph, Rebecca, 229; Phebe, 230. Randolph, Dr. John, 272; Dr. Samuel ; Mrs. Deborah, 281. Reed, John, clerk in the American Fur Company, 41, 61, 65. Reed, Captain, 137; John, 189; Mary, 265; Samuel, 262. Reeder, Captain Nathaniel, 179; Jeremiah, 230; Nathaniel, 260. Reily, John, 216. Rescue of a white girl from the Indians, 12-17; of Mrs. Kinan from the Indians, 277-279. Reynolds, John P., 223; J. N., 247. Riddle, Jacob A., 160; Colonel, John, 160, 164. Ripley, General, 239. Robertson, Thomas, 253. Romanzoff, Count, 247. Rose, Elizabeth, 225. Ross, Ogden; Martha C., 267. Rulin, Israel, 275. Saunders, Paul; Isaac T., 140. SAYRE, PIERSON. Birth, enters the Continental army, 141; at battle of Springfield, marriage; 142; removes to Ohio, 143; keeps tavern at Cincinnati and Hamilton, 144; elected sheriff of Butler county, etc., 145; character, 146; his father's family, 148-150. Sayre, Ezekiel, 148; family-Levi, John, Huldah, Pierson, Benjamin, and Rachel, 149. Schenck, Aaron L., 207. Scoby, Catherine, 267. Scott, General Charles, 129; Rev. John W., 150; Major Chasteen, 250; Frances, 250; Mary, 258 ; Alexander, 258. Semple, Mr., 211. Shaw, Squire ; Knowles ; Albin, 165. Sheppen, Dr., 32. Short, Major Peyton, 228. Skillman, Abraham, 159. Smead, Wesley, 231. SMITH, CHARLES K. Birth and parentage, 214; elected recorder and treasurer of Butler county, 256; in paymaster's department War of 1812, 217; elected to General Assembly of Ohio, 2E8; secretary of Minnesota territory, 219; establishes Minnesota Historical Society and other public works there, 219-221 ; a prominent Freemason and Odd-fellow, 222; marriage, returns to Butler county, death, 222; writings and character, 223. Smith, John, "sheriff," sketch of, 214-216; Nathan; John, 159. Sorter, Arthur S.; Thomas, 160. Sparks, Captain, 137. Spencer, Rev. O. M., 20; Dr., of Marietta, 161; Colonel, 186. Steele, Lieutenant, 130; Mary, 258. Steen, Mr., 267. Sterling, Lord, 41. Sterret, Mary, 96. Stewart, David; Robert, 39, 65. Stites, Major Benjamin, 182. Strong, Colonel, 115. SUTHERLAND, JOHN. Birth, emigration to the United States and to the West, 253 ; a pack-horse master with General Wayne, 2.54; in business at Hamilton, 255; character, 257 ; marriage, 258; Mrs. Sutherland, 259; family-Elizabeth St. Clair, James R., Mary A., Sarah, John, Jane, Isabella, and Nancy, 260. SYMMES, CAPTAIN JOHN CLEVES. An- 288 - Index. cestry, 225-232; birth, enters army, 232; duel, 233-238; at battle of Lundy's Lane, 238 ; at Fort Erie, 240; retires from the army, 243; marries, 241 ; settles at Newport, 241 ; promulgates his Theory of Concentric Spheres, 24.2; circular, 243 ; its reception, 245 ; petitions congress, 246 ; lecturing, 247 ; death, monument, 248; character, 249; family Louisiana, Americus, W. H. Harrison, Elizabeth. and John Cleves, 249-252. Symmes, Rev. Zachariah; William ; Timothy, 225 ; Rev. Timothy ; Ebenezer; William ; Judge John Cleves, 226; Timothy ; , Daniel ; William, 229 ; Celadon ; Mary ; Juliana ; Peyton Short, 230 ; Timothy, 232 ; Rev. Francis M., 225; Joseph, 267. Symmes' Theory of Concentric Spheres, 243. Talmadge, D., 12. Taylor, Captain, 121 ; Ensign, 139; Simeon ; George, 198; Robert, 201, 267, Henry, 201 ; Elizabeth, 210, James W.; Richard C.; James, Jr., 250. Taxes, early, 195. Thomas, Rev. T. E., 223. Thoms, William, 212. Thorn, Captain Jonathan, 39, 64. Thorp, one of Wells' scouts, 21 Todd, Brigadier General, 134. Torrence, Emma; John, 174. Tucker, Henry, 153; family-Elizabeth, Sarah, Catherine, Mary, Abigail, Nancy, Henry, Fanny, Charlotte, Manning R., 159, 160. Turner, Mrs., of Fort Wayne, 100. Tuthill, Ann, 228 ; Abigail, 229. Underhill, Lieutenant, 126. Vail, Mary; Samuel, 197. Vallar, Andri, 70. Vanhise, Miss, 140. Van Rensselaer, Captain, 172. Vantrees, Emanuel, 167. Van Tuyle, Thomas, 197. Volney, Count, 245. Voorhees, Daniel, Jr.; Oliver, 159; Jacob, 163. Wallace, John S., 149; Rev. Matthew G., 266. Wallen, Elias, 254. Ward, Mrs., 271. Washburn, Corneal, 17 ; Miss, rescued from the Indians, 12-17. Wayne, General, 19, 235. Wayne's Campaign, Paxton's account of, 104-139. WEAVER, HENRY. Birth, joins privateersman and taken prisoner, 151 ; released and returns to New York, marriage, 152; removes to Ohio, locates a farm on Mill Creek, 153, appointed justice of the peace, 555 ; appointed judge, 156; death, 557 ; family-Nathaniel L., Nancy, William, Abraham, John, Polly, Samuel, Eliza, and Clark, 157, 158. Wells, Captain William, McDonald's account of; 19; meets his Indian father, 26 ; sketch of, 99-102. White, a scout with McClellan, to; Jacob, 154 ; Providence, 159. White's Station, 154. Wilkinson, General, 35, 35. William's Historical Sketch of Fort Wayne, 100. Williams, Mrs., Madeline, 540 ; Micajah T., 247. Williamson, John, 197. Wilby, Noah, 166 ; Judah, 169. Wilson, William, 265. WINGATE, JOHN. Death, 573; in Wayne's army, 573 ; settles in Hamilton and marries, 174; elected sheriff, 175; brigadier genera], 175 ; moves West and returns, 176; military services, 177 ; funeral, 178, 180. Wolcott, Mrs. Judge, of Maumee, 100. Woods, John, 217. Young, Major W. P., 179.