District. Directors	Number of youth	Am'ts rec'd.
No. 1. Enos McMillen, Wm. W. Longshore, Adon No. 2. Jonathan Morris, Jas. T. Caldwell, Hannibal Hepburn, No. 3. Brooks Caldwell, Ephraim Holloway, Thos. Caldwell No. 4. Wm, 17aughan, John Hawkins, John Robeson No. 5. Wm. Moore, Wm. KemWilliams.ph Hudd No. 6. Samuel Crawford, Joseph Cope, Henry Walter No. 7. Jesse Williams, David Wright, Jacob Barnes No. 8. George Eells, William Wallace, Lindsey Cameron No. 10. Henry Morlan, George Young, Thomas T. Baker	77 76 32 51 88 64 57 70 59	$65.49 64.64 27 22 43.38 74.84 54.43 48.48 59.54 50,18

No. 9 was reported as a fractional district. At present Nos. 7, 9, and 11 are fractional districts. The condition of schools in 1878 is shown in the appended table

District	Secretary of directors.	Number of males	Number of females.	Total
No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. No. 7. No. 8. No. 9. No. 10. No. 11.	Kemble Bell William Nuzum A. K. Pike John Johnson Perry Armstrong Alfred Dickey George Williams Joseph Love	15 21 18 32 41 28 31 30 10	23 23 12 25 32 18 20 30 2	38 44 30 57 73 46 16 51 17 60 12

These 444 youths were entitled to $308.25 from the State fund, and the special levies and income from other sources enabled the township to maintain good schools. Perry Armstrong is the president of the board of education, and W. O. Shafer secretary. RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. It appears that the Friends were the first to establish public worship in the township. About 1810 they built a 136 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO meeting-house on section 2, on a piece of land given for this purpose by Isaac James, who was the first minister. This house remains, but, since 1860, has seldom been occupied for meetings. The Friends at Elk Run have united with others at Carmel, in Middleton township, in forming a monthly meeting and assembling at both places alternately. Among those who attended the Particular meetings in early times were Isaac James, Benjamin Harrison, James Cowgill, Isaiah Morris, Nathan Heald, Aaron Hustis, Joseph James, Latham Harrison, Martha Bell, John James, John Tullis, Jason Tullis, Joseph Smith, David James, Jesse James, Isaac James, Jr., Levi Haines, William Siddall, Abijah Richard, Joseph Fisher, Francis Pallett, Thos. Hepburn, Jas. McConnell, Edward McConnell, and Lydia McConnell. The latter was a minister. Some of these joined the Hicksite meeting in 1828; many removed about 1840. These depletions and other causes dismembered the meeting, leaving but a few to represent the Orthodox Friends in the township. THE BIBLE-CHRISTIAN CHURCH OF ELK RUN. In 1822 the services of this denomination were first held in the township of Fairfield, but without promoting the establishment of a permanent society. Four years later, Rev. John Adams, at that time a resident of Elk Run, began to preach at the house of Joseph Paxson, at what now known as Chamberlain's Mills, and soon succeeded associating a respectable number in church fellowship. Among these are remembered Morgan Wellington and wife, Jesse Crow and wife, John Ward and wife, John Barnes and wife, Hugh Pike and wife, Thomas Hawkins and wife, Nancy Morris, Polly Job, Rebecca Eaton, Elizabeth McCoy, and Joseph Paxson. The latter became a preacher, and occasionally ministered to the society for the next six years. In 1828 the society built its first meeting-house, on what is now called Church Hill, on section 9. It was a log building, with n inside lining when first used. It had A loose floor, but no s ye or fireplace. The room was warmed by a mass of charcoal et aglow in Joseph Paxson's iron kettle, around which the members sat on slab seats. In 1835 a frame house was built, on the old foundation, by George Hawkins, which was in use until 1872, when the present edifice was erected for the society by John Hawkins. It is a plain but spacious and comfortable building, and cost $2750. The building committee was composed of Lemuel Scovil, A. K. Pike, R. B. Johnson, Macy Morris, William Farmer, Joseph Baker, and Joshua Whitacre. The church has at present (1879) 125 members and the following board of officers : Joseph Baker, A. K. Pike, and Lemuel Scovil, Trustees ; Lewis Pike and Joshua Whitacre, Deacons ; S. S. Pike, Treasurer ; and Smedley Baker, Sunday-school Superintendent. In addition to the ministers named, Rev. Robert Hawkins, of Pennsylvania, preached for the society about twice a year, and soon regular preaching was supplied by the following clergymen : Revs. John Secrest, James Hughes, Lewis Comer, James McVay, William Teegarden, Thomas Whitacre, John Whitacre, the Mitchells, Andrew Hanger, D. V. Hyde, Edward Cameron, and Albert Dunlap. Mr. Dunlap is the present pastor, and preaches also once a month in the free church at Elkton for the accommodation of members living in the southern part of the township. Simeon Newhouse, a native of Elk Run, became a Bible-Christian minister. THE KEMBLE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. A class of Methodists was formed at the house of Samuel Kemble, on section 9, as early as 1814, embracing among its members Samuel Kemble and his wife Susan, Samuel Wallahan and his wife, George Freed and wife, James Ward, Polly Job, and Mary Paxson. Occasional preaching was had at the houses of the members and in the school-house in that locality ; but about 1825 a log house was built, which was used, in a repaired condition, until 1862, when the church found a new home on the same section, but farther east. The old house is still standing, and is used as the residence of R. Newhouse. The new, edifice is on a lot adjoining the cemetery-ground, which was set aside in the early settlement of the township by Samuel Kemble. It was built under the direction of John Hawkins, David Ward. and Hiram Bell, and is a plain frame building, costing $1450. At present the controlling trustees are John Hawkins, Smith Bell, William Nuzum, Samuel Steward, and Hiram Bell. The members worshiping here number 35, and the church since 1860 has been one of four charges constituting the Elkton circuit. Until 1840 it was connected with New Lisbon and other appointments in the county ; after that period and until 1860 it was one of the many appointments in the southeastern part of the county, constituting the Liverpool circuit. The names of the ministers who were on these circuits, and the years of their service, as near as can be ascertained, were as follows : 1820, Jacob Hooper, ____ Dowler ; 1821, Wm. Tipton, ___ Trescott, Henry Knapp ; 1822, Samuel Brookonier, William Tipton ; 1823, Dennis Goddard, Billings 0. Plympton ; 1824, Ezra Booth, Albert G. Richardson ; 1825, Samuel Adams, Robert Hopkins ; 1826, John Knox, Wm. Henderson ; 1827, Edward Taylor, John Somerville ; 1828, B. 0. Plympton, Nathaniel Callender ; 1829, George Brown, ____- Winan ; 1830, Wm. Henderson, Alfred Bronson ; 1831, John Crawford, Jacob Jenks ; 1832, John P. Kent, W. Summers ; 1833, M. L. Weekly, D. Gordon ; 1834, Alcinus Young, J. M. Meacham ; 1835, Alcinus Young, P. S. Ruter ; 1836, Daniel Sharp, John McLean ; 1837, Daniel Sharp, J. W. Auld ; 1838, George McCaskey, J. Montgomery ; 1839, George McCaskey, Joshua Monroe ; 1840, Joshua Monroe ; 1841-42, Henry Wharton, Cornelius Jackson, ____ Day ; 1843-45, James M. Bray, Willie P. Blackburn ; 1846-47, Nathaniel Callender, J. K. Miller ; 1848-49, Robert Cunningham, Thomas W. Winstanley ; 1850-51, Wm. C. Henderson, A. J. Dale ; 1852-53, John Huston, Warren Long ; 1854-55, David Kemble, John R. Roller; 1856-57, Andrew Huston, John Ansley ; 1858-59, A. W. Butts, E. Williams, II. W. Baker ; 1860, M. W. Dallas, A. W. Taylor ; 1861-62, M. S. Kendig ; 1863, Warren Long ; 1864, Louis Payne ; 1865, John Wright ; 1866-67, G. D. Kinnear ; 1868-70, TOWNSHIP OF ELK RUN - 137 A. J. Lane ; 1871, John Huston ; 1872-73, J. D. Leggett ; 1874-75, W. Bedall ; 1876-78, James M. Bray ; 1879, A. J. Culp. THE ELKTON METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. In September, 1840, the Rev. Joshua Monroe organized, at the village of Elkton, a class of 17 members, among whom were John Kemble, leader, Daniel Ikard and wife, John Crook and wife, Thomas Crook and wife, James Montgomery; Elizabeth Baker, and Jacob Pitzer. This class, in the course of years, became known as the " Bethel M. E. Church, of Elk Run," but since 1870 has been known by the above title. The society worshiped in the free church until October, 1870, when the present meeting-house was consecrated for its use by the Rev. A. B. Leonard, of Pittsburgh. It was erected that summer by Alfred Dickey, at a cost of $1800, and presents an inviting appearance, having a beautiful location on a hill overlooking the little village. The trustees having control of this property are Thomas Crook, William Beard, George V. Davis, W. T. Simpkins, Perry Armstrong, and James Switzer. The church has 68 members, under the pastoral care of the Rev. A. J. Culp. It is connected with the Kemble church, in a circuit which has always had the same pastors for that body and for the Methodist churches in Middleton. A Sunday-school, which has an enrollment of about 100 members, has been maintained since 1870. The superintendent is Leonard Trunick. In 1840 a union Sundayscnoe was organized in the village, and after the White House" w built was held there until 1871, when it was discontinued. Among its superintendents were S. W. Orr, John Crook, am Thomas Crook. The Methodist ministers who were natives of Elk Run have been A. E. Ward, George Crook, and Ira Kemble. THE ELKTON FREE CHURCH. In 1838 a meeting o the citizens of Elkton and vicinity was held to devise meas res for raising means to build a suitable house in the village of Elkton, in which religious meetings might be held by any denomination, under proper restrictions, to be imposed by a constitution adopted by the members contributing to the 'building fund. William Kemble, David Ward, John Kemble, Jonathan Morris, Daniel Ikard, and -Samuel. Kemble, Jr., were appointed a committee to solicit subscriptions. With the means thus raised was built, in the summer of 1840, a brick house of worship, which received the title " Elkton Free Church." This church was used by the Methodists and other denominations until 1870, when the materials comprising it were sold to Cyrus Kemble, who removed them to build the residence now occupied by David Morris, at the mill. During the same season a new and more spacious church was erected for the society, on the original site, by Alfred Dickey, at a cost of $1268.75. It is 'a plain but neat frame structure, 35 by 45 feet, with ample accommodations for the people of Elkton and vicinity. The church can be used for religious meetings (preaching services) only, and is free to all, without reference to sects or creeds, and when regular meetings are maintained the oldest appointment shall have the preference of the hour for meeting; but all shall be subject to the rulings of the board of trustees. These for many years have, been William Kemble, C. V. Crow, and William Moore. Worship is held once a month by the Presbyterians, and among their ministers who have served in the church are the Revs. A. O. Patterson, Robert Dixon, George N. Johnson, and David }largess, who came from New Lisbon and Madison. The Bible-Christians also maintain meetings once a month in connection with their work on Church Hill. Occasional meetings are held by the United Presbyterians, Disciples, and the Winebrennarians. THE WHITE HOUSE. In consequence of a clause in the constitution of the free church limiting the meetings to " preaching services," the people of Elkton determined, Jan. 14, 1842, to build a house for Sabbath- and singing-schools, township-meetings, and other public gatherings. It was voted to call the building " The Elkton Sabbath-School House," and to erect it on a lot adjoining the free church. A small frame house was put up the same year ; having been painted white, it was soon almost universally called the " White House," by which name it is yet known. The subscriptions to build this house were secured from the people living in all parts of the township, and were paid in money, labor, lumber, or farm produce. The subscribers were the following : Henry Herbert, William Pennell, Alexander Martin, William Kemble, George Nuzum, John Clark, William Crow, Jr., William Martin, Jonathan Cowgill, John Kemble, Henry Wetsel, Daniel Ikard, Daniel G. Albright, Michael Ickes, Thomas Baker, S. W. Orr, Charles Ritchie, Stuart Herbert, Thomas Batchelor, Joseph Hudd, George Huston, John Crook, John Menser, Washington Frederick, Moses Dickey, • Samuel Chamberlain, David Crow, Robert Huston, Stacy Pettit, David Reddick, William Armstrong, William Montgomery, Martin Poland, Frederick Gemmill, David Stapleton, John Stapleton, James Batchelor, Thomas Crook, Henry McComb, Vincent Long-shore, Cornelius Whitacre, William Crow, Fanny McCook, John B. Crow, James Howe, Abraham Welker, William W. Longshore, John Beard, James Thompson, Guion A. Blair, George Harmon, William Barnhill, Harrison Richardson, Jonathan Morris, Thomas R. Thurston, John Williams, William H. Spence, Hannibal Hepburn, David Ward, Stephen Morris, Thomas McCoy, Thomas Pike, Daniel P. Carlisle, Nathan Heald, Thomas Hawkins, Marion Ritchie, Richard Burnell, Samuel Stickle, Nehemiah Wright, Washington French, John Cochrane, Andrew Barnes, Isaac Siddall, James Montgomery. The house is controlled by a board of trustees elected at the April meeting by the voters of the township, and within it all township-meetings are held. The present trustees are Andrew Armstrong, John Culler, and Hamilton Dickey. Among other trustees have been C. V. Crow, William Kemble, John Switzer, and William Moore. 18 FAIRFIELD TOWNSHIP No. 12, range 2, in the county of Columbiana, has been known by the above name—" Fairfield"—since its organization, in 1805. It is on the northern border of the county, and has for its boundaries Beaver township on the north, Unity on the east, Elk Run on the south, and Salem on the west. The surface is level in the northeast, undulating in the central part, and moderately hilly in the southern part, nearly the entire area being susceptible of cultivation. It was originally covered with heavy forests, composed chiefly of the hard-woods, and a considerable proportion is yet timber-land. The greater part is underlaid with a good quality of coal, the veins of which have been partially developed in the southern and western parts of the township. In the latter section are deposits of iron-ore. Building-stone and potters' clay are also found in the township. The soil is productive, but is of various kinds,—black loam, heavy clay, and light clay, with more or less of sand or gravel, being often on the same section,—and generally is of easy cultivation. In the southeast it is especially adapted to fruit culture, and in other localities to the growth of grass and grain. Farming is the chief industry of the people of the township. Fairfield has no large streams, but is well watered by a number of brooks that rise near the centre of the township, some of which flow northerly, others southerly. But little difficulty is experienced in obtaining water for domestic purposes ; and in the northern part of the township artesian-wells, sunk to a moderate depth, yield copious streams of pure water. PIONEER SETTLERS. Many changes have taken place in the population of the township, and but little can be learned concerning the early settlers of Fairfield, except from the meagre recollections of their few remaining descendants. Most of the early settlers came from Pennsylvania or Virginia, and, with few exceptions, had sufficient means to begin their new life comfortably, nor did they long endure the isolation of their new home in a forest country. The immigration was so great that within a few years every section of land was occupied by actual settlers. Some sections were subdivided into lots, containing not more than 20 acres, upon which cabins were put up by the pioneers, rude and uncomfortable, but giving their occupants a sense of ownership and a feeling of independence. It is probable that Mathias Lower was the first permanent settler in the township. He was a native of Maryland, but came from Westmoreland Co., Pa., in 1800, and " squatted" in the valley of Bull Creek before the land was surveyed. After the lines were run he found that the location did not suit hint. He then united with William Heald in purchasing section 23, the northern part of which became his. Here he began improvements, which may have been of considerable extent, as early as 1803, for in the fall of that year the first Court of Common Pleas for the county was held in his log barn. There being no separate room to which the jury might repair to make up their verdict, a large log in the woods near by was used as a seat while they deliberated the momentous question of the guilt or innocence of the individual on trial. This farm is at present occupied by Jacob, a grandson of Mathias Lower. Of a large family of children which Mathias Lower had, there is but one surviving member,— Emanuel, who lives on a part of the original purchase. In 1801, and the few years ensuing, a large settlement of Friends was founded in the southeastern part of the township. Most of these came from Bucks and Chester Counties, in Pennsylvania. Prominent among them was William Heald, a surveyor, under whose direction the greater part of the county was subsequently surveyed. With his family of five children, he settled on section 26, and lived in the county more than. sixty years, being active in his profession until about 1851. In his old age he removed to Cedar County, Iowa, where he died June 4, 1867, at the unusual age of one hundred years, eight months, and twenty-eight days. Two of his brothers, John and Nathan, came with him and settled in Fairfield. The former had a family of eight children, and lived in the northern part of section 25 ; the latter found a home on section 22, but soon after removed to Elk Run. In 1801, also came Samuel Oliphant, and settled on the northeastern part of section 27. The third member of his family of six children married the Hon. Richard Beeson, of Unity, in 1804, and lived to become almost a centenarian, living until a short time ago—now 1879—with her son Mahlon. Samuel Oliphant removed in his old age to the residence of his son Ephraim, and died there. William Ferrall came from Campbell Co., Va., in 1801, and settled on section 22. His sons by his first wife were James and William ; by his second wife, John, Jonathan, Benjamin, and Edward. Some of the latter yet live in the township, and the original purchase is yet occupied by their descendants. John James was in the party that accompanied William Ferrall from Virginia, and settled near him and reared a large family. The same year Isaac James became a resident of section 35. He had eight children, and some of the sons afterwards built a saw-mill in that locality. Joseph Bradfield was another Virginian who came at that early period. He settled on section 36, on the homestead now occupied by a grandson. He had three sons,—Thomas, who removed to the western part of the State, - 138 - TOWNSHIP OF FAIRFIELD - 139 John, and William. Aaron, son of William, is a resident of Middleton township, and John lives near East Fairfield, on the eastern part of section 36. John Crozer, the first justice of the peace, settled in the same year, and lived at East Fairfield until his death, at an advanced age. He had three sons,—James, Thomas, and John. West of Mr. Crozer, on the New Lisbon road, Abel Lodge was an early and prominent settler. He afterwards moved to East Fairfield, where he became widely known as an innkeeper. In the same locality John Aldoefer settled early. Near Middleton, Henry Dixson owned a tract of land upon which settled his sons-in-law, John Woods and John Cope; and in the same neighborhood, John Allman lived as early as 1802. His death occurred in 1811, and was one of the first deaths among the adults of the township. A few years later Joab Pritchett settled on the same section, No. 25, and lived there until his death, in 1851. He came from New Jersey, and had then a son, John, who lives in Wayne County. A son born in Fairfield, Joseph, is now a citizen of Middleton. In 1806, James Boulton became a resident of Fairfield, and his son Levi, who was at that time ten years old, is yet a citizen of the village. James Boulton died in 1837, from injuries received by being thrown from his wagon. SKETCH OF EPHRAIM HOLLOWAY, SR., AND FAMILY. Ephraim Holloway, Sr., one of the early settlers of the county, was born in New Jersey. When but a small boy he moved with his father, John Holloway, to Culpeper Co., Va., where the father resided until his death. Ephraim married Miss Susanna Garwood, of Culpeper Co., Va., but who was also a, native of New Jersey. In 1801 he moved with his family, then consisting of his wife and two daughters, to Columbiana County, locating on the northwest quarter of section 36, in Salem township, which he improved, and where he resided until his death ; he died in 1845, at the advanced age of sixty-eight years. His widow resided in Columbiana and Mahoning Counties until 1866, at which time she died in Green township, Mahoning County, at the advanced age of eighty-nine years. There were born to them twelve children, as follows: Susanna, Mary, Margaret, John, Isaiah, Sarah, Ephraim, Isaac, Jacob, David, Dayton, and Eliza. The three last named died quite young. Susanna married James Caldwell and located in Elk Run township ; afterwards moved to Fairfield township, where her husband still lives, she having died in 1871. Mary married Benjamin Underwood, and after a few years spent in this county moved to Union County, and later to Michigan. Margaret married Philip Miller, and moved to Union County, where she still resides. John married Miss. Lydia Dixson, daughter of John and granddaughter of Joshua Dixson, of Fairfield township. Soon after marriage they located two miles east of the village of Columbiana, where they resided until separated by the death of the wife on the 3d day of May, 1843, he continuing in the old homestead for nearly two years afterwards. In 1844 he married Miss Rebecca Seachrist, and in1845 purchased and moved on to what was known as the "John Dixson farm," one-half mile north of the village of Columbiana, which is still owned by his heirs, having remained in the possession of the family from its original purchase from the United States government by Joshua Dixson to the present, passing down to the fifth generation. They raised a family of eleven children, six by the first and five by the second wife, as follows: Leonard D., Ephraim S., Lucena, Eliza Ann, John Dixson, and Lydia A., by the first wife, and Susanna, Lot, Amanda, George, and Park by the second wife. Lucena died in February, 1877 ; the others are still living. The father died August 22, 1874, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. Isaiah married Miss Catharine Hardman, and moved to the State of Illinois. Sarah married John Waynee, and located in Hanover township. Ephraim married Miss Mary Ann Caldwell, located in Elk Run township, and afterwards moved to Centre township, where he died in 1875. Isaac married Miss Charlotte Caldwell, who died soon after their marriage. A few years later he married Miss Mary Lodge. They are now living in Green township, Mahoning County. Jacob married Elizabeth Williard, of New Lisbon, and both are still living in the county. The family were not members of any religious denomination, but were descendants of Quakers and always adhered to the Quaker faith. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE DIXSON FAMILY. Among the most prominent and active of the early settlers of Fairfield township were Joshua Dixson and Dinah his wife, who moved to the township from Fayette Co.; Pa., in 1802. He was born Oct 20, 1750. His wife was born Feb. 28, 1760. They located sections 3 and 4, built their cabin on section 4, and a few, years later erected a brick dwelling,—the first brick structure erected within the territory now embraced within the corporate limits of Columbiana,—which is still standing and used as a residence. In the organization of the township in 1805 he took a prominent part, and on the 21st day of August of that year laid out the village of Columbiana, having the plat acknowledged before Lewis King, a justice of the peace, and on the 22d day of the same month the plat was recorded in the recorder's office in New Lisbon, in Book A, page 11. At the time of moving to the township they had a family of eleven children, who accompanied them,—five sons and six daughters,--as follows: Emanuel, John, Joshua, Nathan, and Thomas, Hannah, Rachel, Elizabeth, Rebecca, Dinah, and Lydia. The first son and daughter named were children of a former wife. Hannah was born Sept. 19, 1774 ; Emanuel, Sept. 28, 1776; John, Dec. 28, 1783 ; Rachel, July 19, 1785 ; Elizabeth, Nov. 22, 1788 ; Rebecca, Dec. 22, 1790 ; Joshua, Dec. 7, 1792 ; Nathan, Aug. 25, 1794 ; Thomas, Oct. 3, 1797 ; Dinah, Aug. 27, 1799, died Oct. 7, 1804 Lydia, born Oct. 24, 1801. Levi, the twelfth child, was born in the township, Aug. 25, 1803, and died Aug. 25, 1804. Soon after their arrival in the township several of their children married and located in the county, and became prominent citizens of their respective localities. Their * Also spelled Dixon. 140 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO. memories are cherished by many still living. John married Miss Hannah Beall and located on a part of section 4,—on the farm now owned by his grandchildren, the heirs of John Holloway, deceased,—where he resided until his death, which occurred in 1840. He was a civil engineer, and for many years-did a large portion of the surveying in the northern and eastern part of the county. Rachel became the wife of Benjamin Hanna, and soon afterwards located in Centre township, near New Lisbon, where they resided until death. Each died at an advanced age. Elizabeth married Samuel Townsand and located in New Lisbon, where she resided until her death. Rebecca married George Copeland, and located in Fairfield township, where they improved two farms of 160 acres each. They resided for many years on their farm east of Columbiana, and about fourteen years ago moved into the village, where Mrs. Copeland died in April, 1873. Her husband, who was born on the same day of the month, same month and year, with herself, is still living, and is in his eighty-ninth year. Joshua, Nathan, and Thomas all married and located in the county, where they resided until their death, each dying at an advanced age. Lydia married a Mr. Stewart, and left the county soon after marriage. Joshua Dixson and family, down to the second generation, were members of the Friends' church. He and the older m embers of his family took an active part in the organization of the first Quaker church in the county. OTHER EARLY SETTLERS. In 1804, Joshua and Joseph Wood settled on section 13, and, were from Western Pennsylvania. About that time George and Jacob McGregory found homes in the same neighborhood. In 1806, Jacob Hum and his sons John, David, and Jacob located on section 14. Jacob was six months old, and yet lives in Columbiana. Two other sons, George and Adam, were born in the township. On the same section William Kimball and John Job were early settlers. On section 15, Charles Fitzpatrick was a pioneer settler. His son John is a citizen of Columbiana. On the same section, south part, John Windle located in 1807, and lived there until his death, in 1857. A son, Augustine, now living on the section, and two daughters, constituted his family. Michael Fox lived on section 16 as early as 1804, and at his residence was held the first township-meeting. The place is now the property of J. Kyser. Peter and William Bushong were pioneer settlers on section 10 before 1807. In the same locality were Thomas Dillon and Michael Coxen. The latter is credited with making the first bricks that were used in the township. In the northeastern part of Fairfield, Nicholas Firestone, a native of Virginia, settled in 1801. His sons by his first wife were Peter, John, and Henry. At a somewhat later day Jacob Unger became a settler in this section, but removed to Unity. Robert Hanna and wife, with a family of nine children, located on section 10, building their log cabin on the southeast quarter of said section, near where the residence recently occupied by James Caldwell now stands. Benjamin Hanna, the second of their ,children, located and made the first improvement on the farm now owned by Mr. Poulton in 1803, where he resided until 1810, at which time he sold, and purchased of Joshua Dixson the southwest quarter of section 3, which has been known in late years as the Allen farm, a part of which is now within the corporate limits of Columbiana. This he sold a few years later to Jacob Seachrist, and located just north of New Lisbon. Joshua Dixson and wife, with a family of eleven children, located on section 4. He erected his cabin near where Mrs. Daniel A. Stouffer now lives, and afterwards built a part of the residence now occupied by Mrs. Stouffer, in which he resided until his death. He purchased section 3 from the United States government at the same time that he purchased section 4. One of the first marriages in the township was that of Benjamin Hanna and Rachel Dixson, which was solemnized, Dec. 15, 1803, according to the customs of the Friends.* On the 4th of July, 1804, John Michael Esterly and his family, natives of Germany, landed at Baltimore, and after a few days began their journey to the West. On the way they stopped at Allegheny City, where a son four years old was accidentally drowned. In the fall of the year they reached Fairfield, and settled on the southwest quarter of section 5. The children then were George, Jacob, Catherine, and John, who all found homes in the surrounding country. George subsequently moved to Springfield, where he r d a large family. Jacob settled in the eastern part of section 5, and reared seven sons,—John, Abraham, Isaac, George, Davi , Jonathan, and Jacob. John remained on the homestead and reared two sons,—Solomon and Levi. He is the only one of the three brothers surviving, and is one of the few old men of the township who came at such an early date. On section 7, John Beeson settled about 1803, and soon after put in operation the first grist-mill in the township. In 1820 he sold his property to Jacob Nold, who had three sons,—Henry, John, and Jacob. Two of the sons of the last named—John Z. and Abraham—yet live in this neighborhood. As early as 1803, Caleb and Jesse Cope settled on the eastern part of section 18, on' the farms which yet belong to their descendants. About the same time Samuel Erwin became a resident, on the southwest quarter of section 20. Of a family of five children, the youngest, Mahlon, is yet a citizen of the county. In this neighborhood William Ingledue was an early settler. On section 19, on the present Beilhart place, George Slutter was a pioneer. Here, also, David Newhouse and the Wilhelm and Frederick families lived at an early day. On section 29, James Daniels located about 1802, and after a few years sold to Lawrence Ney, the father of Samuel Ney, the present occupant of the farm. Isaiah Garwood was a settler on section 28 before 1803 ; Joseph and Benjamin Stratton on section 32 ; and D. Galbraith, Alexander Rogers, Jesse Lewis, and the Freed family, in the southern part of the township. The immigration after 1805 was so great that no ex- * Gen. E. S. Holloway. TOWNSHIP OF FAIRFIELD - 141 tended account of the pioneers can be given. Rudolph Baer, Levi Antrim, William Hickman, Samuel Wallahan, Jesse Allen, and Daniel Hardman all merit a place among the earliest of the township's pioneers. At an election for justices of the peace, Oct. 18, 1809, which resulted in the choice of William Hickman and. Alexander Rogers, the voters were the following : Joshua Woods, William Harrison, Robert Hanna, Peter Bushong, David Hawley, John Keller, John Aldoefer, Amos Hawley, John Dixson, John Underwood, James Crozer, William Hickman, Benjamin Hanna, Joseph Woods, Levi Antrim, Alexander Rogers, Thomas Hanna, Daniel Wallahan, John Crozer, Samuel Wallahan, Augustine Bushong, Mathias Lower, Rudolph Baer, Joseph Humphrey, James Adamson, John Crozer, Jr., George West, Parnall Hall, Enos Woods, George Rogers, Jacob Woods, John Randall, William Ferrel, Jacob Stratton, William Ingledue, David Stratton, Nathan Cope, Joseph Stratton, Michael Coxen, Joseph Stratton, Jr., Abel Lodge, Peter Atterholt, John Jobs, John McClure, Joseph Beal, John Bradfield, Edward Bradfield, Caleb Hawley, Joshua Dixson, Thomas Dixson, Jacob Harmon, George McGregory, James E. Caldwell, Joseph Bradfield, John James. HOUSEHOLDERS IN 1828. The condition of the settlements in the township in 1828 is clearly shown in the following lists of householders, their residences being given by school districts : In No. 1, embracing sections 1, 2, 11, 12, 13, and 14, were Nicholas Firestone, George Hisey, Jacob Scriver, John W. Armstrong, William Beans, George Copeland, Jeremiah Haas, Peter Firestone, Henry Hardman, Jacob Switzer, Michael Smith, William Kimball, Jacob Unger, George Freed, James Adamson, John Adamson, George McGregory, Jacob Hum, James Palmer, John Hum, Lewis Morgan, Joseph Woods, John A. Woods, Joshua Woods, Samuel Dixon. District No. 2, composed of sections 3, 4, 9, and 10, had as householders William Underwood, Solomon Diehl, David Neidig, Isaac Bachman, William Patterson, Jeremiah Case, Abraham Fox, George Dehoff, John D. Sturgeon, John Dehoff, Joshua Dixon, Peter Dehoff, Jonathan Fessler, John Myers, Abigail Batten, Rachel Hawley, Samuel Sheets, Jesse Allen, William Moody, Samuel Beans, John Keninger, Joseph Neidig, Moses Curry, Nancy Rudolph, John Ewing, George Aldoefer, Jacob Bushong, Jacob Cope, Joseph Valentine, Jacob Seachrist, John Aldoefer, William Bushong, Daniel Bushong, Joseph Hisey, Peter Bushong, Jacob Bushong, Thomas Dillon, James Dillon, Nicholas Bishop, William Bishop, John Dixon, John Maltspaugh, Joseph McCune, Christopher Hively, Peter Hively, Sarah Kechly, Samuel Fox, Jacob Gucher. Those living in district No. 3, sections 5, 6, 7, and 8, were John Beans, George Rinkenberger, Christian Shaley, Frederick Wilhelm, John Clapsaddle, John Gibert, Frederick Rinkenberger, John Rinkenberger, Michael Esterly, Jacob Esterly, Jacob Leady, Abraham Miry, Daniel Rudibaugh, Christian Holdeman, Henry Nold, Joseph Frederick, David Frederick, George Epley, Joseph Landis, Jacob Nold, Sr., Jacob Nold, Jr., Christian Swarts, John Best, John Summers, Christian Shaffer. The householders of the fourth district, composed of sections 17, 18, 19, and 20, were Moses Ember, Michael Cook, John Perkins, Isaac Moreland, Hosea Moreland, Samuel Erwin, Elisha Erwin, Mahlon Erwin, Lewis Ingledue, Jesse Lewis, Michael Henry, Barzilla Moreland, John Aldoefer, Jr., Daniel Stratton, John Piles, John Stratton, Mary guru, David Hardman, Jesse Cope, Joseph Hardman, Samuel Hardman, Abraham Overholser, David Newhouse, John Baker, George Stutter, William Baker, Martin Overholser, Mathias Tinsman, Thomas Kent, Ashford Kent, Edward Furn. In district No. 5, sections 15, 16, 21, 22, lived as householders. Daniel Hardman, Charles Fitzpatrick, Daniel Fitzpatrick, Peter Miller, Sr., Peter Miller, Jr., George Grim, John Windle, Simon Cope, Philip Shuey, Augustine Bushong, Jacob Snyder, Nathan Dixon, Joseph Mellinger, John Fox, Phineas Petitt, Daniel Petitt, James Weeden, Jordan Bradfield, John Ferrall, Samuel Oliphant, Ephraim Oliphant, Jacob Hisey, Henry Hisey, Christian Baer, Bridget Henry, Jacob Switzer, James Burns. District No. 6, composed of sections 23, 24, 25, and 26, had the the following householders : Mathias Lower, George Lower, William Heald, Sr., Abner Heald, John Heald, Jr., Thomas Hatcher, Joseph Cope, Samuel Hicklin, John Lewis, William Lewis, John Fisher, John Aldoefer, Josiah Engle, Enoch Sharp, Samuel Woods, Enos Woods, Thomas Wickersham, Samuel Oliphant, Sr., George Hametter, Aaron Stewart, Daniel Musser, James Boughton, Levi Boughton, Jacob Pritchett, John Heald, Sr., Thomas Heald, William Heald, Jr., Ebenezer Allman, Thomas Allman, Hannah Allman. The seventh district, composed of sections 36 and the east half of 35, had the following householders : James Laird, Abner Dixon, William Galloway, John Crozer, Jr., James Newling, James McVey, Jesse Mercer, Levi Mas.sey, Sylvanus Fisher, John Crozer, Sr., Jonathan Ferrall, Nicholas Eckes, Abel Lodge, Benjamin Ferrall, Robert Craig, David Hammentue, Samuel Byrnes, Samuel Blackburn, William Newling, William Kerns, Benjamin Lang, Robert Folsom, Gustavus Allen, William Robertson, Joseph Thompson, Amos Dillon, Peter Huffstock, James Brisco, Aquilla Brisco, Job Wickersham, Abraham Perkins, Jonathan Bradfield, Mathias Slack, Thomas Crozer, John Bradfield, William Bradfield, Aaron Harter, Daniel Mercer, Joseph James, David James, Thomas Bradfield. The inhabitants of district No. 8, embracing sections 27, 28, 33, 34, and the west half of 35, were Samuel Hollingsworth, Elisha Hollingsworth, Isaac James, Sr., Simon Gable, William George, John Wallahan, Sr., David Hanna, Israel Redden, John Rogers, Mary Ferrall, Edmund Ferrall, Daniel Garwood, Samuel Wallahan, Isaiah Garwood, Isaac Garwood, Thomas Garwood, Isaac Holloway, William Hendricks, John Wallahan, A. Rogers. District No. 9, embracing sections 29, 30, 31, and 32, had the following inhabitants : Asa Holloway, John James, James Daniels, Eli Holloway, Abel James, Lawrence Ney, Benjamin Patterson, Jonathan Galloway, Jacob Hendrick, Sarah Galloway, Nathan Cope, David Cope, John Cope, 142 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO.   Joseph Cope, Thomas Frisbie, David Carpenter, Levi Beans, Christopher Baer, Jacob Miller, Arthur Galloway, William Farmer, Abraham Musmet, Abraham Miller, Susannah Quick, Jacob Freed, George Freed, John Noosebaum, Thomas Troop, Martin Darod.   CIVIL LIST.   In accordance with the order for organizing the township, the first election was held at the house of Michael Fox, April 1, 1805, Robert Hanna being chairman. John Bradfield and Samuel Oliphant were, appointed judges, and Thomas Hanna and William Heald clerks, of the meeting. Twenty-seven votes were polled, and the following officers elected : Trustees, Caleb Cope, Robert Hanna, Nicholas Firestone ; Clerk and Treasurer, Benjamin Hanna ; Overseers of the Poor, William Ferrall, Isaiah Garwood ; Lister, John Dixon ; House Appraisers, William Winders, John Dixon ; Fence-Viewers, Jacob McGregory, John Woods ; Road-Supervisors, Joshua Dixon, Isaac James, Joseph Bradfield.   At that time John. Crozer was a justice of the peace.   The following have held the principal offices since the organization of the township :   TRUSTEES.   1805.—Rohert Hanna, Caleb Cope, Nicholas Firestone. 1806.—Rohert Hanna, John Crozer, John Beeson. 1807.—Robert Hanna, John Crozer, Nathan Heald. 1808.—Levi Antrim, William Heald, Nathan Heald. 1809.—Levi Antrim, Joseph Woods, Thomas Hanna, 1810.—Levi Antrim, Peter Bushong, John Dixon. 1811.—Samuel Wallahan, Peter Bushong, John Dixon. 1812-13.—Samuel Wallahan, Benjamin Hanna, William Bushong. 1814.—John Woods, Daniel Hardman, Peter Bushong. 1815-16.—John Woods, Joah Pritchett, Israel Cope. 1817.—Daniel Hisey, Caleh Rowler, William Heald. 1818.—Daniel Hisey, Caleb Rowler, Samuel Wallahan. 1819.—William Bushong, Joshua Woods, Samuel Wallahan. 1820.—William Bushong, John Woods, John Rogers. 1821.—William Bushong, John Woods, Samuel Erwin. 1822.—Daniel Hardman, John Woods, Samuel Erwin. 1823.—Samuel Cowan, Joseph Zimmerman, Lewis Morgan. 1824.—David Hanna, Martin Deroad, Lewis Morgan. 1825.—Ahel Lodge, Martin Deroad, William Bushong. 1826.—David Hanna, John Dixon, Daniel Hisey. 1827.—Joseph Thompson, Lewis Morgan, Daniel Hisey. 1828.—Joseph Thompson, William Bushong, William Moody. 1829.—David Hanna, Daniel Hardman, Ahraham Overholser. 1830.—David Hanna, Lewis Morgan, Abraham Overholser. 1831.—Daniel Hardman, William Bushong, Abraham Overholser. 1832.—John Voglesong, William Bushong, Abraham Overholser. 1833.—Joseph Thompson, John Young, Peter Bushong. 1834-35.—David Hanna, William Bushong, Abraham Overholser. 1836.—David Hanna, Jacob Anglemyer, Abram Overholser. 1837.—David Hanna, Eli Holloway, Abram Overholser. 1838.—George Brown, Eli Holloway, Abram Overholser. 1839.—Isaac Stooksbury, Eli Holloway, Ahram Overholser. 1840.—David Hanna, Eli Holloway, Peter W. Dehoff. 1841-43.—David Hanna, Abraham Overholser, Peter W. Dehoff. 1844-45.—Eli Holloway, R. W. Jackson, Peter W. Dehoff. 1846.—James P. Woods, R. W. Jackson, Peter W. Dehoff. 1847.—James P. Woods, R. W. Jackson, William Sturgeon. 1848-49.—Eli Holloway, Samuel Seachrist, Jesse McConnell. 1850.—Eli Holloway, Abraham Overholser, Jesse McConnell. 1851-52.—William Bushong, Abraham Overholser, Jesse McConnell. 1853.—Isaac Groff, Abraham Overholser, Samuel Sheets. 1854.—Samuel Erwin, Jesse McConnell, Samuel Hollingsworth, 1855.—William A. Bushong, Jesse McConnell, Benjamin Ferran. 1856.—Samuel Nichols, William M. Wright, Thomas Taylor. 1857.—Jacoh Hum, William M. Wright, Thomas Taylor. 1858.—Jacob Hum, James P. Woods, Thomas Taylor. 1859-60.—Thomas Thurston, Augustine Windle, Thomas Taylor. 1861.—Samuel Detwiler, Jacob Hum, Thomas Taylor. 1862.—Samuel Detwiler, Adam Hum, Thomas Taylor. 1863.—Samuel Detwiler, Joseph Pritchett, Daniel Deemer. 1864.—William M. Wright, Joseph Pritchett, Jacob Hum. 1865.—Samuel Detwiler, Joseph Pritchett, David Strickler. 1866.—Samuel Detwiler, Joseph Pritchett, Jacob Hum. 1867.—Isaiah Holloway, Jesse Gilbert, Jacob Hum. 1868.—Leonard Holloway, Jesse Gilhert, Solomon Haas. 1869.—Leonard Holloway, Barak Ashton, Henry Kridler. 1870.—Elias Holloway, D. A. Stouffer, Joseph Pritchett. 1871.—L. D. Holloway, Uriah Whitacre, Joseph Pritchett. 1872,—J. C. Groner, Uriah Whitacre, Joseph Pritchett. 1873.—J. C. Groner, Uriah Whitacre, Samuel Read. 1874-75.—J. C. Groner, Uriah Whitacre, Elias Lower. 1876.—William Bushong, T. F. Holloway, Elias Lower. 1877.—H. H. Crouse, T. F. Holloway, Benjamin Harrison. 1878.—H. H. Crouse, Erwin Caldwell, Elias Lower. 1879.—H. H. Crouse, T. F. Holloway, Elias Lower.   CLERKS.*   1805, Benjamin Hanna ; 1806, Joshua Woods; 1807, John Dixon ; 1808-9, William Hickman; 1810, John Beeson; 1811-12, Joshua Woods; 1813, John Dixon; 1814, Abraham Fox; 1815-17, Nicholas Bishop ; 1818, John Dixon; 1819, Peter Bushong ; 1820-21, John Dixon ; 1822-23,         Richard Morlan; 1824-27, 1828, Jeremiah Case; 1829-30, Samuel H. Hollingsworth; 1831, William Yeats; 1832, Samuel Hardman; 1833, Levi Hanna; 1834, Samuel Hardman; 1835-37, Samuel Nichols; 1838, William Greenamyer; 1839-40, John Dixon; 1841, John W. Neigh; 1842-43, Jonathan Piggott; 1844-47, John E. Icenhour ; 1848- 50, Jonathan Piggott; 1851-52, John E. Icenhour; 1853-54, Nathan Warrington; 1854, William Stokesberry; 1855, Lewis Woods; 1855, A. Sturgeon; 1856, Samuel Detwiler; 1857-62, Samuel Nichols; 1863-64, Benjamin S. Wright; 1865 + -69, Thomas C. Allen; 1870, George Duncan; 1871, Aaron Overholser; 1872-73, George Duncan; 1874f-75, Charles D. Dickinson; 1876, F. A. Witt; 1877-78, John P. Patterson; 1879, T. Spencer Arnold.   TREASURERS.   1810, William Hickman; 1811, John Dixon; 1812-13, Jesse Allen; 1814, John Bushong; 1815-16, Jonathan Nutt; 1817, Joshua Woods; 1818, John Crozer; 1819, John Dixon; 1820-21, Nicholas Bishop ; 1822, William Kerns; 1823, Nicholas Bishop; 1824, William Paxon; 1825, Nicholas Bishop ; 1826, Abram Fox; 1827, Nicholas Bishop ; 1828, Peter Dehoff; 1829-30, John Ferrall; 1831-37, Peter Dehoff; 1838-46, Samuel Nichols ; 1847-52, Jesse M. Allen; 1853, Jacoh Greenamyer; 1854, Jesse M. Allen; 1855, William M. Voglesong; 1856-58, Jacob Greenamyer; 1859-60, William L. Young; 1861-69, Jonathan Esterly ; 1870, Daniel Stouffer; 1871, Paul Metzger; 1872-73, Jacob Greenamyer ; 1874-75, Daniel Stouffer; 1876, Jacob Greenamyer; 1877- 79, Joseph Strickler.   HAMLETS AND VILLAGES.   On the northern part of section 19, on the New Lisbon road, is a small hamlet of about a dozen houses, which owes its beginning to a tavern kept there about forty years ago by Col. Allen Way. On account of an excellent spring near by, his house became a favorite stopping-place, and the locality became widely known as the " Cool Springs." After a few years Col. Way platted a village and bestowed upon it the name of   UNIONVILLE.   This title the little place retains. On the opposite side of the street, near the hotel, James W. Estill opened a       *Until 1810 clerks were also treasurers.   + Served part of previous year.       CHARLES D. DICKINSON.   Charles D. Dickinson, a prominent member of the legal profession, and one of the rising lawyers of the county, is a native of the Buckeye State, having been born in Poland, Mahoning Co., Dec. 13, 1848. His father, Jacob Dickinson, was of Connecticut origin, and migrated west at an early day to better his fortunes. The grandfather of Charles D. was likewise named Jacob, and came over from Scotland to America when he was but nineteen years of age. He fought on the side of patriotism in the war of the Revolution, and was a member of American Union Lodge, No. 1, F. and A. M., organized, it is said, in Washington's army at Cambridge. The original certificate of Jacob Dickinson's membership—the MSS. somewhat faded, but still clearly legible, and bearing date at Roxbury, Mass., March 20, 1776—is now in the possession of Charles D. Dickinson, and, as may be well apprehended, is a highly-valued document. Mr. Dickinson, whose name heads this article, lost his father by death in 1852, and then, at the age of four, accompanied his mother—her only child—from Poland to a farm a few miles east of the town of Columbiana, to which latter place he removed with his mother two years later, and there with her he has since made his home, save for a brief interval, of which more anon. He attended district school in Columbiana until the age of twelve, when he began to feel ambitious to carve out his own fortune, and became accordingly an active worker at what his hands could find to do. Thus he worked out an industrious but laborious experience until he reached his seventeenth year.   Resuming then his scholastic studies, he passed his last term as pupil, and emerged as a teacher of a district school, in which he employed himself one term, when, inclining once more towards the facts and figures of trade, he journeyed to the oil regions of the State of Pennsylvania, where he spent six years, returning to Columbiana in the year 1871.   During that year he studied law seven months in the office of Mr. George Duncan, a lawyer of local note, and so improved his opportunities that he was admitted to the bar, Aug. 28, 1872. He taught school the following winter, and in 1873 entered upon the practice of law, in which he has since continued with gratifying success. Although he has barely passed the age of thirty, his standing in his chosen profession is one of which he may be proud, and in the ambitious zeal which characterizes his progress, as well as in the studious application of his life, it is not difficult to trace the foundation of a highly promising future.   Mr. Dickinson is a staunch member of the Republican party, and, although actively participating in the political events of the day, he has never chosen to urge himself forward for political distinction. He is a member of Panora Lodge, No. 410, I. 0. 0. F., has faithfully and satisfactorily occupied the public trusts of borough and township clerk, and, in connection with his administration of those offices, is remembered as an official of careful discipline and exceptional efficiency.     TOWNSHIP OF FAIRFIELD - 143   store, which he kept about seven years, and was followed in trade by Jelin Clapsaddle. Wheelwright- and blacksmith-shops were carried on by Robert Long and Wm. Slutter. The latter removed to Columbiana, where he became a well-known carriage-builder. At Unionville were formerly a number of shoe-shops, of which one or two yet remain, and are the only interests which have not been diverted to railroad points.   MIDDLETON.   This village was originally platted to cover the southeast corner of section 23, by William Heald, soon after the settlement of the township. The plan embraced a square of lots so arranged as to give the village, when built up, a compact appearance. The purpose of the founder was not closely adhered to, and much of the village was built in a free way on sections 25 and 26, giving it a large area.   It is said that Albert Sharpless built the first house in the village, and that the building is now occupied by Rebecca Coppock. No stores were opened at an early day. Among the first to engage in trade were Millhouse & Mendenhall, about 1836, whose store was on the Fairfield road, east of the square. Eight or nine years later C. D. Bassett engaged in merchandising on the opposite side of the street ; and later, on the corner occupied by Joseph Cope, J. Hamilton & Son had a store. Others in trade have been W. D. Chidester, Wm. Thomas, Nathan Cope, Thomas Taylor, Hum & Co., and George Frost. No goods have been sold in the village since 1874. This hamlet has never had a. post-office or a public-house. A few years ago a man engaged in the sale of liquor, but his place met with summary treatment at the hands of the indignant women of the village, and he wisely left for other parts.   Middleton has several good shops occupied for mechanical purposes, two school-houses (one belonging to the Friends), and three churches. The number of inhabitants is 180.   Industries —Mifflin Cadwallader has long carried on the manufacture of brooms ; and, formerly, Win. Shaw had a chair-factory, and a. lathe for turning broom-handles, operated by steam. David Wickersham had in operation, ten years ago, a shingle-machine; and later, Wickersham & Inman had a large cider-press, the motive power of both being steam.   The principal industry of the people is fruit-culture and the preparation of fruit for market. In 1878, Wickersham, Brown & Co. began the manufacture of fruit-baskets and crates in a factory operated by steam-power, and used also for fruit-drying. The machine used, for cutting splints was devised and patented by the firm, and is very ingenious.   EAST FAIRFIELD.   This village has a very pleasant location on the southeast quarter of section 36, and was founded in 1803 by John Crozer and John Bradfield. It is the oldest, and for a long time and until the building of the railroad through other places near was the most important, village in the township ; but its business has since declined. It contains, besides the interests detailed below, a good school-house, a public hall, and two churches, and has about 300 inhabitants.   The first goods were sold in the place by Israel Cope for a co-operative store company, but the first successful merchant was Robert Craig. He built a business house of brick, north of the old Low tavern, where he carried on trade many years. While this house was occupied by Farr & Thurston, in 1861, the foundation gave way, causing its destruction. Wm. Waterworth and the Hannas were in trade at the same period as Mr. Craig. Of many persons who were formerly engaged in business at this place there are remembered Thomas R. Knight, Wm. Ensign, George H. Brown, William Henderson, Joseph Morgan, Robert Glass, B. J. Ferrall, Samuel Crozer, Wm. L. Young, George Pitzer, and L. L. Beck. James M. Taylor and Frank Shoemaker are now in business.   Hotels.—Parnell Hall and Jeremiah Feazel were among the first to open public-houses, but Abel Lodge achieved the greatest reputation as a pioneer innkeeper. His house was one of the most noted on the road between Pittsburgh and Worster. Taverns were also kept by Robert Craig, Ephraim Blackburn, Joseph Thompson, William Ensign, and Isaac Low. The present innkeeper is Joseph Shrum.   Post-office—The post-office at East Fairfield is one of the oldest in the county. The village was on the old stage-route, and was supplied with mail before 1809. John Crozer was the first postmaster, and kept the office at his house, in the eastern part of the village. As near as can be determined the subsequent postmasters have been Robert Craig, Jesse Williams, George H. Brown, Morris Thurston, J. Morgan, Isaac Low, Samuel Poland, Josiah Wilkinson, and James. M. Taylor, the present incumbent. The office is on the route from Liverpool to New Waterford, and has a triweekly mail.   Physicions.—The first permanently located physician was Gustavus Allen. For many years Sylvanus Fisher and Charles Kay were in practice at the same time, both remaining many years. C. P. O'Hanlon and II. Maloney have also been practitioners at this place. The present physicians are Frank Scott and Wm. R. Granger.   Industries.—In the early history of the village Joseph James had a tannery, which became the property of B. J. Ferrall, and was carried on by him more than forty years and then discontinued.   The father of the Hon. Wm. McKinley was in the foundry business at East Fairfield many years ago, and was esteemed a good mechanic. Other foundry-men were Israel Thompson and Jacob Keep. Plow-making was carried on by Reuben Beans, and in the same shop Austin McConnell followed the machinist's trade. At a later day Mr. McConnell built a shop near the present Methodist church, in which he manufactured engines and farm-machinery until his death. Isaac Low has had a cooperage and cider-mill for many years. The tailor of the village for the past fifty years has been Robert W. Jackson. Robert Martin has carried on the cabinetmaker's trade about the same length of time. Outside of the ordinary mechanical pursuits, there is no manufacturing at East Fairfield.   COLUMBIANA.   This flourishing village has an exceedingly fine location on the line of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago   144 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO.   Railroad, on sections 4 and 9. .Its growth was slow and unimportant until the completion of the railway, but since that time its material interests and population have increased, until Columbiana ranks among the foremost of the villages of the county. It contains two very fine school-buildings, six churches, many handsome residences, and has about 1400 inhabitants.   The village was laid out by Joshua Dixson in the spring of 1805, and embraced originally fifty-eight lots, on the southwest quarter of section 4. These were located on two streets sixty feet wide, running with the cardinal points, and intersecting each other in the centre of a small square, near the top of a hill, on which the greater part of the village is built. This plat was recorded Aug. 22, 1805. Many additions have been made to the original plat. The principal ones have been John Todd's on the south and Sturgeon's on the west. Other lots for village purposes, on the foregoing section, and on sections 3 and 10, have been added by Deemer, Stouffer & Lamb, Koch, Zeigler, W. E. & A. Sturgeon, Roninger, Stiver Brothers, William Nichols, Mary A. Todd, Snyder, Betz, John Stiver, Nichols & Allen, Joseph and William Wallace, Strickler, Rohrbaugh, Erwin, Voglesong, Holloway, Bell, Allen, Nichols, and Harrold.   It is said that Jesse Allen was the first merchant in the place, and began trade some time about 1812. Benjamin Hanna had an interest, and the firm was known as Jesse Allen & Co. They occupied a small building on the northeast corner of the square until 1816. Mr. Allen was there in trade alone, after that time, for a number of years, but subsequently built and occupied the present bank-building. After many years of successful merchandising in Columbiana, he was succeeded by Jesse M. Allen, who remained a leading business-man for nearly half a century. The fine brick block on the west side of the square was erected by him. Probably the second to engage actively in trade was William Moody. After 1825 he opened a store in a building which stood by the side of the old Allen store, and remained about ten years. Meantime, William Yates opened a store, making, in 1831, three in the village. At the Moody stand Joseph Wallace engaged in merchandising, and continued about thirty years. Others actively engaged in trade in the village have been Moses Copeland, Jonathan Esterly, and Jesse Erwin. In 1836, Daniel Stouffer became a general merchant in Columbiana, and has been in trade ever since, the present firm being D. Stouffer & Son. The other principal merchants are Frank P. Farrand and L. D. Holloway.   Near where is now Lamb's drug-store John Young sold drugs forty years ago. The next to engage in this business were Icenhour & Allen, near the depot, where Allen was subsequently in trade alone. At a later period Paul Metzger began business near the square, and yet continues in that neighborhood.   The first hardware-store was opened by Frederick Swarts, who was succeeded by Allen & Icenhour. John E. Allen continues the business. Greenamyer & Callahan, who remain in trade, came some time subsequent to Mr. Swarts.   The principal furniture-dealers are Samuel Brubaker, John Shingler, and Flickinger & Son. In former days Vollentine & Henkle, Reuben Strickler, and John P. Patterson were active grocers. J. & N. Strickler, L. Stuckman, and George Voglesong are among those now in that business. Swick & Esterly, J. M. Williams, and H. Donges & Son were in business as clothiers, the latter yet continuing. W. R. Knowles & Co. are extensive dealers in harness and leather goods. There are other firms engaged in the different branches of trade, the aggregate of whose business is large.   Physicians.—As near as can be determined from the meagre accounts at hand, Moses Curry was the first settled physician in Columbiana. David G. Silvers was his contemporary practitioner for a time. Gustavus Aller also practiced in the village, but lived on a farm two and a half miles south. John B. Preston died in the village while in practice. Others of the medical profession who resided long enough in the place to establish a practice, but who have removed, were Drs. Onler, John McCook, John C. Levis, Gideon Wansettler, Enoch Cloud, Eli Sturgeon, George Wieland, Nicholas Sampsell, A. C. Yengling, D. Beard, and Sylvanus Fisher.   John Metzger has resided at Columbiana more than twenty years, but has not been in active practice. Daniel Deemer has been a successful practitioner since 1850 ; George S. Metzger since 1836 ; Abraham Sampsell since 1863 ; A. L. King since 1873 ; J. B. Thompson, a homoeopathist, since 1875 ; Enos Greenamyer since 1874 ; and John B. Weaver and Charles Orr since 1878.   Attorneys and Justices.—John D. King was the first attorney to locate permanently in the practice of his profession, although William McLaughlin and W. W. Orr may have been in the village for short periods before Mr. King's settlement, in 1856. King remained until 1860, when he was succeeded by George Duncan. Charles D. Dickinson opened an office for the practice of law in 1873, and John G. Beatty, E. S. Holloway, and F. A. Witt came later and at different periods.   Among the justices of the peace who maintained offices at Columbiana have been John Young, Anthony Hardman, John Voglesong, George Lamb, James Stevenson, Josiah Rohrbaugh, and John D. Robertson. The last two have offices at the present time,-1879.   Village Government.—The village of Columbiana was vested with the privileges of a corporate body in 1837. Its territorial limits embraced one square mile of land, situate chiefly on sections 4 and 9, only 80 acres each being on sections 3 and 10. Under the charter an election for village officers was held at the house of John Sturgeon, May 27, 1837, twenty-one votes being polled. Emanuel Brubaker and John Snyder acted as judges, and declared the following persons elected : Mayor, William Hickman ; Recorder, Samuel Nichols; Trustees, Peter W. Dehoff, David Neidig, Lot Holmes, William Nichols, Isaac Keister.   Prior to the surrender of the charter, in 1842, the following were the mayors : Wm. Hickman, Samuel Seachrist, John G. Young, and John Voglesong. The recorders for the same period were Samuel Nichols and Lot Holmes.   For more than fourteen years the village was unincorporated, but on the 9th of June, 1856, the county commissioners granted a new charter, whose powers extend to the   ALEXANDER CROZIER BELL.   Alexander Crozier Bell, Sr., father of the subject of this sketch, was born May 29, 1804, at Stony Point, near the town of Demare, County Down, Ireland. He was the son of Thomas and Martha (Crozier) Bell, who were natives of that county.   His mother died at the age of about thirty. His father died in the city of Pittsburgh in 1856, in his one hundredth year.   In 1816, Alexander C. Bell, Sr., came to America and located in the city of Pittsburgh, Pa., where he resided for a period of forty-one years, being engaged for several years as superintendent of one floor in the cotton-mills of James Adams (his uncle), and later in the wholesale grocery trade on Liberty Street.   In 1842 he married Miss Mary Frazer, daughter of John and Martha (McClucken) Frazer, who was born in County Down, Ireland, in 1816.   Alexander Crozier Bell, Jr., was born July 13, 1844, in the city of Pittsburgh, Pa. His education was obtained in the Fourth Ward schools of that city, which he attended until he arrived at the age of twelve and a half years.   In January, 1857, he moved with his parents to Columbiana, Ohio. At the age of thirteen he went to Mansfield, Ohio, and learned telegraphing, and was the first to open a telegraph key in Columbiana.   He has been in the employ of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway Company, and Pennsylvania Company ever since he came to Ohio, either as telegraph operator, freight or passenger agent.   He has been a prominent member of both the Masonic and Odd-Fellow orders, having for three successive years represented Allen Lodge, F. and A. M., No. 276, in the sessions of the Grand Lodge of the State. He was one of the charter-members of Panora Lodge, No. 410, I. O. O. F.; has held the various offices in the lodge, and served one year as District Deputy Grand Master of Columbiana County.   Although comparatively a young man, he has been an active worker in the Democratic party, and has been a delegate to several State and county conventions. In 1878 he was nominated for the office of clerk of the Court of Common Pleas, and although his party was very largely in the minority, both in his township and county, his majority in his own township was seventy-one.   In 1876 he was elected mayor of the village off Columbiana, and re-elected in 1878, and in the discharge of the responsible duties of the office has been a faithful and efficient officer, guarding with care the best interests of the place, both morally and financially.   He possesses rare business qualities, an impulsive nature, and positive will, to which much of his success in life may be attributed.   HIRAM BELL.   Hiram Bell, the subject of this sketch, was the great-grandson, on his maternal side, of Thomas Buzby, who was born in England ; moved to America, and settled in Rancocas, Burlington County, N. J. Married and raised a family of six children, viz.: Joseph, Thomas, Amos, Isaac, Daniel, and Mary.   Isaac married Miss Martha Lippincott, of the vicinity of Philadelphia, Pa. She died at an early age, leaving two children,—Nathaniel and Martha. He afterwards married Naomi Owen, daughter of Rolan and Prudence Owen, formerly Prudence Powell. She died leaving seven children, viz. : Rachel, Prudence, Mary, Isaac, Martha, Joseph, and Rebecca. He afterwards married Sarah Alberson, by whom he had one child, Sarah.   His daughter Martha, by second wife, married Smith Bell, son of Thomas and Thamer (Smith) Bell, of Delaware. They moved to Columbiana County in 1805, and located in Elk Run township, two and one-half miles southwest of East Fairfield, where they resided until their death. There were born to them twelve children, six of whom are still living, viz. : Sarah, Hiram, Smith, Mary, Robert, and Martha, all owning homes within seven miles of where they were born.   Hiram married Martha Freed, only daughter of George Freed, and granddaughter of Jacob Freed and Samuel Kemble, of Columbiana County, May 30, 1849. They have had born to them nine children, viz.: Sydney, Lewis, Naomi, Rebecca, Elizabeth, Mulford, Anna, Clifton, and Norman, seven of whom are still living, the two latter having died in infancy.   In 1877 Hiram Bell was elected commissioner of the county for a term of three years, which office he now holds. He has been successful in his business enterprises, and holds to a large degree the esteem and confidence of his neighbors and acquaintances.   TOWNSHIP OF FAIRFIELD - 145   same limits as the first charter. No borough election was held until April 14, 1857, when forty-four votes were cast, and George Lamb elected mayor and Jonathan Esterly recorder. From that time until the present the mayors and recorders have been the following :   MAYORS.   1858, George Lamb; 1859, E. C. Cloud; 1860, William W. Orr; 1861, T. C. Allen ; 1862, George Lamb; 1863, Samuel Kyle; 1864, T. C. Allen ; 1865, J. D. King; 1866, G. 0. Frasier ; 1867, J. T. Barclay; 1868-69, Thomas C. Allen ; 1870-71, George Duncan ; 1872-73, A. C. Yengling ; 1874, Josiah Rohrhaugh; 1875, Frank P. Farrand; 1876-78, A. C. Bell, Jr.   RECORDERS.   1858-61, A. Sturgeon ; 1862, J. E. Voglesong ; 1863-65, J. E. Allen ; 1866, J. T. Barclay ; 1867, John F. Sturgeon; 1868-69, W. H. Stewart; 1870-71, J. Rohrbaugh ; 1872-75, C. D. Dickinson; 187677, J. W. Detweiler ; 1878, T. S. Arnold.   The village officers in 1879 are as follows : Mayor, A. C. Bell, Jr. ; Clerk, T. S. Arnold ; Treasurer, Daniel Stouffer; Councilmen, John Harrold, Solomon Haas, Adin Greenamyer, Isadore Bishop, David Crawford, David Beard; Solicitor: F. A. Witt; Street Commissioner, George Roninger; Marshal, Rufus L. Ney.   Under this charter the streets have been reduced to an easy grade and curbed, to secure surface drainage. The principal streets are lighted with oil lamps. In 1860 the borough purchased the old Methodist church, which was used as a village-hall many years. At present there is a small council-house and lock-up near the centre of the village.   Fire-Apparatus.-The treasurer's report Made in 1878 shows that the receipts of the corporation from all sources for the year previous were $4363.40, and the disbursements $2130.77. It was proposed that the remainder in the treasury be expended in purchasing a fire-engine and other necessary apparatus to protect the village against fire. As early as 1840 the village had an organization called the " Columbiana Fire Company," the apparatus consisting of hooks, ladders, and buckets. At later periods fire companies were formed, which, not properly encouraged, soon disbanded. An old hand-engine was made to do service for the village for a number of years, but since 1867 it has been unfit for use. The place has been comparatively free from fires, the only one of note being that which destroyed the Wallace machine-shops, in the summer of 1877.   Cemetery.-The corporation established a cemetery on the hill, in the eastern part of the village, in 1868. It contained originally five acres, but now has eight. The grounds have been improved and tastefully embellished. The present trustees of the cemetery are J. E. Icenhour, L. Stuckman, and William Flickinger.   Hotels.-As early as 1808, Michael Coxen had a public-house in the village, on the southwest corner of the square, which was afterwards kept by. Caleb Roller. On the corner opposite, north, George Welch was a pioneer innkeeper, and opposite his hotel, east, was another, kept by Isaac Williamson. John Sturgeon engaged as a tavern-keeper on the site of Stouffer's store, but subsequently took Roller's place, and for many years kept a house which was widely 19 and favorably known. In 1865, Jacob Greenamyer purchased the property, and in 1870 erected there his present " Park House."   Joseph Scott erected opposite the railroad station a large brick building for a hotel, which was used for that purpose but a short time. The Park House and the Patterson House (opened in 1878 on Main Street by J. P. Patterson) are the only hotels now in the village,-1879.   Bank.-The first bank in Columbiana was opened in the Jesse Allen building, January, 1871, by J. H. Hollis and William Kemble. They were succeeded, June 1, 1875, by Jonathan Esterly, Abraham Esterly, and Augustine Windle, under the firm-name of J. Esterly & Co., who have since conducted a general banking business at the same place, dealing in foreign and domestic exchange, and receiving deposits on which interest is paid.   Post-office.-The post-office, of which John Dixson was the first postmaster, was established about 1809. The mail was supplied from the East Fairfield office, on the stage-line from Pittsburgh to Western points. Jesse Allen was the next to hold the office, and was succeeded by Wm. Moody, John Young, Wm. Sturgeon, Anthony Hardman, Peter Dehoff, John Heiner, James H. Bell, and, since 1873, David Esterly Since August, 1871, it has been a " postal money-order" Office. There are four out and four in mails per day, and it is the separating office for route 21,494, to points in Mahoning County, daily, and for route 21,382, Columbiana to Youngstown, daily. The office distributes about 135 letters per day.   Manufactures at Columbiana.-In the early history of Columbiana a number of hatters plied their trade in the village. Among them were W. Underwood, Wm. Patterson, Samuel Fitzpatrick, Elisha Leslie, Israel Beans, Wm. Stacy, George Probst, and Jacob Hum. Mr. Hum carried on the trade from 1831 till 1861.   About 1835, Sheets & Holms had a stove-foundry on the east side of Main Street, which was afterwards carried on by a man named Kingsley. The building used was subsequently converted into a blacksmith-shop.   No other factory of note was in the village until 1858, when the Strickler Brothers began the manufacture of a boring-machine (invented by Reuben Strickler) and agricultural implements. In a few years the shops were enlarged to admit of the manufacture of large quantities of hay-rakes, grain-drills, and other farm-machinery. In 1865 the business was sold to W. W. Wallace, of Pittsburgh, who named the factory "Enterprise Agricultural Works." Mr. Wallace made a specialty of the manufacture of the self-discharging hay-rake " Welcome." In 1868, E. S. Holloway became the superintendent of the works, and the following year the shops were enlarged to four times their original size. A further change was made in 1870, when a large building was erected on the north side of the street and connected with the main factory by a passage-way. At this time 35 men were employed, and the motive power was furnished by two engines, one being of sixty-horse power. In 1873, Alexander Wallace became the superintendent of the works, which were successfully carried on in the manufacture of farm-machinery, stoves, and ranges, until their destruction by fire, Aug. 2, 1877. Thirteen buildings were burned,   146 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO.   almost totally destroying the property of the Enterprise Works, which have not been rebuilt. East of this site, a large building was put up a few years ago for foundry purposes, but has never been occupied.   Valley Forge Machine-Shops.—These works are south of the railroad, and were built in 1877 by A. Harrold & Bros. for general repair-work. They were enlarged in 1879 by J. Harrold & Sons, the present proprietors, to give capacity for the manufacture of stationary engines. Eight men will be employed.   Eureka Flouring-Mills.—In the eastern part of the village a flouring-mill was erected in 1853 by William A. Smith, and was long known as the " City Mills." The building is a two-story brick, supplied with three runs of stone, operated by an eighty-horse-power engine. The present proprietors are C. Theiss & Sons.   Carriage-Factories.—The manufacture of carriages and light wagons constitutes the present principal industry of Columbiana, and gives employment to more than one hundred men. The number of carriages manufactured varies yearly, but approximates one thousand.   One of the oldest shops was erected by a company in 1868, and is now the property of William B. Slutter. It is occupied by C. Trail and Benjamin Schoeneman.   David Havil & Son's factory dates its establishment from about 1869, although general work has been carried on since 1851.   S. Myer's factory was erected in 1871, and is at present occupied by several firms.   George Beard began carriage-making in 1868, and continued until his death, in February, 1879. The business is now carried on by David Beard.   Keller & Harrold's factory dates from 1878, and consists of several buildings.   Among the other leading firms in the village may be named Zimmer & Doty, Henry Wisner, J. B. Mellinger, James Fetzer, L. J. Deemer, Simon Roninger, and John Sponsellor.   Other Industries.—A small pottery is carried on at the village by I. Keister & Son, the product being plain earthenware. North of the village a tannery was successfully carried on many years by J. J. Shauweher, but has been discontinued. East of the village, Christopher Hively formerly had a carding-machine and a saw-mill.   Works for the manufacture of plain furniture were erected in the fall of 1877 by William Flickinger and Solomon Culp. The building occupied is 30 by 45 feet in size, and two stories high. Steam is used as a motive power. The works give employment to -six men.   A planing-mill and sash-and-blind factory was started in the fall of 1878 by Mellinger, Harrold & Groove, in which four men are employed.   F. Baird built a shop, also in 1878, for the manufacture of bent work for carriages and sleighs, and uses therein an engine of sixteen-horse power.   Miscellaneous.—West of the village of Columbiana, on the brook, in section 8, William Nichols put up a grist-mill about 1840, which in the course of time was converted into a woolen-factory. This was operated many years by J. Earley, and is continued by his family. At the same place is a saw-mill operated by steam, which .was first a waterpower mill, and was erected by Stacy Nichols.   On the same brook, in section 7, John Beeson started the first grist-mill in the township about 1804. It stood above the present mill in that locality, and was a simple affair, the stones revolving no faster than the water-wheel. The present is the fourth mill on this power, and was erected in 1829 by Jacob Nold. For many years it was operated by the Nold family, but is at present the property of Switzer, Miller & Keagle.   South of the village, on section 16, a water-power sawmill was operated many years by Benjamin Bushong, and a little north of the village Jacob Harrold had in operation a steam saw-mill from 1850 to 1870.   A little northeast of the village of East Fairfield the James family had a water-power saw-mill in early times, which was abandoned before 1850 ; and farther up the brook, on section 35, a steam sawmill was built in the fall of 1856 by J. E. Allman, Joel Wickersham, David Wickersham, and Joel Ritchie, which became the property, in January, 1877, of W. L. English, and has since been operated by him. It has an eighteen-horse-power engine, and is supplied with circular saws and saws for making lath.   On the headwaters of Elk Run, on section 32, George Freed at an early day started saw- and grist-mills, which in subsequent years were carried on by B. Dilworth, but have lately become the property of others.   Columbiana Union School.—In June, 1858, District No. 2 was organized, under the act of March 14,1853, as a special district, with Jacob Greenamyer, David Woods, and Michael Henry as a board of education. In the fall of 1864 the schools were transferred to what is now known as the " east building," and placed under the principalship of Prof. George J. Luckey. The subsequent principals have been : 1866-68, J. P. Cameron ; 1868-70, Mrs. C. A. Haas ; 1871, I. J. Glover ; 1872-73, F. A. Atterholt ; 1874-76, W. P. Cope ; 1877-78, J. P. Todd ; 1878-79, W. J. McGinnis.   The principal is assisted by six teachers. The school is divided into primary, secondary, intermediate, grammar, and high-school departments. Each department is well graded, and candidates for promotion are passed only upon evidence of good scholarship. The number of scholars-enrolled is 340, and the average attendance is about 300. The schools are maintained at a cost of about $3000 per year.   The east school-building was completed in 1864, and contains three study and two recitation-rooms. It has spacious grounds, ornamented with fine trees and shrubbery. The west building was erected in 1873, at a cost of $12,000. The lower story is divided into school-rooms, and the upper story forms a spacious hall for public meetings.   In 1870 the board of education was increased to six members, and was organized by electing Leonard Holloway president, J. B. Powell secretary, and Isaac Groff treasurer.   The board is at present composed of H. H. Crouse, President; Josiah Rohrbaugh, Secretary ; William Lamb, Treasurer ; and Henry Smith, J. D. Jones, and J. W. Beeson.   TOWNSHIP OF FAIRFIELD - 147   THE SCHOOLS OF THE TOWNSHIP   No satisfactory account of the condition of the public schools is afforded by the records prior to 1853. For that year the children of school age were as follows :

District	Males	Females.
No. 1 " 2 “ 3 " 4 “ 5 “ 6 “ 7 “ 8 “ 9 " 10	26 116 43 41 41 37 41 31 30 32	25 120 35 49 40 31 37 33 63 36
Total	438	469

There are twelve teachers employed, whose average monthly salary is, for males, $19.65 ; for females, $12.66.   The text-books used were McGuffey's Readers ; Ray's Arithmetic ; Morse's, Mitchell's, and Pelton's Geographies ; and Clark's, Smith's, Green's, and Kirkham's Grammars. The township school library was compoTwenty-flvehundred volumes, and the school-houses were rated at values ranging from $40 to $500.   Twenty-five years later, in 1878, the condition was follows :

District	Males	Females
No. 1  " 2 (Columbiana) “ 3  " 4  “ 5  " 6  “ 7  “ 8  “ 9  " 10	39 176 32 42 27 33 52 41 29 43	35 179* 28 27 21 25 59 34 23 35
Totals	514	466

The districts were provided with houses rated at from $1900 to $12,000.BAR. +appropriation for tuition amounted to $3918.56, and for contingent expenses to $1638.74.   THE BAR. +   The following members of the bar of Columbiana County have resided and practiced in Columbiana village :   William W. Orr practiced in Columbiana for a few months during the year 1860. He is now living in Salineville, but is not in 1867, practicing   John D. King came to Columbiana from Warren, Trumbull County, in 1862 ; remained until 1867, practicing in Columbiana and Mahoning Counties. In June, 1867, he moved to Kenton, Hardin County, where he still resides and holds considerable prominence in his profession.   George G. Duncan came to Columbiana in 1865 ; was admitted to the bar in 1866, and commenced practice early in 1867. He remained until 1874, when he moved to Monroeville, Huron Co., Ohio.   Charles D. Dickinson was admitted to the bar, Aug. 28, 1872, in New Lisbon, at a session of the District Court. He commenced practice March 20, 1873, in Columbiana, where he still follows his profession.   Frederick Augustus Witt is a native of Fairfield township ; was admitted to the bar, Aug. 31, 1874, at Akron,       * Estimated   + Prepared by Gen. Ephraim S. Holloway.       Ohio, and commenced practice in Columbiana, where he now resides, April 1, 1875.   John G. Beatty was born in-Charlestown, Mass., Sept. 9, 1826 ; emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1833, and to Ohio in 1873. He was admitted to the bar, Sept. 1, 1874, at Akron, Ohio, and commenced practice in Columbiana a few days later.   Ephraim S. Holloway was born in Fairfield township, Columbiana County, July 27, 1833 ; was admitted to the bar, April 11, 1877, in Columbus, Ohio, and commenced practice in Columbiana, Nov. 1, 1877.   RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.   FRIENDS' MIDDLETON MEETING.   The Friends, who were among the first settlers of the township; Formed a religious society, which was the first in the township, and probably the first in the county, and was the second Monthly Meeting of the Friends in the State of Ohio.   In the summer of 1803 a delegation was appointed by the Red Stone Quarterly Meeting of Pennsylvania to visit the new settlement and organize what is now known as " The Middleton Monthly Meeting of the Society of Orthodox Friends." One of the delegates who came on this mission was Jonas Cattell, at that time more than seventy years of age. Ten years later he again made the meeting a visit, to counsel its members and inspire them by his venerable presence.   The persons originally composing the meeting belonged to the Heald, James, Woods, Cope, Boulton, Allman, Crozer, Hawley, Oliphant, Shaw, Davis, Test, Moreland, Schooley, Beeson, and other families in Fairfield and the surrounding township. Probably in the same year, or soon after, a log meeting-house was built near the centre of section 26, which was used as a place of worship until 1810, when a brick house was built at the village of Middleton. The latter was demolished by a storm in 1858. The present house—a small frame—was then erected, a little south of the site of the brick church.   The Friends have had as regular ministers of this meeting John Heald, Nathan Heald, Isaac James, James Armstrong, and others. [For a number of years Abi Heald, the wife of James Heald, of Middleton township, has been a public minister.] William Heald and John Allman were the first elders. The latter died on the 16th day of the 9th month, in 1811, at the age of fifty-one years, and was one of the first interred in the Friends' grave-yard, on section 26. Joseph Cope, John Lipsey, James Boulton, William Blackburn, and Samuel Shaw have served as elders. Mr. Shaw now fills that position (1879). Mifflin Cadwallader is the clerk of the meeting.   The Particular Meetings of the Friends are now attended by about 40 persons ; but the attendance on the Monthly Meetings, in which Friends from Mount Carmel join, is much greater.   A school for instruction in the common branches of a secular education has been maintained by the Friends at Middleton since the formation of the society. A plain school-building has been provided, in which as many as 60   148 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO.   pupils have been taught at one time. For the past ten years the average attendance has not exceeded 15. Evi Stratton was one of the teachers who continued longest in charge of the school.   The membership of the Middleton Meeting has been repeatedly diminished by the formation of societies in the adjoining townships on the south, and by the defection of those who allied themselves to other branches of the Society of Friends. To accommodate those living in the northern part of the township, a small meeting-house was built, of logs, before 1820, in what now forms the Friends' grave-yard at Columbiana. It contained at first but one room. It is said that on one occasion, when a business meeting was to be held, a partition of bed-quilts was put up. In this house worship, according to the custom of the Orthodox branch, was for a time sustained ; but most of the members in that part of the township became Hicksites, and meetings were thereafter held by that organization. The present frame meeting-house, on the side opposite the cemetery, was erected in 1832.   HICKSITES.   The Hicksite Friends' Meeting of Columbiana may be said to have a distinct history from the year 1832. The members about that period were Samuel Erwin, Sr., William Nichols, Thomas Mercer, John Armstrong, Thomas Wickersham, Moses Emery, John Dixon, John Hatcher, Lewis Morgan, Lot Holmes, Samuel Nichols, Morton Dixon, Stacy Nichols, Cyrus Mercer, William Nichols, Jr., Mahlon Nichols, and, in general, their wives.   William Nichols and his wife, Kysander, were recommended ministers, and John Armstrong and Thomas Wickersham were occasional preachers. The regular Monthly Meetings were discontinued in 1867. Since that time the members have become so few that the society is practically extinct, although still maintaining its right to the church property.   GRACE REFORMED CHURCH OF COLUMBIANA.*   The early days of the Reformed Church have scarcely found a place in local annals. A few scattered fragments of its history only can be gathered from very meagre records. In the recollection of the older members, it appears that about the year 1813 a Reformed missionary from the East by the name of Mahnesmith visited the northeastern section of the State, preaching in Mahoning and Columbiana Counties. At Columbiana he held/ catechetical instruction in a primitive hotel, which stood on the ground now occupied by the " Park House." This sainted pioneer a number of the older citizens heard preach. His manner of speech was plain and forcible. After one of his intensely practical sermons, a lady, on leaving the church, lightly remarked, "Heut hat es wieder gedonnert" (To-day it thundered again). Mahnesmith, who overheard the remark, replied, " Wenn es auch nur einschlagen wird !" (If it would only strike in, too !)   This first Reformed missionary's labors were continued with greater or less regularity at Columbiana until about 1830. On the 13th day of August, 1814, the " School-and Meeting-House Society for Columbiana" was organized,       * Contributed by the Rev. H. T. Spangler.       the " grand and leading object" of which was to build a house on a lot of ground granted the society by Joshua Dixson, " proprietor of the town of Columbiana." Provision was made in the " articles of association" for three trustees, a secretary, and treasurer, but who were first elected to these offices is not on record. " The only conditions of fellowship required in this society" were " a practical conformity to the principles of impartial equity, and that every member shall be considered as possessing in himself an original and inalienable right to believe and worship God as his own conscience may dictate, without being called into question by any of the other members." It was " allowed for any licensed preacher that preaches the gospel of Jesus Christ in purity to preach in the above-said meeting-house, if he makes application to the trustees, and should it happen that application should be made for two preachers in one day, let the one preach in the forenoon, and the other in the afternoon, so that none may meet a disappointment."   The following " names of associate subscribers," with the amount subscribed by each, and " in what received," are appended to the articles of association :

	IN WHAT RECEIVED
NAMES OF ASSOCIATE SUBSCRIBERS	Money	Produce	Work.	Materials
Michael Cozen Abraham Fox Christopher —+ John Bushong Frederick Keller Peter Bushong Michael Esterly Joseph Keekly William Bushong George Grimm William Case Gottleib —+ Samuel Dewees Geenyoe Mikkens Frederick Harman John Windle Hugh Chain John L. Desselems Daniel Hardman Joseph Geisinger John Frederick	$10 6 10 6 6 8 6 6 15 3 5 3 1 2 1 3 1 ... 3 1.50 1.50	$5.11 1/4 2.35 1/4 2.25 6.00 5.62 ½ 0.83 1/4 2.37 1/3 6.00 3.00 5.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 3.00 1.00 1.50 1.50	6 days 6 “ 6 “ 6 “ 6 “ 6 " 3 days	In boards, ash and poplar. In boards, poplar, not paid

 

The house built by this society was of hewed logs, and stood on the lot now occupied by Grace church. After it was discontinued as a preaching-place, it was used for a number of years for day- and Sabbath-school purposes.

 

In 1821 a movement was commenced by the Lutheran and Reformed congregations to build a new union church. When these congregations were organized is not on record, but they must have been in existence at this time, and seem to have labored and worshiped together most harmoniously. Each congregation had its own pastor, elders, and deacons, but the trustees, a secretary, and a treasurer were elected annually in a joint meeting of the congregations. The effort to erect a new house of worship was crowned with success in 1822, in which year the new church was dedicated. The house was built of brick, with galleries, and occupied the present site of Grace church. Peter Bushong and John Windle are reported to have acted as trustees during the building. Besides their names, the following also appear as subscribers to the building-fund : Jacob Seachrist, Daniel Hisey, Wm. Bushong, Michael Hively, Daniel Bushong, Jacob Hisey,

 

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+ Signed in German.

 

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149 - TOWNSHIP OF FAIRFIELD.

 

Peter Dehoff, Matthias Lower, Thomas Dixon, Abraham, John, and Samuel Fox, Michael Coxen, and others.' The name given this building was " Jerusalem Church." At the first communion held by the Reformed congregation in the new church sixty persons were received.*

 

About the time this church was built, or soon thereafter, Rev. Henry Sonnedecker became pastor of the Reformed congregation. He continued to preach for many years. His death occurred in 1851. From about the year 1845 till 1852 or 1853 a minister by the name of Palsgrove was pastor, but the congregation had begun to decline under the troublous discords of those times, and finally disbanded altogether. Rev. Aaron Warner, then pastor at Washingtonville, occasionally preached at Jerusalem church, and finally, by a year's regular supply, succeeded in reorganizing the congregations in 1858.

 

During 1859 a man by the name of Roemer was pastor for a number of months. In 1860 the pastorate of the still lamented James Rinehart commenced. He brought together the scattered members and imparted to the Reformed Church an impulse the power of which is felt to this day, In 1867 the Reformed people bought out the interests of the Lutheran congregation in the church built in 1822, and during the following year, by many sacrifices and prayers, erected a handsome brick edifice, with basement, which is used by the congregation at the present time.

 

In 1870, Mr. Rinehart closed his pastorate, and his life, after having been permitted to see, during the winter, a wonderful work of grace in his church, which resulted in the addition of 70 persons.

 

Rev. Henry Hilbish served the congregation from the fall of 1870 to the winter of 1871-72. During his pastorate the church was constituted a pastoral charge by itself. In June, 1872, Rev. John M. Kendig took charge of the church, and, served it with great acceptance and success till September, 1878. His ministry was blessed with a steady growth in interest and numbers. The present pastorate commenced September, 1878. Present officers: Pastor, H. T. Spangler ; Elders, Robert Bell, Simon Roninger, and Benjamin Firestone ; Deacons, Josiah Rohrbaugh, Henry Werner, and Frederick Herbster ; Trustees, J. C. Icenhour, Frank J. Rohrbaugh, and F. Keller ; Secretary, Jonathan Esterly ; Treasurer, L. D. Holloway. Jacob Esterly, who died Feb. 22, 1878, had served the congregation for many years as elder.

 

The only fact that could be discovered with reference to Sunday-school work in the earlier years of Grace church is that, in 1833, Peter Dehoff was superintendent. In May, 1866, Mr. Rinehart, then pastor, reopened the school by appointing Elders Jacob Esterly and Robert Bell superintendents. Mr. Bell entered heartily into the work, and continued as superintendent until January, 1878. The present officers are Josiah Rohrbaugh, Superintendent ;

 

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* After the separation of the two congregations—Reformed and Lutheran—the latter worshiped in the old Methodist meeting-house. A few years later they built a fine house of worship of hrick in the southern part of the village, which received the name of "Jerusalem Church." A sketch of the society's history was promised for this volume, but did not come to hand.—ED.

 

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Jonathan Esterly, Secretary and Librarian ; Miss Lestie Rohrbaugh, Treasurer. Enrollment: 4 officers, 13 teachers, and 222 scholars.

 

DISCIPLES CHURCH, EAST FAIRFIELD.

 

About the year 1825 a society was organized at East Fairfield which entertained the doctrines of the " Primitive Christians," and worshiped according to the forms of that body several years. It had among its members persons belonging to the Crozer, Fisher, Ferrall, Cunningham, Morlan, Wallahan, and other families. They built a meeting-house on a lot which now forms a part of the cemetery, west of the village of East Fairfield. In this church Revs. Jones, Seachrist, and other Christian ministers preached, and about 1827 Rev. Joseph Gaston became the pastor. John Ferrall and William Cunningham were elected to perform the office of deacons.

 

In February, 1828, Revs. Walter Scott and J. G. Mitchell, missionaries of the Disciples' Church, held a series of meetings which produced many conversions and caused the society to adopt the 'tenets of the Disciples, all but six of the members voting to make the change. Rev. Joseph Gaston continued as minister, and the deacons became elders. Dr. Fisher was appointed deacon. The present elders are Aaron C. Baker and L. W. Morlan ; the deacons are Henry Morlan and W. C. Baker. These offices have also been held by Henry Morlan, Sr., Amos Dillon, Abel Lodge, John Wallahan, Joel Simpkins, William Pettit, ______ Macy, ____ Fisher, Jacob Booth, and L. L. Beck. Among those who have ministered to the church have been Revs. Gaston, Saunders, Campbell, Lanphear, Baxter, Way, Reeves, Moss, Hillick, Hayden, and Callahan. The society has about 140 members and a flourishing Sunday-school, of which Frederick Heacock is superintendent.

 

The old meeting-house was used until 1851, when the present neat brick edifice was erected on the opposite side of the street. Henry Morlan and Laban Ferrall are the trustees of the property.

 

UNITED BRETHREN IN CHRIST, MIDDLETON.

 

A class of thirteen members of this faith was organized in 1860 by the Revs. Turner and Paxson, and soon afterwards a log meeting-house for its use was built, on land purchased for the purpose from Robert Gilbert. The church building is 24 by 36 feet in size, and is controlled by a board of trustees, whose first members were Jesse B. Hook, John McConnell, and Jacob W. Seachrist. The present trustees are Henry Seachrist, John Gilbert, and Emanuel Lower.

 

The church is connected with the societies in. Middleton and Unity townships, in a circuit which is at present under the pastoral care of Rev. George Kettring. Other pastors following Mr. Turner were Revs. Bonewell, Traver, Dilley, Booth, Bowers, Perkins, Slusser, Deihl, Randall, Lower, Faulk, Low, Begley, and Singer.

 

BIBLE-CHRISTIAN CHURCH, MIDDLETON.

 

This society was organized in 1861, by the Rev. D. V. Hyde, with about 20 members. The meetings were first held in private houses, but during the ensuing year a plain