Firm Name.	Kind of Ware.	No. of Kilns
Wm. Brunt, Jr., & Co Homer Laughlin Knowles, Taylor & Knowles Brunt, Bloor, Martin & Co., George S. Harker & Co Godwin & Flentke John Wyllie & Son Vodrey Bros Benj. Harker & Sons West, Hardwick & Co Goodwin Bros C. C. Thompson & Co Croxall & Cartwright* Agner, Foutts & Co S. & W. Baggott Manley, Cartwright & Co McNichol, Burton & Co Flentke, Harrison & Co Bulger & Worcester McDevitt & Moore Burford Bros H. Brunt & Son Richard Thomas & Son	Stone-China " " " “ “ “ “ C China. " " Yellow-Ware " " " “ “ “ “ “ C China Brown-Door-Knobs “	5 5 5 4 4 2 2 2 2 3 3 5 4 4 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
Total number of kilns		67

There are now (May 1, 1879) located at East Liverpool * Two potteries. twenty-four potteries, with sixty-seven kilns, employing two thousand people, ___ men, women, and children, ___ to whom the money disbursed for wages aggregates $20,000 weekly. Pottery is now produced at this point to the value of about $1,500,000 per annum. From present indications, this production will- be largely increased within the next twelvemonth, since many of the potteries are projecting material additions to their works, while the erection of one or two new potteries is confidently expected, The process by which white-ware of the kind known as stone-china is manufactured is substantially as follows : Certain proportions of the crude material being mixed in a vessel called a blunger or churn to the consistency of cream, the mixture is run into the sifters or bolters, which extract the grit, and, thence passing into a cistern, the material is pumped into hydraulic presses, where the liquid is forced out ; and the clay, being then placed in a wedging-machine, comes out in blocks prepared for use. The next process is the pressing or moulding, and, after drying, the clay vessels are burned in the " bisque" kiln, where they remain about seventy hours. They are afterwards glazed by dipping them into a solution of feldspar, silica, carbonate of lead, borax, carbonate of lime, etc., and burned in the gloss-kiln, whence they are taken in a finished state, save such as are set apart for decorated wares. These latter, after being decorated, are burned a third time in a muffle-kiln, where the colors become fluxed and unite with the glaze. Subsequent burnishing with agate instruments completes the work of decoration. For the manufacture of Rockingham- and yellow-ware the soil in the vicinity of Liverpool furnishes an abundance of clay ; but in the manufacture of white-ware other portions of the country . are called upon to supply the crude material, which consists chiefly of feldspar, flint, kaolin, and ball- or pipe-clay, gathered from Maine, Missouri, Delaware, and Pennsylvania. The fine stone-china wares produced at East Liverpool take high rank, and at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia competed successfully with other like exhibits. Decorative pottery is an artistic feature, and employs at this place the skill of a large number of experienced and 184 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO. intelligent artists, The major portion of the people employed in the potteries are English, or of English extraction, although there are many representatives of other nationalities. CLIFF MINE TERRA-COTTA. WORKS. These extensive works, located upon the bank of the Ohio and the line of the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad, midway between Wellsville and East Liverpool, were founded, in 1842, by George McCullough, and are now owned by N. U. Walker. The works are said to be the most extensive and the oldest of any similar enterprise in America, and manufacture of fire-clay various articles, such as fire-brick, sewer-pipe, water-pipe, chimney flues, ventilating flues, chimney tops, hot-air flues, cold-air flues, patent chimneys, lawn vases, flower pots, statuary, stove linings, grate, boiler, flue, and flooring tiles, window-caps, sills, brackets, cornices, etc. Mr. Walker utilizes the mineral privileges of a 250-acre farm set upon the high slope which overlooks the works, and thence obtains an abundant supply of clay, as well as considerable coal. Upon his grounds, which have a river front of about half a mile, are, besides the manufactories, tenements for his employees, of whom there are fully one hundred and twenty-five. Upwards of $150,000 are invested in these manufactories, which contribute largely towards the value of productions in Liverpool township, and which have been an important interest in this locality for thirty-seven years. OTHER INDUSTRIES. The other manufacturing industries of the town include the extensive flint-mills of Golding & Co.,—started in 1876, —where a large quantity of the material used in the manufacture of white-ware at East Liverpool and Trenton, N. J., is ground ; the Union Planing-Mill of Hall & Bevington, built by A. C. and J. C. McIntosh in 1867 ; the grist-mill of C. Metsch ; the steam brick-manufactories of II. H. Surles and Surles & Gambel ; and the foundries of A. J. Boyce and Morley, Dixson & Patterson. Bituminous coal is found to some extent near East Liverpool, the thickest veins being from three to four feet ; and oil likewise abounds. GAS-WELLS. The discovery of oil at Smith's Ferry, Pa., led directly thereafter to explorations in the vicinity of East Liverpool by a company of capitalists from Pittsburgh. After sinking several wells, and finding nothing better than a flow of natural gas, which they regarded as worthless, the company abandoned their undertaking. One of the wells, sunk near Jethro, about 1860, by C. B. Simms, produced salt water as well as gas, and for a time the gas. was used as fuel in the extraction of the salt, of which latter the well yielded from eight to ten barrels daily, and until a few years ago was profitably worked. -Until 1875 no special effort was made to utilize the gas, which abounded largely in various places within East Liverpool. In the last-named year Col. H. R. Hill and Mr. William Brunt, Jr., conceived the idea of turning the natural gas to use. Accordingly, they laid pipes from a well near the river, just above the town—this well having been sunk in 1860—to their respective dwellings, and from that time to the present they have used the gas exclusively for fuel and light with the most gratifying success, and at a merely nominal cost. The excellent results attendant upon this experiment led Messrs. Brunt, Hill, and others to purchase the stock of the East Liverpool Gas Company,—organized April 21, 1870, by Pittsburgh parties, who engaged in the manufacture of artificial gas until 1875,—and to furnish the natural gas to the inhabitants of the town, and with it to light the town's streets. The gas is now generally used for light and heating purposes in the dwellings, stores, and business offices, and to a considerable extent in the potteries in making steam and burning ware. The supply is supposed to be inexhaustible, and to consumers the cost varies from $12 to $50 yearly, in accordance with the number of lights and fires used, while the expense for street lights is so trifling that instead of employing a person to extinguish the street lamps each morning, the town permits the lights to burn day and night. POST-OFFICE. An early record states that there was a post-office at East Liverpool, or Fawcettstown, in 1810, when the place was called St. Clair or Fawcettstown, and that a William Larwell, father of Joseph, William, John, and Jabez Lar well, of Wooster, Ohio, was postmaster. The office was discontinued shortly afterwards, and the settlers had then to go to Beavertown and Georgetown, Pa., or Steubenville, Ohio, for their mail. About or before 1820, Thomas Moore was appointed a postmaster at Little Beaver Bridge, where the second post-office in what is now Liverpool township was established. Mathew Laughlin (father of Homer Laughlin) was postmaster there after Mr. Moore's time, and upon the establishing of a post-office at East Liverpool, about 1830, John Collins was appointed postmaster. Of Mr. Collins it is told that he used to keep the post-office in his hat, and when, in his travels, he encountered a citizen in quest of letters, Collins would doff his beaver, search for the mail, deliver it, and pass on. Mr. Collins' successors in the office were Wm. P. Morris, Joseph Forbes, John Taylor, Sanford C. Hill, Kirk Armstrong, G. A. Humrickhouse, and H. H. Surles, the latter being the postmaster at present. For the quarter ending April 1, 1879, the sale of stamps at the office amounted to $1384.77. In the money-order department about $27,300 are received for orders and $28,000 paid out on orders annually. NEWSPAPERS. The first newspaper published in Liverpool township was issued May 23, 1861, in East Liverpool, by George J. Luckey and J. W. Harris. It was Republican in politics, was called the East Liverpool Mercury, and was printed at the corner of Union and Second streets. It lived but a year and passed away—for lack of paying patronage—in the summer of 1862. Thereafter the town was without a local newspaper until TOWNSHIP OF LIVERPOOL - 185 1867, when the East Liverpool Record was issued by W. G. Forster, who had previously conducted the Wellsville Union, at Wellsville, and continued to publish both journals until 1869, when he suspended the publication of the Record and devoted his entire attention to the Union. The Record was a Republican paper and was published on Second Street, adjoining the Dobbins House. Meanwhile,—in 1868,—one Murphy, of Wellsburg, W. Va., occupied an office where the First National Bank is now located, and began the publication of the Liverpool Local, but abandoned it after an eight weeks' profitless experience. The next candidate for public favor was the Liverpool Democrat, the first number of which was issued in 1869, by Enoch Bradshaw, whose office of publication on Broadway is now known as Bradshaw's Hall. Mr. Bradshaw purchased the type, etc., used in Murphy's Local. The paper was Democratic in politics, and prospered fairly until January, 1876, when the material was transferred to J. H. Simms and T. R. Bradshaw, who issued, Jan. 22, 1876, the first number of the East Liverpool Tribune, a twenty-column paper. The firm continued to publish the paper at an office on Second Street, over the post-office, until Jan. 1, 1877, when Bradshaw retired. Simms has since then conducted it on his own account, and in January, 1878, removed the publication office to the present location, adjoining Thompson's music-store, on Broadway. The Tribune is issued every Saturday, has been enlarged to twenty-eight columns, and has a circulation of five hundred. In November, 1871, D. B. Martin, who had been publishing the Wellsville Local since 1870, transferred his office to East Liverpool, and began the publication of the East Liverpool Gazette. In March, 1876, he changed its name to the East Liverpool Potters' Gazette, and in June the same year changed the name to The Potters' Gazette, which it still retains. It is not, as its name might imply, devoted exclusively to the pottery interest, but is strictly a local journal. It is issued every Thursday by its original editor and proprietor, contains thirty-two columns of matter, and has a circulation of about five hundred. BANKS. The first banking institution organized in East Liverpool was the private bank of Huff & Co., who began business in 1870, and had their banking-house on Second Street, where the Dobbins House now is. The firm was composed of William M. Lloyd, of Altoona, Pa., and George F. Huff, of Greensburg, Pa. In 1873 they built and occupied the banking-house now occupied by the First National Bank. Mr. Lloyd was interested in ten other banks, and these, including the East Liverpool Bank, failed in November, 1873, when the bank of Lloyd, Hamilton & Co., of New York City, went down. Mr. F. D. Kitchell, who was cashier of the bank from its organization, wound up its affairs, and paid the creditors eighty per cent. of their claims. In October, 1873, the East Liverpool Banking Company was organized under the State banking laws, with a capital of $30,000. The directors were David Boyce, William S. George, Josiah Thompson, N. B. Hickman, George Morley, 24 I. W. Knowles, and N. A. Frederick. Hon. David Boyce was president, and F. D. Kitchell cashier. In May, 1874, the institution was reorganized as the First National Bank, with a capital of $50,000. The directors, May 1, 1879, were Josiah Thompson, J. M. Kelly, David Boyce, Andrew Blythe, William H. Vodrey, and N. B. Hickman. The president was Josiah Thompson, and the cashier N. G. Macrum. The bank's circulation, April 4, 1879, was $45,000 ; its deposit account, $68,608.16 ; and its loans and discounts, $55,091.13. CEMETERIES. The cemetery of. East Liverpool, occupying an elevated site at the western end of Fifth Street, is a neatly-kept and handsomely-shaded spot, and contains many handsome tombstones. It embraces the acre of ground donated to the town by Thomas Fawcett shortly after the year 1800 for a cemetery. To the original tract additions have been made from time to time by purchase. The first person buried there was " Granny" Snodgrass, whose two children were the next to be laid there, and after them James Kelly and " Granny" Taggart. In 1832, G. D. McKinnon donated an acre and a half on his farm, north of the village, for a burying-ground, to be used for the members of the religious denomination called the Disciples and for the poor of the town. RAILWAYS. The first railway enterprise with which East Liverpool was concerned was the Ashtabula, Warren and East Liverpool. Railroad, in the promotion of which one John Patrick, a sometime itinerant preacher, actively engaged his ener gies. Patrick went to New York in 1835, and managed to so awaken attention that the company was organized, stock subscribed for, and the survey of the route commenced in 1836. He obtained, moreover, a large stock of goods in New York, and upon returning to East Liverpool opened a store, and projected, likewise, a bank, to be called the East Liverpool Bank. These brisk movements, predicated upon the probable prosperity in store for the town upon the completion of the railway, imparted bright hopes to all the inhabitants of the town, which began to look confidently towards future greatness. Unfortunately for all these rosy speculations, the panic of 1837 demolished the railway project, and, with it, Patrick and the hopes of the community. Edward Carroll had begun the erection of the Mansion House, which was expected to be the finest hotel in this part of Ohio, but the bursting of the railway bubble checked the career of the hotel enterprise also. Sept. 16, 1856, the first through railroad-train from East Liverpool to Pittsburgh, over the Cincinnati and Pittsburgh Railroad, went out with an excursion-party to a Fremont barbecue at the latter city. There was no depot at the town, and Mr. Andrew Blythe, the company's first agent, sold tickets from the front door-step of his house, on Broadway near the river. Previous to the date named trains had been running from Cleveland to Wellsville, and also from East Liverpool to Rochester, but the first through passenger-train was sent out as above noted. 186 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO. THE TOWN-HALL. This fine brick edifice, standing on the corner of Market and Third Streets, in East Liverpool, is one of the town's ornaments. It was built in 1877, by the village and township, and is used jointly for public purposes. Previous to its erection, public business was transacted in a small brick building, which was put up in 1864. The hall is three stories in height, surmounted by a mansard roof and observatory, and cost upwards of $6000. It contains a council-chamber, mayor's office, trial-room, jail, marshal's room, fire-engine room, and offices. CROCKERY CITY HOOK-AND-LADDER COMPANY. East Liverpool has been fortunately free from conflagrations, and, encouraged by that experience, has never had a fire-engine company. The " bucket brigade" has thus far served every purpose, although in 1877 a hook-and-ladder company was organized, but as yet has not been called to active duty. Robert Hague is the captain, Wm. Chisholm lieutenant ; and the membership 50. The company has a fine apparatus, which has quarters in the town-hall. MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS. The first band organized in the town dated its existence from early in 1850, when J. L. Rule instructed a chosen few, and remained as instructor until the enterprise was fairly under way. There were fifteen pieces in the band, which was led at first by Luke Parker, and afterwards by Peter Lee, who went into the service in 1861 as trumpeter in an Ohio battery, and was killed in action. Upon the breaking out of the war of the Rebellion the band organization was broken up. In 1865, Harry Martin organized the East Liverpool Silver Cornet Band, and continued its leader until 1872, when it was reorganized by William Manley and others, Mr. Manley having since then been the leader. The organization numbers fifteen pieces, and has a band-room in the town-hall. The Independent Cornet Band was organized in 1872 by B. W. Haynes, who is still the leader. It has fourteen pieces, has a band-room near Fifth Street, and has lately donned a new uniform. SOCIETIES, ORDERS, ETC. The secret orders of the township are all at East Liverpool, and are noted as follows : EAST LIVERPOOL LODGE, NO. 379, I. O. O. F., was organized July, 1866, and has the following officers : D. H. Jessup, P. G. ; Geo. W. Croxall, N. G.; George W. Burford, V. G. ; Jesse Croxall, T. ; W. D. Moore, C. S. ; Felix Hulz, P. S. The Lodge numbers 120, and ow s a fine brick edifice (built in 1874) at the corner of Fifth a d Washington Streets, in which is their capacious hall. EAST LIVERPOOL ENCAMPMENT, NO. 107, I. O. O. F., was organized June 16, 1868; has now 45 members, and officers as follows : D. H. Jessup, C. P. ; John Brooks, S. W. ; Loomis Kinsey, J. W. ; James Lee, Sr., H. P. ; Geo. W. Croxall, S. ; Richard Till, T. IROQUOIS TRIBE, NO. 40, L. O. R. M., was organized 1867, and has the following officers : J. Q. A. Fowler, Sachem ; Jason Neville, S. S. ; N. T. Ashbaugh, J. S. ; George Peach, C. R. ; Wm. Gibbs, A. C. R. ; Wm. H. Morrow, K. W. EAST LIVERPOOL CHAPTER, NO. 100, R. A. M., was organized Jan. 29, 1867, and has officers as follows : W. H. Vodrey, H. P. ; F. G. Croxall, K. ; M. H. Foutts, S. ; James Godwin, C. of H. ; Perry Johnson, P. S. ; W. E. Hazlett, R. A. C. ; Geo. Phillips, G. M. 3d V. ; B. C. Simms, G. M. 2d V. ; M. M. Huston, G. M. 1st V. ; C. Metsch, Treas. ; D. B. Martin, Sec. ; Joseph Barker, Guard. PEABODY LODGE, NO. 19, K. OF P., was organized in 1867 ; has 48 members, and for officers Jesse Jenkins, P. C. ; John Welsh, C. C. ; Franklin Hamilton, V. C. ; Geo. D. McKinnon, K. of R. and S. ; W. S. Dorff, M. E.; J. W. McKinnon, M. F. ; T. B. McKinnon, M. A. ; G. Marshall, I. G. ; P. Hendle, 0. G. ; S. Martin, J. Welsh, W. Dorff, Trustees. RIDDLE LODGE, NO. 315, F. AND A. M., was organized 1859 ; has 75 members and the following officers : W. E. Hazlett, W. M. ; R. E. Hill, S. W. ; Geo. Phillips, J. W. ; J. S. Stewart, Sec. ; Jethro Manley, Treas. ; F. G. Croxall, S. D. ; John Grafton, J. D. ; Jos. Barker, Tyler.. DIVISION NO. 4, A. 0. H., organized in 1876, has 12 members and the following officers ; John Sullivan, Pres. ; Thomas Cannon, V. P. ; John Morgan, R. S. ; George McNichol, F. S. ; Daniel McNichol, Treas. The county officers are Thomas Glenn, County Delegate ; John Morgan, County Secretary. THE FATHER MATHEW T. A. SOCIETY was organized May,1876 ; has 30 members, and officers as follows : Peter Kinney, P.; William Farrell, Treas ; Patrick Farrell, Sec. WATER-WORKS. The act authorizing the construction of water-works in the village of East Liverpool was passed February, 1879, and in April, 1879, Messrs. Josiah Thompson, I. W. Knowles, and Thomas H. Arbuckle were elected trustees. It is proposed to conduct water from the Ohio River to a reservoir (of the capacity of 1,000,000 gallons) on Thompson's Hill, east of the village, where the elevation is 320 feet above low-water mark. Thence pipes will supply the town. The contract for building the works was awarded May 24, 1879, and it was then understood that the works would be fully completed in the fall of that year. SANFORD C. HILL For over half a century one of the best known citizens of the comity was Sanford C. Hill, who was born near Pughtown, W. Va., on the 20th day of June, 1796. From the time he was old enough he regularly attended school, and obtained an early, liberal education. In 1813, with the consent of his parents, he was employed as a clerk in a Pittsburgh bookstore. In 1818 he looked out a situation in Ohio, and entered into the mercantile business at a public crossroad now within the limits of the town of Wellsville. In 1819 he made a purchase in the town of East Liverpool, and removed his store to that place, being the first dry-goods store opened in the town. Sept. 29, 1820, he was married to Vashti B. Moore, of Pughtown, W.Va. Soon thereafter he sold out his stock of goods, and entered into a business far more congenial to his taste. He procured a complete set of surveying and mathematical instruments, and for more than forty years made practical surveying his chief business, besides teaching students in the theory and practice of civil engineering. For many years he spent his leisure time in studying astronomy and all the various branches of mathematics. September 6, 1832, his wife died, leaving four children. November 10, 1833, he was again married, to Mrs. Sarah Sansbury, of Achor, Ohio, who died June 25, 1866, also leaving four children. In local matters in his own neighborhood he long had a controlling voice ; was elected a justice of the peace for over twenty consecutive years, and did more office work as a conveyancer and counselor than, perhaps, any other man in the county. The allotment of the different additions to the town of East Liverpool were nearly all laid out by him. For forty-two years in succession he made a series of almanac calculations for the various publishers of the country. It was through this instrumentality that his name became a household word, and Sanford C. Hill's almanacs were to be found in almost every family, especially in the West and South. He was a frequent contributor of mathematical and astronomical articles to the leading periodicals of the country, and was regarded as high authority upon all subjects of that nature. His talents and acquirements were recognized and acknowledged among men of science. He died on the 17th day of April, 1871, aged seventy-four years, nine months, and twenty-seven days. His remains are interred in the East Liverpool Cemetery, and the grave is marked by a plain marble monument, bearing the text of the funeral discourse pronounced in his memory in the Presbyterian Church, in which he had long been a ruling elder : " Mark the perfect man, and behold the upright ; for the end of that man is peace." MADISON. MADISON township, numbered 10, in range 2, one of the seven southern townships in Columbiana, is the largest of the seven, and still retains its original territory of six miles square. Its boundaries are Elk Run township on the north, Yellow Creek on the south, St. Clair and Liverpool on the east, and Wayne and Washington on the west. The surface of the township is hilly in every part, and, in common with neighboring elevated regions, Madison is a healthful country and abounds in fine natural prospects. The salubrious climate conduces to extreme longevity, and to' a remarkable retention of vigor, both physical and mental, by the aged. The west fork of Beaver Creek flows through the township in an exceedingly eccentric course from the western line to the northeast corner at Williamsport, and furnishes en route excellent water for several mills. Round Knob farm, on the southeast quarter of section 22, originally owned by Jacob Welch, and now the property of the Long's Run Oil Company, is claimed to occupy the highest point of land in the State of Ohio, its alleged elevation above Lake. Erie being eight hundred and forty-four feet, and seven hundred and fifty-four feet above the Ohio at Wellsville. Bituminous coal is found in many places in Madison, and in some spots—notably near West Point—veins toy the thickness of three and a half feet exist. Considerable coal is mined, but it is all used for home consumption. The deposits of oil, although supposed to freely exist, have not yet been discovered in paying quantity. A strong flow of natural gas has been found in an oil well at West Point, and is said to provide gas enough to supply West Point with illumination for an indefinite length of time. Madison has no railway within its borders, although railway facilities at Wellsville, New Lisbon, and other near-at-hand points offer fairly satisfactory conveniences in that respect. EARLY SETTLEMENT. Madison township received its earliest settlers from a thrifty, hardy race of people who came from the Highlands of Scotland. The tract taken up by them was chiefly in what is now Madison township ; it measured ten miles in length, from three to five miles in width,' and is to this day known as the " Scotch settlement." One of the first to locate upon this tract was Andrew McPherson, who came over in 1802 with two sons and two daughters, and took up the southeast quarter of section 36. Of Mr. McPherson's family of four sons and four daughters, one sou, Andrew, is still a resident of Madison. Alexander McDonald settled upon the northwest quarter of section 36, upon the farm now occupied by Andrew McPherson, grandson of Andrew McPherson, the early settler above mentioned. Alexander McDonald was a man of considerable local note, and was for years a ruling elder in the Yellow Creek Presbyterian church. In 1815 a Mr. Cook, an early settler, sold his farm on section 25 to Charles Rose, whose son William now lives on the place. On the same section, upon the northeast quarter, a Mr. Shaffer occupied what is now the estate of his son Archibald, deceased. The northeast quarter of section 21 was entered by James McIntosh, who removed to Iowa in 1857. His son John subsequently returned to Madison township, and still resides there. Upon the same section Wm. Monroe and Evan McIntosh were early settlers. The northwest quarter of section 25, now occupied by Mrs. M. Cameron, was first entered by "Squire" Armstrong, who sold it to Alexander Chisholm shortly after locating. John McPhail settled in 1802 upon the northwest quarter of section 36. He sold it to John Campbell, who came over from Scotland in 1813. William Falconer, who emigrated from Scotland in 1804, located in that year upon section 35, the place being now the property of the heirs of the late John McKenzie. The place now owned by Samuel Mick, upon the same section, was settled by Daniel McCoy in 1803. Mr. McCoy was a soldier under General Harrison, a-prominent member of the settlement, and long an elder in the Presbyterian church. The farms now occupied by Daniel and Alexander McIntosh, upon section 35, are upon land taken up by William McIntosh, adjoining whom Daniel McIntosh was a settler upon the place now owned by his son-in-law, Hugh Jack. Duncan Frazer located upon section 26 in 1804. He was a ruling elder in the Presbyterian church, as was his son John,—now deceased,—who occupied the farm after him. James McIntosh settled upon the same section where his son Alexander now lives. The southeast quarter of 'section 23 was taken up by Jesse Williams, whose son William now owns it. Adjoining Williams was Angus McIntosh, who sold the place to Edward Powers, whose widow still lives there. The northwest quarter of section 23, now occupied by the heirs of John Crawford, was entered by Jacob Vanfossan, who was one of the original trustees of the' Yellow Creek Presbyterian church. Vanfossan's son, Arnold, settled upon the southwest quarter of the same section, now occupied by John Patterson. In 1804, Andrew Smith, a Scot, settled, upon section 34, near the Yellow Creek line. He was for many years a justice of the peace ; one of the earliest school-teachers in those parts ; a general attorney for the Scotch settlement ; a ruling elder in the Presbyte- - 187 - 188 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO. rian church ; and a widely-known citizen. His old farm is now owned by Andrew Kerr. The farm on the west, owned by Duncan Smith, was first entered by Daniel McIntosh. Alexander F. McIntosh settled upon the northeast quarter of section 34, where his widow now lives. "The northwest quarter was settled by Hugh McBane, and is now owned by Daniel McBane, who owns also, the southwest quarter, where Francis McBane was an early settler. The southeast quarter of section 27, occupied by Hugh Rose, was entered by John McDonald, known as the " fox-bunter," from his earlier pursuit in Scotland. Upon the two quarter sections in sections 22 and 27, owned by the Long's Run Oil Company, the early settlers were John McBane and Jacob Welsh. John McGillivray, upon section 22, occupies the place settled by John McDonald, and upon the adjoining quarter on the west Daniel Smith was a settler where his heirs now reside. Daniel Davidson located in 1817 upon the southwest corner of section 22, where his son James now lives. Charles McLean entered in 1805 the northwest quarter of section 27, where John McLean and Philip McLean's widow now reside. The land now occupied by the village of Glasgow was originally entered by William McBane, who settled in 1805. His farm is now owned by the heirs of Alexander McBane, long known as Spire McBane. John Bailie and William Grafton (the latter from Maryland) were early settlers upon section 33; and upon section 28, George Ogilvie, Sr., Andrew Adams, Charles McLean, and Angus McBane were the first settlers. Angus McBane entered also the quarter in section 21 now owned by Jonathan Mick. F. McIntosh lives on section 21 where Duncan Davidson settled, and where subsequently Daniel McIntosh, Sr., resided. Mr. McIntosh was an elder in the Yellow Creek church, and lived in Madison until his death. The adjoining quarter on the north was originally set apart as school land, and was sold to Arnold Vanfossan, from whom it descended to his grandson, Joseph Vanfossan, the present owner. John Stewart, who settled upon section 21, was a carpenter, and put the roof upon the first Yellow Creek church. Robert McCready, of Washington Co., Pa., entered the east half of section 32, now the property of his grandson Joseph, who acquired the property from his father, Joseph, who had thirteen children, of whom three—Robert, David, and one other—were college graduates. The southwest quarter was entered by Alexander Noble, and on the north Daniel Frazer was a settler. He subsequently removed to Kansas, where he is said to be still living. Upon section 29, Farquhar Shaw, of Scotland, settled where John McBain lives ; Thomas Coburn, where Alexander McIntosh lives ; Alexander Cameron, upon the farm now owned by John Mick ; and James Douglass, upon the quarter owned now by James McMillan. The settlers upon section 20 were Abraham Ketcham, of Maryland, and Robert Wright. James McKenzie, one of Madison's early settlers, located upon section 31 in 1807, was a soldier in the war of 1812, and died at the age of ninety-nine. He was with Harrison at the battle of the Thames, in Canada, and thence assisted in conveying seven hundred prisoners to Pittsburgh. One of his sons, Hon. N. B. McKenzie, was a State senator for some years, and is now postmaster at Wellsville, Ohio. Samuel Thompson and John McKenzie were also settlers upon section 31. Upon section 30, the first settlers were James McIntosh, John McGillivray, Henry Felgar, Mr. Iddings, and John Cameron. Upon section 19, James Norris, Samuel McCormick, James Beeson, and James Cooper located about the same time. Among the early settlers in the neighborhood of the present village of West Point were William McLane and Rev. E. N. Scroggs. Mr. McLane sold a piece of land to William Hillis, who built a hewed log house and prepared to open a blacksmith-shop, but he died before he could set the enterprise in motion. Henry Bough bought the land and kept tavern there for many years. The William McLane alluded to settled in the township in 1814, and, from 1815 to 1827, was a justice of the peace.- His eldest son, John, settled on section 4 in 1816, and two of his other sons,—he had ten, in all,—Daniel and Samuel, became preachers in the Associate Presbyterian church. Samuel Martin, who settled upon section 9 in 1808, was a captain in the war of 1812. One of the sons of the Rev. E. H. Scroggs, who settled upon section 9, became county auditor. William Morrison, an early settler, kept tavern upon the northwest quarter of section 10, now owned by Joseph Brown. This tavern was on the Georgetown road, and for many years was a notable resort, especially as the scene of military musters. George McCormick, upon section 7, and Anthony Shafer, upon section 9, were also among the early settlers. Charles Rose, an early settler in St. Clair township, and soon afterward a settler in Madison, was born in Scotland, upon the battle-field of Culloden. In 1804, with his wife and nine children,. he left Greenock, Scotland, aboard the brig" Brandywine," of which one Mark Collins, an Irishman, was captain ; and a jolly captain he was, too, so report hath it. Mr. Rose was accompanied, among others, by the families of Francis Grimes and Alex. McGillivray, who settled in Madison. They landed at New York, and crossed the Alleghanies from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh in wagons, the trip occupying twenty-one days. Six dollars and a half per hundred was the price they had to pay for transporting their baggage across the mountains, and a good round sum it cost them. Previous to the emigration of Charles Rose and his companions, John Rose, Alexander McDonald, and Daniel McCoy came over from Scotland, in 1803, and located in Madison. Charles Rose settled in 1804 in that portion of St. Clair now within the limits of Liverpool, whence he removed in 1811, temporarily, to Wayne Co., Ohio, but in 1815 he returned to Columbiana, and settled upon the place now occupied by his sort William, in section 25, Madison township. William Rose, just mentioned, has reached the ripe age of eighty-seven, and is still an active, energetic man, with a deep-rooted affection for the land of his birth, its traditions, and the religious teachings of the Scotch Presbyterian Church. William Falconer and wife, Andrew Smith, a bachelor (who afterwards became a noted man in Madison's early TOWNSHIP OF MADISON - 189 settlement), William McIntosh, wife, and family, Alexander Smith, father of William McIntosh's wife, Daniel Smith and wife, and Duncan Frazer, with wife and three children, shipped from Greenock, Scotland, in 1804, for Baltimore, Maryland, purposing to locate in the Scotch settlement, now in Madison township. Instead of conveying the ship to Baltimore, as he had agreed, the captain landed at Charleston, S. C., and at that time the city was plague-stricken with the yellow fever. The Scotch emigrants speedily embarked in a ship for Baltimore, but had not proceeded far before their vessel was wrecked. Happily, the passengers were cast ashore, and of their number lost but one by the disaster. Their next attempt to reach Ohio was more successful, and, although their journey was a tedious one and hazardous, they arrived at the settlement without further diminution of numbers, and entered promptly upon the active duties of pioneers. Many interesting stories are extant concerning the unhappy experiences and trials of the pioneers of Madison upon the eve of their embarkation at Scotland for America, and how they were pursued and persecuted by those who sought to impress them into the English naval service. Many were indeed captured while making ready to sail, and even on shipboard, and forced to serve in the navy until England and France were at peace again. Alexander Chisholm was thus taken from on board the ship upon which he proposed to sail for America, and, despite the efforts of himself and his friends, who sought to conceal him from the pursuit of the press-gang, he was compelled to see the ship sail without him, and to defer his promised departure two years. A story is told of an exciting Indian alarm raised by William McIntosh in 1812 or 1813. McIntosh, who was somewhat deaf, thought, while visiting some friends in the northern part of the township, he heard some talk about an expected Indian raid, and, hurrying home as fast as he could, he soon spread in the neighborhood the news that the savages were close at hand, and might be looked for at any moment. The settlers, already worried by the war then in progress, were quick to take the alarm, and, devising immediate measures to conceal what valuables they possessed, collected in numbers at certain houses and prepared to make a defense against the savage attack. Some went even so far as to leave the township for the river settlements; but, as it happened, the scare was a needless one, since the Indians never appeared, but the anxiety and fear for twenty-four hours were somewhat harassing, until it was learned that McIntosh had mistaken a casual reference to Indian misdeeds elsewhere for certain expectation of trouble in that neighborhood. The narration of this circumstance shows, however, how the settlers of those days must have been oppressed by a sense of insecurity, and how they were constantly apprehensive of danger. The Indians never troubled the settlers much, except as beggarly, idle, and dissolute neighbors, always ready to steal rather than work, and quarrelsome when drunk. The tragedy in which White Eyes was slain by young Carpenter occurred in this township.* * See note on page 20 of this work. Madison sent several volunteers into the war of 1812, among them being Daniel McCoy, Jesse Williams, James McKenzie, Samuel Martin, Duncan McDonald, and Angus McDonald. It may be noted that Angus McBane, who settled in that part of St. Clair now called Liverpool, about 1801, was the pioneer who led the way to the Scotch settlement, for it was his excellent report to his friends in Sootland that led to the emigration at once of a number of Scotch families, the first three to follow him being those of George Ogilvie, Alexander McIntosh, and William Forsyth. Roads were not common even as late as 1811. Horse-paths were plentiful, and, necessarily, horseback was a popular mode of travel. The early settlers cared more for clearing their farms and cultivating the ground than they did for roads, and so did not exert themselves on behalf of highways, for the construction of which, indeed, they probably thought they could at best illy afford any financial assistance. The first physician in Madison was Dr. D. Marquis, who practiced in the neighborhood of West Point, where he lived. The physicians who succeeded him were Drs. McDowel, Hart, J. J. Ikard, Ball, Sage, and Williams. Previous to 1810 the settlers in Madison had no gristmill at home, and were compelled to go to Beaver's Mills and other places to mill. In the year named, John Guthrie built a grist-mill on Brush Run, and in the latter part of the same year Henry Brough put up a grist-mill on the west fork of. Beaver Creek, near West Point. In 1811, William Crawford built a grist- and saw-mill below Williamsport. David Hanna put up a carding-machine on the creek north of the Georgetown road, and not long after that James Cocker put up a similar machine lower down on the same stream. William McLane built a bridge across the creek in 1815, near Bough's mill, at what is now West Point. Aaron Brooks built a grist-mill on the west fork of Beaver at an early date, and in 1837 sold to Mr. Hamilton, after whom the property passed to parties who proposed to bore for oil there, but abandoned the project and sold the mill to Wellsville people, by whom it was removed to the latter place and made to do duty as a steam-mill. John Smith kept an early tavern on the old Georgetown road, near the place now occupied by the " township-line" school-house, and about the same time a Mr. Morrison kept a tavern at West Beaver. The first election for justice of the peace and constable was held at the house of Jacob Vonfossan, on section 23, in 1811, when Richard Gilson was chosen justice of the peace, and Jacob Vonfossan, Jr., constable. James McKenzie, already alluded to, came over from Scotland in the ship " Curlew" in 1801, and landed at Baltimore. With him were the families of John McIntosh, Alexander Cameron, Alexander Chisholm, John A. McBane, and Alexander McIntosh. It was from the " Curlew" that Alexander Cameron and Alexander Chisholm were taken with nine others (all Scotchmen destined for America) by the English pressgang and forced to serve in the English navy. Chisholm was released at the end of two years by reason of illness, 190 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO. and became afterwards a settler in Madison, according to his original purpose. Cameron was, however, kept in the service sixteen years, and then got his freedom therefrom only by escaping. John McIntosh, who came over from Scotland in the "Curlew" in 1801, settled in 1804 in what is now Madison township, upon section 35, where John McIntosh, his son, now lives. With his family, the elder McIntosh passed over the mountains from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh in wagons, floated down the river to Wellsville, and thence to the Scotch settlement, packed their goods across the hills upon horses' backs, and themselves went afoot. A portion of the path which they traversed on that occasion is still visible, says John McIntosh, now living upon the old place. ORGANIZATION. Madison township was organized June 12, 1809, and is the only one of the southern tier of townships in the county containing an area of six miles square, its original territory. Thomas George was the first collector, and in the first year after the township organization the tax assessed was but $35.70. The early records of the township have been lost, and the list, therefore, of trustees, treasurers, and clerks who have served the township dates only from 1858, as follows : 1858.—Trustees, John Fraser, John McCormick, Levi Williams ; Treasurer, David McLane; Clerk, J. J. Scroggs. 1859.—Trustees, H. Bennett, Edward Powers, John Campbell ; Treasurer, — —; Clerk, Isaac Fife, Jr. 1860.—Trustees, H. Bennett, Edward Powers, John Campbell; Treasurer, J. C. McDonald; Clerk, Isaac Fife, Jr. 1861.—Trustees, Angus McBane, Hugh McQueen, John Jonas; Treasurer, John C. McDonald; Clerk, A. C. Ramsey. 1862.—Trustees, Angus Mamie, Andrew Kerr, John Looney ; Treasurer, John McCormick ; Clerk, Joseph Brown. 1863.—Trustees, J. J. Ikard, Joseph March, Daniel Crawford; Treasurer, John Reid; Clerk, D. R. Gilson. 1864.—Trustees, Isaac Arbuckle, John McLean, Joseph Spence; Treasurer, John Elliott; Clerk, Joseph Brown. 1865.—Trustees, A. C. Ramsey, D. G. McIntosh, S. P. Bough; Treasurer, John Elliott ; Clerk, Joseph Brown. 1866.—Trustees, A. C. Ramsey, D. G. McIntosh, John Cameron ; Treasurer, John Elliott; Clerk, Joseph Brown. 1867.—Trustees, John Cameron, John Mills, William Vaughn ; Treasurer, J. B. Crofts; Clerk, E. McIntosh. 1868.—Trustees, John Cameron, D. G. McIntosh, Alexander McBane; Treasurer, J. B. Crofts ; Clerk, E. McIntosh. 1869.—Trustees, Edward Powers, J. N. McLean, H. D. Brown ; Treasurer, J. A. Noble ; Clerk, William K. George. 1870.—Trustees, Edward Powers, H. D. Brown, J. N. McLean ; Treasurer, J. A. Noble; Clerk, William K. George. 1871.—Trustees, John McCormick, Hugh McQueen, T. B. Blair ; Treasurer, John Cameron ; Clerk, James McIntosh. 1872.—Trustees, Hugh McQueen, H. J. Bough, A. S: McIntosh; Treasurer, John Cameron ; Clerk, William Rose. 1873.—Trustees, William O. Fraser, H. J. Bough, A. S. McIntosh; Treasurer, John Cameron ; Clerk, Wm. M. Smith. 1874.—Trustees, Daniel McBane, G. F. Fells, H. D. Brown ; Treasurer, David McLane; Clerk, W. M. Smith. 1875.—Trustees, Daniel McBane, G. F. Fells, H. D. Brown ; Treasurer, David McLane ; Clerk, H. J. Bough. 1876-77.—Trustees, Isaac Arhuckle, J. B. Crofts, Laughlin McKenzie ; Treasurer, David McLane; Clerk, Joseph Brown. 1878.—Trustees, Laughlin McKenzie, J. B. Crofts, J. A. Noble ; Treasurer, D. McLane; Clerk, John Y. Williams. 1879.—Trustees, J. B. Crofts, L. F. McKenzie, Hugh McQueen ; Treasurer, D. McLane; Clerk, J. Y. Williams. VILLAGES. Madison contains within its limits three villages, called respectively, Glasgow, West Point, and Williamsport, the two first named of which have post-offices. WILLIAMSPORT, although the smallest settlement of the three, .was laid out first, the date of its plat being Aug. 15, 1835, and its original proprietor William Crawford, an early settler in the township, and builder of the first mill in that neighborhood. The name he gave the town was doubtless in pursuance of a desire to perpetuate his own name of William. GLASGOW. The village of Glasgow was platted some time in March, 1852, by William McBane. This place is but a small rural settlement, but contains a thrifty and measurably prosperous community, whose pursuits are chiefly agricultural. WEST POINT, in the neighborhood of oil producing wells, is not recorded upon the county records as ever having been platted. It contains but few houses and one store, which has, however, considerable trade with a good neighboring country. POST-OFFICES. West Point was made a postal station in 1836, when Jacob Stewart was appointed postmaster. He held the office for about twenty years, and was succeeded by Wilson Stewart, whose successors to 1879 were Hezekiah Bennet, Dr. Marquis, William Patterson, John Miller, Jonathan Warrick, William Dalzell, John Kerr, and H. J. Bough, the latter being the incumbent July 1, 1879. A post-office was first established at Glasgow in 1837. The first postmaster was John McBane, who served until his death, when his brother Alexander received the appointment, and held it until his death, in 1875, when John Lewis, the present appointee, entered the office. CHURCHES. By reason of the strong religious tendencies of the Scotch settlers, who were the first to people what is now Madison township, church interests began to develop there at a very early day, and in the Scotch settlement they received earnest attention almost directly a ter the entrance of the pioneers. The sturdy Scots were strongly imbued with the value of religious observances, and, rigid in their views, esteemed their duty not begun until they had set on foot vigorous measures looking to the renewal in the New World of the public observation of that religious faith to which in the Old World they had all their lives been closely wedded. Presbyterian was their faith, and the Presbyterian church was therefore the first religious organization in the township of Madison. That church has continued to the present to predominate in Madison, and, of the four church organizations within the township, the Presbyterians have three, the fourth being a Methodist, which draws support from neighboring townships. TOWNSHIP OF MADISON - 191 YELLOW CREEK PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. The families who came over from the Highlands of Scotland and settled upon the east end of what is known as the Scotch settlement, in Madison township, in 1802, were members of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland, one of them, Alexander McIntosh, having been a ruling elder. These families brought with them, besides certificates of membership from the churches with which they had been connected, Bibles in the Gaelic and English, as well as the Psalms in metre in both languages, " Confession of Faith," and catechisms, and it will therefore be understood that they were a people who, in whatever country or whatever their condition, would hasten to devise means for public worship. As soon as Alexander McIntosh completed his log cabin, he gave notice that arrangements would be perfected for bolding religious services therein on the Sabbath, and preaching was at once provided, while at the same time application was made for admission to the Presbytery and for a " supply." The request was promptly granted, and a supply was sent from Western Pennsylvania. Worship was attended by all the settlers at the house of Alexander McIntosh until about 1804. The families living at that time in the western part of the settlement for convenience held religious services in the house of William McIntosh. These houses were used during the winter seasons, but in the summer the people erected tents in the woods and enjoyed open air worship whenever the weather permitted. Among the ministers who preached in the " settlement" (the first beginning in 1802) were Revs. Scott, Patterson, Mercer, Cook, Vallandigham, Duncan, Hughes, Imbrie, White, Snodgrass, and Wright. Very soon after Elder McIntosh got his log cabin up, and likely enough previous to that time, the people of the settlement sent out to Scotland asking Rev. Alexander Denound to come over and take pastoral charge of the community. In response to this petition, Mr. Denound set out for America, intending to locate among those who had sent for him, but, passing through the Genesee country, in the State of New York, en route to Ohio, he was persuaded to abide there in the ministry, and there he remained as preacher until his death, twenty-seven years afterwards. The inhabitants of the Scotch settlement felt sorely grieved that Mr. Denound failed them, and made subsequent efforts to change his purpose, but all to no avail. Later on he visited Madison, and preached there on two occasions, making, however, only brief visits. Several of the early preachers discoursed in the Gaelic, and of these a prominent minister was Rev. Mr. Robertson. The first sacrament, says one authority, was administered in a tent on John Campbell's place in 1805, Revs. Hughes, Scott, and McMillan being present on the occasion. Another authority has it that Rev. Thomas E. Hughes officiated alone at the first communion in the Scotch settlement, and that it was held in Alexander McIntosh's barn. The first structure erected exclusively for purposes of religious worship stood upon the farm now owned by Alexander McBane, of Yellow Creek township, near the old grave-yard. There was preaching also in the house of George Ogilvie, and shortly thereafter, consequent upon some protracted discussion touching the location of the church-building, and some dissensions as well, a log house known as the " Buckwheat-straw church" (because it was thatched with buckwheat-straw) was put up on the place now occupied by Daniel McKenzie. About 1815 it was arranged to have a central place of worship where all the people could worship in common, the settlers having meanwhile multiplied and being all from Scotland, and, although preaching could not be had every Sabbath, frequent supplies were received, and regular Sabbath meetings were invariably held. In addition to the Sabbath meetings, prayer-meetings were held each alternate Thursday in every month. The first stated supply was the Rev. Mr. Cook, who served half of the time in 1811 and 1812. The next stated supply was Rev. Mr. Robertson, who preached every Sabbath from 1818 for three years, and following him the stated supplies were Revs. Messrs. Dilworth and Campbell. The first settled pastor was Rev. Mr. Cross, and after him the pastors have been Revs. Moore, Martin, Swan, and Blackford, the latter being the present pastor. The church society was incorporated 1825, with Andrew Smith, Daniel Smith, William Smith, Jacob Vanfossan, and Peter Ross as trustees. The first church was erected in 1827, and this structure, after weathering the storms of fifty winters, was in 1878 replaced by the present handsome and commodious edifice, which occupies the site of the old church, upon a commanding elevation, and whose graceful spire, rising to the height of 90 feet from the ground, is visible from far away. After Alexander McIntosh, who was the only ruling elder for several years, the elders were Angus McBane, John McPherson, Daniel Smith, Andrew McGillivray, Daniel McCoy, Daniel McIntosh, Duncan Fraser, Alexander Chisholm, Alexander McDonald, William Creighton, Andrew Smith, Peter Ross, Daniel McIntosh, John Fraser, Daniel McQueen, Daniel Smith, John Falconer, Duncan Smith, the three latter being the present elders. WEST BEAVER UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. The Associate Presbyterian congregation of West Beaver was organized about the year 1806, when the congregation was under the jurisdiction of the Presbytery of Chartiers. In 1808 the Presbytery appointed Rev. Mr. Pringle to preach at the West Beaver branch of Little Beaver on the last Sabbath in November. Preaching was more frequently enjoyed after that, and in September, 1813, Rev. Joseph Scroggs was appointed to preach the fourth Sabbath in November and the first Sabbath in September. In April, 1814, the Presbytery granted a petition for supplies and the dispensation of the Lord's Supper at West Beaver. Among the supplies were Revs. Mr. Imbrie, Joseph Scroggs, Pringle, Blair, Douan, Douglass, E. N. Scroggs, and others. The first settled pastor was Rev. E. N. Scroggs, who entered upon his labors Aug. 1, 1820, although he was not ordained until the following November. He was at the same time ordained pastor of the churches at Calcutta and "Four-Mile." 192 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO. Mr. Scroggs remained the pastor until 1838, when he resigned and was succeeded by Rev. J. W. Harsha, who was ordained in 1840. Rev. S. T. Herron followed him in 1846, and preached until 1867, when the introduction of politics into his sermons caused dissensions in the congregation, and he retired. Rev. J. H. Leiper succeeded him in 1868, and in 1877 Rev. H. H. Brownlee, the present pastor, assumed charge. Until 1821 public worship was chiefly held in a white-oak grove on John Guthrie's place, half a mile north of West Point. In that year, William Reed and Henry Benner having donated two acres of land on section 18, a hewed log church-building was erected there, and there, too, the congregation laid out the burying-ground now in use. The church was replaced in 1851 by the substantial frame edifice now occupying the same site. John Armstrong and Thomas Roseburg were the first elders, and served from 1806 to 1814. All the settled pastors of the congregation, except Rev. E. N. Scroggs, are living. THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. The organization known as the Methodist Episcopal church of Williamsport was founded as early as 1820, when a class was organized at the house of William Crawford, in Madison township, under the leadership of Joseph Kernan. Services were held at Mr. Crawford's house for some years, and, although preaching was at that time not easily obtainable, occasional services were enjoyed. The first minister who was regularly in charge was Rev. Mr. Bronson, who is said to have been a faithful and energetic worker, under whose ministrations the little band of Methodists prospered and grew in strength. The members included people, from not only Madison township, but from adjoining townships as well, and in 1838—up to which time worship had been held in Mr. Crawford's house—it was decided to build a house of worship at what is now Williamsport,—a location of more general convenience. At this time the church numbered about 40 members. Rev. James M. Bray preached the sermon at the dedication of the new church-edifice, and, after that, among those who were pastors in that house were Revs. Callender, M. L. Wickley, Henderson, Ansley, John Huston, Andrew Huston, and Mr. Crouse. In 1871 it was determined to build a new church, and to accommodate the large proportion of members from Middleton, Elk Run, and St. Clair townships, the structure was erected upon the four corners made by Madison, Middleton, Elk Run, and St. Clair townships, and there it now stands. The first pastor therein was Rev. A. J. Lane, since whom the pastors, have been Revs. Leggett, John Huston, Bedall, Jas. M. Bray, and Mr. Kulp, the latter being in charge in May, 1879. The church is prosperous, and has a membership of 74. THE MIDDLE BEAVER CHURCH. About 1830, or perhaps before, a Presbyterian church, known as the Middle Beaver church, was organized, and the members directly thereafter built a frame house of worship. Among those who were prominently connected with the church were H. Gaston, Sr., H. Gaston, Jr., Jos. Lyons, Wm. McCammon, John McCammon, Mathias Schurts, James McCaskey, Joseph Fife, and Robert Glenn. The organization became somewhat divided in 1838, and in that year it was dissolved, a portion of the members joining the church at Clarkston, and the residue going over to the Madison church. MADISON CHURCH. In the year 1838, Wm. Brown and James McCaskey donated a piece of land in section 10 for the purpose of erecting a new church as the foundation for a new congregation, the reasons, therefor being that many settlers in the northern part of the township desired a place of worship near at home. The church was erected in 1838, and Dec. 27, 1838, the Madison Presbyterian congregation, with 21 members, was organized by the New Lisbon Presbytery. The first elders chosen were George Livingston, Samuel McDewitt, and Daniel Crawford. The first stated supply was Rev. J. B. Graham, who preached here half his time from 1838 to 1842. The first pastor was Rev. Wm. McCarty, who served from 1843 to 1845. Revs. Thomas McGill and A. O. Patterson preached between 1845 and 1847, from which time Rev. Mirvin Johnson supplied the pulpit until 1853. Rev. Mr. Price followed him, and after him Revs. David Robinson, Wm. Laverty, Robert Hayes, William Dickson, Wm. Dalzell, and David Hargest, the latter being the present pastor. The church-edifice, built in 1838, was replaced in 1866 by the one now in use. In addition to the elders first chosen,, other elders have been John Croft, Peter Campbell, Edward Crawford, Robert Glenn, Philip March, John Queen, Peter Treffinger, John Travis, Daniel Crawford, George Robinson, Jesse Glenn, and Rufus Blair. The church is exceedingly prosperous, and has a membership of 160. SCHOOLS. One of the first teachers in the Scotch settlement was John McBane, who taught in an old log school-house on what was called Devore's Run. McBane was a young man, and a student Jefferson College, in Pennsylvania. During college vacations he taught in the Scotch settlement, studying law meanwhile. He is reported to have been very strict in his discipline, and by some was regarded as unnecessarily severe in his system. He became afterwards a physician of some note in Cadiz, Ohio. Andrew Smith was also an early school-teacher, but his teaching was confined to Yellow Creek township, although he lived in Madison. John Grant taught several years on the place now owned by Samuel Mick. John Elliott taught in various places, as did Daniel Smith ; the latter, who was regarded as a model pedagogue, removing afterwards to Canada. The educational advantages of that time were not what would now be called good, nor were the, opportunities for enjoying them frequent or of very long duration. About TOWNSHIP OF MADISON - 193 three months' schooling per year was as much as the most ardent pupil hoped for, and it was as much as any of them received. The school-books were the simplest, and the log school-houses of exceedingly primitive construction, with slabs for desks and benches and greased .paper for window-panes. Tradition says, however, that the scholars were very much in earnest when they went to school, and improved their limited time and opportunities in such a way that in the course of time, from the ranks of those very pupils, rose competent teachers, who achieved favorable notice abroad as well as at home. CEMETERIES. The first grave-yard laid out in the Scotch settlement occupied a' lot which was partly on Alex. McIntosh's place and partly on Andrew McPherson's. When the township-line was run between Yellow Creek and Madison, it passed through the centre of the grave-yard, which may still be seen upon the farm of Mr. Alex. M. Bane, in Yellow Creek township, on section 6. In 1804, only two graves were there,—those of Mrs. Forsyth and a child of Alex. McIntosh, the first persons buried there. The next burial ground was laid out upon John Smith's farm, where there was also to be a church, but the church was not erected. The Yellow Creek church cemetery, laid out in 1827, still remains the general grave-yard used by the Scotch settlement. It is a neatly-kept and prettily-attractive spot, wherein the ashes of many of the Scotch pioneers repose amid such surroundings as seem peculiarly appropriate to a country church-yard, where time-worn headstones stand half buried in luxuriant grass, or sheltered by the rich foliage of noble-looking trees. Besides this ground, there are others in the township,—at the West Beaver church, Madison church, and other places, as well as family burying-grounds of the olden time. The first person buried in the Yellow Creek church-yard was Jeannette, daughter of " Prophet" McLean. About that time there was a commotion about certain " body-snatchers," who in the interest of a few physicians had been robbing grave-yards for " subjects ;" the friends of the Mc-Leans, determined that the grave of the young lady should not be desecrated, watched by it day and night for some 25 time, fully armed and prepared to give the resurrectionists a very warm reception. PUBLIC MEN. Madison has furnished many excellent citizens for the occupation of public office without the township limits. John Quinn and Philip March have been State legislators, Thomas Creighton was associate judge, Joseph Irwin and James McCaskey county commissioners, John Reid probate judge, Capt. H. Wines (?) and J. H. Quinn county treasurers, and J. J. Scroggs county auditor. INDUSTRIES. Madison is exclusively an agricultural township, and, apart from a few grist- and saw-mills, there is no industry save that of farming. Sheep and cattle are raised to a considerable extent, while the land, which is in many parts richly productive, yields bountifully of corn, oats, and wheat. Attempts have been made to find oil, and several wells have been sunk, but thus far the ventures have not proved very successful. In 1865 a Pittsburgh corporation, known as the Long's Run Oil Company, sunk a well to the depth of four hundred feet, and one in 1866 to the depth of eight hundred feet, upon land lying in sections 27 and 22. Although indications of oil were plentifully shown, oil itself was not found, and efforts to find it in that locality have not been renewed since 1866. A number of farmers residing near West Point organized a company in that vicinity in 1877 for the purpose of boring for oil at that point. They went down one thousand and three feet, and, after striking in small quantity a heavy kind of oil, rested temporarily. It is the belief among many that oil in paying volume exists in this well at a lower depth, but some of the owners are incredulous, and, declining to make further investments, the enterprise is at a stand-still. Sorghum-growing received at one time, not long ago, considerable attention at the hands of farmers in the northern part of the township. Eells, George & Co. put up a sorghum-mill on section 10, and made at first considerable molasses. Latterly there has not been much done in this direction. MIDDLETON. This township is located on the Pennsylvania line, and is known in the government survey as township No. 7, in range No. 1. It lies south of Unity, east of Elk Run, north of St. Clair, and contains thirty-six full sections, whose surface presents a broken, and, in some localities, even a mountainous, aspect. Many of the hills are too abrupt for cultivation, and are valuable only as being the depositories of minerals. Coal, iron, salt, and petroleum abound, the former in almost illimitable quantities. Building-rock, flagging-stones, cement, and a superior potter's clay may also be procured in many sections. The soil is variable, being a clay, clayey loam, sandy loam, or alluvium, and is adapted for a great variety of products, including the tenderer kinds of fruit. The valleys are unusually productive, and the township, notwithstanding it has some poor land, ranks well agriculturally. The principal stream is North Beaver Creek, which enters the township from the east, south of the centre of section 12, and, after flowing southwest a mile and a half and taking the waters of Bull Creek, has a general southerly course. It is a wild, turbulent stream, and yields but little water-power in the township. Bull Creek, its principal affluent, flows from the northwest, taking in its course through Middleton the waters of Little Bull Creek and Leslie's Run. Like the Beaver, it is a rapid stream, with a deep valley bordered by rugged hills, which are thickly covered with evergreens and tanglewood, giving it a wild and picturesque appearance in some localities. The other streams of the township are Brush Run, Rough Run, and the Middle Beaver. The latter makes a small bend into the township on the southeastern part of section 31, and the former are only large brooks. Many springs of excellent water abound, and the natural drainage of the township renders it one of the healthiest in the county. PIONEER SETTLERS. On account of its proximity to Pennsylvania, the first settlers of Middleton belonged to a class of people popularly known as squatters, who came here in the belief that they were locating on Pennsylvania soil, and that they could, therefore, hold their land by right of possession, according to the usages which prevailed in the western part of that State. Usually, these people were not energetic nor enterprising, but were content if they were the owners of a rude log cabin, with a puncheon floor and greased-paper window, which stood within easy access of a spring of water, beyond which was an unobstructed range on which their cattle might feed. What little land they cultivated yielded only the simplest food, but, with the fish and game that might readily be procured, they eked out a living which was not utterly destitute of comforts or enjoyment. To this class belonged Benjamin Wright, John Wilson, Jacob Welker, Andrew Wisely, Stephen Pearce, Joseph Watson, Benjamin Craige, John Heckathorn, and others whose names are no longer remembered. The settlements were first made along the streams of the township, and John Leslie, who located in the northern part soon after 1800, was probably what might be called the first permanent settler, although never very prominently identified with the interests of the township. A few years later Aaron Brooks settled on section 14, and improved the water-power there to operate saw- and grist-mills. In the fall of 1804 he sold his interest to Baltzer Young, of Adams Co., Pa., and the following year removed to another part of the county. In 1805 Young brought on his family, and lived there until his death, in 1846. He had sons named Jacob, John, Peter, and Samuel, and three daughters, Mary, Elizabeth, and Margaret. Of these Peter Young, now a resident of New Lisbon, is the only surviving member of a family which took a very conspicuous part in the early affairs of Middleton. Before this period, in 1802 and earlier, Job Rossell settled on section 13, where he reared three sons, Thomas, Caleb, and Job ; the latter is still living in the northern part of the township. On the same section were Abraham Z., Joel, Levi, and Robert Rogers, and John Briggs. The latter removed early ; and many of the early settlers of Middleton resided there only a few years, until the interior of the county and the country beyond presented more favorable conditions for pioneer-homes, when they left, and it is extremely difficult to obtain an accurate account of them, and others who deserve mention in this connection. On section 12 the pioneers were John Richardson and his sons,—Samuel, John, and Joseph. The latter removed to New Lisbon, and was among the first settlers of that place ; others of the family remained in this locality. On the same section lived John Booth, Alexander Huston, and Edward Earle as early as 1804. The former had sons named John, Isaac, Jeremiah, Hiram, William, Jacob, and Ephraim, some of whom yet live in the township. On section 23 the settlers of that period were Levi Jennings, Francis Andrews, and John Eakin, and on section 1 they were John and George Grate and Thomas Barton. Afterwards some of the Hustons and the Burts settled here. Rev. John Burt, who came in 1812, had thirteen children. The same year Hugh Eaton settled on this section, on the farm occupied by his son, Samuel ; another son, Isaac, lived on the same section until his death, a year ago. On section 10 the early settlers were Bernard Feazle and Robert Billingsley. It is said that the latter crossed the - 194 - TOWNSHIP OF MIDDLE TON - 195 Alleghanies in a wagon which had wooden tires. He reared sons named Charles, George, John W., Jefferson, Newton, and Amos S., all of whom became useful citizens of the township, and some yet reside there. On section 3, among the pioneers were Thomas Rogers, who came in 1806, George Brown, who came in 1804, and Samuel Gorby and Henry Garrett. A son of Rogers, James, was born on the homestead, which he now occupies. Descendants of the others also live in the township. Benjamin Scott made some early improvements on sections 4 and 9, and among other pioneers on section 4 were Ambrose and Robert Martin ; on 9 were Nathan, Joshua, and John Crawford. Parley Bowen was a pioneer on section 5, on the creek, and north, on the farm now occupied by J. M. Rudibaugh, was Joseph Thompson as early as 1804. His son, Joseph, became prominent in county and State politics. Next, on section 6, James McArtor early settled, on the farm now owned by Aaron Bradfield, whose parents were among the pioneers of Fairfield. On section 7, Aaron Boram and Stephen Cooper made the first improvements ; on section 18 were first the Siddalls, and later Israel Cope, who died here a few years ago, aged ninety-two years. A son, also named Israel, yet lives on this section. Adon Morlan settled on section 8 in 1805, on a tract of land which had been slightly improved by a squatter named Gibbony. He lived there until his death, in 1857. Jonathan Marsh came to live on this section permanently in 1816, and the homestead is now occupied by one of his sons-in-law, Jacob Taylor. On this also lived, among the earliest pioneers, James Marsh and James Crawford, both of whom removed. On the section south, No. 17, Jacob and Jonathan Heacock were early and prominent ; and on a place which had slight improvements, made by a man named Johnson, Jesse Underwood afterwards lived. He had sons, named William and Newton, who have descendants in the township. On the present C. N. Kirtland place, on this section, Thomas McMillan was a pioneer, rearing sons named Taylor and Joseph. On section 19, Benjamin Pyle and his sons, Aaron, Henry, and Ellwood, were among the very earliest settlers; and to section 20, John Edmundson, the father of John, Jonathan, Eli, Amos, William, Nathan, Franklin, and Hiram Edmundson, came about the same period. A little later, in 1808, Alexander Underwood settled on section 21, where he lived until his death. He had two sons, named Jesse and Alexander, and some of their children yet occupy this section. Among the prominent settlers who came at a later period, after 1810, was Richard Fitz-Randolph. In 1812 he located on section 13, buying a tannery which had been established there by Archibald Scott and William Hamilton, and lived in that locality until his death, October, 1873. He reared sons named Bailey F., Reuben F., Kersey F., Jonathan F., Richard F., Eli J. F., and Joseph F. Several of these yet reside in that locality, and are among the most enterprising citizens of the township and the eastern part of the county. The same year came James Fitzsimmons, and entered the west half of section 25, where one of his sons, Thomas, yet lives. Another son, James, is a resident of section 28 ; a son, William, died while a youth, and there were also a number of daughters. James Fitzsimmons died in February, 1836. In 1814, John Vale and his son, Eli, came from York, Pa., and settled in the southwestern part of the township. The latter reared a number of sons, among them John F., at present a resident of section 17, where his father died, April 25, 1879, aged nearly ninety years, and at his death the oldest person in the township. In this part of Middleton, among other early and prominent families, were the Saints, Hustons, Guys, Ashfords, Shirtz, Lyons, Tennis, Hannas, Stephens, and others, whose names cannot be here produced. From 1808 till 1824 immigration was very great. In 1821 there were more than two hundred voters in the township, and the number of families a few years later was probably greater than at present. In 1838 the following persons paid a road tax, levied on the chattel property of the township, and were therefore residents : John Addis, Wm. Addis, Jas. Armstrong, Thos. Ashton, George Ashford, Aaron Ashford, Nathan Armstrong, Eli Ashford, Alice Brown, David Burt, Newton Billingsley, John Burt., Hiram Burt, Thomas Barton, John Booth, Thomas Blackledge, William Beard, Wm. Bendy, James Beard, Joseph Beatty, Henry Beard, Jacob Beard, William Brown, Chas. Billingsley, Lewis Brown, Robert Billingsley, Richard Boram, Nathan Boram, George Burson, Benjamin Burson, Joseph Baxter, Joshua Barton, William Brady, Henry Beeson, Reason Baxter, William Barton, H. Cunningham, Aaron Cooper, Edward Crawford, Thos. Cannon, James Carter, John Cope, Mordecai Crawford, Ebenezer Churchill, Daniel Calvert, Jos. Chamberlain, John Crouch, William Chaney, Robert Campbell, James D. Davis, Geo. Dawson, Henry Durk, Sparr Dyke, Benoni Dawson, Jacob Dawson, Christopher Doughty, Reece Davice, David Dyke, James Eaton, Hugh Eaton, Henry Eaton, Wm. Eakins, Phoebe Edmunson, John Eakin, Rebecca Fitzsimmons, James Frazer, George Feazel, Solomon Frederick, Isaac Garrett, Samuel Gorby, John Great, Washington Guy, Benhu Guy, John Guy, Thomas Guy, Levi Guy, Hugh Gaston, James Gaston, John George, William George, Wm. H. Huston, Geo. Huston, John Hart, Gustavus H. Huff, Jacob Hooker, William Hollinger, Edward Huston, John Heart, Charles Hole, Mary Heacock, Jonathan Heacock, Jacob Heacock, Joseph Heald, Benjamin Huston, David Hole, Elen Hole, Nathan Johns, Robert Jones, Jr., Robert Jones, Jas. Johnson, Samuel Johns, Richard Johns, John Johnson, Robert Johnson, James Johnson, Edward Keeler, George Kent, Benjamin Kent, Thomas Kent, Smith Kent, Adam Konkle, Samuel Konkle, John Konkle, Ashford Kent, Thos. Kent, Jr., Benjamin Kent, Jr., Wm. Keeler, Cornelius Leech, Edward Leonard, John Lyons, Elijah Leslie, John Longshore, Wm. Leslie, Stephen Leonard, Joseph Lyons, Dr. Jona. Lee, Mathew Lyons, Moses Louthon, Jonathan March, James March, Isaac Mankins, Robert Martin, Elizabeth Martin, Rachael Mariner, Samuel March, Joseph Morris, Hannah Marsh, Aden Moreland, Jason Moreland, Charles Moreland, Henry March, J. Moon, 196 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO. Edward McGinnis, John March, Jared Meloney, Amos Maret, James McCartney, Thos. C. Morgan, Jos. Mankin, William Meek, Samuel Neel, Barnabas Poland, Benjamin Pancake, Geo. Pancake, Jr., Benj. Piles, Isaac Piles, Golden Pearson, Stephen Packer, David Reisinger, Geo. Rankin, Job Rossell, Thos. Rogers, Chas. Reed, Sam'] Richardson, John Richardson, Richard F. Randolph, William Rowles, Samuel Ritchie, Elisha Rowles, Joseph Rogers, Augustus Stevens, Jacob Stevens, Joseph Scott, Jacob Scott, Daniel Simpkins, Christopher Shively, Joseph Saint, Mathias Shirtz, Joseph Steel, Wm. Steel, John Souders, Michael Souders, Henry Sebring, Hugh Sebring, Mathias Shirtz, Jr., Richard Stock, Arm Siddle, -Jeremiah Simpkins, Wm. Siddle, John Tumis, John Tumis, Jr., Joseph. Todd, Allen Tennis, Farlin Thompson, Joseph Thompson, Eden Tray, John Trippy, Wm. Tullis, Joseph Tullis, Richard Tullis, Samuel Thompson, Wm. Todd, Jesse Underwood, Esq.,. Elizabeth Ummerman, Newton Underwood, Wm. Underwood, Alex. Underwood, Jesse Underwood, Alex. Underwood, Jr., Joseph Vanhorn, Jacob Vale, John Vale, Eli Vale, John T. Vale, Arthur Wherry, Jacob Wollam, Jacob Ward, Robert Ward, Joseph Wickerstraw, Stephen Ward, Jr., Jacob Ward, Aquilla Ward, Joseph Ward, Stephen Ward, Wm. Ward, James Wheeden, Aaron Ward, Jacob Young, John Young, David Young, Peter Young, Baltzer Young, Samuel Young, Richard Young, Nicholas Young. CIVIL LIST. The records of the township from its organization, in\ 1803, until 1846, have been destroyed. Of the civil officers the names of the clerks up to that period were Jeremiah Feazle, Jacob Young, Charles Hole, and Thomas McMillan. Peter Young served from 1821 till 1852. Since 1845 the principal officers have been : TRUSTEES. 1846.—Arthur Wherry, Hugh Gaston, Thompson S. Irving. 1847-48.—Arthur Wherry, Cornelius Leech, Thompson S. Irving. 1849.—Richard Lyon, Cornelius Leech, Thompson S. Irving. 1850-51.—Benj. Burson, William Underwood, Thompson S. Irving. 1852.—John T. Vale, R. W. Jackson, Thompson S. Irving. 1853.—John T. Vale, Hugh Gaston, Peter Young. 1854.—Thompson S. Irving, Edward Huston, Peter Young. 1855.—Robert Campbell, Israel Underwood, John Huston. 1856.—Robert Campbell, Israel Underwood, Alexander Moore. 1857.—Robert Campbell, Israel Underwood, James Fitzsimmons. 1858.—Milton P. McCarter, Ammon Ashford, James Fitzsimmons. 1859.—John T. Vale, Ammon Ashford, James Fitzsimmons. 1860.—William Huff, John G. Gaston, C. P. McArter. 1861-63.—William Huff, William F. Campbell, Edward Huston. 1864.—William Huff, William M. Crawford, Jonas H. Farr. 1865.—William Huff, William M. Crawford, John Nevin. 1866.—William Huff, William M. Crawford, Jonas H. Farr. 1867-68.—Uriah Thomas, William M. Crawford, Jeremiah Booth. 1869-70.—John Huston, John H. Farr, Jeremiah Booth. 1871.—John Rudibaugh, John H. Farr, Jeremiah Booth. 1872.—John Rudibaugh, J. C. Huston, Martin Thomas. 1873.—Jonas H. Farr, James Rogers, Samuel Patterson. 1874.—James Rogers, William Huff, J. W. Billingsley. 1875-77.—John Huston, William Huff, J. W. Billingsley. 1878.—J. Booth, William Huff, J. W. Billingsley. 1879.—J. Booth, A. C. Billingsley, J. W. Billingsley. TOWNSHIP CLERKS. 1846-51, Peter Young; 1852-53, Kersey F. Randolph; 1854, Uriah Thomas; 1855-56; Lewis Brown; 1857, Robert W. Jackson ; 1858, George Huff; 1859, Wm. H. Heacock ; 1860-65, George H. Young; 1866-70, John Nevin; 1871-74, J. R. Davis; 1875-78, J. W. Hays ; 1879, W. H. Young. TREASURERS. 1846-57, Richard Stock ; 1858-61, Joel F. Read; 1862-63, Jeremiah Booth ; 1864-74, John W. Billingsley; 1875, C. P. Hall; 1876-77, A. B. Underwood; 1878-79, Isaac Huston. In 1846, Isaac Eaton, Moses Dickey, Levi Guy, and James Mackall were appointed road supervisors. Since that period five districts have been formed, and in 1878 the supervisors were Isaac Dyke, Henry Hickman, G. H. Gorby, T. J. Richardson, and W. H. Young. The roads of the township have been fairly improved, and most of the streams are spanned by substantial bridges, whose maintenance has been a heavy burden. Several railroads have located routes through Middleton, and there is a prospect that one or more will soon be improved for travel. MANUFACTURING INTERESTS. The manufactories of Middleton have not been very numerous, and have> been limited to the common kinds. The first attempt at milling was made by John Leslie. He constructed a machine to grind corn by hand-power. The first grinding by water-power was done by Benjamin Wright, soon after 1800. He had a small corn-mill on Brush Run, near the west line of section 24. The third mill, but the first which had any bolting apparatus, was put up at Achor, in 1803, by Aaron Brooks. A saw-mill was built the same season, and in the fall of 1804 both became the property of Baltzer Young, who owned them until 1839, when• Peter and David Young became the proprietors, and carried on milling many years. The present is the third mill that occupies that site, and is owned by Andrew Whiteleather. The next mill was built on section 10, about 1806, by Bernard Feazle. It was swept away by the great freshet in 1813, and the power thereafter was not improved. On Leslie's Run was formerly a grist-mill, which was operated by John Beeson, John G. Strait, Robert Campbell, and others, which has long since been abandoned, and the building is now used for a barn by Zephaniah Wherry. Above this pg5nt, about 1815, William Burt put up a grist, mill, whit %has been discontinued, but a saw-mill is yet here operated. Below the mouth of Leslie's Run, at an earlier day, a stone grist-mill was erected by John Beeson, which was successfully carried on until about thirty years go. It was last operated by Thomas Reed. Farther up Bull Creek, John Edmundson put up a log-mill at an early day, and also had 'a tannery at this point. Benjamin Scott became the owner of the power and erected a very good mill, which was subsequently owned and operated by Thomas Cannon, Samuel Prouse, and Peter Ulim, the latter being the present proprietor. On the west branch of Bull Creek, some time about 1820, Parley Bowen improved a power for a tilt-hammer for making axes, scythes, etc. At the same place Samuel Thomas had a carding-machine. In the course of time the power was employed by Moses Dickey to operate a saw mill, which is yet continued. A number of other saw-mills have been operated, at dif- TOWNSHIP OF MIDDLETON - 197 ferent periods, on the small brooks of the township. One of the principal ones was on Rough Run, and was put up by James Brooks, about 1825. That mill and others on the same site have been operated by Adam Conkle, Johnson Chaney, John G. Gaston, Samuel Henderson, and John Donavan, the present proprietor. On the Middle Beaver, in the southwestern part of the township, Samuel Conkle erected a grist-mill in 1830, and not long after a saw-mill. These have been the property of James Gaston, Thomas Whitacre, and are at present the property of Philander Gaston. In 1808, Archibald Scott and William Hamilton established a tannery at Achor, which, in 1812, became the property of Richard F. Randolph, who increased the capacity, adding fifteen vats to the four already there. This tannery has since been carried on by the Randolph family, the present proprietor being Jonathan F. Randolph. At Clarkson, Joseph Moore began a tannery many years ago, on the side opposite the present establishment, which Was built by Richard Stock. Bailey F. Randolph was his tanner. Subsequently, William and Perry Ashton carried on the business, and were followed by George Uncapher and the present proprietor, W. H. Owens. At Clarkson common earthenware was made about 1840 by John T. Vale and others. Formerly there were many distilleries in Middleton, whose capacity, however, was, not very great, seldom exceeding three bushels per day. The first was put in operation at Achor, about 1808, by Levi Rogers, and at later periods, among the distillers, were George Brown, Job Rossell, George Grate, John Grate, Levi Guy, Edward Crawford, William Craige, and Peter Myers. THE MINERAL WEALTH of Middleton is varied and extensive, but, owing to the lack of shipping facilities, has been but slightly developed. In the southeastern part of the township flagging-stone of any size, so hard as to be a good substitute for fire-brick, crops out on many farms, and in the same locality are deposits of excellent cement and beds of rich ore. Firebrick and potters' clay may be procured on many sections, and salt and petroleum exist in limited quantities. But the most abundant mineral is coal. Nearly the entire township is underlaid by veins of superior bituminous or cannel-coal, which has been mined only to supply the local demand for fuel. Banks were opened as early as 1840 by George Burson on the Ward farm, and later on his own farm, on section 15, which he is yet working. Along the same ridge, extending from the northeast to the southwest, are numerous banks of coal, which, it is said, will smelt iron without coking. Among those who have mined coal in the township may be named N. Durk, A. Ward, Andrew French, Eli Guy, Isaac Dyke, Jasper George, Adam Pancake, John Scott, Hugh Gaston, John G. Gaston, Isaac Warrick, and others. THE FRUIT INTERESTS of Middleton have become such an important feature of its history that mention of them may appropriately be here made. The soil of the township, in the northwestern part especially, is adapted for the culture of the peach, and the " Carmel Ridge" has a wide reputation for producing a superior quality of this delicious fruit Apples and pears also grow to perfection, and the grape and other small fruits seem at home among the hills of Middleton. Fruit-growing may be said to have become the principal industry of the people, and on some farms it constitutes a business of no small proportions. One of the first peach-orchards was planted many years ago by John Marsh. This is now owned by Charles P. Hall, and has been enlarged to contain twenty-four hundred trees. In the same neighborhood are the orchards of John T. Vale, with more than five thousand trees. Among other prominent orchardists may be named Jacob Taylor, Morton Neil, Meader Allman, Charles Hewitt, Adam Reed, Josiah Miles, Aaron Kersey, Mahlon and Alexander Underwood, John Burson, James Nichols, Henry Morlan, Israel Cope, John V. Ashford, Stephen Crawford, Nathan Crawford, Jonas H. Farr, Joseph Love, William Crawford, I. and M. Warrick, Franklin Taylor, David Swaney, Robert Martin, James Rogers, Theop. Rogers, Samuel Eaton, George Burson, Eli Guy, G. H. Mackall, James Mackall, John Henderson, Isaac Beatty, J. G. Gaston, William McCoy, William Pancake, Richard Lyons, and Allen Campbell. Nurseries for the culture of fruit-, ornamental, and evergreen-trees have been established at Carmel by N. W. Crawford, and in the Beaver Valley by G. H. Mackall. Each of these contains from 10 to 15 acres. HAMLETS AND VILLAGES. Although numerous attempts have been made to form villages, the township is destitute of any place of importance greater than that which attaches to a country trading-point. One of these embryotic villages was platted on the 28th day of November, 1806, by William Heald for Isaac Siddle. Fourteen lots were laid out on the northwest quarter of section 18, which received the name of Waterford, but not a single louse was here built, and very few people in that quiet Quaker neighborhood are aware how narrowly they escaped village greatness. Near here is at present THE EAST CARMEL POST-OFFICE, which, since 1871, has been maintained by the government, and which has a tri-weekly mail, supplied by the route from Liverpool to New Waterford. Since that time William H. Blackburn has been the postmaster, keeping also a small country store. Before 1871 the post-office here was maintained by individual enterprise. At the old Scott mills, on Bull Creek, the Mill Rock post-office was established in 1873, and had E. Prouse as the first postmaster. Peter Ulim holds the appointment at present, and also keeps a small grocery-store. Mail is supplied from New Galilee, Pa. THE VALLEY OF ACHOR was the name applied by Abraham Z. Rogers to a village which he platted, before 1807, half a mile east of Young's mills, near the present Baptist church. The place had a promising future until the State road was located over the ridge a mile or so south, when it began to decline, and 198 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO. whatever interests were demanded by the surrounding neighborhood found a better place at the mills. One by one the few log houses which had been built here were removed or went to decay, and the village-plat forms a part of the neighboring farms. Joseph W. White, Samuel Jackson, Richard F. Randolph, and a few others had small stores at this point many years ago. At the mills was established a post-office, which received the name of ACHOR, a title which yet designates it, and which is now applied to this locality. Jacob Young was the first postmaster, and was followed by Samuel Young, John Kinney, and Martin E. Hewitt. It was allowed to go down about this time, but in 1872 it was re-established and P. W. Smith appointed postmaster, who yet holds the office. A daily mail is supplied from East Palestine. In 1806, Baltzer Young opened a tavern at his residence, and continued until 1836. A short time before, Samuel Young opened a store in the log building below the mill, and after a number of years was followed by John Kinney. For a space there was no store, when Martin Gillespie engaged in merchandising, and was followed by J. G. Green and the present W. S. Guy. At this hamlet are also at present a few mechanic shops and three or four houses, besides the mills, which are the principal feature of the place. BELLEFONT, another ephemeral village, was platted, March 9, 1816, on the northeast quarter of section 26 by Nicholas Young, a native of Bellefont, Pa. Young was a tailor by trade, and induced other tradesmen to settle there ; but, as the locality was not suitable for a village, the purposes of the founder were not realized. Only half a dozen houses were built, and the plat has long since been vacated. On the State road west, George Pancake had a tavern many years, which had a wide reputation among the travelers of that period. Another tavern that found much favor was kept by Amos Stevens at a point still farther west. NEW LIBERTY is another village that exists only in the records of the county. It was platted on the southwest quarter of section 29 in March, 1817, by Levi Guy, probably in opposition to Clarkson, which had been laid out the year before. Beyond a house or two, no other buildings were put up, and the aspirations of the proprietor were overcome by the more sturdy progress of CLARKSON, which became the only village in the township. It has a pleasant location on sections 29 and 30, and was platted, Feb.19, 1816, by William Heald for the proprietor, Robert Hanna. The general plan embraced two streets, each sixty feet wide, dissecting a square around which were twelve lots. The village had its beginning there, but in its subsequent growth expanded more in length along the street running north and south. It contains two churches, three stores, two public-houses, the usual complement of mechanic shops, and about thirty dwellings. The Hannas sold the first goods in the place in a log cabin on the square. John McCoy had the second store. Some time about 1824, Richard Stock began merchandising, and continued until 1856. Meantime, Eli Vale was in trade, and was succeeded by I. & M. Warrick, for a number of years successful merchants, who were followed, in 1870, by W. C. Wilson, yet in trade. The other merchants are William M. Crawford and Mrs. A. Campbell, and among others who have been in trade were Henry Lyon, Isaac Levan, J. A. Lyon, James Heeps, Jacob Walter, William Hamilton, and A. Campbell. Thomas Hanna, Isaac Pyle, and others were early tavern-keepers in the village. Other landlords were William B. Shannon, John Souder, Jacob Walter, and A. Campbell. The present houses of entertainment are kept by Mrs. A. Campbell and Harvey Moore. The Clarkson post-office was established some time about 1839, with Richard Stock as postmaster, and William Thomas, assistant. Subsequently, the office was held by Isaac Warrick, Samuel Casebur, Moses Louthan, and A. Campbell. Mrs. A. Campbell is the present incumbent. The office has a tri-weekly mail from New Lisbon, a triweekly mail from New Waterford and East Liverpool, and a semi-weekly mail from New Galilee. Among the earliest physicians in the township, if not the first, was Dr. John Edmundson, living in the Quaker neighborhood, who was in practice a number of years. Dr. Thomas McMillan, a Thompsonian physician, had an extensive practice a few years later, continuing through a period of fifteen years. For the past twenty-five years Dr. Golden Pearson has been a practitioner in that part of the township. At Achor, Dr. William Wilson was in practice about twenty years, before 1839, and the next resident physician was the present, Dr. W. H. Young, located here since 1875. At Clarkson, Dr. Joshua Calvin was a physician before 1850, and was followed in his practice by Dr. Luther Calvin. In 1870, Dr. D. Young located, but remained only a short time, followed by Dr. H. W. Vale and the present practitioner, Dr. A. G. Vale. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Owing to the loss of the records, nothing satisfactory concerning the condition of schools prior to 1853 can be given. That year the directors of the several districts were as follows, the first named of each set being the clerk : District No. 1, Milton P. McArtor, Israel Underwood, and John Rudibaugh ; District No. 2, Charles Billingsley, Joel F. Read, and David Brown ; District No. 3, David Young, Samuel B. Todd, and George Eakin ; District No. 5, George W. Churchill, John W. Billingsley, and Jesse Underwood; District No. 5, Nathan H. Armstrong, Jacob Taylor, and Jesse Hole ; District No. 6, Samuel C. Saint, John Sowders, and Edward Huston ; District No. 7, John Durk, Elisha Rowles, and Henry Durk ; District No. 8, Uriah Thomas, Henry March, and William McCoy ; District No. 9, James Fitzsimmons, George Davidson, and Mathew Davidson ; District No. 10, James Rogers, Spaar Dyke, and A. J. Cannon. The board of education was organized by electing Uriah TOWNSHIP OF MIDDLETON - 199 Thomas chairman. David Young, James Rogers, and Uriah Thomas were constituted a committee to draft rules for the government of the schools. It was voted that each district have power to build its own school-houses, and the following year most of the districts displaced their log school-houses with comfortable frame buildings. The condition of the schools at that period may be seen from the following table :

District	Males	Females.	State Fund.	Township Fund
No. 1 “ 2 “ 3 " 4 “ 5 " 6 " 7 " 8 " 9 " 10	26 20 32 25 38 36 48 39 31 (males and females)	28 27 39 28 28 28 47 40 35 9	$79.80 70.00 106.40 79,80 78.40 105.00 124.60 102.20 95.20 12.60	$63.20 67.00 41.60 63.20 64.60 43.00 29.40 43.80 49.80 10.53

making a total of 594 children of school, age. In 1878 the number of male children of school age was 276 ; of female children, 220,—nearly a hundred less than in 1857. The present board of education is composed of J. C. Huston, President, and W. H. Young, Clerk; associate members, Samuel Eaton, Isaac Randles, B. F. Dyke, J. M. Louthan, Hiram Booth, S. B. Davis, H. J. Green, and Alvin Thomas. Middleton is provided with good school-buildings, and a commendable degree of interest is taken in educational matters. A fair proportion of its citizens have received the benefits of a college education. RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. To the Baptists belongs the credit of first establishing the forms of public worship in the township, and also of providing the first church-building, In the month of August, 1804, two missionaries visited the feeble settlement and organized THE ACHOR VALLEY BAPTIST CHURCH with fourteen members, ten of whom were Owen Bowen, Joel Rogers, Abraham Rogers, Christopher Warman, Henry Kirkendall, Elizabeth Bowman, Elizabeth Rossell, Melea Rogers, and John Cross. Others soon joined, but for many years the society was poor and led a struggling existence. The meetings were first held in the houses of members, but in 1806 a meeting-house was erected of round logs, which was roofed with clapboards and for a floor had the bare ground. It had no door or window, and the seats consisted of split timbers placed crosswise on four logs. In time a better house took its place, and still later the present attractive frame meeting-house was erected. It has an exceedingly fine location on a little hill, on which have been allowed to remain handsome forest-trees. In the rear of the house is a well-kept grave-yard. This society has generally been peaceful and prosperous, and at present numbers seventy-five members, who have been under the pastoral direction of the Rev. John Owen since May 1, 1878. The first pastor was the Rev. Henry Frazier, who served from 1804 till 1815. The intermediate pastors, and the years when they became connected, were as follows : 1816, Rev. Thomas Rigdon ; 1819, Rev. Andrew Clark ; 1825, Rev. Jehu Brown ; 1829, Rev. Wm. P. West ; 1834, Rev. Jonathan Davis ; 1836, Rev. G. Huston ; 1836 till 1866, Rev. Rees Davis ; 1869, Rev. David Williams ; 1870, Rev. A. G. Kirk ; 1871, Rev. Charles Morton ; 1872, Rev. William Entwistle ; 1874, Rev, William Leet ; 1876, Rev. A. G. Kirk. In 1844, J. L. Douglass, a member of the church, received license to preach, and subsequently went as a missionary to Burmah, where he died. Those elected to the office of deacon by the church have been the brethren George Brown, Henry Kirkendall, Ethan Thomas, Job Rossell, Sr., Jeremiah Booth, James; Davis, Job R. Davis, and Jonathan F. Randolph. A flourishing Sabbath-school is maintained by the church, which is at present superintended by J. W. Hays and Jeremiah Booth. THE CARMEL MEETING OF ORTHODOX FRIENDS, the next religious society organized in Middleton, was instituted about 1810. That year the first meeting-house was built, on a lot donated for this purpose by Jacob Heacock and Susannah, his wife. It was a log building, and was used until about 1835, when a new house was built, which was partly destroyed by fire in the winter of 1845. The present neat frame house was built in the summer of 1846, that part of the old house left standing being used for the Particular meetings meanwhile. It has a pleasant location in a beautiful grove, and is yet a comfortable place of worship. The first Monthly meeting at Carmel was held the 20th of 12th month, 1817. Joseph Fisher an Nathan Heald were the first clerks. Nathan Hole, Abija Richards, and Esther Hole were the first ministers ; Joseph Fisher, William Leech, Charles Hole, Esther Richards, Martha Ashton, and Sarah Hole, the first elders ; and Joseph Young, Joseph Fisher, Aden Morlan, and Nathan Jones, the first overseers. The principal Members at that time were John Edmunson, Nathan Hole, Robert Hanna, Thomas Hanna, Charles Hambleton, David Hole, Abijah Richards, William Leech, Aden Morlan, James Marsh, William Neil, John Vale, William Underwood, Stephen Ogden, Joseph Fisher, Jonathan Marsh, George West, Charles Hole, Thos. McMillan, Joseph Heald, Joseph young, Nathan Johns, Jacob Heacock, Richard Trillis, William Wiley, John Hole, Caleb Cowgill, and Joshua Davis. The Monthly meetings were discontinued in the fall of 1854, nearly all the old members having deceased or removed. The last elders were Merab Hall and Nathan P. Hall. Abi Heald, the wife of James Heald, was the last recommended minister. The Friends yet living in this neighborhood have since 1854 been connected with the Middleton Monthly Meeting, but Particular meetings are still maintained at Carmel, having about 40 attendants from the James Heald, Wilson Hall, Joseph Cope, A. H. Blackburn, Morton Neil, Israel Cope, Meader Allman, Charles P. Hall, Wm. H. Blackburn, Pearson Hall, and other families. Charles P. Hall, who has furnished the data for this sketch, is the clerk of the Preparative meeting. THE CARMEL MONTHLY MEETING OF HICKSITE FRIENDS. On the 29th of September, 1828, a number of Friends, who had been accused by the regular meeting of defection of