(RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE) TOWNSHIP OF PERRY - 225 near the depot of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad. The officers are Daniel Koll, President and Treasurer ; Wm. Koll, Secretary. Kittredge Cornice and Ornament Company.—This company was established in 1872 by Kittredge, Clark & Co. In the building previously used by the Salem Manufacturing Company they began the manufacture of galvanized iron cornices. Later, they effected a consolidation with the National Ornament Company of Toledo, and extended the manufacture to include all kinds of architectural ornaments. Among the articles manufactured are cornices, capitals, crestings, finials, mouldings, window-caps and bases, medallions, busts, vases, and an infinite variety of designs, varied and beautiful. These are modeled first in clay, then cast in plaster, then finished by the iron stamp. The work on the Exposition Building, at Philadelphia, was executed by this firm. Much credit is due them for the introduction of pure architectural forms in this day of mongrel architectural follies. In February, 1879, the business passed to the firm of Thomson & Bakewell. The company possesses a well-filled library, composed of native and foreign works on architecture, which furnish the designers rare facilities in their department. Three buildings are occupied, all of brick, one 48 by 1.35 feet with a wing 20 by 35 feet, another, the foundry, 40 by 170 feet, and a third, for the stamping department, 30 by 200 feet. The machinery is operated by two engines of 40 horse-power each. From 75 to 80 hands are constantly employed. Shipments of products are made chiefly to the West and Canada. Drain-Tile and Sewer-Pipe Works.—These works were established in 1862 by R. S. Beard & Bro. In 1864 they were purchased by Clemmer & Deming, and in 1871, by Purdy & Beard, by whom they are continued. Sales are made in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Illinois. The works are situated near those of the Buckeye Engine Company. W. J. Clark & Co.—Novelty Works.—This business was established in April, 1876, and consists of the wholesale manufacture of the Novelty oil-tank, shipping-cans, measuring-pumps, elevator-buckets, and patented novelties in sheet, wrought, and cast metals, automatic fountains, and metal spinning of all kinds. Trade in these articles extends to all parts of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. The works are in the building formerly occupied by the Silver & Deming Manufacturing Company. Excelsior Fertilizer- Works.—This enterprise was estab lished in a small way in 1869 by Lewis Schilling. As the fame of pure bone as a fertilizer began to spread, the reputation of these works increased, until the " Premium Bone" attained a national reputation. The works are situated near the Buckeye Engine-Works. Industrial Works.—These works were established in 1872 by Edwards & Morlan, and in 1875 passed into the sole proprietorship of M. F. Edwards. Mr. Edwards was for nine years foreman of the Silver & Deming Manufacturing Company, and in their employ about eighteen years. He commenced some years ago the manufacture of a blacksmith's drill, which he had patented, and now manufactures fifteen machines of his own invention. 29 Thomas J. Walton, Steam Job and Label Printer.— In 1862 the manufacture of cut and gummed labels was commenced in Salem by Alfred Wright and Josiah Mitchell. In the spring of 1865, Thomas J. Walton and James Seaton purchased the business, which continued under their management until 1873, since which time it has been conducted by Mr. Walton alone. Harris & Co.—This firm manufactures cut and gummed labels, and was established in 1869 by Augustus and Dr. J. W. Harris. In 1878, Augustus retired from the firm, W. L. Deming succeeding. The original firm-name is continued. Manufacture of Canned Goods.—In 1875, J. B. McNabb commenced, on a limited scale, the preparation of canned fruits and vegetables, and in June, 1875, moved into the building formerly occupied by the Kittredge Cornice and Ornament Company. His goods are sold entirely to jobbers. Eagle Foundry.—This establishment was begun by H. Kidd and G. Allison as a foundry. It passed through several changes prior to 1864, when it passed into the possession of R. H. Garrigues. From a mere foundry it became a machine-shop where horse-powers and threshing-machines were manufactured in considerable quantities. The business, in the hands of N. B. Garrigues, its present proprietor, is confined chiefly to machine-work and jobbing. Etna Manufacturing Company.—This company was organized in 1864 and incorporated in 1866, J. T. Brooks being president. They had a large capital, and carried on extensively the manufacture of mowers and reapers, the annual product being 1500 machines. They erected and occupied the building now used by the Silver & Deming Manufacturing Company. The company closed business in 1872. Novelty Works.—In 1854, Charles R. and J. Oscar Taber began the manufacture of stationary engines. Afterwards, in 1856, the Quaker Manufacturing Company was established under the firm-name of Taber, Pope & Street. The company erected a large brick building near the railroad, fronting Depot Street. Several changes occurred in the organization during the next ten years. Taber Brothers eventually became sole proprietors, and continued the business until the death of Chas. R. Taber. A stock company, with a capital of $80,000, was organized in 1869, of which Leonard Schilling was President ; Alex. Pow, Treasurer ; Nelson Steele, Actuary ; and Oscar Taber, Superintendent. The manufacture of the " Quaker Mower and Reaper" was made a special business, which grew to large proportions. The company continued for a few years, with varied success, and finally dissolved. Salem Coal and Iron Company.—A number of persons, attracted by the report of the State surveyor, and knowing that coal and iron existed in this region, formed a company, which was incorporated, with a capital of $100,000, Dec. 17, 1869. The corporators were Joel Sharp, Leonard Schilling, Amos Raik, James Woodruff, and John Baker. Samuel Chessman was elected President ; Leonard Schilling, Secretary ; John Baker, Superintendent ; and T. C. Boone, Treasurer. Leases were obtained for land situated about half a mile south of Salem village, and a shaft sunk thereon one hundred and seventy feet in depth, reaching a 226 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO. vein of coal 39 inches in thickness after passing a thinner vein of 30 inches. From 12 to 18 men were employed for about one year and a half, who mined an average of 40 tons of coal per day. Beds of iron-ore lie within a mile of the coal-shaft southward. These beds are situated in one of the best sections of the country for converting their products by manufacture, save only that the adverse local rates for freight have, for the time being, prevented their development. Water- Cure. —The first water-cure establishment in the State of Ohio was organized at Salem in 1845 by Dr. John D. Cope, at the corner of Canfield and Main Streets. The water used was from the Hawley Springs. The next year Dr. J. M. Hall became associated with Dr. Cope, and the capacity of the institution was greatly increased. The " Cure" became popular and a Water-Cure Journal was published in connection with it The new treatment brought about the displeasure of the regular medical men, but a moderate success attended the proprietors until about 1850, when, Dr. Cope becoming discouraged, the Cure was sold to other parties, and soon afterwards discontinued. THE PRESS. In March, 1825, Robert G. Lee published the first number of the first newspaper in the town of Salem, called the Salem Gazette and Public Advertiser.* It was printed in a log building which stood where the carriage-shop of H. Judd & Co. now stands. John Hise, well known in Salem, was a printer, and worked in this office. Isaac Wilson and Gen. William Blackburn assisted in keeping it up. It was Democratic in politics, and was of fair respectability and reasonable enterprise. Amos Gilbert had printed a paper in Lancaster, Pa., called The Inciter. In 1834 he came to Salem with his son and brought a printing-press, upon which he published a few numbers of the paper. In 1835, Wilson F. Stewart, of Pittsburgh (afterwards editor of the Pittsburgh Gazette), started a paper called the Salem Visitor, which, after nine months, passed to the management of Patrick F. Boylan, by whom the name was changed to Ohio Mercury. The paper was continued until the day of the Presidential election in 1836, when Boylan, after casting his vote for Martin Van Buren, at once left town, abandoning office, presses, type, debts, and other items. Mr. Stuart came on from Pittsburgh, closed the office, and discontinued the paper. The office of the Visitor and the Mercury was where C. H. Hays' store now stands. The Salem Republican.—The Republican is the outgrowth of several journals previously published in Salem. The Village Register was published in 1842, the first number being issued April 12th of that year. A notice in its columns, dated May 3, 1842, reads : " The office of the Register has been removed to the brick building one door west of the post-office." The post-office was then kept by Joseph Gouldbourne where the Pickett. House now stands. * One account, which does not appear to be well authenticated, claims that the first newspaper in Salem was the Gun-Boat, published in Joseph Saxton's tan-house, by Robert Fee, from Pennsylvania. The Register was published by Benjamin B Davis and Joshua Hart, and very ably edited by a committee consisting of Benjamin Hawley, James Eggman, John Harris, and John Campbell. Of these, Mr. Harris still lives, and resides in Salem. In 1844, Joseph H. Painter became editor and proprietor of the Register. He continued its publication for about three years, when it again fell into the hands of Mr. Davis. In 1847, Aaron Hinchman became proprietor of the paper, and changed its name to Homestead Journal. He associated with himself Mr. George W. Keen, and as editors and publishers they controlled it for seven years. It especially advocated the abolition of slavery and the conferring of homesteads by the government upon actual settlers. In 1854, April 5th, Mr. Hinchman being compelled to retire on account of failing health (Mr. Keen having gone out before), the Homestead Journal was leased by J. K. Rukenbrod and J. M. Hutton, who continued its publication. At the expiration of a year Mr. Rukenbrod purchased the entire interest. In 1857 he changed its name to Salem Republican, which it yet bears. The paper, under its present management, has been very decided in its political convictions and utterances, adhering without wavering or compromise to the principles of the party whose name it bears. In the issue of the 10th of April, 1879, Mr. Rukenbrod reviewed the past twenty-five years of his connection with the Republican, and expressed the hope that he might give to it yet many more years of his time and life. It is in a very prosperous condition, and exerts a telling influence in the community. Anti-Slavery Bugle.---Chiefly through the exertions of Mrs. Abby Kelly Foster, the Anti-Slavery Society commenced the publication of the Anti-Slavery Bugle, issuing the first number June 20, 1845, in the town of New Lisbon. The leading article was " The Superiority of Moral over Physical Power," by Adin Ballou. Whittier's " The Christian Slave" was also in this number. It was published by a committee, Milo Townsend being editor. The sixth number, dated July 25, 1845, gives notice of change of type and of removal to Salem, from which place " No. 7" was issued, James Barnaby, Jr., appearing as general agent. The publishing committee consisted of Samuel Brook, George Garrettson, J. Barnaby, Jr., David L. Galbraith, and Lot Holmes. Benj. S. Jones and J. Elizabeth Hitchcock, afterwards Mrs. Benj. S. Jones, became editors, and continued four years, when they were succeeded by Oliver Johnson, who conducted the paper two years. It then passed to the control of Marius R. Robinson, who managed it for eight years. By order of a committee from the society, publication ceased May 4, 1864, the paper having been in the charge of Benjamin Jones during the last year of its existence. Salem Journal.—This paper was organized by John Hudson. & Son, and the first number published Feb. 17, 1865. It passed through many changes of proprietorship, the owners being, at successive periods, Vernon & Hudson, J. R. Vernon, Vernon & Baird, J. R. Vernon, and Vernon & Baker. By the last firm it was sold, Aug. 24, 1872, to Maj. W. R. Snider, changing thn not only proprietors, but TOWNSHIP OF PERRY - 227 politics. It was published a short time longer, and finally discontinued. Salem Era.—This paper was started and the first number issued March 1, 1873, by Dr. J. M. Hole and J. B. Park. E. T. Rukenbrod purchased the interest of Dr. Hole, Dec. 1:1873, and on July 6, 1875, Homer H. Wilson succeeded to J. B. Park. In November, 1878, J. D. Fountain purchased the interest of Mr. Wilson, which he retains. The paper is published weekly, has a circulation of about one thousand copies, and is Republican in politics. National Greenback.—This newspaper is a radical weekly, devoted to monetary and labor reforms. It was established by a company in 18785 and the first number issued July 23d of that year, G. W. Cowgill, publisher and proprietor. The office of publication was first in Gurney Block, but near the last of February was changed to what is known as the Broad-Gauge church-building. Thomas Sharp, an earnest and devoted advocate of the principles of the Greenback movement, purchased for the office a large cylinder power-press. The Ohio Educational Monthly and National Teacher. —This publication began its existence in Columbus, Ohio, in January, 1852, under the auspices of the Ohio State Teachers' Association, with the following-named editors : A. D. Lord, Columbus ; M. F. Cowdery, Sandusky ; H. H. Barney, Cincinnati ; I. W. Andrews, Marietta ; J. C. Zachos, Dayton ; Andrew Freese, Cleveland. Dr. Lord acted as the chief editor. In 1853, C. Knowlton, of Cincinnati, and S. N. Sanford, of Granville, succeeded H. H. Barney. In 1854-5'5, Joseph Ray, of Cincinnati, and A. Holbrook, of Marlboro, appear in the list of editors, in place of Messrs. Zachos and Moulton. By a vote of the executive committee of the State Teachers' Association, the Rev. Anson Smyth, superintendent of the Toledo public schools, assumed the charge in February, 1856. In February, 1857, Mr. Smyth, who had been elected State commissioner of common schools, was succeeded by John D Caldwell, of Cincinnati. In January, 1858, William Turner Coggeshall, State librarian, became by appointment editor of the journal, and continued two years. It then became the property of F. W. Hurtt & Co., of Columbus, and the name was changed to The Ohio Educational Monthly. In May, 1861, E. E. White & Co. (E. E. White and Hon. Anson Smyth) succeeded F. W. Hurtt & Co. In 1875 the journal passed into the hands of W. D. Henkle as editor and proprietor, who changed the place of publication to Salem. Under Mr. White's management the monthly acquired a national reputation, and in October, 1870, he began the National Teacher, which was an edition of the Ohio Educational Monthly, for circulation outside of Ohio. In January, 1876, the two were united under the present name. Mr. W. D. Henkle, in 1875, started the publication of Educational Notes and Queries, and before the close of the year it had subscribers in thirty-five States and Territories. POSTMASTERS AND STAGE-ROUTES. In 1807, John Street was appointed postmaster, and held the position until the election of Jackson, in 1828. James Vaugn carried the mail on foot from New Lisbon through Salem to Deerfield and Palmyra, making connection with the stage-line running from Big Beaver Point to Cleveland. Afterwards mails were carried on horseback, and when, by the increase of newspapers, greater quantities of mail were forwarded, a pack-horse was loaded, and traveled with the mail-carrier. Under the administration of Gen. Jackson, in 1828, Isaac Wilson was appointed postmaster, and kept the office in his store. He was succeeded by Rodney Scott, and later by Joseph Gouldbourn, who continued through the administrations of Harrison, Tyler, and Polk, and kept the office in what is now the Pickett House. He was succeeded by James Brown, G. W. Wilson, Peter Boswell, Jesse Webb, Daniel Lupton, Comley Townsend, Maj. John Clemmer, Comley Townsend, and Allen Boyle, who is the present postmaster. The first stage-route was established in 183' by Zadock Street, of Salem, George Wells, of Wellsville, n Brossom, of Painesville, and others,—from Wellsville, on the Ohio River, to Fairport, on Lake Erie, passing through New Lisbon, Salem, Newton Falls, Chardon, and Painesville. About 1835 another stage-route was established by persons from Pittsburgh, and ran from Wellsville to Cleveland, intersecting New Lisbon, Salem, Ravenna, and Hudson. OHIO MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY. This company was incorporated with a capital of $20,000, Oct. 26, 1876, and commenced business April 2, 1871. Its incorporators were J. T. Brooks, J. W. Fawcett, W. D. Henkle, Thomas C. Boone, M. R. Robinson, John Pow, J. M. Woodruff, Allan Boyle, J. K. Rukenbrod, Furman Gee, Charles Townsend, Nicholas Way, J. G. Lacock, and J. W. Reilly. Its first officers were Marius R. Robinson, President Eli Sturgeon, Treasurer ; J. R. Vernon, Secretary. The company's office is in the Pow Block. They are doing a successful business (but only in Ohio) ; have established thirty agencies, and have written to date—June 7, 1879-2923 policies. Their present capital is $340,000. The officers for 1879 are as follows : Furman Gee, President ; T. C. Boone, Vice-President ; J. R. Vernon, Secretary ; Dr. Eli Sturgeon, Treasurer. PITTSBURGH, FORT WAYNE AND CHICAGO RAILROAD. In the fourth annual report of the president and directors to the stockholders of the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, bearing date, Jan. 8, 1852, the following paragraph is found : " con the 27th day of November, thirteen miles of the road between Salem and Alliance were opened for use, and on the 3d of the present month cars ran to Columbiana from Pittsburgh." To Zadock Street, Salem is, in large degree, indebted for the advantages accruing from the construction of this road through her territory. INCORPORATED COMPANIES-BANKS. Salem Gaslight Company.—This company was chartered Nov. 30, 1858, with the following members : John Fawcett, ____ Holloway, Thomas C. Boone, Joel Sharp, 228 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO. Thomas Sharp, Joel S. Bonsall, J. A. Ambler, Allan Boyle, J. C. Whinnery. The first election for directors was held Dec. 5, 1858, when Joel Sharp, Allan Boyle, Thomas Sharp, William Stephenson, and T. C. Boone were elected. First officers : Thomas Sharp, President ; William Stephenson, Secretary ; T. C. Boone, Treasurer. Present capital stock, $15,650. Present officers, Allan Boyle, President and Superintendent; R. V. Hampson, Secretary and Treasurer. Farmers' Bank of Salem.—A branch of the State Bank of Ohio, under the name of the " Farmers' Bank of Salem," was chartered Feb. 16, 1846, with a capital of $100,000, in conformity to the laws of the State. One hundred and three persons constituted the corporation, and took from one share to one hundred and seventy-nine shares of stock, of $100 each, Zadock Street taking the highest number, and Simeon Jennings the next. Simeon Jennings, John Dellenbaugh, Zadock Street, Samuel Chessman, Allen Farquar, John J. Brooks, and Lemuel Bingham were chosen directors. Simon Jennings was elected president, and James J. Brooks member of the board of control. March 14th, John H. Ebbert was employed as cashier, and was succeeded by Charles H. Cornwell, P. S. Campbell, and R V. Hampson. Business was first commenced in the west end of the old store of Zadock Street,—a long low brick building,—then situated in the middle of the present street of " Broadway," about fifty feet back from Main Street. In 1857 the corporation erected and occupied the building now owned and used by the Farmers' National Bank of Salem, and closed business in 1865. Farmers' National Bank of Salem.—On the 25th day of March, 1865, a certificate of incorporation was issued by the Bank Department of the State of Ohio to twelve G corporators, as follows : J. Twing Brooks, L. W. Potter, Geo. England, Joel Sharp, Allan Boyle, Robert Tolerton, James Binford, Alfred Wright, Lewis Schilling, R. V. Hampson, James Fawcett, J. A. Kerr. The charter of this bank is dated April 1, 1865 ; capital, $200,000. The present officers are J. Twing Brooks, President ; R. V. Hampson, Cashier. First National Bank of Salem.—This institution was chartered Sept. 7, 1863, with a capital of $125,000. The following directors were chosen : Alexander Pow, Henry J. Stouffer, Wm. Phillips, Richard Pow, Benjamin Antrim. Alexander Pow was elected president and Henry J. Stouffer cashier. Upon the death of Mr. Stouffer, in 1868, Joseph H. Hollis was chosen to the position of cashier, upon whose retirement, Nov. 1, 1870, Richard Pow succeeded to and still holds the position. Upon the death of Mr. Alexander Pow, in 1879, Furman Gee was elected to the presidency. The bank was transferred to its present quarters, in Pow's Block, upon the completion of that building. CITY BANK OF SALEM. This bank is a private institution, and was organized in April, 1872, by Boone & Campbell, by whom it is still continued. Business was commenced on the corner of Depot and Main Streets, and in April, 1878, was removed to Pow's Building, corner of Main Street and Broadway. H. GREINER & CO. This institution was organized as a private bank, Jan. 1, 1853, by Thomas & Greiner. Upon the death of Mr. Thomas, in 1864, it was continued by Mr. Greiner for about a year and a half, when, in 1866, Mr. Boone became associated with Mr. Greiner. Jan. 1, 1871, the business passed into the hands of the present firm, by whom it is continued. They occupy a building erected for their banking business in 1858. THE CROWBAR LAW. Salem became the scene of a short war, begun and carried on about 1853 or 1854 to test the constitutionality of a law. The Democratic party had come into power, and the Legislature of Ohio had passed a law authorizing the county treasurer to levy and collect taxes additional to those called for by the charter. The State Bank of Salem being the only bank in the county, it was determined to test against it the validity of the law. J. H. Quinn, county treasurer, came up from New Lisbon with a posse of ten men and demanded the taxes, which were refused. After a second attempt he obtained possession of the bank, and, not having the keys to the vault, finally forced an entrance with crowbars, but found no money. Thorough search being made, there were found in the chimney-flue a number of bags of coin, with which the sheriff retired ; but the end was not yet. Suit was afterwards brought by the bank, the action of its officers sustained, and the law eventually repealed. The odious enactment became known as the " Crowbar Law." BOUNTIES. During the Rebellion the township of Perry, including subscriptions made by citizens, paid in bounties the sum of $11,895 under the calls of 1863 and 1864. Thirty men being the quota for the last call, the township paid for each recruit $100, which amount the subscription increased to about $170. ST. CLAIR. ST. CLAIR, range No. 1, township No. 6, occupies an elevated but fertile region, and wellnigh describes a square in shape, being five miles wide by five miles and three-quarters in length, and covers an area of about twenty-nine square miles. Its boundaries are Middleton township on the north; Liverpool township on the south, the Pennsylvania line on the east, and Madison township on the west. The township is rich in natural beauty, and contains a vast scope of wildly rugged and romantic scenery. The expansive views obtained from some of its high elevations are charming, while here and there thickly-wooded dells, which shelter mountain brooks, and are in turn guarded by towering hills, present to the eye pictures that engage and impress the attention of the lover of nature. Beaver Creek flows through the township in an exceedingly sinuous course along the eastern border, and, emerging at the southeast corner, passes across the northeast corner of Liverpool, and so into Pennsylvania. The middle fork of Beaver flows in a zigzag and eccentric manner across the northern portion, and, being joined at Fredericktown by the north fork, the two form thence to the Ohio what is called Beaver Creek. The Sandy and Beaver Canal passed through St. Clair, along the course of the Beaver. The old canal-locks still mark the path of the enterprise, which was a profitless and short-lived one. EARLY SETTLEMENT. John Quinn, familiarly known as Hunter John Quinn, settled in St. Clair in 1792 or 1793, and is believed to have been the first white man to locate in the township. He built a log cabin upon a spot about a mile and a half east of where Thomas Huston now lives. In 1794, John Hoy settled in that part of St. Clair afterwards set off to Liverpool, and in 1796, Seth Thomas located upon the northeast quarter of section 26, now owned and occupied by John Montgomery. Enos Thomas, his son, was commissioned a justice of the peace in 1798, and in 1803 was a member of the board of commissioners who organized Columbiana County. After that he served for twenty-three years as a justice of the peace in St. Clair for the county, was a member of the first grand jury organized in the county, was a member of the first board of county commissioners, and was a widely-known and popular citizen. James and John McLaughlin, two brothers, and John Coburn crossed the Alleghenies in wagons to Fort Pitt on the Ohio, where they transferred their families and household possessions to a flat-boat and floated down to Georgetown, Pa., James McLaughlin and Coburn passing without much delay into Ohio, and settling in what is now St. Clair, the former on the northeast quarter of section 21, where B. D. Fisher now lives, and the latter on section 22, where Seth Rauch's farm now is. It is said that the McLaughlins and Coburn, being in search of a new settlement, intended, to locate farther down the river, but, their flatboat becoming wrecked at Georgetown, they determined to end their journey there and seek a place in the vicinity. In 1797, John Totten settled in what is now Liverpool, where also in the same year Isaac Matson located, upon section 32. Closely following them, James Caruthers settled upon section 28, where James McCoy now has a farm, and John JAMES M'COY. George, with his two sons,—William and Thomas,—upon the "Buck Flats." Here they cleared and improved a considerable tract of land, but failed to enter it at the land-office at once, thinking there would be ample time to do that after they had got matters into good shape. Their delay proved fatal to their interests, however, since a designing person, noting their failure and thinking to profit by the neglect, entered the land and dispossessed the Georges of the fruits of their arduous toil. It was a bitter pill, and they protested vehemently against the outrage, but there was no redress. Pretty well discouraged, but resolved to push ahead once more, they took up the northwest quarter of section 29, now occupied by L. Ross, and, having learned wisdom, duly entered it. In 1797, John Gaddis settled in that part, afterwards Liverpool township, and in the same year Thomas Moore located upon section 23, Robert Davis (known as Honey Davis) upon section 22, and, in 1798, Samuel Huston upon section 21. In 1798, James McLaughlin, Jr., settled upon section 15, - 229 - 230 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO. William White upon section 12 in 1800, Moses Baird upon section 11,—Bryerly upon section 3, Cornelius Sheehan upon section 9,—where one Carmody located at the same time,—Lewis Cammon upon section 8, William Sheehan upon Pie Ridge, in section 9, and Perry Burke upon section 12. Hugh Clark taught the first singing-school, and was the first lister and tax-collector in St. Clair. Many of the early settlers, like the Georges, failed to attend promptly to the necessary feature of entering their lands, and the consequence was to more than one an unfortunate omisssion. There were sharp-eyed speculators in those days, and they busied themselves in keeping a watch for the careless settlers who improved their lands before entering them. While the toiling pioneers, therefore, were creating farms, and while they looked with satisfaction upon the fruits of their industry and began to think of visiting the Steubenville land-office, lo ! some sharper stepped in before them, and, under cover of the law, appropriated the unhappy pioneer's farm and enjoyed the profit of the other's exhaustive labor. It was a distressing hardship, but legal redress there was none. The experience was a costly one, although it taught lessons of wisdom. Fortunately, the game played by the ruthless speculators put new comers on their guard after a while, and, after the first few lessons, the business of entering lands before improving them was not neglected. Much ill-feeling was naturally engendered on the part of the bona fide settlers towards the vandals who sought to rob them of their well-deserved and well-earned rights, but no serious trouble arose therefrom, since the law protected the invaders. Some of the early settlements in St. Clair township were made in that portion afterwards apportioned to Liverpool, and, although vaguely alluded to in the foregoing, are more properly treated of at length in the history of Liverpool. The trials of the pioneers of St. Clair were such as the pioneers of the West everywhere were called upon to endure, and were such as only heroic determination and undaunted energy could overcome. Many of the facts above, related touching the early settlers in St. Clair were gleaned from notes gathered by Mr. Uriah Thomas. Other sources of information upon the same subject-matter furnish information which is herewith given in continuation of the same theme. Mr. James Huston, now living near Calcutta, aged ninety-one, and still in the possession of a vivid memory which enables him to recall events of eighty years ago, says that in the year 1800 he moved with his father, Samuel, from Virginia to St. Clair township, where they settled upon the place now occupied by Thomas Huston. The settlers in that neighborhood at that time were Samuel and John Coburn on the Georgetown road, near where Calcutta now is ; John Quinn, a mile and a half east of Huston ; James and John McLaughlin ; Samuel Hull, who lived upon the place now occupied by Thomas Mackall ; and. James Caruthers, who adjoined Hull ; the majority of those named being from Pennsylvania. Shortly after 1800, James Montgomery, from Pennsylvania, located south of the present Calcutta school-house, and near there Charles Hay, from Pennsylvania, took up a farm, but removed after a brief period to Stark County. John Kelly, James Gonzales, and Thomas George settled near Montgomery, on the State road. There was also close at hand Burke, whose son James bore the reputation of being the strongest man in the county, as well as the champion wrestler, and who was, moreover, noted as a fighter. Henry Fisher settled where B. D. Fisher now lives, and, near there, Hugh McGinnis. John Pierce located east of James Montgomery, William White north of Montgomery, and John Jackman near what is now Frederick-town. William Foulkes came over from Pennsylvania and purchased 200 acres on the site of Calcutta. He built the first brick house seen in that vicinity, and upon the location there of several settlers the place was called Foulkestown. Foulkes' brick house was the first of its kind erected in the township, and stood upon the site of Mr. Ludden's present residence. Alexander McCoy located upon section 16, — Shively about two miles from Calcutta, Philip Rauch and Peter Foulks near there, and Wm. Earle near the centre of the township. Aaron Brooks erected a grist-mill on the Little Beaver not long after the year 1800, and that, it is probable, was the first grist-mill in the township. Indians were numerous in St. Clair in those days, but they were peaceable and occasioned the settlers at no time any very serious troubles, or even annoyances. As a rule, they were lazy and harmless when sober, and moved about, among the settlers freely and familiarly, begging subsistence, however, with a pertinacity and perseverance quite in keeping with their aversion to labor. In the trapping season they usually gathered furs enough to keep them in whisky, which they obtained at Georgetown—their general tradingpoint—in exchange for furs. When drunk they were sometimes insolent and quarrelsome, but never dangerous. James Huston relates that one day a party of Indians were sunning themselves on the banks of the Little Beaver, in Madison township, near the house of Wm. Carpenter, when Carpenter's son, in a spirit of mischief, turned a bucket of water over one of the Indians, White Eyes by name. White Eyes became thereupon violently- enraged, and in attempting to slay the offending youth was himself slain.* Mr. Huston says of himself that when a boy, returning one morning from a neighbor's, he was met by two mounted Indians, who stopped him and insisted upon his accompanying them, saying that they would take him far away and " make a man of him," to which proposal he firmly objected, and with difficulty prevailed upon the savages to forego their intention. John Smith kept a tavern—and doubtless the first one in the township—on the State road, west of where Calcutta stands, near where B. D. Fisher now lives. Paul Fisher kept there after Smith's time, and William Thompson was likewise an early landlord, his tavern being in Calcutta. * For a more extended account of this affair see note, chap. v. of the general history. TOWNSHIP OF ST. CLAIR - 231 Among the early millers, mention may be made of one Dillon, who had a saw- and grist-mill on the north fork of the Little Beaver, and William Crawford, who had a similar mill on the west fork of that stream. The first house-carpenter was Andy McKee, who lived east of Calcutta, and the first " Squire," Enos Thomas, who was a man of much fame, both far and near. Miss Rebecca Quigley, aged eighty, and living in Calcutta, settled there, with her father, in 1813, when, she says, the village contained but six log cabins. Her father, Samuel Quigley, opened the first store in Calcutta, and kept his goods in a log cabin. After that, one James Hambel, a carpenter, put up a one-story frame shop in the village. Miss Quigley's brother Samuel came over from St. Clairsville, Ohio, in 1822, and settled in Calcutta as a practicing physician. Moses Curry and Gustavus Allen practiced there some time before Dr. Quigley, but neither remained long. Before the time of the last two named, Thomas George and John Quinn used to pull teeth and prescribe simple medical remedies, but they were not physicians; they were humble farmers, willing to lend a helping hand when suffering humanity called for it. Dr. Quigley continued in the uninterrupted practice of medicine in St. Clair township for a space of fifty years, or from 1822 to 1872, in which latter year he died. Among those who went from St. Clair into the war of 1812 were Capt. William Foulks, James Gaddis, William Green (who died in the service), Joseph Green, Samuel Coburn, John Huston, and Samuel Huston. Of these the only one living is Joseph Green, who keeps a tavern in Calcutta. Enos Thomas, justice of the peace of St. Clair, performed, May 17, 1803, the first marriage service in the county, the parties thereto being Jesse Smith and Susanna Shaw. He married also Samuel Dougherty to Isabella Sheehan, Aug. 18, 1803 ; Andrew Poe to Ann Hoy, Sept. 8, 1803 ; and Adam Hays to Sisson Stevens, Oct. 6, 1803. ORGANIZATION. St, Clair is one of the original townships of Columbiana County, was organized in 1803, and had its boundaries fixed by the county commissioners March 5, 1805. From the territory thus set apart St. Clair was deprived in 1834 of sections 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36, which, with fractional township 5, were in that year apportioned to the new township of Liverpool. Unfortunately for the purposes of history, the early township records are lost, and from the date of organization, in 1803, to 1855, there is not a recorded line of township transactions touching the election of officers or other matters connected with local government. Were they extant, they would at least serve to tell us who were the persons called to places of public trust in the pioneer days, and to know that would be a matter of interest. The best that can be done in the premises is to give a list of those who have acted as trustees, clerk, and treasurer since 1845, as follows : 1845.—Trustees, Anthony Furgeson, John Eakin, Michael Sowder; Treasurer, George McKean; Clerk, James George. 1846.—Trustees, John Eakin, Charles Quinn, J. W. Gaston ; Treasurer, George McKean ; Clerk, James George. 1847.—Trustees, John Eakin, Charles Quinn, J. W. Gaston; Treasurer, George McKean; Clerk, James George. 1848.—Trustees, John Montgomery, Wm. Maginnis, L. F. Fletcher ; Treasurer, George McKean; Clerk, Emanuel George. 1849.—Trustees, John Montgomery, Wm. Maginnis, L. F. Fletcher ; Treasurer, John Grimm ; Clerk, Paul Hambel. 1850.—Trustees, John Montgomery, William Maginnis, C. V. Sowder; Treasurer, John Grimm ; Clerk, Paul Hambel. 1851.—Trustees, George McKean, Samuel March, James George; Treasurer, John. Grimm; Clerk, James Orr. 1852.—Trustees, James George, Samuel March, John Jackman ; Treasurer, John Thompson ; Clerk, James Orr. 1853.—Trustees, John Jackman, Samuel March, John Eakin ; Treasurer, John Thompson ; Clerk, F. P. Bradish. 1854.—Trustees, Stewart Connell, Samuel March, Michael Lepley ; Treasurer, John Thompson ; Clerk, J. M. Quigley. 1855.—Trustees, James McCoy, John Jackman, Wm. M. Davidson ; Treasurer, John Thompson ; Clerk, T. M. Ashford. 1856.—Trustees, James McCoy, John Wollam, Wm. M. Davidson; Treasurer, John Thompson; Clerk, T. M. Ashford. 1857.—Trustees, Win. M. Davidson, James A. Miller, James W. Martin ; Treasurer, John Thompson ; Clerk, Thos. M. Ashford. 1858.—Trustees, James A. Miller, James W. Martin, Wm. Wallace ; Treasurer, John Thompson; Clerk, Thos. M. Ashford. 1859.—Trustees, William Wallace, James McCoy, George Dawson ; Treasurer, John Thompson; Clerk, Wm. Creighton. 1860.—Trustees, George Dawson, John Montgomery, William Moore; Treasurer, B. D. Fisher ; Clerk, John M. Kenney. 1861.—Trustees, John Montgomery, Thomas Moore, William Moore ; Treasurer, B. D. Fisher; Clerk, Luther Calvin. 1862.—Trustees, Wm. Moore, Seth Rauch, Samuel March ; Treasurer, B. D. Fisher; Clerk, Wm. Azdell: 1863.—Trustees, John Foulk, Seth Rauch, Samuel March; Treasurer, B. D. Fisher ; Clerk, Win. Azdell. 1864.—Trustees, Hugh Thompson, Seth Rauch, Samuel March ; Treasurer, B. D. Fisher ; Clerk, Samuel Mackall. 1865.—Trustees, Hugh Thompson, Seth Rauch, Samuel March ; Treasurer, B. D. Fisher ; Clerk, John M. Kenney. 1866.—Trustees, Hugh Thompson, Samuel March, Seth Rauch ; Treasurer, B. D. Fisher; Clerk, Wm. Azdell. 1867.—Trustees, John Montgomery, W. S. Smith, Seth Rauch; Treasurer, B. D. Fisher ; Clerk, Wm, Azdell. 1868.—Trustees, John Montgomery, Jr., W. S. Smith, James D. West ; Treasurer, B. D. Fisher ; Clerk, Wm. Azdell. 1869.—Trustees, David Figley, W. S. Smith, James D. West; Treasurer, B. D. Fisher ; Clerk, Wm. Azdell. 1870.—Trustees, Seth Rauch, James D. West, David Figley ; Treasurer, A. R. Hickman ; Clerk, R. F. Bradley. 1871.—Trustees, Seth Rauch, Samuel Mackall, L. B. MacMillen; Treasurer, George Grader, Jr.; Clerk, John Montgomery, Jr. 1872.—Trustees, Seth Rauch, A. R. Hickman, James Welch; Treasurer, George Grader, Jr.; Clerk, John Montgomery, Jr. 1873.—Trustees, Seth Rauch, A. R. Hickman, James Welch ; Treasurer, George Grader, Jr.; Clerk, John Montgomery, Jr. 1874.—Trustees, Seth Rauch, James Welch, A. R. Hickman ; Treasurer, George Grader, Jr.; Clerk, John Montgomery, Jr. 1875-76.—Trustees, Seth Rauch, A. R. Hickman, James Welch; Treasurer, George Grader, Jr.; Clerk, John Montgomery, Jr. 1877.—Trustees, W. S. Smith, Samuel Mackall, John Baxter ; Treasurer, George Grader, Jr.; Clerk, J. N. Mahaffie. 1878.—Trustees, W. S. Smith, Samuel Mackall ; Treasurer, B. D. Fisher ; Clerk, J. N. Mahaffie. 1879.—Trustees, John Baxter, Robert Irwin, J. D. West; Treasurer, B. D. Fisher ; Clerk, J. N. Mahaffie. VILLAGES. St. Clair township contains no incorporated village. There are four so-called villages or hamlets, known as Calcutta, Cannon's Mills, Sprucevale, and Fredericktown, of which Calcutta, the place of earliest settlement, is the seat of township government, and contains a town-hall, two stores, hotel, and school. At Cannon's Mills are C. Metsch's steam grist-mill and a store ; at Fredericktown, laid out by 232 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO. George Frederick, December, 1833, there are a store, gristmill, tannery, saw-mill, cooper-shops, and other minor industries. Sprucevale is an agricultural settlement. In the early days Calcutta was known as Nineveh,—a name said to have been applied to it by John McLaughlin because of its supposed wickedness,—but the name it now bears was subsequently given to it as less suggestive, and in remembrance of Calcutta in India, but why, the latter appellation was given is not precisely clear. Calcutta was also known at one time as Foulkstown, in honor of William Foulks, an early settler, who built the first brick house there, and who was a prominent citizen. The place was originally laid out as West Union, in November, 1810, by Michael Shirtz and William Foulks. CHURCHES. Religious worship was made a public observance in St. Clair very soon after the earliest settlements in the township. and the fact that a church was organized as early as 1600 implies that when the settlers began to come in, in 1794, they multiplied apace. True, the privileges enjoyed by the inhabitants in respect to public preaching were not frequent, nor were they very regular, but an early organization of a religious body increased their advantages, and, as will be seen by the church history which follows, four church organizations at least had been effected previous to 1828. There are at present, May 1, 1879, four churches in the township, to wit : Presbyterian, TJnited Presbyterian, Disciples, and Methodist. THE LONG'S RUN PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH was organized about 1800,—the loss of the early records leaving the matter of fixing the date to oral evidence,— when Revs. Scott, Hughes, McCurdy, McMillan, Marquis, and others who were instrumental in forwarding the great religious revival in Western Pennsylvania visited St. Clair, and, where Calcutta now stands, held open-air meetings under trees or in tents and houses. The first sermon is supposed to have been delivered in 1800 by Rev. Mr. Hughes, of Pennsylvania, under a tree which stood in the centre of where the two main streets in Calcutta now cross. The next sermon was preached on William Tucker's farm, where B. D. Fisher now lives. Thence the place of worship was changed to Long's Run, near Cannon's Mills, and here it is likely the church was organized, since it has always been known as the Long's Run church. The first elders were Samuel Marquis and Eben Miller. After retaining Long's Run as the place of worship for a brief period, the church moved to Tucker's farm, the old preaching-ground, then owned by Paul Fisher. Before this time services had been held in the open air in the summer and in the log cabins of settlers in the winter, but upon the return to Tucker's place a round-log church was erected there, and served as a place for winter worship, while tents and groves served ,a similar purpose in the summer, as before. The first settled pastor was the Rev. Clement L. Vallandigham (father of the Ohio statesman of that name), who was installed in the log church on Mr. Fisher's farm in 1806 or 1807, and settled, about the same time, over a church in New Lisbon. Mr. Vallandigham labored in both churches until 1817, when he devoted himself exclusively to the New Lisbon church. He was noted for his methodical promptness in fulfilling all his appointments, and it is said that when the streams were high he swam them with his horse many a time to keep his Sabbath engagements at Calcutta, his home being at New Lisbon. In 1808 the united membership of the churches at Calcutta and New Lisbon was but 45, but in 1817, when Mr. Vallandigham closed his labors at Calcutta, the rolls of the two churches showed an aggregate membership of 261. Of Mr. Vallandigham it used to be remarked that he was the preacher for Christians, while Mr. Hughes was the preacher for sinners. During the former's ministry the place of worship was changed from Fisher's farm to a place very near the site occupied by the present church-building, and there a log church was built. About then, too, the eldership was increased by the election of Messrs. James Montgomery, Perry Creighton, and Thomas Creighton. The ground for this second log church was donated by Wm. Foulks, and the structure erected about 1810. The next settled pastor after Mr. Vallandigham was Rev. Wm. Reid, who, from 1821, preached alternately at Calcutta and New Salem, and remained in charge for a period of twenty-eight years, or until 1849. Mr. Reid was a tireless, energetic worker, and at one time the membership of his church in Calcutta outnumbered that of any church in the Presbytery. Later it was shorn of much of its strength in the erection, by its members, of churches in Madison, East Liverpool, Clarkson, and Glasgow. During Mr. Reid's time the log church was replaced by a small brick edifice, and this latter, in 1830, enlarged by the addition of forty feet. Those who served as elders were Nicholas Dawson, Geo. Dawson, Sr., Herbert White, Geo. Dawson, Jr., Young, Foulks, Dr. Samuel Quigley, McCammon, and John Montgomery. While Mr. Reid was in the pastorate dissensions arose in the church in consequence of conflicting sentiments over the display of sacred pictures at a church exhibition, and, as a result, a number of members seceded and organized an Associate Reformed church, of which more anon. The membership of the church was therefore seriously lessened, and when, in 1850, Rev. Robert Hays, the next settled pastor, took charge, there were but 30 members, and fears were expressed lest the church would be forced to dissolve. Mr. Hays took hold with a will, however, and to such good purpose that at the close of his ministry of three and a half years the members numbered 90. Following Mr. Hays, the pastors were Revs. David Robinson, Wm. Dickson, and Robert T. McMahon ; the latter, who is the pastor at present, May 1, 1879, preaching two-thirds of the time at Calcutta and one-third at Smith's Ferry. The present membership is 128. The brick church-edifice now used was built in 1868, and cost about $6000. The society also owns a parsonage, towards the erection of which the late George Thompson bequeathed $400. TOWNSHIP OF ST. CLAIR - 233 THE ASSOCIATE REFORMED CHURCH was, as has been noticed, the outgrowth of dissension in the Long's Run church, and the seceders, about 1848, built a small brick church just above where_ Dr. Calvin now lives. Previous to that, and directly after the secession, Dr. Presley of the theological seminary at Alleghany came down to Calcutta and organized the church in the barn of John Rauch, on the farm now owned by Adam Hickman. The first and only pastor the church had was Rev. Samuel W. Clark, who preached until the church united with the United Presbyterian church of Calcutta in 1858, and the Associate Reformed church Ceased then, of course, to exist. THE UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CONGREGATION OF CALCUTTA was organized about 1815, and included at that time about 20 members. The destruction by fire of the church records removed the positive evidence of data, but the date and number above noted are doubtless correct: Public services were held in a grove near the site of the present United Presbyterian church building as early as 1812, but by what minister or ministers cannot now be stated. These services continued with more or less frequency until 1815, when, upon the organization of a church, Rev. Elijah Newton Scroggs was installed as the first pastor. Mr. Scroggs was in charge also of congregations at West Beaver and "Four-Mile," Pa., for a number of years after his installation at Calcutta, out eventually devoted his entire attention to the latter two, and remained in charge thereof uninterruptedly until his death, Dec. 20, 1851,—a period of thirty-six years. His ashes repose in the cemetery near the church, where a monument marks his last resting-place. Mr. Scroggs, like Mr. Vallandigham, was remarkable for his faithfulness in keeping his pulpit appointments in spite of discouraging obstacles, and in his journeys between the stations in his charge had often to swim rapid streams and contend with such difficulties as would have given many a man a plea for a non-fulfillment of his engagements. Ho was a successful pioneer preacher, and organized a number of congregations in Columbiana and adjoining counties. A man greatly beloved by all out of the pulpit, he was a most uncompromising advocate of the truth, as he had professed it, in the pulpit. His life as well as his preaching was a constant reproof to all immorality, and his death, which was sudden and unexpected, was ,a public calamity. Mr. Scroggs' successor was Rev. Joseph Barkley, whose pastorate continued four years, during which time he preached also at Glade Run. The next pastor, Rev. Thos. Andrews, died after a service of but a year, and in 1864 Rev. John W. Martin was called to the charge of the united congregations of Calcutta and East Liverpool. In 1867 he relinquished the charge of the Calcutta congregation, and in May, 1868, Rev. J. H. Leiper, then a theological student in the seminary at Xenia, Ohio, took the charge of the congregations of Calcutta and West Beaver, the date of his installation being June 30, 1868. He, served both congregations until Jan. 1, 1876, after which his entire 30 time was devoted to his Calcutta charge, in which he still remains. The congregation numbers now 120 members, the additions during the present pastorate having been 120, and the retirement, by deaths and change of residence, 90. For many years it has been, a sort of " recruiting-office" for other congregations, notably those in Western States. The present congregation is the result of the union of the Associate congregations of West Union and St. Clair in 1858. The first house of worship was erected about 1818, and the second (the present one) on the same site, in 1865. The bench of ruling elders was originally composed of John Stewart. John Ansley, and John Smith,—all of whom are dead. Following them, the elders—twelve of whom have passed away—were John Mayes, James Boyd, Andrew Stevenson, James Stewart, Alexander Young, Alexander Connell, Archibald Shaffer, David Asdell, John Eakin, Robert B. Stewart, James, W. Martin, Samuel Roseburg, Thomas Laughlin, John W. Moore, Dr. Samuel Quigley, George Hettenbaugh, William Glenn, H. M. Rose, H. J. Abrams, David Simpson, S. G. Connell, -Mathew Andrews. The board of deacons is composed of W. D. Rayl, J. D. West, J. L. Ansley, J. T. Abrams, and A. F. Sinclair. THE DISCIPLE CHURCH AT FREDERICKTOWN was organized, in 1827, by Elder Walter Scott. Previous to that date desultory preaching had been enjoyed for some time by the people of that faith in St. Clair. The residences of a few inhabitants were utilized as houses of worship until the year above named, when the organization took place in the school-house located in district No. 1, of St. Clair township, and there worship was held until 1829. The members of the church at the organization were John Jackman, Jacob Wollam, David Figley, their wives, Mary Gaston, and Rebecca Meek. The first church-building, was erected in Fredericktown in 1829, and in 1853 a new edifice was built upon a site about one and a half miles south of Fredericktown. The last-named structure occupied that spot until, 1877, when it was removed bodily to the village of Fredericktown, where it now serves the purposes of the society. It is a plain frame building, surmounted by a modest spire, but substantial in appearance, and conveniently adapted to the use for which at is intended. Among the pastors of the church since the organization have been Elder John Jackman, Israel Belton, John Applegate, George M. Lucy, J. M. Davis, and many others, whose names are not at hand. Mr. Davis is the present pastor, and the present membership about 40. Elder Jackman, who was the first pastor, continued as such many years, and did heroic service in prospering the church's interests, which are to-day in a fairly flourishing condition. THE METHODIST SOCIETY OF CALCUTTA was organized in 1869, and for the support of preaching Mr. George Thompson agreed to provide $50 yearly for the space of five years. Rev. Alexander Scott was the first minister, and continued to preach at Calcutta during his pastorate at East Liverpool. Upon his death, in 1869, 234 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO. Mr. George Thompson bequeathed $400 to the town towards the erection of a public hall, conditioned that it should be devoted, free of charge, to the use of any religious denomination, of whatsoever sect, desiring to worship therein. Previous to the erection of the town-hall, in 1872, the Methodists worshiped in the Calcutta school-house, but upon the completion of the hall began to hold services there, and have continued since then to occupy it. Rev. W. B. Watkins, presiding elder, preached the first sermon in the hall during the ministry of Rev. William P. Turner, who was stationed at East Liverpool, and preached at Calcutta twice a month. The succeeding pastors were Revs. Ezra Hingely, William White, Cyrus Brough, Alonzo Shaw, and Sylvester Burt, the latter of whom, now serving the church, preaches also at East Liverpool. After Rev. Mr. Hingely's term, the church was made a mission point. The average attendance at the services is now about 150. SCHOOLS. One of the earliest school-teachers, if not the earliest, was old Joseph McKinnon, who taught about the year 1800 or shortly thereafter, in a log school-house on the Liverpool road, upon a place now owned by James McCoy. McKinnon's successor was Samuel Polk, noted for his convivial habits, and for being also an exceedingly able teacher. About 1810, John Quinn, who settled in St. Clair, upon section 16, in 1808, taught in a log school-house above where Dr. Calvin lives, and William H. McGuffey taught in a frame building in Calcutta, now occupied as a residence by Robert Bradley. Mr. McGuffey was well known at a later period as the author of a " school-reader." Still later, Joseph Hoy taught in a log school-house near the site of the present Calcutta school. There are now seven schools in the township, to wit : at Calcutta, Beaver Creek, Fredericktown, the Bell school-house, Mount Pleasant, near Cannon's Mills, and on the Wellsville road. For their support in 1879 the sum of $700 was appropriated. CEMETERIES. The first burying ground in St. Clair township was doubtless a spot on John McLaughlin's farm, now owned by A. B. Hickman, about a mile north of Calcutta. Graves were dug under a little clump of trees, but no head stones marked the resting; places of those who slept there, although marks of the graves are said to be seen there yet. Who were buried there cannot now be told, but it is certain that Samuel Huston, one of St. Clair's pioneers, and father of James Huston, now living in St. Clair, was one of the number. The next burying-ground laid out was the one now adjoining the Long's Run Presbyterian church of Calcutta. The first persons buried there were three boys, named John Coburn, Wm. Coburn, and Perry Burke, in the year 1812, or before,—perhaps 1810. The cemeteries in the township are now three in number, —one at the United Presbyterian church, one at the Long's Run church, and one where the Disciples church used to be. INDUSTRIES. St. Clair occupies a fine farming region, and possesses important agricultural interests. Corn and wheat are the staple productions of the soil, but sheep-raising is the most important feature in promoting the prosperity of the husbandman, and to this business his energies are largely and profitably directed. Oil is found in the southeast, where a number of wells have been sunk, while an excellent quality of bituminous coal abounds in various parts of the township ; but lack of favorable transportation facilities prevents the production of either oil or coal to more than a limited extent, although coal is mined to an extent amply sufficient for local consumption. Mr. C. Metsch has a fine steam grist-mill at Cannon's Mills, and at Frederick town E. Seldener has a saw-mill and one of the largest grist-mills in the county. It is located on the north fork of the Little Beaver, is five stories in height, and has four run of buhrs. At Fredericktown also John Baxter has a tannery, and considerable business is done at this point in the manufacture of casks for East Liverpool potteries. On the middle fork of the Little Beaver, Thomas Laughlin runs a steam stave-mill, and employs quite a number of people. Hamilton & Davidson set up a carding-machine at Spruce-vale about 1840, and about that time Joseph Heep had a fulling-mill on the Little Beaver above Sprucevale; but these enterprises passed out of existence many years ago, as did a shingle-mill established in the neighborhood by a Mr. Ran ney. POST-OFFICES. William Christy is recalled as the first postmaster known in what is now St. Clair township, and he had an office at Calcutta as early perhaps as 1820. It may be conceived that the duties of his office were not very onerous, for mails were few and light, but the few who did receive letters found it a great convenience to have them brought near home, instead of being compelled to go to distant points or to depend upon irregular and infrequent delivery at the hands of friendly messengers, as had been the case. Mr. Christy's successors at Calcutta were Mathew Laugh- - lin, A. M. Dawson, John Thompson, A. F. St. Clair, and T. M. Ashford. Mr. Ashford, the present incumbent, was appointed in 1861. Besides the office at Calcutta, there are post-offices in the township at Cannon's Mills and Fredericktown. OIL-WELLS. In May, 1865, the first. attempt to find oil in St. Clair township was made by Geo. Hamilton, who sunk a well on his farm, at Pine Run, near Fredericktown, but the yield was at no time greater than a half-barrel per day, and, the oil being-heavy in quality, the well was soon abandoned. Early in 1866, a well—the second one in the township—was sunk on Bealer's Run, by J. M. Hart, but it failed to produce profitable results. Shortly after that, several wells were sunk on Island Run, and, the yield proving fruitful, there arose a great and enthusiastic furore over the matter, and general expectation pointed to rich developments which would widen and promote the township's prosperity to a remarkable degree. As many as fifteen wells were put down in the spring of 1866,—the Glasgow Oil Company being among the chief TOWNSHIP OF SALEM - 235 operators. For a brief period, as high as one hundred barrels of oil per day were obtained, and it looked as if the bonanza would last, but the yield soon began to decline rapidly, and in a short space the golden visions were dissipated and but little oil flowed from the bowels of the earth. The oil interest is at present restricted to limited proportions. The Glasgow Oil Company own fourteen wells, but work only a small number, and their yield, taken with that of a few wells operated by individuals, will not aggregate more than five barrels of oil daily. Besides at the localities named, efforts have been made in other parts of the township to obtain oil, but with poor success. There is a considerable flow of natural gas from the wells on Island Run, but it is not utilized. SALEM. THE township of Salem is number 15, of range 3, in the original survey, and is the centre township of the northern tier in Columbiana County. It contains thirty-two full sections, four sections in the northwest quarter having been taken off in 1832 to form a part of the township of Perry. The boundaries are Green and Perry townships on the north, Fairfield on the east, Centre on the south, and Butler on the west. The surface is generally rolling, though the southern portion of the township is more hilly. Iron-ore, known as kidney-ore or wash-deposit, exists in surface beds in this portion of the township. Veins of coal underlie the township, which are worked to a consid erable extent in the northern and southern parts. The soil is clay and gravelly loam, and is well adapted to the cultivation of grass, grain, and small fruits. STREAMS. The principal streams are the middle fork of Beaver Creek, which enters front Mahoning County, on the north, and, flowing in a direction west of south, divides the township into nearly equal parts ; and two branches, one of which enters from Mahoning, east of Washingtonville, and, flowing south and southwest, unites with the middle fork near the centre of the township and north of Franklin Square. The other branch flows easterly through the western part of the township, and joins the main stream immediately west of Franklin Square. These streams have several mill-sites, some of which have been occupied since 1803. Several smaller streams are tributary to those described, and others, flowing south, drain the southeastern portion of the township. EARLY SETTLEMENTS. SECTION I. Peter Miller, of Westmoreland Co., Va., as early as 1803, entered section No. 1 in this township, and paid therefor $800, of which sum his brother-in-law, Andrew_ Allerton, furnished $100. This land was entered at Steubenville, and afterwards shared with Peter and William Altman, his brothers-in-law, and Michael Boston. Mr. Miller's share was subsequently apportioned among his children,—Charlotte, Susan, John, Jacob, and Peter. The village of Washingtonville occupies nearly all of the northwest quarter of this section, while the Cherry Valley Coal and Iron Company own most of the remaining three-quarters. Conrad Frederick purchased a part of the north half, which descended to his son Joseph, who sold to Michael Frederick, his cousin. SECTION II. John Bair, a brother of Rudolph Bair, entered section 2. His daughter married Philip Hontz, and succeeded to 202 acres on the east half of the section, which was afterwards sold to William Hillman. J. Gongware purchased the south part of the west third, and his descendants still own it. A Mr. Kitch bought the middle third, and sold it to Frederick Bilger, who divided it among his three sons. The corporation of Washington occupies about one-quarter of the section. SECTIONS III. AND X. Jacob Bossart came from Franklin Co., Pa., about 1809, to New Lisbon, where he kept store for a short time, and entered sections 3 and 10. In 1810 he moved upon section 3 with his wife, and built a cabin on the middle fork of Little Beaver Creek. He made a small clearing, and soon afterwards built a saw-mill and made the manufacture of lumber a specialty. On this mill-site Mr. Bossart built three mills at different periods ; the second was destroyed by fire. From about 1812 a mill has been in constant operation upon this site, passing from Mr. Bossart successively to his son Jacob, John Betz, James Peeples:— Travis, and finally to James M. Hope, who is now in possession. With the exception of 20 acres sold to Peter Zimmerman, and 5 acres sold to Caleb Roller, both in the northwest quarter, section 3 was kept by Mr. Bossart until his death, and then divided among his Children. Of these, Jeremiah Bossart lives on the farm originally purchased ; Dr. Jacob Bossart lives at Washingtonville: The southwest quarter of section 10 was sold by the sheriff to satisfy a bail-bond, the man for whom Mr. Bossart was bail being one day too late with the money. He kept the north half of section 10 until death, and left it to his children. John Albright bought the south part of the middle ; Christian Betz purchased 50 acres ; and Conrad Miller 18 acres. SECTION IV. Jesse Holloway came, in 1807, from Crooked Run, Va., and bought the northwest quarter of section 4, now owned 236 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO. by Thomas Sharpnack and Joshua Davis. Thomas Ball and William Fawcett purchased where J. Campbell resides. SECTION IX. William Shearer, a tanner, from Westmoreland Co., Pa., came to the township in 1805, and entered the whole of section 9. His wife and four or five sons came with him. He sold the north half to John Hilliard ; 100 acres of the southeast quarter to John Sheets; and the northeast quarter to Samuel Elton and John Rakestraw, whose descendants are now living there. The remainder was divided between his sons John and James. SECTION XI. John Betz came, in 1804, from Franklin Co., Pa., and entered section 11 for his father, Urban Betz. The next year Urban Betz came to occupy the land, with his wife and five sons,—John, the oldest, George, Christian, William, and Frederick. A large house of logs was built where David Betz now lives. The axe in the hands of these sturdy pioneers soon made an opening in the forest where now the thriving town of Leetonia stands. A distillery was built soon afterwards, which was in use for many years. This section was worked by Urban Betz and his sons until his death, when it was divided. John had 175 acres in the southeast quarter, where " Grafton" stands, a suburb of Leetonia ; William and George had 175 acres each in the northwest quarter ; Frederick had 100 acres in the middle of the south part, where the village of Leetonia is ; Christian, a blacksmith, worked at his trade, and received from his father's estate only 21 acres on the southwest quarter. He is said to have been the first to discover coal in the county, and the first to use it. SECTION XII. David Hardman, in 1803, entered section 12 for his father. It was subsequently divided, Christian Meese, a brother-in-law of David, receiving the west third, and David the middle third. The latter built his log cabin where the "Leetonia House" now stands. He moved in a few years to Unionville, and occupied the Wilhelm farm. He sold the old farm to John Yoder, who afterwards sold to the Leetonia Iron and Coal Company. George Wyrick bought the east third of the section. Jacob Anglemeyer purchased the Mease farm, and afterwards sold it to the Leetonia Company. SECTION XIII. This section was entered by Rudolph Bair in 1804, who afterwards sold a part to Joseph Longanecker and a part to his son-in-law, John Smith. The section is now in possession of the Longaneckers, Anglemeyer, Zimmerman, and others. SECTION XIV. Rudolph Bair was interested in the early settlement of this section. Henry Dixson entered the southeast quarter in 1808, where his son-in-law, Daniel Sweitzer, lives. SECTION XV. The south half of this section was entered by Samuel Reeves, of New Jersey, in 1810, who entered at the same time the northwest quarter of section 22. The property descended to Samuel and Isaac Reeves ; the latter sold to Emor Fawcett. Ruth H. Nichols purchased the entire interests of Reeves and Fawcett in both sections, 15 and 22, and has since sold a portion of her purchase. SECTION XVI. This section was the school-lot, and was held for many years entirely on lease. It is still subject to lease, except. the greater part of the northwest quarter. Of this N. McCann owns 40 acres, J. J. Brinker 40 acres, and J. Young 58 acres. The remainder of the section is leased by the trustees of the township. There was erected on the creek, over fifty years ago, a woolen-mill, which was afterwards destroyed by fire. The township cemetery is in the southeast corner of the section, and contains five acres. Jonathan Fawcett built in 1841 the stone mill which stands on a branch of the middle fork of Beaver Creek. The mill is 40 by 61 feet in size, and five and a half stories high. The foundation is laid twenty-five feet below the level of the road. The walls are four feet thick for twelve feet of their height, and thence decrease to three feet and two feet in thickness. The property was leased in 1836 for ninety-nine years, with privilege of renewal. It is now in possession of B. Raney. SECTION XVII. In the year 1809, William Furl entered section 17. Afterwards, Mr. Elwell had a part of the southwest quarter. Abram Webb purchased part of the north half. William Shinn bought in the southeast quarter. His son now lives on section 21. In 1818, Jonathan Fawcett built a saw- and grist-mill on the section, on land given him by his grandfather, Thomas Temley, who came from Virginia in 1808, and settled in Perry township. Nathan Hawley, an elder brother of Benjamin Hawley, came to the township in 1816, and settled on section 17, in the southeast quarter, where Caleb Windell, a son-in-law, lives. Jesse Hawley, a son, lives in the northeast quarter. SECTION XVIII. In 1802, Jonathan Haynes entered section 18, and soon sold the southeast quarter to his brother Nathaniel. The remainder was sold in the year 1850. None of the family remain in the township. SECTION XIX Section 19 was entered by Jonathan Taylor, of Belmont Co., Ohio, in 1803. In 1812 he sold the northwest quarter to Robert Phillips, who sold part of it, in 1828, to Benjamin Gaunt. The larger portion of the section he held and leased for many years, and finally sold it about thirty years ago. Senator Updegraff, of this State, is a grandson of Jonathan Taylor. Benjamin Gaunt divided his lands on this section between his sons, John and Nerr. John is living on the homestead. Three daughters of Benjamin Gaunt live in Goshen, Mahoning Co.,—Harriet, now Mrs. Kirtland ; Rachel, now Mrs. Protheroe ; and Mary. Elizabeth, another daughter, married George Hise, brother of Aaron and Howell, and lives in Iowa. TOWNSHIP OF SALEM - 237 SECTION XX. Abram Snyder entered section 20 in 1803, and sold the southwest quarter to Hugh Stuart, the southeast quarter to William Ogle and Patrick Kelly, and the northeast quarter to William Crane. He retained the northwest quarter till 1816, when he sold 40 acres thereof to Robert Phillips, who came to Salem township with his wife and six children, from Chester Co., Pa., in 1812. Mr. Phillips went to the war in 1812, his family remaining in Salem, and after his return, in 1816, made the purchase of Mr. Snyder, and erected a tannery, which was in operation until 1861. Isaac R., his son, lives on the original farm, which he has increased by purchase to 100 acres. Sarah, a daughter, now Mrs. Campbell, lives on section 18. SECTION XXI. Chillian Long came from Dauphin Co., Va., and entered the greater portion of section 21 and part of section 22. At his death it was divided among his children,—three sons and four daughters. It is now owned by J. Davidson, William McCracken, Jeremiah Betz, John Greenawalt, William Shinn, and others. The Hast Methodist church is on the section. SECTION XXII. This section was entered by quarter sections. Conrad Bennett took the northeast quarter, where is now the village of Franklin Square ; Samuel Reeves the northwest quarter; Chillian Long the southeast quarter, which is now in the possession of his descendants ; and Michael Mottinger the southwest quarter, which now (1879) is occupied by his son. SECTION XXIII. This section was entered about 1809, when the government permitted quarter sections to be entered. Henry Dixson, a Quaker, from Brownsville, Pa., in 1808, entered a quarter section on section 14, where Daniel Sweitzer, his son-in-law, lives ; and in 1809, March 20, entered the northeast quarter of section 23, where his son-in law, Simon S. Peppel, now lives. He entered also the southeast quarter in 1810, and a part of the west half a little later. It was divided among his children. William Harrison, a son-in-law, had a part of it, which was afterwards sold to John Lorens, and by him sold to John Peppel. The old homestead is on section 24 ; the brick house built by Mr. Dixson is yet standing, and is the residence of Daniel Sweitzer. SECTION XXIV. Martin Hoke, from Lancaster Co., Pa., came to the township, located this section, and entered it at Steubenville, in 1804, and returned home, intending to come out with his family the following spring. Before that time arrived he died ; and his wife, with three children,—John, Henry, and Elizabeth,—came out and settled upon the land Mr. Hoke had entered. It was afterwards divided into three parts. John had the northwest part, Henry the northeast part, and Elizabeth the south half. Elizabeth married Solomon Sitler, and her sons are living on the half section. A cemetery is located on the section, and therein rest the remains of many of the pioneers. SECTION XXV Ephraim Holloway and Jacob Sweitzer, brothers-in-law of Martin Hoke, entered section 25 about the year 1804. The property passed into other hands. One of the early schools was kept on this section. SECTION XXVI. This section was entered by Reasin Beall, and by him sold to Henry Halverstadt, from Maryland, and it is still held mostly by his descendants. SECTION XXVII. The section was entered by Jacob Karns about 1808. William Groner, of Northampton Co., Pa., and Daniel Keck bought the southeast quarter about 1810. Their sons still occupy it. Daniel Burger bought the northeast quarter, where the Guys now reside, and Daniel Stewart the northwest quarter. After Mr. Karns' death the southwest quarter was bought by Richard Boice, from near Liverpool, who sold it to William Aldridge. Mr. Karns was one of the original members of the " Hast Methodist church." A society of the denomination called " Albrights" was formed at the house of Jacob Karns at an early day. Joseph Long, a son of Chillian, lived on this section, and became a bishop in the church of Evangelical Lutherans. SECTION XXVIII. A Mr. Frederick entered section 28, and afterwards sold the southeast quarter to Ezekiel More. It was subsequently sold to John Bricker and Joseph Long. Mr. Frederick sold the southwest quarter to James McKinley, who sold to Samuel Shelton, and the north half to Abram, Isaac, and James Blacklidge. In 1824 the northwest quarter passed by sale to Garrett Hast, of Washington Co., Pa., who had lived on section 31 about fifteen years. His son Garrett is now (1879) living on the farm. Nathaniel McCracken purchased a quarter of this section in 1812. SECTION XXIX. Jonathan Skyhawk entered this section. He did not keep it long, but sold it to Jordan Jones, who afterwards sold to C. K. Betz, who still owns the larger part of the west half. The east half was bought by Jesse Dickinson, from Greene Co., Pa., in 1804, who came in with his wife, three sons, and five daughters. The land was divided,' among the children. Benjamin now lives on part of the farm. One daughter, Mrs. Rachel Ryan, lives in Washingtonville ; another, Mrs. Tabitha Thomas, resides in the west part of Salem township. Mr. Dickinson died at the age of forty years. SECTION XXX. Preston Peck, a native of Loudon Co., Va., came to this county in 1804, and settled on section 30, in the township of Salem. He established his home on the northeast quarter of the section. Ann, his oldest daughter, married Robert Yates, who came in 1807, and took the southwest pane" of the some section. William. a son, is living on the homestead farm. He was about six years old when his father made the settlement. 238 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO. James Yates, a brother of Robert, bought the west half of the section, and divided it into three parts. Benjamin Yates had the south part, Robert the middle, and James the north part. Benjamin gave the east half to his sons, Edward and John. Edward resided there while he lived. John remained twenty-eight years, and then sold his property and moved to Michigan. William, son of Robert, moved to the place where Benjamin lived, the latter having removed to Michigan. SECTION XXXI. William Teegarden* was a brother-in-law of Levi Blacklidge, they having married sisters. He came to Salon township in the summer of 1804, entered section 31, and built a log house where James Palmer now resides. The section was entered with the understanding that it should be divided between William Teegarden, Uriah White, and Robert Blacklidge. Uriah White had the west third, 207 acres ; William Teegarden, the middle, 222 acres ; and Robert Blacklidge, the east third, 214 acres. William Teegarden, with his wife, son Uriah, daughter Elizabeth, and the mother of Mrs. Teegarden, came to this township by the road from New Lisbon, in April, 1805, and arrived about sunset on the southeast bank of the creek, opposite the cabin of Levi Blacklidge. Mr. Teegarden hailed across the creek to Levi, and was directed to ford the stream about twenty rods farther down, near a large oak-tree, and keep on the upper side of the fording-place to avoid a large rock in the channel. The crossing was quickly made, when there ensued a joyful meeting of the sisters, and of mother and daughter. They remained that night in Levi's humble log cabin, and the next morning continued the journey to their own little home. Uriah's first job was to ungear the team. This done, he was sent out with his sister, Elizabeth, to gather leaves with which to fill the beds. In 1850, William Teegarden sold the farm to James Farmer, who now owns and occupies it. Uriah White retained his farm until his death, when it passed to his sons, James and Thomas. Robert Blacklidge leased his farm, in 1806, to Garrett Hast, who lived there about fifteen years, when the place was sold to John Howenstein, who sold it to George Farmer. SECTION XXXII. Levi Blacklidge, of Washington Co., Pa., in 1803 entered section 32. In 1804 he came out with his wife and daughter Sarah, Robert Blacklidge (a cousin), and one or two laborers. He built a grist-mill during the summer of 1804, on the middle fork of Beaver Creek, where the mill of Uriah Teegarden now stands. The next year he put up a saw-mill, a few rods below the grist-mill. This mill stood twelve years, and in 1816 he erected a frame mill on the old site, which is still standing. Mr. Blacklidge gave 80 acres in the southeast guarter, where Solomon Shive lives, to Mahlon Ervin, an apprentice. After his death, which occurred about the year 1812, the land was given to his brothers Abram and James, and the mill property and 165 acres to his daughter Sarah, who * Spelled by the first settler's of that name, " Teagarden." married Nathan Harris. Uriah Teegarden bought the mill property ; William Yates bought 165 acres, which was afterwards sold to John. Hanna, who now occupies it. The iron mines worked by B. F. Lewis are on land belonging to Uriah Teegarden. A post-office was established at Teegarden Station in 1868. Uriah Teegarden was the first postmaster, and was succeeded by Nathan Hendricks, who still holds the position. The first store was kept by William Skinner, about 1830. "Teegarden Station," on the Niles and New Lisbon Railroad, is on this section. SECTION XXXIII. This section was entered by Basil Wells. In 1806, Abram Arter, of Maryland, bought the northwest quarter, and, with George Butz, bought the northeast quarter. Andrew Brinker bought the southeast quarter and willed it to Abby, his daughter, who married Samuel Wall. Their son, Peter Wall, lives on the farm. Conrad Wormer bought the southwest quarter, which was afterwards sold to Wm. Teegarden. Abram Arter built his first log cabin where his son Simon now lives, on the northwest quarter. A coal mine is on the Arter farm, and is worked by residents of Cleveland. SECTION XXXIV. Matthias Stewart, of Maryland, came to this township in 1811, and entered the southwest quarter of section 34. About the same time, John Bricker entered the northwest quarter. Daniel Burger, and Nicholas, his father, in 18078 entered the northeast quarter, and Henry Wormer the southeast quarter. The descendants of the early settlers are still living on the several farms. A log church was built nearly in the middle of the township in 1812. The people in this neighborhood were " Lutherans" and " Reformed Lutherans," and united in the erection of the church. SECTION XXXV. A Mr. Simon, from Washington Co., Pa., entered this section in 1809. The next year, his two sons, George and Andrew, built a log house on the northeast corner of •the section, -where Henry Brinker, son of Andrew, now lives. A year later, a saw-mill was built on the creek, near where now lives Adam Simon, a grandson of the first owner. The descendants of Jonathan Lodge live in the southeast quarter of this section. SECTION XXXVI. This section was entered by speculators, who sold the east half, in 1805, to Jonathan Lodge, who came from Loudon Co., Va. In 1807 he hired a man named Jasper Crandall, who lived in the south part of the county, to raise a log house, with a roof. In the spring of 1808, with his wife and nine children,—James, Benjamin, Abram, William, Evan, Catharine, Mary, Sarah, and Elizabeth,—he came to the location. The log house not yet being in condition to live in, they moved into a log cabin situated a little east of their own; and which had been used for a school-house. In this cabin they lived about three weeks. The work of clearing had commenced, and every one of this TOWNSHIP OF SALEM - 239 family found something to do. Soon land was cleared and grain sowed. The land remained in Mr. Lodge's possession until his death, in 1844, when Jonathan and Evan succeeded to 196 acres in the northeast corner. Evan sold his part to Jonathan (where the latter now lives), and bought a farm in Elk Run township. William had 120 acres in the southeast corner. Andrew Brinker camp to the township in 1804, and bought the west half of the section. At his death it was divided among his children. His daughter, Sarah, had 200 acres, which, at her death, passed, by the terms of her will, to " Heidelberg College" and other institutions. Mr. Brinker was one of the original members of the Reformed Lutheran church of Salem township, as was also his son, Henry, who now lives on section 35, west of where his father first settled. CIVIL LIST. The early records of the township are lost, and no knowledge of its officers can be obtained of earlier date than 1838. A list of the names of the trustees, clerks, treasurers, and justices of the peace, from that time until 1879, is given below : TRUSTEES. 1838-39.—Brunton Darlington, Simon Kerns, Solomon Sitler. 1840-41.—Simon Kerns, Solomon Sitler, Asa J. Holloway. 1842-44.—Simon Kerns, William Yates, Joseph Entrekin. 1845.—Simon Kerns, William Yates, Jacob J. Estell. 1846.—Charles J. Budd, William Yates, Jacob Whealen. 1847-49.—Jacob Wheaten, William Yates, Andrew Simon. 1850.—David Bricker, William Yates, Jacob Wheaten. 1851.—William Yates, David Bricker, James Hiddleson. 1852-53.—David Bricker, William Yates, George W. Grim. 1854.—William Yates, George W. Grim, Samuel Burger. 1855.—George W. Grim, Samuel Burger, William Teegarden. 1856.—George W. Grim, William Teegarden, Samuel R. McGown. 1857.—William Teegarden, James H. Patterson, Simon S. Poppet. 1858.—William Yates, Simon S. Peppel, John Young. 1859.—John Young, Jesse Hawley, George Greenawalt. 1860.—George Greenawalt, John Young, Uriah Teegarden. 1861.—George Greenawalt, Daniel Schweitzer, Jr., Christian K. Betz. 1862.—Samuel Harriet, Samuel Groner, Daniel Schweitzer, Jr., David Snyder. 1863.—Samuel Harriet, George Greenawalt, Anthony Whistler. 1864.—Anthony Whistler, Jonathan Harris, Solomon H. Sitler. 1865.—Herod Lodge, J. B. Kindig, Eliakim Anderson, Jr. 1866.—Samuel Groner, Peter W. Zimmerman, Daniel Schweitzer. 1867.—Samuel Groner, Samuel W. Badger, George Greenawalt. 1868.—George Greenawalt, Joseph Stewart, Jesse Hawley. 1869.—Philip Bricker, William Morgan, H. B. Scoy. 1870-72.—William Astry, William Shinn, Henry Aldridge. 1873.—Albert R. Kelly, Armstead McCann, Wm. H. Detweiler. 1874.—Albert R. Kelly, Simon Bricker, John Ritter. 1875.—William Astry, Urban Betz, R. C. Ingledue. 1876.—William Astry, Urban Betz, Jacob Mowery. 1877.—Lewis Hermann, Andrew Thomas, Wm. H. Detweiler. 1878.—Lewis Hermann, Wm. H. Detweiler, Vernon T. Shelton. 1879.—Lewis Hermann, Vernon T. Shelton, Uriah Metz. CLERKS. James Holloway, 1838; Jacob Whealen, 1839; Joseph Entrekin, 1840; Benjamin Windle, 1841-43; Jacob Wheaten, 1844; Benjamin Windle, 1845-56; Samuel Burger, 1857-64; Philip Bricker, 1865.; Samuel Burger, 1866-68; D. W. Peppel, 1869; B. S. Hine, 1870; John Ritter, 1871; D. A. Gerrish, 1872; Solomon Burger, 1873-74; R. M. Gilbert, 1875-76: W. W. Forney, 1877; Byron W. Weston, 1878; Patrick Martin, 1879. TREASURERS. Henry Hoke, 1838-55; David K. Bertolette, 1856 ; Jacob Longenecker, 1857-58; Andrew Simon, 1859-61; William E. Marshall, 1862- 63 ; Andrew Simon, 1864-68; S. C. Greenawalt, 1869; Fred. Tillnagle, 1870-75; D. Snyder, 1874; J. J. Eaten, 1875; David W. Wallace, 1876-77; William S. Church, 1878; W. W. Forney, 1879. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. John Neigh, May 4, 1840;* Charles J. Budd, April 25, 1842 ; John Crary, Oct. 1, 1842; C. J. Budd, April 13, 1854; Jacob J. Estell, April 11, 1855; Henry Snyder, Sept. 29, 1856; William Yates, Sept. 2, 1856; William E. Marshall, April 17, 1858; Henry Snyder, Sept. 9, 1859; William Yates, Sept. 9, 1859; William E. Marshall, April 6, 1861 ; Henry Snyder, Sept. 30, 1862 ; William Yates, Sept. 30, 1862; Jacob Boston, Dec 12, 1862; William E. Marshall, April 11, 1864 ; Jesse Hawley, Oct. 20, 1865; Jacob Boston, Dec. 25, 1865; S. W. Sitler, April 11, 1867; Jesse Hawley, Oct. 19, 1868; D. W. Abbott, Dec. 17, 1868 ; J. J. Estell, Aug. 24, 1870; A. A. Thomas, Oct. 16, 1871; Jesse Hawley, Oct. 16, 1871; J. R. Peeples, Aug. 21, 1873; John Clapsaddle, April 15, 1874 ; Peter Wall, Oct. 17, 1874; J. R. Peeples, Aug. 21, 1876 ; James Harper, April 11, 1877. VILLAGES. LEETONIA. This village is on the northern edge of Columbiana County, and was named after William Lee, of Randolph, N. Y., one of the corporators of the Leetonia Coal and Iron Company, by which company it was laid out in 1866-67. It is situated in a rich farming district, on the line of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, at the crossing of the Niles and New Lisbon Railroad. The latter road conveys to Leetonia the ore of the Beaver and Mahoning Valleys, while the former transports to her furnaces the rich ore of Lake Superior. Underneath the surface are inexhaustible veins of coal. Leetonia contains a population of 2800, and has six churches (Presbyterian, United Presbyterian, Methodist, St. John's German Lutheran, St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran, and St. Barbara's Catholic), a union school, one bank, post-office, three hotels, two drug-stores, four dry-goods stores, fifteen groceries, four societies, a printing-office, photograph-gallery, two cabinet-shops, four blacksmith-shops, two brick-kilns, two shoe-shops, three clothing-stores, two millinery-stores, three harness-shops, two livery-stables, a hardware-store, and two tin-shops. There are also .two resident dentists, four physicans, and four attorneys. The first hotel was opened by Joseph Meek in March, 186g, in an old brick farm-house, now known as the " Leetonia House." It was situated on what was previously the farm of David Hardman, who was succeeded in its ownership by John Yoder. This farm-house and one owned by a Mr. Anglemyer were the only buildings in Leetonia prior to the erection of the railroad station-house, in 1865. + A petition was presented by M. E. Taggart to the commissioners of the county (dated March 1, 1869, and signed by 110 voters), praying for the incorporation of a village, to be called " Leetonia," and setting forth the proposed boundaries. This petition was amended May 6, 1869, * Date of commission. +About the time of the completion of the station-house, a fire consumed a barn near by, and twelve valuable horses belonging to the contractor, James McHenry, perished in the flames. It was believed to be the work of an incendiary. 240 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO. and again presented. Two days afterwards, the commissioners—Samuel Burger, Uriah Thomas, and Andrew Armstrong—passed the order for incorporation, and further ordered an election to be held on Aug. 23, 1869, for a mayor, recorder, and five trustees. A. F. Hill was •chosen Mayor ; M. E. Taggart, Recorder ; F. Fillnagle, Treasurer ; and J. G. Chamberlain, Samuel C. Mellinger, W. S. Church, H. F. Christy, J. M. Mowrey, Trustees. An addition was made to the corporation, south of State Street, Sept. 13, 1872. The following persons have served as officers of the corporation : Mayors, A. F. Hill, George H. Berkheimer, Joseph Meek, James Harper, A. J. Christy, William Schweitzer ; Treasurers, F. Fillnagle, Joseph Meek, B. S. Hine, W. S. Church ; Recorders, M. E. Taggart, E. M. Taggart, J. M. Myers, W. H. Watson, W. G. Hendricks, James A. Hamilton, Alexander Rankin, J. F. Marchand. The following are the officers for 1879: Wm. Schweitzer, Mayor ; J. F. Marchand, Recorder ; A. P. Vanfleet, James Ready, Hugh Casey, Philip Herron, David S. Betz-, and Eagleston, Trustees. Post-office.—A post-office was established at Leetonia in April, 1866. The first postmaster was J. G. Chamberlain, who was succeeded by Flury, Enos Goebel, M. F. Forney, and W. H. Wright, who is the present postmaster. WASHINGTONVILLE. This village was laid out by Michael Frederick, and incorporated in 1844, but not organized until some years later. Henry Snyder was the first mayor. David Williams is the present mayor, and Elwood Bertolette the present clerk,-1879. A further description of this village will be found in the history of Green township, in this volume. FRANKLIN SQUARE. This settlement is situated on the northeast quarter of section 22, which was entered by Conrad Bennett, and was laid out by Frederick Best, a subsequent purchaser. The first store was kept by Henry Dixon. Frederick Best carried on an extensive tannery in the early days of the settlement. The first post-office was established in 1844. The postmasters have been Frederick Best, Charles Budd, Daniel Robinson, David Snyder, John Derodes, and James Peeples, the present incumbent. The village contains a church (Methodist), post-office, school-house, two blacksmith-shops, two wagon-shops, one shoe-shop, a dry-goods store, and a drug-store. One physician resides in the place. SCHOOLS. On section 10, where the present district school-house stands, was built the first log school-house of that neighborhood, on land given by Jacob Bossert. Daniel Pesky was one of the first teachers. The log church in section 34 was used for a school-house. Jacob Barger and Henry Chumper were among the first teachers in that vicinity and in that house. Jonathan Lodge came into the township about 1808, and moved into a log building which had been used for a school-house. It stood about one hundred rods east from the present residence of his son Jonathan. The school-house was in Fair field township, but the children from far and near went there to school. Among the first teachers was John Daniels. School was held in this house as late as 1814-15. A log cabin was built for a school-house in 1822, where now is the grave-yard, near William McCracken's present residence. The first teacher was Arthur G. Hayden ; and Jerre Beeson was among those who early followed. A school-house was built in 1808 or '9 in the southeast quarter of section 30. Hugh Demings, a Quaker, was the first teacher. This house stood for a year or two, when it caught fire from the fireplace and was consumed. Another was soon built, near where the present district school-house stands. A log school-house was built on section 14 about the year 1820. A Methodist minister, named Isaac Winings, was among the first teachers. In or near the year 1817 school was kept in a log cabin situated on the southeast quarter of section 23, where now stands the old red house which once belonged to Simon Peppel. William Harrison and John Daniels were among the first teachers. Mrs. Solomon Sitler, then Elizabeth Hoke, and living on section 24, used to attend that school. The enumeration of children between the ages of four and twenty years, in the ten whole districts and three parts of districts, was as follows on Oct. 1, 1838: males, 395 ; females, 370 ; total, 765. The enumeration for 1878, exclusive of the Union District, of children between the ages of four and twenty, was as follows : males, 277 ; females, 244 ; total, 521. There were unmarried, between six and twenty-one, 522 ; between sixteen and twenty-one, 141. April 15, 1872, the districts were changed, and now are seven in number, besides the Leetonia district, which is separate, and is called the " Union District." A school-house was built in 1872, on district No. 5, at a cost of $1163.19 ; and in 1874 one was built in district No. 2 at a cost of $1224, and one in No. 4, costing $900. The following persons constitute the present board of education, 1879: Jonas Baker, Jonathan Harris, Herod Lodge, S. E. Stratton, J. S. Halverstadt, Peter Wall, J. B. Yates. UNION SCHOOL DISTRICT—LEETONIA. A call to the voters of the village of Leetonia was issued early in 1870, for a meeting to be held February 12th, to consider whether the corporation should become a separate school district. After due deliberation, it was decided in favor of a separate district, and Joseph Meek, James Harper, Fa Fillnagle, M. E. Taggart, J. B. Gillespie, and S. C. Mellinger were chosen directors. J. Meek was chosen president, and M. E. Taggart, clerk. Within the year, two lots on the south side were purchased from William McDonald for $500, upon which it was decided to build a school-house 26 by 36 feet in size, at a cost of $775. Allan Smith was chosen principal June 28, 1870, and was followed by R. A. Gillson, in 1871. April 17, 1872, on motion of J. G. Chamberlain, it was resolved to purchase a site and build a school-building, not to exceed in cost $25,000, and to issue bonds for the purpose. July 3, 1872, it was voted that $10,000 be added to the $25,000. A contract was entered into with Benja- TOWNSHIP OF SALEM - 241 min S. Way to erect the school-building, after plans and specifications by J. M. Blackburn, of Cleveland, architect. The new building was completed and occupied in September, 1874. The following have been presidents of the board of education : Joseph Meek, 1870-71 ; J. B. Bertloett, 187273 ; John Ritter, 1874 ; H. L. King, 1875 ; W. T. Hendricks, 1876 ; E. J. Warner, 1877 ; E. Hahn, 1878 ; W. McDonald, 1879. Clerks, M. E. Taggart, 1870-73 ; Henry L. King, 1874-76 ; J. T. Laughlin, 1877-79. Treasurers, James Harper, 1870-73 ; J. S. Blackwell, 1879. Superintendents, E. P. Clisbe, 1872 ; James H. Griffith, 1873 ; C. C. Douglass, 1874-78 ; Prof. F. H. Umholtz, 1879. The number of school-children in the district, as reported in September, 1878, was 8500. CHURCHES. LUTHERAN CHURCH. Many of the inhabitants of the southeastern part of the township were Lutherans and Reformed Lutherans, and in 1812 united in the erection of a log building for church and school purposes. It was erected on land of Nicholas Berger, on the northeast quarter of section 34. A cemetery was laid out on the same lot, wherein Lizzie Rummel, a daughter of Nicholas Berger, was the first to be buried. This church was occupied thirteen years, when a larger one of brick was erected, which was remodeled in 1867. The first members of the Lutheran church were Abraham Arter, Henry Halverstadt and wife, Jacob Schweitzer and family, Frederick Whelan, and Mrs. Andrew Brinker. The first pastor was Rev. John W. Stough, who was succeeded by Revs. Jacob Shafer and John W. Hoffman. The latter was pastor in 1840. At this time dissatisfaction existed between the two denominations, and they separated, the Lutherans keeping the old church. The pastors from that time have been Revs. — Thompson, Samuel Wagner, S. P. Harrington, J. J. Delo, A. B. Kirtland, J. H. Stough, and Joseph Swick, who is now in charge. REFORMED LUTHERAN CHURCH. The first members of this church were Conrad Worman, Henry Worman, Henry Brinker, and Jacob Worman, and their families, Andrew Brinker, and Mrs. Fred Whelan. The first pastor was Peter Monosmith, who was succeeded by Revs. John Keller, Henry Sonedecker, E. V. Foeght, and Henry Hess. Prior to 1840 services were held. in the brick church, but in that year a frame building was erected upon land north of the brick church, at a cost of $1500. The church has since been under the pastoral care successively of Revs. Aaron Warner, S. N. King, G. N. Albright, and J. T. Hole, who is the present incumbent. The house of worship of this society is situated on the southeast quarter of section 34. ST. PAUL'S EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH OF LEETONIA. In the fall of 1872, Rev. J. W. Stough called a meeting of the Lutheran element, which assembled in the Ridge school-house to discuss the propriety of petitioning the Synod to establish a church at Leetonia, to be called the " St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran church," and to comprise a part of the " Mineral Charge." A petition was drawn, presented, and granted, and an organization effected composed of 14 members. During the summer of 1873 preparations were made for building, and a church was erected and finished during the fall of that year, and dedicated on the 12th of October. The first pastor was Rev. John W. Stough, who was succeeded by I. J. Delo, J. W. Swick, and D. R. Hanna, who is the present pastor. The church has 73 members and a Sunday-school of 120 pupils, of which S. E. Nold is superintendent. ST. JOHN'S GERMAN LUTHERAN CHURCH OF LEETONIA. This society was organized in 1870, with 10 constituent members, under the care of Rev. S. Bechler. A church was built in the summer of 1870, at a cost of $2125. The dedication sermon was preached by Rev. J. J. Fast, of Canton. Revs. M. F. Lanfer and Henry Faigle have officiated to the present time. The church has 12 members and a Sunday-school of 30 pupils, of which Jacob Knegle is superintendent. HART METHODIST CHURCH. About the year 1824, Garrett Hart, who had lived on section 31, in this township, several years, persuaded the people in the neighborhood of the present Hart church who were inclined to Methodism to organize a class, of which he was chosen the first leader. The members of this class were Garrett and Elizabeth Hart, Joseph Headley and wife, Jonathan Dickinson and wife, Samuel Shelton and Catharine, his wife, Jacob Karns and wife, and Samuel Karns and wife. In 1826 a log church was built, on the ground occupied by the present church, built in 1866. The church has about 40 members and a Sunday-school, of which William Zimmerman is superintendent. This church was in the Washington circuit for many years, and then in the Beaver circuit, and is now in the Salem circuit. It is under the same charge with Washingtonville and Franklin Square. THE METHODIST CHURCH OF FRANKLIN SQUARE. This church was organized about 1828. Preaching was first held in a log house which was used for a school. The church was built about 1830. The ministers in charge have also the care of the Washingtonville and Hart churches. The church has about 80 members. METHODIST CHURCH OE WASHINGTONVILLE. Watson Ruckman, John Robins, Philip Houtz, and their wives constituted the first class in this village. Watson Ruckman was chosen leader. The first meeting was held in the house of Philip Houtz, in 1844. Services for some time were held in barns and houses. Rev. John M. Murray was the first pastor. Rev. Wm. H. Pierson is now in charge. The present house of worship was built in 1872-73. The church has about 50 members and a Sunday-school of 80 pupils, Joseph C. Byerly superintendent. This church and the Franklin Square and Hart's churches are under one charge. 242 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF LEETONIA. About 1869, John Ritter and Lydia, his wife, Samuel Keene and his wife, Mrs. Catharine Steward, and Mrs. — Wallace, convened at Mrs. Steward's house and organized a class, of which Mr. Keene was chosen leader. Public services were soon after held in the public hall. The ministers who have officiated from that time to the present are Revs. J. J. Jackson, Henry Long, — Ross, Coyle, J. A. Chamberlain, and Samuel Crouse. The church now has 75 members, and the Sunday-school about 100 pupils, Charles Snyder being superintendent. The society some years since purchased the church-edifice of the United Presbyterians. DISCIPLE CHURCH. Robert Philips was converted under the preaching of Rev. Walter Scott, a Baptist, at Salem, in 1825, but afterwards became dissatisfied with the articles of faith of that denomination. In 1828 a new organization, called the church of the Disciples, was perfected, composed of Robert Philips and wife, Arthur G. Hayden and wife, Abraham Shinn and wife, and Wm. Schooley and family. Arthur Hayden and Wm. Schooley were chosen elders. Meetings were held in Mr. Philips' house for some time, and in 1831 a church was built on the northeast corner of the northwest quarter of section 20, Mr. Philips giving the land. This church was in use until 1859, when a new one was erected on the same ground. The first pastor was Rev. Mr. Van Voorhis, who was succeeded by Revs. John Whitaker, Wesley Lamphin, E. Hubbard, A. S. Hayden, Harmon Reeves, Timothy Newcomb, Theobald Miller, S. B. Teegarden, J. McBride, S. A. Griffin, Orrin Higgins, R. G. White, Wm. Baxter, Thomas Hillock, John Shaffer, and Harmon Reeves, who is the present pastor. The baptisms since 1837 have been 229. The church has 60 members and a Sunday-school of 60 pupils, Albert Kelly superintendent. The church of this denomination in the village of Salem was organized by members from this church, March 15, 1859. HIGHLAND CHURCH. William Teegarden, an early settler on section 33, who studied for the ministry in the Christian denomination, and was licensed by the Mt. Vernon Conference, preached in that vicinity many years, and died, in 1856, at the age of eighty-one. The leaven of the counsels given by him wrought in the minds of a few in the neighborhood, and led them to assemble for the purpose of organizing a Christian church. After some preliminary meetings and preaching by the Rev. D. B. Hyde, 18 persons became the constituent members of a church organization in September, 1860. This number increased to 45 members by the close of the year. An acre of land was given by Joel Johnson upon which to erect a " Bible-Christian church." Timber was given, and the work of building accomplished for $650. The house was raised May 1, 1861, and dedicated October 6th of that year, Elder John W. Ellis preaching the dedication sermon. Rev. D. B. Hyde was the first pastor, who was succeeded by Revs. C. L. Winget, Samuel McGowen, and Edwin Cameron. The church has 60 members and a Sunday-school with 50 pupils, of which John Spencer and William Randels are superintendents. LEETONIA ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.* This church was organized by the diocese of Cleveland, —bishop, Rt. Rev. Richard Gilmour, D.D.,—under the patronage of St. Barbara, at the time the Niles and New Lisbon Railroad was in process of construction, in 1866. The first members were Martin Gannon, Cornelius Martin, James Ready, James McNulty, John Qualey, and Michael Madigan. The first meetings were at private houses to hold mass. The first priest was Rev. George Peters, who was succeeded by Rev. Ludewick, Father Moudrie, and Father Mulchachey. Oct. 8, 1868, Rev. Father E. W. J. Lindesmith was appointed pastor by Rt. Rev. Amadeus Rappe, bishop of Cleveland. At this time there were seventy-six families. Father Lindesmith commenced at once to build a church-edifice, 32 by 50 feet, frame. The corner-stone was laid November 28th of that year, and on Christmas, 1868, the new church was dedicated to the service and worship of Jesus Christ, and mass was offered up. There are at present—July 14, 1879-209 families in connection with the church ; 228 catechism scholars and 14 teachers in the Sunday-school ; and 470 volumes in the library. The society own a frame parsonage, six lots in one block, and a cemetery of 8 1/2 acres, well laid out. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF LEETONIA. This church was organized July 19, 1867, under the New Lisbon Presbytery, 0. S., with the following members: Jesse Ball and Catharine, his wife ; John McMillan and Catharine, his wife ; Lydia Stetson, Eleanor Beard, John Reeves, Mary E. Porter,—now Mrs. James L. Truesdell,- and David Betz and wife. The church was supplied from Feb. 15, 1867, until Nov. 1, 1868, by Rev. John Gilmor. I. G. Hall was called as a licentiate, ordained to the ministry, and installed as pastor, June 15, 1869. Rev. A. B. Maxwell, of Salem, preached the ordination sermon. Mr. Hall remained with the church until Nov. 1, 1870, when Rev. A. B. Maxwell accepted a call from the society, and was installed Dec. 17, 1871. He is at present in charge. John McMillan and Jesse Ball were the first elders. D. W. Abbott was chosen elder in November, 1869. In the spring of 1871 a church-edifice was begun, which Was completed during the summer and autumn of that year, and dedicated Dec. 17, 1871, Mr. Hall preaching the dedication sermon. The church has a present membership of 137 and a Sunday-school of 150 pupils, of which R. M. Abbott is superintendent. UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF LEETONIA. This society was first organized in the summer of 1869, with Joseph M. Morrison, his wife, and four daughters, James Chain and wife, and A. J. Christy, his wife, and daughter, as constituent members. Rev. George Osmond, from a Pennsylvania Presbytery, and Rev. Mr. G oodwilly, of the Cleveland Presbytery, officiated. The first pastor was * Prepared by the present pastor, Rev. E. W. J. Lindesmith. TOWNSHIP OF SALEM - 243 Rev. Mr. Hood. A church was built on the north side, in the summer of 1870, at a cost of $2000 ; and at the decline of the society it was sold to the Methodist society, who now occupy it. Oct. 6, 1875, the society was reorganized with 17 members, and Rev. Samuel Collins, of Pittsburgh, bought the school-house on the south side of the village for $1075 and gave it to the new society, with power to hold it as long as they preserved the organization and the name of " United Presbyterians." The first pastor, after reorganization, was Rev. J. M. Wallace, who was succeeded by Rev. Samuel Alexander, the present pastor. A Sunday-school of 20 pupils, with P. K. Fairfield as superintendent, is connected with the church. CEMETERIES. A piece of ground containing 26 acres was purchased in 1879 by Orion Lodge, I. 0. 0. F., Washingtonville, for burial purposes, of which mention is made in connection with notice of that society in this history. OAKDALE CEMETERY, LEETONIA, Measures were taken by the council of the borough of Leetonia, in 1872, to procure land for a cemetery. A committee, which had been appointed some time previously, on the 23d day of May, 1872, reported to the council that they had purchased of Solomon Schweitzer 10 acres of land, about half a mile south of the village, at a cost of $300 per acre. The first deed issued by the corporation for lots in this cemetery bears date Jan. 13, 1876. Burials had been made within it since 1872. SOCIETIES. LEETONIA LODGE, F. AND A. M., NO. 401. This Lodge was instituted at Leetonia, Oct. 21, 1868, and charter granted, but to take precedence as from Oct. 16, 1867, with R. B. Pritchard, Master ; David J. Roller, Senior Warden ; and Joseph Meek, Junior Warden. The Lodge at present has about 60 members, and occupies a room in the third story of the Wick Block. The officers for 1879 are D. W. Peppel, Master ; J. L. Trumbull, Senior Warden ; Hiram Miller, Junior Warden ; W. S. Church, Senior Deacon ; E. Hahn, Junior Deacon ; R. I. Cowden, Sec.; Urban Betz, Treas.; John Prior, Tyler. PIONEER LODGE, NO. 539, I. O. O. F. This Lodge was instituted at Leetonia, Aug. 14, 1872, and now has 54 members. The lodge-room is in the third story of the Gilson & Townsend Block. The officers for 1879 are L. S. Groner, N. G.; J. M. Dustman, V. G.; Walter Garthwait, P. S. ; J. R. Stratton, R. S. ; D. W. Wallace. Treas. ORION LODGE, I. O. O. F., NO. 390. The Lodge was instituted at Washingtonville, July 9, 1867. The meetings are held in the post-office building, in " Stover's Block." The Lodge has 70 members. The officers for 1879 are T. C. Fitzpatrick, N. G. ; J. R. Stover, V. G. ; Byron Hellman, Sec. ; John Wilkinson, Treas. ; Lewis Herman, Perm. Sec. In this year, 1879, the Lodge purchased 26 acres of land, at $36 per acre, situated about two miles west from Wash- ingtonville, to constitute a cemetery for the use of members of the order in that village. KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS, NO. 47. This society was instituted at Leetonia, Jan. 3, 1873, and has 35 members. The officers for 1879 are Uriah Metz, P. C. ; J. F. Marchand, C. C. ; Bernard Metz, V. C. ; John J. Reeves, P. SUPREME LODGE, NO. 241. This Lodge was instituted at Leetonia, Oct. 7, 1878, with 15 members. The Lodge now has 35 members. J. F. Marchand is president. DECATUR LODGE, NO. 18, UNITED AMERICAN MECHANICS. This Lodge was instituted at Leetonia, January, 1879, by about 10 members of an old organization. The Lodge has now about 45 members. The officers are E. C. Crowther, C. ; Edward Dalzell, V. C. ; W. E. Neff, Rec. Sec. ; Jacob Lowe, Treas. PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY. A society of the Patrons of Husbandry was organized May 9, 1874, under the title of " Mt. Nebo Grange, No. 664," with 24 members, at a meeting held at the house of Peter Wall, who was chosen its first Master. In the summer of 1877 the society built a grange-hall, on ground presented by David Bricker, near the residence of Simon Bricker. The officers for the year 1879 are as follows : Jacob Miller, Master ; Vernon T. Shelton, Overseer ; Lee Demar, Steward ; John Moore, Assistant Steward ; Ida Demar, Lady Assistant Steward ; Homer Shelton, Lecturer ; Enos Bricker, Chaplain ; Daniel Zimmerman, Treas. ; J. T. Stratton, Sec. ; Sally J. Shelton, Ceres ; Lizzie Wall, Flora ; Alice Zimmerman, Pomona. INDUSTRIES. LEETONIA IRON AND COAL COMPANY. The coke manufactured from the coal mined in this township contains ninety-five per cent. of carbon, and is especially adapted to the manufacture of iron. The building of the Mies and New Lisbon Railroad, which crosses the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad at what is now Leetonia, greatly increased the facilities for the transportation of ore, which fact, and the abundance of coal of suitable quality for smelting, made the locality a favorable one for the manufacture of iron. A number of persons,—J. G. Chamberlain, of New Hampshire, William Matthews, of New Lisbon, William Lee, of Randolph, N. Y., Judge Sutliff, of Warren, Pa., and Lemuel Wick, of Cleveland,—after due deliberation, in 1865, organized a company for the manufacture of iron, to be called the." Leetonia Iron and Coal Company,"—so named in honor of William Lee, one of the corporators. Lemuel Wick was president, and J. G. Chamberlain general manager. The company purchased 200 acres of land, on section 12, from John Yoder and Jacob Anglemyer, and the right to minerals on the Frederick, Roller, Ley man, and Kirsch 244 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO. farms. Subsequent purchases were made, until the company owned 600 acres in fee-simple, and the right to minerals in several hundred more. The company laid out part of their land into village lots, reserving about four acres in the north part for a park, bounded by what is now Park, High, Elm, and Walnut Streets. A blast-furnace was erected in the winter of 186667, and was in operation in the spring of the latter year. Tenements were soon erected, a company store opened, and a bank chartered. So rapid was the growth of the place that in May, 1869, it was incorporated as the village of Leetonia. Another blast-furnace and a rolling-mill were erected, a large number of men were employed, and, from a single farmhouse in 1865, the settlement had a population of about eighteen hundred in the year 1870. Owing to the pressure of the times, the Leetonia Iron and Coal Company was compelled to make an assignment in 1872, and business was consequently prostrated in the hitherto thriving village. LEETONIA NAIL-WORKS. This company was organized in 1871, principally by the Leetonia Iron and Coal Company, and manufactured nails, kegs, and machines. Manufacture was discontinued in 1872. CHERRY VALLEY IRON AND COAL COMPANY. In November, 1873, the Cherry Valley Iron and Coal Company was organized, and purchased all the rights, title, interest, and appurtenances of the Leetonia Iron and Coal Company, and assumed its indebtedness of $850,000. At that time there were two blast-furnaces, a rolling-mill, and a coal-shaft. The new company employed four hundred men in the mines, furnaces, and mills, to whom $25,000 were paid monthly. This company continued operations with varying success until February, 1879, when it also was compelled to suspend, Charles Bissell, of the First National Bank of Cleveland, becoming its assignee. GRAFTON IRON-WORKS. Through the efforts mainly of Henry King, this company was organized in 1866. The company purchased land lying in the western part of what is now the village of Leetonia, and on both sides of the line of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad. A coal-vein was opened northwest from the present works, which supplies the coal needed in the manufacture of iron. The galleries in this vein are from one-half to three-fourths of a mile in extent. The first furnace of this company was erected in 1867, in which John Hicks started the first fire, October 9th of that year. The works were named after Mr. John Graff, of Pittsburgh, who was the first president. Tenements were erected, and the settlement soon became and still is known as " Grafton." The company owns about 150 acres in fee-simple and the right to minerals on many acres additional, has two " stacks," and manufactures twenty-four hundred tons of metal per month. Henry King is secretary and treasurer, and J. B. Gillespie foreman, 1879. LEETONIA TOOL COMPANY. This company was organized at Leetonia in May, 1875, with five stockholders and a capital of $10,000, for the pur pose of manufacturing axes, picks, mattocks, sledge-hammers, and all kinds of mining and railroad tools. The present officers are Zachariah Tetlow, President ; R. M. Abbott, Treasurer and Manager. The company's buildings are on the south side of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad. These works give employment to twenty men, and manufacture twenty dozen of axes and other tools a day. LEETONIA POTTERY-MANUFACTURING COMPANY. The organization of this company was perfected March 17, 1875, with an authorized capital of $15,000, for the manufacture of yellow- and Rockingham-ware. They have a capacity for manufacturing sixteen hundred dozen a month, and employ about thirty men. Two kilns are in use, holding respectively four hundred and four hundred and seventy-five dozens, which are burned twice a week. Sales are made principally in the Eastern and Middle States. The officers are (1879) Wm. Schweitzer, President ; J. F. Strausbaugh, Secretary ; Wm. H. Graul, Treasurer ; and J. S. Greenamyer, Manager. EMPIRE FIRE-CLAY COMPANY. This company was organized in the summer of 1875, by A. Nold, G. Hehn, and A. Steckberger. Buildings were at once erected, and manufacturing began in the spring of 1876. From this time until Jan. 15, 1879, the business passed through several hands. A stock company was then organized, with a capital of $15,000, of which A. Nold was made President ; Joseph W. Shontz, Vice-President; Solomon E. Nold, Secretary and Superintendent; J. A. Werner, Treasurer; and A. P. Vanfleet. The products are stone-ware and architectural and ornamental terra-cotta work. Most of the ware is shipped North and Northwest. Capacity, in stone-ware, five thousand gallons per week; in terra-cotta, unlimited. LEETONIA BOILER COMPANY. This business was started in 1871 by Garver & Reeves. In the fall of that year the works were sold to J. C. Thullen, who has since conducted the business, and makes all kinds of sheet-iron work and boilers. Seven men (an average number) are constantly employed. LEETONIA PLANING-MILL. This mill was started by Nold, Millinger & Co. in 1868, and was continued by them until 1877, when the present firm, consisting of Jonas G. Betz, William Betz, Samuel C. Mellinger, E. C. Mellinger, and J. F. Strausbaugh, took possession. They manufacture sash, blinds, doors, and all kinds of architectural work, and are doing an extensive business. The mill is situated on the north side of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, and east of the village of Leetonia. AUTOMATIC FIRE-ALARM COMPANY. This company was organized in 1869, with a capital of $5000. J. D. Chamberlain, President ; C. K. Shears, Secretary ; and Ira A. Chase, Treasurer. The business was continued about five years, when the company was consolidated with the Telegraph-Supply Manufacturing Company of Cleveland. Business in Leetonia was then discontinued. TOWNSHIP OF SALEM - 245 LEETONIA MANUFACTURING COMPANY. The business of making stoves and hollow-ware castings was started by Davis Brothers in 1871, and was conducted by them until 1873, when a company was organized with a capital of $5000. Perry Byard was president and manager. The buildings of the company were destroyed by fire in 1876, and the business discontinued. LEETONIA CEMENT COMPANY. The company was organized in July, 1877, with an authorized capital of $5000. They have two kilns, with a capacity for manufacturing 120 barrels of cement per day. Their sales extend into Pennsylvania. The works are located between the tracks of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad and the Niles and New Lisbon Railroad. The officers of the company (1879) are Solon Zentz, President ; J. S. Greenamyer, Secretary and Treasurer. FLOURING-MILL. A flouring-mill with three " runs" of stone was erected in 1879 by Randell Rankin, and is situated south of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, at Leetonia. NEWSPAPER. LEETONIA REPORTER. The first number of this paper was issued Jan. 1, 1871, and was edited by — Watson and Steen. It was devoted to the interests of the Republican party, and so continued until 1876, when James A. Hamilton and J. F. Marchand assumed control. April 1, 1878, Mr. Hamilton retired, since which time, under the management of Mr. Marchand, it has been independent in politics. It has a circulation of nine hundred. The publishing-office is in the second story of Wick's Block. BANKS. THE LEETONIA BANKING COMPANY was organized in 1869 by J. G. Chamberlain, F. G. Servis, William Lee, and Richard Pow, with a capital. of $20,000. F. G. Servis was chosen president and Richard Pow cashier. The latter retired in 1870, and R. I. Cowdin was chosen to succeed him. Business was continued until the assignment of the Leetonia Iron and Coal Company, when the bank also suspended business. The office was in the present banking-office of Smick Brothers & Co. In 1872, Gillson & Townsend started a private bank, which continued under their management until the death of Mr. Gillson. It then became the " Citizens' Bank," and soon afterwards became the " Farmers' Savings' Deposit." The bank was discontinued in March, 1878. SCHMICK BROTHERS & CO., BANKERS. March 1, 1878, a private bank was organized by W. H. Schmick, George Frederick, W. G. Hendricks, and C. N. Schmick. Mr. W. G. Hendricks retired from the bank March 1, 1879. The banking-office is in Wick's Block, on the corner of Walnut and Main Streets. MINING. Coal and iron mines are in- the south part of the township. Coal veins from three to seven feet in thickness are found on lands of Samuel Shelton, Solomon Shive, and Simon Arter. These veins have been opened many years for private use. The one on Mr. Shelton's farm was opened for shipment of coal in 1874, and is leased by Mr. Barrett, of Cleveland. The veins on the lands of Mr. Arter and Mr. Shive were operated first for shipment by Coleman & Thompson and a Mr. Armstrong, of Cleveland. The drifts enter the hill between two hundred and three hundred yards. About one hundred tons a day are now mined. The mines are on the line of the Niles and New Lisbon Railroad, and their yield of coal is loaded directly into cars. The iron-ore found in the same locality is known as kidney-ore or wash-deposit, and is found chiefly within a radius of ten miles. The most extensive operations in ore are carried on by B. F. Lewis, on the farm of Uriah Teegarden, on the west side of the middle fork of Beaver Creek, a little north from Teegarden Station. About seven thousand tons of ore were taken out during the year ending July 1, 1879. The ore contains, by analysis, forty-five per cent. of iron. RAILROADS. The Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, opened in 1852, traverses the township from east to west a little north of the centre, passing through Leetonia. The railroad station at Leetonia was opened in May, 1866. J. G. Chamberlain was agent until 1867, when J. L. Truesdell was appointed, and has continued until the present time. The Niles and New Lisbon Railroad, opened in 1865, traverses the township near its centre, in a northeast and southwest direction, passing through the towns of Washingtonville, Leetonia, Franklin Square, and Teegarden. UNITY. THIS township forms the northeastern corner of the county, and is known in the government survey as township 8, in range 1. Its original proportions are yet preserved, Unity being six miles square, and bounded on the north by Springfield, in Mahoning County, on the east by Pennsylvania, on the south by the township of Middleton, and on the west by Fairfield township., The surface of the northern part of Unity is level, but is more broken in the parts near the southern boundary and along the streams in that part )3(' the township where, are high hills, marking the limits oil small valleys. Nearly the entire surface is sufficiently undulated to afford natural drainage, the area of swampy lands being comparatively small. The greater part of the township has been denuded of the virgin forests which covered it, but enough timber of the common varieties remains for domestic use. The surface is underlaid with coal, which, in the southern part especially, is of an excellent quality. Potter's clay may be procured in the eastern part, and indications of iron - ore abound. The principal streams are Little Beaver Creek, in the northeast ; Lesslie's Run, south of the centre ; and Bull Creek, in the southwest, all having a general southeasterly course. Formerly these streams had greater volume than at present, there being now insufficient water to afford much power. The soil of the township varies in fertility, being a clayey, sandy, or gravelly loam. It is easily cultivated, and well adapted to the mixed husbandry which prevails. PIONEER SETTLERS. The traditions of the early settlements are vaguely remembered; and, no recorded history of that important period having been preserved to prompt the memory of the few remaining pioneers, the accounts they give are often so obscure as to render them unsatisfactory. It appears that the first to occupy the soil of Unity were a class of people called squatters, who came there in the 'belief that it was Pennsylvania territory, and that they could hold their lands by right of settlement. Having no means to purchase their lands, they gave way for another class of men, who had enough means to secure the land. It is said that a man named Beard was the first settler in the township, he having located on section 19 some time before 1800, or in that year. What became of him, or when he left, cannot be learned. Others came a little later, to remain identified with the township. Some of these are here briefly noticed : Richard Dildine came 'from Essex Co., N. J., in 1801, and entered the whole of section 20. He had at that time but one child,—John, who is yet living on this section, and is the oldest settler in the township. Seven daughters and two sons were born in Unity. One of the latter, Richard, now occupies the original homestead. Mr. Dildine experi- 246 enced many hardships, and could not procure some articles of provisions nearer than Pittsburgh. He died on his place in 1824. Adam Rupert, a Revolutionary soldier, located on section 17 in 1802, where he reared four sons,—John, Jacob, Adam, and Benjamin, whose descendants yet live in that locality or in Fairfield. A few years later, Conrad and Matthias Yarrian came from Westmoreland Co., Pa., and settled on sections 7 and 8. They had large families, and some of the members yet live in that part of the township: On section B, John Snook located some time about 1802. Christopher and David Harrold settled on section 8 in 1804. The former reared sons named John, Michael, Benjamin, and George ; and the sons of David were Daniel, Samuel, Jacob, John, David, and Isaac, some of whom live in the northeastern part of the county. On section 17, Michael Baker settled as early as 1802, living there until his death. On the same section Peter Heck was an early settler. A man named Pinnock lived on section 19 at an early day, and had a neighbor in Emanuel Dixon ; the latter built a saw-mill on Bull Creek about 1803, which he sold to Frederick Roos soon after. John Heinman, from Westmoreland Co., Pa., came about 1802, and made a settlement on section 29. In after-years he had a small shop for making grain hand-sickles. Hein-man sold part of his land to Robert Simison, who settled here about the same time. A son of the latter yet lives on section 29. Simison was one of the first associate judges of the county. On section 27, David McCalla was the pioneer. His son Alexander yet lives on section 28. This was purchased, in 1803, by a man named Mason, who parceled it out among his sons-in-law Fronks, Maple, and Rich. David Routson was also an early settler on this section. Richard Beeson entered section 32 in 1801, and soon after came on to live, remaining until his death. In his day he was one of the most prominent men of the county, holding important trusts. He put up one of the first gristmills, and made other desirable improvements. He reared sons named Henry, Samuel, Richard, John, and Mahlon, some of whom yet live in that neighborhood. Northwest from Beeson, John Sands settled about 1803, and was soon after joined by Aaron and Isaac Chamberlain, the latter living on the farm now occupied by Wm. C. Baker, who came to this locality in 1816. In this neighborhood lived, before 1805, James Armstrong, John Bennett, Stephen Ogden, and Benjamin Reeves, and a little farther north, in 1808, Joseph Taylor, of Washington Co., Pa., became a settler. He had sons named Joseph, who TOWNSHIP OF UNITY - 247 yet lives near New Waterford, and Jacob, living in Middleton township. The latter is the father of Professor A. Y. Taylor, a well-known educator of the county. Section 1 was entered by Wm. Harrah about 1802, who divided the land among his sons, and section 2 was taken soon after by Jacob Greenamyer and his sons Jacob, Solomon, and Daniel. They all had large families, the sons of Jacob being William, John, Jacob, Solomon, Benjamin, Josiah, and Peter. The sons of Daniel were Samuel, Jacob, Joseph, and Eli. Solomon Greenamyer was a justice of the peace more than twenty years, and was widely known. He had fourteen children, twelve attaining mature years. Six of these were sons, named William, Jacob, David, Elihu, Jehu, and Enos. On section 3, Moses Blackburn settled in 1802, dividing the land among his sons-John, James, Benjamin, and Moses and his son-in-law, James Earley, who was an excellent blacksmith, making grain-sickles, etc. The latter and Benjamin Blackburn served in the State Legislature. The Blackburns had a carding-mill on the stream running through their land, and at a little later day also fulled cloth. Henry Forney, of Adams Co., Pa., purchased section 10 in 1802. He had six sons, John, Peter, Andrew, Henry, Adam, and Nicholas, among whom his land was divided. All lived in the township until their death. The middle part of this section is now the property of Benjamin Forney, a son of Adam, and includes the place where Henry Forney built his log cabin, the family, meanwhile, living under a large grape-vine. Peter Eyster was an early settler on section 11, and afterwards most of his family settled there. At a somewhat later day Isaac Earley became a resident of section 15, on the place now occupied by B. F. Earley. Other sons, H. V. M. and R. S., live near New Waterford. At the latter place lived Joseph Taylor, a well-known pioneer, and some of his sons yet reside there. In the same neighborhood, David McClaskey, James Nevin, and the Mercer family were among the old and prominent settlers. The latter homestead is now occupied by Cyrus Mercer. Charles Long came to Unity in 1802, from Rockbridge Co., Va., and entered section 13. His family at that time consisted of a son, Charles, who yet lives on this section, at the age of eighty years, and a daughter. On the journey hither another son was born, while the family was crossing the Allegheny. From this circumstance he was usually called " Mount." A fourth child was born in 1810. Charles Long attained the rare age of ninety years, dying in the township. Section 23 was entered by Frederick Sheets, of Cumberland Co., Pa. He moved west in 1892, stopping about a month where Allegheny City now is, but did not like the country. Continuing his westward journey, he selected Unity as his future home, and built his house near where is now the residence of Jacob Strawliacker. He had sons named Jacob, John, Frederick, Christian, Samuel, and Abraham. The latter became a well-known physician. One of the daughters, Margaret, married William Stacy, who came to the township in 1818 ; another became the wife of George Augustine, belonging to a family of very early settlers on an adjoining section. All of the Sheets family are dead, but a large number of grandchildren yet live in that locality. In 1801, John Taggart, of Mercersburg, Pa., entered section 25, and soon after brought on his family,-a wife and daughter. The latter became the wife of Hon. Robert Forbes. In 1804, James C. Taggart was born, and later other sons named Robert and John, all of whom lived on section 25 until their death. Other daughters became the wives of Dr. Robert Chamberlain and J. T. Brewster. John Taggart was a major in the war of 1812, and was subsequently a member of the Legislature. After 1805 the township received a heavy immigration, many soon removing to points still farther west, and others abiding permanently. Among the more prominent may be named the Hatchers, Kees, Cress, Justison, Mendenhall, Boatman, Crum, and Martin &rallies. In no way can the condition of the township's settlement be better indicated than by a list of freeholders prepared in 1826, by William Irwin, Richard Beeson, and William Hatcher, for school purposes. District No. 1, composed of sections 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, and 12, had William Harrah, James Harrah, Jacob Greenamyer, Daniel Greenamyer, Solomon Greenamyer, George Hale, John Stallsmith, Moses Blackburn, Benjamin Blackburn, John Blackburn, James Blackburn, Samuel Ritchie, John Musser, William Lewis, John Lewis, Peter Eyster, Elias Eyster, Abraham Christ, Thomas Davis, Daniel Faulkner, Daniel Rauch, Michael Kentner, Frederick Oberland, John Smith, James Carson, James Earley, William McCready, John Forney, Jacob Forney, Nicholas Forney, Peter Forney, Andrew Forney, Christian Forney, Adam Forney, Frederick Roderick, John Hahn, John Livingston. District No. 2, composed of sections 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, had as freeholders Jacob Shiely, Jacob Shiely, Jr., Andrew Shiely, Jacob Buheeker, Adam Reichard, Frederick Rapp, Israel Stahl, John Hoffman, William Aultman, Martin Skier, David Harrold, William Phillips, George Snook, Christian Harrold, Peter Fought, Paul Smith, Andrew Shepler, Jacob Shellenberger, Abraham Shellenberger, Godfred Reach, George Trefts, William Wernwag, John Snook, John Snook, Jr., Elizabeth Whitmeyer, Conrad Yarrian, Mathias Yarrian, John Metz, Martin Shellenberger, Tobias Heverley, John Hoffmaster, Ferdinand Alkinger. District No. 3, embracing sections 16, 17, 18, i9, 20, and 21, had David Allen, Benjamin Allen, Adam Rupert, Jacob Rupert, Adam Rupert, Jr., Samuel Bigler, Stephen Burson, Thomas King, Russell Kees, Wm. Parker, Ann Dildine, Isabella Kees, George Vought, Peter Heck, John Baker, Daniel Hinly, Andrew Alexander, Daniel Wallahan, Andrew Nichols, John Rogers, Jehu Dildine, John Dildine, John Hadley, Jesse Hatcher, Thomas Mercer, James Scott, James Dillon, John Roos, David Mercer, John Earley, Jr. In district No. 4, embracing sections 13, 14, 15, 22, 23, and 24, lived William Phillips, David M. Hays, John Earley, David Earley, David Boies,, Shadrach Hyatt, James Irwin, George Yeagle, Eli Lessley, Daniel McCarter, William. Hutchinson, Samuel Boies, Frederick Beal, Charles 248 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO. Wetsel, Jacob Kentner, George Mintzer, Charles Long, Joshua Bailey, Catherine Johnson, Thomas Rogers, William Stacy, John Sheets, Jacob Sheets, Paul Crawford, George Leibert, Isaac Augustine, Abraham Augustine, John Adams, John Mollenkopf, Henry Forney, Hezekiah Woods, Wm. Forney, Lewis Slichter, George Heist, Joseph Taylor, George Cook, Catherine Augustine, George Chipper, Jacob Mollenkopf, James Paden, Abraham Augustine, John Augustine, William Irwin, Frederick Sheets, Christian Sheets, William Sheets, James Boals, Mary Routzen, John McCalla, Wm. McCloskey, Wm. Andrews, Betsey McArter. In district No. 5, containing sections 25, 26, 27, 34, 35, and 36, were William Wagner, Thomas Watson, George Sands, Jacob Harper, William Grate, William Murray, George Clay, Melchor Mellinger, John Taggart, James Taggart, Barnard Boatman, Sebastian Lozer, George Justinson, John Ladd, Robert Leonard, Barnard Van Horn, Jeremiah Simpkins, Eleanor Meek, Samuel Meek, Thomas Means, John Ache, Robert Andrews, Sarah Piper, James McCalla, Thomas McCalla, James McClurg, John Curry, Jonathan Gorbay, Sarah Hartsough, Nicholas Crum, Richard Baylies, John Shook, and Stephen Palmer. District No. 6, composed of sections 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, and 33, had these freeholders Frederick Keller, George Cress, Hugh Chain, David Routzon, Catherine Simison, Peter Rich, James Feazel, Jacob Stump, David McCalla, Jane Hindman, Joseph Hindman, Jesse Davis, Joseph Taylor, Aaron Mendenhall, David Scott, Joseph Wickersham, William Chamberlain, Samuel Armstrong, Benjamin Bradfield, Richard Beeson, James Boies, Lewis Moore, John Pudmore, Thomas Taylor, Aaron Mapel, John Taylor, William Hatcher, Isaac Chamberlain, John Lambertson, Benjamin Reeves, John Luckey, and John Miller. In addition to the foregoing, there were many who had not gained a place in the list by holding estate. The township had,- also, a few people of African descent, as will be seen from the following curious advertisement in the county paper of 1820 : " ONE CENT REWARD.—Ran away from the subscriber, living in Unity township, Columbiana Co., Ohio, on Monday, the 23d inst., an indentured Mulatto girl, named Anna Barnhill, about seventeen years, ten months old. Whoever takes up said girl and delivers her to me shall have the above reward, and twenty-five lashes in the bargain ; but neither thanks nor charges paid by Martin Shellenbergher." CIVIL LIST. The records of the township from its organization in 1805 till 1826 having been lost, no official list prior to that date can be given in this connection. The principal officers from that period to the present have been : TRUSTEES. 1826.—William Hatcher, Wm. Irwin, Richard Beeson. 1827.—James Blackburn, John Ladd, Wm. Forney. 1828-29.—Charles Witzel, John Roos, Daniel Heck. 1830-31.—David Allen, Samuel Meek, Thomas King. 1832.— Hugh Martin, John Snook, Jehu Stough. 1833.—Solomon Greenamyer, John McClymonds, Jehu Stough. 1834.—Solomon Greenamyer, John McClymonds, Robert Chamberlain. 1835-36.—Solomon Greenamyer, Thomas King, Adam Rupert. 1837.—S. S. Simison, Joseph Taylor, Adam Rupert. 1838.—S. S. Simison, J. C. Taggart, Adam Rupert. 1839. —Samuel Meek, Conrad Yarrian, John Blackburn. 1840.—Samuel Meek, Conrad Yarrian, Thomas King. 1841.—Adam Rupert, Charles Long, Thomas King. 1842.—Adam Rupert, Charles Long, Samuel Meek. 1843-44.—Benjamin Blackburn, Charles Long, Joseph Dildine. 1845.—Thomas King, Charles Long, Jacob Losier. 1846-47.—Charles Wetzel, Solomon Greenamyer, Jacob Losier. 1848.—Hugh Chain, Solomon Greenamyer, Jacob Losier. 1849.—Hugh Chain, S. W. Dickinson, Joseph Dildine. 1850.—John Uncapher, S. W. Dickinson, William Geiger. 1851.—John Uncapher, Benjamin Blackburn, Jacob Losier. 1852.—John Yarrian, Benjamin Blackburn, Jacob Losier. 1853.—S. W. Dickinson, Hugh Chain, Joseph Dildine. 1854.—John Clupper, Hugh Chain, Joseph Dildine. 1855.—John Clupper, Solomon Greenamyer, S. S. Simison. 1856.—James Davis, John Hoffmeister, S. S. Simison. 1857.—Charles Long, John Hoffmeister, Robert Chain. 1858.—A. S. Nevin, William Wernwag, Robert Chain. 1859.—A. S. Nevin, David Ertzinger, Wm. Wernwag. 1860.—John Mollenkopf, David Ertzinger, S. S. Simison. 1861.—John Mollenkopf, John Baker, S. S. Simison. 1862-63.—James R. Hamilton, Isaac Rummell, John Hoffmeister. 1864.—T. S. Hamilton, George Yarrian, John Hoffmeister. 1865.—T. S. Hamilton, William Smith, John Kipp. 1866.—Hugh Chain, S. S. Simison, John Kipp. 1867.—Hugh Chain, S. S. Simison, John Hoffmeister. 1868.—Richard Dildine, Wm. Smith, Charles Shook. 1869.—H. M. Little, Wm. Smith, Charles Shook. 1870.—Richard Dildine, Wm. Smith, Thomas King. 1871-72.—James R. Hamilton, 0. C. Rupert, Eli Harmon. 1873-74.—Solomon Vollnagle, D. J. Forney, S. S. Simison. 1875.—W. C. Wallace, D. J. Forney, S. S. Simison. 1876.—W. C. Wallace, Isaac Rummell, Richard Dildine. 1877.—John Kipp, Isaac Rummell, Richard Dildine. 1878.—John Kipp, William Wernwag, John Rupert. 1879.—W. C. Wallace, William Wernwag, John Rupert. CLERKS. 1826-28, Melchor Mellinger ; 1829, David McCalla; 1830, Adam Powers ; 1831-33, Thomas Kent; 1834, John Blackburn ; 1835 -37, Isaac Earley ; 1838, John Blackburn; 1839, Robert Chamberlain; 1840, Isaac Earley ; 1841, David Boies; 1842, Joseph Curry ; 1843-45, David Boies; 1846, Isaac Earley ; 1847-51, Thomas Keener; 1852-53, Benjamin Forney ; 1854, William Miller; 1855, Thomas Keener ; 1856, Benjamin Forney.; 1857 -58, Robert Sheets ; 1859-78, Benjamin Forney; 1879, Jonathan Rouch. TREASURERS 1826, James Harrah; 1827, David Boies ; 1828, Robert Dean; 1829 -30, William Forney ; 1831-32, Melchor Mellinger ; 1833-35, Hugh Martin; 1836-38, Thomas Kent; 1839-40, Thomas King, Jr.; 1841, Eleazer King; 1842, David Boies; 1843-46, Adam Rupert; 1847-52, John Paxon ; 1853, Thomas Keener ; 1854-55, Wm. Geiger; 1856-57, Thos. King, Jr.; 1858-59, Joseph Young ; 1860-61, Robert V. Sheets ; 1862, Thomas King ; 1863-65, Martin Koch; 1866-74, Thomas Keener ; 1875-78, Joseph Young; 1879, Samuel Wilhelm. THE HIGHWAYS. Many of the roads of the township were located before its organization with their present diagonal courses, which, while they shorten the distance between extreme points somewhat, impair the appearance of many fine farms. Other roads, as much as practicable, have been located on the section or half-section lines. Most of these highways are in a good condition, and some of the streams are crossed on very substantial culverts, or covered wooden bridges. The completion, in 1852, of the Pittsburgh and Fort Wayne Railroad greatly promoted the interests of the township, and was the means of directing attention to its TOWNSHIP OF UNITY - 249 mineral resources, and their subsequent development. The road enters Unity a little north of the middle of section 25, and has a general westerly direction about five miles, when it passes up the valley of Bull Creek northwest, passing out near the corner of section 18. Two convenient stations have been provided, one at East Palestine, in the eastern part, and another at New Waterford, four miles west. VILLAGES. UNITY. This is the oldest village in the township, having been platted in 1810 by John Augustine. It has a high and pleasant location, on the northeast part of section 15, and before railroads diverted trade to other points was a place of much greater importance than at present. It contains a store, post-office, the usual mechanic-shops, a Methodist church, and about 180 inhabitants. Robert Veon had a pioneer store, and was followed by those named below as principal merchants : Harrison Powers, John McClymonds, John Harrah, David Augustine, Hoffstead & Young, Joseph Taylor, Eleazer King, Jesse Thoman & Bro., John McKerahan, and by the present Thomas Keener, who has been in trade since 1870. Henry Forney had the first public-house before 1820, on the southeast corner of the square, in a small brick house with a frame lean-to. Other places were occupied for taverns by Daniel McCarter, Christian Keener, and one or two others for short periods. It is said that John McClymonds was the first postmaster, keeping the office in his store. He was followed by Thos. Kent, a school-teacher, and he in turn by David Boles. The office has also been held by Thomas Keener, John Mollenkopf, Lovina Earley, John McKerahan, and, since 1870 again by Thomas Keener. The office is supplied with ri-weekly mail from East Palestine. Dr. Hugh Martin is remembered as the first permanent physician, coming some time before 1828, and remaining until about 1840. A part of this time Dr. Jehu Stough was also in practice.. Other physicians located here were Drs. Wm. W. Heinman, Isaac Snyder, John Thomas, Samuel Ball, J. L. D. Hindman, and Nathaniel Dustin. The place has been without a physician the past twelve years. Twenty years ago the manufacture of shoes was extensively carried on by Wm. Hoffstatt, employment being given to six or eight hands. A tannery has been operated many years by Charles Shook & Sons, and near the village brickmaking is carried on by Benjamin Unger. In 1873, Emanuel Welk and Daniel Crum put up a steam saw-mill, and yet operate it. NEW WATERFORD. This village has a pleasant location on both sides of Big Bull Creek, on sections 19, 20, and 29, and was laid out, about 1851, by John and Robert Silliman. Two additions have since been made by Joseph Taylor. When the railroad first located a station here, it was known by the name of the Creek, but the present name was soon after selected. The village received a post-office about the same time, George Cornell being the first postmaster. His successors 32 have been John Baker, Frank Cox, D. M. Bloom, and the present incumbent, Mathew Kane, who has the office in his drug-store, in connection with the express-office. John Silliman was the first to engage in merchandising, having a store where are now D. D. Chidester & Co. At this stand have also been in trade Samuel and James Spencer and Wm. Chidester. On the south side of the creek, John Nevin engaged in trade about 1857, at the stand now occupied by James Creese. Other merchants at this place have been George Crawford and Charles B. Fisher. Mollenkopf & Mellinger have a shoe store. All of these stores transact a large business, and New Waterford has an excellent reputation as a trading centre; Public-houses have been kept by Fred. Hauptman, who yet continues landlord, and John F. Mitchell. The latter house has been changed to a residence. The only physicians who located permanently are the present practitioners, Drs. Frank Cox and D. M. Bloom. The first improvement of the water-power of Bull Creek in this vicinity was a mile above the village. Soon after 1804, John Hatcher erected saw- and grist-mills, which have been kept in almost constant operation since. Among the different owners have been Jesse Allen, C. W. Fisher, and James Scott. The grist-mill was discontinued about four years ago. Below the village a grist-mill was gotten in operation by Joseph Heinman, which was subsequently owned by James Tritt and I. Thompson ; the latter supplied steam-power. 'For some time this mill has been idle. Still farther down the stream Richard Beeson put up pioneer mills, about 1803, which, in time, gave place to mills of greater capacity. In after-years they were known as Mendenhall's. The power is at present unemployed. Near the depot, in New Waterford, Christ & Roos built a water-power grist-mill about 1848, which became the property of the Sillimans several years later, who added steam-power. In August, 1862, it was destroyed by fire, and the place was unoccupied until 1873, when James C. Scott put up the present " Tip-Top Mills," a frame structure 50 by 56 feet, having three runs of stones. The motive power is furnished by water and steam. A steam saw-mill was put up on the south side of the creek, in 1852, by Thomas Chess, which was burned. Another mill was built by Fisher & Co., which is now operated by Jonah Metz and James Boies. Cider is manufactured here on a large scale in the fall of the year. Below this mill Fisher & Butz have had a planing-mill in operation since 1875. Wilhelm & Martin are extensive lumber-dealers at the depot. In 1877, John M. Ott erected a well-appointed carriage-factory, in which ten men are employed, and a large quantity of fine work manufactured. The village has had a steady growth, and now contains, besides the interests named, two churches, a good schoolhouse, and about sixty dwellings. EAST PALESTINE, the largest and most prosperous village in the township, and one of the most flourishing in the county, is located