150 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY As a manufacturing center, East Palestine ranks favorably with any city of it size. A striking feature is the diversity of its products. Herewith is presented a list of its principal manufacturing institutions of this city : The W. S. George Pottery. The National Tire and Rubber Company. The Electrical Refractories Company. The New Tread Tire Company. The Castle Rubber Company. The Apex Furniture Manufacturing Company. Pyle Manufacturing Company. The National Fireproofing Company. McClure Wood Ventilator Company. Madden Lumber and Construction Company. East Palestine Lumber Company. Efficiency Electric Company. The Coll Preserving Company. The Adamson Manufacturing Company. The payrolls of these industries aggregate many hundreds of thousands of dollars annually and make this city a truly prosperous community and its merchants are enabled to carry stocks of goods equal to those in the larger places. The labor is for the most part high class, and the morale of the community is therefore of such a nature that it makes East Palestine a desirable place in which to live. The City of East Palestine and its surrounding territory has been generously blessed with natural resources and its hills and farms within a short distance from the city are still underlaid with thousands of acres of coal, fire clay, cannel, oil and brick shales, and building stones. The city draws its water from artesian wells northeast of the city and which will be ample to accommodate the city's increasing population for some years to come. The city's leading industries are engaged in the manufacture of pottery ware, automobile tires and tubes, high pressure steel tanks, foundry work, electrical refractories, preserves and food products, electric wiring devices, wooden ventilators, fire proofing, artificial ice, etc. One of the newly arrived industries operative to the City of East Palestine and vicinity is orcharding. Columbiana County, in which the HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 153 City of East Palestine is located, has one-half million fruit trees and it is estimated that Mahoning County, Ohio, Lawrence and Beaver counties, Pa., have another half million of fruit trees, making a million fruit trees within easy trucking distance of East Palestine. Large storage and preserving facilities are being developed in view of making East Palestine the center of the fruit industry in this section of the state. Industrial employment for many years has been continuous and profitable, with the growing tendency of large city industries to seek less congested areas having all city facilities. East Palestine schools, including senior and junior high schools, are rated among the best in the state, its graduates being eligible to college entry without further examination. Churches of almost every denomination flourish here, as do many of the leading fraternal orders. Church Organizations.— The United Presbyterian Church of East Palestine is more than four score years old. The first preaching in the town was in 1835 by Rev. David Norwood, a minister of the Associate Church of Mt. Jackson. The organization took place in 1842, conducted by Rev. J. L. Speer. Two of the leading spirits in this move were James C. Taggart an James Nevin. The first pastor was Rev. Samuel Patterson, who was installed in 1849. He also preached for the Rocky Springs congregation at New Galilee. This church was at one time connected with the church at Darlington. The first building was on a lot adjoining the old cemetery, and was erected in 1838. The next was on the present site and was built in 1853, the ground being donated by elders James Taggart and Robert Chamberlin. This building was on the rear of the lot and served the congregation until 1898, when the present building was erected, and dedicated in the fall of 1899. Rev. David R. Miller D. D., a former pastor, preaching the sermon. At this time the present pastor, Rev. E. E. Douglass, entered upon a pastorate of six years. The following names are on the roll as having been pastors : Patterson, Sturgeon, Houston, Curry, Collins, Winter, Miller, Walker, Gray, Rockwell, Turnbull, Douglass. The present membership is over 350. The Sunday school is about equal the church membership, and steadily growing. There is no debt on the property. The officers are as follows: chairman of the congregation, C. F. Woods ; vice chairman, James McCready ; recording secretary, Mrs. Harvey Beight ; financial secretary, Mrs. Jennie Quay ; treasurer, R. B. Tag- 154 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY gart. Members of session: E. E. Douglass, R. F. Taggart, W. S. George, N. B. Patterson, George Eaton, A. C. Taylor, Forb Chamberlin and R. C. McNight. Trustees: J. H. Conley, James McCready, Bert Benton, John Early, R. B. Taggart and Roy Madden. Supt. Sunday school, Forb Chamberlin; secretary, Frank Mayes; treasurer, R. C. McNight. Grace Lutheran Church, W. H. Oelschlager, pastor.—The first service was conducted in Failer's Hall, Jan. 22, 1911. Services were conducted each Sunday afternoon by Rev. C. D. Fisher and the present pastor, alternately. This arrangement continued until a permanent organization was effected Aug. 6, 1911. After Sept. 14, 1913, and till the church was built, services were held in the old Disciple Church on Rebecca Street. The corner stone of the church was laid Nov 29, 1914, and the church was dedicated May 30, 1915. A parsonage was built, and was ready for occupancy Feb. 18, 1918. There were thirty-six charter members ; present membership is 270. Church of the Nazarene was organized in March, 1908, with sixty-three charter members. As soon as the organization was perfected the church dedicated to "arise and build." They secured the site on which the present church building is located and ground was broken the following May. On Nov. 1, 1908, General Supt. Dr. H. E. Reynolds dedicated the building to the worship of God, and God owned and blessed the new church with an immediate and very productive revival. Rev. Martha E. Curry became its first pastor. It has a Sunday School enrollment of almost 200, a Young People's Society, a Women's Foreign Missionary Society and a Junior Missionary Society. The First Presbyterian Church of East Palestine, Ohio, is one of the oldest religious organizations of the city. The church was organized in 1842 by a committee appointed by the Presbytery of New Lisbon, with a roll of twenty charter members and a session of four ordained elders—Joseph Curry, Ralph Martin, R. J. Robinson, and Thomas Hamilton. Not until 1867 did the church become a corporate body with a board of trustees: R. J. Hamilton, president ; Joseph Young, secretary ; James Boies, treasurer ; Adam Palmer, J. W. Fronk and T. S. Hamilton, trustees. During the more than eighty years of its history the church has been HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 157 served by the following pastors: the Revs. Roberts, McDermot, Talmadge, Lewis, Stratton, Falconer, Billingsley, Morton, Smith, Miller, Gilmore, Laverty, Hays, Kreuch, Dickson, Howk, Sweezy, Hollister, Kierman, Williams. The present pastor, Rev. D. Porter Williams, came to this church Sept. 1, 1921. The present officers of the church are as follows: session, D. P. Williams, moderator ; William Johnson, clerk ; L. C. Chapin, J. R. Derringer, T. Moore, 0. S. Rauch, H. D. Snyder, George Wilson, Enos Yoder, trustees ; T. Moore, president ; H. Kachner, vice-president ; J. C. Williams, secretary ; Curtis Beight, M. C. Hotchkiss, William Long, Samuel Sitler, Dr. Van Fossan, Lee Wise, Fred Welling, trustees. From a small beginning with a plain building and a few members, the church has grown until today the First Presbyterian Church has an active membership of 478 and occupies a large modern brick structure with a seating capacity of about 800 on West Rebecca Street. The building contains a large beautifully-lighted auditorium with pipe organ, lecture room, social parlor, pastor's study, large dining room and kitchen fully equipped, and sixteen separate class rooms for the use of the Sunday School. The Sunday School is fully organized and, including the cradle roll, has a membership of 519. The First Christian Church, one of the younger congregations of East Palestine, had its beginning thirty-one years ago under the leadership of the late Dr. S. M. Dodd, then of Rochester, Pennsylvania. Four local men, neither of whom survive, assisted Mr. Dodd in launching the new movement. According to minutes dated Jan. 9, 1894, the "mission" had within a year organized a .church of Christ, maintained a "live" Sunday School and had acquired considerable personal property. The meeting of Jan. 9, 1894„ was called for the purpose of appointing and instructing a committee to "complete the work of securing a charter" for the young church. At present the church has about 400 communicants, and maintains a Bible School and the various other auxiliaries that are usually found in the present-day congregation. St. Marys Church.—In July, 1880, the Catholics of East Palestine, then numbering about twenty-five families, mostly poor, were organized as a congregation by the Rev. Clement H. Treiber. Previous to July, 1880, they were identified with the parish of St. Rose's at Cannelton, five miles 158 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY distant, in the diocese of Pittsburg. From 1872 until 1880 the Rev. E. W. J. Lindesmith attended East Palestine from Leetonia on week days, and said Mass in private houses. In August, 1880, Mr. T. Chamberlain donated a lot to the parish at the corner of W. Walnut and Clarke streets. In September of the same year the erection of a frame church, 32x60 feet, was begun on it under the direction of Father Treiber. When finished (in 1882) it cost $3,500. Father Treiber said Mass in it for the first time on January 23, 1881. Neatly frescoed, and tastily furnished with altar, pews, and stained glass windows, the church is a credit to its builder and to the parish it was dedicated to Our Lady of Lourdes, by Bishop Gilmour, on June 10, 1883. East Palestine was attended from Salem by Father Treiber from September, 1881, until June, 1887. In January, of the same year, he secured a two-acre tract of land two miles from the church for cemetery purposes. Father Treiber was succeeded at East Palestine and Salem by the Rev. W. J. Finucan, whose pastorate, owing to ill health, was of short duration, from June to December, 1887. In January, 1888, he was succeeded by the Rev. Francis Senner, who attended East Palestine at first semi-monthly, and later monthly, on Sundays, until his transfer to Louisville, Stark county, in 1897. He left the Mission in a flourishing condition as to temporals and spirituals, and without debt. The Rev. G. C. Schoenemann, of Salem, next had charge of the Mission, giving it the same attendance as it had before, until June, 1898, when the Rev. Joseph J. Clarke was appointed first resident pastor of East Palestine. He remained till January, 1899, when the Rev. Edward Reagan was appointed his successor. One of Father Reagan's first acts was the purchase of a new site for the church and a proposed pastoral residence, in a more eligible location. The ground, situate on Main street, with a frontage of 120 feet and a depth of 190 feet, was bought in the summer of 1899, for $1,250, and paid for in a few months. Father Reagan's health failing, he was obliged to pass the following winter in a milder climate. The Rev. D. Shunk, C. PP. S., supplied his place till his return in the latter part of March, 1900, with health unimproved. He died on April 11, less than a fortnight later. Until the appointment of his successor, the Rev. John J. Boyle, in June, 1900, East Palestine was again attended from Salem. Father Boyle's stay was short—until his death, December 5, 1900. His successor is the present incumbent, the Rev. Joseph Barth. CHAPTER X. EAST LIVERPOOL. FOUNDED 1N 1708-THOMAS FAWCETT-LOCATION-ORIGINAL PURCHASE-EARLY SETTLERS-THE FAWCETT FAMILY-NEW TOWN CALLED ST. CLAIR-TOWN LAID OUT BY THOMAS FAWCETT-"FAWCETTSTOWN"-STATE ROAD-"OLD GUAGE"-TRADING CENTER-EARLY ADVERSITIES-THE TOWN REVIVES-NAMED "LIVERPOOL"-LATER EAST LIVERPOOL-RAILROAD PROSPECTS-EARLY PROMOTERS OF THE TOWN-FIRST SCHOOL TEACHER-FIRST PREACHING-FIRST PHYSICIAN-FOURTH OF JULY CELEBRATION-FIRST BANK-FIRST CHURCH-FIRST POTTER Y-PUBLIC UTILITIES AND INSTITUTIONS. On historic ground that fronted a serpentine bend of "The Beautiful River," notable for its majestic, commanding appearance, the plot forming a natural amphitheatre with its potentialities of soil, mineral and forest equaling any other section in the recently organized new world Republic and comprising part of an expanse of territory that had been claimed by Spain, England and France by right of alleged discovery and subsequent various degrees Of exploration ; and before and after by the American Indian by reason of original domain, East Liverpool was founded in 1798, during the administration of the second president of the United States, though sites in close proximity to it had been previously occupied by struggling and interpid settlers, by Thomas Fawcett, a Quaker-Irishman, who, emigrating from Ireland as a young man, had lived for a quarter of a century as a frontier farmer in and about Chartier's Valley, Pa., near the Allegheny-Washington line ere he decided that "westward the course of empire wends its way." Destined to become an outstanding manufacturing city and "The Pottery Center of the World" its limits then presented an undeveloped - 161 - (11 ) V I 162 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY tract of land, situated 48 degrees and 58 minutes north latitude and 80 degrees and 45 minutes west of Greenwich, which was four miles below the Pennsylvania state line and 44 miles southwest of Fort Pitt, which later became Pittsburg, and about 44 miles northeast from Wheeling of at-the-time State of Virginia. It was a part of the newly formed Northwest Territory and was included in Washington and Jefferson counties, the whole having originally belonged to Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York and Virginia. The town site had originally been purchased from the government by Col. Isaac Craig, of Pittsburg, a distinguished Revolutionary officer. In two payments he had given $2,181.50 for it. The deed given him was written on parchment and is signed by President John Adams and Secretary of State, Timothy Pickering. It is dated May 18, 1796. Col. Craig held possession of the land for one month and thirteen days over four years when legal possession as evidenced by the deed made on July 1, 1800, at Philadelphia, Pa., was given to Thomas Fawcett, of Jefferson County, Ohio, of which the tract of ground was then a part and on which he had been living. The document was executed before Judge W. N. Breckenridge of the Superior Court of Pennsylvania and recorded on Aug. 12, 1800 by Recorder Genas Kimberly. The witnesses were John Swetman and George Cochran of Allegheny County, Pa. The deal, thus consummated, shows tht Col. Craig made a profit of $1,469.50 on the transaction. The purchased land was described as "Sections Nos. 23 and 24 in Range No. 1 and Township No. 5 and situated northwest of the Ohio and above the mouth of the Kentucky River and made up of 1,095 75-100 acres in the above." Present day computations show this to be a strip of land extending westward from Union Street to what is now Jethro and reaching northward beyond the business and far into the residential section of the city. Having sold his farm in Chartiers Valley, Pa., and doubtless having saved some money during his long agricultural activities there Mr. Fawcett was able to pay Col. Craig cash for his entire purchase, the price given being $3,651 or about $3.35 per acre. As compared to 1926 prices, the original land composing East Liverpool equals the value of an ordinary home or a fairly good make of automobile, while an acre of it, which, in HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 163 the business section 128 years later was worth $400,000, was then procured for what is now flippantly given for a pair of feminine silk stockings. In 1808, what became Section 34, of Liverpool Township, was granted to Charles Blackmore. It was part of what is now the north side of East Liverpool on the Calcutta Road. The grant was signed by President Thomas Jefferson and his Secretary of State, James Madison. Thus in view of the fact that Col. Craig doubtless received claim to East Liverpool during George Washington's administration, the impress of the first four presidents of the Republic is easily discernible in its original titles and initial transfers. At the outset it was a Quaker Settlement by reason of the founder's and family's faith. They were quickly augmented by the arrival of Dutch, German, Welsh, Scotch and English settlers. These, coalescing, gradually as the later pottery industry began to grow, evolved into a preponderance of Englishmen as Britsh workers of the trade elected to cast their fortunes in the new American plants. About the time that the Neville and Craig families settled in Pittsburg a small colony from Ireland, Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey located in Chartiers Valley, Pa., on either side of the Washington and Allegheny County lines. They engaged in farming and trading. Among this company of pioneers were three sets of brothers, Thomas and John Fawcett, who had been born in Ireland, Robert and Richard Boyce and Peter and Adam Hickman. All had married and purchased farms. But the lure of the West seized one member of each of these sets of brothers. Accordingly, Thomas Fawcett, Robert Boyce and Adam Hickman sold their properties and elected to settle in the just formed Northwest Territory down the Ohio River over which Gen. Arthur St. Clair, a Revolutionary officer, was the Governor. John Fawcett, Richard Boyce and Peter Hickman remained in Pennsylvania, became outstanding citizens of the Keystone Commonwealth, reared large families and lived in each instance to a ripe old age. During the early fall of 1798 the intrepid settlers reached their destination after an adventurous journey over stream and trail. Robert Boyce, his wife and children, who became the forbears of the well-known Boyce families in and about East Liverpool, proceeded to the uplands of the Spring Grove Camp Ground, east of Yellow Creek, where for years 164 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY they resided though ever in close communication with their former neighbors—the Fawcetts. The latter stopped in the west end of what is now East Liverpool. The bluff, just across the roadway from the Standard Oil filling station, where the appealing bend of the Ohio is discernible and the opposite shore of the present Newell, W. Va., in all its early pristine beauty stood out, impressed the new corners as the ideal spot for a home. There, where James Gaston, Sr., once lived and where now are two or three residences, a log house was quickly built. At this time Thomas Fawcett was 51 years of age—a man in his prime and in the full vigor of his mental and physical powers. He was born on June 11, 1747 in Ireland as was his wife, Isabella Snodgrass, whose natal day was March 1, 1754. Mrs. Fawcett was accordingly 45 years old when she became the initial matron of East Liverpool. She was thus six years younger than her husband. They were married in Ireland on February 26, 1772, when he was 25 and she 18 years of age. Their alliance had been blest by the arrival of eight children, four boys and as many girls. All were with them when they landed in East Liverpool. Joseph, the eldest, was 25 years old at the time Thomas 24, Abigail 20, Mary 18, Elizabeth 16, John 14, Isabella 6 and Benjamin, the baby, four. Th,e pioneer father thus had two full-grown sons to aid him, Joseph and Thomas Jr., and in John, a lad to run the chores. In Abigail, Mary and Elizabeth, buxom lasses, all, the mother had fine aid in house activities. Following the building of the log house and a clearing of adjacent land for gardening purposes, Mr. Fawcett and his sons erected the first flour mill in what subsequently became Columbiana County. It was located on Carpenter's Run on the site of what is now The West End Pottery, and was operated by his son-in-law, Joseph Smith. Shortly there-after Joseph Fawcett, his oldest son, built a saw mill near Jethro, it being the first in what later became Liverpool Township. A carding machine was made and placed on the present Cartwright Pottery site by Thomas Fawcett and John Barcroft at about the same time. The second grist mill and carding machine were built by Aaron Brooks, the former being operated by horse power. Within a year of his arrival Fawcett laid out his land into a town site. The lots abutted against the adjoining terra except on the river HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 165 at the South Side. The streets paralleled with section lines, north, east, south and west. The new town was called St. Clair by Mr. Fawcett because of the township in which it was then located, which had been given the name of the territorial governor. Later, as new residents began to arrive and those just without its limits found it necessary to refer to it, the name of "Fawcettstown" by common consent was given it in honor of its founder. Among the earliest settlers in and about the new town were John Rouch, a shoemaker from Germany ; Thomas Ashton, a Quaker, who had the distinction of keeping the first store, though a small one, within or near its borders ; Angus McBane, a farmer-tanner, who had a home on the hill above Jethro ; Joseph Hamilton, a farmer who lived not far from the Fawcett home. Perhaps the first colored man residing in the immediate locality was Edward Devoe, who in 1800, resided on the Spring Grove Camp Ground site. Other additional arrivals to the new town included Abraham Wellington, who had a residence where the Knowles, Taylor and Knowles Pottery now stands ; William Lorwell, of Baltimore, Md., who was the first lawyer to hang out his shingle within its confines ; William Moore, a carpenter, who became the first undertaker of the community ; Griffith Williams, a Welshman, who lived where the late George Gaston resided and became the town's first tanner. Before Wellsville was formed into a town there lived on the Ohio side of the river between Yellow Creek and Little Beaver the following persons: at the mouth of Yellow Creek John Nessly ; next above was Henry Eaton ; between his land and Little Yellow Creek, William Wells, Sr. ; next was the Ramsey homestead and then followed those of John Rouch, Thomas Askton, whose land reached Coonrod's Run, that passing through Jethro. It touched the Thomas Fawcett tract, now the west end of East Liverpool. Shortly after the laying out of his plat of ground by Thomas Fawcett, his son-in-law, Joseph Smith, who had in 1796 married his oldest daughter and third child, Abigail, purchased, after a year's residence in Crawford County, Pa., where his father, John Smith, a native of Holland lived, a portion of land fronting the Ohio east of Union Street. This later passed into many hands. East of the Smith tract, on and about the site of the present day Harker Pottery, resided John Babb, who also owned 166 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY the island in the river fronting his home and which took its name from him. John Beaver owned the land between the Babb property and the state line. From this point to Little Beaver Creek the terra was in the possession of a Mr. Dawson. Across the Ohio on the now West Virginia side was the farm of Christy Brenneman, which lay opposite Yellow Creek ; the bottom land over the stream from Wellsville was in the possession of John Hamilton, Sr., with his son, Linn Hamilton residing on the lower end. Harvey Heath lived just east of John Hamilton, but later sold to a Mr. McClintock ; next was the homestead of Fred Greathouse, who likewise sold to James Todd and he in turn to a Mr. Murray. Adjoining the latter was the John Gardner farm on which later Chester, W. Va., was largely built. Touching it was the Cochran tract which later became the property of Samuel E. Marks and his heirs. Into such a setting or inter-state community came East Liverpool's founder, his family and those allied to it by marriage. Social contacts with their neighbors from Yellow Creek on the west to Little Beaver on the east and with those in the same distance across the river and about them in St. Clair or Fawcettstown became a matter of course as the necessity for doing business at the saw mill of Joseph Fawcett, the founder's oldest son and a store maintained for a time by his second son, Thomas and the flour mill that for the most part was being operated by his son-in-law, Joseph Smith. As a result romance, ubiquitous even among pioneers in the drab expanse of seeming desolate wilderness, entered the household so that in turn all the children, except Isabella, the youngest daughter and named for her mother, found wives and husbands as helpmeets in their efforts to make their way in developing the newly started settlement. Joseph married Esther White ; Thomas was joined to Sarah Hamilton, whose folks lived below the town and her brother, James Hamilton, a brother of Linn Hamilton, whose farm was across the river in Virginia, became the husband of Mary Fawcett, fourth child and the second daughter of the founders ; Abigail had previously married Joseph Smith in Chartiers Valley, Pa. ; John, the third son and sixth child, married Julia R. Larwell, the daughter of John Larwell, the town's first postmaster ; Benjamin, the youngest, was united to Hannah Zane, daughter of Jonathan Zane, Sr., of Wheeling, W. Va., and a member of the well known family HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 167 prominent in the early activities of that vicinity ; Elizabeth, the fifth child and third daughter, was wooed and won by John Nessly. Joseph, the oldest son, apparently lived out his life in East Liverpool ; Thomas, the second son, after procuring or being given a portion of the purchased land from Col. Craig, emigrated in a few years to Indiana. His stay in Fawcettstown was notable by having maintained a small store, the first within its limits, the opening of a tavern on Second Street, which was built from hewn logs and the establishment of a ferry across the river. The tavern was afterwards kept by James Kincaid, John Gamble, John Smith and William Thompson, each of whom operated the ferry. John Fawcett. third son of Thomas Fawcett, founder, soon after his marriage, went to Washington, Pa., where he clerked in a store owned by Daniel Moore. With his employer he later went to Wheeling, W. Va., and the two formed a partnership in a merchandise departure there. In 1816, he, Moore and James Pemberton, another Wheeling merchant, returned to Fawcettstown and purchased from his father the old flour mill and 200 acres of land about it. They, accordingly, became the town's second proprietors. They set about advertising in The Ohio Patriot of Lisbon, and selling lots in the town after relaying it. They sold about twenty at from $20 to 30 each. They donated a lot apiece to John Smith and Phillip Cooper on the condition that they immediately built homes thereon. They also made a road on the opposite side of Carpenter's Run to the hillside where a proposed glass plant was to be erected. This latter plan failed, however. Discouraged at the failure of their enterprise in the town which they had renamed Liverpool they took a government contract to supply forts on the Missouri River with supplies and moved away. They doubtless operated from Wheeling, W. Va., where after a residence of thirty years in all, Thomas Fawcett and his wife joined her father's family—the Larwells, in Wooster, Ohio, where they had removed after a tenure in Fawcettstown—Liverpool. There they both ultimately passed away. Benjamin, the fourth son of Thomas Fawcett and youngest child, had been left the old homestead of his father just beyond the old "rhubarb patch" in the West End. He rented this and removed to an estate left his wife on Wheeling Island by her father, Jonathan Zane, Sr. In crossing the river at his new home he was afterward drowned. His son-in-law, Robert Irwin, later sold his father's home and surrounding land to the late James W. Gaston. 168 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY From two of Thomas Fawcett's children have descended numerous persons who throughout the subsequent history in and about East Liverpool have been more or less outstanding figures. From Elizabeth, who married John Nessly, have sprung those of that name. Their children were allied to the Boyces, the Wallaces, the Fredericks, the McCoys, the Rileys, the Myers and the Fords, all cognomens to conjure with in East Liverpool historical lore. From Abigail, the oldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Fawcett, whose husband Joseph, shared their fortunes and misfortunes have descended through his son, William G. Smith, the father of the late D. J. Smith and grandfather of Wilson F. Smith of East Liverpool and the late J. T. Smith many of the city's present active citizens. From a daughter, Esther, were descended Henry S. Goodwin and the late James and George Goodwin, long East Liverpool pottery manufacturers. Another daughter, Hester Ann, married Isaac Watts Knowles, one of the city's pioneer pottery manufacturers and they became the forebears of the late Homer S. Knowles, the late Mrs. Col. John N. Taylor and Homer J. Knowles, present head of the Knowles, Taylor and Knowles Pottery. Through another daughter, Mary Smith Warrick, was descended Mrs. Susan Harker, Mrs. Maria L. Anderson and Mrs. Esther Thomas. Despite the urge that prompted him to penetrate the western wilderness and therein found a community Thomas Fawcett is described in the traditions attending him as "a good old Quaker gentleman, lacking in ambition, easy going, of kingly mien, though peace loving and possessed of a hospitable disposition." His grandson, William G. Smith, in his pamphlet, "Early Recollections of Fawcettstown," published in 1888, says of him: "He had not the natural or acquired abilities for a successful town builder. He lacked the ambition and go-aheaditive vim that characterize successful proprietors, and for the want of which, at the organization of the county, he lost to his place the county seat by one vote." Because of this adverse vote wealthy residents of Philadelphia, the then Capital of the Nation, who had by proxy, purchased lots in Fawcett-town, withdrew their interest and finally let them go into delinquincy. Had Fawcetttown been chosen they had planned to push its growth with rapidity. Thus the village had its initial setback. HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 169 But Thomas Fawcett and his good wife, impelled by the natural beauty of their chosen home with the winding river in front of them and the circling hills of towering forest behind, lived on at the old homestead watching their children, grandchildren and neighbor's activities as they carried on in developing the new town, or, despairing, went elsewhere for better prospects. Thus old age came upon them. He passed peacefully away on September 19, 1820, during the final year of President Monroe's first administration and in the midst of the Chief Executive's campaign for re-election against John Quincy Adams. He was aged 73 years, two months and 23 days at his demise. But fifteen years younger than George Washington he survived him twenty-one years. His wife lived almost five years after his passing. She succumbed on Dec. 4, 1825, in the final year of President Monroe's second administration. Both are buried in Riverview Cemetery, East Liverpool, where a stone monument was placed by their surviving descendants to mark their final resting place. With those of other pioneers their remains were transferred from the Fifth Street burial plot which almost from the town's foundation had been utilized for this purpose when it was by necessity of the city's growth taken for building and park purposes. Until his decease Mr. Fawcett reserved the unsold town lots and 40 acres of his original purchase of land immediately back and north of the town. By will he transferred the lots to his four daughters. The State Road from Steubenville to Pittsburg passed through Fawcettstown and by it mail was carried on horseback to the early inhabitants. Just east of its then boundaries it cut off a space of about two acres between it and the river. On this space Joseph Smith, son-in-law of Thomas Fawcett, erected a two-story hewd-log house with an added kitchen of the same material. It was the first shingle roofed homestead in the community. They had been made of white oak, split and shaved and put on with wrought nails. It was constructed by a carpenter by the name of William Hudson, who was called "Old Guage" by reason of the alleged fact that he consumed a gallon of whiskey per day and drank a pint at regular intervals during his wakeful moments. On this occasion it is said, when the rafters had been properly adjusted and the top lath nailed next to the comb, that he walked the lath edge from gable to gable while carrying a large bottle of whiskey in his hand and occa- 170 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY sionally swinging it about his head. Finally, he broke the container and spilt the liquor over the edifice's frame which process he construed as "baptizing the house." The great thoroughfare from Eastern Pennsylvania to Ohio at this early day passed through Georgetown, Pa., which made Smith's Ferry, Pa., a celebrated river crossing. Georgetown was a trading point before New Lisbon had an existence and controlled the trade of Beaver County, Pa., and of Columbiana County, Ohio, for many years. Smith's Ferry, Pa., was a junction between two of the emigration roadways to the new Northwest Territory, one being through Pittsburg and Beavertown, the other through Brownsville and Washington, Pa. John Beaver and John Christmas, both Englishmen, had prosperous stores in Georgetown, Pa. The former with Thomas Moore, father-in-law of the late Mathew Laughlin of East Liverpool, at an early day erected a large flour and saw mill near the bridge on Little Beaver Creek just off the state line. The latter added a tavern, store and blacksmith at the same spot. The place thrived from the trade of passing emigrants and nearby settlers who were likewise attracted thereto. Thus a bad effect on business in Fawcettstown and later Liverpool, four miles west, was quite discernible for a long period. Then, early in the eighteenth century, William Faulks laid out "Faulkstown," four miles north of the town. It was subsequently named Calcutta. It had originally been settled by "Hunter" John Quinn, the first settler in the county. Trading done there still further circumscribed the commercial activities of Fawcettstown. New Lisbon having wrested the County Seat from Fawcettstown, another blow was struck it by Wellsville, four miles below it, in 1821, when it was known as East Liverpool. Cleveland business men proposed for commercial purposes to build a free clay pike roadway to the Ohio River by way of New Lisbon, Columbiana County. Three routes from New Lisbon were surveyed for this purpose, one to the Pennsylvania State Line near Smith's Ferry, the second to East Liverpool and the third to Well's Landing or what was later Wellsville. Subscriptions were taken to aid in the building of the road. Fifteen freeholders signed a bond guaranteeing the necessary sum needed for the East Liverpool route. It was placed in the hands of John Bough, a farmer residing on the west fork of Little Beaver Creek, for signatures of residents between his home and New Lisbon before East Liverpool HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 171 men would have the same opportunity on the following day when a choice was to be made. That night a neighbor who had signed the paper and become worried about it, called him out of bed and asked to see the legal document. Given it he instantly cast it into the fireplace. News of its destruction dismayed the waiting East Liverpool contingent and they permitted Wellsville to land the coveted roadway. In 1824, two years after its completion, great returns were thus brought the new town below it. It grew rapidly and became the transporting depot for Northern and Eastern Ohio and continued as such until the Sandy and Beaver and Ma-honing Cross-cut Canals later interfered with its trade. The town took a big slump as a result. By 1823 its population consisted of but "six families and two bachelors." The streets became a sward with a single horse path in the middle of Second Street. By 1826 the town was forlorn indeed. Even the weekly mail route had been abandoned and mail had to be procured from Calcutta, Beaver Bridge or Wellsville, four miles away to the northeast or west. By this time the town had its third owner for Messrs. John Fawcett, Daniel Moore and James Pemberton were glad to trade their holding in it to Claiborne Sims, Sr., for his farm near Wheeling, W. Va. Then a spurt ensued and the population grew to about 100 with eighteen families being freeholders and the balance renters. These divided over the operation of a ferry. From Washington Street west the people wanted Market Street to be the center of business while the ferry in operation was touching a point east of Washington Street. By 1829 the postoffice had been reestablished with John Collins as postmaster. Through the courtesy of the postmasters of Wellsville and Little Beaver Creek, the latter being Matthew Laughlin, they obtained permission from Washington to have mail carried on horseback between these points and passing through Liverpool. Preceding this, in 1809 or 1810, what approximated the first general store of importance was established in the then Fawcettstown by the firm of Sutton and McNickle, Pittsburg merchants, who had a large force of men boring for salt at Yellow Creek. They placed this establishment in charge of Richard Boyce, the son of Robert Boyce, of the Spring Grove Camp Ground neighborhood. He became the father of the late Hon. David Boyce, East Liverpool banker and legislator. After the town was named "Liverpool" a Mr. Welch maintained a 172 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY leading store in it and later Sanford C. Hill continued the business for a period before becoming a surveyor, justice of the peace, an astronomer of note and the publisher of "Hill's Almanac." He was the father of the late Col. H. R. Hill, who, for years following the Civil War, was the only lawyer in the city and the grandfather of Captain W. M. Hill, who, in 1898, during the Spanish-American War, and, in 1917, at the outset of American participation in the world conflict, raised and led from the city its two volunteer companies. A steam saw mill was erected on the present site of the Cartwright Pottery south of Second Street by William Scott and John Hill in 1830. Though it was later destroyed by fire it gave impetus to the gradual growth of the city. At this time Columbiana County was the second in Ohio in the production of wheat. It continued large to 1840 when it showed an increase in wool raising. All of these had a pertinent effect on the commercial life of the town founded by Thomas Fawcett as a wharf and warehouse was built at the foot of Union Street for shipping purposes and business that formerly went to Smith's Ferry, Pa., and Wellsville was tranferred to it. In 1836 William G. Smith, the grandson of Thomas Fawcett, following a period in Pittsburg and eight years of trading in southern ports by river after building a number of houses here, inducing others to do so, acting as postmaster, during which, in 1830, he succeeded in having the department add the prefix "East" to its third name "Liverpool" because mail was being transferred to "Liverpool" in Medina County and by procuring from Roger Hill and plotting into lots an acre of ground east of Union Street, became practically the place's "fourth proprietor." In the decade ending with 1839 the rejuvenated river point procured a steam saw mill ; wharfs and boats began to be built therein, among them the "Liverpool," which, commanded by Captain Richard Huston, a former tanner, was lost in the Arkansas River, the "Olive Branch" and "De Kalb". All these were built by Alex Coffin on land that later was washed away by succeeding river high waters. Liverpool Township, formed from St. Clair, was made such on June 3, 1834, largely through the work of Mr. Smith and Sanford C. Hill. The county commissioners at the time were Michael Arter, John Smith and Thomas Cannon. On Jan. 4, 1834, six months previously, East Liverpool had been made a village. HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 173 In an effort, in 1837, to connect Ashtabula and East Liverpool with a railroad by way of Warren a stock company was formed in which W. G. Smith and S. E. Hill were prominent as well as several Pittsburg capitalists. They purchased land north of Fifth Street, west of Market Street and a large section of Claiborne Sim's farm. A sugar tree grove was cut into cord wood and removed from the river front enabling lots to be formed from Union to College and from Front or Water to Robinson streets inclusive. But the panic of that year ended the railway project and for a decade the village felt its effects. However, the sale of these lots at that time brought to the town a number of families from Pittsburg, who subsequently had much to do with its progress and growth. Among these were Anthony Kearns who purchased and operated the steam saw mill, recently procured, and improved the tract of land now known as Thompson Place, that later became the property of Josiah Thompson ; the Hon. George Smith who built three brick houses and became a partner in merchandising of Josiah Thompson ; Daniel and John Shook, who put up two buildings ; Thomas Pratt, a machinist, who later built gas works in St. Louis and Kansas City, Mo., and James Bennett, who pioneered the pottery industry for the community. William Thompson, who had come to Fawcettstown in 1818 from western Pennsylvania and, after a brief stay, had located in Calcutta, where he had a tavern and was in the merchandise business with his sons there, purchased the store and dwelling of George Smith and his son, Josiah, the home of Anthony Kearns in Thompson Place. In 1848 William G. Smith returned to Pittsburg after selling a portion of his holdings in the town along Fourth and Broadway to Enoch Bradshaw, a potter, who, studying for the ministry in his younger years in England, emigrated to America in 1843 when 25 years of age. He worked for several years in the recently built potteries, went away for a brief interval and returned. Then he purchased from William G. Smith that section at Fourth and Broadway upon which the Carnegie Library now stands. On it he constructed a palatial home which, during the Civil War, was a connecting link in the famous "Underground Railway" for the safety of escaping slaves. He became the town's second publisher, when, in 1859, he launched the East Liverpool Democrat, after "The Mercury," started in 1861 by George W. Lucky and J. W. Harris, had suspended. 174 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY Following a service in the Union Army during the war between the States he built on the present Standard Oil service station plot at Fifth and Broadway, the city's first public hall which was used as a court room when he acted as justice of the peace, for public meetings, theatrical performances and social affairs. During this interim he frequently acted as pettifogger in the legal cases then heard in the community. Farming part of his acquired land, mining pottery clay from other sections of it and the selling of real estate he was withal extremely active in the growth of early East Liverpool. When William G. Smith returned to his native place in 1852 he repurchased 15 acres of his former property from Mr. Bradshaw. To this he added four acres each procured from Thomas Blythe and John F. Smith and six from Lawrence Mitchell. All were laid out into lots. Thus that planned by the "fourth owner" in 1837 was consummated in 1853 which departure broadened the town into lines of its present form. With this general outlay of its original and later added to territory, the beginning of pottery manufacture in 1840, the completion of the Sandy and Beaver Canal in 1845, the building through it of the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railway in 1856 and the discovery of the first oil and natural gas in 1860 the city's place in the sun was permanently established and its subsequent development assured. A contributor also to the northern and eastern sections of the city was Joseph McKinnon who, landing in Philadelphia with his father, John B. McKinnon, who returned to English by reason of his fealty to King George III, located in Columbiana County in 1795 after a service in the Revolutionary War and against the Indians under Gen. "Mad Anthony" Wayne. He settled in part of Section 34. His son, George McKinnon, was the first white child born in the county. He built the first frame house in East Liverpool at what is now Third and Market streets on the present City Hall site. George McKinnon became a farmer, carpenter and boat builder. He purchased two tracts of 20 and 125 acres each along the Ohio River. On one of these East End is now largely situated. His wife was Ada Babb. a daughter of John Babb, who owned the island of that name and who, on or near it, maintained the first blacksmith shop in the vicinity. Another child of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph McKinnon became Mrs. Matthew Riley. Widowed at 35, she reared ten children at her farm home at the head of Jethro Hollow Run on the lower Lisbon Road. When 75 she HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 175 emigrated by wagon to Illinois, lived there 20 years and then moved back at 95 to her old home in Madison Township where she lived in healthy vigor and mental alertness eight years more until she was 104. Near her home under spreading oak trees her remains, duly marked, rest. Her youngest daughter, Cynthia, became the wife of Enoch Bradshaw, the mother of Eugene Bradshaw, former East Liverpool safety director and Mrs. Louis Barth and the grandmother of Harold B. Barth, the secretary of the East Liverpool Chamber of Commerce. The first preaching in Fawcettstown was by the Rev. Robert Dobbins, a Methodist, of Yellow Creek, in 1799. The first school teacher within the town's confines was Terra Jones, a Welshman. He was also a surveyor. He functioned in a log building near the home of Bezaleel Sims, north of the village. He taught a select school for several years after beginning in 1820 and was followed by James Smith, Will Smith (the Yankee), William Taggart and later by Sanford C. Hill. In 1848 the log school room was displaced by a red brick school house on the same site. A. H. Martin became the teacher with William C. Orr following in 1852. The town's first physician was Dr. B. B. Ogden, who began his almost fifty years of residence in it in 1830. He was the father of the late Dr. C. B. Ogden, who followed in his father's footsteps. The first dentist in East Liverpool was Dr. Luther Calvin, who had an of in the old Moutts house over the printing establishment on Second Street during the early sixties. The second was Dr. John Stiffy, who located in the city in the late seventies. His office was on the lower floor of the present brick and frame structure opposite the city hall on Mulberry Street. The first public event of note in the town's early history occurred on July 4, 1811 just before the War of 1812, when a monster barbecue was held on the present site of the Cartwright Pottery. More than 4,000 persons attended this affair. William C. Larwell, the town's first and only lawyer, until Col. H. R. Hill became active, read the Declaration of Independence, which had been written but 35 years before, to the big crowd in attendance. Another feature of the occasion was the marching up and down Second Street of a Company of Militiamen, which was commanded by Capt. John Wilcox. In the drill that followed Capt. Wilcox accidentally shot off one side of his whiskers, the incident contributing hugely to the merriment of the on-looking pioneers. 176 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY After its initial settlement the town successively grew and retrograded as success and failure attended the efforts of those casting their fortunes in it. In 1823 it was reduced to about 32 souls that included "two bachelors." By 1826 these had increased to 100. In 1841, following the boom of the early interim of the previous decade the population was 500. In 1850 it was 987; 1,308 in 1860 as the Civil War began ; 2,105 in 1870, five years after its end ; 5,568 in 1880 ; 8,750 in 1890 ; 16,485 in 1900; 23,087 in 1910 and 21,411 in 1920. In 1925 its inhabitants number 24,000 with about 3,000 more just without its corporate limits in addition to Chester and Newell, W. Va., just across the Ohio River from it which have been built largely as the result of its steady development; with Wellsville four miles down the river and Midland, Pa., five miles east on the same stream and Lisbon, the county seat, in close visiting proximity, the whole making the East Liverpool of today the center of fully 60,000 Northeastern Ohio and Western Pennsylvania residents. The town's first banking institution was opened in the "Dobbin's House" on Second Street by Huff & Co., in 1870. It was one of a number of similar banking houses that then were being operated in Western Pennsylvania and Eastern Ohio. They were conducted by George F. Huff, of Greensburg, Pa., and William M. Lloyd, of Altoona, Pa. After removing into the old First National Bank Building at the foot of Broadway, then the most imposing structure in Columbiana County, the branch with others elsewhere suspended in the famous Jay Cooke financial debacle of 1873. The incident marked the only bank failure in the history of the city. The first church within its limits was erected on the present site of St. Stephen's Episcopal Church on Fourth Street in 1834. The ground for the purpose was presented by John Fawcett, Daniel Moore and James Pemberton, the town's second owners. The first pottery ware was made in the town in 1840 ; gas was first piped for fuel in it in 1866; the initial white ware was manufactured first in 1874 ; the present city hall was erected in 1877 ; the water works was constructed in 1879 ; the first telephone was utilized in 1881; Horn Switch was first used in 1877 ; the Carnegie Library was opened in 1904, the City Hospital in 1905, the present Y. M. C. A. Building was initially utilized in 1913, the present High School edifice was occupied in 1914, the HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 177 First National Bank on Fifth Street in 1923 and the Potter's National Bank on the same street in 1924. By Jan. 1, 1926, East Liverpool had within its confines approximately 40 miles of paved streets, forty miles of water pipes and a water capacity from its mechanical filtration plant of 7,000,000 gallons daily. By then too it had had for more than a decade a modern motor fire equipment and with its police department, consisting of Chief Hugh McDermott, Captain Mason Conley and Officers Henry Aufterheide, James Haley, George Toland, Norman McFarland, William Lister, Chester Smith perhaps the smallest force maintaining order in any city of its size in the entire country. (12)V1 CHAPTER XI. EAST LIVERPOOL, CONTINUED. SCHOOLS-WATER WORKS-ORGANIZATIONS-CHAMBER OF COMMERCE-MUSICAL ORGANIZATION-MUNICIPAL COURT-CARNEGIE LIBRARY-CITY HOSPITAL-YOUNG MENS CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION-YOUNG WOMANS CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION- OTHER ORGANIZATIONS AND BUILDINGS-PARKS-CEMETERIES. Schools.—From attendance in a primitive log school room to educational development in sanitary, well lighted and finely equipped quarters that make up a modern High and Common School, East Liverpool children now have highly educated instructors and every facility known in the dispensation of learning. Since 1820 when Terra Jones taught initially the youth of the later Pottery City on what was doubtless the present site of the Fourth Street School Structure a marked evolution in better methods and appurtenances has taken place. For the enlightenment of its children East Liverpool has twenty different school structures ranging from the one-room building to ward edifices of various sizes and a modern High School of impressive dimensions. There are in 1926 over 5,300 pupils enrolled in the schools. Of these about 4,400 are in the elementary grades and 900 in the High School. The East Liverpool High School at Broadway and East Fourth is a modern structure of three floors and basement. It contains numerous class rooms, a large 825 seating capacity, auditorium and a splendid gymnasium. It was erected in 1914 at a cost of $114,500. The Fourth Street Common School, formerly the High School was built during 1894-95 at a cost of $65,000. It was first opened for study on Sept. 6, 1895. It was erected during the superintendency of Prof. S. D. Sanor and is of the type known as modern renaissance. It was constructed of Rochester brick and Berea stone, its foundation being such as to even now excite - 178 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 179 admiration. Of two and one-half stories it is surmounted by a French mansard. At the height of 128 feet a four-dialed clock is enclosed in an ornate tower which arises from the Central facade of the building. At the time the total valuation of East Liverpool School property was estimated at $350,000. From 1820 Terra Jones taught the single log school for twelve years, teachers following him were James Smith, William Smith, (the Yankee) William Taggart and Sanford C. Hill. In 1848 a red brick school supplanted the old log structure. Then was held the first Common School in the town. In 1851 at Fourth and Union streets a two-story brick edifice of four rooms was erected. The structure was so frail, however, that the walls shook with the slightest degree of wind which necessitated the dismissal of school at the approach of a storm. Prof. Will C. Orr became its first superintendent and principal. A. H. Martin was a teacher therein. Those following included Rev. F. B. Fost, Profs. Gillespie, J. C. Ogle, George J. Luckey, the famous educator who continued from 1859 until he resigned to enter the Union Army, A. M. Norris, H. P. Borton, Rev. D. H. Hastings, Rev. Samuel Burns, Ebenezer Erskine, who was given to frequent use of the birchen rod, and John G. Crawford. The first graded school was organized in 1864. The then Superintendent, J. P. Cameron, received a salary of $450. In 1869 the four-room building was razed and by 1870 a three-story edifice was ready for use. Prof. T. J. Duncan, its first superintendent, received $1,200 per annum. He raised the school to a high plane of efficiency. Two of his teachers, Miss Kate Harker and Mary- A. Smith, continued as such until 1905. In 1873 Supt. Duncan resigned to practice law in Washington, Pa., where he became a leading member of the bar. He was succeeded by Prof. Van B. Baker, a man of keen intelligence and marked personal appearance, he being a giant in stature and possessor of a magnificent beard. After a period in East Liverpool he removed to Holliday's Cove, near Weirton, W. Va., where some years later he was convicted of murdering his second wife and his mother-in-law with an axe. He was sentenced to imprisonment for life after two trials that attracted great attention. He passed away in prison, it being believed that the loss of his beard when he was compelled to shave upon entering the institution, went far towards breaking his spirit which up to then he had maintained in a 180 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY manner as to excite wonderment. He protested his innocence unto the end. Rev. C. W. Riggle succeeded Prof. Van Baker and he in turn was followed by Captain J. Newton George, an excellent man, who died in harness. Miss E. B. Huston, principal of the High School, finished the term and later held the dual position with signal ability. She was finally succeeded as superintendent by Prof. R. F. Fearon and he in turn by Profs. A. J. Surface, Alexander Vance, A. E. Gladding and S. D. Sanor. Prof. R. E. Rayman was the successor of Prof. Sanor and he gave an administration for several years that put the school's curriculum on a plane that had not previously been equaled. Prof. Rayman was succeeded in 1907 by F. H. Warren, of Hillsboro, Ohio. The latter was in charge until the present High School at Fourth and Broadway was erected during his administration. In 1917, Prof. Franklin Geiger, of Dover, Ohio, assumed the superintendency which he held until September of 1925, when he was succeeded by Superintendent C. S. McVay of the New Philadelphia Schools which position Prof. Geiger accepted, the two changing places. For many years Miss Florence Uptegraff of East Liverpool has held the position of High School principal with signal ability. During Prof. Geiger's administration a High School Band of about fifty members was organized which is annually maintained under the direction of Ralph Johnson, a local musician. In 1925 a ceramic department was added to the High School curriculum and night classes formed for the benefit of adults who are working in the city's potteries. It is under the direction of Prof. Kenneth Smith. The members of the Board of Education on Jan. 1, 1926 were: D. F. White (president), George M. Wilhelm, F. T. Weaver, R. B. Stevenson and C. A. Ferguson. The board's clerk is Emmett Gaston. The High School has a reference library by 1926 of about 7,700 volumes ; it publishes a magazine, The Keramos ; owns its own athletic field by virtue of a gift in 1924 of the late Monroe Patterson of West End Park and maintains from the student body a band which is directed by Ralph Johnson, one of the musical instructors. The Ohio Valley Business College was formed in 1886 when a night school was taught by John Sant at his home on College Street. He later HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 181 took rooms in the First National Bank Building and on the upper floor of the Erlanger Store on Washington Street and in the Reed Building on the Diamond. He sold out to J. F. Cooper, who operated the classes in it for five years and then disposed of his students and good will to William Steele and Frank Fowler. The latter interests were purchased by the Rev. J. H. Weaver and his son, F. T. Weaver, on Aug. 21, 1899. The former, now 85 years of age, has retired and the latter is in charge. Beginning with three pupils the school has risen to the present registration of 250 students. More than 7,500 persons have been enrolled in the school during the past twenty-five years. Following the first of Feb. 28, 1905, which destroyed the Reed Building the school was transferred to the third floor of the Brookes Building at Fifth and Market streets, which it still occupies. With Mr. Weaver Misses Blanche Saxton and Dorothy Maple are now engaged in teaching while his son, Vincent Weaver, is the school solicitor. The institution's first employed male teacher was Irwin Dunlap, now cashier of the First National Bank. He was followed for eight years by W. R. Phillips, who served eight years as Columbiana County's treasurer. Water Works.—Authorized by an act of the Ohio Legislature in 1879 the East Liverpool Water Works was established shortly thereafter. A pump house was erected on the Ohio River shore just above Babb's Island and a large reservoir 350 feet above on Thompson's Hill, built with a capacity of 1.500,000 gallons. In 1894 a second reservoir on Huston's Hill, 300 feet higher, was erected and a second pumping station was set up midway between them. Then followed the building of a third reservoir in connection with that of No. 1 on Thompson Hill, with a combined capacity of 7,500,000 gallons. The value of the plant in 1905 was 8240,000 with a then $140,000 indebtedness. The first Board of Trutees consisted of Josiah Thompson, Isaac W. Knowles and Thomas Arbuckle, with Christian Metsch as clerk. In 1915 a mechanical filtration plant was completed near the Pennsylvania State line at a cost of $565,000. It included a water tower on the hill west of Riverview Cemetery. As a result the two initially used pumping stations were dismanteled. By 1926 there were in use more than 40 miles of water pipes with a daily capacity of 7,000,000 gallons. Agitation for the departure became active during the administration 182 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY of Mayor Samuel Crawford when efforts were made to sink wells on Babb's Island and other plans considered. Following an inspection of the mechanical filtration plants in Pittsburg and vicinity by the "Committee of Sixteen" appointed by Mayor R. J. Marshall. in 1912 the plan as at present carried out was recommended as that most feasible for the city. The City Council then took the necessary steps for proceeding with the project. The first attempt for a universal water supply was the building in 1850 by Josiah Thompson of a reservoir on the east side of Walnut Street on the site of the present home of Harry Cartwright. There was made a basin of stones 40 by 100 feet and six feet deep which was fed by a strong spring near by. Many of the nearby families frequented the place for their daily supply of water. Another spring was to be found on the top layer of clay that was to be found near the D. E. McNicol Pottery. It was so strong that the plant in that period used it for its water supply. Though the reservoir finally had some homes connected to it with pipes it was in time discontinued by them and turned into a tank for the soaking of hoop poles. In the early days the city depended almost altogether on wells for its water supply. The older inhabitants remember the chief ones which included that one in the middle of Market Street south of the Pennsylvania Railroad and just off the Market Street wharf ; another was on the west end of the Williams Cask Factory and was probably used to supply the initial pottery of the city which was built by James Bennett and operated by him and his brothers. The Brawdy well about 60 feet back of the southwest corner of Union and Second streets, which was the property of the senior Dr. Ogden, was one of the pioneer watering places as was the Shenkel well on the southwest section of Third and Walnut streets. In later years an epidemic of illness was laid to it and it was condemned and filled. Two springs that were once greatly in use were the Thompson Spring along the railway tracks off the Thompson Pottery and another in a stone house in Thompson Place. The Willets well on Pennsylvania Avenue on the spot now probably occupied by the Okey Heddleston Grocery Store was of great value to the early residents of the city. HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 183 On South Walnut Street near the home of A. J. Scott, architect, was the Wirth well. On East Sixth Street was the Isaac Knowles well near the old end of the Knowles, Taylor and Knowles Pottery. Across the street from this well was a basin 20 feet in diameter that was fed from a spring which largely contributed to the needs of the plant of the D. E. McNicol Pottery. Just north of Horn Switch was the Mrs. Parriran well on the present Smith Hardware Company site ; farther to the west was the John Hardwick well just a few feet north of the Faulk Mill, midway between Green Lane and Dresden Avenue, on the plot that is now used as a freight yard. It was first owned by James McPherson. The John Baum well was situated on the present site of the Crockery City Products Company. Still another was the Wassignaria well on West Fifth Street just off of Persimmon Alley near the home of the late Cornelius Cronin. It was 125 feet deep. Even now a portion of the wall surrounding the home is perhaps slightly sunken because of the presence near it of this one time deep pit. Until it was closed more than a decade ago the Diamond well in the Diamond slaked the thirst of thousands from the several openings through which the sulphur water it supplied was exuded. It gave way to the need for more space for traffic in the Diamond and because a new water system had been arranged for the city, obviating its necessity. For almost similar reasons the Monroe Patterson well, an artesian one, which he had dug in the rear of his home on West Fifth Street and which was reached through .an alley was discontinued. For years previous to that, however, it furnished a water supply to hundreds of persons daily. Organizations.—Following the World War East Liverpool assimilated the prevailing custom elsewhere in the country of using as a means of social service and municipal service the organizations of three clubs which for a long period was a pronounced part of the city's life making for compelling initiative in various lines of uplift in the community. The Rotary Club, the first of these formed, proved a leading means of activity in the activities of the citizens of the city. Blaine Cochrane, an attorney, became its first president and H. B. Barth the initial secretary. The latter held this position for a number of years. 184 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY The Kiwanis Club soon afterwards began to function with W. A. Weaver as its pioneer head. In 1924 the Lions Club was formed and was specially active in aiding altruistic moves in and about the city. The Chamber of Commerce.—Evolving from other organizations that from time to time furthered the city's interest and development in civic, industrial and commercial lines the East Liverpool Chamber of Commerce, which is allied to the national body has for more than a decade been a contributing factor to the municipality's growth and weal. Composed of a large number of representative and public spirited citizens it has endeavored to better general conditions and to promote and develop industry and business. The Chamber "encourages all legitimate business enterprises, disseminates through the press and otherwise information relative to the advantage of East Liverpool as a field for commercial and industrial activities and as a place of residence. The organization further lends its assistance to direct public movements which have for their purpose the betterment of the community. The headquarters of the Chamber of Commerce are located in the Little Building in the heart of the city's business district." Through its efforts the approaches to the city have been greatly improved, its place as a market to outside residents highly extolled and its just claim to being "The Pottery Center of the World" advertised nationally and internationally. It has in recent years in turn brought to the city the leading proponent of agriculture, L. J. Tabor, of Columbus, 0., head of the National Grange of America; among the keenest exponents of organized labor, the late Warren J. Stone, chief of the Locomotive Engineers of Cleveland, 0. ; powerful political factor, Ex-Secretary of the Navy, Josephus Daniels, of Raleigh, N. C. ; brilliant writer and publicist, George Creel, of New York City ; famous journalist, Charles K. Knight, of Akron, 0., and prominent executive and legislator, governor, later, Senator Willis of Ohio. The Chamber of Commerce in East Liverpool developed from another body of business men with the same name and the Boosters' Club which for a period of three years prior to 1915 functioned with remarkable success in varied municipal activities chief among which was the bringing to East Liverpool in the year of 1914 of the State G. A. R. Encampment for its annual session of a week. The event attracted thousands HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 185 of visitors to the city. During it Ex-Senator Joseph B. Foraker, long a Pottery City political favorite, made his final visit to the city. Governor James M. Cox also graced the event by his presence and his successor, Frank B. Willis, then a congressman, also attended. The Boosters Club had two presidents: John C. Travis and Jason Brooks. Its continuous secretary was Harold B. Barth with Lee C. Cooper, treasurer. On Nov. 26, 1915, plans were launched for the merging of the Boosters' Club and the then Chamber of Commerce into a more active organization of the latter body with national alliance. On Dec. 6 of that year a three-day campaign resulted in the procuring of 400 members for the new organization. Early in January of 1916 the body was formed along its present lines. During the latter part of the same month G. W. Hoover, of Clarke burg, W. Va., was signed as the secretary of the organization. Offices were procured in the Little Building where they are still maintained. One year later W. I. Lewis, of Philadelphia, Pa., became the secretary of the organization and remained so until 1921. Secretary Lewis resigned to accept a similar position in Newark, 0., when H. B. Barth. former Booster Club secretary and a resident of East Liverpool. was elected to succeed him, which position he still maintains. His knowledge of local conditions plus his outside acquaintance in various lines and an unbounded energy for accomplishment has made the place and the official properly meet. The present assistant secretary, who has been with the organization for several years, is Miss Eva Wasbutsky, also of East Liverpool. C. C. Ashbaugh served as president of the organization one year. Since then Joseph Betz, has continuously acted in that capacity. In 1926 the first vice-president was Joseph Croxall, second vice-president, D. M. Ogilvie: third vice-president, J. M. Manor; treasurer, E. T. Lewis. The directors for 1926 were W. H. Vodrey, Malcoln Thompson, Frank Swaney, C. C. Ashbaugh, H. B. Barth, C. V. Beatty, Joseph Betz, J. T. Croxall, T. H. Fisher, H. M. Harker, C. W. Helyer, C. W. Hendershot, J. S. Hilbert, J. W. Irwin, F. B. Lawrence, E. T. Lewis, J. M. Manor, T. V. Milligan, J. B. McDonald, J. W. Manor and D. M. Ogilvie. The National Councillor of the organization is W. E. Wells. For a number of years The East Liverpool Business Men's Club flourished. It pioneered the way for what later took the form of the Boosters Club and the present Chamber of Commerce. 186 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY Musical Organization.—For ten years between 1915 and 1925 the East Liverpool male chorus gave a series of annual concerts that stamped it as the greatest musical departure perhaps in the city's long history. It had its inception on Thursday evening, Dec. 2, 1915 at a meeting held in the Cosmopolitan Club quarters on Washington Street following a concert the previous evening for the benefit of the newly organized St. Anne's Catholic Church in which a men's choir, under the direction of Miss Lysbeth Hamill, organist and director of the St. Aloysius choir, was assisted by the East Liverpool Ladies Quartette, composed of Mrs. J. C. Thompson, Miss Margaret Hamill, Mrs. C. H. Walker and Miss Louise Miller with Miss Marcella Geon as pianist and Miss Florence Schmelzenbach, violinist. The initial officers were : president, C. H. Cullis ; vice-president, John C. Wheatley ; secretary-treasurer, A. Plummer Capwell ; business manager, James A. Kenney. Miss Lysbeth Hamill was elected conductor and continued as such until the organization disbanded on Jan. 21, 1925, following the removal from the city of several members and the inability of others to attend rehearsals. At the time the organization was out of debt and had money in the bank, a repertoire of 300 compositions and approximately 10,000 copies of music. Its early associate members had increased from 49 to 500 by 1920. Because of the constantly increasing attendance concerts had to be transferred from the High School Auditorium to the Ceramic Theatre. The original members consisted of Leonard Williams, Joseph Wilson, Jr., I. Earle Mahan, Albert A. Taylor, Kurt Burgner, Peter Troisieme, H. A. Giroux, S. P. Capwell, P. H. Cullis, John C. Wheatley, Leonard Wheatley, Harold Brookes, Byron Ingersoll, John, William and Michael McKeever, Earl Hackenger, William McKinney, Joseph Bucher, Cyril Taylor, Robert Wheatley, Hugh Hamill, Joseph Birbeck, Earnest Purton, C. H. Walker, Sam C. Karzen, and James C. Kenney. Later through the interim there were added the following: Charles Brookes, Oliver I. Johnson, Robert L. Foutts, Albert J. Keddie, Joseph W. Lawton, Fred Worthington, Frank Buxton, John McKeever, Jr., Williard Bowman, James A. Scully, John Naughton, Robert Ewing, Hugh Dechant, Rudolph Schlander, James Gilgallon, Dr. R. R. Bode, Williard Ramsey, William Woods, Percy Frost, Matt C. Finley, Harold Parry, John Robbins, Arthur Manton, William Dunlop, Albert Manton, Rowland Kauffman, Tracy HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 187 Maxwell, Cassius Fowler, Sydney Young, William Stevenson, G. E. Eckert, Raymon Stillwell, H. Dan Smith, P. R. Thorns, Edward C. Adams, Paul Emge, Wheeler Schlaubach, John Whitlow, J. E. Hysell, Fred Smith, Clyde O. Dunn, George E. Gaumer, A. C. Strauss, Harry Brindley, Leonard Brindley, Wilbur Glenn, Alfred Jewell, Bernard Kane and Joseph Bucher. In addition to Mr. Kenney, P. H. Cullis and Dr. R. R. Bode acted as the organization's business managers. With the avowed purpose of "contributing grand opera from its own singers and developing the love of music in and about the city" the East Liverpool Male Chorus became known far and wide. During the World War it gave numerous concerts for the benefit of the Red Cross without charging a cent for expenses and thus realized many hundreds of dollars for local chapters. At every one of its regular local concerts one or more outside soloists of note and assisting artists were added to the program with the presentation from time to time of local musicians of high attainment. These included Misses Mildred Weaver, pianiste, Helen Thomas and Margherite Hamill, sister of the conductor, the latter two being students in New York City. Municipal Court.—Following the passage of a bill in the Ohio Legislature making possible such a departure East Liverpool's first municipal court, long proposed by the city's Chamber of Commerce, was installed in the third floor of the Thompson Building at Fourth and Market streets on New Year's morning of 1926. Having been elected to the position in the preceding November election former prosecuting attorney Jesse C. Hanley was inducted into office as judge, he being administered the oath of his office by Probate Judge Lodge Riddle in the absence of Common Pleas Judge James Moore who was ill. In the ceremony Judge Hanley placed his hand on the open pages of his mother's bible, Mrs. J. H. Hanley, of Fifth Street, East Liverpool. Judge Hanley's only comment upon assuming the office was: "It is my hope and sincere belief that this Court with your hearty co-operation will justify its existence." At the same time Miss Ruth Finnie qualified as Municipal Court Clerk ; Carman Hissam as Court Bailiff ; Miss Lula Bennett as Court Stenographer and Mrs. May Joseph and Thomas Hindle as Jury Commissioners. 188 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY Preceding the induction into office of Judge Hanley, Mayor-elect Ralph C. Benedum was administered the oath of his office by retiring Mayor Charles Brown. More than 100 persons attended the ceremonies attending the departure which were presided over by Attorney Blaine Cochran, president of the Columbiana County Bar Association. The invocation was made by Rev. William H. Clark, pastor of the Emmanuel Presbyterian Church, who, two weeks afterward on Jan. 14, 1926, passed away in the City Hospital following an attack of illness that seized, him in a northside street car as he was riding down town. Brief remarks were made by Attorney Blaine Cochran, Judge Lodge Riddle and Ralph W. Emmons, Columbiana County's representative to the State Legislature, who sponsored the bill that made the court possible. The Carnegie Library.—Following the initial request of Andrew Carnegie in June of 1899 by George Y. Travis, the former, who had in his boyhood days been a frequent visitor to the city, presented East Liverpool with $50,000 for the building of what has become known as The Carnegie Library at Fourth and Broadway. He stipulated that a site should be furnished and arrangements made with the municipal government for its upkeep. Accordingly the palatial home of Enoch Bradshaw was purchased by the following persons: J. J. Purinton, Robert Hall, William Erlanger, John N. Taylor, N. G. Macrum, David Boyce, T. V. Milligan, O. C. Vodrey, N. A. Frederick, George Peach, J. T. Smith, F. C. Fisher, H. N. Harker, J. N. Hanley, W. L. Thompson, S. T. Herbert, E. W. Hill, M. E. Miskall, S. J. Cripps, and G. Y. Travis, each contributing $1,000 for this purpose. Mr. Bradshaw permitted the purchase to be made for $19,500, the difference being his contribution to the project. At an election on Sept. 23, 1899, but 61 negative votes being cast against the departure, a bond issue for the sum required was agreed to and on Nov. 22, 1899, the ground was deeded to the city. Architectural plans for the building were accepted from Alphaus W. Scott in May of 1900 and the contract for its erection awarded in the following July. The building was opened to the public and dedicated on May 8, 1902. The first board of directors consisted of : John N. Taylor, W. L. Smith, J. H. Brookes, George Peach, G. Y. Travis, and Dr. George P. Ikirt. The first librarian was Miss Gertrude A. Baker, who had held a similar posi- HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 189 tion in the Mount Vernon, O., public library. The clerk of the board at this period was J. N. Hanley. At the outset 3,000 books were purchased which later were augmented by 2,000 volumes from the old public library which the Trades and Labor Council had formed in 1896 and which had been under the supervision of Miss Minta McLane as librarian. In the amalgamation of the two institutions the number of directors was increased to nine and Messrs. Thomas Collins, Jacob Weisand and A. V. Gilbert added as representatives of the Trades and Labor Council. In 1903, however, the board was decreased to the original six. In 1905 the directors included W. L. Thompson, A. S. Young, G. Y. Travis, Thomas Collins, W. N. Bailey and Henry Goodwin. In 1906 Miss Baker resigned and was succeeded by Miss Harriet Goss, of Cleveland. She served until 1914 when Miss Mary H. Hall, of East Liverpool, was chosen to the place which position she has held ever since during which the institution has acquired a total of 14,500 volumes. In 1925 the number of books circulated were 50,030 with a patronage of 114,209. In the same interim 5,212 borrowers' cards were utilized. The present directors are: George Wilhelm, Hugh Thorn, O. C. Pomeroy, W. S. Foulks, E. L. Carson and Dr. R. R. Bode. At the outset of 1926 the library had made marked progress in the acquisition of Ceramic books and magazines which exceeded those found in some schools teaching the subject. In addition the juvenile department was being greatly enlarged. In 1924 Miss Ruth M. Cartwright, of East Liverpool, became Miss Hall's assistant. City Hospital.—Initial action towards building the East Liverpool City Hospital was taken at a meeting of a number of representative women in rooms at the old Y. M. C. A. on Fifth Street on Jan. 30, 1896, at which Mrs. R. B. Watson presided. Then a permanent organization was formed with Mrs. I. Colclough as president, Miss E. P. Hazlett secretary and Mrs. D. MacDonald treasurer. The several vice-presidents included Mesdames R. B. Watson, R. B. Stephenson, M. R. McKinnon, R. L. Herbert and L. B. Curby. For a decade the body continued activity in the direction of their objective during which interim Mrs. Louis Calhoun, Mrs. Monroe Patterson, Mrs. Jacob Stein, Mrs. Henry Schreiber and Miss E. P. Hazlett acted as presidents. 190 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY They enlisted the co-operation of such men as Cols. John N. Taylor and H. R. Hill, J. C. Thompson, J. J. Purinton, Monroe Patterson, George Burford, Harry A. Keifer, L. M. Thomas, George Hamilton, William Erlanger, W. A. Andrews, F. W. Milligan, A. S. Young, I. W. Knowles, Robert Hall and David Boyce. On March 18, 1897 property belonging to William Croxall at the then Calcutta and Wall streets on the Northside was purchased as a hospital site for $3,000. Funds, however, were not available for a building. The Bradshaw orchard on Bradshaw Avenue was also considered as a place for the institution. Later, after the departure had begun to function Joseph Betz, secretary, disposed of the Croxall land after it had been platted into lots. He procured almost what had been expended therefor following a persistent effort. The records show that Col. H. R. Hill was the first male president of the association during the pre-building period. Robert Hall also acted in that capacity. Early in September of 1903 a section of the old cemetery at the foot of Fifth and Sixth streets was purchased with some additional lots abutting it and a two-story brick structure erected by Claude Nease, contractor. The institution was opened for use on Jan. 1, 1904. In the following year an elevator was added by the Academy of Physicians. The completed building had accommodations for 52 patients with 12 private rooms, the whole costing approximately $25,000. The initial president of the organization was A. S. Young ; first vice-president, Frank Milligan ; second vice-president, Mrs. Isaac Colclough ; secretary, Mrs. George Grosshans ; treasurer, Harry T. Hall. In 1913 an additional wing of three stories was added to the original hospital as the result of a bequest by William Brown of near New Cumberland, W. Va., of $10,000 to the institution. This sum was really contributed by Robert Brown, a brother, who purchased for this sum certain conditional clauses in his brother's will in order to properly settle the estate in a satisfactory manner. The trustees of the hospital added $25,000 to this sum making the general addition to the institution cost $35,000. The operating room, much larger and better equipped than the one initially utilized on the first floor of the first built section was transferred to the third floor. Quarters for the superintendent were made on the first floor of the new section and numerous additional private rooms pro- HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 191 vided for patients. Modern equipment such as the X-Ray has also been added. In 1926 the president of the East Liverpool City Hospital Association was George West and the secretary Joseph Betz. The affairs of the institutions are managed by a board of trustees of which in 1926 the president was Charles R. Boyce and Joseph Betz, secretary-treasurer. The other members of the board besides the above named officials are George West, T. H. Wilkinson, Patrick McNichol, C. C. Ashbaugh, J. Donald Thompson. Hal M. Harker, James S. Hilbert, L. M. Thomas, Sr., R. G. Thompson, J. M. Manor, Samuel B. Burgess and Frank M. Wells and G. S. Brookman, of Wellsville. Young Men's Christian Association.—Activities that eventually made the Y. M. C. A. a leading East Liverpool institution began back in the nineties. They culminated in the utilization of the building later used by the Ford Motor Company on the north side of East Fifth Street. In it was developed the strong local basket ball team that for a number of years represented the city. One of the early secretaries was Otto Largent, of Springfield, Ohio. E. J. State, of the same city, as physical director, also did significant work in developing the institution and engendering interest in it. Mr. Largent had much to do in bringing about the sentiment that culminated in the erection of the present used quarters. Following a spirited campaign in which representative citizens of all lines were engaged more than $100,000 was procured in 1911 for the building of a substantial and modern Y. M. C. A. for East Liverpool. The departure was an outstanding accomplishment. Immediately plans for the erection of the edifice was completed. A lot was procured on the present site of the Elks Lodge on Fifth Street which was sold and that on which the building now stands at Fourth and Washington streets procured. The building is of four stories. It has a mammoth gymnasium on the first floor and a large swimming pool in the basement section. Its banquet hall on the second floor has been the scene of constant utilization by religious and civic bodies. The edifice was opened to the public in the spring of 1913 with I. N. Fornell, of Jamestown, N. Y., as the initial secretary. He has been followed by A. E. Snider, former Salvation Army executive; E. K. Ben- 192 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY nett, of East Liverpool; John Kremer, of East Moline, Ill. ; J. W. Trickey, of Australia and W. H. Nagle, of Cincinnati, Ohio. Young Women's Christian Association.—On March 19, 1913, about 150 East Liverpool women engaged in a campaign for a Women's Christian Association. They asked for $5,000 for the purpose. They procured $106.58 over that sum in pledges for three years and cash amounting to $1,729. The women were divided into teams, each one of which was named for a flower. It was accordingly called "The Flower Campaign." The team leaders were: Miss Mary Irwin, Mrs. S. J. Cripps, Mrs. J. B. Elliott, Mrs. Samuel McCutcheon, Miss Anna Gardner, Mrs. Edward LaRue, Miss Anna Myer, Mrs. J. A. Stevenson, Mrs. W. L. Taylor and Miss Sarah Simms (combined), and Miss Florence Uptegraff. The campaign was in direct charge of Mrs. Samuel McCutcheon with Miss Constance McConcle, of New York City giving personal aid. Immediately thereafter the home of Miss Anna Myers on Fifth Street, the present site of The Stein Store, was leased for the departure. Its three stories furnished sufficient rooms for transients while the first floor was used as a dining hall and for recreational purposes. The institution flourished for several years when it was discontinued because of a lack of funds, during the World War. Other Organizations and Buildings.—As a memorial to his wife who had passed away two years previously the late Monroe Patterson in 1924 began the erection of a four-story structure on East Fourth, near the Carnegie Library which will be devoted entirely to the use of young women needing homes. It will be known as the Mary Patterson Memorial. Mr. Patterson himself succumbed in the fall of that year. The building process, though delayed, was carried on by the estate, but by the early months of 1926 had not been completed. The East Liverpool Lodge of Elks completed in 1916 a three-story home including a basement at a cost of about $84,000 on Fifth Street. It had previously for years occupied the third floor rooms of the Knowles Building on Washington Street. The Fraternal Order of Eagles purchased the former home of Homer Laughlin on Broadway about 1916. Improvements costing $45,000 have transformed the edifice into commodius club and lodge rooms. The home of Homer Knowles on Broadway was procured by the HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 193 Riddle Lodge of Masons in 1910. It was added to by the erection of a three-story structure in its rear to which with several additional improvements has made of it an ideal fraternal structure. The Loyal Order of the Moose purchased the old postoffice building about 1916 at Fourth and Broadway and at considerable expense transformed it into quarters ideal for the organization's activities. The city's outstanding office buildings are the Little Building in the Diamond which was erected by the heirs of the late Benjamin Little, and the Potters Savings and Loan Building on Washington St. The former is composed of 52 offices and eight business places.. It is managed by Frank Little. The latter, as the Potters' Building, is of five stories and is under direct control of the Potters' Savings and Loan Company, which occupy the first floor with entrances on Washington and Broadway. The East Liverpool Postoffice was first occupied in 1909, the structure being dedicated in 1908. It was erected at East Fifth and Broadway on a lot which the government purchased from William Brunt, Jr., for $30,000. For both site and building about $150,000 was appropriated. An addition on the south side was added to the building some years later. Just previous to the World War the John N. Taylor residence and lot on Sixth Street was purchased by the city for $40,000 with the idea of utilizing it or erecting in its stead a municipal building. Lack of finances delayed the project, it being eventually razed and the plot used as a gas station and auto depot. Early in 1926, however, the plan for a City Hall was again considered and preliminary steps taken in that direction in view of the necessity of procuring outside quarters for the recently organized Municipal Court. Parks.—In the spring of 1900 Thompson's Park was opened to the public. It is composed of 100 acres, two miles north of the center of the city. The plot comprises a gift made by Will L. Thompson, who in the deed conveying land to East Liverpool residents averred: "For the common people of East Liverpool in trust forever." The legal transfer was made on Nov. 13, 1899. Mr. Thompson after partially improving the property thus given settled $10,000 in bank, the interest of which plus an additional $1,000 contributed by the city is used to maintain it annually. Mr. Thompson stipulated in his grant that no intoxicants or intoxicated persons should (13)V1 194 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY be allowed in the park ; no horse racing with betting, no gambling of any sort and no games or sports to be allowed on Sunday. In addition Park Boulevard from St. Clair Avenue was donated and laid off and built by Mr. Thompson to the entrance of the park at a cost of $10,000. Columbian Park in the East End of the city was long used for racing, baseball and football purposes. For more than a decade no driving has been attempted there and the stables erected have been dismantled. It is still used for various athletic events, but eventually, it is believed the tract will be utilized for building purposes. Because of the withdrawal of permission to operate excursions on the Pennsylvania Railway, Rock Springs Park at Chester, W. Va., just across the Ohio River has not been the great attraction for tourists that it was in former years when almost daily thousands of persons from various outside points were wont to hold outings therein and incidently visit East Liverpool. Many of the former attractions have been destroyed, but its excellent spring, towering trees, superb swimming pool and dancing pavilion still make it the mecca of thousands during each season. What was formerly the cemetery at the foot of Fifth and Sixth streets has for years been known as City Park. The spot with numerous shade trees affords an appealing view of the hilltops of the East End section of the city as well as the beautiful bend just off Newell, W. Va., leading to Wellsville four miles away which also can be discerned in the distance. Improved at intervals the spot contributes great comfort to many during the warmer months of the year. Reservoir Park, encompassing a small section of land that adjoins and surrounds the Thompson Hill Reservoir, is owned by the city and though as yet not laid out as such furnishes an ideal spot for viewing the surpassing scenery of East Liverpool's section of the beautiful Ohio Valley. With later planted trees and shrubbery and some grading it will prove despite its small size one of the most attractive and compelling points in the entire city. Cemeteries.—The Riverview Cemetery Association was organized in 1883. Its members purchased 40 acres of land on the then Calcutta Road which is now St. Clair Avenue, which plot was augmented soon after- HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 195 wards by the acquirement of 30 acres more adjoining the original purchase. With the aid of a landscape gardener the whole was laid out for burial purposes. Situated on a hill and with a rolling and, in places, precipitous surface, the view therefrom equaling, if not transcending, any other within the city limits the cemetery has taken a high rank among those in Ohio. The first interment in the cemetery was that of Mrs. Elizabeth E. Sweinhardt on July 6, 1883. On the crest of the cemetery certain lots for the use of Civil War soldiers have been presented to the Gen. Lyon Post No. 44 of East Liverpool on which a memorial monument containing a rest room and in which are recorded the names of veterans of Liverpool Township was erected at a cost of $18,000. The officials of the association in 1905 were Noah A. Frederick, president ; J. C. Thompson, vice-president ; secretary, J. M. Kelly ; treasurer, N. G. Macrum. Spring Grove Cemetery, adjoining the Catholic Cemetery, on Pleasant Heights, has been maintained for many years. CHAPTER XII. THE POTTERY INDUSTRY ITS BEGINNING-JAMES BENNETT, THE INITIAL POTTER-AIDED BY LOCAL. MEN -THE FIRST KILN -FIRST PIECE OF WARE--FIRST STONEWARE-OTHER EARLY POTTERIES-MEN PROMINENT IN DEVELOPING THE INDUSTRY-THE GREAT POTTERY PLANTS OF TODAY. Four score and two years after its settlement during which interim the town had run the gamut of seemingly periodical, adverse situations that all but stifled entirely its progress East Liverpool and prosperity initially kissed each other in 1840 when a young man but seven cycles over his majority, following a casual steamboat conversation with James Pratt, who operated a machine shop on the late Col. H. R. Hill property at Third and Walnut streets, visited the 500-population hamlet, ran its soil through his finger tips and to his own amazement and joy found it a clay comparable to the Derbyshire, Eng., product, which, until his emigration to America in 1834, he had, as a youthful English packer, seen transformed into various articles of earthenware. The mind, the place and the raw material had met. This triumverate formed the germ which, developing by 1925, has made of the then desolate and moribund village an outstanding city known the world over as the center of the ceramic industry and the scene of the multitudinous innovations and evolutions that in this space of time has characterized pottery manufacture. Into a community that had had four separate and distinct names in as many decades ; that had been trice platted into inviting home lots ; that had lost a shipping roadway from Cleveland to Wellsville ; that had been beaten out of the county seat by New Lisbon ; that had lost a decidedly needed railway to the lake by way of Warren and Ashtabula ; that had had its commercial activities constantly circumscribed by George- - 196 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 197 town, Pa., Calcutta, Little Beaver Creek and Wells Landing down the river; that had suffered the losses of the devastating flood of 1832 and the resulting frequent withdrawal of outside capital and capitalists to say nothing of the debilitating effects of the panic of 1837, from which it was then acutely suffering, came James Bennett, 28 years old, to build the first Crockery City Ware Plant and insure for it a future that even his effervescing, optimistic vision at the moment could not foresee. Leaving his homeland, Newhall near Woodville, England, at 22, he spent three years in Jersey City, N. J., pottery. He put in a year more at similar work in Troy, Ind., and then, his health not the best, he took a river trip when a fellow traveler narrated to him the plentitude of peculiar clays in and about East Liverpool. He decided to stop off, did so, and found that his informant had not made misrepresentations of the existing facts. Minus funds he was aided by Anthony Kearns, a recent Pittsburg arrival to the town, Benjamin Harker, Sr., George Smith and M. Thompson, the latter two giving him needed credit at their store as he continued his operations. Beginning in the fall of 1839 a one-kiln plant was built on land long since washed away at the southeast corner of Second and Jefferson streets between the river and the C. & P. railway tracks. The first spade of earth for the factory was turned by Anthony Kearns and the second by Mr. Bennett himself. The main building of the concern was a two-story affair, about 20 by 40 and made of hewn timbers, covered with clap boards with a roof of shaved oak shingles. The kiln stood alone and was surrounded by a board shed. A "slip" kiln and clay grinding apparatus operated by a single horse was placed on the southeastern section of the plat utilized. Much of the space about the buildings was used to "weather" the clay by exposure to a softness as to admit of easy mixing. As erected the plant stood until the flood of 1832 destroyed it. At the initial drawing of the first kiln in 1840 W. C. Calhouns in his resume of clay industries asserts that "a great crowd assembled to witness the process and view the results of the departure." Among them was Matthew Riley and his 22-year-old daughter, Mrs. James Logan, a widow of a few months, who later became the wife of Enoch S. Bradshaw. In appreciation of her family's aid to him during the preliminary labor attending the construction of the crude plant he presented the young matron the first piece of ware extracted therefrom. It has been care- 198 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY fully preserved ever since and is now in the possession of Mrs. Olivis Bradshaw Reynolds, of Chicago, Illinois. The kiln, built by George Thomas and George Hollingsworth, brick layers, was so well constructed as to make the first contents what they were planned to be. To dispose of the product Mr. Bennett sold much of it to residents in and about the city while Isaac W. Knowles, a cabinet maker, purchased two crates and made the first outside shipment by taking his purchase down the river and disposing of it to good advantage. The whole netted for Mr. Bennett a profit of $250. The original clay for the initial manufacture was procured either from land owned by George D. McKinnon, the first white child born in Columbiana County just west of the East End of present day East Liverpool or from a plot a bit further west on the now Harker Pottery property. Convinced that he had found the right place for pottery production Mr. Bennett returned to England in the summer of 1841 and brought back to assist him his brothers, Daniel, Edwin and William, practical potters, and Edward Tunnicliff, a dishmaker. Success attended their efforts, despite the hard going that James Bennett had just experienced. Lacking shipping facilities they after three years activity in East Liverpool went to "Birmingham," now the South Side of Pittsburg, Pa., and erected and operated a pottery there. James Bennett passed away at 50 in Pittsburg. His brother Edwin, who lived until he was 90, shortly after leaving East Liverpool went to Baltimore, Md., in 1846, where he built a pottery and became wealthy. The third brother, Daniel, finally joined Edwin Bennett in Baltimore and was associated with him until compelled to retire by bad health. Though James Bennett made the first pottery in East Liverpool John Koantz had made red stoneware as early as 1817 between "Walkers" and Wellsville, while Joseph Wells at his residence made similar ware intermittently from 1826 to 1856. Phillip Brown, Oliver Griffith and Samuel Watson made crude wares in New Lisbon before 1825. The second pottery in East Liverpool was built by Benjamin Harker, Sr., grandfather of William W., and H. W. Harker, present heads of the Harker Pottery Company on the River Road in 1841. Their father, Benjamin Harker, Jr., filled in between the founder and grandchildren. The plant is thus the oldest one now in operation in the city. Lacking knowledge of pottery Benjamin Harker had much trouble HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 199 in his early manufacture. In 1842, however, he secured the services of John Goodwin, a skilled workman, who had but recently arrived from England and who far a time assisted at the Bennett plant. With Edward Tunnicliff and John Croxall, Mr. Goodwin leased the pottery. This arrangement lasted but a brief interval when Mr. Harker again assumed charge with Mr. Goodwin in his employ. His brother, George S. Harker, of England, a man of means, finally joined him and a high grade of Rockingham and yellow ware was turned out in such quantities that the product was shipped to dealers throughout the country for disposition. It became known as the "Etruria Pottery Works" and from 1847 to 1850 it operated as Harker, Taylor & Co., James Taylor, an Englishman, having allied himself with it. After the latter's retirement the concern operated as George S. Harker & Co., and when he passed away in 1862, David Boyce, son of East Liverpool's early storekeeper, and grandson of Robert Boyce, who had settled on the Spring Grove Camp Ground Site when Thomas Fawcett founded East Liverpool, directed the plant until W. W. and H. W. Harker, his sons, could assume charge. Both, in 1926, with the former's son, Robert Harker and David Boyce's nephew, Charles R. Boyce, are directing its activities following years of constantly increasing success. The third pottery was operated in the old Mansion House, Second and Washington streets, erected about 1832 by E. Carroll, of New Lisbon, who later failed in business. In 1842 James Salt, Frederick Meer, John Hancock and James Ogden formed a company and took over this building in which Rockingham and Yellow ware were made. Mr. Hancock, an Englishman and practical man, did not survive the year. Ogden soon retired and the firm name became Salt and Meer, who operated until 1850 or thereabouts when it suspended work and Mr. Salt moved away. Shortly thereafter, William G. Smith, the town's "fourth owner," then a commission merchant, induced Benjamin Harker, Sr., James Foster and his son, Daniel J. Smith to join him in its operation. The financial crash of 1857, however, caused another suspension. Then James Foster and George Garner, a "thrower" from England carried on for two years and sold out in 1859 to Samuel, Jesse, Thomas and John Croxall. The Croxall brothers had taken over the Bennett plant in 1844 and turned out ware therefrom until it was destroyed in the flood of 1852. Later they engaged in real estate business among other things and