History of Columbiana County CHAPTER I. TOPOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES. NATURAL CONDITIONS-TRANSITION FROM WILD STATE-ALTITUDES-SURFACE -HORTICULTURE-GENERAL FARMING-MAPLE INDUSTRY-STOCK RAISING AND DAIRYING-POULTRY AND OTHER PRODUCTS- MINING-COAL-IRON-GAS- OIL- GEOLOGY-FIRST TO PIPE NATURAL GAS-FIRST IRON FURNACE WEST OF THE ALLEGHENYS-MANUFACTURING-FARMS-VALUATION. From a wild, unbroken waste, inhabited by the howling wolf, the fleet-footed deer, the roaming bear and the untutored Indian, Columbiana County, comprising 534 square miles of the north-eastern end of the inviting state of Ohio, has, in the more than a century and quarter of its existence, evolved into a commanding position among its eighty-eight parts, typifying as it does the traditional progress of the pioneer in blazing the wilderness trail and out of it carving a place in the sun which by now in commercial development, industrial activity, cultural acquirement and religious assimilation has made of it a commonwealth division of superlative appeal in the richness of its past, the attainment of its present and the outlook of its future. Of rugged hillsides, many yet covered with forests, with undulating table lands and alluvial plains and numerous water-ways that are climaxed in the indolent Ohio river which skirts the shores of its two most Southeastern Townships its landscape presents a scenery of singular beauty, - 65 - (5)V1 66 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY one ever arresting the attention of the traveler and compelling favorable comparison with outstanding places of grandeur elsewhere. Majestic in their height its hills partake of the qualities of near mountains in places, the average elevation of its territory being on the whole as high as that in any county in the state. In Round Knob in Madison Township it has the fourth highest point in Ohio, it being 1,417 feet above the sea level. Those exceeding it are a hill near Bloomfield, Jefferson County, 1,434 feet, another in Richland County, 1,475 feet and Hogue's Hill, near Bellefontaine, Logan County, 1,540 above tidewater. The railway levels, usually much below the average elevation, are within its confines of unusual heights, that of Woodland Summit reaching 1,245 feet, exceeding all others, with at least fifteen more above the thousand mark. Particularly does the City of Salem stand out as among the highest towns in the state, a point of 1,334 feet being reached on Highland Avenue, one of its residential sections. The bluffs above Walkers, midway between East Liverpool and Wellsville, fronting the Ohio River and facing Newell, W. Va., just across it are 1,198.36 feet above the tidewater, their points being exactly 550 feet high in that locality inasmuch as the river there is 649 feet above the sea level. The southern part of the county is accordingly broken and hilly, the northern level and undulating with these mixed in sections of the center with frequent sections of tableland dimensions. The land for the most part is very productive. It is adapted to the growing of grains, vegetables and great and small fruit. In many parts huge orchards in recent years have been set out with resultant fine production. Based on the 1919 census Columbiana County had 207,943 apple trees of which 137,393 were bearing ; 17,706 pear trees of which 5,267 were not unproductive ; 156,209 peach trees, 110,234 of which bore and 13,164 grape vines, practically half of which were fruitful. In 1920 there were 3,586 farms noted in it, three being 500 to 999 acres in dimensions ; 51 between 260 and 499 acres 178 between 175 and 259 acres, 903 more than 100 and under 174 acres. The remainder represented those of or under 99 acres. These had a total valuation of $25,645,258, the land being held at $12,200,734 and the buildings thereon $8,555,252. Implements on them were computed as $1,662,638 in value with the average value of HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 67 all property at $7,151 ; that of land and buildings, $5,788 and of the land alone, $42.24. Of these 2,797 were operated by owners; 752 by tenants and 37 by managers. In 1920 22,502 maple trees were tapped and produced 7,124 gallons of syrup ; a total of 129,716 bushels of orchard fruits were produced and 469,445 quarts of small fruits from 253 acres utilized. The value of Columbiana County's domestic animals in 1920 was $2,977,573, it being divided as follows : horses, $846,018 ; mules, $33,488 ; asses and burrows, $115 ; cattle, beef and dairy, $1,662,109; sheep, $148,- 720; goats, $54 ; swine, $287,069 ; poultry and bees, $3,131. In 1919 6,180,- 618 gallons of milk were reported produced with 502,064 pounds of butter sold and 1,205 pounds of cheese made on the farms. Then, too, 1,312,585 dozens of eggs were reported and 246,380 chickens raised. Their total value was $839,507. There were 1,363 pounds of honey produced. In 1922 there were 385,500 bushels of wheat harvested for grain ; 885,600 bushels of corn ; 726,000 bushels of oats ; 154 tons off 110 acres of alfalfa ; 96,200 tons of hay ; 3,720 bushels of buckwheat, 17,969 bushels of rye and 716 bushels of barley. The then total value of all crops was $5,971,273. In 1849 Columbiana County was the greatest wool producing section in Ohio and was then exceeded by but three or four in the entire union. By 1919 its 16,647 sheep produced 130,868 pounds of wool, valued at $91,282. The county is rich in minerals, coal, clay, salt, iron ore and sandstone. Oil and gas are found in varying quantity throughout it. Early salt wells along Little Yellow Creek was a pioneer industry ; the advent of the railroad in 1852 developed the mining of coal at Salineville, which later became a marked industry near Salem and Lisbon and at Washingtonville, East Fairfield, New Waterford, Elkton, Teegarden, Negley and West Point and at Leetonia coke was manufactured in quantities. The Columbiana coal are all of the bituminous type, varying greatly in sulphur, slate and other substances. All of the eight veins found have for the most part clays beneath them of a thickness from one to twenty feet. It is of good quality and well adapted for sewer pipe, drain tile, ornamental designs or hollow ware of most classes. From it too a fine grade of fire brick is made. In 1860 oil was discovered at Smith's Ferry, Pa., just across the state 68 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY line, and later oil and gas in varying quanties were found nearby in Columbiana County. In and about Salineville, Homeworth, Salem and Lisbon gas and oil were eventually found. By 1905 nearly every point in the county was reached by natural gas and for many years in addition artificial gas was manufactured in Wellsville, Salem, East Liverpool and New Lisbon. In its 1880 edition the Encyclopedia Brittanica gives credit to East Liverpool as being the first community in the world to pipe natural gas for fuel and lighting purposes. This was begun in 1874. Columbiana County is distinctively a manufacturing center, pottery being produced in great quantities as in no other section in the world in East Liverpool, Wellsville and Newell and Chester, W. Va., just across the Ohio River. Also ware plants are located in Lisbon and Salem. Gideon Hughes, a Quaker-Welshman, built the first iron furnace west of the Allegheny mountains in 1807, it being located one mile northwest of New Lisbon on Beaver Creek. It was called "The Rebecca" in honor of his wife. Pig iron was made for a time and by 1817 wrought iron was turned out. He failed in 1830 and joined the Shakers' Society at Lebanon, Ohio. For a time it was operated by Benjamin Wilson, Perry Doyle and others. The plant was later abandoned. Pig iron was made from a furnace in St. Clair Township in 1840 and two years previously Ferdinand Keffer had a foundry in East Liverpool. Salem, Columbiana, Wellsville, and Leetonia early had furnaces. A rolling mill has later become one of the chief industries of Wellsville. By 1920 there were 3,586 farms in Columbiana County. Of these there were three consisting of more than 500 and less than 1,000 acres. Those between 50 and 100 acres numbered 1,212. All had a total value of $25,645,258, the land alone being held worth $12,200,734. The implements and machinery were held at $1,662,638. The average worth of all this property including land and buildings was $7,151. Of these also 1,680 were reported free from mortgage debt. Owners operated 2,797 of them, tenants 752 and managers 37. The approximated land areas of the above farms totaled 288,847 acres of which 213,157 acres were improved land and 40,255 were woodlands. The total land area of the county is 341,760 acres. The total number of homes in the county in 1920 was 20,836. Of these 8,818 were rented. HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 69 East Liverpool, the county's largest city, ranked third in Ohio in 1920 in the utilization of the English-Celtic mother tongue, the percentage of the population so using being 90.2 per cent, it being surpassed in this respect only by Zanesville and Lima. The total tax valuation of the county in 1924 was $110,529,820 with the average tax rate being $23.15. The county's total of all debts in 1923 was $6,108,684. Its population in 1920 was 83,131, the per cent of increase during the 1910-20 decade being 8.5 with 155.7 persons inhabiting its area per square mile. The number of manufacturing establishments in the county total 215 when the 1920 census was made with 12,663 wage earners, the wages amounting to $15,537,697 annually, the value of products reaching $61,100,183, and the value added by manufacture being $32,995,926. CHAPTER II. ORGANIZATION OF COUNTY. FORMED MARCH 25, 1803-NAME-EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS-FIRST COUNTY SEAT -FIRST COUNTY OFFICERS-FIRST ATTORNEYS-FIRST COURTHOUSE AND JAIL AT LISBON-SIZE OF COUNTY REDUCED-TOWNSHIPS ORGANIZED-INDIANS WHO OCCUPIED THIS TERRITORY-KILLING OF CHIEF WHITE EYES-ADAM AND ANDREW POE-COLONEL BOQUET'S EXPEDITION. Columbiana County was formed from Jefferson and Washington counties on March 25, 1803. Kilbourn, in his "Gazetter" avers: "Columbiana Is a fancy name, taken from the names Columbus and Anne". Evidently they were meant to honor Christopher Columbus and Queen Anne. It is said that a member of the Ohio Legislature wanted to add "Maria" to it so that the territory should be known as "Columbiana-Maria." Its residents are largely of English, German, Scotch, Irish, Jewish, Welsh and Italian extraction. In all there are, according to the 1920 census, 6,983 foreign-born white residents in the county. The bill making a county of what is now Columbiana was signed by Gov. Edward Tiffin on April 16, 1803. At the outset it was composed of the larger part of the present Carroll County, all of Stark to the Tuscarawas River, including the sites of the cities of Canton and Massillon and five southern townships of Mahoning County. In its initial year as a state entity there were but five sub-divisions in it : Springfield, Middleton, St. Clair, Salem and Center townships. The earliest settlement in it was made in 1792 or the following year by John Quinn, a hunter, who located near Calcutta in St. Clair Township and built a cabin there from where he pursued his vocation for a considerable period. About this time Col. Boquet established a camp in Middleton Township as he pursued Indians. Perhaps a Mr. Carpenter, who cleared - 70 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 71 a tract of land near West Point in 1797 had the best claim to being the first permanent settler in the territory. The first county seat of government and justice was located in the barn of Mathias Lower in Fairfield Township on July 26, 1803, when a Common Pleas court session was held by Gov. Tiffin's appointees, Calvin Pease, President Judge assisted by Associate Judges William Smith, Henry Bachman and Robert Simison. Obadiah Jennings, appointed by the Grand Jury, became the first prosecuting attorney and John Crozer the initial sheriff. Reasin Beall of Steubenville was appointed clerk. On Nov. 29, 1803, the court again convened in New Lisbon, sessions being held in the tavern of Christian Smith. One of the first cases in the present county seat was a riot charge against James Glass, George Hooten, Thomas Bruce and Noah Anderson. They gave bail for their appearance, Adam Poe being the surety until the following June. It probably consisted of a hide of some of his game trophies inasmuch as the record states "bail piece is in the room of Adam Poe." In the same month John Milligan was elected to the State Senate and Richard Beeson to the lower house of the State Legislature which met in the then capital, Chillicothe. The first attorneys admitted to the bar in Columbiana County were James Allison, John B. Gibson and Robert Moore on March 27, 1804. The first courthouse and jail in Lisbon were log structures which were built on lot No. 66 at a cost of $150. This was authorized by the grand jury in September, 1803. In 1817, a new courthouse was built at a cost of $5,000. This building was located on the northwest corner of the square. It was destroyed by fire in 1884. The present structure was built at an approximate cost of $130,000. Since the county was organized its territory has been reduced at three different times. It lost a part of its territory in 1808, when Stark County was erected a part in 1832, when Carroll County was organized, and part in 1845, when Mahoning County was constituted. All that part of Columbiana west of the fifth range was cut off and given to Stark. The new county of Carroll took from Columbiana the townships Saline, Fox, Augusta and East. To the new county of Mahoning was given the townships Springfield, Beaver, Green, Goshen and Smith, except the four sections of Green and Goshen, which had been surrendered in 1832, to Perry Township. 72 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY The board of county commissioners, in 1833, altered the boundary lines of Wayne, Franklin and Saline townships as follows : Sections 6, 7, 18, 19, 30 and 31 were taken from Wayne and attached to Franklin ; sections 32, 33, 34, 35 and 36 were taken from Wayne and attached to Saline, now Washington. The members of the board of commissioners at that time were Michael Arter, Isaac Wilson and John Smith. By order of the board of commissioners, in 1832, Perry Township was erected, by taking sections 5, 6, 7 and 8 from Saline Township ; sections 29, 30, 31 and 32 from Green Township ; sections 25, 26, 35 and 36 from Goshen Township ; and sections 1, 2, 11 and 12 from Butler Township. The township of Liverpool was organized in 1834, and was composed of fractional township 5, of range 1, which had been a part of St. Clair, and other sections taken from St. Clair were added as follows: Sections 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36. The eighteen townships, which now constitute the county, were organized on the dates as follows: St. Clair, Salem, Middleton and Center, in 1803 ; Unity, Yellow Creek, Elkrun, Fairfield, Wayne, Hanover and Butler, in 1806 ; Knox, in 1808 ; Madison, in 1809 ; West, in 1814 ; Franklin, in 1816 ; Washington, as Saline, in 1816 ; Perry, in 1832, and Liverpool, in 1834. Before the advent of white men into it the Wyandottes, Delaware and Mingo tribes of Indians occupied Northeastern Ohio and included Columbiana County as a part of their residential and hunting grounds. They visited the new settlements as they were established and were even befriended by the white men which instances enlisted reciprocal regard. The last Indian slain in the county was Chief White Eyes, in 1797, who, intoxicated, attempted to tomahawk the seventeen-year-old son of a pioneer named Carpenter at his home near West Point, where he had stopped ostensibly for water. The lad, chased around the house by the infuriated red man, suddenly darted into the house, procured a gun and fatally wounded the visitor. An Indian outbreak was feared. The boy, arrested, was cleared of the charge of murder in Steubenville and White Eyes' wife placated by the gift of $300 that was donated by three white men. In 1782 Adam and Andrew Poe engaged with others in an expedition against the Indians during which the former ended the life of Chief Big Foot at a point just below Yellow Creek on the Ohio river during which HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 73 Andrew Poe was severely wounded. This was one of the most notable encounters of the Indians and white men near Columbiana County. In 1764 Col. Henry Boquet and 1,500 men pursued through Columbiana County hostile Indians. They followed no waterway, but struck directly through the tractless forest with the manifest object of overawing the Indians by the sight of their numbers and force. They carried their provisions save meat, which was procured from the country along the way. They are said to have camped at the foot of a beautiful knoll near Negley, the camp being known as Camp Boquet. Many captured prisoners were returned by the Indians following the peace that came with the end of the expedition. CHAPTER III. TOWNSHIPS AND VILLAGES. BUTLER TOWNSHIP-DAMASCUS- AVINONA VALLEY-CENTER TOWNSHIP- ELK - RUN TOWNSHIP-ELKTON-FAIRFIELD TOWNSHIP-COLUMBIANA- MIDDLETON- AND EAST FAIRFIELD-FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP-SUMMITVILLE-HANOVER TOWNSHIP- HANOVERTON-GUILFPRD -DUNGANNON - KENSINGTON - KNOX TOWNSHIP- NORTH GEORGETOWN-HOMEWORTH. Butler Township lies on the northwestern quarter of Columbiana County on the northern border. It has an area of 32 square miles. It is well dotted with fertile farms on its hilly uplands. The lands is conducive to general farming and stock raising. Its numerous streams find egress to the Mahoning and Little Beaver Creeks, making admirable drainage. William Whinnerry entered Section 27 in 1800 or 1801 and with his six sons, Robert, John, Thomas, James, William and Zimri, became the first settlers in it, they taking permanent possession by 1806. Other early residents included David Burson and John Johnson who located therein in 1803. William and James Randels in 1806, Henry Woolf and family in 1804, Isaiah Harris and family of seven in 1806, Garrett Campi and family of Germany in 1804, John and Hugh Burns, Jacob Gaunt and Phillip Irey in 1805. William Hereford, John Cappock, Samuel, Aaron and Keziah Woolman, Jesse Lynch, Jesse Walton, Obadiah Crew and Jacob Schriver all established themselves in the township in 1806 and William Kennett, James French and Daniel Burns arrived in the interim before 1820. Authority for the organization of the township was given by the legislature in 1806. The first and second volumes of the records, however, were lost. The third begins with 1839 and show that the trustees - 74 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 75 to have been from that year to 1841 : Joseph Coffee, Jonathan Walton and John Elliott. Its leading villages are Damascus, Winona and Valley. The latter was established in 1809 by John Emrich. He erected a large grist mill therein which was utilized for many years thereafter. Winona became a postoffice in 1868 with James Dean as the first postmaster. Damascus was platted in 1808 by Horton Howard, agent for its proprietor, a Mr. Hooper, of Pennsylvania. Damascus lies in the midst of a fertile agricultural community. It has two Friends' Churches, the "Gurney" and the "Wilber" beside the yearly meeting house with a seating capacity of 1,000 though 1,500 are occasionally accomodated at the large sessions held in it. The first yearly meeting in the place was held in 1864 or 1865. Previously the meeting had alternated with Mount Pleasant. The first meeting house of Friends was erected in the village in 1805, before it was platted. It was a small, primitive structure of logs. Its first ministers were Joshua Lynch, of New Jersey, and Catlett Jones, of Virginia. In 1827 a commodius building of brick was erected on the same site. This was blown down in a storm in April 14, 1856, but it was rebuilt almost at once and became known as "The Old Brick Meeting House." On the matter of discipline the church membership split in 1854 but the spirit of brotherly love persisted while six different factions worshipped at different intervals in the early structure. After the blowing down of the first brick building the Wilbers erected their own church edifice. William Woolf contributed five acres of land for burial and the plot in Damascus became the first for the purpose in the township. The first marriage in the settlement was performed on Christmas Day of 1806 when Keziah Woolman was the groom and Abraham Warrington, Jr., the officiating official. The ceremony was performed in the Friends' Meeting House in Damascus. Organized in 1803 Centre Township was given its name because of its location in the county. In the northern section the land is rolling and fertile. Elsewhere its surface is much broken by precipitous hills. The middle fork of Beaver Creek crosses the township, cutting off the northeast third of the division. Coal, fire clay and excellent building sandstone are found in quantities within its confines. Oil and gas have also been 76 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY procured in considerable quantities. For a time also, much iron ore was procured. Its saline wells in former days were productive of a great quantity of salt. Cement also has been obtained, its manufacture having been one of the community's greatest industries for a long period. Lewis Kinney laid out Lisbon in Feb. 16, 1803, following his settlement in the township the previous year. With the idea of securing later the county seat he set off a number of lots where was built in time the Union School. He was induced to change this location to the present Public Square. On it was built the court houses that have been utilized for county purposes ever since. He also contributed the first block for the use of the town as a cemetery. The township history is strongly intertwined with the commercial development of Lisbon, the county seat. Its adjacent farmers have been prosperous with the years and the city has grown into a community that is rich in tradition of great personages developed with the further advantage of being an ideal place in which to live with its fine homes, excellent churches and law abiding residents. Elkrun Township, broken by rough hills, has fertile valleys. The Middle Beaver is the principal stream. It was first settled in 1800 by John Snyder and others. Among the latter were Levi Haines, John Gardner with his five sons, Jason Morlan, William Neal, Benjamin Harrison and sons, William and Latham James Cowgill, Nathan Heald, William Siddell, Gilbert Williamson, Smith Bell, Isaiah Morris, whose wife lived to be 102 years of age, Hugh Pike, Alexander McCoy, Frederick Zeppernick, William Caldwell, Henry Walter, Robe Whan and Thomas Hawkins. The township was organized in 1806. The Village of Elkrun was platted on April 30, 1835, by County Surveyor J. G. Williard. Its post-office was established in 1845, George Kemble being the first postmaster. On Aug. 11, 1861, Elkton elevated but a few feet above the level of Middle Beaver Creek and Elkrun, which formed a confluence near, suffered a flood that was so rapid in formation that the water stood eight feet over Canal Street, its principal thoroughfare and four persons lost their lives: Mrs. Susan Kemple, mother of the founder of the village, aged 73; her grandson, Alonzo Hawkins, 15 ; Mrs. John Huffman and her two year old child. The destruction to property was great. In 1810 the Society of Friends established the first meeting house in the township on the piece of land contributed by Isaac James. In 1828 HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 77 some of these joined the "Hicksites." The Methodists formed an organization in 1814. Rev. Joshua Monroe was active in this initial work of the denomination. The Bible Christians some time later became active in the townships. John Paxton occasionally administered to the society. In 1828 the first meeting house was built at Church Hill. In 1840 a fund was raised for what became known as the "Elkton Free Church," which was built and dedicated to the use of a Christian denomination under proper restrictions. Through the munificence of Alfred Dickey this structure was supplanted by another in 1870. In 1842 the people of Elkton built the White House, a frame structure which was erected alongside the Free Church for Sunday Schools, singings, township meetings and other public gatherings. It was contributed to by persons in all sections of the township. Fairfield Township was organized in 1805. It is township 12, range 2 in the northern border of the county. Its entire area is susceptible to cultivation. Its surface is level in the northeast, undulating in the center and hilly in the southern portion. It has no large, but many small streams and its soil is favorable to fruit growing of which a great deal is done. Mathias Lower, a native of Maryland, was the first settler, he locating in the Valley of Bull Creek in 1800. With William Heald he afterward purchased section 23, the former taking the northern part. In the barn of Mr. Lower, the first session of the Columbiana Common Pleas Court was held in the fall of 1803. This building was destroyed when struck by lightning in 1898. Several of Mr. Lower's descendants lived in and about Columbiana for a number of years and some still reside there. These included George Mathias and Samuel Lower, Mrs. Bradfield, Mrs. Trucksass, Mrs. Gleckler and Mrs. Gilbert. William Heald was a surveyor. He afterwards removed to Cedar County, Iowa. This was about 1850. He died in 1867 at the advanced age of 100 years and eight months. Other early settlers were Samuel Oliphant, William Farrell of Virginia, John and Isaac James, Joseph Bradfield and the Holloway family, who came from Virginia. The Village of Columbiana is located in Fairfield Township. It was incorporated as a village in 1856 with George Lamb as mayor. It was laid out by Joshua Dixson in 1805 after settling in the locality in 1902 following his leaving his former home in Brownsville, Pa. He contributed eleven children to the community's population. All later became prominent. 78 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY Nicholas Firestone arrived in the place in 1803 from Virginia. He was the forbearer of the famous Firestone family of the present day, who have been so prominent in rubber and tire activities in and about Akron and other world points. Robert Hanna settled in Section 10 prior to the arrival of Mr. Firestone. His son, Benjamin Hanna, who later removed to Lisbon and became the father of Dr. Leonard Hanna, the father of Mark Hanna, was the first person married in Columbiana and Fairfield townships. His bride was Miss Rachel Dixson. With Jesse Allen Benjamin Hanna conducted the first store in the settlement in 1812. Joseph Wallace, Moses Copeland and Jonathan Esterly were also early merchants. John Young was the first justice of the peace as well as the initial apothecary. Though the village was not incorporated until 1856 a charter was granted it in 1837 when out of a total of 21 votes cast William Hickman was elected mayor and Samuel Nichols recorder. The charter had to be surrendered in 1842, but with the acquirement of the railroad spirit incorporation was had fourteen years later with George Lamb becoming the mayor and Jonathan Esterly, recorder. Mails were initially received by stage from Pittsburgh and Wooster, Ohio. The first postoffice was installed in 1809 with John Dixson as postmaster. The town has consistently grown until it has numerous factories of various kinds. The Columbiana Union School was formed in 1858 as a special district with David Woods, Jacob Greenamyer and Michael Henry as trustees. The first trustees of the township were : Robert Hanna, Caleb Cope and Nicholas Firestone. Among the early settlers of Fairfield Township the Friends largely predominated. They organized the first religious organization in the township. This branch took several forms finally. In time The Evangelical Lutherans, The Grace Reformed Church, The Methodists, Presbyterians, Disciples and other denominations erected worship places. Columbiana has its own water works and electric light plants. There are a number of important manufacturing plants here and retail business enterprises and the professions are well represented here. Population in 1920 was 2,144. HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 79 Moses Curry is believed to have been the first settled physician in Columbiana. Other physicians who practiced long and quite successfully were : Drs. Gustavus Allen, John B. Preston, John McCook, John C. Levis, Gideon Wansettler, Enoch Cloud, Eli Sturgeon, George Willand, Nicholas Sampsell, D. Beard, Sylvanus Fisher and A. C. Yengling. Dr. Yengling removed to Salem. Other Columbiana physicians were: Drs. John Metzger, Daniel Deemer, George S. Metzger, A. L. King, J. B. Thompson, Enos Greenamyer, John B. Weaver and Charles Orr. Among the early settlers of Fairfield Township, the Friends largely predominated. They founded a religious society which was the first in the township, and was the second Monthly Meeting of the Friends in Ohio. In 1803 a delegation was appointed by the Redstone Quarterly Meeting of Pennsylvania to visit the new settlement and organize what was afterwards known as the "Middleton Monthly Meeting of the Society of Orthodox Friends." The same year a log house was built near the center of section 26, which was used as a place of worship until 1810, when a brick house was built in Middleton. This was destroyed by fire in 1858, and a frame structure erected in its stead. A school for instruction in the common English branches was maintained by the Friends at Middleton for many years. The membership of the Middleton Meeting was reduced by the formation of societies in adjoining townships, and by deflections to other factions and denominations. To accommodate those living in the northern part of the township a social meeting house was built of logs, before 1820, in what was afterward the Friends' graveyard in Columbiana. For a time worship, held according to the custom of the Orthodox branch, was maintained, but most of the members in that part of the township became Hicksites, and meetings were held by that organization. And so the Hicksite Friends' Meeting of Columbiana may be said to have a distinct history since 1832. The regular Monthly Meeting was discontinued in 1867. The Carmel Meeting of the Orthodox Friends was organized in Middleton about 1810. In that year a log meeting house was built on a lot donated by Jacob Heacock, and was used until 1835, when a new one was built, which was partially destroyed by fire in 1845. The first Monthly Meeting at Carmel was on December 12, 1817. The monthly meetings were discontinued in 1854, nearly all the old members having either died 80 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY or removed. However, the Friends living in that neighborhood held monthly meetings in Middleton, after that date, and in 1828 the Hicksites formed a separate Meeting in Elkrun Township. Here until about 1845 the meetings were well attended, but soon after that date members began to remove, and after December, 1851, no monthly meetings were held. The Carmel Monthly Meeting for Women was established in 1820, but discontinued in 1840. About the year 1813 a Reformed Church missionary from the East by the name of Mahnesmith visited the northeastern section of the State, preaching in Columbiana and Mahoning counties. This missionary's labors continued with greater or less regularity at Columbiana until about 1830. August 13, 1814, the "School and Meeting House Society of Columbiana" was organized, the object of which was to build a house on a lot granted the society by Joshua Dixson, "proprietor of the town of Columbiana." The only conditions of fellowship required in this society were a "practical conformity to the principles of equity, and that every member shall be considered as possessing in himself an orginal and inalienable right to believe and worship God as his own conscience may dictate, without being called into question by any of the other members." It was "allowed for any licensed preacher that preaches the Gospel of Jesus Christ in purity to preach in the above meeting house, if he makes application to the trustees ; and should it happen that application should be made for two preachers in one day, let the one preach in the forenoon and the other in the afternoon, so that none may meet a disappointment." The house built by this society was of hewed logs and stood on the lot afterward occupied by Grace Reformed Church. In 1821 a movement was started by the Lutheran and Reformed congregations to build a new union church. The effort succeeded in 1822 in which year the building was dedicated. Each congregation had its own pastor, elders and deacons, but the trustees, a secretary and a treasurer were elected annually by the congregations in joint meeting. The house occupied the site where Grace Reformed Church afterwards stood. After the separation of the two congregations— Reformed and Lutheran—the latter worshiped in the old Methodist meeting house. A few years later they built a fine house of worship of brick in the southern part of the village, which received the name of "Jerusalem Church." In 1905 Grace Reformed Church had no settled pastor. Rev. G. A. Uber was pastor of the Lutheran Church. HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 81 Application for the formation of a church organization for Columbiana was made to the Presbytery of New Lisbon in May, 1865. Accordingly the church was organized May 13, 1865, with 13 members. In July, William C. Faulkner, a licentiate, began his ministry with the church. The first meetings were held in School Hall, but in 1867 a frame building was erected by Hiram Bell for the society. Rev. J. F. Kirkbride was pastor of the church in 1905. In 1834 a small meeting house was built on the Petersburg road, in the edge of Columbiana, which was intended primarily for the Methodists, but was to be free for other denominations when not occupied by the former. This house was used until 1859, when the brick building on the lower part of Main street was erected by the denomination. In 1873 a parsonage was built on the lot adjoining on the south. A temporary organization of the Disciples faith was effected December 29, 1876. Meetings were thereafter held in School Hall, and in January, 1878, a hall on Main street was fitted up by the society as a place of worship. The society afterward adopted the name of the Christian Church of Columbiana. The removal of a number of the members to other points brought about the abandonment of the organization before the close of the century. However, about 1898, a new organization was effected. Methodist meetings were held in East Fairfield as early as 1835. An organization was formed a few years later. About 1842 a small house of worship was built, which in 1876 was replaced by a larger and more presentable edifice. About 1825 a society was organized at East Fairfield, which assumed the name of "Primitive Christians" and worshiped according to the forms of that body for several years. They built a meeting house on a lot which later formed a part of the cemetery. In February, 1828, ministers of the Disciples Church held a series of meetings which resulted in many conversions, and in the adoption by the society of the tenets of the Disciples. The old meeting house was used until 1851, when a brick edifice was built. A little earlier than 1840 a meeting house was built of logs on the farm of Elias Holoway, on section 29, which was at one time occupied by a flourishing congregation. It was known as the Bethel Methodist Episcopal Church. The congregation disbanded prior to 1860. (6)V1 82 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY In 1835 the people of the western part of the township built a small meeting house, in which a society of Bible Christians and others worshiped, the latter belonging chiefly to the "Church of God." In about 10 years this home was removed to section 20, three-quarters of a mile northeast of its original location. Then the title to the new property was vested in Samuel Ney, David Galbraith and Samuel Heaton and their successors, as trustees, "To be free to all sons and daughters of Adam." The Mennonite denomination built a log house of worship, near the west line of section 7, Fairfield Township, about 1828, for the use of people of their faith in that township and of Beaver Township, Mahoning County. The log building was replaced in 1873 by an unpretentious structure of brick. In 1905 it still occupied a beautiful knoll surrounded by stately forest trees. Middleton was originally platted by William Heald soon after the settlement of the township, to embrace the southeast corner of section 23. It was always well supplied with churches and schools, with a few shops for mechanical industries in a small way, and with several stores at different times. In 1905 the population was less than 200. The inhabitants generally engaged in fruit culture. East Fairfield was laid out in 1803, on the southeast quarter of section 36. It is the oldest village in the township but never having had a railroad it was outstripped by its neighbors with less natural advantages. It contained a good school house, two churches and a public hall, with a population of nearly 300. The postoffice is one of the oldest in the county. The village was on the old stage route, and was supplied with mail earlier than 1809. The first permanently located physician was Gustavus Allen. The father of William McKinley was in the foundry business in East Fairfield before 1850. William King settled Franklin Township in 1804. It has healthful climate and is well adapted for agricultural purposes with its undulating surface, small streams and but few high hills. William Laughlin and Phillip Willyard arrived in the locality in 1805. Other early residents were: Thomas Ferguson, Robert Smith, Hugh McElroy and his mother, James McQuilken, William Winder, Samuel Reeder, Samuel Brown, James Anderson, William Knepper, Thomas Fife, Anthony Dunleavy, John Morrison, and Matthew McGuin. HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 83 Its principal village, Summitville, was platted by Peter Friedt in 1853. Its name is due to its altitude, it being on the highest point of the heaviest grade on the C. & P. railroad. Millport, two miles north of Summitville was laid out by Phillip Willyard and Hugh Laughlin. On Camp Run it is said that Gen. Mad Anthony Wayne once camped for a night, the identical spot in which he pitched his tent being known. William Laughlin, the first justice of the peace in the township, performed the initial marriage ceremony in it with Henry Hull, of Wayne Township, as the groom and no records preserved of his bride. However, the justice's fee of three bushels of corn was remembered by those contributing the historical data. John Willyard had the distinction of serving the township as justice of the peace from 1828 to 1875 with the single intermission of one year. James McQuilken was the township's first blacksmith and Thomas Ferguson, the first shoe maker. The families of Phillip and Mary McQuilken used the first looms in it. John Morrison was the initial carpenter while Phillip Willyard, Andrew Sweeney and Hugh Brennon were the first, it is said, to make whiskey within its confines. Franklin Township was organized in 1816 with 36 sections, but when Carroll County was organized in 1832 it was deprived of three rows of sections on the west, but was compensated by one row of sections from Wayne Township leaving it but 24 sections with an area of four miles east to west and six miles north to south. The first poll book was made in 1816 by James B. Morrison, who was the township's first elected constable. Rev. James Robertson organized the first Presbyterian Church in the township though Revs. Clement Vallandingham and Mr. Robertson had previously preached in it. In 1822 the first church building was erected by the denomination, which in 1855, was replaced by another of larger dimensions. As early as 1838 Roman Catholics held worship on the McAllister farm. There a church was built known as The McAllister Church. It was attended also by persons from Hanover and Centre Townships. In 1841 a log building, originally intended for a store in Summitville, was purchased and remodled into what became known as •St. John's Church which for years was maintained as a mission point in which priests from other churches held services. In 1848 a brick structure, costing $10,000, 84 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY was erected. The first pastor was Rev. James Conlon. He was followed by Revs. James Kennedy, Francis Stoker, Michael Prendegast, Thomas Welsh, D. Tighe, P. J. McGuire, D. A. Kelly, E. J. Murphy and others. Beginning in 1818 the Friends held services in the township, but they were finally discontinued. In 1812 James Barr, the first school teacher, began his work in a schoolhouse erected on Section 2 while it was still government land. Matthew McGuire entered the land and tried to sell the building on it, but the settlers refused to buy it and built a second school house on the land of William Laughlin. William Kneppert and Patrick Smith taught in the new school house. Scholars in those days paid $1.50 per quarter as tuition. Hanover Township, six miles square as it was originally laid out, is hilly and picturesque, has good soil and a large area of coal deposit. It was organized in 1806. In that year William Winder settled in section 33. He was followed in turn in nearby sections by William Rhodes, Samuel Reeder and Benjamin Stackhouse. Andrew Millburn occupied what is now Kensington in section 31. Other early settlers prior to 1808 were Joseph Rhodes Stephen McBride, John Rupert, Phillip Fox, David Wyley, John Sinclair, Frederick Bayard, a great hunter, Griffith John, Joseph Milner and Joseph Craig. In 1812 Mr. and Mrs. Jonas Murray arrived as did Thomas Robertson, Samuel Fugat, George Brown, Price Keith. The earliest inn-keepers were William Nixon and Owen Williams. In 1807 Amos Frost and Nicholas Miller settled in the eastern end of the township and Joseph Dutton and Levi Miller arrived in it in 1810. Within the boundaries of the township are five villages: Hanover-ton, New Garden, Guilford, Dungannon and Kensington. Hanoverton, first called Hanover, was laid out in 1813 by James Craig. Michael Arter removed to Hanoverton from New Lisbon in 1817. He lived in the town for 62 years when he passed away. He became the mayor of the village in 1836 when the village was incorporated. He early took a pronounced stand against slavery and assisted in the escape of numerous slaves, Hanoverton being a station in the "Underground Railroad." James Craig, organizing a co-operative company, kept the first store in the town. George Sloan and Charles Pope also followed as merchants. HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 85 The latter committed suicide for some unknown cause. In 1834 prospects loomed brightly for the village when additional land was laid in it. The panic of 1837 gave the boom a backset which was revived in 1845 when the canal seemed certain of being an asset but its failure two years later caused a retrogression from which it did not entirely recover. On the old state road in what is now New Garden, James Waugh kept a tavern in 1815. Five years previously Benjamin Saunders and Jacob Ritter laid out New Garden. James Graham was the postmaster for forty years. Kensington was platted in 1852 by William Holland and Robert Miller. It was first named Maysville, but this was changed to New Kensington in 1876. Jacon Dutton was the first railroad agent in the town and B. C. Battin the initial hotel keeper, he starting in 1859. The initial church in the township was that by the Society of Friends which was organized by the Rev. James Robertson in 1830. He became its first pastor and the leader of the faction that formed the Free Presbyterian Church when the members differed on the slave question. William Craig, passed away in 1808, was the first person buried in the Friends Cemetery, the initial one so utilized in the township. Dungannon was organized as a hamlet in 1838 when George Sloan purchased 20 acres on section 35. He named the place for his native town in Ireland. Many of the early inhabitants of the place were Catholics ; in it they organized St. Phillip's Church in 1814 and thirteen years later an edifice of worship was erected on the site of the Catholic cemetery. In 1847 a large brick building was erected within the town at a cost of 515,000 and services thereafter held in it. Like Hanoverton and Guilford, Dungannon suffered in the failure of the Sandy and Beaver canal. In time Methodists, Disciples, Presbyterians, Lutherans and other denominations organized congregations and built churches which with the years were substituted by large ones that were needed for the growing memberships. Knox Township, slightly rolling and well adapted to farming and grazing, is well drained by the Mahoning River and its tributaries. It was settled in 1804 by John Thomas and his large family who entered claims on Sections 27, 28 and 29. He passed away in 1818, aged 73. He was a native of Pennsylvania ; Jacob Shaffer arrived also in the same year. The early settlers included Cornelius Sheehan, James Johnson, James Beer and his son, the Rev. Joshua Beer, Christian Dellenbaugh and his 86 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY son, Dr. John Dellenbaugh, who practiced his profession in the township for 28 years, Daniel Borton and Samuel Hoffman. Knox Township was organized June 14, 1808 with Jacob Crumbacher and Benjamin Anderson as the first trustees. The first regular divine services in the township were held in the summer of 1816 in the woods near the site later occupied by the Middle Sandy Presbyterian Church. It was in charge of the Rev. Robert Semple of the Hartford, Conn., presbytery. In Nov. 10, 1821 the Presbyterian Church was formed by Rev. John Core, of the same presbytery. A church was built in 1825 and another in 1853. The Baptists built a church in 1860 in Section 27, after beginning meetings in 1810. It became one of the largest denominations in the township. The Disciples held informal services as early as 1830 as did the German Reformed and Evangelical Lutherans; the Methodist Episcopal in 1840. The first log school house was used in 1806, it being located in Section 29 and built by Samuel Thomas. The teacher was Thomas Anderson. By 1860 the township had been divided into 12 school districts. North Georgetown was laid out in 1830 by John Whiteleather and George Stiger. John Weaver, in 1828, built the first log house on the site. Homeworth was laid out in Aug. 28, 1851 by its proprietors, Jonas Ruff, Samuel Fox and Jacob Williams. The first named erected the first hotel in 1852. He placed over the door the words : "Call and see Jonas Ruff." Several houses had been erected on the site as early as 1840. The postoffice of the place was known as "Sandy postoffice" up to 1869. It was given impetus by the passing through it of the Cleveland & Pittsburg railway. Another boom came to it when oil was discovered in and about it. Prior to 1880 agricultural tools in great quantities were manufactured in the place ; Homeworth is a prosperous village in the midst of a rich surrounding country. Reading, situated between Homeworth and North Georgetown on a plot of about 40 acres and believed destined to surpass in growth both, soon became extinct following its being platted in 1840. CHAPTER IV. TOWNSHIP AND VILLAGES, CONTINUED. MADISON TOWNSHIP-ROUND KNOB-WEST POINT-SCOTCH SETTLEMENT- 'MID: DLETOWN TOWNSHIP-CLARKSON-ROGERS-SALEM TOWNSHIP-LEETONIA WASHINGTONVILLE-FRANKLIN SQUARE- ST. CLAIR TOWNSHIP-CALCUTTA AND FREDICKTOWN-UNITY TOWNSHIP-UNITY-NEW WATERFORD-EAST PALESTINE- WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP-SALINEVILLE-WAYNE TOWNSHIP-WEST TOWNSHIP- NEW ALEXANDER-CHAMBERSBURG-EAST ROCHESTER -LYNCHBURG-MOULTRIE - BAYARD - YELLOW CREEK TOWNSHIP - PERRY TOWNSHIP-LIVER POOL TOWNSHIP. Madison Township with its thirty-six sections has a rugged surface, fertile soil and heavy deposits of coal. In it is what is known as "The Scotch Settlement" wherein the early forebears hailed from the Highlands of Scotland. In that particular area Andrew McPherson settled in 1802 following a favorable report made by Angus McBane who, the previous year, had located in St. Clair Township. With his family he took up most of Section 36. In the first decade of the ninteenth century Alexander McDonald, Archey Cook, James McIntosh, William Monroe, Evan McIntosh, John McPhail, Alexander Chisholm, John McPhail, John Campbell, William Falconer, John McKenzie, Daniel McCoy, Duncan Frazer, Jesse Williams, Angus McIntosh, Jacob VanFossan, and his son, Arnold, Hugh and John McBane, John McDonald and Jacob Welsh all located in the community that ever since has been noted for its unsurpassed citizenship. Angus McBane had hunted through the territory as early as 1801 and he had recommended to his friends that this plot of farming ground was desirable. Andrew Smith who settled on the Yellow Creek line was for years a leader in civil and religious departures. Robert McCready, - 87 - 88 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY of Washington, Pa., had thirteen children born on his farm in this vicinity. James McKenzie came to Section 31 in 1807. He became a soldier in the War of 1812, fought with Gen. William Henry Harrison, and aided in the bringing of 700 prisoners to Pittsburg following which he returned to his farm and lived on it to the ripe age of 99 years. Other 1812 soldiers of this township were: Daniel McCoy, Jesse Williams, Samuel Martin and Duncan and Angus McDonald. The township also more than filled its quota in the Civil War. It was well represented in the Spanish-American War and the World War. Madison Township was organized in 1809. Its first collector was Thomas George. Round Knob, on Section 22, long owned by Dr. J. W. Hammond and his estate, is one of the highest points in the state, the fact being attested by a marker placed thereon by the Ohio Geographical Society. High tension power wires pass over it by now almost at its apex. It annually attracts numerous visitors. Beaver Creek passes through the township in a winding channel. On its banks are erected summer camps and club houses of the East Liverpool Y. M. C. A., and the East Liverpool Buckeye Club. West Point has developed into a coal center, the mines in and about it contributing a large quantity which is shipped away over the Youngstown and Ohio railway which passes through the Township. Jacob Stewart became the first postmaster in 1836. At West Point the first physician in the township was Dr. D. Marquis. In March of 1852 the village of Glasgow was platted by William McBane. There is no record of West Point ever being platted. Williamsport was laid out in 1835 by William Crawford who built a mill on Beaver canal and doubtless gave it a name that would perpetuate his first name. In the "Scotch Settlement" the early residents were Presbyterians almost to a man. This denomination accordingly has always thrived therein. For two years after services first began they were held in the home of Alexander McIntosh which was a log cabin, he having been an elder in the Presbyterian Church in Scotland. In the summer, tents were used in the woods for the meetings. The early ministers included Revs. Scott, Patterson, Mercer, Cook, Vallandingham, Imbrie, Snodgrass and White. The first sacrament was administered in a tent on John Campbell's farm in 1805, according to one authority, by Revs. HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 89 Thomas E. Hughes, Scott and McMillan. Others aver it was given in Alexander McIntosh's barn when Rev. Mr. Hughes officiated alone. The first house of worship was built in Yellow Creek Township, near the old cemetery. Shortly afterwards that known as "The Buckwheat Straw House" was built. The first stated supply was Rev. Mr. Cook who functioned half time in 1811 and 1812. Rev. Mr. Robertson followed regularly from 1818 to 1821. The first settled pastor was Rev. Mr. Cross. The Yellow Creek Presbyterian Church was incorporated in 1825 with Andrew Smith, Daniel Smith, William Smith, Jacob VanFossan and Peter Ross as trustees. The first church structure was erected in 1827 and then replaced in 1878 by a large and handsome brick structure with a spire 90 feet high. Alexander McIntosh was the only ruling elder for many years. The Associate Reform congregation of West Beaver was organized in 1806 ; The Methodist Episcopal Church of Williamsport was organized in 1820 at the home of William Crawford under the leadership of Joseph Kernan ; The "Middle-Beaver" Church was formed in 1830, it being Presbyterian, but was dissolved in 1839 when the members united with the churches at Clarkson and Madison. On Dec. 27, 1838, William Brown and James McCaskey donated a piece of ground in Section 10 for the erection of a new church. It was built and dedicated on Dec. 27 of that year. It was admitted to the New Lisbon Presbytery with 21 members. Rev. J. B. Graham became the first stated supply. Among the early school teachers in the "Scotch Settlement" were John McBane, Andrew Smith, John Grant, John Elliott and Daniel Smith. In later years just near the Yellow Creek Presbyterian Church has been erected a substantial structure which ever and anon has been utilized for farmer gatherings of various sort. Descendents of these early pioneers meet annually and have done so for a long period of years in reunion when notable historical data recording them are disclosed and preserved. Usually these gatherings are held in the various homes of those connected. Middletown Township touches the Pennsylvania state line and contains thirty-six full sections. Its surface is remarkably rugged, being much broken by Beaver and Bull creeks. Forests cover the precipitous hills. Coal, clay, stone, oil and brine deposits abound. The land is adaptable to fruit growing and it has a fine agricultural 90 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY record despite its rough surface. Its early settlers were mostly "squatters" ; by 1810 these had been pretty well driven out. In 1800 John Leslie became probably the initial settler of what later became the substantial citizens of the locality. Baltzer Young, Job Russell, Abraham Rogers and a brother, John Briggs, John Richardson and his sons, John Booth and his seven boys, Alex Huston, Edward Earle, John Eakin, Levi Jennings, Francis Andrews, John and George Grate, Thomas Barton, the Hustons and the Burts, Rev. John Burt of the latter family bringing thirteen children, were among the earliest of these better settlers. The principal industries at the beginning were grist and saw mills and tanneries. Much of the coal still remains. Several large nursuries have flourished within its confines. Clarkson was platted as a village on Feb. 19, 1816 by Robery Hanna and William Heald. Its postoffice was established in 1839, Richard Stock being the first postmaster. The village of Rogers was laid out in 1883, shortly after the building of the P. L. & W. R. R. on the west half of Section 7. The original plat was made by T. G. Rogers which has been followed by several others. The village was incorporated in 1895. The failure of a pottery project which was destroyed by fire following a few years of operation under two ownerships, brick works conducted by John W. Hall, of East Liverpool and the operation of coal mines have been the industrial activities of the village in its earliest days. The village also has the record of not having had a saloon in operation in it nor in fact in the entire township has liquor been sold as a business. In 1883 Mt. Hope College was established in Rogers. It was beautifully situated. In 1894 the college building was burned, but it was rebuilt the same year. Then the name was changed to Lincoln College. It later was discontinued after several ownerships. However, during its activities it served as the educational arm of many later prominent personages. The Achor Baptist Church was the first religious organization in Middletown Township, it being organized in August, 1804, with 14 members. The Presbyterians, United Presbyterians, Friends, United Brethren, Methodist-Episcopal denominations followed in turn with congregations that have functioned with more or less success ever since. Salem Township has thirty-two sections, it losing four of its original to Perry. The surface of its land is rolling and the soil fertile and well HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 91 adapted for agriculture and fruit raising. It is well drained by the head waters of both branches of Beaver Creek. Peter Miller was the first settler, locating in its confines in 1803. John Blair, J. Gongware and Fred Belger closely followed him to the locality. They in turn were trailed to the place by Jesse Holloway, a Mr. Shearer who sold his tract to John Hilliard and John Rakestraw. The township was organized on May 10, 1803. The first postoffice in it was established at Teegarden. The village of Leetonia was named after William Lee of Randolph, N. Y. one of the incorporators of the Leetonia Coal & Iron Company. It is situated on the Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne & Chicago Division of the Pennsylvania lines where it intersects with the Niles and Lisbon branch of the Erie system. The Leetonia house was its first hotel ; it was on the site of the farm of David Hartman. The village was incorporated May 6, 1869. At its initial election on Aug. 23 of that year A. F. Hill was chosen mayor ; M. E. Taggert, recorder and F. Fillnagle, recorder. Allen Smith was the first principal of the initial school house which was erected in 1870. The Leetonia Banking Company, its first financial institution, was opened in 1876. The Presbyterian Church was organized July 19, 1867 with ten members. With Samuel Keene leader, a class of Methodists was formed two years later. In 1872 the Evangelical Lutheran Church began activity in the village. The Leetonia Roman Catholic Church was formed in 1866. A year later it had 26 families associated with it. In 1905 with Rev. D. B. Kirby in charge a brick church and a parochial school had been built and were being utilized. The Mennonites and Christian Scientists also had early adherents. Leetonia is an industrial town of importance. Its population in 1920 was 2,688. Washingtonville is situated partly in Salem Township and partly in Green Township, Mahoning County. It was laid out in 1832. The first hotel was opened ten years later by Michael Frederick. The first Methodist services were held in the home of Philip Houtz in 1844 ; Rev. John Murray was the first pastor. Franklin Square was laid out by Frederick Best, who conducted a tannery there. Its first store was operated by Henry Dixon. The first postoffice was established in 1844. The Methodist Church was organized in 1828 ; The Disciples formed a church in 1830 ; the Highland Christians under the direction of Rev. William Teegarden took definite form in 1860 ; 92 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY in 1812 the Lutherans and Reformed Lutherans united; in 1823 Garrett Hart took the initiative in the organization in Section 31 of a class of people who were inclined to Methodistism. A log church was built which was displaced in 1860 by what became known as Hart's Church. By 1905 it had come under the same charge as those in Washingtonville and Franklin Square. St. Clair Township was named for Gen. Arthur St. Clair and originally embraced the most of Liverpool Township in its southern section. It has an area of about 29 square miles, being rectangular in shape, five and three-quarters miles long and five miles wide. The township is rich in natural beauty and lies high. Its soil is fertile. Little Beaver Creek flows in serpentine fashion along or near its eastern border. The Middle fork of Beaver Creek flows along its northern border and is joined at Fredericktown by the north fork and the two thence to the Ohio River is known as the Little Beaver. The old Sandy and Beaver canal passed through St. Clair Township along the courses of the Little Beaver. Building a log cabin about a mile and a half east of where Thomas Huston afterward lived, John Quinn, a hunter is held by many to have been the first white settler in the township in which he located in 1792 or 1793. However, the best authenticated first settler was Seth Thomas, who five years later located on Section 26. His son, Enos, aided in the organization of the county in 1803 and was for years one of its leading citizens. James and John McLaughlin, in 1802, flatboated from Fort Pitt to Sections 21 and 22. John Coburn already was occupying one-third of the latter. In 1797 John Totten and Isaac Matten settled in Section 32. James Caruthers and John George and his sons Thomas and William, Samuel Huston, Robert Davis and Thomas Moore, William White, Cornelius Sheehan, Lewis Canne and Henry Fischer were among the early settlers. In 1802 William Faulks built the first brick house in Calcutta. The place was then known as Faulkstown. Samuel Quigley was the first merchant in Calcutta, his son, Samuel Quigley, Jr., was the first physician in the hamlet and practiced his profession for fifty years with marked success. Joseph Green, a soldier of the War of 1812, kept the first tavern in Calcutta. Enos Thomas, as justice of the peace, performed the first HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 93 marriage ceremony in the place, the contracting parties being Susanna Shaw and Jesse Smith. In 1805 St. Clair's boundaries were fixed to include thirty-six sections, but in 1834 the organization of Liverpool Township curtailed the latter to thirty. The first church in the Township was also the first in the county, Long Run's Presbyterian Church. It was formed in 1800 by the Rev. Thomas E. Hughes. He came to the locality from Pennsylvania. He preached first at the intersection of the two streets in Calcutta, the point then being shaded by a large tree. In the fall of that year the worship was transferred to Long's Run. From it the church procured its name. Then removal was made to the farm of Paul Fisher, later owned by Ben Fisher where a log structure was erected. Rev. Clement L. Vallandingham, father of the agitator of secession during the Civil War, was the first regular pastor, he dividing his time with his Lisbon pastorate. He was said to be so punctual in his appointments that he would swim streams horseback in order to be on time. In 1815 Rev. E. N. Scroggs organized the U. P. congregation at Calcutta ; he preached for his flock until 1851 when he passed away. A building on the hill just south of Calcutta was built in 1865. The Disciples Church at Fredericktown organized in 1827 by Walter Scott, had eight original members. In 1853 they built a church which in 1877 was removed into Fredericktown from its location a. mile and one-half away. Elder Jackman was the first minister. The first postmaster in Calcutta was William Christy. Fredericktown and Cannon's Mill also had postoffices. The first teacher in the township was Joseph McKinnon, a soldier of the Revolution, who taught near the present site of Riverview Cemetery in East Liverpool.. He was a friend of the famous Indian fighters, the Poe brothers, and of Captain Dan Brady. The latter was a member of the party that went on the expedition during which "Chief Big Foot" lost his life. In 1810 John Quinn taught school in a log house near the Cali in home on the Fredericktown Road. W. H. McGuffey, who later became famous as the author of un-equalled text books and the famed president of the University of Virginia, started his teaching experience in a log school house in Calcutta. For a time after the Civil War Calcutta was the scene of great ex- 94 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY citement due to an oil discovery that apparently was about to pay in generous quantities. The field suddenly went dry and considerable money was lost by those sinking wells in that vicinity. Unity Township, of thirty-six sections, occupies the northeastern corner of the county. It is hilly in the southern and level in the northern part. Excellent coal and fire clay and some iron ore are to be found below its surface. Several large streams contribute excellent drainage and its soil is generally fertile. Though numerous "squatters" from Pennsylvania infested the region the first settlers in 1800-1802 were Adam Ruppert, a Revolutionary War soldier, Michael Baker, Robert Simison, later prominent jurist, David McCalla and Richard Dildine were the initial permanent settlers of the locality. In 1806 they were joined by the large families of Conrad and Mathias Yarrian, Richard Beeson, John Sands, Aaron and Isaac Chamberlain, James Armstrong, John Bennett, Stephen Ogden, Benjamin Reeves and Joseph Taylor. Three years previously William Harah, Jacob Greenmayer, the Blackburn brothers, four of them, James Early, the six sons of Henry Forney, Peter Eyster, Isaac Earley and Frederick Sheets, who had preceded them the summer before settled in various of the township's sections as did John Taggart. The township was organized in 1805 and grew rapidly during the ensuing half decade. The Village of Unity was laid out in 1810 by John Augustine. It early became an important point. Its pioneer merchant was Robert Veon and Henry Forney was the initial innkeeper. Dr. Hugh Martin, a noted physician, was the first of profession in the place and he practiced in it for twenty years from 1820. New Waterford was platted in 1850 by John and Robert Silliman. It occupies Sections 19, 20 and 29 of the township. It was originally known as Bull Creek. John Silliman and John Nevin were its pioneer merchants. Above it for years numerous water power mills were kept in operation. The flour produced in and about it from the early years of its history had a high standard of quality. The P. F. W. and C. R. R. R. touched the village in 1851. HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 95 The first church in the village had its beginning in meetings held in the log cabin of Adam Ruppert. Rev. John Stough usually was the minister in attendance. In Section 10 in 1884 the first log church was erected. On the same site the third church was built in 1861. Rev. Mr. Shaeffer became the initial pastor. Seceders from the Rupert Society formed the St. Paul's Lutheran Church, which was built in 1840. Rev. Mr. Haelsche was the first pastor. Rev. David Hess formed the first M. E. Church in 1861. The Pleasant Heig Presbyterian Church was organized in 1825. Rev. Robert Dilworth was the first pastor. In 1858 the Methodist Episcopal Church was formed by Rev. G. D. Skinner. Fred Kaupman and Fred Mitchell were the early hotel men in the village with Drs. Frank Cox and D. M. Bloom as the pioneer physicians. Carriage making became a leading industry with the activity of John M. Ott, who for several years employed about a dozen men to aid his initial labors in this line in 1877. By 1907 the establishment of George J., and Jacob H. Koch had made it the leading factory in the place. East Palestine was platted in 1828 by Thomas McCalla and William Grate. It was laid out on a 640-acre plot of land originally owned by John Taggart. It was originally called Mechanicsburg. Then it was desired by Mrs. Dr. Robert Chamberlin to call it "Palestine," the simple, earnest and virtuous life of its residents plus the beauty of the spot suggesting to her the name of the Holy Land. The prefix "East" was added since another town in Ohio had already been named Palestine. Dr. Chamberlin, who later became county surveyor and surveyed the routes for the Ohio & Pennsylvania Railroad which culminated in the Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne & Chicago Line from the Ohio River to Salem, was the town's first physician. In addition, to a thirty years' practice, he was also perhaps the village's first merchant. He also served as postmaster. The first goods in the place was really sold from a log house by Edward Allender before 1831. About 1854 the extraction from cannel coal, mined in the vicinity, of oil was an important industry in the hamlet. It was superintended by Loyal Case. With the discovery of petroleum the business became unprofitable. East Palestine was incorporated in 1875. At the initial election on 96 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY April 3, 1876, Enos Goble was elected mayor. Daniel A. Correll, clerk, and John J. Bushong, treasurer. Dr. Edmunson, living several miles away, furnished medical treatment for the early settlers, but Dr. Chamberlin was the first resident physician. The first building in the town is said to have been put up in 1828 by William Grate. It was a log structure, and in it were sold the first goods in the place, by Edward Allender, some time before 1831. The trade established by Dr. Robert Chamberlin, as heretofore mentioned, was continued up to the beginning of the new century, in the later years the firm being Chamberlin & Company. Among those who were actively engaged in trade in earlier years were: John Crum, J. T. Brewster, B. Young and Young & Company, George Focht opened the first public house of the town about 1830. The second hotel was kept by J. C. Taggart, about the same time R. Barr and J. Hall opened inns. Hon. James Martin was the first Republican to be elected probate judge of Columbiana County. He served from 1854 to 1859. He came to East Palestine in 1861. His farm house was located where North Market and Martin streets now intersect, the latter being named in his honor. A military Company, first known as the "East Palestine Grays," was organized August 23, 1875. The first commissioned officers of the company were: Hugh Laughlin, captain ; J. A. Sampsell, 1st lieutenant ; and John Flowers, 2nd lieutenant. They afterwards became Company E, Eighth Regiment, Ohio National Guard ; and after keeping up the organization for about 20 years the company disbanded, the men being honorably discharged from the state service. Company E, Eighth Regiment, Ohio National Guard, was afterward organized as a new company at East Liverpool, and served in the Spanish-American War in 1898. Bernard Boatman, a pioneer of Columbiana County, is the only Revolutionary soldier buried in East Palestine Cemetery. A special school district was formed for East Palestine in 1865. The first Board of Education was: J. T. Chamberlin, president ; Hugh Laughlin, secretary ; William M. Saint, treasurer. In 1875-76 a public school building was erected in the southern part of the village. It was a brick structure of two stories, containing six large rooms, recitation room and a lecture hall, and cost $14,000. It was opened for school purposes in the fall of 1876 with A. Y. Taylor as principal. HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 97 Religious meetings were held as early as 1802 at the house of Adam Rupert, Rev. John Stough being the preacher ; and at the suggestion of Rev. Mr. Stough the people of the northern part of the. township united to build what was afterward known as the Salem or Union Church, to be used by the Lutheran and Reformed congregations. Accordingly, in 1803-04 a log meeting house was built on the southwest corner of Section 10. It was displaced in 1823 by a brick church. This building was, in 1861, taken down, and the house built, which at the beginning of the new century was still used by the Lutheran and Reformed congregations. In 1839 St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church was formed and a building erected on Section 2, which afterward housed a flourishing congregation. About 1830 Rev. Mr. Prosser began holding Methodist meetings at the house of Joseph Taylor, and soon after regular preaching was held in the Unity School House. A small meeting house was built soon after in the Village of Unity for the use of the society, which flourished for a time, but in a few years the appointment was suspended by the conference. In 1860 the work was reorganized, a new building was erected and some time later the society became the joint pastoral charge with the East Palestine Methodist Episcopal Church. Methodism was introduced into East Palestine by the members of the old Burt Church in Middleton Township, and in 1865 meetings were held in the United Presbyterian Church at East Palestine. In a few years the interests of the Burt Church were transferred to the village, and the Methodist Episcopal Society formed, and a commodious building erected. However, in the summer of 1905, a handsome new church building was in course of erection, to be completed in the autumn of that year. The New Waterford Methodist Episcopal Church was organized May 16, 1858, in Joseph Taylor's barn, by Rev. G. D. Kinnear. In March, 1859, a frame meeting house was built and dedicated by the presiding elder of the district, Rev. D. P. Mitchell. Rev. J. H. Wilson was pastor of the joint charge embracing New Waterford, Fairfield and Kemble. About 1902 the organization of the Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church of New Waterford built a new house of worship. Rev. George Uber served the congregations of New Waterford and Columbiana. About 1816 a Sunday School was organized at New Waterford by Richard Dildine and John Ross. Two Presbyterian home missionaries (7)V1 98 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY named Kohr and Rudibaugh secured an appointment and held services which were continued by others and not long after Rev. Thomas Hughes, of Mount Pleasant, Pennsylvania, was secured to preach to the settlers, the services being still held in the school house. In 1823 the building of a small meeting house was commenced, which was used for a year or two in an unfinished condition. Occasional services were held, but it was not until August 20, 1826, that the church was formally organized. Andrew Martin, Robert Martin, David Scott and David Hanna were the first ruling elders. Mr. Dildine continued pastor until 1850. In 1873 a new church edifice was built. The Rev. Mr. Kirkbride of Columbiana served this church in connection with his home charge. The membership was about 200. The Presbyterian Church of East Palestine was organized March 5, 1842, Joseph Curry, Ralph Martin, R. J. Robinson and Thomas Hamilton being chosen members of the first session. For some years ministerial supplies were furnished by the presbytery. The original house of worship was built about the time of organization and remodeled in 1875. About 1895 an entirely new building replaced the old one. An Associate Reform Presbyterian congregation was organized in August, 1842, the total membership at the organization being nine persons, viz : John Taggart, David Luke, Robert McFilamy, the Johnson family, Maria Vance, and Benjamin and Elizabeth Blackburn. Benjamin Blackburn and John Taggart were the first elders. The meetings were held in the old Presbyterian Church until 1853, when the society built a church of its own. In 1858 it became the United Presbyterian Church. The first settled pastor was Rev. Samuel Patterson, who gave one-third of his time—from 1849 to 1858. Other early pastors giving from one-half to two-thirds of their time were: Revs. Hugh Sturgeon, A. Y. Huston. and W. W. Curry. About 1900 the congregation built a commodious and substantial new church. A class of the United Brethren in Christ was formed in the southeast part of the township about 1855. In 1857 a small frame church was built west of the village on a lot given by Thomas McCalla. A new house of worship was built by the congregation, in the village, in 1879. The church has been connected with the Middleton and Fairfield circuits. Washington Township, adjoining Jefferson County, was settled in 1803 by George Clark. It was originally formed as Saline Township in HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY - 99 1816 but later some sections were apportioned to Carroll County and some taken from Wayne and Franklin townships. The earliest settlers included James Sharp, Cornelies McLeest, William McLoughlin, who arrived from Scotland and whose son, Alexander, became the first mayor of Wellsville. John Farmer, a Quaker, Thomas Patterson, John Hart, Thomas and Martin Adams, Moses Marshall, John and James Ogle. Salineville, its largest town, was laid out by James and John Farmer in 1839 and incorporated in 1848. The township was rich in salt, it being discovered by the Indians, who observed wild animals at "licks" which they had found. This attracted deer and other game to the locality in great numbers and made the section unusually fine for hunting until the country lost its wild character. Wells were dug during these early days with considerable success. The Bursons, Anthony Roof and John Farmer were prominent in the salt industry. Following the advent through the town of the C. & P. Railway in 1852 the place began to prosper. John Tasker, who later removed to East Liverpool, became its first mayor. Then followed the awakening of the coal industry, which ever since has been carried on with success. The pioneer coal men were James Penrose, John Thompson, and Mat. Brown. The Methodist Episcopal Church in Salineville was organized in 1840 ; the United Presbyterian Church was formed in 1837 or 1838 ; James Martin and Daniel D. McIntosh were the first elders ; the Free Presbyterian Church became a unit on Jan. 28, 1850, John Thompson being the ruling elder ; the Presbyterian Church was organized on May 19, 1864, with Joseph F. Williams and Edward Burnside as elders and Rev. Robert Hayes as initial pastor ; the Disciples Church took definite form on Feb. 4, 1856, when 36 persons detached themselves from the Berea Church. In 1872, under the direction of Rev. P. J. McGuire, the Catholics of Salineville organized and built a brick church. The Primitive Methodists functioned from 1869 until sometime in the 80's, when the loss by removals of numerous members caused disorganization. The only battle of the Civil War in Ohio was fought in Washington Township, back of Salineville, when the celebrated raider, Gen. John Morgon, was defeated by Union troops under Major Rue, who chased him for 100 miles across the state.