220 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY CHAPTER XV. THE PRESS OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY. History of a Century's Progress in News Gathering and News Dissemination—Saute of the Men Who Have Wielded the Quill and Pencil—The County Prolific in Newspaper Enterprises—Some Workers in the Field Acquired Fame, but None Great Fortunes. No business pursuit in Columbiana County has presented so varied, not to say so checkered a history, as that of making of newspapers in the county. And no county in the State, outside of those containing large cities, can boast of so many newspapers, or of periodicals devoted to so many and so varied interests. There have been—first of all and most important of all— the local secular newspapers, which have been varied as to their political complexion, as Whig, Free Soil, Know-Nothing, Republican, Democratic, Independent. Then there were the anti-slavery, pro-slavery, temperance. educational, labor and trades organs, and those devoted to even other interests—with existence which have varied all the way from near a century down to two or three weeks. There have emerged from the composing rooms and reportorial and editorial chairs ministers of the Gospel, lawyers, physicians, county officials. postmasters. consuls and other government officials, Congressmen, legislators, teachers, landlords and land owners (not manv), but never a millionaire or even a capitalist who could rotate his financial wealth in six figures. There have been many failures (financially), some successful ones—hut all have served their clay and generation faithfully, and, it is to he hoped at least, left the world in general and Columbiana County in particular better than they found them. In 1905 the Ohio Patriot had been published in Lisbon fur almost l00 years, and was therefore the oldest newspaper publication in the county. In 1808 William Lepper, a native of Hanover, Germany, came to New Lisbon. In December of that year he issued the first newspaper in the county. a small paper printed in the German language. which was called Der Patriot am Ohio. But there was not then, as there were almost 100 years later, enough Germans in the county to support a newspaper printed in their mother tongue. and it was so, in discontinued. In the spring of 1809 Lepper began the publication of the Ohio Patriot, in English. It was at the beginning a small 4-column sheet, but in a few years it was enlarged to a :-colunin paper. It was published by Mr. Lepper until 1833. when it was sold to Joseph Cable, who had for several years prior to that time been in the newspaper publishing business in Steubenville. In the summer of 1834 the Patriot office was destroyed by fire: but an entire new outfit was purchased and the paper continued. In 1835, Messrs. Heltzell and Gregg. both from Washington City, purchased the paper. Mr. Cable went to Carrollton, where he published a Democratic paper for some years, and in 1841 was elected to Congress, serving two terms. Heltzell & Gregg continued the publication of the Patriot until 1839, when William D. Morgan, of Pennsylvania, purchased the office, and was editor and proprietor until 1852. Mr. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 221 Morgan sold to William H. Gill, of Cambridge. Ohio. who enlarged the paper to eight columns. In 1857 Mr. Gill disposed of the paper to Matthew Johnson, then United States Marshal of Northern Ohio. But his proprietorship was but brief : and Thomas S. Woods became proprietor and continued the publication of the paper until the year of his death-1869. Robert G. Woods, brother of Thomas S. Woods. succeeded his brother as editor and proprietor, and so continued until 1873, when he also died. George B. Vallandigham then purchased the paper and continued its publication for about two years, when, in October, 1875 Wilson S. Potts became editor and proprietor. March 1, 1898, the Daily Patriot was launched : September 1, 1903, John J. Kerr, a young attorney of East Liverpool, acquired an interest in the concern. and the publication was continued as daily and weekly by Potts & Kerr. with Mr. Kerr as editor. In July, 1905, Wilson S. Potts sold his interest in the Patriot to John Kerr, father of T. J. Kerr, the editor. The paper was always Democratic in politics. Wilson S. Potts, who had in 1905 himself been active in the newspaper publishing business at the county seat, says of early New Lisbon newspapers, in an article contributed to the "History of the Upper Ohio Valley." In 1824 Robert Fee started a 5-column paper called the New Lisbon Gazette, but it was a short-lived concern and expired at the end of about six months. Some time in June, 1827, William Campbell, of Perryopolis, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, was induced to come to New Lisbon to start a paper. At that time politics began to warm up the people, and as the Patriot was somewhat committed to the interests of General Jackson for the presidency, the friends of John Quincy Adams were anxious to have an advocate. Mr. Campbell espoused that side of the partisanship with energy and zeal. He called his paper the Columbiana County American and Lisbon Free Press. He used a Stanberry wooden press and inked the forms with balls. The office stood where the Hostetter House now stands, at that time a one-story frame building. About 1828 the late Judge Harbaugh purchased the paper. and John Watt. Esq., was given editorial charge. The name was soon afterward changed to the Western Palladium. About 1835 Nathaniel Mitchell purchased the paper, retaining it until 1839. when G. W. Harper and Samuel Corbett became proprietors. In 1842 Joseph Wilkinson became owner, and continued the Palladium until 1854. "In March, 1832, the Aurora was established by the venerable John Frost, who continued its publication until November, 1856, almost 25 years. It was first printed in the second story of a brick building on Walnut street, now owned and occupied by John Childs then removed a few doors west to a log building. where it was published until 1850, when the 'Pound office' was built. In the summer of 1845, a few numbers of the Anti-Slavery Bugle (for a number of years later published in Salem—and of which more is to be said) were printed in the Aurora office. "In 1851 R. D. Hartshorn, then a young lawyer. of New Lisbon, began the publication of the Buckeye State. In 1854 this new paper absorbed. the Palladium. In 1856 Robert C. Wilson became the owner of the Buckeye State, and continued its publication until 1863, when he died. His son, James Wilson, took charge of the paper and retained it until 1866, when he, too, died. Col. G. I. Young some time afterward became proprietor and continued the publication for two years, when the Buckeye was sold to Dr. William Moore and P. C. Young, Esq. A few years later it was sold to Edward F. Moore.” Meanwhile R. W. Tayler, who afterward represented the 18th Congressional District in Congress. was associated with P. C. Young in the publication, serving as editor. In 1565 J. D. Briggs of New Lisbon began the publication of a business paper, known as the Merchants' Journal, but its career was brief. In April, 1867, James K. Frew began the publication of the New Lisbon Journal, and continued to be its editor and publisher until 1886. when it passed into the hands of Howard Frew, his son. In 1892 the Republican Leader was started, 222 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY as a Republican newspaper, to compete for a portion of the county patronage with the Buckeye State, John J. Kirk of Salineville furnishing the capital, John Crow', who had been in a newspaper venture a short time in Salineville, being associated with him as editor and manager. A new plant was purchased. which, after several changes in the management. was bought by George R. Redway, formerly of California. but who had held for several years a clerkship in one of the departments at Washington. But the venture was not a financial success; and after an existence of seven years. the Republican Leader suspended publication. the subscription list and good-will being acquired by the Journal. In July, 1901, the Journal was consolidated with the Buckeye State, and in the fall of that year the Buckeye State Publishing Company was incorporated. Mr. Frew succeeded Capt. A. R. Bell as editor, upon his ( Bell's) death. E. F. Moore had received the appointment as postmaster some years before, and Captain Bell. who had come from East Liverpool as the New Lisbon correspondent of the Crisis, became editor and so continued to the close of his life. While he formerly had been a rabid Democrat. the old Buckeye State seemed to have effectively converted him to Republicanism, and his trenchant pen was used to good purpose during the closing clays of a long editorial career. After the incorporation of the Buckeye State Publishing Company, Ed. M. Crosser, after serving two terms as county recorder, became a stockholder in the paper, and served as its manager until April. 1905, when he retired. After that date Howard Frew was manager and editor. The Genius of Temperance was a monthly publication, which appeared in New Lisbon in 1836. and was published for about two years. The Youths' Lyceum. an educational monthly. appeared in 1837 and continued for six months. In 1848 H. C. Trunick began the weekly publication of the Ocean Wave devoted to the interests of temperance, but it continued but a few months. SALEM’S NEWSPAPER VENTURES. George D. Hunt, the old Salem historian, in a volume published in 1898, devotes no less than three chapters to "The Printing Press" of Salem, which are replete with data. and comments upon the prevailing methods of conducting the newspaper business in the early days of the old Quaker town. His style is so quaintly original that Hunt's "Salem History" will be drawn upon for some account of the city's earlier publications. Hunt says : "Printing in Salem was first done in a log house that stood on or near the place where A. M. Carr's new storehouse has been built. Joseph Shreve was then the teacher of the Friends' School. and his brother Thomas was studying medicine with Dr. Stanton ;.both of them were literary characters, Triendly to the dissemination of knowledge and advocates of the printing press. They came from Pennsylvania and had some knowledge of Robert Fee, who in Brownsville published the Western Register. In this he appears to have made a failure. and was then induced by the Shreves to come to Salem and start a paper. In the latter part of March, t825, Ile issued the first number of the Salem Gazette and Public Advertiser. (Newspapers generally affected long names in those early days.) Robert Fee was a practical printer. and possessed some editorial tact: but he had domestic troubles from which he sought at times, relief in the intoxicating cup. which, in turn, aggravated the cause. A file of these papers w:Is preserved by one of the oldest inhabitants. It was an interesting relic of the times, and gave some idea of what the town then was. The Pittsburg Gazette appears to have been the most important exchange as more articles were credited to it than to any other paper. An extensive account of Lafayette's visit to Western Pennsylvania. some amusing articles. accounts of horrid murders. advertisements of reward for the arrest of criminals, and some of the occurrences of the times were the prominent items. Joseph Shreve gave some articles on grammar: and he wrote a short account of the appearance of a comet, that he thought would appear in the early part of Some marriage notice were published, and with them, according to a custom then and during some subsequent years, prevailing, some pithy epigrams were given. such as: AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 223 Oh. what's a table richly. spread. Without a woman at its head?. May heaven crown their bliss with joys. And kill their arms with girls and boys. “William Beans married Sarah E. Greenfield, on which event the editorial genius perpetrated this If fate shall to Their wishes yield And fate to true love leans. Time may bestow on this Greenfield A lovely crop of beans. ''There were some advertising in this paper, but there was then less to advertise, and people did not know the benefit of advertising. One of the greatest calamities recorded was the burning of the Goshen meeting house. It occurred on a Sabbath morning. The Gazette came to an untimely end in July. 1826. "In 1830, and during some of the following years. Salem received only a semi-weekly mail. Yet it then contained many newspaper patrons. The Ohio Patriot ( Democratic) and the Western Palladium (Whig) were then published in New Lisbon. The Aurora, which commenced in 1832. was neutral. No postoffice received more of these papers than Salem. Some Philadelphia papers were taken, especially the Saturday Evening Post. Some time in 1833 Wilson F. Stewart came and issued his prospectus for the Salem Visitor. This prospectus was a curiosity. It commenced by saying that without the usual notice that periodicals usually abound, the editor would simply state that he intended to publish a paper like others in some particulars—in others unlike them. It was to be like them, inasmuch as its main object would be to suit the public taste. He acknowledged the difficulty of knowing what this was and, if it were possible to ascertain what the reigning taste was, he would endeavor not to reform but to conform. Some promises about the character of the paper were given: among others. that 'Stanzas should have a ready admission. adapted to the love-sick and sick of love. The first number was issued, and the carrier sent around with it. William Reed, on seeing it, paid for it and gave orders for no more to be sent to him, John Frost, of the New Lisbon Aurora, noticed it by merely mentioning that he had been favored with a visit from the Salem Visitor. In the spring of the next year P. F. Boylan bought the Visitor. He adopted Stewart's prospectus with a few words and terms changed, and changed the name to the Ohio Mercury. It was a slight improvement on the Visitor. * * * After a few months Stewart's practice of reprinting a few columns was adopted, and he confessed that he found it very convenient, but 'would not do so very often.' Then followed irregular issues and a decrease of good reading matter until the Aurora took occasion to mention that the Ohio Mercury was about being transferred to some of its creditors as its editor had absconded between two days.' Another report was that after giving his presidential vote to Martin Van Buren, he left the town as fast as his feet and legs would carry him. After such signal failures as these, it would have been impossible to establish a paper in Salem, if other policies had not been-pursued." THE BUSINESS IS REFORMED. Early in 1842 "Benjamin Hawley, James Eggman, John Campbell and John Harris associated themselves as an editorial committee with Benjamin B. Davis and Joshua Hart as publishers. the last mentioned being a practical printer. A press and other printing material were procured, and on the 12th day of April. 1842. the first number of the Village Register was issued. The well-known character of the editorial staff helped it much. It 'conformed' much to the 'reigning taste,' and did much to ‘reform without any cringing cajolery.’ After a fair start. B. B. Davis became editor and he employed printers to do the work. In 1844 Joseph H. Painter rented the office and continued the paper. He retired in about two years and Mr. Davis again took charge of the paper. He took Aaron Hinchman into partnership. in 1846, and in a short time Hinchman became sole editor and proprietor. He changed the name to the Homestead Journal. 224 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY In 1854 J. K. Rukenbrod and Jesse Hutton purchased the Journal, Mr. Rukenbrod shortly becoming sole proprietor. In 1857, having become identified with the Republican party, the name of the paper was changed to the Salem Republican. Mr. Rukenbrod was a man of marked ability, and the paper soon secured and ever afterward maintained a standard which which made it a credit to the State and local journalism. In 1889, a short time before Mr. Rukenbrod's death, he sold out to the Salem Publishing Company. In 1873 Dr. T. M. Hole began the publication of the Salem Era. The following year he sold a half interest in the paper to Ed. F. Rukenbrod. and a little later the other half to J. B. Park. Later still Mr. Park sold out to his partner : then T. D. Fountain acquired a half interest within a year selling to Mr. Rukenbrod. and Rukenbrod, in turn, in 1889 sold to Stanley Company, who afterwards aided in the organization of the Salem Publishing Company. This company then consolidated the Republican and the Era, and the paper was still in 1905. published weekly as the Republican-Era. Meanwhile T. W. Northrop had established the Salem Daily News in 1889, and it was also taken over by the Salem Publishing Company and became a part of the consolidation. November 24, 1894, L. H. Brush bought a controlling interest in the Salem Publishing Company and he and his associates reorganized the company. infusing new life into its publications. lit 19a)5 the organization of the company— which had been practically unchanged in 11 years —was L. H. Brush. president and treasurer and Dr. T. T. Church, secretary. F. A. Douglas became editor of the Salem News early in the '90's and continued in the News harness until March, 1901: from that date until May, 1904, William B. McCord was editor of the Salem Publishing Company's publications: and he was succeeded by R. B. Thompson. In too:: there were two dailies and two weeklies published in Salem : The Salem Daily News and the Republican-Era (weekly), and the Daily Herold and Weekly Bulletin. April 9, 1890, D. D. Kirby. who had previously published a paper in Belleville. Kansas, issued the first number of the Democratic Bulletin. This was the beginning of the enterprise out of which grew in later years the Daily Herald and Weekly Bulletin. The style of the publishing firm from the start was Kirby & Company. From July, 1890, to July. 1894, H. W. McCurdy was a partner. But for greater part of the time, from the beginning, Mr. and Mrs. D. D. Kirby had been sole proprietors up to 1905, when the constituency of the company was still unchanged. The Daily Herald was established May 12, 1891 and in 1896 the name of the weekly was changed to the Weekly Bulletin, but the political complexion of both daily and weekly, always Democratic, remained unchanged. Oliver 0. Hogan was the first editor of the Democratic Bulletin, and continued so for a little less than a year. The first editor of the Daily Herald was George Penn. Later J. W. Northrop, P. G. Hiddleson and George H. Gee served in the capacity. Mr. Gee was still editor in 1905. The Anti-Slavery Bugle was established in Salem by the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1845. The first issue was printed June 20th, the first six numbers being issued from the office of the Aurora., in New Lisbon then the paper was removed to Salem. in which town it was published! by a committee of the Anti-Slavery Society. Milo Townsend being the first editor. The publishing committee consisted of Samuel Brook. George Garrettson. Barnaby, Jr., David L. Galbreath and Lot Holmes. James Barnaby, Jr., was publisher's agent. Benjamin S. Jones and J. Elizabeth Hitchcock (afterwards Mrs. Benjamin S. Jones) became editors. and so continued fin- four years. when they were succeeded by Oliver Johnson. who was editor for two years. The paper then passed to the editorial control M arias R. Robinson. who managed it for eight years. By order of a committee from the Anti-Slavey Society, publication ceased May 4, 1864. the paper having been in charge of Benjamin S. Jones during the last year of its existence. (A number of quotations from the Anti-Slavery Bugle will be found in the chapter on the anti-slavery movement in this work.) PAGE - 225 - BLANK PAGE - 226 - PICTURES AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 227 The Salem Journal was established by John Hudson. the first number being printed February 17, 1865 it passed through many changes of proprietorship. the owners and publishers being, at successive periods. John Hudson. Vernon Hutton, J. R. Vernon f for about three years), Vernon & Baird. J. R. Vernon and filially Vernon & Baker. By the last named firm it was sold August 24, 1872. to Maj. M. R. Snider, and shortly afterward discontinued in Salem. The plant being removed to Crestline. In 1870 the Ohio Educational Monthly, a Columbus. Ohio. publication was purchased by William D. Henkle and removed to Salem. where its publication was continued up to the year of Mr. Henkle's death, 1881. In January, 1875, Mr. Henkle commenced the publication of Educational Notes and Queries. continuing it as a monthly publication until 1881. It is said of this publication that before the close of the first year of its existence it had subscribers in 3; States and Territories. The National Greenbacker, a radical weekly newspaper weekly newspaper promising to devote its energies to monetary and labor reforms, was started in Salem by a company in 1878, G. W. Cowgill's name appearing as publisher and editor. It did not receive the requisite support to make of it a financial success, and soon went out of business. J. W. Northrop in 1883 removed the Buckeye Vidette from Bryan, Ohio, to Salem. and resumed its publication here. It purported to be in the interest of the laboring classes. and it advocated the "issue and control of all kinds of money by the government and making the government responsible for its real value." The Salem Weekly Democrat was started by Asa H. Batten and Thomas Dillon. and continued just one year. from August. 1854, to August. 1855 : and in the late '80's I. D. Fountain published the Salem Tribune, a weekly Republican paper. for about four months. The following ephemeral newspaper ventures in Salem are made a matter of historical record by George Hunt in his history : "The Dollar Age, a weekly started by Alfred A. Sipe, survived but a few months. Mr. Sipe dying during a visit to West Virginia. Sipe was a brilliant writer and compiler of local news; still the Dollar Age never paid. J. R. Murphy and J. C. Kling bought the outfit and started the Salem Times, which soon starved. Dr. Hardman at intervals issued a very original weekly called the Clipper, but it soon passed out of existence. In January 1896. Willis Whinnery commenced, issuing a monthly paper entitled the Swine Advocate. It was published in the interests of the business in which he was engaged. It was continued two or three years." The Daily Holiday Newsboy was established in the ‘70's by J.. S. Rentz. a practical printer, and published intermittently for many years, daily for a week preceding the Christmas holidays. June 12, 1902, Charles Bonsall and J. S. Rentz began the publication in Salem of the American Worker, devoted to the interests of trades unions and workingmen generally. It was discontinued January 22, 1903. In the early '80's a small monthly paper was published at Hanoverton by Joel Taylor, which he called the Crowder. It had a short and precarious existence. In 1901-02 L. R. Benjamin published the Hanoverton Weekly Record. It continued for less than two years. PAPERS ON THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE COUNTY. In the autumn of 1835 Lewis Caton, who had been engaged in the publication of a paper at Snow Hill, Maryland, came to Wellsville and began the publication of a paper, which he named the Wellsville Commercial Advertiser, which was the pioneer newspaper of the town. He was accompanied from Maryland by William L. Clarke. a practical printer, who had worked for him there. Mr. Clarke is said to have set the first "stick" of type for the Advertiser. and pulled on an old Ramage press. the first sheet of the first issue of the first newspaper published in the town.. This first paper was printed in October. 1835. In 1838 Caton disposed of the paper to Joshua Hart, and Hart in turn sold nut in 1840 to McCartney & McBane. In 1841 McBane purchased McCartney's interest, and changed the 228 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY name of the paper to the American Patriot. In 1842 William L. Clarke bought the paper from McBane, changed the name to the Wellsville Patriot, and continued its publication for 22 years, or until October. 1864. Clarke was a rabid Democrat practically all his life: and he was charged with being a "Southern sympathizer" during the Civil War. At any rate. owing to disloyal utterances through his paper the popular feeling against him became so strong that he was impelled to discontinue the paper and to return to Maryland. In 1873 he returned to Wellsville. where he appears still to have owned some property, and made his home in the town the remainder of his life. He worked as a compositor at the case at intervals, in Wellsville and East Liverpool printing offices, until he was almost 80 years of age. He died in 1903, aged about 84. "Uncle Billy" Clarke. as he was familiarly known, was proud of the distinction which he claimed. that of haying worked longer at the business, as an editor and compositor. than any other man in Eastern Ohio. In 1864 W. G. Foster, a practical printer of some enterprise and some ability, came from Steubenville and established the Wellsville Union. May 18, 1872. the Union. together with a large job printing office, was purchased by McCord Brothers—William B. and Robert T. —and a year later the former became sole proprietor. 'William B. McCord here began an editorial career which lasted, in Columbiana County, with two brief intervals of about one year each, for 32 years—or until 1904. In the fall of 1878 Mr. McCord sold out to Wiggins & McKillop. Mr. McKillop died about the beginning of the following year. and T. Wiggin continued the paper, A. P. Howard having purchased the job office, which he removed to Columbus. its capacity for business being in advance of the town. In February, 1882. Wiggins sold the Union to P. M. Smith and F. M. Hawley: two years later Mr. Hawley acquired the full proprietorship and editorial control, and continued the publication until February, 1897, in the meantime having established the Daily Union. On the latter date Mr. Hawley sold out to the McQueen Brothers, who. in turn. sold about April I. 1905, to K. W. DeBelle. In the meantime the Daily Union and Daily Record had been consolidated a few months previous, the Daily Union-Record and Weekly Union being continued in 1905 by the Union Publishing Company. K. . De- Belle, editor and manager. In the later '80's Edward B. Clark published the Wellsville Evening Journal for a short time, disposing of his plant to John Nicholson, who revived the paper in the form of a weekly, which was continued for some years. Out of this grew the Record, which in 1899 was established as a daily with John Nicholson., proprietor, and James Nolan. editor. This in turn, was consolidated with the Union as the Union-Record, as already stated. early in 1905. In 1899 Taneyhill & Walkup started the Wellsville Daily Sun, which continued to emit it rays of enlightenment for less than a year. The Sun was Democratic, the Journal and the Record. Independent, while the Union was always Republican, which continued to be the political complexion of the Union-Record. For several years, or between 1869 and 1872, a monthly known as the Rainbow attracted considerable attention by the spice of its local contents. It was published by an association of Wellsville merchants, chiefly for the purpose of advertising their wares. PAPERS OF THE "CERAMIC CITY” In 1870 David B. Martin established the Wellsville Local, and the following Year transferred his office to East Liverpool. and began the publication of the Potters' Gazette. But this paper, not being the first of East Liverpool's local publications wil1 be passed now to be taken up later in turn. The first paper published in East Liverpool was the East Liverpool Mercury, and was issued by George J. Luckey (who was afterwards, for many years, superintendent of the Pittsburg city schools ) and J. W. Harris. It was Republican in politics. it was started May 23, 1861, and lived but a year. In 1867 W. G. Foster, publisher of the Wellsville Union, started the East Liverpool Record, but this AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 229 paper suspended in 1869. The Record, too. was Republican in politics. In 1868 J. F. Murphy, of Wellsburg. est Virginia. craving some newspaper experience in the new pottery town. launched the East Liverpool Local. It had a local existence for eight weeks. Enoch Bradshaw was a "War Democrat. possessed of good horse sense and a good supply of hard cash, a portion of which he proceeded to squander in trying to establish a Democratic paper in an overwhelmingly Republican town. He purchased, in 1869. the plant of the defunct East Liverpool Local; but in January, 1876. gave up his daring idea, and transferred his material to J. H. Simms and T. R. Bradshaw, who immediately established the East Liverpool Tribune. The year following ( 1877). Mr. Simms became sole proprietor. September 1. 1902. the Morning Tribune was started : and so. in 1905 the daily and weekly editions were still being published. Mr. Simms having formed the Tribune Publishing Company. himself holding the majority of the stock. He had been in the publishing business for over 28 years. David B. Martin having removed his printing plant from Wellsville to East Liverpool its 1871, began the publication of the Potters' Gazette. It was not a class paper. as its name might be supposed to indicate. but local in its news matter and Republican in politics. It continued to be published as a Republican newspaper until the fall of 1884, when. by the tender of financial assistance. the Democrats gained control of- its columns. This coup was offset in two weeks time, and the Gazette again became a Republican paper, and so continued until the death of Mr. Martin, which occurred about 1887. Mrs. David Martin continued to edit the paper for a short time: then she employed Frank Crowl in the editorial and mechanical management. In the course of a few months the office was damaged by tire and the paper suspended. In two or three weeks thereafter Crowl issued the East Liverpool as a new paper. In 1889 a company was organized in opposition to the Daily Review, at that time in its fifth year—the new company taking over the Gazette and making it a daily paper. The venture lasted but a few months and the Gazette died a natural death. October 25, 1879, William B. McCord sued the first number of the Saturday Review, printed in East Liverpool—from new type and on a new press—dated "Wellsville and East Liverpool.'' and containing a weekly resume of the local news of both towns. Several, years later the Review became an exclusively East Liverpool publication. In June. 1883, the Daily Review was started, it being the first regularly issued daily paper in Columbiana County. It was also the first paper in the county to utilize the telephone in news gathering. Ir. December, 1891, Mr. McCord sold the Review, daily and weekly, to Dudley Young. who came from New York State. He died about three months afterward and his widow after conducting the paper about ty,-o months sold it to J. E. McDonald. In April, 1892, Mr. McCord started the Daily News, and in August following the Review and the News joined issues by consolidation under the name of the Evening News-Review, the weekly continuing as the Saturday Review. A stock company was organized in the fall of 1892. Harry Palmer and Thomas W. Morris, of McKeesport, purchasing a controlling interest. McDonald sold his holdings, as did also McCord, who retired for a rest of some months after which he served for about to years, first as editor of the East Liverpool Daily Crisis and later of the Salem Daily News. March 1, 1901, the News-Review was purchased by the newly organized East Liverpool Publishing Company, H. W. Brush, president, and L. H. Brush. secretary and manager. April 1904. L. H. Brush individually purchased the name, good-will, circulation and advertising contracts of the Crisis—which had just suspended publication—and the News-Review became for the time being the News-Review and Cri:sis. January 1, 1905, the name was shortened and the old name as it had been back in 1885—the Evening Review—was restored. Meanwhile Mr. Brush had merged the Weekly Crisis with the Saturday Review, and leased it to C. G. Byron. who continued it as a Democratic paper under the name of the Weekly 230 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY Crisis and Saturday Review. In April, 1905, Mr. Byron bought the consolidated weekly and continued its publication. A CRISIS IN LOCAL JOURNALISM. In the fall of 1884 a fund of $500 was raised by the Democrats of East Liverpool, to induce some one to start the publication of a Democratic paper in that city. Not succeeding in the effort, this money was used to purchase the mortgage on a Republican paper in the town, the Potters' Gazette, then edited by "Dave" Martin. For two issues the paper was Democratic, when the Republicans repurchased the mortgage, and the Crisis began its issue October 4, 1884, simultaneously with the reappearance of the Potters' Gazette as a Republican paper. The Crisis was a political venture of the Democratic Central Committee, and James C. Deidrick, as secretary of that organization, took charge. Dr. George P. Ikirt was engaged as editor until February, 1885, when lie retired. The paper was issued as a weekly until March 21, 1888, when it was changed to a daily. Subsequently it included a Sunday issue, but after six months the Sunday feature was abandoned. The paper in the beginning was aggressive, but not profitable. Its career continued to be marked with much vigor, and to years later it was a profitable venture. In August. 1898, the paper was incorporated for $23,000. It continued under the active management of James C. Deidrick until May 1, 1899, when he removed to Canton. Ohio. The company was subsequently managed by different parties until April 1, 1904, when the Crisis was consolidated with the News-Review. During the career of the Crisis it absorbed the old Gazette and The People, a weekly paper published for a little more than a year in the interest of the trades unions and workingmen generally. During parts of 1897 and 1898 the Pottery Journal, a trade monthly devoted to the pottery business, was issued from the Crisis office. It suspended in 1898. Early in the year 1808 F. Leslie Trump started in East Liverpool the Operative Potter, a monthly publication in the interest especially, as its name indicated, of the operative potters. It survived about a year and a half. April 19, 1899, the Potters' Herald was established as a weekly, under the direction of A. S. Hughes, president, and T. J. Duffy, secretary of the National Brotherhood of Operative Potters. In about two years the paper was taken over by members of the N. B. of 0. P. and continued in 1905 to be printed as the organ of that body, asd also of the East Liverpool Trades and Labor Council. T. J. Duffy, president of the N. B. of 0. P., was editor; Edward Menge. associate editor; and H. 0. Allison, business manager. PAPERS OF COLUMBIANA AND LEETONIA. In 1857 Kurtz & Ouinter established in Columbiana a monthly religious publication, printed partly in English and partly in German, devoted to the interests of the Dunkers. known as the Gospel Visitor. In 1866 the paper was removed to Dayton. In September, 1858, C. H. M. Beecher began the publication of the Columbiana Ledger. It was continued until 1861. when it suspended. In the latter year R. L. King began the publication of the Columbiana Chronicle. It lasted less than six months, and died before the close of 1861. In 1858 Black & Watson purchased the material upon which the Aurora had been printed at New Lisbon, and began the publication of the Telegraph at Columbiana. lit lived for 24 weeks. For almost to years Columbiana was without a local paper. Then, April 14. 1870, the Independent Register appeared. A number of Columbiana men raised the moue- and fitted up an office. employing J. M. Hutton as editor. He issued five numbers. when his connection with the paper ceased. In May the property passed into the hands of the Washington Printing Press Comiiany. composed of Gen. E. S. Holloway, J. B. Powell. J. Esterley, A. Sturgeon and W. R. Knowles, who employed George Duncan as editor. He remained until February. 1871; and from that time until September, 1871, R. G. Mosgrove was editor. The AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 231 company then sold out to Frank M. Atterholt and Noah E. Nokl. but after a few issues had been printed Atterholt sold his interest to Gen. E. S. Holloway. The latter and Mr. Nold continued the publication until May, 1872, when General Holloway .became editor and sole proprietor. In April, 1877, he associated with him his sons, John . and Orlando T. They continued the business until September, 1879, when they sold to John Flaugher. Flaugher continued the publication of the Independent Register until the year of his death, 1896, when the paper passed into the hands of H. E. Garrett. He continued the publication but a comparatively short time, and was succeeded by Elmer Firestone. He continued the paper until some time in 1897, when it was suspended. Meanwhile, about 1890, a stock company had started the Columbiana Ledger, with George McLaughlin as managing editor. In 1895 the paper was sold to Newell & Shingler—H. O. Newell and George Shingler. Shingler died in 1904. and Mr. Newell became sole proprietor and editor of the paper. About October 1, 1900, Wilson Edgerton began the publication of the Columbiana Independent. A little later C. P. Moreland became associated with Edgerton in the publication. In 1903 Edgerton & Moreland sold out to G. E. Koch, who continued the paper only about six weeks. and then sold to Newell & Stringier, publishers of the Columbiana Ledger, by which paper the Independent was absorbed. The Columbiana True Press was established July 14, 1875, by two brothers, Lee and Thomas S. Arnold. The publication was continued in Columbiana until August, 1881. when the Arnolds removed to Leetonia and continued to issue the paper there. In the meantime, however, Leetonia's first newspaper. the original Reporter, was established in January, 1872. by Harry Watson and James Hamilton. There were, in the course of the next few years several changes : Watson sold his interest and John Marchand bought in : then Hamilton sold, and Marchand continued until July, 1881, when he left the field vacint. The Reporter had been Republican in politics. Leetonia was without a paper only for two or three weeks, however. As has been said, the Arnold brothers, having removed their office from Columbiana, resumed the publication of the True Press in Leetonia in August, 1881. Thomas Arnold purchased the interest of his brother in 1882, and continued the paper as the True Press for about six months, when, the paper having been conducted independently of political affiliation, it was made Democratic in politics and given the name of the Leetonia Democrat. About three years later the name of tile paper was again changed, this time being Leetonia's first paper's name, the Reporter. In 1905 the Reporter was still Leetonia's only paper. Mr. Arnold still being the editor and publisher. But within 25 years there had been sundry attempts at opposition to the Reporter. Wherefore one might naturally reach the conclusion that Leetonia had been a fruitful newspaper field. Just when the Arnolds were trying to establish themselves there, in the summer of 1881. D. D. Kirby, afterward the Salem publisher. and G. W. Cowgill, who also had a brief experience in Salem. contested the ground with the brothers. They actually did seem to be gaining a foothold, for they started the Commercial and continued it for several months, when they gave up the fight. Mr. Kirby, however, had sold his interest before the paper suspended. Then W. T. Cutchall, before he established himself in New Waterford, rented a place and printed two or three issues of a paper in Leetonia. Then about 1890 Frank Shoemaker made an attempt which died in its incipiency. He was followed by Wade Dickinson and Harry Watson, Jr., who issued a Republican weekly during the fall campaign of 1892. Near the same time a Youngstown man vainly attempted to get a foothold in the popular favor with a paper which he called the Gazette. But "Tommy” Arnold has unbounded faith in the "survival of the fittest," and for several years up to 1905 he was rewarded by the knowledge that he still held undisputed possession of the field. NOT MANY VENTURES IN SALINEVILLE. Salineville's first newspaper appears to have been the Era, which was printed in Wellsville in 1870 by J. E. Porter, being dated Salineville. 232 - HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY It lasted less than a year. The following year James M. Reese, of Wellsville, had a similar experience with the Salineville .diner. It lived but a few months. May 2, 1872, J. W. and J: F. Lacock issued the first number of the Salineville Index, which gave greater promise of permanency of existence than either of its predecessors. It was independent in politics, and the Lacocks continued its publication until the fall of 1878, when, passing into the hands of William Jackson, its name was changed to the Salineville Herald. It passed in its checks about a year later. About 1881 J. K. Smith started the Ohio Advance in Salineville, which about two years later passed into the hands of the publisher of the East Liverpool and Wellsville Saturday Revieze, and was finally absorbed by that paper. About 188o local parties published the Screenbar, which lived about a year. Salineville was for some time without a paper of its own. About January. 1888. John Crowl, coming from East Liverpool. started the Salineville Record, and continued it for about four years. In 1894 W. R. Dutton established the Salineville Banner, which within the next 10 or 11 years was to prove the one financial newspaper success of Salineville up to its time. In 1900 Dutton sold the Banner to J. H. Dodds, who was still publisher and proprietor in 1905. The Banner had always been Republican in politics. as had all of Salineville's newspaper ventures. where any political complexion at all had been given to them UNITY TOWNSHIP NEWSPAPERS. The first newspaper to gain a foothold East Palestine was the Valley Echo established April 12. 1878, by Ellis J. Roberts and continued by him until 1885. Rev. T. W. Winters then bought the paper and conducted it until 1889. when R. F. Chamberlin and S. K. Todd bought and continued the publication for a year and a half and sold to Robert M. Winters. Meanwhile S. H. Maneral had started the East Palestine Reveille—November 14, 1886. He in 1892 sold to C. B. Galbreath —afterwards for many years State librarian—who conducted the paper until March 1, 1894, the name of the paper having been changed to the Republican Reveille. to make more conspicuous its political complexion. At this date (March 1, 1894 ) the Valley Echo and Republican Reveille were consolidated as the Reveille-Echo, and came under the management of S. K. Todd. Hon. T. 1. Brittain was editor of the paper from June 14. 1894. until November 11, 1897. when he resigned to accept an appointment from President McKinley as consul to Nantes. France—later being transferred to Kiehl, Germany. C Mr. Brittain had served two terms in the Lower House of the Ohio Legislature-1892 to 1894.). W. J. Foley was editor of the Reveille-Echo for one year and he was succeeded by S. L. Cutting who held the chair until March 21, 1901, when S. K. Todd succeeded as editor and manager. July 1, 1905. E. L. Merwin. who came from Newton Falls, Ohio, purchased an interest and became editor of the paper. Early in 1905 the American Poultryman. monthly. was established by S. K. Todd. publication office being at East Palestine. with a branch office in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. New Waterford's first local newspaper was the New Waterford a small 3-column sheet, issued in monthly, from 1882 to 1884. by W. Grant Scott. The Monthly Gleaner, published also by Mr. Scott—being issued monthly from December. 1885 to December. 1888— was more pretentious, being comprised of four pages with four columns to the page. The last issue was dated December 1888. A. C. Smith started the New Waterford Magnet, December 6, 1894. Smith continued a publisher about two years when Sam C. Scott, who had extended Smith financial aid reluctantly took over the concern, keeping it alive until April 1, 1897. when he sold the paper to . T. Catchall and J. T. Mercer. little later Catchall bought out his partner and continued the Magnet, which in 1905, had become apparently a prosperous newspaper enterprise. During the later years the paper had became Democratic in politics. The Rogers Noon-Tide, a weekly local paper was established in 1888 by J. Harry Reed, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 233 and published by him at Rogers until early in 1903, when it was removed to East Palestine, and soon after suspended. In the course of the century of progress in newspaper publication, the business had undergone a wonderful evolution. The old "Ramage” and the "Washington” hand-presses had gone, with the inking of the forms by balls and hand-rollers. In their places came the "Campbell” and the "Hoe Country Cylinders." printing 1,000 to 1,200 sheets an hour. where a "token" of 240 sheets had been considered rapid work; then came faster cylinders. making 2,000 impressions to the hour, with machines. which folded the papers as fast as they were printed, and finally the "Cox Duplex" with its 4,000 or 5,000 an hour and the perfecting press making 10,000 to 15,000 papers complete. printed and folded, to the hour. But even that is not great speed as goes the speed of the big perfecting presses of the large city dailies. Yet it is pretty good for the beginning of the loth century in Columbiana County, where there were so many papers that the largest circulation in 1905 did not run beyond 3,000 copies. But the speed and improvement in the press do not show greater advancement than the advances made in speed by the type-setting machines over hand composition : the improved facilities for news gathering and in the betterment in methods for serving subscribers. The linotype. one of winch does the work of four or five typesetters of the old regime. had in 1905 been installed in almost every daily newspaper office. Even the country Weekly had its "plate” service, a device of the last quarter of the 19th century, and the rural free delivery as taking the daily papers to the do rs of the farmers over the county almost as promptly as the carriers in the cities and towns. The telephone, too, had become a great factor in news gathering, and every daily had its court correspondent at the county seat. with a syndicate leased line for the rapid and prompt conveyance of county-seat news. Few papers had yet availed themselves of the daily telegraph service. but the innovation had been made, and the indications were that soon the daily news,. hot from the wires, would be the rule rather than the exception. and that the "plate” service would be relegated to the place occupied by the "patent outsides" in the later decades of the 19th century.