450 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY years ago, when it was taken over by the E. M. Freese & Co., as an adjunct to their Clay Working Machinery plant. Mr. Homer died in May of the present year (1912). The Farmers Manufacturing and Milling Company, of Crestline, is the outcome of a milling industry which was established in 1856-57 by Matthew Reed, and which was originally known as the Continental Mills. After a number of improvements they finally came to be regarded as one of the best in the state. In June, 1880 they were burned to the ground, the proprietors, L. G. Russell & Co. losing heavily. They were rebuilt by Sam Robinson and subsequently passed through several other hands, for about ten years being conducted as an incorporated concern, among the officials at that time being J. V. Pond and son and F. D. Lewis. In 1903 Messrs. Musselnian, Brandt, C. R. Coon and R. M. Taylor organized the present company, which is a co-partnership concern, the business being owned by farmers in Crestline and vicinity, among whom are some Richland county residents. Carl L. Otto, a practical miller, formerly of Michigan, has general charge of the plant, which gives employment to about six men. A general milling business is carried on, the special products "Sweet Home" flour, which has attained a wide reputation for quality. Under its present management the concern has been very successful. The large and flourishing Crestline industry known as the Burch Plow Works is the outcome of a business established many years ago by Nicholas Burch, who sold to the Burch Plow Company in December, 1897. The concern was then incorporated with a capitalization of $50,000, the original officers being Jacob Babst, president; C. P. Frank, vice president; J. M. Carlisle, secretary, and Charles E. Stine, treasurer. Since that time but one change has been made in the official board, J. L. Morrow being now secretary. In 19o7 the capitalization of the company was increased to $75,000 and in 1910 to $100,000. Since the original invention by Nicholas Burch, the Burch plows have been improved from time to time and today rank among the best in the market, and to this cause may be ascribed their wide popularity. As shown by the company's catalogue they are made in various styles, including the New Burch Sulky and wood and steel beam walking plows. They also manufacture several styles of harrows, pulverizers and crushers, and the New Burch Steel Roller, the New Burch All Steel Cultivator, in several styles; single and double shovel plows, etc. Another important branch of the business is the manufacture of seuuer inlets, of which they make a large variety. together with manhole covers, and the Burch Expansion Cast Iron Culvert Pipe. About 40 men are employed in this industry and the plant is large and thoroughly up-to-date. The Phoenix Milling Company, of Crestline, was established about a year ago, by W. H. Heath, of Shelby. The mill is located at the corner of Bucyrus and Pierce streets. A general milling business is done in flour, feed and grain. The Gledhill and Kime Lumber Company of Crestline, is engaged in the production of lumber and building material. The present company purchased the business three or four years ago from John W. Ross, its founder. The office and yards are located at 215 Pierce street. The Weaver Bros. Company, dealers in hay, grain and stock, was incorporated in 1900 with a capitalization of $ioo,000, and with officers as follows: Charles Kindinger, president: William H. Weaver, secretary, treasurer and manager; and Peter Hutt, vice president. The main plant of the company is located at Crest-line, and they have also two others—one of good size at Galion, with J. J. Patterson as manager, and one —the original plant—at Vernon, which is managed by John B, Weaver. The company does a large business, their buying extending over both Crawford and Richland counties. The Crestline Manufacturing Company now known as the Crestline Pump Works, was incorporated about seven or eight years ago by George A. Musselman, Jacob Flowers, R. M. Taylor, C. E. Stetter, and Jacob Babst, with a capital stock of $62,000. It is engaged chiefly in the manufacture of pumps, making as many as 250 different kinds for all sorts of purposes. Judge Daniel Bahst is president of the company, the other officials being James Sow ash, mgr., John Warden, secy.: and Jacob Babst, treasurer and managing director. The AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 451 company is in a very prosperous condition and the concern is one of the important business enterprises of Crestline. A few years ago H. E. Bormuth established himself in business in Crestline as a manufacturer of cement blocks and as general cement contractor, and dealer in building material. His business has gradually increased and is now in a prosperous condition, with good prospects for the future. His location is on So. Pierce street, near the Pennsylvania tracks. The Holcker Bros. Buggy Company, of Crestline, one of that city's most important and prosperous business enterprises, had its origin many years ago, when Lewis Holcker established a factory at New Washington, this county. He was later joined by his two brothers, Charles and Jacob, who came here from Germany, and the three brothers became associated together in the enterprise. In 1873 the concern removed to Crestline, starting here in a small way. The business gradually increased and it was soon found necessary to enlarge and improve the plant, the original frame building being replaced by a substantial one of brick. In September, 1902, they incorporated as The Holcker Buggy Company, with a capital stock of $50,000, and since that time the capacity of their plant has been doubled, their present plant on Seltzer street comprising half a block of brick buildings, thoroughly equipped with all modern appliances. They turn out about 1200 jobs a year in buggies and carriages, and give employment to about 65 people. Their product, the quality of which has always been kept up to the highest degree of perfection, is sold all over the country, their largest trade being in the states of Ohio, Indiana and Pennsylvania, with large sales throughout the South and W 'est. The present officers are: Charles Holcker, president and treasurer; Jacob Holcker, vice president; \1'illiam Monteith, secretary, and B. C. Voglcr, superintendent. The Schill Bros. Company, of Crestline, manufacturers of ranges, stoves, heaters and laundry stoves, was established in 1892, as a partnership concern, the partners being John. Joseph and Peter Schill. In 1900 they incorporated with a capital stock of $250,000. The business has grown to large proportions, the plant now covering five and a quarter acres, and about 150 men are employed on an average. The business done per year amounts to $200,000. Starting with the "New Idea," they have advanced until they now make six different styles of furnace, besides quite a large variety of ranges, heaters and laundry stoves. The officers of the company are as follows: William H. Weaver, president; Frank Miller, vice-pres. and treasurer; W. D. Cover, secretary and manager; E. E. Meister, assistant secretary, and C. A. Simonton, superintendent. The directors are C. F. Frank, John Schill, W. H. Weaver, C. A. Simonton, J. M. Martin, J. A. McCallum and Frank Miller. The New Washington Flouring Mill, at New Washington, now owned and operated by George Siefert, is the outcome of an old established industry. The mill was erected in 1859 by Johnston & Crouder, who subsequently sold it to Joseph Galancie. The latter, after running it awhile, sold to Robert Hillborne and J. H. Miller. Later Mr. Hillborne sold his interest to A. W. Dennis, the firm taking the style of Miller & Dennis. In the fall of 1873 new machinery was installed, and in the following year Mr. Dennis sold to T. B. Endslow, the firm becoming Miller & Endslow. Two years later Mr. Miller retired and Mr. Endslow managed the business alone until 1879, then taking as partner C. K. Hebler. Subsequently Endslow & Hebler sold to John Scott of Cleveland, and the latter rented the property to Rhinehart & Meyers for two years, after which the mill stood idle for a year. Mr. Endslow then returned to the business and purchasing the mill of Mr. Scott. remodeled it in 1890, and conducted it till March 11, 1911, at which time it was purchased by Mr. Siefert. This mill turns out a high grade of flour and has a capacity of 60 barrels a day. The New Washington Lumber & Manufacturing Company, manufacturers of and dealers in lumber and mill work, was organized in 1905, the original founder having been A. G. Eckstein. The officers of the company are: S. J. Kibler, president; J. W. Derr, vice president; J. H. Sheetz, treasurer; J. H. Donaldson, secretary and general manager. The hoard of directors, in addition to the above 452 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY officials, include J. W. Kibler, Jefferson Marquart and Frank Derr. Twelve people are employed, all the men being residents of New Washington. The firm of Seitter & Brown of New Washington, manufacturers of brick and tile, building blocks, etc., was established in March, 1907, by C. T. Seitter and H. L. Brown. A two-story building, 40x130 feet, was erected, and in 1909 an additional two-story building, 30 x 50 feet was built. The entire plant covers about eight acres of ground. The value of the yearly output amounts to about $10,000, and employment is given to from four to six men. A specialty is made of drain tile, which is made in various sizes. The Kibler Tannery, New Washington—This concern was originally about 1834, when Robert Robinson, a shoemaker and tanner, began the manufacture of shoes here. He prepared his own leather, and for this purpose sunk five or six vats, making more leather than he required for his own use, sold the surplus in Bucyrus. His tannery was purchased about 1845 by Matthias Kibler, who had started in the same business about ten years before in a small log building a mile or two south of New Washington, where he had sunk four vats. Mr. Kibler was a first class tanner and gradually enlarged his business into an important enterprise. His leather was of the best quality and commanded a ready market in Bucyrus and other places. The old tannery was subsequently torn down and removed to its present site in the southeast part of the town corporation, between the Northern Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad tracks. S. J. Kibler, who succeeded Matthias later took in J. W. Kibler as partner, the firm then becoming S. J. Kibler & Brother, and it was thus conducted until May 2, 1902, when the style was changed to S. T. Kibler, Bro. & Co. It was then incorporated with a capitalization $5,000, all paid in, the officers being: S. J. Kibler, president; A. G. Kibler, secretary; L. M. Kibler, treasurer. The tannery consists of four buildings, i6oxioo feet, 60x45 feet, 80x 50 and 45x30 feet. Twelve men are employed in the tannery, and seven traveling salesmen, with a bookkeeper and stenographer in the office. In 1902 Mr. J. W. Kibler retired from active service with the company. The concern now deals also in hides, tallow and sheep, skins, wool and furs, wholesale. The company owns go per cent of the Lake Erie Hide and Leather Co., of Sandusky, 0. Their annual sales ending in May, 1912, amounted to $2,000,000. The Crawford County Nursery, at New Washington, is an infant industry which gives promise to develop into one of the county's most important commercial enterprises. The prime mover in its establishment is Mr. W. H. McCormick, who has devoted the greater part of his life to the study of horticulture. This nursery, although covering only 5 3-4 acres of ground contains no less than 32,000 young apple trees, 16,500 plum trees, 4,000 cherry, i,000 pear, 15,000 strawberry plants, 1,000,000 catalpa. 4.000 peach, 4,000 currant, and 4,000 gooseberry plants, besides 1260 evergreens. The soil of this nursery is ideal and the greatest care is exercised in planting and caring for the young trees, shrubs and plants. No person is allowed to buy more than $25 worth of stock in the company, the directors wishing to distribute the stock widely among fruit growers. The official board and directorate are as follows: E. F. Ulmer, president; John Donnersbach, vice president; H. L. Hammer, secretary; W. H. McCormick, manager. Directors—A. P. Miller, secretary, C. H. Kichline, secretary, John Willacker. W. J. Harris, J. E. Wells and I. P. Spillette. CHAPTER XXVII THE PRESS. The Modern Newspaper—Scarcity of Newspapers in Early Part of ipth Century—The Newspapers of Today the Reflection of Contemporary Life and History—The Rural Press—Character of Crawford County's Newspapers—Early Specimens—Lack of Local News in Early Papers—The Scissors Succeeded by Stereotype Plate—A Case of Mixed Fiction—The First Printing Press in Crawford County—The County's First Newspaper—The Western Journal and Bucyrus Advertiser—Specimen Advertisements—The People's Press —The Ohio Intelligencer—The Crawford Republican—The Bucyrus Democrat—Democratic-Republican and Its Regular Publication—The People's Forum—Journalistic Success in Crawford County in Early Days Dependent on Politics—The DemocraticPioneer and Its Peculiar Origin—Editorial Amenities—Career of Tom Orr—First Stearn Newspaper Plant in Bucyrus—The Crawford County News—The News Forum—The Daily Critic—The Daily Forwn—Establishment of the Bucyrus Journal and Its Career—The P. V. Nasby Articles—Carriers' Addresses—The Journal Under the Ho plays—The Evening Telegraph—Consolidation of Journal and Telegraph—The Temperance Ballot or Crawford County News—German Papers—The Crawford County Deinokrat—The Deutsche Courier—The Bucyrus Evening Times—The Daily Critic—Other Journalistic Enterprises of Bucyrus—Galion Newspapers—The Galion Weekly Train, Later "Times," now the Galion District Democrat—The Ribletts and Matthias Brothers—The Weekly Review—The Galion Sun—The Public Spirit or Leader—The Sun-Review—The Galion Inquirer—The Crestline Express—The Crestline Advocate—The Crawford County Democrat—The Crestline Democrat and Crestline Vidette—The New Washington Herald—The Tiro World—Old Time Part Spirit—A Change for the Better. THE PRESS And 'tis thus with our noble profession, and thus it will ever be still; There are some who appreciate its labors, and some who perhaps never will, But in the great time that is coming, when Ioudly the trumpet shall sound, And they who have labored and rested shall come from the quivering ground; When they who have striven and suffered to teach and ennoble the race, Shall march at the front of the column, each one in his God-given place, As they pass through the gates of The City with proud and victorious tread, The editor, printer, and "devil," will travel not far from the head. —WILL CARLETON. The modern newspaper is really entitled to a place as one of the wonders of the world, but it appears with such regularity and is usually so creditable a publication that people accept it without giving especial thought to its preparation. Naturally, in the publishing of a newspaper, as in all sorts of work where movable types or fallible humanity is in evidence, there are errors in public prints, but these errors are reduced to the minimum, and few people realize the care with which a staff of conscientious people, working in harmony, strive for accuracy of information and clearness of expression in the presentation of matter in the ordinary newspapers of the day. When Crawford county was erected early in 182o there were few papers in the United States and the number in Ohio was extremely limited. The larger cities had indifferent pa- - 453 - 454 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY pers and even the best of them in 1820 would not compare with any degree of credit with the hundreds of newspapers published all over Ohio today, the improved methods of collecting and handling news giving to our local papers today a quality and completeness which could not have been attained in even the largest cities a hundred years ago. Ohio has progressed in the past century to a degree far exceeding the roseate dreams of the most sanguine enthusiast in his brightest optimism. And going along with the advance of Ohio, but usually leading that advance, were the splendid papers of the state. The small cities have long enjoyed their daily papers and scarcely a community of size and importance is now without a newspaper, usually a daily and often two dailies, speaking with enthusiasm for the town or city, and pointing the way to improvement in local affairs, whether in politics, sanitary conditions, manufacturing or commercial advantages; or boasting of the financial reliability of its institutions and the progressive principles of its people. The measure of social advancement is reflected in the papers of the state and each community smiles to the world at large through the pages of its favorite paper. Always anxious to command the respect and esteem of the community, usually fighting its way to a higher character and broader view of life and responsibilities, the modern newspaper aims to be at the front in all good work; aims to give to the people inspiration and encouragement, and strives to be worthy of that community and its people. The faithful newspaper of today becomes the reliable history of tomorrow, and the paper striving to make its columns reflect that which will be reliable history naturally has a standing which cannot be weakened. The power of the press has been the subject of song and story, but that power only comes when it reflects the conscientious ideas of the locality and in leading with good thoughts and good deeds the community where it is published. The desire for helping in the general advancement of the community has stimulated many papers to institutional efforts, and today newspapers are doing more than their share to help in public enterprises; more than their share of care and thought to the inaking of bigger and better communities. And while the press in general has advanced to a remarkable degree the press of the rural sections has come to be more and iliore a reflex of the substantial thought and careful intelligence of the average American community. The larger cities reflect a condition which is restless and dangerous. Their newspapers are frequently given over to large headlines and sensations. This in itself is disturbing. The newspapers of the smaller communities are prepared with greater care, and show the anxiety to reflect the people with whom the paper is an institution and to give to the readers of that paper the best possible ideals. Crawford county is especially indebted to its newspapers for their cleanness, their progressive character, their tireless desire to assemble news and present it in readable and creditable shape, and their unceasing efforts to build tip their respective sections. To compare a county newspaper of i800 of any county in the state. with the newspapers of Crawford county of today is certainly a comparison which reflects credit on the present Crawford county papers. The oldest papers in the county are on exhibition at the office of the Hopley Printing Company in Bucyrus. There are two papers framed on their walls, one of 1833 and the other of 1834., which give a good idea of the newspapers of that day. The older of these two framed copies is of the Western Journal and Bucyrus Advertiser and is dated November 30, 1833. The other copy is of The Bucyrus Journal and is dated February r, 1834. They are both in a remarkable state of preservation and are so framed that the interested person can examine both sides of the print. There was no local news at that time and no effort to assemble local news. Occasionally a death would be recorded but in the main the papers contained items of national or international importance, clipped from some of the exchanges that had come to the editor. Seventy-five years ago the editor of a Bucyrus paper had, seemingly no use for a pen. The scissors did the work for him. This was notable in all the papers up to about 1860, when the use of local news became of some importance. The great frost of 1838 which in July AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 455 of that year destroyed the corn and wheat, and other crops and entailed a loss of half a million dollars on this county, was given merely a few lines. Such an item today would be treated with a full account, with details secured at first hand from as many farmers as could be reached. The advancement of newspaper work has been remarkable, and it is comparatively easy to gather the items of the world and place them on the tea tables of the small city; organization and improved facilities making the work a pleasure where in the old days it was a hardship. The general use of the stereotype plate has come within the past forty years. The use of this plate in local newspapers enables the smaller publications to use "syndicate" matter simultaneously with the larger papers of the country, and deliver to the rural community each day from the county seat, as complete a paper as would be possible in the great cities of the country. Some years ago Major A. W. Diller was watching the operation of the placing of stereotype plates in a newspaper form and remarked "it used to be that you edited a newspaper with a paste-pot and pair of scissors, but now, by heck, you do it with a saw." Occasionally in the early days a three or four line mention was made of the death of a prominent citizen, and the political meeting of a party escaped with only a bare mention, if indeed it obtained any place in the paper at all, and certainly none if it were the opposition party. However, from the early files accessible at the office of the Bucyrus Journal and the Evening Telegraph it is possible to get much historical knowledge from the advertising columns. The changes in firms or locations, the new stores started, the erection of new buildings, etc., are only learned by the advertisements. After the year 1840 political editorials became frequent. It is doubtful if the entire amount of local news published in all the Bucyrus papers previous to the year 1850 exceeded what can be found in the leading papers of the county in any one month. The use of stereotype plates has helped slake newspapers possible in many small towns and in these later days the cost is not expensive and the value is very great. In one of the southern Ohio counties an eccentric character named Tony Barleyon owned a small newspaper. He bought a page of two-column short stories and for six months ran them in his paper. The page contained three of the two-column stories and he would publish first one then the other of them, occasionally forgetting to change the stories from one week to the other, and this brought some comment from his friends. To vary the matter Barleyon mixed the stories up, running them in combination so that the first column of one story would be published with the second column of another. John Moderwell is the authority for the fact that the first printing press brought to Crawford county was the property of William Y. McGill. It was an old Ramage press, and about 1829 he contemplated publishing a Jackson paper, at Bucyrus, but after the first number appeared the publication was discontinued. McGill must have been a man of excellent financial judgment, for he had discretion enough to foresee that, even in that day, running a newspaper in Crawford county would not be an easy road to financial prosperity, and he promptly suspended the new enterprise. He continued a resident of Bucyrus and vicinity for many years, occasionally teaching school in the village and surrounding country. April 1, 1833, he acted as election clerk in Liberty township, and at the same time, his fellow citizens having implicit faith in him, elected him to the lucrative office of "fence viewer" of that township. This is, so far as known, the only honor or political preferment given to the man who introduced the printing press into Crawford county. When war was declared with Mexico, McGill left for the scene of hostilities, feeling, no doubt that the success he had failed to achieve with the pen might be attained by the sword, but misfortune was his lot, for while on his way home he took sick and died at Newport, Kentucky. It is doubtful if any copies of this first paper published in Crawford county were preserved. The second attempt at journalism was made by William Crosby, who obtained possession of the McGill press and materials, and about September 1, 1831, commenced the publication of a newspaper advocating democratic principles. This was called the Western Journal and Bucyrus Advertiser above spoken of and was printed and published on Sandusky avenue, a few doors north of the post office. The post 456 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY office was at Henry St. John's store where the Bucyrus City Bank is now located, and it is likely the few doors north was about where Englehard's clothing store is at present. If this paper appeared regularly, counting from the numbers of the issues preserved and framed as above mentioned, which was No. 105, it must have been started in November, 1831, but it is doubtful if the paper was issued regularly each week, so it is possible the first number of the Western Journal might have been several months prior to this date. The paper changed names between November 30, 1833 and February 1, 1834, for on the latter date it was known as the Bucyrus Journal. The Western Journal and Bucyrus Advertiser was a four-page paper of four columns to the page, and the issue of Nov. 30, 1833, is No. 107. In this paper George Sweney offers for sale half a lot which is situated a short distance north of Henry St. John's store, on which there is a comfortable two-story dwelling.. It is probable this is the building which was the home of the paper, as it was expected in those days a party leader should furnish a home for his political paper, and as two years had elapsed with little or no rent coming in, and it would be political heresy to close up the concern, the smoothest and easiest way out of the difficulty was to unload the burden on some one else. Crosby, however, was doing his best. He was offering for sale lot No. 151 in Bucyrus, which was the West 82 feet of the lot on which the Hotel Royal now stands, and ran south on Poplar street 132 feet. The advertisement states the lot "is in a healthy and flourishing part of the town." He further announces he wants some wheat on subscription, and that he will take lumber in payment for debts due hint, specializing: "Oak, Ash, Poplar, Black and White Walnut, and Cherry boards: shingle and Plastering Lath—Scantling and Shingles." Three other advertisements, all in the same issue, should be read in connection : First—John Davis and Joseph Kirk announce a dissolution of partnership in the hatting business. Second—John Davis announces that he is in the batting business at Cary's old stand, and has hats at wholesale and retail, and "warranted as good as any made in the western country." Third—"All persons are cautioned against a promissory note given by me, payable to Jos. Kirk, for the sum of $175, twelve months after date, dated about the first day of October, 1833, as I shall not feel myself bound to pay the same unless compelled by law. John Davis." Zalmon Rowse, as administrator of his brother, announces he will sell a part of the east half of the southeast quarter of section Holmes township. [This was the land in North Bucyrus extending from the Tiffin road half way to Sandusky avenue] ; also land on the turnpike road south of Bucyrus. [This is now in the corporation.] Elizabeth and William M'Curdy announce their appointment as administratrix and administrator of James M'Curdy, of Liberty township, deceased. John Moderwell announces the removal of his cabinet shop to the new building on the west side of the square. [This was the lot on which the Hotel Royal now stands. Previous to thi- his building had been on the Rowse Block corner. ] James McCracken, as J. P., publishes an attachment in a suit of Abraham Yost against Nu absent debtor. R. W. Musgrave and Henry St. John, merchants, also publish an attachment against Henry Flack, an absconding debtor; amount $100. Advertisements are also published announcing that a petition will he presented to the next Legislature to form a new county. The new county was to take from what is now Crawford, all of Auburn and Vernon, the northern three miles of Sandusky and the eastern three miles of Cranberry, Auburn and Vernon being then in Richland county. Another county petitioned for was to take in Auburn in Richland county and Cranberry in Crawford. Other petitions to be presented to the Lei lature was for the establishment of a graded state board from Mamsfield in Richland count v to Bucyrus in Crawford county; also a state road "beginning at the Public Square in Galion, in the county of Richland, from thence on the nearest and best ground to the town of Bucyrus." An item in the paper states that the Ohio State Journal announces that if it receives suf- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 457 ficient encouragement it will publish a daily during the session of the Legislature. In 1830 Columbus was a town of 2437 people, and it is a pleasure to state sufficient encouragement was given, for the daily was published. Here is the only local item in the paper: "We have been requested to state that Rev. Mr. Dickey of the Associate Church will preach at the Court House in the village on Sunday next to commccc at It o'clock a. m." Two things are observable in the only local item; first, his declining to assume responsibility for the item, and second the statement that the reverend gentlemen would commence preaching a i i o'clock. It was a correct statement to make, as it gave no indication as to when he would finish, as in those early days it was nothing unusual for a minister to preach two and three hours. The next number in existence was called the Bucyrus Journal, and is dated Feb. 1, 1834, and is No. 114, showing by the date and number that it was being published regularly each week. It again has been but one news item: "Died—In this vicinity on Wednesday morning last, Mr. Simeon Parcher, leaving a wife and a large family of children to mourn his loss." This next number shows that when an advertisement once got into the paper it stayed there. The legal notices of Musgrave & St. John of Abraham Yost for their absent debtors, and the administrator's notice, get their tenth publication, when the law called for but four. John Moderwell as sheriff advertises six properties for sale, all in what is now Wyandot county. Jacob Bryant and John Mitchell advertise a dissolution of partnership in the merchandising business. Crosby's lot "in a healthy and flourishing part of the town" is still for sale. Here are two advertisements, which show the manners and customs of those days: "Six CENTS REWARD--Ran away from the subscriber living in Bucyrus, on the loth inst., a boy named Peter Werth, an indentured apprentice in the Wagon and Ploughmaking business. All persons are hereby count, as I will prosecute all who do so. Said boy is about 18 years old, dark complected, is fond of talking cautioned against harboring or trusting him on my account with his superiors, and occasionally tries to play the fiddle; had on when he went away a dark sattinet coattee, white hat, and striped sattined pantaloons of a snuff color. The above reward will be given but no charges paid. "P. S.—An additional reward of a bundle of shavings will be given to any person returning said boy to the subscriber. "GEORGE MYERS. "Bucyrus, Dec. 20, 1833—w3." Here is Chapter Two. "To THE PUBLIC.—Mr. Editor : Sir: In your paper of the 21st inst. I perceive an advertisement signed by George Myers, concerning my son, Peter Werth. Now I wish to correct an error in said advertisement. My son did not run away as Mr. Myers states; he came home on account of some ill treatment on Saturday last. I, as his rightful guardian, commenced a suit against Mr. Myers on Monday last (for a non-performance of the indenture) the result of which has been a verdict in my favor of thirty dollars. "P. S.—Mr. Myers had better keep his shavings for the purpose of lighting candles to play cards, dice, and roulette by, and save his money also.* " JOSEPH WERTH, SR., "Bucyrus, Dec. 24, 1833—w4." Sweney has probably sold his building, as the advertisement does not appear; still the editor is struggling heroically to meet expenses as witness the following: "THE PRINTER—Wants the following articles of Country Produce in payment on subscription debts, viz.: Wheat, Rye, Corn, Oats, Buckwheat, Potatoes, Pork, Beef, Veal, Cheese, Butter, Sugar, Flax, Lumen, Linsey, Wool, Tallow, Candles, Feathers, Hay, &c., &c., or anything else which we can cat, drink, wear, or sell again. He would be glad to get lumber and building material of all kinds (if delivered soon) ; also a few cords of Fire Wood; for all of which the highest market price will be given. And moreover, he would not take it amiss if he could occasionally get (it would be a mighty pleasant thing) from his patrons some MONEY, for which they should most assuredly receive his hearty thanks." While these early issues of the Bucyrus Journal and the Western Journal are not as well printed as is done today, it is a conspicuous fact that the paper holds together and the type is clear and distinct, a feature which will probably not be noted about the average paper printed today which might be preserved for eighty years. Crosby sold the printing plant to Charles P. West, who published for about one year the Peoples Press and the Peoples Advocate, both of which aimed to be neutral in *At the March terns of court in 1834, the following indictment was found. George Myers, for suffering gaming in his outhouse." 458 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY politics. In 1845 President Polk appointed Crosby Consul to the port of Talcahuano, Chili, in South America. Moderwell says in regard to Crosby's later history "Finding the office was not very lucrative he resigned and engaged in whale fishery, which proved to be much more profitable, and in which he was engaged for many years. He visited Bucyrus in October, 1867." David R. Lightner was employed in the People's Press office before the publication was discontinued, and, when West sold the establishment to Joseph Newell arrangements were made for a new paper, to be published by Newell & Lightner. Mrs. Newell, however, opposed this move on her husband's part, and, in order to "keep peace in the family," Newell turned the enterprise over to John Reeder, and is said to have given him ten bushels of wheat for "taking the bargain off his hands." Reeder and his son Jonathan, and his nephew Lightner, then started the Ohio Intelligencer. The first number appeared about 1836, for the 21st number of it was issued July 23, and the 42d number December 30, 1836. This paper was neutral in politics, the issue of July 23 publishing both Presidential electoral tickets. The name of the firm was then D. R. Lightner & Co., but after fifty-two numbers had been issued John Reeder retired and his on Jonathan continued in partnership with his cousin Lightner for several more numbers of Volume 2. Young Reeder also became discouraged and sold his interest to John Caldwell. The Ohio Intelligencer was then discontinued and Caldwell & Lightner started the Crawford Republican about August r, 1837, with Caldwell as editor and Lightner as publisher. The office was then on the corner now occupied by the J. K. Myers store. In the eighth number, dated November 4, r837, on the first page, and November 28, on the third, the proprietors make the following announcement "The experiment we have commenced in the publishing of a Democratic paper is now in full tide of operation, and with the result so far we have no reason to complain. In addition to the old list of subscribers we have obtained about one hundred and twenty new ones, and are daily receiving more. We want two hundred more immediately and no labor or expense will be spared to make our paper interesting. An interesting and important crisis is now approaching in our national and state affairs, with which every man in the county should make himself acquainted, and which we will endeavor to lay before our readers as they transpire." This number was issued during the panic of 1837, and, money being very scarce, the proprietors, in order to secure patronage, published on the fourth page, in sale-bill type the following notice: "Wheat, corn, buckwheat, oats, pork, beef, butter and candles will be re-received on subscription at this office." After 52 numbers of the Crawford County Republican had been published Caldwell retired from the firm, and Lightner continued the paper for another year, or rather for another volume of fifty-two numbers, the last appearing January 1, 1840. The Democratic brethren were not satisfied with the management of the paper under Lightner, who said "some declared I was not a good Democrat for publishing a communication from Bishop Tuttle, in which the people were advised to examine both sides." Lightner was not sorry to be relieved, and the office was transferred to Caldwell, and the paper discontinued for about three months. Mr. Lightner was afterward elected Mayor of Bucyrus in 1842 and re-elected in 1843. Caldwell, for many years a resident of Crawford county, removed to California, and was murdered while carrying mail. In the summer or fall of 1838 a new Whig paper, the Bucyrus Democrat, was established by John Shrenck. No. 52 of volume I was issued October 2, 1839. An examination of this issue shows that the character of Bucyrus newspapers has improved very much during these 75 years. It would seem the sole idea for which Shrenck published the Democrat was to abuse the Democratic candidate for prosecuting attorney, Franklin Adams. This gentleman was elected by a large majority, reelected two terms and continued for years an honored and respected citizen of the town, while the Democrat "yielded up the ghost" 70 years ago. Shrenck continued the paper several years; 'No. 47, of Volume 3 was issued May 4, 1842, and it was published during the political campaign of that year. After a precarious existence of three or four years he removed the press and material to Kenton and in 1845 to Upper Sandusky. The Bucyrus Democrat was the first paper published in Crawford county in opposition to the Democratic party. The Democrats of Crawford county were anxious to have an organ at Bucyrus and the AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 459 publishers of the Ohio Statesman, at Columbus, recommended Thomas J. Orr and John White as two printers who could conduct a paper to suit the party. About April 23, 1840, these young men having obtained possession of the printing material formerly owned by Caldwell & Lightner, started the Democratic Republican, the fourth number of which appeared May 14, 1840. White then retired from the establishment ; it is generally reported that the partnership was dissolved by Orr kicking White out of the office for being intoxicated. Considering the present partisan meaning of the words Democratic and Republican, it appears strange that in 1840 the organ of the Crawford county Democracy should by the Democratic Republican, while the Whig paper, opposed to the Democracy should be known as the Bucyrus Democrat. Orr continued in the newspaper business at Bucyrus for several years and at the start was supported by the Democratic party. The first volume of his Democrat Republican was completed May 28, 1841, and shortly after this Orr commenced issuing the paper very irregularly, for although the second volume was started June 4, 1841, it had only reached the 28th number by July 23, 1842. It had taken him eight months to issue the last fourteen numbers of the second volume. Orr was a brilliant writer, and a genial, social, whole-souled man, but could do nothing with more ease and grace than any man in the village. Everybody liked him, but the leading Democrats so seriously objected to this shiftless way of conducting a party organ, that he did better the second year, and starting Vol. 3 on April 6, 1843, he managed to get it completed by June 8, 1844, publishing the 52 numbers in a year and a record breaker for Orr. He managed to do fairly well in the summer of 1844 as it was a Presidential campaign, and he took a natural interest in politics, but after the campaign was over, and his party had won, he dropped hack farther than ever in the irregularity of the issues. The patrons of the paper in disgust, secured another man and the People's Forum was started in the spring of 1845, and after publishing a few more irregular numbers, the last about July, with the fourth voltime lacking several numbers of completion. Orr gave his paper to William T. Giles, the only mean about the establishment who did any work, and Giles loaded it on a wagon and started the first Democratic paper at Upper Sandusky. In the earliest settlement of the counties it was a difficult matter for papers to exist, and there was generally but one in a county, and that depended for its support not so much on its patrons as on the county printing. Crawford was a Democratic county, and when Orr started a real Democratic paper he secured the county printing and the Whig paper went to the wall. Two papers could not be sustained in Bucyrus, and about 1843 Shrenck moved his plant to Kenton and on Feb. 3, 1845, the act was passed creating Wyandot county from Crawford, and Shrenck loaded his plant into a wagon and started it across the country and on Feb. 15, 1845, issued the first paper at Upper Sandusky, which was called the Wyandott Telegraph, with two "tt's." His office was the old Council House, but the county bought the building and he was compelled to move, and while waiting to secure a new location published one number under an apple-tree in the open air. His paper was Whig in politics, to the great satisfaction of his former subscribers in that portion of Crawford county, which was now Wyandot. That fall was the first election for the county officials in Wyandot county, and the editor poured his weekly tirade of abuse on the iniquities of the Democratic party, and eulogized every candidate and every doctrine of the Whigs. The Democrats were wild, and they hurried to Bucyrus for relief. Good natured, genial Tom Orr had been publishing a Democratic paper at Bucyrus at such irregular intervals that the Democrats had induced another man to establish a paper in their city. While Orr talked politics and told stories at every loafing place in the village, his paper was being gotten out, such as it was, by a young man named William T. Giles, not an editor, but a printer, about 22 years of age. When the Upper Sandusky delegation reached Bucyrus they met Orr. He was not only ready to quit, but as usual would do anything to accommodate his friends, so he suggested that Giles could buy his plant and take it to Upper Sandusky. Giles only paid $1.25 per week for hoard, but was unable to collect enough money from Orr to keep this paid up, so he was financially insolvent. He also doubted his ability to 460 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY run a paper, but his democracy was unquestioned; and, persuaded by Orr and the Upper Sandusky Democrats, he agreed to look over the field. In company with William M. Scroggs, afterward his brother-in-law, he visited Upper Sandusky, and agreed to undertake the job. Orr had said there would be no difficulty on terms. And there wasn't. Orr was to receive Giles' individual note for the property, due in eight months, the amount due Giles from Orr being deducted. When the note was due, if Giles could not pay it, he was to return the property, and Orr was to pay him in cash the balance due him for wages. The contract and note were drawn up by Josiah Scott. Giles was an industrious and hard worker. His Democratic friends bought him an old house in Upper Sandusky, and this he fitted up for a printing office. Everything being ready, Giles borrowed a horse of one of the staunch Democrats, of Upper Sandusky, Col. Robt McKelly; started early in the morning, drove to Bucyrus, got Fred Feiring to assist him, and the plant was loaded on the wagon, and by evening in its new home, and he issued his first paper, the Democratic Pioneer, on Aug. 29, 1845. So the first papers of both parties were started in Upper Sandusky by Bucyrus men. Giles poured hot shot and bad grammar into the Whigs, and when the election was over the county was Democratic, Giles had the county printing, and the week after the October election Schrenck left with his plant for a new field in Henry county, receiving the following complimentary notice from his successful rival: "The thing that decamped from this place, and took up his abode in Napoleon. Henry county, and is issuing a little filthy sheet, is said to he doing great service to the Democracy of that county, and the Democrats are returning their thanks to him. Good! We hope our friends in those regions will give him plenty of rope, and the consequence will be seen." When the note became due Giles wrote Orr of his impossibility to pay, and said he would return the plant, and collect his back wages, as per contract. Orr was in worse financial condition than ever, and being unable to pay the wages, finally succeeded in coaxing Giles to go ahead with the plant and pay when he could. Giles made a success of it and later became one of the prominent newspaper men of the west, and althought later in life he may have been able to explain just what he meant in his first announcement in the Pioneer, he certainly never found any grammar which would sticcessfully cover the paragraph in its entirety. Here is his entry into journalism: "It is the intention of the editor to be perfectly free and uncontrolled by any man or set of men, and always willing to receive the counsel of such as are desirous of promoting the good cause, for which it is published to vindicate, as the advice of many is likely to be more correct than the few." As for Tom Orr, he was more popular with out his paper than with it, so his party elected him Clerk of the Court, a position he held "or six years, proving a most efficient and popular official. In 1859 he was chosen to represent Seneca, Crawford and Wyandot counties in the suite senate. During the second session the war broke out and Orr supported the measures adopted by the legislature for the preservation of the Union. For doing this he was bitterly denounced by some of the leaders of his part at home, and when he sought a renomination at the next primary election, received only 782 votes in Crawford county, while Judge Lang of Tiffin received 760, and the latter was nominated at the Senatorial Convention. Orr afterward remove to Calhoun county, Iowa, where he died July 2, 1874. When the Democrats of Crawford became dissatisfied with Orr's irregularly issued publication, they induced J. R. Knapp., Jr., who had for several years been connected with the Marion Mirror, to establish another Democratic paper at Bucyrus. The first number of this, the People's Forum, appeared April 12, 1845. and three months later Orr sold his plant to Giles. The Forum has been regularly published since, under different proprietors. John R. Knapp learned his trade as a printer in Nev, York, and in 1842 with his brother started the Marion Mirror. In 1845 lie sold out to his brother in order to come to Bucyrus and start the People's Forum, which he ran until 184; and sold to Mordecai P. Bean. In 1846 while at Bucyrus Mr. Knapp was appointed by John G. Breslin, then clerk of the senate, as his assistant clerk. In 1848 he was elected Senate Clerk. The Senate stood Democrats 18, Whigs 15, Free Soil 3; the Free Soilers were "Progressive Whigs" so the Senate was a tie po- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 461 litically. In those days the Clerk of the Senate had the giving out of the publication of laws; (worth about $50,000 to some paper,) so when opportunity offered there was a fight. Balloting lasted four days. Knapp got his 18 Democratic votes all right on every ballot, but lacked one of a majority, and on the i 2 r st ballot he received nineteen votes and was elected, and Sam Medary, of the Ohio Statesman, secured the publication of the laws. The next session was also close as it took 300 ballots to agree on the speaker, but Knapp got the clerkship on the second ballot, showing he had made a good clerk. Knapp's office for a few weeks after he came here was opposite the Court House; then it was moved a few doors east, near the old Methodist Episcopal church. In April 1848 the printing material was moved to a room over Lauck & Failor's store; the frame still standing on the corner of the Square and East Mansfield street; in April, 1850 it was moved to the Anderson block, long known as the Ward-Gormley residence, opposite the present office of the Bucyrus Journal and the Evening Telegraph. In the spring of i8 it was moved to the Deal House corner. Bean had bought the People's Forum in 1847 and was proprietor for about ten years. During the latter part of that decade Philip Dombaugh was associated with him but never owned an interest, although considered the publisher for several years. They finally dissolved business relations April 24, 1857, and shortly after Bean sold the Forum to J. A. Estill, who was later editor of the Holmes County Farmer. The office was removed to the Quinby block April r, 189, and in a few weeks passed into the hands of A. McGreggor who, after he left here was editor of the Stark County Democrat, at Canton, and died there in November, egos. When Mr. McGreggor left he transferred the paper to the late Judge Thomas Beer, and the office was removed to the Burkhart block, now known as the Mader block, on January 1, 1862. On April 25, Henry Barnes and Thomas Coughlin purchased Beer's interest in the paper. After five months Barnes retired from the partnership, but Coughlin continued as proprietor until April, 1868, and the office was removed to the Blair block. In October, 1867, he was elected County Clerk and was re-elected in 1870. Before entering on the duties of this position he sold the paper to John R. Clymer, who had been the Clerk of the Court for the previous seven years. About this time the office, which had been improved by the addition of a fine Cincinnati cylinder press and other new printing material, was removed from Blair's hall to the second story of No. 8 Quinby block. In August, 1867, Mr. Coughlin employed as associate editor of his paper William Hubbard, who continued with the Forum until April, 1869. This gentleman was an unusually earnest and forcible writer, and had a national reputation on account of the fearlessness of his writings in opposition to the war. During the war he was publishing a paper at Dayton, and the citizens believing his vigorous expressions were disloyal, visited his office one night without waiting for the formality of an invitation, and destroyed the plant. With a praiseworthy tenderness of heart, to prevent the editor seeing his property ruined, they considerately threw him out of the window before they commenced their work of destruction. Nothing was done, as public opinion in that city was against the editor. He went to Bellefontaine where he edited the Logan County Gazette, with his pen a trifle sharpened by his experiences, and then came to Bucyrus. When he retired from the Forum the partnership of Hubbard & Coughlin was formed and they bought the Democratic Northwest at Napoleon, Ohio, which Mr. Hubbard edited until he died, May 11, 1872. In 1874, Mr. Coughlin was elected clerk of the House of Representatives at Columbus, serving one term; he went from there to Cincinnati and eventually returned to the printing business. Advanced in years, he is still living at Colorado Springs, Col., a member of the Printers' Home. Under the ownership of Mr. Clymer, in February, 1871, a steam engine was added to the plant and the first paper was printed by steam in Bucyrus. For over 27 years the paper had been folio in form, but in October, 1871, it was changed to a quarto, and subscribers who desired it semi-weekly were furnished four pages on Tuesday and four on Friday. This system was continued until the four page form was resumed, November 17, 1876. During the nine years Mr. Clymer was publisher the 462 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY office occupied at different times each floor of No. 8 Quinby block. On April 20, 1877, Major J. H. Williston, one of the owners of the Marion Mirror, bought the paper, and in December, r 878, the establishment was removed to the basement of the Deal block, were it continued for a number of years and then moved to the south room of the Vollrath block where Joseph turner now has his store, and from there it was moved to the old Methodist church building where it is at present located. In 1883 Mr. Williston, was elected State Senator from the district and re-elected in 188, and during the time he was in the Ohio Senate, A. R. Bell was the associate editor, and manager, a part of the time being assisted by Walter E. Wright, an unusually clever writer. Major Williston sold an interest in the Forum to Frank Holbrook and later the Holbrook Brothers bought the other interest. Grant A. McNutt, a brother-in-law of the Holbrooks became a member of the firm. He was one of the most brilliant and versatile local writers ever in the newspaper business at Bucyrus. When the Spanish-American War broke out he accepted a Government position at Washington where he remained several years, when he returned to Bucyrus, filling various positions, and died in 191 1. Under the Hoibrooks, A. M. Ensminger was editor of the paper, a position he filled until he was appointed postmaster in July, 1894, when Horace Holbrook assumed the editorial management and Frank Holbrook the business department. In Oct., 1901, the Bucyrus Publishing Company was incorporated, and the new company bought the Forum and the Crawford County News, changing the name to the News Forum, L. M. Smith being president and general manager of the new company, as well as the principal stockholder ; W. H. Iams editor. Under this editorship and management the paper has continued ever since, its business constantly increasing and in October of this year they added a perfecting press to their plant. An attempt was made by Major Williston to establish a daily paper in 1880, the first number having appeared July 13 of that year. But it was discontinued Nov. 3, after an existence of four months. About 1886 the Holbrooks took charge of the Daily Critic, which they ran for a few years and then discontinued it. On March 2, 1891, the Daily Forum was started by them, and it has had a prosperous existence ever since. In 1907 a linotype machine was installed, the first in the county. When Major J. H. Williston left here he went to Fostoria, where he engaged in other business and died in that city, March 20, 1891. Frank and Horace Holbrook went to California where they continued in the newspaper business, later returning to Ohio, Horace Holbrook being the present proprietor of the Warren Democrat, in Trumbull county. After Shrenck's Bucyrus Democrat had been discontinued the Whigs of Crawford county were without an organ for nearly ten years. From 1845 to Jan. 1, 1853, the Forum was the only paper in the county. Near the close of 1852 subscription papers were circulated throughout the county, by Henry Converse, D. W. Swigart and James McLain, the Whig leaders, and enough subscribers were guaranteed to warrant J. A. Crevier in publishing a Whig paper, and the first number of the present Bucyrus Journal was issued January 1, 1853. In 1855 the Republican party was organized, and the Journal, under Crevier, warmly espoused the doctrines advocated by that party. Since then, under different proprietors the paper has advocated the interests of the Republican party and its principles. With the exception of eleven eight-page numbers printed during three months of 1856, The Journal was always a folio until 1890 when it became an eight-page paper. For two years the office was located at the corner of Sandusky avenue and "Pill" alley, that alley being the name given the driveway south of the Wynn millinery store. From there the office was moved in 1854 to the second story of the old frame building which stood on the Bucyrus City Bank corner. May 1, 1856 it was removed to the lot where the business of J. Herskowitz is at present located, just west of the City Bank Building. February 22 1858 the office was removed to the McCoy building just opposite the court house, the building where the People's Forum published its first number. On Jan. 1, 1859 the Journal office was removed to the second story of the Rowse block, which had just been completed. and here the paper was published for seventeen years. In 1853 a strike occurred among the printers at work on the daily papers at Pittsburgh : two of them, David R. Locke and James AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 463 G. Robinson, started on a western trip. They reached Plymouth, Richland county, and were induced by citizens there to revive the Advertiser,, which they ran until 1855, when they sold ,tit and with Roeliff Brinkerhoff purchased the Mansfield Herald. Soon after Locke sold his interest in that paper and March 20, 1856, purchased the Bucyrus Journal of Mr. Crevier. After Mr. Crevier left Bucyrus he went to Cincinnati where he was prominent in local affairs. He died there December 27, 1867, aged 47 years. At the time of his death he was chief clerk in the office of the Hamilton county treasurer. For several months after D. R. Locke purchased the Journal his brother D. W. Locke, was associated with him, but they dissolved partnership July 15. Shortly afterward Locke persuaded his former ,partner James G. Robinson, to take an interest in the Journal with him, and in April, 1857, the two friends were again united in their business interests. The office was improved by the addition of a Robinson Princeton power press, which was the first cylindrical press brought to Bucyrus. These two enterprising men worked together, cordially, and advocated in their paper many new enterprises needed in the community. Among the many public and private improvements which were the result of their persistent agitation are the gas works, Oakwood cemetery, the many beautiful shade trees, better streets, and the excellent sidewalks and many buildings. In April, 1861, J. G. Robinson was appointed postmaster of Bucyrus by President Lincoln, which position he held until removed for political reasons by President Johnson in 1866. Mr. Locke retired from the Journal November 13, 1861, and purchased the Findlay Jeffersonian and afterward purchased an interest in the Toledo Blade, with which he connected the balance of his life. His death occurred there February 15, 1888. The first of the Nasby satirical articles were written by Mr. Locke during his connection with the Bucyrus journal and were first published in that paper December 13, 1860 and the first of Locke's letters signed "P. V. Nasby" was published in the Journal during 1861. In 1862 Ralph Robinson became associated with his brother in the ownership of the journal. One of the old customs of newspapers was the issuing of a Carrier's Address each New Year's Day, in which the names of the more prominent business men were given complimentary notices in verse. These addresses were delivered by the carrier to the subscribers, and various sums were given him according to the generosity of the subscriber. In these addresses Mr. Locke was an adept, and his light, satirical style shows to advantage; the one written by him for Jan. i, 1858, praises and criticizes Bucyrus in the following bright style: Here seven tall churches rear their towers in air; Here thirty grog-shops on the thirsty stare; Sinner and saint may both be happy here— Seven founts of grace and thirty odd of beer. City of Mud! 'tis true that every street Runs liquid nastiness about our feet. What though a spaniel dog can scarcely make His way along our streets, or through that lake We call the square; none hope to find A place with more good qualities combined. Look at our women !—tell, oh tell me where, Nature made others that are half as fair. Look at our men! and show me if you can, An equal number and each one a man. Sept. 2, 1867, James G. Robinson sold his interest in the Bucyrus Journal to John Hopley for $1500 and the paper was run by Hopley & Robinson until May 20, 1868, when Mr. Hopley purchased Ralph Robinson's interest for $1500 and was thereafter its sole owner. After leaving the printing office James G. Robinson embarked in the drug busines with Dr. M. C. Cuykendall, and continued at this until he died April 14, 1872. Ralph Robinson removed to Iowa and was connected with the Fairfield Ledger, Clarinda Herald, and ended his life as editor and owner of the Newton Journal, a paper which he did much to bring to a high standard of excellence. He died in 1909. In October, 1875 a new Cottrell & Babcock cylinder press was purchased by Mr. Hopley for the Journal, and shortly after it was installed it was found to be too heavy a piece of machinery to be operated on the second floor and the office was moved to the Converse building, 230 South Sandusky avenue, December 30, 1875. This building was later owned by Major Williston, of the Forum, and in 1888 the building was purchased by F. L. Hopley, in the name of the Journal Block Company, of which he was the ruling spirit. Upon moving into its new quarters the Journal office was equipped with steam. Two additions to the building have been made since removing to the present location and now the journal block is 464 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY excellently appointed and equipped for newspaper and general printing. In August, 1907, a Duplex Perfecting press was installed for newspaper work, and the first paper in the county was printed from a roll. John Hopley continued at the head of the Journal until his death. In 1876 John E. Hopley was associated with him under the name of John Hopley & Son an arrangment which continued only a short time when John E. Hopley went to New York and engaged in newspaper work. Returning in 1883 the firm of John Hopley & Son was resumed and the Journal made many advances under the joint ownership. On October 17, 1887, the Evening Telegraph was started, enterprising Republicans raising a subscription list of 297, as the "organ of the Young Men's Republican Club" and was in charge of John E. Hopley with M. V. Long-worth as city editor. After the election John E. Hopley decided to make the venture a permanent one and the Telegraph grew rapidly in public favor. John Hopley was appointed postmaster at Bucyrus in 1872 by President Grant, a position he held for seven years. He was again appointed postmaster in 18go by President Harrison. After his appointment by President Harrison he organized the Hopley Printing Co., and incorporated it, being himself the chief holder of stock but his sons each had blocks of the stock in their own names. It was at this time that The Telegraph and the Journal became one property. In 1898 John E. Hopley was appointed United States Consul at Southampton, England, and after that the Senior Mr. Hopley, advanced in years operated the newspaper properties single handed. In March, 1902, James R. Hopley became associated with the plant as manager and continued in that position until he was appointed postmaster by President Taft December 13, 1910. J. W. Hopley was manager of the plant for a year when George A. Knapp of Marion took charge of it as business manager. John Hopley died June 3, 19o4 at the age of 83 years. During his connection with the Journal he obtained a national reputation for the soundness of his views on great questions and often was able to help his political party associates by his contribution of planks in party platforms. He was for years President of the Ohio Republican Editorial Association. In 1881 Thomas P. Hopley started a small paper which he called The Temperance Ballot. He was an ardent prohibitionist and started this paper during the campaign. After the election of that year he found his little paper had made such a host of friends that he decided to continue to publish it. He added a local news feature and assisted by his sisters, headed by Miss M. C. C. Hopley, made the paper one of brightness and character. He concluded the title of his paper did not give a good and proper conception of its real character and perhaps hindered the good it could do. He therefore changed the name to the Crawford County News. He continued to run it successfully until 1893 when he sold it to A. J. Hazlett and went to Oklahoma, where he started the Enid Daily News, and where he still lives, though not now publishing a regular daily newspaper, being the present treasurer of the Enid schools. A. J. Hazlett had as a business associate his brother, Scott Hazlett, who later sold his interest to M. A. Charlton. In 1895 Hiram B. Sears bought the Charlton interest and continued in the business until 1898 when he sold his interest to L. M. Smith. In October, 1901. the Crawford County News was consolidated with the Crawford County Forum, the daily paper retaining the name of the. Daily Forum and the semi-weekly being called the News Forum. Two German papers have been published in Bucyrus. The first number of the Crawford County Demokrat was issued September 15, 1835, by Mordecai P. Bean, proprietor of the Forum. This German paper was continued several years, a portion of the time being in charge of Bernhardt Roth, who was killed by the cars at Dayton, Ohio, April 10, 1863, and shortly after the Demokrat was discontinued. The first number of the Deutsche Courier was published in January, 1875, by Joseph Killian, proprietor of the Mansfield Courier. About a year later the office was removed to Mansfield but continued to publish a Bucyrus edition. Later it was returned to Bucyrus and now occupies quarters in the building on Sandusky avenue just north of the river. August Broemel is the owner and editor and conducts the AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 465 paper on a high plane, giving intelligent Supervision and directing its editorial policy with keen judgment and its business affairs with rare ability. He has been city clerk for several cars. The Bucyrus Evening Times was established in 1884 by six young men and was managed Rev James R. Hopley. The paper was published during the summer and quit early in the fall. The Daily Critic was probably the outgrowth of the Times, but had no connection with it. It was established by Orvis & McKelvy, job printers, and had many owners and managers before it came into the hands of the Holbrooks and was discontinued early in 1888. Since the first printing press was brought to Bucyrus several attempts have been made by different parties to establish other miscellaneous publications. In 1838 William Robbins issued the first number of a semi-monthly publication called the Buckeye. It was printed at the Republican office, and the articles contained in it were of a class intended to amuse rather than instruct; no efforts were made to publish local news. The Buckeye was continued for several months. No. 9, Volume I, appeared April 27, 1839, but shortly after this the paper was discontinued. In May, 1855, the first number of an agricultural paper, the Crawford County Farmer, was printed at the Journal office. Robert N. Patterson was publisher; J. A. Crevier and C. Elliott were editors. It was a monthly paper, four pages in size, and was "devoted to agriculture, horticulture, gardening, mechanics and domestic industry," but it was discontinued after several numbers. May 1, 1861, No. 1. Vol. I, of the Millers Journal was published by Raub & Butterfield. It was a small four-page monthly "devoted to the interests of millers—terms 50 cents per annum." Although it was issued in the interest of the Ingham California Wheat Cleaner, it was a bona fide publication, but the second number never appeared. Martin Deal, who had the only copies in existence when he lived here, says this was the first milling journal ever published in the United States. In 1867 Henry J. Deal published the first number of the Bucyrus Chronicle, a paper for boys. The next year the name was changed to the Bucyrus Budget, and the second number appeared, which was followed by several others during the next six months. Another amateur publication was started January 1, 1869, by J. I. Hopley & Co. This little sheet, the Acorn, was issued semi-monthly; after the first three months the senior partner gave his brother, Thomas P., an old shot-gun if he would assume the financial responsibilities of the paper. An entire volume of 26 numbers was published and then the Acorn was planted but never sprouted. In July, 1879, Daniel Kanzleiter issued the first number of the Sunbeam, an illustrated sheet printed "semi-occasionally." The wood cuts were designed and engraved by the publisher and four copies of the Sunbeam appeared before it "ceased to shine for 25 cents a year." Outside of county seats, papers were only started when the size of the village or its prospects justified the venture. When the railroad was completed to Galion that village started on an era of prosperity. In 1855 John W. Putnam, who for many years had been the able editor of the Ohio Statesman, looked on Galion as a promising field for a paper. In the five years after the arrival of the railroad it had more than doubled in size. He had a printing plant at t nion City, the western terminus of the Belle fontaine and Indiana Road. He moved this office to Galion, and in connection with Dr. D. Abger issued the first paper in Galion, which was called the Galion Weekly Train. The office was on Main street in the building owned by P. D. Weber. Later it was changed to the Galion Weekly Times. A copy of the first issue of the Train is still in existence, in the possession of J. C. Enter at Washington, D. C. These papers were necessarily independent in politics, as there was no county patronage to assist in their support, and if they succeeded it must be from merit and the support of the entire village. Dr. Abger soon retired from the partnership and went to Crestline to run a paper of his own. When he left, J. V. D. Moore came from Union City, Ind., and took the management of the paper for Mr. Putnam. When the campaign of 1856 was on, political excitement ran high, and Jacob Riblet purchased the paper, and changed it into a political organ, supporting the principles of the Democratic party, and it was now the Galion District Democrat. It was not a success financially, and Mr. Riblet sold the paper to An- 466 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY drew Poe, who was one of the Democratic leaders at Galion. While Mr. Poe ran a redhot Democratic paper as long as he had it, \here were too many in the opposition party, who refused to support it, and his editorial experience was a financial failure, and the paper came again into the hands of the Riblets. In 1864 the District Democrat was purchased by the Matthias Brothers, and Peter Schum was the editor. He soon after removed to Joplin, Mo., and later published the Morning News in that city. When he left, H. S. Z. Matthias took the editorial charge and dropped the word "District," calling it the Galion Democrat, and supporting the Democratic party. In November, 1864, with the defeat of McClellan for the presidency, the Democrat decided life was no longer worth living and ceased to exist, the editor announcing that the support he was receiving did not justify him in continuing, especially as printing paper was 28 cents a pound. The Matthias Brothers turned the entire plant into a job office, Lew Matthias being one of the finest and most artistic job printers ever in the county. But H. S. Z. Matthias had had a taste of newspaper work and enjoyed it so much that in July, 1865, he re-entered the field and commenced publishing a paper called the Weekly Review, and this time independent in politics. In September 1871 the Matthias brothers sold out to John C. Covert of the Cleveland Leader, who changed its name back to the Galion Democrat, but ran it as a Republican paper, believing there was nothing in a name. In the fall of 1872 G. W. DeCamp, of Mansfield, edited it tinder the same political color, but changed the name back to the Review, and so continued it until it passed into the hands of F. F. Coonrod and A. D. Rove in July, 1874. These gentlemen made it once more Democratic in politics and conducted it in that faith until February 1, 1877, when it flopped again and became Republican in sentiment though still owned by Rowe and Coonrod, and retaining the name of the Review. George T. Ristine was editor and owner of the Galion Sun, which he established October 31, 1872, as an independent weekly newspaper. Success followed his enterprising management and he enlarged and improved the paper. The Public Spirit was established by Ed. G. Slough about 1888 and it, too, was operated as an independent paper. Later its name was change to the Leader. This publication was issued daily, the first daily to be published in Galion. It had a precarious existence. The Review an the Sun were combined as the Sun-Review, an the Leader was taken over by the same con i pany, the Sun-Review being the weekly edition. and the Leader the daily, both being Republican in politics. J. W. Cupp was the owner o: the plant, and after he was appointed postmaster in 1897, it was managed by Charles F. Monroe who had an interest in the company. Mr. Cupp, after retiring from the post office, became cashier of the Commercial Savings Bank. and later removed to Washington, and sold the plant to a company organized by J. W. Hopley of Bucyrus, who took charge of the management for only a month, when lie sold to the Crestline Publishing Company, and James McMahan became the manager of that office as well as the Crestline Advocate. The Sun-Review was discontinued, subscribers being furnished with the Daily Leader. The office, which had been for years in the northwest corner of the Square, was removed to a new site. one door west of the Central Hotel. It was completely refitted with new type, presses and engines. Mr. Monroe, on retiring from the paper, started the Commercial Printing Company. In August, 1876, a campaign paper was established at Galion under the name of the Republican Free Press. As such it was run for one year and seven months. On the 28th of September, 1877, it was purchased by S. G. Cummings & Co., which company changed the name to the Galion Inquirer, and ever since it has been a Democratic paper. For a time J. G. Meuser was its political editor but it was best known as the paper of H. S. Z. Matthias. Mr. Matthias was elected county recorder but lost none of his interest in Democratic principles and continued to boost the paper for the benefit of the party. The Inquirer was sold to W. V. Goshorn and R. W. Noyer, who are the present proprietors, their office being at the northeast corner of Main and Union streets. They have purchased ground and erected a block especially for their office half a block east of their present site and will occupy it yet this year. The paper is Democratic in politics, the senior proprietor. Mr. Goshorn, being the present clerk AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 467 of the Ohio Senate. Several years ago the Weekly Inquirer was discontinued and all patrons are supplied with the daily. On Dec. 21, 1852, the plat was filed for the village of Crestline; its marvelous early growth is demonstrated by the fact that, in 1853, C. M. Kenton started a paper there called the Express. He was a practical printer and did his own work, but he lacked sufficient capital to keep the paper on its feet until the town was large enough to support it, and after issuing the Express for six months, he moved away with his plant. A year or two later Dr, D. Abger tried the experiment and started the Watchman and Reflector but he, too scored a failure. While Crestline holds the record in this county of having had a paper started in the shortest time after the town was laid out, it also holds the other record of being the largest town to be without a paper. The village had over 2,000 population when Adam Billow in July, 1869, issued his first number of the Crestline Advocate. It was four pages, 16x20 in size, and was published at the residence of the owner. Mr. Billow was not a printer; he had been in business at Leesville, and after removing to Crestline, started his paper, learning the printing business in his own office. How well he did this is evidenced by the fact that in a few years it was one of the neatest and most attractive mechanically of any paper in Ohio. He made the Advocate a success from the start, and at the end of six months it was enlarged to a six-column paper and later to eight columns. Business increased beyond the capacity of his residence, and the office was removed to the Masonic building, where he conducted the paper until his death on May 20, 1876. His son, D. C. Billow, had learned the business in his father's office and took charge of the paper, and like his father made a success of it. It has always been the paper of Crestline, and several attempts to share that popularity have resulted in failures. Some years ago it was incorporated as the Crestline Publishing Co., with James McMahon as manager, and its financial success continued under the new owners. It was this company that purchased the Galion Leader, and both papers are today under the management of Mr. McMahon. The Independent Democrat was started by Dr. A. E. Jenner at Crestline, in February, 1873. He was at that time State Senator, having been elected in 1870 and 1872. The paper was folio in form until May, 1875, when it was made eight pages and the name changed to the Crawford County Democrat. For two years it was in charge of A. N. Jenner, son of the proprietor, who continued in the office until July 15, 1875. Some months previous to his retirement J. E. D. Ward purchased an interest in the office and when young Jenner left, continued sole proprietor until Charles Wright became associated with him in 1876. About this time the office was removed to Bucyrus but some months previous to this change a Bucyrus edition had been printed at Crestline. Wright retired after several weeks' experience, and Frank Plants took his place. When Major Williston purchased the Forum in 18i7 the publishers of the Democrat soon found they could not successfully compete with him for the patronage of Crawford county democracy, and their paper wis discontinued about July 1, 1877. The Crestline Democrat, and the Crestline Vidette, owned by Will W. Pope, were papers which during their lives made quite an impression on the community, but the Advocate had such a hold in Crestline that they could not last, perhaps not even receiving the support they merited. The New Washington Herald was established many years ago by Mr. Wheeler. Later J. E. Cory was associated with the paper and he sold out to J. I. Smith and J. F. Kimmerline. L. M. Smith bought an interest in the paper in 1891. J. I. Smith was elected county auditor and L. M. Smith located in Bucyrus, and they sold the paper to the present owners, Lantz k Wheeler. Percy Lantz now having entire management of the plant. Some years ago a paper was started in Tiro called the American, but the village was not then large enough to support it, and it was discontinued. In 1911, W. Z. Davis began the publication of the Tiro World, the mechanical work being done at Bloomville, but as soon as the business justifies it, he will open an office at Tiro. In the early days. owing to excessive postage, newspapers were delivered in the places of publication by carrier, and it was the duty of the "devil" on the day of publication to go 468 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY over the entire town serving the patrons with their favorite paper, and if it so happened that the carriers of the rival papers met, there was a battle royal to the finish, for in those days every employe in the office Was intense in his loyalty to the paper, and not even a Wandering tramp printer given employment for a day or two, but what spoke, as a man of experience who had traveled over many states, of the wonderful ability of his employer and of his able and convincing editorials, at the same time speaking equally positively of the vapid utterances and meaningless nonsense of the childish efforts of the editor of the other "sheet." It was so, too, with the readers. What the editor said politically was indisputable, and what the opposition editor said was absolutely false. of that they saw what the opposition said : God forbid ; they would not be caught reading the dirty and villainous "sheet." More than half a century ago there were very many honest, conscientious God-fearing men, any one of whore would have had a spirited interview with his son in the woodshed if lie had discovered he had happened to read a copy of the Forum at the home of some Democratic neighbor, and there were equally as many good and substantial amen and respected citizens, that would have had a similar interview with the misguided son who in an unguarded moment might mention some item lie had seen in the journal. Still the editors thundered away to the intense delight of their readers, who only had an idea what the other paper said by the garbled extracts their own editor copied for the purpose of attacking the statement. It was in 1862, when party spirit over the war was beginning to be very bitter, and Rev. John Walcott was pastor of the Presbyterian church at Bucyrus, that his pastoral duties called upon hint to visit one of hi; elder; in the country. They talked of church matters, the old man being as loyal to the Presbyterian faith as he was to the Democratic party,. Finally the conversation drifted to the Nvvar, which each had striven to avoid, knowing their views were not in accord, and as the danger point was reached, the gray-haired old elder, knowing the minister was his guest, quietly rose and said : "Waal, Mr. Walcott, while the women folks are getting supper, I'd better go out and do the chores. On the centre table there, you'll find the Bible and the Forum—both sides of the question." If some may doubt the intensity of party spirit in the era prior to the Civil War, one incident among many may convince. Co I. Robert Cowden was brought up in a Christian home, was a leader in church work, and a minister, and yet he writes of that boyhood home in southwestern Vernon, under date of Oct. 15, 1911 : "The people were generally Pennsylvania Dutch, with some Germans, and a few others. Of school hooks there were but few. The only book in our home was a small Bible and that was my first text hook in school at the age of six years. I had been taught in the home to read and spell. As late as 1848 there were two Whigs, three Abolitionists, and all other voters were Democrats. I could not myself understand how any but a Democrat could ever be saved." Times have indeed changed, and for the better. And the change has been brought about. not alone by a more intelligent people. but by a fairer press, especially in the towns and smaller cities, where both press and people are rising to that highest principle of self government—that every right a man claims for himself that same right he must concede to his neighbor. CHAPTER XXVIII MILITARY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY The Revolutionary War—Two Battlefields in Crawford County—Revolutionary Soldiers - Who Lived in Crawford County—Ancestral Data—The War of 1812-1815—The Mexican War—The Great Civil War; Historical Sketches of the Principal Regiments Which Contained Crawford County Men—Decoration Day—Formation of G. A. R. Posts—Relief Corps—The Oldest Soldier—Crawford County Heroes—Southern Prisons—Tribute to Sergeant D. W. Young—The War With Spain— Record of Company A, 8th Regiment. O. U. I. On Name's eternal camping-ground Their silent tents are spread, And glory guards with solemn round The bivouac of the dead. —THEODORE O'HARA. Crawford county was not in existence until half a century after the Revolutionary War, but Col. Crawford's campaign of 1782, to put a stop to the attacks of the British and Indians on the American frontier, led to the only two battles of the Revolution that occurred in Ohio being fought on Crawford county soil, the one at Battle Island, northwest of Upper Sandusky on June 4, 1782, and the Battle of the Plains, half way between Bucyrus and Galion two days later, on June 6 ; this latter battle-field being marked by a monument erected by the Pioneer Association of Crawford county. After the county was opened to settlement in 1820 several soldiers of the revolution made their home in this county as follows Robert Carson, in Cranberry township. Among his descendants are Tarlton B. Carson, for many years postmaster at New WVashington. Robert Carson is buried about three miles north of New Washington. Christian Couts came to Liberty township in 1821 and is buried in the Crall graveyard, Liberty township. His son Henry came to the county with him, and when a young man moved to Bucyrus, where he resided up to the time of his death. Adam Link cane to Liberty township from Maryland. He died at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Horatio Markley, on August 15, 1864, aged 103 years, and was buried in the Union graveyard northeast of Sulphur Springs. Another daughter was Mrs. George W. Teel. At the time of his death he was one of half a dozen veterans of the Revolutionary War living at that time in Ohio. David McKinley came to Chatfield township in 1835. He died in 184o and was buried in the German Lutheran graveyard south of Chatfield. He was the great-grandfather of President McKinley. One granddaughter, Martha, married Stephen Waller of Lykens township. Another granddaughter, Hannah, married T. J. Tilford, and still another, Ellen, married James Winters, all these marriages being in Lykens township. There are quite a number in the county who are descendants of soldiers of the Revolution. Thomas Beer was in the Revolutionary War. He was the great-grandfather of Judge Thomas Beer who cane to Bucyrus in 1860 and of Capt. William Nevins Beer, who came to Bucyrus in 1861. _____ Clendenin was in the Revolutionary war: his daughter Margaret married James Andrews, who came to Texas township in 1832. Benjamin Coe was in the Revolutionary War, and his great-granddaughter, Mrs. George Whysall, is a resident of Bucyrus. - 469 - 470 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY James Cole. See Samuel McDonald. John Coon was in the Revolutionary War, and also the War of 1812. His son, Adam, came to Crawford county about 1822, and died March 19, 1877. He had land in Texas township. Leonard Crissinger was in the Revolutionary War and one of those who for a time went barefooted for lack of shoes. His grandson, John Crissinger cause to Crawford county in 1832, settling in whetstone township. Robert Cunning was in the Revolutionary war. He was the grandfather of Jacob H. Stevens who came to Cranberry township in 1834. Jacob Ferree was in the Revolutionary War. His great-grandson William Ferree came to Crawford county in 1873, residing in Galion, and in 1881 removed to Bucyrus. _____ Harris was a soldier in the war of the Revolution. He was the grandfather of Stephen R. Harris, who came to Bucyrus in 1849. ____ Hise came from Hesse, Germany with a comrade named Kuncle as British soldiers. They were in one engagement, after which both joined the Revolutionary cause, and fought with the patriots until the close of the war. John Hise married Eve Kuncle, and came to Jackson township in 1824: their son Wm. H. Hise being for many years justice of the peace in Liberty township. Simon and John Hopple enlisted in the Revolutionary War at its commencement, but both were lost and no trace of them ever found. Their nephew, Reuben Hopple, came to Liberty township in 1856. Samuel Kearsley was a captain in the Continental Army, and a favorite officer of Gen. Washington, the latter presenting him with the sword he wore at Braddock's defeat in 1755. His grandson. Edmund R. Kearsley came to Bucyrus in 1851. Philip Keller and two of his brothers were in the Revolutionary War. Philip Keller, a grandson of the Revolutionary Philip. came to Sandusky township in i856. Kuncle. See Hise. Joseph Lochbaum was in the Revolutionary war; his son Solomon came in 1830, settling in what is now Jefferson township. _____ Livingston was a soldier in the Revolutionary War. His grandson Rensselaer Livingston, came to Crestline in 1848, and in 1851 laid out the village of Livingston, afterward Crestline. John Marshall and two brothers were in the Revolutionary War. James Marshall, a grandson of John, came to Bucyrus in 1826. John Marshall reached the rank of Colonel, and was presented with a sword by Gen. Washington. Samuel McDonald was a soldier in the Revolution. James Cole was a Nova Scotian and entered the Revolutionary army, and for this was disinherited by his wealthy English relatives. He was with Washington at Valley Forge. Later he was wounded in battle, and confined in one of the prison ships in Boston Harbor until the close of the war. Reuben McDonald, a son of Samuel, married Matilda Cole, a daughter of James Cole. They came to Liberty township in 1832, and with them their son George, four years old. Another son, Hiram W. McDonald, was born in 1846. Both sons were later in business in Bucyrus. Frederick W. McMichael was a soldier of the Revolutionary war. His great-granddaughter Mrs. C. F. May is a resident of Tiro. Abraham Monnett was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. His son Isaac came to Crawford county in 1825 ; his son Jeremiah came in 1835, both settling in Bucyrus township. Henry Nail came to America in 1777 and entered the Revolutionary Army. In 1818 he came to Richland county, where he died and was buried at Mansfield. His son James Nail came to Jefferson township in 1821. Capt. Patton was a soldier in the Revolutionary War and a brother-in-law of Major Andre. His grandson, Noble McKinstry, came to Whetstone township in 1820; another grandson, James McKinstry, came to this section in 1833, settling near Caledonia, and in 1863 moved to Bucyrus. Christian Riblet entered the Continental Army at Philadelphia in 1779, at the age of 18. He died April 6, 1844, and was buried in the graveyard on the Galion and Mansfield road, just east of the Crawford county line. His grandson. Daniel Riblet, came to Polk township in 1851.   Benjamin Sears was in the Revolutionary War. His son Elkanah Sears came to Bucyrus township in 1837. James Sharrock came to America from Ger- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 471 many during the Revolutionary War, as one of the Hired soldiers to fight on the side of the British. His sympathies were with the Americans and he promptly deserted and joined the Revolutionists, fighting until the close of the war. His son, Benjamin Sharrock, came to Polk township in 1818. Jacob Shawke was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. His son Thomas Shawke came to Bucyrus in 1833. Simon Shunk was a soldier in the Revolutary War, serving under `Washington. His ~n Adam Shunk came to Bucyrus in 1854. James Sims was in the Revolutionary War. His grandson, John Sims, came to Bucyrus in 1845. William Ward was a Revolutionary soldier. His sons, Clark K. and C. D. Ward, came to Bucyrus in 1847. Charles White enlisted in the Revolutionary War at the age of i8. His son Charles White, came to this section about 1820, settling later in Dallas township. Eli Widger was a soldier of the Revolutionary War. His slaughter, Mrs. Lucy Rogers, came to Bucyrus in 1822. Henry Wolf enlisted in the Continental Army in Pennsylvania. His son Michael came to Liberty township in 18J4.. ANCESTRAL DATA In looking at ancient ancestors the following were also found: J. H. Williston, two terms state senator and for many years editor of the Forum, was a descendant of one of the Pilgrims who came over in the Mayflower. Resolved White, Auburn township, was a descendant of William White who came over in the Mayflower. John R. Clymer, who edited the Forum for many years was a descendant of the Clymers of Pennsylvania. George Clymer being one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Theodore Shotwell, who married a daughter of James Mchinstry, was a descendant of Theodore Shotwell, who in 1665 with 65 others took the oath of allegiance to Charles II, at Elizabethtown, N. l., this was at the time when England secured New Jersey from the Dutch. Eli Adams, of Sulphur Springs, was a great grandson of John Adams, of Revolutionary fame. Giles Cory was executed at Salem for witchcraft, on Sept. 1, 1692, aged 77 years. Several generations later his descendants, Aaron and Thomas Cory, came to Cranberry township. John Hopley, who came to Bucyrus in 1856, was a descendant, seventh generation, of Samuel Pratt, an English Bishop, chaplain to Queen Anne in 1703, and buried in St. George's chapel, Windsor. Richard Sears was one of the early Puritans; in 1632 he was a tax-payer at Plymouth, Mass. William Ward settled at Sudbury, Mass., in 1639, and held several offices in the early Colonial days. Among his descendants were Clark K. and C. D. Ward who came to Bvcyrus in 1847. When the second war with England broke out in 1812, Crawford county was a wilderness, and not even the cabin or shack of a white hunter existed within its borders; it was a hunting ground for the Indians. The eastern seven miles of the county, had been open for settlement for a few years, but no pioneer had as yet drifted so far to the westward, Richland county being the .extreme edge of civilization. The western thirteen miles was only traversed by the roving bands of Indians. But it was during this war that Crawford county was crossed and recrossed by the militia on their way to and from the battle grounds along the ATaumee. Many of the soldiers were impressed by the country, and when, two years after the war closed, the land was opened to settlement, it is not strange that some of these soldiers in seeking a new home, found it in the region which they had first traversed when hearing arms in defense of their country. Among those who served in the War of 1812-15, and later found homes in Crawford county, some records have been obtained. James Andrews was a member of the Pennsylvania militia. He came to Crawford county in 1832, settling in what is now Texas township. He died April 2ç, 1840, and was buried in the Andrews graveyard. Texas township. Jacob Bankert came to Bucyrus, date unknown, and was buried in the graveyard on the Tiffin road. 472 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY James P. Beall was a member of the Pennsylvania militia; he came to Bucyrus township in 1854; died Feb. 24, 1869, and was buried in Oakwood cemetery. David Brown came to Bucyrus, date unknown, and died Aug..4, 1883, and was buried in Oakwood cemetery. Joseph Baker, Virginia militia, cane to Auburn township in 1825 ; died in that township, and was buried about four miles east of New Washington. John Blair, New York militia, cattle to Auburn township in 1821 ; died Sept. 19, 1847, and is buried in the Hanna graveyard, near Tiro. Elisha Castle, Maryland militia, came to Jefferson township in 1840; died at Leesville May 8, 1864, and is buried in the Leesville graveyard. Samuel Carson, Virginia militia, came to this section in 1835, settling just across the line in Venice township, Seneca county, having land in both counties. He died in Seneca county. John Caris came to Liberty township, date unknown, and died there Dec. 14, 1862, and was buried in the Union graveyard east of Sulphur Springs. Harvey Close, New York militia, came to Texas township in 1869; died in that township, and was buried in the Benton graveyard. John Coon, Ohio militia, came to Texas township in 1825 ; died in that township March 22, r8y6, and was buried in the Benton graveyard. Joshua Chilcote. New York militia, cane to Cranberry township in r8r8 ; died in Auburn township July 3, 1837, and was buried in the Hanna graveyard near Tiro. James Ferguson was in the War of 1812. He was expert in woodcraft and was frequently employed as the bearer of dispatches between the different commanders. After the war he settled in Sandusky township and in 1828 removed to Lykens township. James Forrest was with Perrys fleet at the Battle of Lake Erie ; he came to Tod township in 1854, died at Oceola May 10, 1880, and was buried in the Oceola graveyard. John B. French, Virginia militia, came to Sandusky township in 1821. died there in 1830. William Green, New York militia, came to Auburn township in 1815; died :April 21, 1862, on the farm on which he first settled, and was buried in the Hanna graveyard, near Tiro. E. W. Brown came to Auburn township in 1842, where he died in June, 1871. John Eaton was in the War of 1812; he canoe to Holmes township in 1830 and died there Aug. 23, 1850, and was buried in the Brokensword graveyard. Henry Harriger, Pennsylvania militia, cane to Whetstone township in 1823, where lie died in 1878, and was buried in the Stewart graveyard two miles east of Bucyrus. Seth Holmes, New York militia, was at teamster in the supply train which passed through Bucyrus in 1812 ; he came to Bucyrus with Samuel Norton in 18i9 , died in 1825, and was buried in the Cary graveyard on the Tiffin road. Christian Hoover, Ohio militia, came to Da]las township in 1822; he died in that township Aug. 11, 1849, and was buried in the White graveyard, Dallas township. Seth Hawks, New York militia, came to Auburn township in 1819: he died there July 20, 1824, and was buried in the Hanna graveyard near Tiro. Jacob Holmes, Pennsylvania militia, caine to Whetstone township in 1833 ; he died there Feb. 6, 1882, and was buried in Oakwood cemetery. Samuel Hanna, New York militia, came to Auburn township in 1819 ; he died there June 2, 1862, and was buried in the Hanna graveyard near Tiro. Elijah Jump, Yew York Volunteer Infantry, came to Tod township in 1843 ; he died there Dec. 5, 1871, and was buried in the Benton graveyard. James Magee, Pennsylvania militia, carve to Sandusky township in 1824; he died there April 14, 1850, and was buried in the Sandusky graveyard, centre of Sandusky township. James Marshall, soldier in the War of 1812, came to Bucyrus in 1826: died Aug. 12, 1850. Benjamin Maskey, Pennsylvania militia, came to Crawford county, date unknown: died in Tod township, Jan. 21, 1867, and was buried at Oceola. Rodoplphus Morse, New York militia, came AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 473 to Auburn township in 1820; died there Oct. i 1, 1872, and was buried in the Hanna graveyard near Tiro. Jeremiah Morris, Ohio militia,, came to Bucyrus township in 1834; died Oct. 19, 1874, and was buried in Oakwood cemetery. Isaac Monnett, officer in the Ohio militia, came to Bucyrus township in 1828; died July 6, 1864, and was buried in Oakwood cemeterv. Charles Morrow, Pennsylvania militia, came to Auburn township in 1817; died Dec. 4, 1845, and was buried in the Hanna graveyard near Tiro. Rev. E. O'Flyng, New York militia, came to Bucyrus about 1862; died May 23, 1873, and was buried in Oakwood cemetery. , Christopher Perky, with Harrison at Fort Meigs, came to Crawford county in 1827 ; died in Seneca county Aug. 28, 1833. Moses Pugh, Virginia militia, came to Lykins township in 1838: died there Sept. 2 1848, and was buried in the Andrews graveyard near Benton. John Pettigon was in the War of 1812 and came to Auburn township in 1815, later moving further west. William Robinson, colonel in the Pennsylvania militia, came to Jefferson township in 1830 : died there Aug. 30, 1847, and was buried in the graveyard on the Tiffin road. Henry C. Snyder, Maryland Regulars, came to Liberty township in 1844: died Sept. 24, 1870, and was buried in the Roop graveyard, Liberty township. John Scroggs, Maryland militia, came to Bucyrus in 1839, died Aug. 31, 1801, and was buried in Oakwood Cemetery. George Sinn, Pennsylvania militia, came to Bucyrus township in 1826; died Jan. 2, 1970, and was buried in Oakwood cemetery. Valentine Shook, ensign in the War of 1812. came to Whetstone township in 1828; died there in 1843. Andrew Schreck, Pennsylvania militia, came to Liberty township in 1835; died in Whetstone township in 1872. John Sherer, Pennsylvania militia, came to \Whetstone township in 1830; died there Sept. 30. 1871. Joseph Smith, captain in the Pennsylvania militia, came to Sandusky township in 1825 died in 1843. Thomas Towers, Maryland militia, came to Whetstone township in 1835, and died there. Benjamin Sharrock, New York militia, came to Polk township in 1818, and died Nov. 16, 1879. Zachariah Welsh, colonel in Ohio militia, came to Dallas township in 1822 ; died in Bucyrus township Aug. 16, 1843, and was buried in the White graveyard, Dallas township. David Wickham, New York militia, came to Texas township in 1837 : died there Sept. 15, 1848, and was buried in the Benton graveyard. James Woodside, Pennsylvania militia, came to Holmes township in 1830: died in Bucyrus, Feb. 21, 1867, and was buried in Oakwood cemetery. Jacob Walcutt, Virginia militia, served in the War of 1812, entered land in Texas town-hip, soon after died and his widow and seven children settled on the land. When the Mexican War broke out, John Caldwell, who had been auditor of the county from 1830 to 1836, and sheriff from 1843 to 1845, organized an independent company in this county. They entered the service May 30, 1846, and went as far as Cincinnati, but Ohio's quota was more than filled. Some, however, went to Mexico. The company was mustered out at Bucyrus on Oct. 26, 1846. The following was the roster of the company. Captain-John Caldwell. First Lieutenant-James C. Steen. Second Lieutenant-David Nicholls. Sergeants-Henry Miller, Jacob Yost, John M. Stouffer, Thomas Wynn. Corporals-Thomas G. Pillars, John Blake, Horace Potter, W. L. Beard. Privates-A. Adams, E. Aurandt. William Bailey, Samuel Bair, P. Bollinger. C. Caldwell. William Chambaugh. John Clapper, I.ake Clark, A. W. Coleman, J. Curtis, J. Decker. William Decker, D. S. Fuller, John Grant. Lewis Greenick, J. F. W. Gressen, Lewis High, Franklin Hill. Jacob Himman, H. W. Johns. Levi Lehman, Jacob Leiby, C. J. Love. Mordecai McCauly, William T. McGill, William McNickle, Thomas Maize, E. R. Merriman. B. C. Miller, E. C. Miller, F. L. Miller, P. Miller, W. Minor, William Mizner, C. H. 474 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY Murphy, Benjamin Myers, H. Orpt, W. Osburn, Cyrus Peck, John Pfleminger, Franklin Poppins, Richard Reed, Robert M. Reed, Caleb Scholes, Thomas Scott, Thomas D. Shewy, William Slagle, W. L. Stearns, William Sweet, John Trick, John C. Trick, John Turner, James Warren, G. Wells, Chauncey West, F. Williams, N. B. Williams, James Wilson, John Wilson, J. N. Yost. John J. Bebout was also in the Mexican War, and George W. Fenner, the latter in the Second Pennsylvania Cavalry. The next war in which the United States engaged was a far more serious and deadly struggle. It was one of State against State, brother against brother, the North against the South, a war from which the Nation as a whole has not yet fully recovered, though the sectional bitterness and animosity it engendered have now, happily, almost entirely passed away. The causes of the War of 1861-65 are so well known and understood by all that no more than a brief reference to them is necessary. It originated in the institution of slavery—an institution which in colonial times and in the early days of the Republic, was common to both northern and southern territory, but which had been gradually abandoned at the north, chiefly because it was no longer profitable. The South, depending upon unpaid negro labor for the cultivation of its cotton, sugar and other crops, naturally desired the retention of this institution, and its extension to the western and southwestern territories. It was chiefly around this question of extension that the struggle arose which for a time split the Nation in twain, and carried bereavement into thousands of homes on both sides of Mason and Dixon's line. The election of Abraham Lincoln, who had expressed himself strongly against the further extension of slavery, but who was no "abolitionist," in the sense in which the term was then used, decided the Southern States to sever those political bonds which had hitherto united them with the rest of the nation, and which, as expressed in the Federal constitution. they regarded as a contract assumed for mutual advantage, similar to a business partnership, to be cancelled by any state or aggregation of states, when they should find it to their advantage to do so. This States' Rights doctrine, was opposed to the ideas of a great majority of the, northern people, who regarded the Constitution as an indissoluble contract, and when, therefore, South Carolina took the initiative by firing on Sumter all knew that the struggle was that the burning question which had agitated men's minds for more than a generation, had found expression in the eloquent outbursts of the greatest American orators on either side—such men as Webster and Clay against Calhoun and Benton, Sumner and Cline against Hayne and Stevens, could now be settled in only one way—by the sword. And by the sword it was settled, completely and finally. The Union was preserved, but only at the cost of precious blood and untold treasure. After two years of war, the victories of Gettysburg and Vicksburg in 1863, narked the turning-point, and from that time the question was simply how long the South could hold out. This question was answered in April, 1865, at Appomattox, with the surrender of General Lee. Men in the flower of youth, the strength of manhood or the ripeness of age, left family, home and friends in answer to their country's call, and many there were who never returned. Their bones rest beneath the sod at Fredericksburg and Antietam, at Gettysburg and Stone River, at Vicksburg and the Wilderness, or fill some unknown grave that marks the site of a deadly prison pen that was more fatal than the field of battle. Many a one who said goodbye to the departing soldier, with smiling eyes and sorrowing hearts—the mother or the father, the sister or the brother or she who "was a nearer one, still and a dearer one, yet than all other"—little dreamed that the parting was forever, and the bruised and bleeding heart could find its only consolation in treasuring up the hero-death their loved one died. War has its glories and its heroes, but who can fathom the cost?—that unceasing, never-ending sorrow that palsies the heart of the mother and the sister, the wife and the sweetheart; and although time may soften and soothe, the grief is always there; there to ever remain until their mission on earth is ended, and they again meet their loved one in the world beyond. Fort Sumter was fired upon April 12, 1861, and two days later President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 475 No sooner had the news of Fort Sumter reached Bucyrus than the most intense excitement pervaded the entire community. Men, women and children, old and young, of all professions and calling were aroused. Never was there such an excitement in the village. business was suspended almost entirely. Workmen left their shops unquestioned by their employers. Clerks quit their counters. Merchants, mechanics, professional men, everybody rushed to the streets while everybody from the country came in, all actuated by one spirit, the preservation of the Union. Reports from Galion and Crestline showed the same enthusiastic loyalty had caused the suspension of practically all business in those places. On April 17 a meeting was held at the Rowse Hall at which Jacob Scroggs presided, with Frank Patterson as secretary. Speeches were made by Jacob Scroggs, Judge J. S. Plants, C. W. Butterfield, J. R. Swigart and F. W. Butterfield and a committee on resolutions appointed consisting of John Hopley, F. W. Butterfield, William M. Scroggs, B. B. McDanald and Geo. Donnenxworth, Jr. The resolutions were loyal to the core and closed with the ringing declaration in capital letters that "The Union Must and Shall Be Preserved." and all the resolutions as read were received with the most deafening cheers, especially the latter. At the conclusion of F. W. Butterfield's speech he called for volunteers and seventeen signed the muster roll. A committee consisting of F. W. Butterfield, W. R. S. Clark, and Nicholas Buler was appointed to circulate the roll and obtain additional volunteers. Cheers were given to Senator Orr for his .vote in the State Senate on the War Bill. The Star Spangled Banner was sung amid great excitement, and the meeting adjourned to meet on Friday, the 19th. The papers said "The patriotic sentiments of all the speakers was received with the most unbounded applause." This meeting was held on Wednesday evening. On Thursday evening the enlistments numbered 34 and on Friday 45, and on Saturday drilling commenced on the Public Square, Jacob P. Hysung being the drill master. Practically the entire town, crowded the square to watch the evolutions of the soldiers. On Sunday, April 21, just one week from the call of the president for troops, sixty of the company attended the Lutheran Church to listen to a sermon of Rev. J. Crouse. His text was, "And the children of Ephraim being armed and carrying bows, turned back in the day of battle."—Psalm LXXVIII, 9. Monday the excitement continued. The people from the country coming in and remaining all day. No work was done and the only discussion on the street corners was the coming war. During the day one or two expressed doubts as to the right of the Government to coerce another state, but the indignation of the crowd was so universally manifested that any doubter found it safest to keep his opinion to himself. On Monday evening the square was jammed by a crowd of excited and enthusiastic citizens who assembled to take a final leave of the volunteers, who had received orders to march the made by A. M. Jackson, Judge J. S. Plants, next morning. Enthusiastic speeches were Hon. L. W. Hall, J. R. Swigart, and Rev. J. Crouse and Rev. L. B. Gurley. A special train was to take the company to Crestline the next morning at 5 o'clock, but early hours were nothing to the thoroughly aroused people Tuesday morning by 4 o'clock the town was awake and were out in force thronging to the square. The fire department was out in full uniform to escort the company to the station as F. W. Butterfield, A. W. Diller, J. H. Simon, Thomas Lommison, John Kanzleiter and John McKillipp were members of the fire department, and they were presented with a series of resolutions commending their actions signed by B. F. Lauck, J. G. Stoll, Jr., J. G. Frayer and John G. Birk. At the station Jacob Scroggs made the farewell speech and the train arrived, and the first company from Crawford County left for the war, followed by the enthusiastic cheers of the entire town. The ladies had ordered a beautiful flag. but it failed to arrive in time and was forwarded to the Company at Cleveland later. The members of this company which later became Co. C in the Eighth Ohio, who left Bucyrus on Wednesday morning April 24th, ten days after the president's call for troops, were as follows: Captain—F. W. Butterfield . First Lieut.—E. W. Merriman. 2nd Lieut.-David Lewis. 3rd Lieut.—Resin Graham. 476 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY Sergeants—Alec Diller, Orderly; John Stough, second ; A. G. Hoffman, third ; A. G. Bacon, fourth. Corporals—Henry Hayes, first; N. B. Roberts, second; Oliver H. P. Mallory, third; Geo. W. Neff, fourth. Drummers—D. W. Bair and J. Hysung, bass; Fred Nichols and Gus. Machold, snare. Privates—S. Andrews, M. Andrews, William Anderson, C. R. Boram, J. A. Brooks, G. W. Bair, R. J. Bevins, John K. Barclay, Nicholas Bader, John Couts, Jacob Couts, W. Cronenberger, Samuel Clark, John W. Doll, William Dutot, James E. Davis, M. R. Dubois, John Donnan, F. M. Diller, John J. Forney, Augustus Fortney, Jacob Gibbens, Geo. Gay, Charles Graaft, Peter Griffen, N. Haggerman, Aden Hill, George C. Howenstein, Giles Haskell, J. P. Hysung, Isaac Irey, Oregon Johnson, James S. Kelley, John Kantzleiter, Stephen J. Rester, William F. himmell, Fred Kleindienst, David M. Long, Thomas Lommason, Francis Leasure, Jacob Mowery, Christian Maric, Alfred Minster, John McKellip, James McKellip, Charles McKellip, Terry McMann, Henry Marsh, James Martin, J. C. Miller, John Mulligan, James McNickle, Andrew J. Raub, Philip Ruseman, Henry Snider, L. G. Snowden, James M. Shay, David Sherrock, William Stewart, William Shrader, John H. Simons, John Strawbridge, Philip Saylor, J. Waterhouse, Frank Williams, John Warner, Louis Youngman. At Galion, the same enthusiastic feeling prevailed. A meeting was held and a company organized. And on Thursday, April 25th, the entire town assembled at the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati depot where enthusiastic speeches were made and the second company left the county for war, the "Galion Guards," later Co. C of the 23rd Ohio. There were 84 men, many of them from the B. & I and C. C. & C. roads. They were officered by J. W. Skiles, who was a veteran of the Mexican war: J. R. McMillan was the first Lieutenant and C. P. Harding, second lieutenant. At Crestline an enthusiastic meeting was held at Livingston Hall as early as April 19, with Robert Lee as president and William Reed as secretary. Patriotic speeches were made by Rev. J. P. Loyd, Dr. Covert, Robert Lee, and Prof. A. Miller. Patriotic resolutions were passed, the committee being A. Patterson, Jacob Staley, J. P. Davis, David Ogden, D. S. Keplinger, M. A. Archer, J. S. Smith, S. R. C. Clark. At Sulphur Springs, a company was organized with fifty volunteers to be held in readiness and they were drilled every week. Amos Keller was the captain, with J. H. Kemmis, 1st lieutenant, and J. N. Biddle, and lieutenant. In Bucyrus, Aaron H. Keller, B. F. Lauck and John Jones organized a reserve company, to be in readiness if their services were needed. Their services were needed, as the later call. demanded more and more men, and for four long years there was a constant drain on this county and the other counties in the State and Nation, for men to save the Union, and it probable that in that four years of war at least 2,000 then were furnished from Crawford County. From the time the first company had left Bucyrus and gone into Virginia in July of 1861. there were probably but few battles or skirmishes in which one or more soldiers from Crawford County had no part and as time passed and the seemingly never-ending struggle went on, and the news canto of the death of loved ones on the battle field, i1 it not to be wondered at that all the patriotism of a loyal people was needed to save the nation from disunion. On two occasions drafts were necessary to fill out the quota, drafts which called for 300 and 400 men from the little county of Crawford, who already had 1,000 men in the field, and yet when the draft arrived most of the volunteers had been secured and in some townships the entire quota had been furnished. A brief history is given of the principal regiments in which Crawford County had entire or almost entire companies. Yet there were few regiments of the more than two hundred in the state but what had one or more men at some time from this county, and a history of Crawford County in the war nothing more or less than a history of the war itself. The Eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry—The first company organized in Crawford county under the President's call for 75,000 men became a part of the 8th Ohio Infantry, and was known as Company C, which was raised in and around Bucyrus. It was officered as follows: F. W. Butterfield, captain: F. W. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 477 Merriman, first lieutenant and David Lewis, second lieutenant. Capt. Butterfield served faithfully until the expiration of the term of service of the regiment, after which he assisted in raising the 192d Infantry, for one year's service and was made its colonel. After affecting leave-takings, public services being held in the church, the company started for Camp Taylor, Cleveland, where, by April 29th, all the other companies had assembled. In May the regimental organization was completed at Camp Dennison and instruction in drill begun. It soon becoming apparent that the regiment could not be sent into the field as three months men, proposals were made to reenlist the men for three years. Nine companies—Company I alone excepted—responded favorably and in the latter part of June were mustered into the service for three years. In September Company I, having re-considered its determination, decided to reenlist and joined the regiment at Grafton, Va., to which point the rest of the regiment had proceeded after leaving Camp Dennison on July 9th. During their first few weeks of actual service the regiment was stationed at various places in the mountains and along the line of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Here they suffered severely from sickness, some thirty-four deaths resulting from typhoid fever, while at one time over three hundred were in the hospital. On the 24th of September the regiment took part in an attack on Romney, and on Oct. 24th in a second attack on the same place, which the enemy finally evacuated. Next came a successful attack on Blue's Gap. The next fight was at Bloomey Gap, on February 14th, where Colonel Baldwin, with his staff and a part of his command, were captured. In March the division to which the 8th belonged, was ordered to the Shenandoah Valley, and, under command of Gen. Shields, drove the enemy up the Valley, fighting battles at Cedar Creek and Strasburg. In these movements the 8th was engaged in skirmish duty, which they accomplished so successfully as to gain a reputation for themselves, which they subsequently maintained throughout the rest of its term of service. On March 23d was fought the battle of Winchester, one of the most severe of the war. Colonel Kimball commanded and here the enemy, under the able and gallant Jackson were repulsed and driven from the field. In this battle the 8th maintained its reputation both for skirmish duty and in the charge on the enemy's right flank. The losses of the companies engaged—C, D, E, and H—amounted to one-fourth of their entire number. While following the rebels up the Valley, skirmishes took place at Woodstock, Mt. Jackson, Edinburg and New Market. At the latter place Colonel Kimball received his commission as brigadier general taking command of the brigade to which the 8th belonged. On May .22d the regiment joined lcDoxvell's Corps at Fredericksburg. General Banks having been driven out of the Valley by Jackson, the 8th was ordered hack, and on the 3oth reached and recaptured Front Royal. The distance of eighteen miles from Rectortown was covered in skirmish order, a number of prisoners being captured, among whom was the famous. rebel spy, Belle Boyd. After marching from Front Royal up the south branch of the Shenandoah, the division was broken up and Kimball's and Terry's brigades ordered to the Peninsula. Some severe skirmishing occurred on the 3d and 4th of July at the Chickahominy swamps, where seven members of the.8th were badly wounded. At Harrison's Landing the regiment was united to the Second Corps, then commanded by Sumner, and, with Kimball's brigade belonged to French's division. On the retreat from the Peninsula and until the army crossed the Chickahominy the 8th acted as rear guard. It then went by way of Yorktown and Newport News, to Alexandria, where it arrived on the 28th. The armies of Lee and Pope being engaged in battle on the 3oth, the corps was ordered to the front, and marched to Centerville, near the position of Pope's army, but took no part in the fight. On the march of the army to Chain Bridge, the 2d Corps was on the left flank, and for a short time was under fire at Germantown, north of Fairfax Court House. Crossing the Potomac, the army entered Maryland, and soon after was engaged in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam. The corps acted as a supporting line at South Mountain, and later crossed the mountain and skirmished with the enemy at Boonsboro and Reedyville. Near this place a fu- 478 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY rious artillery duel took place on September 16th, during which W. W. Farmer, a color-sergeant of the 8th was killed. The next day occurred the battle of Antietam. Having crossed the river, the 2d Corps occupied the center of the line. Says Mr. Reid ("Ohio in the War"), "Hooker had been engaged on the right for several hours, when French's and Sedgwick's divisions advanced— Sedgwick on the right—and met the enemy in strong position on a ridge. In the advance Kimball's brigade formed the third line, Morris and Max Weber's preceding. They struck the Rebel line and were driven back; when Kimball advanced at a double quick, carrying the line handsomely, and holding it for four hours and until firing ceased in front. During this time Sedgwick was driven back on the right, which made it necessary for the 14th Indiana and 8th Ohio to charge front; which was done most gallantly, and saved the brigade from rout. General Sumner pronounced Kimball's the "Gibraltar Brigade." After some minor movements, consisting mainly of marching, with some skirmishing, the 8th found themselves in action in the terrible battle of Fredericksburg, December 13th, they forming the right wing of the forlorn hope. In the streets of the town the enemy's fire struck the head of the column, killing and wounding 28; but, with the other regiments a line was formed and the enemy's outposts driven to the foot of the hill on which were his main works. In this battle the regiment lost 37 in killed and wounded. The army remained in camp until April 28, 1863, when it crossed the river and fought the battle of ChancelIorsville, General Hooker commanding. Though almost constantly under fire for four days the regiment lost only two killed and eleven wounded. At this time and subsequently the brigade was under command of General Carroll. The next active service of the 8th was at the battle of Gettysburg in which it took a conspicuous part. On July 2d it drove the Rebel sharpshooters from a knoll beyond the Emmetsburg road, and held the position until the close of the battle, a period of twenty-six hours. During this time it repulsed three several attacks by superior numbers, one being made by three regiments, which were gal lantly repelled, broken, and nearly all, with three stands of colors captured. A change of front was then made and the regiment threw an effective fire into the flank of the large mass of troops marching upon General Hay's division. The 8th's losses in this battle were 102 killed and wounded. Some skirmishing followed with the retreating enemy, and then on the 15th of August the regiment was sent to New York city to help quell the draft riots then threatening the city, This duty, which the men looked on almost as a pleasure jaunt, having been performed, they joined the army at Culpepper, and, after some maneuvering, the battles of Auburn and Bristow were fought, October 14, the 8th having two men wounded. In the battles of Robinson s Cross Roads, Locust Grove and Mine Run, on the 27th, 28th and 29th of November, the regiment mainly performed skirmish duty, losing several in killed and wounded. Several officers and men were wounded also in the battle of Morton's Ford, February 6, 1864. The Wilderness campaign, under Grant, opened on the 3d of May. The 2d Corps, crossing the Rapidan at Germania Ford, marched quickly to Todd's Tavern, occupying the extreme left of the line. On the evening of the 5th, it moved to the support of the right, which was hotly engaged with the enemy. At the "Cross Roads" the 14th Indiana, 8th Ohio and 7th Virginia, under the command of Colonel Coons, of the 14th Indiana, retook a section of a battery, which had been lost by the 6th Corps. Heavy losses were sustained on the 6th during the fighting in the dense undergrowth. The 7th, 8th and 9th were spent in skirmishing, the enemy being closely followed to Spottsylvania Court House. In a charge on a Rebel work, on the 10th, another severe loss was sustained and Sergeant Conlan, color bearer, was wounded. On the 12th, in Hancock's gallant charge on the enemy's right, the regiment again lost heavily. The losses in these several engagements were over 60 in killed and wounded. The regiment maintained its reputation in the skirmishing which occurred from Spottsylvania to Petersburg, and in the battles of North Anna, Cold Harbor and in front of Petersburg. While in the trenches before Petersburg, on the 23th of June, its terns of AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 479 service expired and it was ordered to Ohio to be mustered out of service. it had then but 72 officers and men fit for duty. On the return home it received a cordial reception, reaching Cleveland July 3d, where it was cordially greeted by the mayor and military committee. It was formally mustered out July 13, 1864 by Capt. Douglass. The 15th Ohio Volunteer Infantry was one of the first to respond to the President's call for 75,000 men for three months' service. Its organization was completed on May 4, 1861 at Camp Jackson, Columbus, Ohio, Company D of this regiment being composed in part of Crawford county men, mostly from the northeastern part of the county. The 15th prepared for the field at Camp Goddard, near Zanesville, Ohio and then, about May 18, was ordered to West Virginia, where it was employed for some time in guard duty on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. It fought against the enemy at Philippi, June 13, and afterwards at Laurel Hill and Carrick's Ford. At the end of its term of enlistment it returned to Columbus, Ohio and was discharged about the 1st of August, having lost but two men—one killed and one who died of disease. On the President's call for 300,000 men to serve for three years, the men of the 15th almost unanimously resolved to reenlist, and the regiment was accordingly reorganized at Camp Mordecai Bartley, near Mansfield, Ohio, and left for Camp Dennison on Sept. 26, 1861. Here they were armed and equipped for the field. Early in October they reached Lexington, Ky., and soon after, at Camp Nevin, near Nollin's Station, Ky., the regiment was assigned to the 6th Brigade (Gen. R. W. Johnston, commanding) , 2d Division (Gen. A. McD. McCook, commanding), of the Army of the Ohio, then commanded by Gen. W. T. Sherman, and subsequently by Gen. Buell. After marches to Bacon Creek and Mumfordsville, on Dec. 14, the division was set in motion for Fort Donelson, but before arriving there news was received of the capture of the fort and the division was marched to Bowling Green. From the 2d to the 16th of March the command lay at Nashville. Tenn.: then the march to Savannah began. The enemy was encountered at that place April 7th and in the engagement the regiment lost six men killed and 62 wounded. The 2d Division subsequently formed part of the reserve in the march upon Corinth and in the latter part of May was engaged in skirmishing with the enemy, having been orclered to the front on the 27th. From the i8th of July until the 20th of August the 15th was engaged in building a fort and in camp duties at Battle Creek, Tenn. The regiment then accompanied Gen. McCook's command in a movement to head off Gen. Bragg, marching by way of Altemonte. Manchester and Murfreesboro to Nashville, which place was reached Sept. Sth. After a halt of a few days the march was resumed to Bowling Green and thence to Louisville, which was reached on the 25th. Thence the command moved to Shelbyville and Lawrenceburg, where a skirmish took place with the enemy. The main army was reached at Perryville and Bragg's army pursued as far as Crab Orchard. The command then returned to Nashville. Here the army was reorganized and drilled and on the 26th of December advanced against the enemy at Murfreesboro. In the battle of Stone River the 15th lost 18 killed and 89 wounded. After the occupation of Murfreesboro by Rosecran's army the regiment was mainly occupied in drilling, foraging and other routine duties, until July 24th, when an advance was ordered on Tullahoma and Shelbyville. The enemy was dislodged from his position at Golner's and Liberty Gaps, the latter being carried by the 2d Division, the 15th taking a very prominent part throughout. In this engagement one officer and seven men were killed and 23 wounded. The 2d Division remained at Tullahoma until the 16th of August, after which it was ordered to various points in Alabama and Georgia, crossing Lookout Mountain and camping near Alpine on Sept. loth. Two days later it re-crossed the mountain to Winson's Valley and thence moved to a position in connection with the main army in Lookout Valley. On the 19th it marched 13 miles to the battlefield of Chickamauga, where it was engaged soon after its arrival, losing one officer and nine men killed, 69 wounded and 40 missing. Later it took part in the seige of 480 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD OHIO Chattanooga and on November 25th participated in the storming of Mission Ridge, capturing a number of prisoners and some artillery. On the 28th, the regiment then belonging to the ist Brigade, 3d Division, ,nth Army Corps, marched to the relief of Knoxville, arriving Dec. 8th; on the 20th the command moved to Strawberry Plains. On the 14th of January, 1864, most of the members having re-enlisted as veterans, the regiment started for Columbus, Ohio, arriving there with 350 veterans on Feb. Toth. On the expiration of the furlough, March 14th the regiment, having been recruited to upward of goo men, reassembled at Camp Chase, and were ordered to Nashville, and thence to Chattanooga, where they arrived April 5th. On the 8th while moving by rail to Cleveland, Tenn. some 20 of the men were more or less injured in a railway accident. Moving to McDonald's Station on the 20th the regiment remained there until the opening of the spring campaign. The regiment then accompanied Sherman's army, skirmishing at Tunnel Hill, fighting at Resaca and Dallas, at which latter place the lath suffered severely, having Tq men killed, three officers and 61 men wounded, and ig men missing. The array then moved to the vicinity of Acworth and on the Toth advanced toward Kenesaw Mountain. A\'hile skirmishing on the 14th of June one officer and one man were killed and five amen wounded. On June r8th, the enemy having withdrawn, and accidentally left one of their outposts behind them, the outpost comprising two officers and z6 men, were discovered by Private Cupp, of Company H, who was reconnoitering with three or four privates under his command. The Rebels, when informed of their isolated position surrendered and were taken into camp as prisoners. A number of other prisoners were also captured in this vicinity. The regiment subsequently reached Atlanta with the army and later had a skirmish with the enemy at Lovejoy's Station. They left there Sept. 5th and took camp at Decatur, near Atlanta. When Hood began his raid on our communications, the 15th marched to the relief of Resaca, and then to Columbia, where it had a slight skirmish. It did not participate in the battle of Franklin, but at Nashville captured a battery of four brass guns and some 30 prisoners. Later in the action at Franklin Pike it captured two commissioned officer and 100 men. Its own loss in two days' fight was two officers and one man killed and two officers and 24 men wounded. After following the enemy to Lexington, Ala., the corps moved in the direction of Huntsville and went into camp at Bird Springs, where it remains until March 15th, when it was ordered to East Tennessee. It subsequently moved to New Marv. Tenn. and then to Greenville, to aid in preventing the escape of Lee and Johnston, bein ordered back to Nashville, April 22d. Herr it remained until June 16th at which time is was ordered to Texas, proceeding thence by way of New Orleans. It arrived at Indianola, Texas, July 9th, disembarked, and marched the same night to Green Lake, a distance (about 20 miles. Here it remained one month. and then, on August loth began a march 150 miles to San Antonio, reaching the Salad:. a small stream near that place on the 21st Owing to the extreme heat and the scarcity, of water, this was one of the most seven marches the regiment ever endured. It remained on the Salada till October 20th and then ordered to do post duty in the city. On November list, it was mustered out and ordered to Columbus, Ohio for its final discharge. It was mustered out at Columbus on Dec. 27, 1865, having been in the service as organization about four years and eight months. The 23d Ohio Infantry,—Crawford co was represented in this regiment by Company C, which was raised in and around Galion, the members being mostly railroad men. The commissioned officers of the company were: John W. Skiles, captain; J. R. McMullin, first lieutenant; and T. P. Harding, second lieutenant. Captain Skiles was a veteran of the Mexican War and an efficient officer. He was wounded at Middletown, Md., which resulted in the loss of an arm at the elbow. On July 29. 1863 he was promoted to major of the 88th Ohio Infantry and served in that capacity until the close of the war. Lieutenant McMullin, who was originally captain of the old "Mansfield Artillery Company," was early promoted to captain of the 23d. So many of AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 481 the loading officers of the 23d achieved distinction and were promoted to high rank that the regiment became known as the "regiment of brigadier generals." Among the most noted were W. S. Rosecrans, E. Parker Scammon and Rutherford B. Hayes, afterward president of the United States. Stanley Mathews, afterwards promoted to colonel of the 51st regiment, was also a gallant and efficient officer. The 23d regiment was organized at Camp Chase, in June, 1861, under Col. William S. Rosecrans and was mustered into the United States' service for three years, on the 11th of the same month. Before leaving for the field Col. Rosecrans received a commission as brigadier general in the United States' regular army, and Col. E. P. Scammon succeeded to the command of the regiment. On July 25th the regiment was ordered to Clarksburg, West Virginia, where it arrived on the 27th. The next day it was ordered to Weston, from which point it operated against the guerilla forces of the enemy, performing excessively hard duty among the rugged spurs of the Rich Mountain range. While in this region the regiment was divided, five companies, under command of Lieut. Col. Stanley Mathews operating as a movable force against the guerillas, and constituting the right wing; while the left wing remained at Weston, sending out occasional expeditions against the enemy. On Sept. 1st the regiment re-united at Bulltown, and thence, as a part of General Rosecran's army, marched against the Rebels, who, under General Floyd, were strongly posted at Carnifex Ferry. On the ioth some skirmishing occurred with the enemy, in which the 23d took an efficient part. In the night General Floyd retreated across the Gauley river, and in the pursuit a number of prisoners were captured, the enemy being followed to his entrenchment at the foot of Big Sewell Mountain. A few days later the regiment was ordered to Camp Ewing, where, the location proving unhealthy, it lost a number of men from disease. The winter of 1861-62 was devoted to recruiting, drill and discipline. Companies F and G joined a detachment, under Major Cornly, which, on Dec. 31, 1861, occupied Raleigh Court House without opposition. A quantity of arms and supplies, with 27 prisoners were captured. Being reinforced by Companies A and B, Major Comly, on the ioth of February, marched 28 miles through a snow storm at the mouth of Blue Stone river, driving a regiment of the enemy's infantry, and it small force of cavalry, with considerable across the river. On April 17 1862 order were received to go into camp, and on the tad the command moved toward Princeton, the 23d, under command of Lieut. Col. Hayes, being in the advance. On the approach of the Federal forces the enemy fired the town and fled. On the 8th nine companies of the 23d, With three small companies of cavalry, were attacked by four regiments of Confederate Infantry, and six pieces of artillery, under command of General Heth. Though most of our cavalry disappeared after the first fire, the regiment made a determined stand, but was finally obliged to retire, which it did in good order, the enemy following to the narrows of New River. Meeting reinforcements, the command returned by way of Princeton to Flat Top Mountain, having endured great hardships, and losing tents and other equipage, which had to he destroyed. On the 13th of July the regiment was ordered to Green Meadows, on New River, the next move being to Camp Piatt, on the Great Kanawha, where the regiment arrived on the i8th, having made the record march of 104 miles in a little more than three days. Here the 23d boarded transports for Parkersburg, going thence by rail to Washington City, where they arrived August 24th. Soon after they moved with McClel1an's army toward Frederick City, driving the enemy before them and reaching Middletown on the i3th. Here began the battle of South Mountain, culminating, Sept. 17th, in that of Antietam, in both of which the 23d participated, being under command of Lieut. Col. Hayes (Gen. J. D. Cox commanding the division). Being in the advance of the column, it took an unfrequented path up the mountain, and being met by a heavy fire of musketry, grape and cannister from the enemy, who were posted behind stone walls, it sustained severe losses, Lieut- Col. Hayes, Captain Skiles and Lieutenants Hood, Ritter and Smith being 482 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY badly wounded, and over ioo dead and wounded lay on the field out of the 350 that went into action. Major Comly succeeded to the command, which he henceforth retained. Soon after, the remainder of the brigade coming up, a charge was made up the hill and enemy driven into the woods beyond, losing many men killed with the bayonet. During the remainder of the day the regiment fought with its division. During the day the 23d lost nearly 200. Only seven were unaccounted for at roll-call after the action. At Antietam the regiment fought with the Kanawha division, occupying the right of the first brigade. Near the close of the day a charge was made by the division by which the left was exposed to a large force of the enemy, who suddenly emerged from a corn field in the rear of the left. The colors of the regiment were instantly shot down. At the same time a feint was made in front. A Fereral battery in the rear opened a fire on the advancing Confederates, by which, however, our forces suffered more than the enemy. Major Comly now planted the colors on a new line, at right angles with the former front and the regiment promptly formed on the new line and opened fire on the enemy, who retired, having done little damage, except to make a few captures. A little later the regiment was ordered to the rear. During the night the regiment supported a battery of General Sturgis's division and was not relieved until the following afternoon. Ordered back, Oct. 8th, to West Virginia, with the Kanawha division, the regiment reached Hagerstown on the 10th, whence they made a quick dash into Pennsylvania to intercept Stuart's cavalry, who were reported to be operating in that direction; but no enemy was discovered. The regiment then returned to Virginia, arriving at Clarksburg October 15th. Here Colonel Scammon was appointed brigadier general and Lieut. Col. Hayes appointed colonel; Major Comly was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and Capt. McIlrath to major. On November 10th the 23d reached the Kanawha Valley and on the i8th went into winter quarters at the Falls of the Great Kanawha. On March 15, 1863 the regiment was ordered to Charleston, W. Va., where it lay in camp during March, April, May, June and part of July, performing only light duties, except an advance to Raleigh, Va. and participation in the inovenient against Morgan's raid. Returning to Charleston, they lay in camp during the remainder of the year and up to April 29, 1864, when a movement was made to a point near Brownstown, on the Kanawha, preparatory to joining General Crook's forces in a raid on the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad. In this expedition they performed hard duty, but had little fighting until the battle of Cloyd's Mountain on May 9, 1864. Here the 23d was on the right of the First brigade. A gallant charge was made up the mountain under a heavy fire, and the enemy driven from the first ridge, two pieces of artillery being captured and brought off the field by Lieut. Austin. The enemy then attempted to form a line of the second ridge or crest, but after a short struggle, was driven back in full retreat. Receiving reinforcements, he made another attempt to stand but was unsuccessful. The fighting here was desperate. Captain Hunter, Company K, and Lieut. Seaman, Company D, were both killed. Captain Rice, Company A, was wounded, but rejoined his company before the action was over. Lieut. Abbott, Company I, was severely wounded and left in hospital at Dublin Depot. On May 10th there was more fighting at New River Bridge, artillery being mostly used. The enemy were driven and the bridge destroyed. At Pepper's Ferry a slow and tedious crossing was made with one small ferry boat, the rain pouring down all night and thoroughly drenching the men. Skirmishing occurred on the way to Blacksburg, the regiment having two men wounded and losing four by capture. Salt Pond Mountain was crossed on the i2th, the 23d acting as train guard. Owing to heavy rains the roads were in wretched condition and the command was hampered by large numbers of "contrabands," who with their women and children, were accompanying it in all sorts of conveyances, which, becoming stuck in the mud, tended further to impede the operations of the force. Camp was reached on the r3th, with all the men greatly exhausted and in a state of semi-starvation. At Staunton, June 8th the 23d joined Gen. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 483 Hunter's command. The first term of service expiring on the 11th, those not re-enlisting as veterans were sent home. The depot, railroad, and other public works likely to be useful to the enemy were destroyed. On the 10th a march of 23 miles was made to Brownstown and the enemy driven. Lexington was reached on the 11th, where some artillery fighting took place. The Confederates burning the bridge, White's brigade effected a crossing about two miles above the town, when the enemy retired. General Hunter's column came up just as the town was captured, and by his orders the Military Academy, Washington College and Governor Letcher's residence were burned, an order the execution of which was distasteful to nearly every officer and man of the command, and was protested against by Generals Crook and Averill. Starting on the 14th the 23d marched by way of Buckhannon to within two miles of Lvnchburg, driving the enemy along the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad and capturing four pieces of artillery. While encamped close to the enemy a slight skirmish took place with Gordon's brigade, but was stopped by the forces mutually withdrawing a little farther from each other. Early on the 18th A. M. Crook's command was ordered on a flanking expedition to the right, but, owing to news that the enemy had received heavy reinfocements and was preparing to attack the center of our lines, it marched rapidly back to the exposed point, where the attack was repulsed with trifling loss. After dark a retreat was commenced toward Liberty, the men marching two days and nights without sleep and with scarcely anything to eat. On reaching Liberty shortly after dark on the i9th some fighting occurred, and at ten A. M. of the loth Buford's Gap was reached. A night march was then made to overtake the command in advance, Salem being reached at 9 A. M. While passing through this town Hunter had been attacked by the enemy's cavalry and a large part of his artillery captured. At the same time Crook was attacked in front and rear, but pushed through without loss. At ten P. M. North Mountain was reached, where the command halted and the men were given a few hours' sleep. The diary of one of the officers contains the following in regard to the rest of this march: "At four A. M. next morning (22d) left in the advance, the first time since the retreat commenced. By a mistake a march of eight miles was made for nothing. Thus we toiled on, suffering intensely with exhaustion, want of food, clothing, etc. On the 27th a supply train was met on Big Sewell Mountain. Men all crazy. Stopped and ate; marched and ate; camped about dark, and ate all night. Marched 180 miles in the last nine days, fighting nearly all the time, and with very little to eat." The column reached Charleston July 1st and remained there refitting until the 10th, when Gen. Crook's command having been ordered east to meet Early, who had invaded Pennsylvania and Maryland, the 23d set out for Martinsburg, which was reached on the 14th. On the 18th they marched to Cablestown, ten miles beyond Harper's Ferry, driving in the enemy's pickets. Still under the immediate command of Gen. Hunter, Gen. Crook being at Snicker's Gap, Hayes's brigade (including the 23d) was sent, without cavalry and with scarcely any artillery, to attack Early's army of 20,000 or more in flank, and with no other force on this side of the Shenandoah and no possibility of communicating. The enemy, who lay on the opposite side of the river at Snicker's Ferry, had already beaten the First Division, with the whole Sixth Corps to back them. After some heavy skirmishing, the 23d, with the 36th Ohio, were surrounded by two divisions of the enemy's cavalry, but cut their way out and on the 22d of July joined General Crook at Winchester. In the battle of Winchester, which occurred on the 24th, and in which the National forces were defeated, the 23d Ohio lost 153 men, ten of whom were commissioned officers. At Martinsburg next day, General Crook repelled a charge of the enemy's cavalry, capturing a number of prisoners. He then took position near the ford at Williamsburg, on the south bank of the Potomac. From the 26th of July to the 14th of August the time was spent in marches and countermarches, on the latter date Duvall's brigade having an encounter with a Rebel force and 484 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY finally capturing some prisoners and cattle. Afterwards came movements up and down the Valley advancing and retreating, with plenty of fighting. At Front Royal Sheridan's cavalry captured 260 of the enemy. An attack was made by the enemy at Hall-town,, August 23d. In the evening Hayes's Brigade, the 23d and 36th Ohio, with part of the 3th West Virginia, sallied out and drove in the enemy's skirmish line, capturing a lot of prisoners from Kershaw's Division, the brilliancy of the charge causing much astonishment among the Rebels, who inquired "Who the hell are 'uns?" In another sortie on the 23d six officers and ioo prisoners were taken. The next engagement took place at Berryille, Sept. 3d, the 23d being sent out on picket. Here there was desperate fighting, the most of it after dark. At ten o'clock both parties retired. In this affair the regiment lost two good officers in Captains Austin and Gillis. The battle of Opequan was fought on the 19th. General Crooks command was in reserve but was soon called upon to make a flank attack on the right. Hayes's Brigade had the extreme left of the infantry. After crossing sonic difficult ground the division was halted and formed, with Hayes's Brigade in front and the 2d (Johnson's) in the rear. The brigade advanced rapidly, driving the enemy's cavalry. The Union cavalry at the same time advanced out of the woods on the right. On reaching a slight elevation the enemy's infantry line came into view, off diagonally to the left front and he opened a brisk artillery fire. After passing through some thick underbrush a deep slough was reached, 40 or 30 yards wide and waist deep, with soft tnttd at the bottom, the surface being covered with a thick bed of moss. This obstacle seemed impassible but Colonel Haves, after a moment's pause, jumped in with his horse and struggled through, the first man over: the men of the 23d plunged in after him, and crossed under a heavy fire, some of them being drowned or suffocated in the slime. Pausing only long enough on the other side to reform the line, the regiment clashed on driving the enemy, Sheridan's cavalry, having passed around the slough, kept up on the right, capturing a large number of prisoners. Colonel Duvall, the division commander, being wounded, Colonel Hayes succeeded to the command, and throughout displayed the most adding bravery and skill. No reinforcements appearing and the enemy's fire becoming every moment more inurderous, Lieutenant McBride of the 23d was ordered forward with a small party to kill the enemy's artillery horses. Some Saxony rifles of long range and 71-caliber, are taken and several horses drop. A panic seizes the artillery and they commence limbering up. The infantry also takes the alarm and begin leaving the trenches, soon the whole line rises and run for the breastworks in confusion, our cavalry pursuing and taking prisoners by regiments. Eight battle flags are captured, the Rebel artillery stops firing and falls back and the battle is at an end. About the sane time the 6th Corps emerged from the woods in the rear. The result was a complete and decisive victory. The regiment captured about 200 then, the artillery being captured by the combined force. On September 24, 1864, occurred the battle of North Mountain, which was more in the nature of a brilliant charge than a battle. On Crook's command gaining their rear the enemy fled in titter rout abandoning many guns. The regiment lost only two men. Nothing more of importance occurred until the battle of Cedar Creek. In this battle the i9th and 6th Corps occupied positions nearly parallel with the enemy's front. General Crook's First Division (Thoburn's) occupied works about a mile further to the front and on the left of the main line. the works from their right flank rearward being guarded only by the qth Virginia regiment, from the Second Division. Crook's Second Division (Duvall's, commanded by Hayes). or a portion of it, occupied a camp about a mile and a quarter in rear of the First Division and in rear of the Manchester Pike. An independent brigade (Kitching's) occupied a camp to the left and rear of that. The enemy's attacking column crossed the North Fork of the Shenandoah from the left of Fisher's Bill, passed down near the Rase of the Massanutten Mountain, beyond the picket line, and recrossed the river at Buxton's Ford, well to the rear of Crook's command. From there they passed again to the front, just outside the National lines, through the AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 485 darkness and fog, forming a line of battle extending from Thoburn's right to a point about opposite Middletown, beyond the extreme left. The nearest force of National cavalry on the left was at Front Royal, eight miles distant. Owing to General Sheridan's absence in Washington, the command devolved upon Major-general Wright, commanding the 6th Corps. Discovering a weak point on the left, a ford across the North Fork of the Shenandoah, accessible from the Massanutten Mountain, General Crook applied for a division of cavalry to cover this ford and picket the front ui the mountain. His request was granted, but for some reason the cavalry had not yet been placed there on the nights of the 18th and 19th, though a report was made that it was there. Taking advantage of this oversight on the part of the Federals, nearly the whole flanking force of the enemy crossed at this ford, under cover of the darkness and fog, their line, when the attack opened, extending from the front of Crook's First Division all the way around to a point about opposite Middletown. Here they waited for the signal, which was to he a feint on the right of the line. To sleet this attack General Crook had about 4,000 men. When the attack came, at 4:30 a. m., the enemy had it all their own way. Crook's coinmand, overpowered, were driven from their advanced position and formed on the left of the 19th Corps, the left also being hotly engaged. The right of the line was not engaged for some time after. A desperate and successful stand was made by the shattered lines of Crook's command to save the headquarters train of the army, in which many brave men lost their lives, among them Colonel Thoburn, Captain Bier and Lieut. Colonel Hall, of the t 3th Virginia. Colonel Hayes had his horse shot under him, but escaped with his life. The line then slowly fell back, the enemy seeming content with shelling us. While things were at this pass, suddenly a great shout went up as General Sheridan, riding a magnificent black horse, dashed up at full speed and, dismounting. engaged in a short but rapid conversation with General Crook. In a moment the members of the staff are flying off in different directions. After awhile Col. Forsyth comes down in front and shouts to the General : "The rgth Corps is closed up, sir." General Sheridan jumps on his horse and calling out, "We're going to have a good time on them now, boys," rides tip the line. The men took their posts, the line moved forward, and ere long, as all the world knows, the enemy was fleeing in titter rout and confusion. On Oct. 7th the regiment was detailed as rear guard to Martinsburg, starching by way of Winchester, where some of the enemy's cavalry were said to be. On this march the men voted for the Presidential election, but seven anti-war votes being cast, principally among the teamsters. November 13th it returned to Winchester, guarding a supply train of Too wagons. It was engaged in drill and camp routine duties until the middle of December, when it was transferred from the extreme left to the extreme right of the line. About December loth Hayes's Brigade was ordered to Stephen's Depot, remaining there until the 29th when it went into camp at Martinsburg. On January 1, 1865, it embarked for Cumberland. Colonel Hayes was promoted to a brigadier generalship and Lieut-Colonel Conmly to Colonel. The regiment reached Grafton January 12th, where it lay till the 18th, without tents and insufficient bedding, the weather being very cold. From the 19th to March rst it lay at Cumberland engaged in drill and camp routine. Soon the news arrived of the collapse of the Southern Confederacy and the boys anticipated an early return home. It was not, however, until the latter part of July that the wished for order came, and on the 26th they were mustered out at Cumberland, and took cars for Canip Taylor, where the men were paid and discharged. The 34th Infantry, O. V. I. contained one company—Company I;—which was from Crawford county. This company was organized with the following officers : J. W. Shaw, captain: F. R. Helwig. first lieutenant. and W. H. Carpenter, second lieutenant. Captain Shaw was promoted to major. Oct. 10, 1862: to lieutenant colonel, July 18, 1863, and was killed July 24. 1864 at the battle of Winchester. First Lieutenant Helwig was promoted to captain, July 17. 1862 and mustered out with the regiment. Second Lieutenant Carpenter was discharged, Aug. 1, 1863. Isaac P. Grover was promoted to second lieutenant, 486 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY Dec. 3, 1862; to first lieutenant, March 2, 1864, and to captain, Sept. 30, 1864. Isaiah C. Lindsey was promoted to second lieutenant March 16, 1864 and mustered out as such. N. P. Marvell was promoted to second lieutenant Sept. 30, 1864, to first lieutenant Nov. 26, 1864 and mustered out April 4, 1865. The 34th was organized at Camp Lucas, Clermont county, Ohio in July and August, i 861 and on Sept. 1st moved to Camp Dennison. As at that early period of the war much license prevailed with respect to uniforms, it adopted a light blue Zouave dress, and in compliment to their colonel, Abraham S. Piatt, the name of "Piatt Zouaves" was adopted. In September the regiment started for Camp Enyart, on the Kanawha river, W. Va., where it arrived on the loth. On the 25th it fought its first battle near Chaproanville, whipping a Virginia regiment and badly wounding its colonel. Its own loss was one killed and eight wounded. During the remaining of the autumn and winter the regiment was engaged chiefly in guarding the rear of General Rosecran's army and in scouting expeditions after the enemy's guerillas. In March, 1862 it joined General Cox's forces at Gauley Bridge and on the 17th and 18th of May, participated in the battle of Princeton, losing several men. General Cox being ordered to join General McClellan, in August, 1862, six regiments were left to guard the Kanawha Valley. The 34th and 37th held the outpost at Fayetteville, where they were attacked, Sept. Toth, by General Loring, with 10,000 men. By the aid of breastworks, the position was held till midnight, when the place was evacuated. During the attack the 34th repeatedly charged on the enemy. The losses of the six companies engaged (the others being on scouting duty) amounted to 13o men. One-half of the officers were either killed or wounded. Falling back under a heavy fire, the National forces made a stand at Cotton Mountain the next day, and at Charleston on the 12th, where a severe engagement took place. From this point a further retrograde movement was made to Mt. Pleasant. In October, on the return of General Cox, with his command, another advance was made and the valley regained. During May the regiment was furnished with horses and transferred into "Mounted Rifles." In July, 1863 the 34th participated in a demonstration against Wytheville, on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, under command of Colonel "Poland. A desperate fight ensued, but about dark the National forces succeeded in capturing the enemy's artillery, when they fled in all directions. The 34th lost four killed, including Colonel Toland, 13 wounded and 33 missing. The brigade left Camp Piatt with nearly 1000 men, marched 652 miles in eleven days, through a very mountainous country, and captured over 25o horses, 36o prisoners, two pieces of artillery and a large amount of stores; destroyed between 3000 and 5000 stand of arms, an important bridge, and partially burned one of the wealthiest cities in Virginia. The command devolving on Lieut. Colonel Franklin, he commenced a retrograde movement, which was effected with difficulty, the roads being blockaded by a Confederate force under General McCausland. The year's campaign was completed by several expeditions to Lewisburg and vicinity, General Duffie, of the Kanawha Cavalry, commanding. In January, 1864 about two-thirds of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and in the latter part of April the regiment was divided into two detachments. The mounted portion was to operate with the cavalry, under General Averhill; the dismounted, with the 36th O. V. I., in General Crook's division of infantry. On the ist of May, 1864 a second expedition left Charleston for the destruction of the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. On the 9th the cavalry were repulsed at Wytheville by General Morgan and fell back with considerable loss. The infantry under Crook, however, defeated the enemy the same day at Cloyd Mountain, capturing Dublin Depot in the evening. Another victory was gained the next day and the railroad bridge over New River destroyed. From this point the command returned to Meadow Bluffs, whence they started to join General Hunter at Staunton, in the Shenandoah Valley, having a skirmish at Panther Gap Mountain. Reaching Goshen, on the Central Virginia Railroad on June 5th, another skirmish took place with some of the enemy's cavalry at Cow Pasture River. The day after the Rebels were driven out of Buffalo Gap by General Hayes's Brigade. Staunton was reached June 8th, and on the AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 487 9th, General Hunter, now reinforced by Generals Crook, Averill and Duffie, left this point going by way of Brownsville to Lexington, which was reached on the 11th. Some shots were exchanged with the enemy at Buckhannon on the 14th, and then the force crossed the Blue Ridge, the town of Liberty being reached on the 16th, where another skirmish occurred. From this point General Crook's command, with which the dismounted members of the 34th were serving, was sent on a flanking expedition across the James river, for the purpose of attacking Lynchburg. The attack was made on the 18th and was partially successful, but the enemy being re-inforced that night by 20,000 men tinder Early, further operations against that city were impossible. The next morning the opposing armies engaged in a fierce cannonade, and in the afternoon an engagement took place in which the 34th suffered severely. At dark on the 19th the National forces began a retreat, being closely pursued by the enemy, another skirmish occurring at Liberty. At Salem, on the 21st, Hunter's artillery was attacked in a narrow defile by a large force of the enemy, who made a sudden descent from the hills, and the guns were captured. The mounted portion of the 34th, being a few miles in the rear, dashed up to the rescue, dismounted, and, under command of Lient. Colonel Shaw, after a sharp fight, drove off the enemy and recaptured the guns. After enduring great hardships on the retreat, the command reached Charleston on July 1st, where the men were enabled to obtain a much needed rest. About this time the 34th was dismounted, the horses being turned over to the cavalry. On the loth of July the 34th embarked on transports for Parkersburg, thence moving by rail to Martinsburg, in the Shenandoah Valley, where they arrived on the r4th. On July 20, while General Crook, with his main force and the 6th and tgth Corps, was pressing Early back on Winchester, General Duvall's Brigade (including the 34th) attempted to occupy the place in advance of the Confederates. Only 1200 strong, they met the enemy two miles from Winchester and completely routed them, capturing their artillery and killing and wounding all their brigade commanders. The 34th lost io killed and 20 wounded. Four days later the fourth battle of Winchester took place, in which General Crook, being weakened by the absence of the 6th and ipth Corps, was obliged to retreat, losing only a few wagons. The losses of the 34th in this battle were severe and included Lieut. Colonel Shaw. Capt. G. W. McKay also received a mortal wound. The command then devolved on Captain S. R. S. West, a brave and gallant officer. On the 25th another stand was made at Martinsburg, the 34th being the last regiment to leave the field. From the 25th of July to the i ith of August the regiment was occupied chiefly in marching and countermarching, there being heavy skirmishing on the iith with Early, who was falling back on Fisher's Hill. Between the 12th and 17th more skirmishing occurred at Cedar Creek. The regiment then fell back through Winchester to Berryville, and on the 20th of August was at Charleston, with the enemy close in its rear. Expecting an attack, breastworks were thrown up, but none occurring, another retrograde movement took place to Halltown. Some skirmishing occurred up to the 27th when the enemy withdrew to the upper Potomac. On the next day the regiment again occupied Charleston. Here the non-veterans were discharged and on Sept. 3d proceeded to Columbus, Ohio, in charge of Captain West. During the few months previous to this the 34th had been largely strengthened by new recruits, and now numbered between 400 and 500 men, present and absent. On the evening of the day on which the non-veterans left the regiment participated in the battle of Berryville. The enemy fell back to Winchester and Bunker Hill. The 34th marched to Summit Point, where they lay encamped until Sheridan's victorious battle of Winchester. On that day it lost no less than six color bearers in quick succession. The flag was finally brought through safe by George Rynals, of Company A. At Fisher's Hill, on the 22d, the enemy were successfully flanked, and fled, losing his artillery. In the last two engagements the 34th lost 6i killed. The demoralized enemy was followed to Harrisburg, where the National forces lay until the 6th of October. In the meanwhile the cavalry was desolating the Valley, in accordance with General Sheridan's order. The work of devastation being now completed, the Na- 488 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY tional army fell hack to Cedar Creek, while the enemy resumed his old position at hisher's Hill. On the 19th General Early made his desperate attempt to regain his lost laurels, and had almost succeeded, when the opportune arrival of General Sheridan, so celebrated in song and story, turned the tables, and ended in the utter rout of the Confederates. The brunt of the morning's surprise and attack fell on the left flank, composed of General Crook's Corps, which, with the 19th Corps occupying the center of the line, was badly shattered. The 6th Corps on the right had time to fall back in good order. The troops were rallied near Middletown, from whence the final and successful advance was made. On the evening before the battle, the regiment was on picket duty, under command of Lieut. Colonel Furney. Before dawn the next morning, when the surprise occurred, the Colonel and 18 of his men, were taken prisoners. He, however, escaped at -\It. Jackson and rejoined his command a few days later. The loss of the 34th in this affair was two killed, 12 wounded and 18 prisoners. From this time until the latter part of December, 1864 the regiment lay near Kernstown, when it marched to Opecluan Crossing, and thence to Martinsburg. On the evening of December 22d. while enroute by rail to Webster, a collision occurred. whereby two men of the regiment were killed and fourteen wounded. On January 11, 1863, while the 34th were in garrison at Beverly, with the dismounted portion of the 8th Ohio Cavalry—being at this time reduced to 300 men present for duty—a sudden and unexpected attack was made on the post by the enemy under General Rosser, and almost the entire regiment captured. though many, favored by the darkness and excitenlent. subsequently escaped. Colonel Youart, of the 8th. commanding the post, and Colonel Furney, were both captured but afterward escaped. The survivors of this unfortunate affair fell back to Phillipi. and thence were ordered to Cumberland, Md., where on Feb. »d, they were consolidated with the 36th Ohio (General Crook's old regiment), commanded by Colonel H. F. Duval. Thus the old 34th lost its identity, the coalition being known as the 3fith Ohio Veteran Volunteer Infantry. The 45th Ohio Volunteer Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in August, 1862, being mustered in on the igth of that month. It was immediately ordered to Cynthiana, Ky., where it remained until the advance of General Kirby Smith compelled it, with the 99th Ohio, to fall back to Covington. After aiding in the defense of Cincinnati, it took post at Lexington, and was engaged for some time in building bridges on the Kentucky Central Railroad. While at Lexington it was brigaded with the 18th and 22d Michigan regiments and 112th Illinois, under the command of General G. C. Smith. While at Danville, about the middle of February, the regiment ww as mounted and brigaded with the 7th Ohio and 10th Kentucky regiments of cavalry, all under command of Colenel Benj. P. Runkle, of the 45th. Soon after it took part in the pursuit of a body of the enemy's cavalry under command of Colonel Cluke, and on the 30th of March was engaged for the first time, at Dutton's Hill, near Somerset with the enemy's forces under Generals Gillmore and Pegram. In this affair the regiment lost one man, mortally wounded. From this time and until the early part of July the 43th was stationed in the neighborhood of Somerset picketing the line of the Cumberland river and occasionally reconnoitring beyond. During the perforniance of this duty the regiment lost two killed and several wounded, two of the latter mortally. In the pursuit after Morgan in July, 1863, it had one man killed and several wounded. Subsequently returning to Kentucky, it took part in the pursuit of Colonel Scott's force, which had advanced as far as Winchester, that state. Upon the reorganization of Burnside's army in August, 1863. the 45th was included in Byrd's Brigade of General Carter's Division with the 1st Tennessee and the 112th Illinois Mounted Infantry and the 8th Michigan Cavalry. Early in September it was detached and sent to London. and, after crossing the Tennessee River before all the rest of the army, was soon after transferred to the cavalry brigade of Colonel Wolford, which, with that of Colonel Byrd, constituted the extreme right of Burn-side's army. While stationed at Philadelphia. Oct. loth, Wolford's Brigade was surprised and routed losing all its trains, a battery of AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 489 artillery and many prisoners. In this affair the 45th had three men killed, four mortally wounded and more than ioo captured. On the 15th of the following month, as the mounted division of General Saunders, to which the 45th belonged, was falling back before the enemy's cavalry, the regiment was dismounted, and left without any immediate support. While in this position, with its horses in the rear, it was thrown into confusion by a very sudden and spirited attack and lost five killed, several wounded, and about ioo men and officers taken prisoners. On the 18th of November, during Longstreet's advance on Knoxville, Saunders' Division was hotly engaged, Brigadier General Saunders and Adjutant Fearns, of the 45th being mortally wounded. The regiment lost five men killed and six mortally wounded, incltuling the Adjutant. The regiment was next ciigaged in action at Bean's Station, Dec. r4th, hut without loss. After Longstreet retired toward Virginia, the 45th, with the 11th and 27th Kentucky Mounted Infantry, were sent to Cumberland cap and remained in that neighborhood until the 8th of February, 1864, when the brigade was marched to Mt. Sterling, Ky, to be remounted. This design, however, was never carried out, and the regiment ever after served as infantry proper. Leaving Mt. Sterling April 6th, and Camp Nelson on the 19th, the 45th with several other regiments, marched across the mountains to East Tennessee, reaching Knoxville May 3d. A few days later it went by rail to Cleveland, Tenn., and thence to Tunnel Hill, Ga., where it was attached to the 2d Brigade, 2d Division, 23d Army Corps, on the 11th. Three days later it had two men killed and three mortally wounded at the battle of Resaca, and afterward participated in many of the actions during the Atlanta campaign. Toward the end of June the regiment was transferred to the 2d Brigade of the 1st Division, 4th Corps. With the 4th Corps the regiment afterward participated in the battle of Franklin and in the fighting before Nashville, when Hood's army was totally routed and dispersed. In the spring of 1865 the 4th accompanied the 4th Corps to Fast Tennessee, returned with it to Nashville toward the end of April, and was mustered out of the service on the 15th of the following f tine, having at that time two months to serve to complete its term of enlistment. The 49th Regiment, O. V. I., contained a company of Crawford county men, namely, Company B. Its commissioned officers at its organization were as follows : Amos Keller. captain; A. H. Keller, first lieutenant; and J. N. Biddle, second lieutenant. Captain and Lieutenant Keller were killed at the battle of Stone River, and their funeral which subseiiuently took place at Bucyrus, was one of the largest ever held in the town. The 49th Ohio regiment was organized at Tiffin, Seneca county, under special authority of the Secretary of 1t'ar. On the 19th of Septeinber, 1861, it started from Camp Noble, near Tiffin, to Camp Dennison and, receiving its equipment on the 21st, moved for Louisville, Ky., where it reported next day to Brig. General Robert Anderson. It was the first organized regiment to enter Kentucky, and Was given a very cordial reception, receiving an address of welcome from General Anderson, to which its colonel, W illianl H. Gibson, responded. After further ceremonies and a magnificent banquet, in the evening the regiment took cars for Lebanon Junction, with orders to report to General W. T. Sherman, who commanded troops at that point. The next morning it departed for Elizabethtown and went into; camp at Muldraugh's Hill. From this place on the 10th of October, it moved to Nolin Creek and went into Camp Nevin. In the subsequent organization of the 2d Division of the Army of Ohio, the 49th was assigned to the 6th Brigade, General R. W. Johnson commanding. December Loth, the division moved to Munfordsville, on Green River and, driving the Rebels to the opposite side of the river, established Camp Wood. On the 17th the National Pickets, from the 32c1 Indiana Infantry. on the south side of Green River, were attacked by the enemy, and the 49th Ohio and 39th Indiana were sent to their relief, the enemy being repulsed, and Colonel Terry, one of their commanders, being killed. From December 17th to February 14th the regiment lay in camp, being occupied in drill and discipline. On the 14th it moved on Bowling Green and, 490 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY after crossing the river marched on Nashville, where, on March 3d it established Camp Andrew Jackson. On March 16th it moved with Buell's army to join Grant's forces at Pittsburgh Landing, arriving there on the 6th. Here, at eleven o'clock it went into battle on the left of its brigade, the latter being coinmanded by Colonel Gibson, who left his regiment in charge of Lieut. Colonel A. M. Blackman. It maintained its position under a hot fire until four o'clock in the afternoon, and twice performed the hazardous movement of changing front under fire. The 49th, after some fighting at Bridge's Creek and other points, entered Corinth with the army on May 3oth, 1862. It then joined in pursuit of the enemy, proceeding as far as Tuscumbia and Florence, Alabama, and thence marching to Battle Creek, Tenn. From here it took part in the movement after Bragg's army, which was entering Kentucky, threatening Louisville and Cincinnati. The troops suffered severely on this march from intense heat, want of water and short rations. At Louisville, which point they reached on the 29th of September, the troops rested for a few days, and then resumed their march in pursuit of the enemy, whom they drove before them through Shelbyville, and reaching Frankfort, where they dispersed the Rebel troops gathered to guard the inaugeration of Capt. Dick Hawes as Confederate governor of Kentucky. The march was resumed on the jth and a junction made with the main army on the day following the battle of Perryville. During all this time there was daily skirmishing. At Lawrenceburg and Dog Walk sharp engagements took place, in which the 49th took a conspicuous part under command of Lieut. Colonel Levi Drake. With the enemy retreating before them the 49th, with its brigade and division, marched to Crab Orchard, and thence through Bowling Green to Nashville, being with the advance that raised the siege of that city on October yth. It subsequently remained in camp at Millcreek until the 26th of December. On that date the Army of the Cumberland, under command of General Rosecrans, began its movement on Murfreesboro. The 49th, forming a part of the right wing, under Major General McCook, after considerable skirmishing, became engaged in battle, on the extreme right of the National army, before Murfreesboro, on the evening of the 30th. At six o'clock next morning, Kirk's Brigade, being furiously assailed by the enemy, was thrown back on the 49th, which also became engaged, and was borne back by overwhelming numbers a mile and a half to the Nashville Turnpike, which it reached after an incessant conflict of nine hours. The next morning it was sent to reconnoitre on the right and rear of main army, and operated on the extreme right in connection with Stanley's cavalry. On January 2d it occupied a position in reserve, to the center, and late in the afternoon, upon the repulse of Van Cleeves Division, to the left, it joined with its brigade in a magnificent bayonet charge, retreiving the fortunes of the day in that part of the field and inflicting a severe defeat on the enemy By the capture of General Willich, Colonel Gibson, of the 49th succeeded to the command of the brigade. Lieut. Colonel Drake was killed during the battle, Major Porter wounded, and all the senior captains present either killed or wounded, the command of the regiment at the close of the day devolving on the junior Captain, S. F. Gray. After losing some men in various foraging expeditions, the regiment moved with the army on the 24th of June, from Murfreesboro, and, finding the enemy strongly posted at Liberty Gap, an encounter took place, the 49th assaulting the enemy's right, which was posted on a hill. It drove him from the heights and compelled him to fall back to another strong position about a mile in his rear. On the next day the advance was resumed and in the middle of the afternoon the 40th was brought into action of the enemy's center, which covered the valley, his flanks resting on the hills. Advancing briskly in four ranks, according to a newly introduced drill, the regiment opened fire and soon broke the enemy's center, the position being maintained by the co-operation of other troops. Tullahoma was reached July 1st, without further engagement, and the regiment went into camp. In the movement of the National army on Chattanooga in August, the 49th crossed the Tennessee river on the 3ist near Bellefonte. In the battle of Chicamauga the regiment, under command of Major S. F. Gray, held a position on the morning of the first day, on AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 491 the extreme right of the National forces, forming a part of General R. W. Johnson's Division. Before being engaged the brigade and division were shifted to the extreme left of the army and united with Thomas's Corps. Between three and four o'clock P. M. the regiment made a charge against the enemy's right, which was posted in dense woods and drove them back, capturing two guns. Three guns were captured in all by the brigade. At dusk he enemy made a sudden and furious charge with the bayonet, which after some ground had been lost, was repelled and the Confederates driven back. On the second day of the battle the 49th Ohio performed gallant and important service on various parts of the field, and took part in an exploit which, it is claimed, saved Thomas's Corps from being swept from the field. Having broken through the National left, the enemy were charging fiercely on the center, when the 49th faced to the rear and poured a destructive (ire into them; which being backed by Goodspeed's Battery, and a hot fire from the r5th Ohio, checked the Rebels and drove them back on their main body. At evening, the 49th, with its brigade, was the last to retire from the field. At RossviIle some temporary fieldworks were thrown up, in expectation of an attack, and on the following night the brigade reached Chattanooga. On November 24th the 49th, with its brigade, joined in the movement against Mission Ridge, under Grant, where, with conspicuous gallantry it was one of the first regiments to plant its colors on the summit. Soon after this it moved with Granger's Corps to the relief of Burnside at Knoxville. This was one of the severest marches made during the war. The weather was intensely cold and the ground covered with snow, while the men were almost naked, without shoes and the rations exhausted. Hearing at Strawberry Plains that Burnside had repulsed Longstreet. the National forces returned to Chattanooga. While engaged in this severe campaign the men were called upon to re-enlist for the war, to which call a hearty response was given. The regiment now returned to Ohio to enjoy its veteran furlough of 30 days and was warmly greeted at Tiffin, the place of its organization. On the expiration of its furlough it reported at the headquarters of the Fourth Corps at Cleveland, Tennessee, where the National forces were preparing for the campaign against Atlanta. In this campaign its history formed a part of that of the Fourth Army Corps. It participated in the engagements at Dalton, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Chattahoochee River and Atlanta, exhibiting its usual gallantry and discipline and sustaining severe losses. In the movement that forced the enemy from Atlanta, it participated in the battle at Jonesboro and Lovejoy Station, and after abandoning pursuit of the enemy, went into camp at Atlanta. On the division of the grand army, when Sherman commenced his march to the sea, the army of the Cumberland, under General Thomas, was left to attend to General Hood, who was rashly moving on Nashville. In the movements of Thomas's forces and in the subsequent battles of Franklin and Nashville, the 49th Ohio, under command of Lieut. Colonel Strong, fully sustained its reputation in gallantry and efficiency. In the battle before Nashville, December 15-16, 1864, the regiment participated in the brilliant charges made by the 4th Army Corps, suffering severely in killed and wounded. After the battle it took part in the pursuit after the flying enemy, subsequently going into camp at Huntsville, Alabama, where it remained until about the middle of March, 1865. It then formed part of an expedition to East Tennessee, going into camp at Greenville. On its return to Nashville, it was embarked on transports, June 15th, and taken to Texas, by way of New Orleans. It reached Victoria, Texas in July, and advanced into the interior as far as San Antonio. After four months service in this field it returned to Victoria, where it was mustered out of service on the 30th of November, 1865. The number of names upon the rolls of this regiment was 1,552,. nineteen of the men were born in Europe, and 760 in Ohio, 440 being from Seneca county. Eight officers were killed in battle, and 20 wounded, six of these mortally. Of the privates 127 were killed in battle, 71 were mortally wounded, 165 died from hardships or disease, and seven perished in Southern prisons. During two-thirds of his service Colonel Gibson commanded a brigade by virtue of his rank. 492 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY The 55th Ohio Volunteer Infantry went into camp at Norwalk, Ohio, on the 17th of October, 1861, Maj. John C. Lee was made colonel Nov. 25th, receiving his commission on January 20, 1862. The lieut.-colonel was George H. Safford; Major Lee, on being promoted to colonel, was succeeded by Daniel F. DeWolf; Jay Kling was surgeon. During the three years service of the regiment various changes took place in officers, caused by death, resignation or promotion. A number of the men in Company H were from Crawford county. On January 25th, 1862 the regiment left for Grafton, Western Virginia, where it was stationed until the latter part of March. While here it suffered greatly from measles and other diseases, havini at one time as many as 400 men on the sick list, 20 of whore died. AWhen ready for service again it joined General Schenck's Brigade at Ronincy, subsequently going into camp near Moorefield on the Potomac. In the latter part of April seven companies moved with the brigade to Petersburg and on through Franklin to McDowell, leaving companies D. F and G at Moorefield. After taking part in the action at ?McDowell, the troops fell hack to Franklin, during this march and later suffering severely from the scarcity of rations. In the later part of May a movement was made toward Strasburg, threatening the communications of "Stonewall" Jackson, who was moving for the B. & O. Railroad. Jackson now began a retreat and the National troops followed in pursuit, there being frequent skirmishing between the National advance and the Confederate rear. Jackson having destroyed the bridge across the Shenandoah at Fort Republic, further pursuit was found impracticable. About the 20th of June the army arrived at Middletown, near Winchester, and here the Army of Virginia was organized. The 5th was brigaded with the 25th, 73d and 75th Ohio regiments, and was attached to General Schenck's Division. The regiment left Middletown July nth for Sperryville, where it re-remained until the 8th of August, and then moved toward Culpepper Court House. While encamped on Robertson's river, near Rapidan, the regimental band was mustered out and a detail of officers returned to Ohio on recruiting service. On the 19th the army commenced a retrograde movement, the 55th, with its brigade covering the retreat. The Rappahannock was crossed at White Sulphur Springs, and for several days the regiment was employed in guarding the various ford of the river to prevent the enemy from crossing. On the 25th the regiment moved toward Warrenton and thence northward to intercept Jackson in his attempt to join Lee's army. An engagement took place on the 29th on the old Bull Run battleground. At night the regiment, with its brigade, gradually moved to the rear and, after dark, fell back to Centerville. From this point several marches and expeditions were made, there being, however, little or no fighting. The column being re-enforced, proceeded as far south as Catlett's Station, where a small skirmish took place. A return was then made to Centerville, where the regiment remained until the 2d of Novemher. The rest of the month was taken up by a series of marches and encampments, the regiment then going into camp near Chantilly. On December loth the regiment marched for Stafford Court House, which was reached on the 1 jth. The 55th was next sent to defend Belle Plain Landing in view of Burnside's contemplated attack on Fredericksburg, but heavy rains and had roads interfering with that movement, it went into winter quarters at Brook's Station. The Army of the Potomac beginning it movement on Fredericksburg in the latter part of April, the 55tll participated in the movennents of the r rth Corps, and on the 2d of May, when the enemy executed a successful flank movement on our right, the regiment, with others was compelled to fall back, losing 153 men killed, wounded and missing. About the middle of May the 55th regiment was transferred to the 2d Brigade of the 2d Division, and it remained in this brigade during the remainder of its service. It took part in the battle of Gettysburg, being first posted with its division on Cemetery Mill but moved subsequently to the left of the Baltimore Pike. The battle line of the regiment was not engaged, but the skirmish line was subjected to a severe fire, and the regiment lost in this battle about 5o rnen. Having pursued the retreating enemy, the th went into camp, July 25th, near Catlett's Station. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 493 On the 30th of September the 55th, with the 11th and 12th Corp,, arrived at Bridgeport, Ala., and in the latter part of October moved for Lookout Mountain. The regiment moved to Chattanooga November 22d and later took part in the battle of Mission Ridge, being posted on the extreme left to guard the fank. Immediately after the regiment took part in the Knoxville campaign, returning to Lookout Valley on the 17th of December. On the 1st of January, 1864, 319 men of the 55th re-enlisted and went to Ohio for their furlough. On the 4th of March it was again encamped in Lookout Valley. About this time the 11th and 12th Corps were consolidated and denominated the 20th, and the regiment formed a part of the 3d Brigade of the 3d Division. The regiment started on the Atlanta campaign on the 2d of May, and participated in all the battles in which the 20th Corps was engaged. At Resaca it lost upwards of go men. It took part in the fighting before Atlanta, and during the siege of that city, occupied its place in the lines, assisting in the advancement of the parallels toward the city. During the Atlanta campaign the nth lost over 200 men. About the 1st of November the regiment received 200 drafted men and substitutes, and about the same time those who were not veterans were mustered out. Subsequently the regiment took part in Sherman's march to the sea, entering Savannah December 21st. Here it remained until early in January, 1865, when it was thrown across the Savannah river, and on the 29th of January started fairly on the march through the Carolinas. It took part in the fighting at Smith's Farm, on March 16th, where it lost two men killed, one officer and 23 men wounded, and seven men missing. On the 24th of March it took part in the review before General Sherman at Goldsboro. From this place it marched to Raleigh, and on April 30th commenced the march to Washington, where it subsequently participated in the grand review. Upon the disbanding of the 20th Corps the Ohio regiments were organized into a Provisional brigade and were assigned to the 14th Corps. The regiment was mustered out of the service at Louisville, Ky.. on July 11th, being paid and discharged at Cleveland, Ohio on the 19th. During its term of service the 55th enrolled about 1,350 men, of whom 750 were either killed or wounded in battle. Ten officers were wounded once or more and eight officers either died of wounds or were killed in battle. The 57th Ohio Volunteer Infantry.—This regiment was partially organized at Camp Vance, Findlay, Hancock county, Ohio, its organization being completed at Camp Chase, on the loth of February, 1862. Company I was partially recruited in Crawford county, the other members coming from Shelby and Sandusky. William Mungen was commissioned colonel Feb. 17, 1862 ; resigned April 16, 1863 and was succeeded by A. V. Rice. The latter being made brigadier general, was succeeded by Samuel R. Mott, who was mustered out with the regiment. The regiment started for Fort Donelson, on the i8th of February, 1862, but an order received at Smithfield, Ky. diverted its course to Paducah, that state. Here it was assigned to the 3d Brigade, nth Division of the Army of the Tennessee. On the 8th of March it took boat for Ft. Henry on the Tennessee, and thence proceeded to Savannah, where it arrived on the 11th. On the 14th it accompanied a gunboat expedition to the mouth of Yellow Creek, and then returning, went to Pittsburg Landing. On the 17th the 5th Division made a reconnoisance to Pea Ridge, and on the 19th went into camp at Shiloh Chapel, three miles southwest of the Landing. In the latter part of March reconnaissances were made in the direction of Corinth, and on April 1st the regiment accompanied another gunboat expedition to Eastport, Miss., the gunboats throwing a few shells into the town. They then moved up the river and shelled the enemy's works at Chickasaw, Ala. A few prisoners were made in this vicinity. About this time the regiment suffered much from sickness, on April 6th there being but 450 men fit for duty. On this day the enemy was encountered near Shiloh Church. where the 57th withstood three Rebel regiments from 6 until to o'clock A. M. These regiments left 78 dead on front of the 57th. The regiment was then ordered to fall back on the Hamburg and Purdy road, the line being subsequently 494 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY pressed back three-quarters of a mile further. On the next day the enemy being driven back, the 57th recovered its old position, having lain under arms all night in a drenching rain. After another night in the rain and mud, without tents, the command moved on the Stli about seven miles toward Corinth, and near Pea Ridge had an encounter with Forrest's cavalry and about 1500 Confederate infantry. Here the National cavalry gave way before that of the enemy, and two companies of the 57th, who had been thrown out as skirmishers, were captured, along with two companies of the 77th Ohio. The 7th then fixed bayonets and charged the cavalry, which gave way, and the captured companies rushed to their comrades or laid down. The regiment then poured a volley into the retreating enemy. In three days the 57th had lost 27 killed, 150 wounded (16 mortally) and ten captured. The regiment then took part in the advance on Corinth, being employed largely in marching, picketing and building breastworks, with an occasional engagement. During this time it was assigned to the ist Brigade of the 5th Division. After the evacuation it was occupied in repairing the Memphis & Charleston Railroad and in making reconnoisances. While at Moscow a detachment of 25o men was sent to accompany a train to Memphis to procure supplies. Near Morning Sun, on the Memphis & Nashville road, the train was attacked by 600 of the enemy's cavalry, who charged three times, but were finally repulsed with heavy loss in killed, wounded and prisoners. The detachment lost four men wounded. The regiment moved to Memphis on the i8th of July and on the 29th of August was ordered to Raleigh to look after Burrow's Rebel cavalry. The cavalry fled after exchanging a few shots and the regiment captured a number of horses, Early in September the 57th was sent on a four days' scout into Mississippi during which it was engaged with the enemy six different times. It was then assigned to guard the Randolph road, north of Memphis and also the bridge over Wolf Creek, and while engaged in this duty, was attacked by Burrows' cavalry, Sept. 23d. The enemy were repulsed without loss to the regiment. On November 12th it was assigned to the ist Brigade, ist Division, 15th Army Corps. On the 26th the regiment, with quite a large force, moved against General Price, on the Tallahatchie river, near Wyatt, Miss. The enemy evacuated the place and the march was continued to Grenada. The Corps returned to Memphis on the i5th of December, and here the 5th now received an addition of 118 volunteers and 205 drafted men, which made its aggregate force 650 men. Soon after, with the i nth Corps, it moved down the Mississippi to Young's point, where the troops proceeded tip the Yazoo, disembarking on Sydney Johnston's plantation. The next day, when attempting to cross Chickasaw Bayou the 15th Corps encountered the enemy and fighting took place, which lasted for five days, the troops finally returning to the transports. In this action the regiment lost 37 in killed and wounded. Early in January the Corps moved down the Yazoo to the Mississippi, up the Mississippi to White river, thence, through the "cut-off," into the Arkansas and up the Arkansas to within two miles of Arkansas Post, disembarking on the l0th. Here the ist Brigade attacked the Rebel pickets and drove them to within 600 yards of Fort Hindman, and subsequently, with the 6th Missouri, drove the enemy from their barracks, in front of their lines, and about half a mile further to the west. In an assault against the works on the next day the 57th led the charge and after a desperate battle of three hours, the enemy surrendered. In this action the regiment lost 37 in killed and wounded. Ordered to Clay Plantation on the 13th, the 57th here defeated some of the enemy's cavalry and destroyed a large amount of stores, and then moved with the fleet for Vicksburg. In the operation against this place under Grant, the regiment took a very active part, being frequently engaged with the enemy, marching, digging, fighting and capturing large quantities of supplies. In the advance upon the city the regiment participated in the actions at Raymond, Champion Hills, where it lost heavily, and Black River. It took part in the general assault on the igth of May, advancing to within 70 yards of the enemy's line, and holding its position under AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 495 a terrific fire until two o'clock on the morning of the loth, when the brigade was withcirawn to a position in the rear. In the advance on the 224 it was in the front line and suffered more than in the previous assault. On the 26th of May it accompanied the division in a reconnaissance between the Big Black and Yazoo rivers and engaged successfully with the enemy at Mechanicsburg. From the time until the surrender it was continually engaged, either on the picket line or in the trenches. It then took part in the movement against Jackson, where Johnston's army lay, and after the evacuation of the place aided in the pursuit of the enemy to Pearl River, losing several amen. Subsequently returning to Vicksburg, it went into camp at Camp Sherman, four miles west of Big Black River, where it remained until the 27th of September. In the latter part of September it started by steamer for Memphis, arriving there October 4th, and thence on the 8th marched for Chattanooga, arriving November 22d at the mouth of North Chickamauga Creek, ten miles northeast of Chattanooga. During this march, which was long and fatiguing, there was frequent skirmishing with the enemy's cavalry. The regiment now formed a part of the ist Brigade, 2d Division, i5th Corps. After some further operations the regiment participated in the battle at Mission Ridge, sustaining heavy loss. After pursuing the enemy to Ringgold, it started with the Corps to the relief of Burnside at Knoxville, marching 104 miles in four days. Returning, it arrived again at Chattanooga on December i8th and drew "hardtack" for the first time in 15 days. On the following day it started for Bellefonte, Ala., where it arrived on the 2pth, the men being by this time almost exhausted by fatigue, hunger and privation, besides being hatless, shoeless and half naked. In spite of this experience, however, the men of the 57th were the first to reenlist as veterans on the ist of January, 1864. After the usual furlough the regiment, with 207 recruits, rendezvoused at Camp Chase on March 16th. On April 17th it rejoined its brigade at Larkinsville, Ala., and on the 1st of May moved on the Atlanta campaign. It participated in the battle of Resaca on May 13th and 14th, holding its ground on the 14th against three successive charges of the enemy. Its loss in this battle was 57 killed and wounded. The enemy were again encountered at Dallas, the regiment losing 15 men in three days fighting. Accompanying the army in the pursuit of the retreating enemy, the 57th took part in the actions at New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, where it lost 57 killed and wounded, and skirmished almost incessantly both before and after 'crossing the Chattahoochie. Atlanta was reached on the 2oth and two days later the enemy made a furious assault. The works in front of the 57th were captured by the enemy and recaptured by the regiment three separate times, the regiment finally holding its position. In this engagement the regiment lost 92 men. The 57th was then moved to the extreme right of the army and on the 28th again encountered the enemy, the Rebels being repulsed after a seven hours' fight. The regiment had 12 men killed and 55 wounded, the enemy leaving 458 of their number dead in front of the brigade. The enemy was also repulsed with fearful slaughter at the battle of Jonesboro, the National troops occupying that place after its evacuation by the Rebels. On the 7th of September the 57th went into camp at Eastport. Here it remained until the 4th of October, when it started after Hood, having an encounter with the enemy at Snake Creek Gap. At Taylor's Ridge another fight occurred, the enemy being repulsed. The time after this was spent in marching, countermarching, skirmishing and fighting until Atlanta was reached again on November 13th. On the 15th the 57th left with Sherman's army on the march to the sea. On the 21st it encountered Rebel cavalry near Clinton, and on the 28th had quite a fight at the crossing of the Oconee river. On December 3d some of the regiment's foragers were captured and on the 4th it lost heavily in an engagement at Statesboro. It engaged in the assault on Ft. McAllister on the t3th, losing ten killed and 8o wounded. On the I7th it moved with its expedition on an expedition to the Gulf Railroad and, after destroying about 5o miles of track, returned to camp. On the 1st of January the 57th moved two 496 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY miles southeast of Savannah, and on the 14th left camp for Beaufort, South Carolina, where it overtook the remainder of the force. On the 30th it started on the campaign through the Carolinas, and reached Columbia, after heavy skirmishing on the 17th. When within 25 miles of Goldshoro, it was ordered hack to re-enforce the left wing of the army, then menaced by Johnston. It was engaged severely on the 19th and was engaged in sharp skirmishing for two days after. Later it moved by way of Goldsboro to Raleigh, and after the surrender of Johnston, the march was continued through Petersburg and Richmond to Washington City. The 57th participated in the grand review on May 24th and was then ordered to Louisville, Ky., where it arrived June 7th. On the 25th it started for Little Rock, Arkansas, arriving there August 6th. On the r4th it was mustered out of the service and on the 25th was paid and discharged at Camp Chase, Ohio. The 57th traveled by railroad, steamboat and on foot more than 28,000 miles. The names of 1,584 men had been on its muster rolls and of that number only 481 were alive at its muster out. The 64th Infantry, O. V. I., drew from Crawford county. Company H, and furnished also recruits to Company K. Company H was organized with E. B. Finley, Captain; William Starr, of Crestline, first lieutenant, and Pinkney Lewis, second lieutenant. The regiment was recruited and organized at Mansfield, Ohio, and went into Camp Buckingliam, at that place. Nov. 9, 1861. Ordered to Cincinnati about the middle of December, it went thence by steamer to Louisville, Ky., marching from Louisville, Dec. 26th, to Bardstown, Ky. It was then brigaded and then moved to Danville and Hall's Gap. Here it engaged in road building to facilitate the movement of supplies to Thomas's army. Soon after the battle of Mill Springs, it joined the National forces at Munfordsville and moved with them to Nashville, Tenn. A week later it accompanied General T. J. Wood's Division to Pittsburg Landing, by way of Columbia. Taking steamer at Savannah, it arrived at the battlefield of Shiloh at 11 A. M. on the 7th of April, and was hurried to the scene of conflict. The battle was nearly over, however, and only Company A, Capt. Alex. McIlvaine, succeeded in getting into action. It took part in the subsequent movement on Corinth and was afterward sent to Iuka, Tuscunibia, Decatur, Huntsville and Stevenson. Here it erected Fort Harker, in honor of its brigade commander. About the first of August the regiment with its brigade moved with the National forces toward Nashville, and from there engaged in a race with Bragg's forces to Louisville, Ky., on the way driving the enemy out of Munfordsville and across Green river. About ten days after arriving at Louisville the regiment moved out with National forces to the vicinity of Perryville, and had the mortification of witnessing the battle at that place, without the permission to help their hard-pressed comrades. After taking part in the retrograde movement of the National forces, the regiment with its brigade, marched through Stamford. Scottsville and Gallatin to the vicinity of Nashville, going into camp on the Nolinsville Turnpike. In the battle of Stone River, the 64th was in Crittenden's Corps, Wood's Division, on the left wing. At dusk, on Tuesday evening, it crossed the river, but meeting overwhelming forces, was recalled and withdrew with slight loss. At seven o'clock the next morning it was hurried to the relief of the right wing, General R. W. Johnson's line having been forced. On its arrival it held the enemy in check until the scattered National forces were rallied. It then fell back on the main line, drawing the Rebels until within reach of a strong force of Nationals, who were lying in wait for them, and who poured into them a murderous fire, which drove them staggering back to the point they had started from. The regiment then returned to its former position on the left. On the last day of the battle, Friday, Jan. 2, 1863, the regiment participated in all the movements of its brigade. It lost in this battle 75 men killed and wounded, out of about 300 engaged. The 64th was then located at Murfreesboro until June 7, 1863, when it moved with the National army tinder Rosecrans on the Tullahoma campaign, stopping at Chattanooga over night and proceeding on to Chickamauga Creek. On September there was AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 497 skirmishing at Lee & Gordon's Mills, the enemy being driven, and on the 18th another skirmish took place. The bloody battle of Chickamauga opened on the 19th, the 64th being closely engaged during the whole day, also on Sunday, the 20th, until after dark. They lost in this battle over 100 men in killed, wounded and missing. Subsequently the regiment was employed in building fortifications and in picket duty at Chattanooga, until the arrival of Hooker's Corps and the relief of the National forces. On November 25th the regiment, with its brigade participated in the taking of Mission Ridge, losing but few men. Captain King and a private were killed. After the battle of Chickamauga the regiment awed with the expedition for the relief of Knoxville, marching as far as Strawberry Plains, but the siege of that place being raised is returned to Chattanooga. About January, 64, the subject of re-enlistment came up, and most of the men consenting to re-enlist for three years, they were granted a furlough for thirty days, being warmly received at Mansfield by the citizens, and honored with a grand supper. On March t4th they left again for the front and arrived at Chattanooga April 1st, having marched from Nashville to Cleveland, Tenn. Accompanying Sherman in his march on Atlanta, which began May 3d, the regiment with its brigade participated in the charge on Rocky Face Ridge. Colonel Alexander McIlraine, then in command, and Lieutenant Thomas H. Ehlers were killed with nineteen men, sixty-five being wounded. Captain Chamberlain, commanding Company C, was severely wounded. At Resaca, June 14th the 64th lost several men killed and wounded. It sustained a slight loss at Muddy Creek on the 18th. During this time it was daily skirmishing with the enemy. and on July loth it lost Sergeant Marion Trage, of Company H. in the battle of Peachtree Creek. On June 2 t st it moved to the front of Atlanta and from this time until August 26th was almost constantly under fire. General Sherman then began his flanking movement on Jonesboro, and on September 3d the fight at Jonesboro took place, where the 64th sustained but slight loss. In the evening of the 6th the regiment was engaged in a skirmish at Lovejoy's Station, losing one man, Sergeant Towsley, of Company G. After the taking of Atlanta the regiment, with its brigade and division, returned to that place and went into camp, remaining two weeks. It then moved with the 4th Army Corps in the pursuit of Hood to Chattanooga. It also received 400 new recruits from Ohio and was then sent on a reconnaissance in pursuit of Hoods' forces to Alpine, Georgia, 50 miles south of Chattanooga. Returning to Chattanooga the regiment was sent by rail to Athens, Alabama, and from that point marched to Pulaski, Tenn., and to Spring Hill, passing through Columbia. In an engagement at Spring Hill the regiment lost a few men killed and wounded. At the battle of Franklin, Tenn., it sustained a severe loss in killed, wounded and missing. It was subsequently engaged in the fighting before Nashville, where, however, its losses were slight. It then joined in the pursuit of Hood's scattered and demoralized forces across the Tennessee river, subsequently going into camp at Huntsville. From there it moved to Decatur and Athens, where it remained two months and then returned to Huntsville. It was next sent into East Tennessee, going as far as Strawberry Plains, where it remained a week and then returned to Nashville. From Nashville the regiment was sent on board transports to New Orleans, where it lay three months and suffered severely from sickness. From the middle of September until the 3d of December, 1865, it was stationed at Victoria, Texas. It was then mustered out at Victoria and was sent to Camp Chase, Ohio, where the men were paid off and discharged. The first Regiment, O. V. I., had one company from Crawford county—Company K. By order of the War Department, during the summer of 1861 it was permissible for anyone to enlist men, either singly, in squads or in companies, to recruit General Fremont's command, and to have them forwarded to his headquarters at St. Louis. Thomas Morton, formerly colonel of the loth Ohio, set out to raise a full regiment under this order, which was to be known as "Morton's Independent Rifle Regiment." One company, having been raised, was sent to St. Louis, and by mistake 498 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY or mismanagement, was incorporated into another regiment, while one or two other coinpanies, which it was expected would join this regiment were prevailed upon to become a part of other organizations, thus greatly delaying the formation of the regiment. But at last the state came to the rescue by taking the independent regiment into its fold. It was denominated the 8ist O. V. I., the state undertook the work of recruiting and it was agreed that the officers already appointed should be commissioned by the governor. The regiment rendezvoused at Benton Barracks and there entered upon its first military duties, which it continued subsequently at Franklin and Herman, Missouri. It now numbered eight companies with an aggregate of nearly boo men, which was as high a number as it seemed possible to attain. In Noveniber it moved against the enemy in Calloway county, but failed to find him. In the following month it chased a force of rebels who were destroying a portion of the Northern Missouri Railroad, but the enemy, being mounted, escaped. During the winter it occupied various places on the Northern Missouri Railroad, with headquarters at Danville, and accomplished a great amount of useful work in protecting the railroad, pursuing guerilla bands and arresting Rebels engaged in the work of destruction. About the 1st of March it was ordered to St. Louis. It was armed with short Enfield rifles, and on the 17th disembarked from the steamboat at Pittsburg Landing. Soon after it was assigned to the 2d Brigade, 2d Division, Army of the Tennessee. The brigade was commanded by Colonel McArthur and the division by General C. F. Smith. The regiment soon made great proficiency in drill. When the battle of Pittsburg Landing (or Shiloh) opened Sunday morning, April 6th, it was ordered across Snake Creek, and remained in position until nearly noon when it was withdrawn to its own color line. A small cavalry force of the enemy approached about one o'clock, but was driven off by two companies. After two o'clock General Grant ordered Colonel Morton to take position near the center of the line and then move forward until he found the enemy. Advancing toward the front and left the colonel soon found his little regiment alone, far ahead of the main line and out of sight of it. While marching by the flank, left in front, it emerged into a clear piece of ground and was suddenly greeted with a discharge of cannister from a battery not more than 200 yards away. Forming line, the regiment faced to the rear and, lying down, delivered a volley or two which silenced the enemy's fire. A movement was then made to a ravine a little further to the left. In making this movement a road had to be crossed which was commanded by the enemy's battery. The regiment ran the gauntlet a company at a time and got safely across. Soon after, being threatened by some Rebel cavalry, it was ordered back to the main lines, and just as the order was given, Captain Armstrong, who commanded the right company, was killed by a grape shot. During the desperate fighting on the 6th, some of the brigades and divisions had become broken up and the regiments scattered, and on the morning of the 7th when Grant took the initiative, there was no time for reorganization. Provisional brigades Ni-ere hastily appointed, to one of which the 8ist was assigned. The regiment advanced and after crossing an open field, were met by a heavy fire from the eneiny who were posted behind a breastwork of logs, while at the sane time the shot and shell from two opposite batteries plowed through the ranks. The regiment therefore withdrew to a less exposed situation. and after taking up their new ground, found themselves without support and confronting a Rebel force. A furious fire ensued, in vvhich the 81st boys had the best of it and the enemy broke and fled. Encouraged by this success they started up and dashed after the flying foe, not halting until they found themselves far in advance of any supports and flanked both by infantry and artillery. Such was their enthusiasm that even then they were withdrawn with difficulty. In this charge the regiment captured a number of prisoners and also a battery. The 81st took part in the subsequent slow advance on Corinth, having several men wounded in a skirmish on the 31st of May. After finding the place evacuated the regiment joined in the pursuit as far as Boonville, this service being severe on account of the intense AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 499 heat. In July means were taken to recruit the regiment. Companies H and G were consolidated with other companies, and this made live minimum companies in the regiment. From the middle of August to the middle of September the gist was engaged in protecting public stores and performing post duty at Hamburg, on the Tennessee river, subsequently returning to Corinth. A few days later it marched tinder General Ord against Iuka, which point General Rosecrans was also approaching from the rear. Ord waited at Burnsville, to allow time for Rosecrans to comae up, but the latter pressed on and made the attack alone, after which Ord's column returned to Corinth, the brigade taking up po-ition two miles south on the Mobile railroad. On the 3d of October the regiment moved tuwcard Corinth, the brigade commanded by ;eneral Oglesby, and the division by General Davis. This division was marched out a short distance into the woods where it was halted. "file Third Brigade occupied the old Confedcrate works on the left, while the 2d (Oglesby’s) took position half a mile further to the right, with the 1st Brigade on its right. The first was widely extended on the left of its brigade. This weak line was hardly in position were it was attacked by the enemy. It gave way at first, but being rallied it assumed a more compact formation and held its position during the remainder of the day. The brunt of the battle fell upon Davis's Division and Soon the hospital was filled with the ~v otinded. Among them were Gen. Davis's three brigade commanders—Col. Baldwin, Gen. Oglesby and Gen. Heckelman, the last mentioned being in a dying condition. During the night the division changed position and in the morning was stretched out in a single line, without intrenchments or reserves, with its left resting on Battery Powell and its right covering Battery Richardson. About nine or ten o'clock it was again attacked by the enemy, and at first gave way, but being supported by Hamilton's artillery and Batteries \Williams and Robinett, the division rallied and killed or captured most of the assaulting column. The loss of the gist in this battle was 11 amen killed, 44 wounded and three missing. Among those to fall was Sergeant David McCall, the color bearer, who had left a sick bed to join his comrades in the fight. The regiment joined in pursuit of the enemy to a point near Chewalla, on the Tuscumbia river, where it remained a week, then returning to Corinth. The remainder of October and some time after were spent in garrison duty. On the 19th of October the regiment was strengthened by the arrival of five newly recruited companies, and on the 1st of December they took tip winter quarters within the defenses of Corinth. For a number of weeks they had little to do except to engage in reconnoisance and foraging duties, during which time they brought in a large amount of supplies. In December, owing to Forrest's raid, which had cut communications, the garrison was placed on half rations, but successful foraging parties obtained a quantity of supplies and no great amount of suffering was experienced. This state of things lasted about three weeks. After the battle of Parker's Cross Roads, the gist, with other troops, made an unsuccessful attempt to intercept Forrest at Clifton. In the latter part of January, 1863, the 81st, with three other regiments and a battery, went to Hamburg to procure supplies, and also to capture a force of the enemy encamped near Florence, but owing to an injury to one of the boats the expedition was obliged to return without meeting the enemy. On April 15th the regiment joined in an expedition to Tuscumbia, under General Dodge, its object being to co-operate with Colonel Streight in his movement on the Southern Railroads. On the 28th there was a sharp skirmish at Town Creek, in which the regiment had a few men wounded. After keeping the enemy engaged for two days and nights General Dodge returned to Corinth. This march, which lasted 18 days, reflected credit on the regiment, every man being found in his place when it reached Corinth. From early in June until the latter part of October the gist was engaged in garrison duty at Pocahontas, and subsequently performed similar duty at Wales, Pulaski, Sam's Mills and Nance's Mills being divided up for that purpose. At Pulaski, which was made the headquarters, Major Evans had a few of - 349 - Heman Rowse, a brother of Zalmon, set-