500 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY his men mounted for service against the enemy's guerrillas, who infested the country. In January, 1864, the question of re-enlistment came tip, three-fourths of the men being ready to respond favorably, but the Secretary of War deciding that the five companies lately recruited were not entitled to the privilege of re-enlisting, the regiment was thus prevented from going North as a veteran organization. A number of veterans from the old companies were granted a furlough and went home in two squads, each in charge of a sergeant. On April 26th the regiment concentrated at Pulaski and on the 29th set out for Chattanooga, on its arrival going into bivouac at the foot of Lookout Mountain. In May the first started southward on the Atlanta campaign under Sherman. Though brought into line at Resaca, it was not engaged, and on the 14th was withdrawn from the main battlefield and ordered to Lay's Ferry to lay a pontoon bridge across the Costenaula. Crossing the river they dispersed a force of the enemy on the other side, taking some prisoners, including a captain and two lieutenants. The order for laying the pontoon was countermanded the work being deferred until after the evacuation of Atlanta, when the regiment crossed and had a slight engagement with the Rebels. It also fought May 16th in the battle of Rome Cross Roads. It then moved by way of Kingston and Van Wert to Dallas, where while General McPherson's Corps was being withdrawn to the left the enemy made seven assaults, but were every time repulsed. From this point there was continual skirmishing to Kenesaw. At the latter place it was in the front line most of the time, and often on picket duty, but was not called on to make an assault. In the battle July 22d in front of Atlanta, the first, with three companies in reserve, the command stood like a rock and made an effective resistance, and subsequently with the 12th Illinois executed a splendid charge, carrying everything before them. The 81st captured a number of prisoners and three battle flags. Later in the day, in response to an order from General Logan, General Dodge sent Mersey's Brigade, of which the 81st formed a part, to assist the 15th Corps in recovering its works, a duty which was successfully performed. Late at night the 81st and 12th Illinois went with the brigade to Bald Hill where they constructed some extensive works. On July 28th, while a portion of the army was moving to the right, Hood made another assault. The 81st, with other regiments, was called upon to assist the 15th Corps and took an active part in repelling the enemy. Later it took part in the engagement at Jonesboro and in the skirmish at Lovejoy, subsequently returning to the vicinity of Atlanta. Here the few men of the five old companies who had served three years and had not re-enlisted—about i o in all—were mustered out. The official notice of their muster-out was not received until late in December, and then only two companies (B and C) lost their existence. The remaining members of those companies were assigned to other companies of the regiment. In September, at Rome, Ga., the 81st was assigned to the 4th Division of the 15th Corps. It arrived at Atlanta on the 15th and the next day joined in the march toward Savannah, which place it entered on the 21st, being subsequently camped near the city. January 28th it crossed the Savannah at Sisters' Ferry and subsequently participated in the campaign in the Carolinas, being engaged with the enemy at Bentonville. At Goldsboro they participated in the review of the army, those in tattered uniforms and without shoes and hats being massed into one company. Soon after a number of absentees and recruits joined the regiment, so many of the latter being received that two new companies were formed—companies B and C. The regiment now marched through Raleigh to Morrisville, where it lay until after Sherman's negotiations with Johnston, when it returned to Raleigh. On the 26th of April it started home, reaching Washington May 20, and joining in the review on the 24th. Early in June it started to Louisville, near which city it was encamped until on July 13th the welcome order to muster out was received and the regiment immediately started for Camp Dennison, Ohio, where it was paid and discharged July 21, 1865. During its term of service 34 men were killed in action. 24 died of wounds, 121 died of disease, and 136 were discharged for disability. The 86th O. V. I.—There were two or- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 501 ganizations of this number, one of three and the other of six months' enlistment. The firstwass called out by Governor Tod in response to the President's call for 75,000 men, in May, 1862, there being at that time some apparent danger of an invasion of the Northern States by the forces under StonewaIll" Jackson. The regiment was organized at Camp Chase on June 11, 1862, and on the 1thh left for Clarksburg, Va. Company K of this regiment was from Crawford county, as were also some of the field officers, of whomW., C. Lemert was major, afterward, on the reorganization of the regiment, becoming its colonel. Company K was officered as follows: E. C. oderwelll captain; Samuel Smalley, first lieutenant; Horace Potter, second lieutenant; J. M. McCracken, orderly sergeant; I. B. Scroggs, sergeant major; B. F. Lauck. quartermaster's sergeant; and H. V. Potter, regimental postmaster. Arriving at Clarksburg on the 17th the regiment took up the work of guarding the railroad and protecting Grafton, that place being the base of supplies for the troops at several points. On July 27th Companies A, C, H and I, tinder command of Lieut. Colonel Hunter, were sent to Parkersburg, in anticipation of a Rebel raid on that town, their arrival allaying the fears of the inhabitants. On August 21 this detachment was ordered back to Clarksburg to rejoin the regiment and take part in a movement against a Confederate force tinder Jenkins, which it was reported was getting ready to make a raid on the railroad and invade Ohio. The 86th went as far as Huttonsville, when, the enemy not appearing, the regiment was ordered back to Clarksburg, the 87th Pennsylvania being sent on to Beverly, to be ready in case the enemy should appear before that place. Jenkins made his raid in an unexpected direction and captured the town of Buckhannon, after meeting with a gallant resistance. He destroyed a large amount of Government stores, both in that place and at Weston, and, crossing the Ohio river, stole a few horses and then returned to the mountains of West Virginia. As he was expected to attack Clarksburg, the stores at that place were transferred to Fairmount and Wheeling. Learning probably through his spies that the town was well guarded by the 86th Ohio and a detachment of the 6th Virginia, he made no attack on the place. On the expiration of the 86th term of enlistment, the regiment started for Camp Delaware, Ohio, where it arrived September18thh, and on the 25th was paid and mustered out of the service. The 86th O. V. I. (six months' organization). As the Confederates still showed an inclination to invade the Northern border states, measures were taken by the authorities to enlist troops for defense, the same to serve for six months. Wilson C. Lemert, of Bucyrus, who had been major of the three months' organization, was authorized by Governor Tod to reorganize the 86th regiment. On the completion of this work the regiment rendezvoused at Camp Cleveland. About this time Morgan was making his raid through southern Ohio, and the 86th was ordered to Zanesville, where a detachment of 200 amen, under Lieut. Colonel McFarland, took boat forEagleportt, on the Muskingum river, where it was supposed Morgan would attempt to cross. They arrived in time to witness the crossing of the enemy's rear guard, but, not being strong enough to attack, endeavored by skirmishing as long as possible, until the pursuing force should come up; having done which the detachment returned to Zanesville. In the meanwhile, Major Krauss, with the remainder of the regiment had been ordered to Cambridge, Ohio, to intercept Morgan at that point, but, being delayed, reached Washington, eight miles from Cambridge, a few minutes after Morgan had passed through the latter town. Pursuit was continued, however, in conjunction with the force tinder Colonel Shackleford, and finally resulted in the capture of Morgan's force at Salineville, Ohio. The 86th returned to Camp Tod and soon after, on August 8th, was ordered to Camp Nelson, Kentucky, to join an expedition organizing for the capture of Cumberland Gap, East Tennessee. This expedition was under command of Colonel John De Courcy and consisted of the 86th and 129th Ohio detachments of the 9thh and 11th East Tennessee cavalry and Capt. Neil's 22d Ohio Battery—in all about 3,000 men. It arrived in front of Cumberland Gals on the 8th of September, and at the same time General Burnside arrived 502 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY with his forces on the opposite or Tennessee side, thus completely investing the Rebel garrison, under General Frazier. By a ruse of Colonel De Courcy's in dividing his regiments the Confederates were deceived into believing his force much greater than it really was. On the 9th of September, the troops having been placed in position for an attack, a formal demand was made on the enemy for surrender, which was acceded to by General Frazier, a great loss of life being thereby avoided, as the place might have been stoutly defended. Two thousand eight hundred prisoners were made and ,000 stand of arms, 13 pieces of artillery and large quantities of ammunition and other stores were captured in this affair. The 86th remained at the Gap doing garrison duty until its term of service had expired, and during this time was engaged in foraging expeditions, having many encounters with the enemy's guerrillas. On January i6, 1864, it started for Ohio and arrived in Cleveland on the 26th. The six months' organization was mustered out of the service February to, 1864. The 101st Ohio Volunteer Infantry was one of the patriotic organizations raised in 1862, after a series of reverses to the Northern arms had seemed to presage the final triumph of the Southern Confederacy. It was recruited from the counties of Erie, Huron, Crawford and Wyandotte, and was mustered into service at Monroeville, Ohio, August 30, 1862. Companies C and F of this regiment were from Crawford county. The first was organized with the following officers : B. B. McDanald, captain; Isaac Anderson, first lieutenant, and J. B. Biddle, second lieutenant. Capt. McDanald was promoted to major. December 26, 1863. and to lieut.-colonel, February 18, 1864, with which rank he was mustered out with the regiment. Lieut. Anderson resigned January 2, 1863, on account of disability. Second Lieutenant Biddle was killed December 31, 1862. W. N. Beer was promoted from sergeant major to first lieutenant on the 2d of January, 1863, and to captain. March 19, 1864, and as such was mustered out with the regiment. J. M. Roberts was promoted to second lieutenant for bravery at the battle of Murfreesboro, December 31, 1862; to first lieutenant, March 19, 1864, and to captain, February to, 1865, and was transferred to Company K. The story of Capt. McDanald's escape from Libby prison is well known to the people of Crawford county. He, with a number of his comrades, was captured by the enemy September 20, 1863, during the Chattanooga campaign, and remained in Libby, suffering all the horrors of confinement there, until the spring of 1864, When, with a few fellow officers he escaped by tunneling underneath the prison walls. Company E was organized with the following commissioned officers: William P. Parsons, captain; Lyman Parcher, first lieutenant; and Robert D. Lord, second lieutenant. Capt. Parsons died November 15, 1862; Lieut. Parcher was promoted to captain, November 1.5, 1862, and resigned February 26, 1863. Second Lieutenant Lord was promoted to first lieutenant, November 15, 1862; to captain February 26, 1863, and was honorably discharged August 12, 1863. Samuel S. Blowers was promoted to second lieutenant, and resigned January 9, 1864. The 101st regiment was organized with Leander Stein, colonel ; John Trautz, lieut.colonel; Moses F. Wooster, major and Thomas M. Cook, surgeon. It first saw service at Covington, Ky., to which place it was ordered to assist in repelling a threatened raid on Covington, Kv., by Kirby Smith. After remaining near Covington until late in September, it was ordered to Louisville. Ky., and there incorporated into General Buell's army, being placed in the brigade commanded by Gen. William P. Carlin and the division of Gen. Robert B. Mitchel. Marching in pursuit of Bragg, the regiment had its first encounter with the enemy at the battle of Perryville on the 8th of October, where it bore itself bravely, losing several men. In the subsequent pursuit after the enemy it had a severe skirmish at Lancaster, Ky., with their rear guard. At Nashville Gen. Jeff. C. Davis took command of the division, and on December 26th it marched with the Army of the Cumberland, under General Rosecrans. The enemy were met the same day and a battle ensued, in which the regiment distinguished itself, the men behaving like veterans. One of the guns cap- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 503 tured by it belonged to Georgia troops and had on it the word "Shiloh." On December 30th this brigade was the first to arrive on the battlefield of Stone River, at night becoming briskly engaged. The foist was in the hottest of the fight on the following clay, taking up six different positions and stubbornly maintaining then. Col. Leander Stem and Lieut. Col. Wooster were both killed. The regiment was held on the front line of the right of the army until January ad, when it was one of the many regiments ordered to support the left, and with the bayonet helped to turn the tide of battle. It lost seven officers and 112 men killed and wounded. During the remainder of the winter the regiment was constantly engaged in expeditions through the country surrounding Murfreesboro, this service, which was very arduous, lasting until April, 1863, at which time it went into camp at Murfreesboro for rest and drill. In the Tullahoma campaign, which opened June 24th, the 101st was with that portion of the array which moved toward Liberty Gap and was there engaged with Cleburne's Rebel troops. It accompanied the army to Chattanooga and at the close of that campaign was with Davis's Division at Winchester, Tenn. About the middle of August the regiment marched on the Chattanooga campaign, and on the 19th and 20th participated in the battle of Chickamauga, displaying great coolness and gallantry, retaking a National battery from the enemy. On the subsequent reorganization of the army, the 101st became a part of the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 4th Army Corps, and on October 28th marched to Bridgeport, Ala., where it remained in camp until January 16, 1864, when it marched to Oldtawah, Tenn. Later it accompanied Sherman on the Atlanta campaign, taking part in heavy fighting at various places. It moved with the army around Atlanta, fighting at Jonesboro and Lovejoy, and back to Atlanta. It subsequently aided in the pursuit of Hood, marching from Atlanta to Pulaski, Tenn., and thence on to Nashville. At nightfall, at the battle of Franklin, it was ordered to take an angle of the works held by the enemy, which it did with the bayonet, and held the position till 9 o'clock P. M., although the Rebels were almost within bayonet reach during all that time. The 101st fought in the battle of Nashville, December 15th and 16th, and subsequently followed in pursuit of Hood to Lexington, Ala., later going into camp at Huntsville. While lying at this place it was mustered out of the service, on June 12th, 1865, and sent to Camp Taylor, near Cleveland, where it was paid off and discharged. The 123d Ohio Volunteer Infantry contained one full company (Company H) of Crawford county men, besides a number scattered through the other companies of the regiment. The county had received permission to recruit three of the ten companies of the regiment, but only succeeded in raising one, with the exception of the additional recruits mentioned. Company H was officered as follows: John Newman, captain; David S. Caldwell, first lieutenant: and H. S. Bevington, second lieutenant. Capt. Newnan resigned February 3, 1863. Lieut. Caldwell was promoted to captain, February 3, 1863, and honorably discharged July 24, 1864. Lieut, Bevington was promoted to first lieutenant. February 3, 1863; to captain, January 6, 1865, and honorably discharged February 1, 1865. William A. Williams was promoted from orderly sergeant to second lieutenant, February 3, 1863, and honorably discharged July 29. 1864. The 123d was organized at Camp Monroeville, in Huron county, Ohio. William T. Wilson was commissioned colonel and was subsequently mustered out with the regiment. Henry B. Hunter was lieutenant colonel; A. B. Norton, major; and O. Ferris, surgeon. The regiment reached Clarksburg, Va., October 20th, and a week later marched to Buckhannon. It then went to Beverly, Va., left there November 8th, then camped eight days at Huttonsville, then marched to Webster, thus returning to within TO miles from the point from which it started. From November 18th to December 12th it lay in camp at New Creek, and while here Capt. Kellogg, of Company B, was sent on detached service to assess the Rebel citizens of that place for outrages committed by Imboden's guerrillas on Union men. Five thousand, dollars was collected under this order and 504 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY turned over to the sufferers. On January 3d, 1863, the regiment was sent to relieve the 116th Ohio, which was surrounded and in danger of being captured by Confederate cavalry, in which service it was successful, the enemy being driven off. Lieut. E. H. Brown, who had been left behind at Petersburg, having destroyed some stores, attempted to rejoin his regiment, with the sick and a few cavalrymen, but was captured, by a body of the enemy's cavalry, being, however, paroled the next morning. For about six weeks from the 12th of January the regiment was engaged in scouting duty in the vicinity of Romney, and while at this place a company of the 116th Ohio (in the brigade) and a small detail from the 123d was captured by McNeil's Confederate cavalry, and the train in their charge burned. The men were paroled and sent back into the National lines. The regiment arrived at Winchester on March 4th and from that point made several raids up the Shenandoah Valley, going as far as Newmarket. On the 13th of June Lee's whole army, then on its way to Pennsylvania, passed through and surrounded Winchester. In the afternoon of the same day the 123d, with its brigade under Brigadier-General Elliott, lost nearly 100 men in an engagement with General Early's Corps. On the 14th the National forces were driven into their fortifications, and subjected to a heavy artillery fire, the outworks being later carried by the enemy. At a council of war it was decided to evacuate the place. Spiking the artillery, which had to be left behind, the troops were marched out silently at two o'clock in the morning, but after marching four miles along the Martinsburg Road, the enemy was found strongly posted along the road and retreat was cut off. In an attempt to cut a way out, the 123d made three distinct charges, losing in killed and wounded about 50 men. While the regiment was forming for the fourth charge, Colonel Ely, of the 18th Connecticut, temporarily in command of the brigade, surrendered to the enemy, and the whole brigade, except Company D of the 123d, were made prisoners of war and sent to Richmond, where the officers of the 123d remained in Libby prison for about eleven months. Lieut. W. A. Williams and Capt. D. S. Caldwell made their escape, as subsequently did several other officers. Some were exchanged and sent home, while the remainder of those confined in Libby were transferred to other prisons, where one or two of them died of disease. The privates of the regiment were exchanged within a few months. The stragglers of the regiment were collected by Major Horace Kellogg, who had escaped from the enemy at Winchester, and were joined by the paroled men at Martinsburg about September 1st, 1863. Here they were newly armed and equipped, and as the regiment was deficient in officers, it was engaged mainly in provost and picket duty until March 1st, 1864, and was then used to guard the B. & O. Railroad between Harper's Ferry and Monocacy Junction. In April the 123d accompanied the forces of General Sigel in a raid up the Shenandoah Valley, and in a fight with the enemy under Breckinridge on the 15th of May, lost 79 in killed and wounded, Sigel being compelled to fall back to Cedar Creek. Sigel being replaced by General Hunter, the latter prepared for a raid on Lynchburg, and at Port Republic, on June 4th, the enemy was encountered and whipped, 2,000 prisoners being taken. The regiment was not activelv engaged in this fight but performed valuable service in guarding trains. At Staunton General Crook's column joined the army, which then proceeded toward Lynchburg, the skirmishing becoming hotter each day. A battle took place on the 14th near Lynchburg, in which the 123d lost a number of men. Finding that the enemy had been largely reinforced and lay between him and the Shenandoah ValIey, Hunter drew off his forces and be-an his retreat to the Kanawha Valley. This retreat was almost a continual fight until the army reached Salem, at which place two batteries were captured by the enemy, but afterward captured and spiked. On crossing another spur of mountains the enemy drew off from the pursuit. On this retreat the men suffered severely from exhaustion and starvation and numbers lay down by the roadside and died. The army finally reached Gauley Bridge. in the Kanawha Valley, where the army obtained rest and refreshment. Early in July the 123d returned to Martinsburg. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 505 having 250 men left out of the Too with which it had started. Soon after an unsuccessful attempt was made to intercept Early in his retreat from \Washington. On July 18th the Army of West Virginia, of which the 123d formed part, had a fight with Early at Snicker's Ferry, on the Shenandoah River, in which the regiment lost a number of men, including Lieut. C. D. Williams, of Company B. That night the enemy retreated up the valley. The National troops moved after them and a sharp skirmish took place on the 23d. The two armies fought up and down the valley for several days, with alternate success, the National troops finally being ordered back to Monocacy Junction. The command of the National forces was now placed in the hands of General Phil Sheridan, and a new era dawned upon the Shenandoah Valley. In the fighting at Berryville the 123d lost 25 men killed and wounded. On the 19th of September, near Winchester, another battle was fought. In this affair the 123d was engaged on the right in Colonel Thoburn's Brigade, and formed part of the grand flanking column which changed the fortunes of the clay. The regiment took part in the final charge and had the satisfaction of seeing the enemy in full retreat, ending in a perfect rout. The loss of the 123d in this battle was five officers and about so men: The enemy taking refuge behind strong works at Strasburg, General Crook, in whose command was the 123d, executed a secret movement on the left flank of the Confederate army, and reached the side of a hill immediately overlooking the Rebel position before lie was discovered. A sudden charge scattered the enemy like chaff. In this action the regiment lost six men. The next day, September 23d, the -National forces moved up the valley to Harrisonburg, the 123d being left behind at Fisher's Hill to bury the dead and collect the arms thrown down by the enemy; this done it joined the main army. Some days later the National forces began a retrograde movement down the valley for the purpose of drawing the enemy after them, and finally took up a position at Cedar Creek, where they threw up fortifications. The enemy followed and resumed their strong position at Fisher's Hill, which they further strengthened. During this time the 123d, in repelling a reconnaissance made by the Rebels, lost their gallant brigade commander, Colonel Thoburn, of the 4th Virginia. On the 19th of October, the enemy, under cover of a dense fog, crept up through a gap unfortunately left in the National line of pickets, and turned the left flank of the army, held by General Crook's Corps, pushing the army back five or six miles and capturing the works and all that were in them. In this rout the 6th Corps acted as a breakwater against the Rebels, holding them in check until the National lines were re-formed. While matters were at this pass, General Sheridan suddenly appeared, having made his famous ride from Winchester. He at once infused new life into the demoralized forces, and having made some slight changes in the order of battle, gave the word for a general advance. The enemy were swept from the field, losing all their open artillery and that which they had captured in the morning. This victory was so thorough that thereafter there was no opposition to the National forces worth mentioning in the valley. After going into camp for about ten days with the rest of the troops, the 123d was assigned to guard the line of the Harper's Ferry & Winchester Railroad. A month later it was ordered to report to General Butler, commanding on the north side of the James river, near Bermuda Hundred, and attached to the 24th Army Corps, General Ord commanding. The regiment lay in camp near Deep Bottom until March 2, 1865, when it moved to the Chickahominy to aid Sheridan acrossthat river. On April 2d a charge was made on the Rebel works at Hatcher's Run, the works being carried. For three clays and nights previously the 123d had been on the skirmish line without relief, and during this time their losses were quite severe. The regiment captured two battle flags and a number of prisoners. During the pursuit of Lee's army toward Danville the 123d was included in a force sent out from Burke's Junction to burn High Bridge 15 miles in advance on the South Side Railroad. When about half a mile from the bridge they were taken in the rear by the cavalry in advance of Lee's army and, after sev- 506 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY eral hours' fight, the whole National force, including the raid, was captured. General Reed, the commander of the expedition, was killed, the regiment was carried with the Confederate army to Appomattox Court House, where, on the surrender of Lee, the prisoners were released. The regiment was mustered out at Camp Chase, Ohio, on the 12th of June, 1865. The 136th Ohio Volunteer Infantry was organized for the 100-days' service, with W. Smith Irwin, colonel; David A. Williams, lient.-colonel; A. W. Diller, major, and William F. Brown, surgeon. Companies C and E were composed, in part, at least, of men from Crawford county. The regiment arrived at Camp Chase on May 12, 1864, and, having been mustered, uniformed and equipped, left the next day for Washington City. On May 20th the regiment was placed on garrison duty in Forts Ellsworth, Williams and North, a part of the defenses of Washington, south of the Potomac, and was assigned to the 3d Brigade, DeRussy's Division. It remained on garrison duty during the remainder of its term of service, which expired August 20th. It was mustered out August 30th, 1864, having lost, from disease, two officers and 23 amen. The 144th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, National Guard.—The 19th Battalion, O. N. G., of Wyandotte county, and the 64th Battalion O. N. G., of Wood county, were consolidated at Camp Chase on the 11th of May, 1864, forming the 144th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. A number of Crawford county men were among its members. Its organization being completed, the regiment was ordered to report to General Wallace at Baltimore. Upon its arrival there Companies G and K were detached for duty on the fortifications, the remainder of the regiment reporting to General Morris, at Fort McHenry, and from there Company E was ordered to Wilmington, Delaware; Company B to Camp Parole, near Annapolis, and Company I to Fort Dix, at the Relay House. At the time of Early's attempt against Washington, Companies B, G. and I were in the engagement at Monocacy Junction and suffered severely, losing in all about 50 men in killed, wounded and prisoners. On July 13th the regiment was ordered to Washington and from there moved toward Winchester, Va. It was halted at Snicker's Gap, and after a day's delay was moved back toward Washington, but soon after set out again for the Shenandoah Valley, moving via Harper's Ferry, an-der command of Major-General Wright. On August 13th a portion of the regiment, while guarding a train near Berryville, Va., was attacked by Moseby's command, with two pieces of artillery. but after some slight confusion, the amen rallied and drove off the enemy, saving the train. In this action the detachment lost five killed, six wounded and 60 captured, The regiment was mustered out on the 31st of August, 1864, having lost about 125 men killed, wounded and captured. Most of those captured died from starvation in Southern prisons. The 179th Regiment, O. V. I., contained some men from Crawford county, who were attached to Company B. The regiment was organized at Camp Chase, in September, 1864, and mustered in for one year September 27th. It was ordered to Nashville, where it was assigned to guard and provost duty. Picket and guard duty was always irksome to the soldiers, who would have greatly preferred to be at the front or on the "firing line," in modern war parlance. But there had to be troops to perform these routine duties, and the boys of the 176th and 179th. which had been brigaded together, submitted as gracefully as possible. However 50 men were detailed from the 176th and 179th. after the battle of Nashville in December, 1864, and assigned to the First U. S. Engineers, to assist the latter organization in building block-houses along the Nashville & Chattanooga and other Southern railroads used by the Federal forces in transporting troops and supplies. The 179th was in the reserve at the time of the battle in Nashville, but not actively engaged. The regiment was mustered out at Nashville June 17th, and paid off and discharged at Columbus June 21, 1865. The 186th Ohio Volunteer Infantry was one of the regiments raised under the last call of the President to serve for one year, and was composed of men gathered from all parts of the state, most of whom had already seen service. The last company was mustered in at Camp Chase, March a, 1865. Company C AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 507 of this regiment contained a number of men from Crawford county. The regiment was organized with Thomas F. Wildes, colonel; George Wilhelm, lieut.-colonel; W. L. Patterson, major; and W. H. Matchett, surgeon. On the 2d of March, without arms or supplies, the regiment started for Nashville, leaving there on the 8th for Murfreesboro. The latter part of this journey was made in intensely cold weather. The regiment went into camp at Cleveland, Tenn., where Colonel Wildes received a commission as brigadier-general by brevet for gallantry in the Shenandoah Valley, while lieut.-colonel of the 116th Ohio. On May 2d the regiment moved to Dalton, where it remained a few days. General Wildes had in the meanwhile been assigned to the command of a brigade at Chattanooga, and at his request the 186th was transferred to his command. During its stay in Chattanooga the regiment, under the direction of Lieut.-Colonel Wilhelm, became very proficient in drill. On the l0th of July the 186th was relieved from duty at Chattanooga and ordered to Nashville. This order returned General Wildes to the command of his regiment, as it did all other officers on detached duty. Orders were received September 13th to prepare rolls for the muster-out of the regiment. It was paid off anddisbanded at Columbus, Ohio, September 25, 1865. The regiment was never in an engagement, but would doubtless have performed every duty required of it had it been called into action. The 197th Ohio Volunteer Infantry was the last regiment which Ohio sent to the field and also the last complete organization which the state raised for service during the Civil War. Most of its officers had seen service in other commands and nearly one-half of the men were experienced soldiers. Some Crawford county men were members of Company C. The first company was mustered in at Camp Chase on the 28th of March, 1865, the regimental organization being completed on the 12th of April. Benton Halstead was colonel; G. M. Barber, lieut.-colonel; Robert Hill, Major, and VT. G. Bryant, surgeon. This regiment never saw active service in the field, as on its arrival in Washington in the latter part of April, news was received of the surrender of General Johnston's army. The 197th was temporarily assigned to the 9th Corps and was camped for some time near Alexandria. On May 9th it was incorporated in the Provisional Brigade, Ninth Army Corps. Subsequently it was sent to Dover, Delaware and encamped at Camp Harrington, where it spent four weeks. Ordered to Havre de Grace May 31st, it performed guard duty along the railroad southward to Baltimore, being broken into detachments for that purpose. At that time it became part of the 3d "Separate Brigade,". 8th Army Corps. The regimental headquarters were removed to Fort Worthington, near Baltimore, on the 3d of July, where the different companies were engaged in guard duty. The regiment reassembled at Camp Bradford, near Baltimore, and on the 31st of July was mustered out of the service. It was disbanded August 6, 1865. The 3d and 10th cavalry regiments also contained some men from Crawford county. Capt. E. R. Brink, of the 3d, was from this county. He entered the organization as first lieutenant, was promoted to captain, and resigned May 9, 1865. The 3d Ohio Volunteer Cavalry was organized at Monroeville, Ohio, in September. 1861. Lewis Zahm was its first colonel, with D. A. Murray, lieutenant colonel; John H. Foster, major, and M. C. Cuykendall, surgeon. During the first year of its service it was attached to Gen. T. J. Wood's Division, during the most of the time being under his immediate command. It saw active service in many battles and to give a detailed account of its operations would fill a small volume. It took part in some brisk fighting at Corinth, in May, 1862 ; at Munfordsville, in September, where it drove a Rebel force three times its own number; also at Bardstown, in October, where it lost six men killed, 20 wounded and 17 captured; fought Kirby Smith's cavalry at Shelbyville, Ky., and was engaged with the enemy at the battle of Perryville. In the latter part of October, a detachment of the 3d Cavalry, with a portion of the 4th, numbering 250 men, were surprised at Ashland, Ky., by Morgan's forces, and forced to surrender. Subsequently the 2d brigade of cavalry, under Colonel Lewis Zahm, to which the 2d and 3d battalions were attached, attacked Morgan near Gallatin, capturing his camp equipage and a 508 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY large number of prisoners. Soon after they struck another blow at Morgan, attacking an escort from his forces, killing three and capturing 17 prisoners and 146 mules. In December they took valiant part in the operations around Franklin and Nashville, Tenn., killing a number of the enemy and taking many prisoners. In January, 1863, they repulsed an attack on a supply train at Stewart's Creek, by Wheeler's Rebel Cavalry, and later in the same day, with the 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry, repulsed a second attack, the train being safely escorted to Nashville. They took part in the pursuit of the enemy after the battle of Stone River, and near Middleton, Tenn., captured one of his trains. Later, in a skirmish with Morgan's guerillas, near Woodbury, they suffered a severe loss in killed, wounded and prisoners. Their subsequent actions in the vicinity of Murfreesboro are too numerous to mention. At the battle of Chickamauga they fought on the extreme left of the National lines, and subsequently pursued Wheeler's cavalry through Tennessee, winning a decisive victory at Farmington. In January, 1864, at Pulaski, Tenn., the 3d Cavalry re-enlisted, there being at this date only 400 effective men left out of the original 1,300 During the usual furlough they met with a hearty greeting from the citizens of their native state. At this time, through the efforts of Major C. W. Skinner and Capt. E. M. Clover, nearly 1,000 recruits were enlisted, and on its return to the front at Nashville the regiment numbered over 1,500 strong. They subsequently marched with Sherman through Georgia, participating in the engagements at Etowah, Kenesaw Mountain, Noonday Creek and at the Chattahoochie River, Peach Tree Creek and Decatur and in the raids to Covington and Stone Mountain ; also in the Stoneman raid under General Garrard, and in the Kilpatrick raid. In each of these raids the regiment suffered severely. It subsequently fought at Lovejoy's station, took part in the pursuit of Hood, and occupied a position on the left of General Thomas's forces in the first battle of Franklin. It was also engaged in the battle before Nashville. After Hood's defeat, it followed his army into Alabama, and was then engaged in the Wilson raid through Alabama. and Georgia, losing heavily in killed and wounded at Selma. Subsequently, as a part of Wilson's command it engaged in the chase after Jefferson Davis. The regiment finished its long career of arduous and brave service at Macon, Georgia, and was mustered out at Camp Chase, Ohio, August 14, 1865, having served four years, lacking 20 clays. The 10th Ohio Volunteer Cavalry.—Crawford county was represented in this regiment by a number of men in Company L. The regiment was organized at Camp Taylor in October, 1862, by Charles C. Smith, under a commission from Governor Tod, and in the spring of 1863 it left for Nashville, Tenn. Its first services in the field were in the neighborhood of Murfreesboro, and during the subsequent campaign against Bragg it performed a vast amount of marching, with no little fighting, being usually successful in its bouts with the enemy. At Chickamauga the main portion of the regiment was used to guard communications in the rear. After that battle it did duty in the Sequatchie Valley against the Rebel guerrillas. During this time a portion of the regiment, with the is 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry, was sent on a scouting expedition into East Tennessee, and was absent from the regiment about three months, having almost daily fights with the enemy belonging to Long-street's command. While on this raid they met and defeated a force of 300 Indians and 200 white soldiers led by Governor Vance, of .North Carolina, who was captured. On its return the detachment found its regiment station at Bridgeport, Ala., and dismounted, the horses having starved to death from scarcity of forage. In the spring of 1864, while at Lavergne, Tenn., the command was again equipped for the field. At Ringgold, Ga., the regiment was attached to the 2d Brigade, 3d Division, Cavalry Corps, Colonel Chas. C. Smith, of the T0th, being assigned as brigade commander, and acting as such until the army arrived he-fore Marietta. In this march the command was repeatedly engaged with the enemy, and in the battle of Resaca the 10th under Col. Smith, led the charge which opened the battle. The 10th took part in Kilpatrick's movements during Sherman's Atlanta campaign and subsequently accompanied the army on AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 509 the “March to the Sea." During the greater part of this march the regiment had almost daily encounters with the foe, in particular with Wheeler's cavalry, being usually successful. In the campaign through the Carolinas also the Loth was actively engaged, meeting the enemy frequently and almost invariably repulsing their attacks. General Kilpatrick more than once expressed the opinion that the 10th Ohio Cavalry was the best charging regiment he had in his command. Colonel Smith, the commander of the 10th, during the majority of the time the regiment was in service, was on duty as brigade commander, and although enfeebled by ill health, remained with his command until it reached Cartersville, Ga., when he was obliged to leave for home, and subsequently, by the advice of his medical attendant, resigned his commission. Ile was honorably discharged January 13, 1865. His second in command, Col. Thomas W. Sanderson, was mustered out with the regiment. The 12th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Cavalry.—This organization contained quite a number of Crawford county men, most of whom belonged to Company A. Capt. E. C. Moderwell and Lieut. D. A. Newell, of this company, were from this county. Capt. Moderwell was promoted to major and was mustered out as such with the regiment. Lieut. Newell was promoted from second to first lieutenant. November 24, 1863 and was honorably discharged May 20, 1865. This regiment was recruited during the months of August, September and October, 1863, in accordance with an order from the War Department to Governor Tod. Lieut.Col. Robert W. Ratliff, of the 2d Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, was commissioned colonel, and the first company reported at Camp Taylor, October 2, 1863. Most of the officers of the regiment were trained soldiers and the regiment in consequence was soon prepared for the field. On November 29th the regiment moved from Camp Dennison to Mount Sterling, Kentucky. The regiment was a portion of General Burbridge's command in the first Saltville raid. Arrived in the vicinity of Pound Gap, after eight days' forced march, the command started in pursuit of John Morgan, who with his force had just entered Kentucky. The command, after severe marching, reached Mount Sterling June 9, 1863, there engaging the Rebel raiders. The 12th again overtook Morgan at Cynthiana, scattering his forces, and continuing the pursuit for three days. The regiment had hard fighting at Saltville, September 10th. The 12th with its brigade charged up a hill occupied by the enemy from his works. The regiment did good service under Stoneman at Bristol, Abingdon and Marion, and as a support to General Gillman in pursuit of Vaughn. Under Stoneman, Breckenridge was engaged and defeated after 40 hours of fighting. In this engagement all the members of the 12th bearing sabers participated in a grand charge, driving back the enemy's cavalry. After the capture of Saltville on December 21st, they returned to Richmond, Kentucky. As a result of this raid four boats were captured 150 miles of railroad, 13 trains and locomotives, lead mines, iron foundries and immense quantities of stores of all kinds were destroyed. The regiment moved to Nashville March 6th, and thence to Knoxville. From this point, under Stoneman, the regiment penetrated North Carolina, attacked the Lynchburg & East Tennessee Railroad at Christianburg, Virginia, which was destroyed for 30 miles. They also cut the Danville & Charlotte Railroad at Greensboro, North Carolina, which drew the garrison to Salisbury; and cutting the railroad between them and Salisbury, that place, with stores and many federal prisoners, fell into the hands of the Union forces April 12th. The command assisted in the capture of Jefferson Davis; then moving through South Carolina and Alabama, they captured Generals Bragg and WET heeler and their escorts and finally reached Bridgeport, Alabama, having been in saddle 67 days. The 12th finally rendezvoused at Nashville, and was mustered out November 14, 1865. During the war Crawford county was twice drafted. The first draft took place the last of September, 1862, and was for the following numbers of men. by townships :Auburn, 22; Bucyrus, 22; Chatfield, 59; Cranberry, 42 ; Dallas, 0; Holmes, 55 ; Jackson, 102; Liberty, 36; Lykens, 40; Polk, 69; Sandusky, 510 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY 33 ; Texas, 2 ; Vernon, 30 ; Whetstone, 45. Dallas, it will be seen had filled its quota and was not drafted. Some of the drafted men resisted and being supported by a numerous party in the county that was opposed to the war, it looked for a time as though the resistance might develop into a riot, but this contingency was avoided, although several exciting scenes occurred. The second draft was on the 16th of April, 1864, and was for a smaller number of amen. By townships it was as follows: Auburn, 9; Bucyrus, 16; Chatfield, 2 ; Cranberry, i ; Holmes, 11 ; Jackson, 5 ; Liberty, 8; Polk, 24; Texas, 2. The quota of most of the townships was filled, however, by voluntary enlistment before the day set for the drafted men to report at headquarters. While the men of the county, state and nation were in the field, fighting their country's battles, the women at home were not idle. Though not exposed to danger or hardships in the field, they suffered not less acutely in saying farewell—in many cases forever—to those who were near and clear to them, and many a tender heart was wrung as they fearfully read the news columns and war bulletins after a battle, dreading to see the name for which they sought in the lists of killed, wounded or missing. Many of these women, anxious to minister to the suffering soldiers, left their comfortable homes to serve as nurses in the military hospitals, performing their hard duty bravely and patiently amid scenes of blood and suffering, enough to chill the stoutest hearts. And those who remained at home performed a useful and noble service, through the numerous Ladies' Aid Societies, sending to the soldiers both in the field and in the hospitals all sorts of useful and necessary articles of clothing, provisions and other things that were heartily appreciated by the boys at the front, and greatly helped to alleviate their hardships. The Soldiers' Ladies Aid Society was organized in Bucyrus, Oct. 14, 1861, Ars. Dr. Merriman being elected president, Mrs. William Rowse, secretary, and Mrs. Howbert, treasurer. A membership fee of ten cents was charged and meetings were held for some time in the Quincy Block. After awhile the enthusiasm waned to some extent, but in the fall of 1862 the society was reorganized, with Mrs. J. Scroggs as president and Mrs. Howbert, secretary. A third reorganization occurred in June, 1863, when Mrs. I. C. Kingsley became president; Mrs. R. T. Johnston, vice president, Mrs. J. G. Robinson, secretary, and Mrs. H. M. Rowse, treasurer. With these officers in charge it continued in operation until the close of the war. Many boxes of clothing, provisions for the sick, and other useful supplies, were forwarded to the front by the society, and were doubtless appreciated by the soldiers into whose hands—or stomachs—they fell. At one time during the progress of the war, a movement was set on foot to erect a monument to the soldiers of Crawford county who had fallen or might fall in battle. In January, 1863 the Oakwood Cemetery Association offered to donate a lot, valued at $125, provided the citizens of the county would subscribe enough to erect a suitable monument. An organization, known as the "Crawford County, Ohio, Monumental Association," was accordingly formed, but before a sufficient amount was subscribed the enthusiasm of most of those concerned died out and the soldiers' only monument lies in the record . of their own heroic deeds and in the hearts of those to whom they were dear. After the war was over Decoration Day, later called Memorial Day, was made a national holiday in most states, and on that day, annually on May 30, the soldiers accompanied by the citizens in every community in the north and south assembled at the cemeteries and little grave-yards to place memorial wreaths and beautiful flowers on the graves of those who had given their lives that the nation might live. The soldiers organization at Bucyrus is Keller Post. It was named after the Keller Brothers who were killed at the battle of Stone Ricer. Amos Keller was captain of Company B, of the 49th O. V. I., and his brother Aaron H. Keller was first lieutenant of the same company. They were both wounded at the battle of Stone River, on December 31, 1862, and Capt. Amos Keller died the next day, New Year's Day, 1863, while his brother Lieut. Aaron H., died on January 25th. They were brought to Bucyrus, and on February 15, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 511 1863, their funeral took place with their burial in the same grave at Oakwood. Of these brothers, W. H. Wortman, when he was Adjutant of the Post, wrote : "They were both born in the sane month ; they served in the same company ; they endured the same hardships; they fell in the same battle, received their death wounds in the same hour; they were both single, they never separated in life, and sleep together in death. In our beautiful Oakwood cemetery, in a quiet spot, guarded by the beautiful stars of heaven they both rest in one grave." The charter members of Keller Post No. 128 were A. E. Hummiston, A. H. Wortman, N. Steen, W. H. Wortman, W. H. Sheckler, J. H. Williston, H. E. Rosina, Henry Rupersberger, George Q. Mallory, John Jones, G. A. Lauck, E. D. Randall, B. F. Lauck, P. E. Bush, D. O. Castle, G. W. Harris, James Finley, S. D. Welsh, J. F. Fitzsimmons, Wm. McCutcheon, G. H. Stewart, Geo. L. Deardorff. Alexander McLaughlin, G. H. Binkerhoff, Solomon Benson, Wm. Sharpenack, Geo. Wagerly, Joseph Walker, G. H. Terry, F. Hufnagel, O. E. Gravelle, Albert Wentz, H. H. Elliott, S. S. Blowers, G. W. Myers, J. N. McCurdy, John Strawbridge, Mitch Bryant, John Scheidegger, F. R. Shunk, A. M. Boyer, Joseph Hunt, Jerry Niman, H. G. Lane, Conrad Bauman, C. F. Kanzleiter, Daniel Kanzleiter. Peter Snyder Post No. 129 was organized at Crestline and named after Peter Snyder of Company E. 101st O. V. I. He was wounded on December 30, 1862, the first day of the battle of Stone River and died three days later, on January a, 1863. He was buried on the field of battle. The charter members were T. P. Kerr, David Snodgrass, James Dunmire, J. S. Cole, W. Shumaker, Gaylord Ozier, Theo. Rinkard, J. A. Smith, John Cook, David Grubb, Samuel Zink, J. C. Channell, John C. Williams, P. B. Young, John A. McJunkin, J. L. Booth, G. W. Thompson, Jacob Lewis, C. Hoke, Geo. Herr, Mathew Jaques, E. Pampel. The post at Galion was Dick Morris Post No. 130, named after G. A. Morris, who enlisted in Co. K, Fourth O. V. I. He was wounded in the thigh at the Battle of the Wilderness but he remained in the service until they discharged his regiment in 1864. He returned to his home in Galion with his health badly impaired. He never recovered and died at Colorado Springs in 1880, where he had gone for his health. His remains were brought to Ohio, and buried at his old family home at Delhi, Marion County. The charter members of this post were J. R. Homer, J. W. Holmes, Julius Brascher, W. R. Davis, T. C. Davis, Abner G. Bryan, H. Bachelder, W. B. Osborn, M. Manley, E. A. Johnson, Morris Burns, J. S. Nace, Geo. M. Zigler, D. R. Gorman, E. S. Boalt, W. H. Davis, W. F. Haney, John English, J. W. Conklin, J. H. Green, M. Rigby, J. H. Ashbaugh, S. N. Reese, Chas. Webber, Wm. Riley, S. B. Acute, Theo. Wooley, A. Wild, Geo. Snyder, S. K. Conrad, Wm. Blacksen, W. H. AV. Nichols, Andrew Schneider, Chas. Obtz, John Diday, B. W. Hosford, L. M. Beck. Biddle Post No. 522 was organized at Sulphur Springs and was named after John B. Biddle of Company C, iorst O. V. I. He was a lieutenant in Company C, and was killed at the Battle of Stone River while repelling a charge. The charter members were Peter Rutan, N. S. Boardman, A. Fry, John K. Zerbe. Jeremiah Tressler, Hiram Smith, George Howell, George Haislett, H. S. Bevington, Hiram Orewiler, John Caris, Oliver Flohr, John Weston, Andrew Depler, Jacob Rice, Harvey McCullough, Samuel Smalley, Thomas Loux, O. I. Keller, M. M. Carruthers, D. L. Felters, Caleb Ackerman, Geo. B. McIntvre, Geo. E. Gowing, S. B. Koons, R. B. McCammon, Jacob Waters, Isaac Crouse, Reuben Finch, David Hites. A Post was organized at Tiro, with the following charter members. John O. Davis, John McConnell, Wm. M. Waid, Samuel B. Raudabaugh, Martin V. Wood, T. S. Burroughs, John Vamtilburg, G. M. Jeffrey, Frederick Bloom, Eli Rininger, John Hilborn, Chas. McConnell, Thomas C. Bear, Robt. Degray, Hiram McDougle, James Miller, D. W. Daugherty, H. H. Sanderson, S. W. Trago, S. W. Jeffrey, W. W. Ashley, James Scheckler, E. T. Devoe. Connected with the several posts, Relief Corps were also organized among them Bucyrus Keller Relief Corps No. 68 was organized with 20 charter members. Galion Relief Corps fro. 130, and Crestline Relief Corps. 512 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY At Sulphur Springs Biddle Relief Corps No. 88 was organized with 18 charter members. Probably the oldest soldier who enlisted from Crawford county was William Blowers. He knew he would not be taken where known, so in the Fall of 1862, he enlisted in the 151st 151st York Infantry as a private. He was 62 years of age, and as soon as his enlistment was known, and it was found lie insisted on serving his country he was transferred to hospital duty. He died Jan. 28, 1868, and was buried in the Blowers graveyard in Liberty township. The youngest soldier was probably George W. Harris, who was but 13 years of age when in 1862 he enlisted in Co. B of the 61st O. V. I., and served for three years. For several years he has been Commander of Keller Post. Among more than two thousand soldiers from Crawford county who took part in that war there were many acts of heroism, and many brave deeds the memory of which is treasured by their descendants. Three Grand Army Posts in this county are named after men who lost their lives at Stone River ; died that a Nation might live. But there are three instances that are, perhaps, more prominent than others B. B. McDanald was major of the 101st Ohio, and was captured Sept. 20, 1863, during the Chattanooga campaign. He was sent to Richmond and confined in Libby Prison. He with Col. A. Streight of an Indiana regiment, organized the most daring escape of the war. Major McDanald was the superintendent in the construction of a tunnel. It commenced in the basement of the prison, extended under the street a distance of over sixty feet. Their principal implement used in the construction was a chisel about nine inches long. With this they worked by relays storing the excavated earth beneath the straw on which they slept. The work was all done after night and it took them a month to complete the small hole through which they crawled to liberty. On Feb. 9, 1864, 109 officers made their escape; emerging from the tunnel they separated into small groups to make their way north, and 5 succeeded in reaching the Union line, and Major McDanald was among the number, and the faithful chisel was brought home by him as a souvenir of his daring escape. Libby was a prison for the officers. There was a prison for the privates. It was Andersonville, and perhaps two dozen of Crawford's soldiers were in that living hell. It was 23 acres in size. On June 17, 1864, Sergeant Thomas J. Sheppard was captured in a night attack on Kenesaw Mountain, and was sent to Andersonville. During July there were 31,648 prisoners there, and 1742 died that month; in August out of 31,693 prisoners 3,076 died. In July one in every i8 died; in August one in every eleven; in September one in every three; and in October every other man died from starvation and exposure, for there was no protection except holes burrowed in the ground. In this prison pen, Sergeant Sheppard who had studied for the ministry, for ten months preached to his comrades, and gave what comfort and consolation lie could to the sick and the dying. His comrades drew up a petition telling of his services, and the paper, discolored by age, its edges frayed and torn, is still in the possession of his children. He lived through all the horrors of Andersonville, and ww hen the war ended was released and returned to Ohio to finish his ministerial studies, and filled several pulpits in this State, among their the Baptist church at Bucyrus. He was known throughout the State and Nation as "The Andersonville Chaplain." He died at the home of his daughter, Mrs. James R. Hopley, in Bucyrus, on Aug. 14, 1912. When the troops were getting closer and closer to fated Richmond, Gen. Grant received from patriotic citizens a purse of $460 to be presented to the soldier who should first plant the Stars and Stripes in the captured city. Richmond was not taken by assault, but was abandoned in consequence of the successful attack on Petersburg, on April 2, 1865. So the commanders of the three corps who made the successful assault were each requested to select the man most distinguished for bravery on that occasion, and Gen. Wright selected Sergeant David W. Young, of Co. E, 139th Pa., and he received the following letter WASHINGTON, July 22, SERGEANT DAVID W. YOUNG, Co. E, 139th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers: The sum of four hundred and sixty dollars was sent to me by patriotic Citizens to he presented as a reward for gallantry to the soldier who should first raise our flag over Richmond. As Richmond was not taken by assault, I have concluded that the donors' wishes will be best carried out by dividing the sum between three AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 513 soldiers most conspicuous for gallantry in the final and successful assault on Petersburg. You have been selected by Major General H. G. Wright, commanding the Sixth Army Corps, as entitled to this honor on behalf of that command, and I herewith present to you one hundred and fifty-three dollars and thirty-three cents as one third of the original sum. It affords me great satisfaction to receive from your Commanding General such unqualified testimony of your gallantry and heroism in battle, and to be the medium of to you this recognition of the worth of your services in defense of our common country. U. S. GRANT. Lieutenant General. This brave soldier died on Dec. 11, 1911, and was buried by Keller Post, of which he was a member, with all the honors of war. On April 23, 1898, President McKinley issued his proclamation calling for 125,000 volunteers, war against Spain having been declared. The first call of the President was received by the Governor at s o'clock in the afternoon of April 25. Telegraphic orders were immmediately sent to the commanding officers of the Ohio National Guard. Company A at that time was a part of the 8th Regiment, the senior major of which was Edward Vollrath of Pucyrus. On the 26th of April, within 24 hours of the receipt of the orders Company A was at Akron and two days later proceeded to Camp Bushnell, Columbus, Ohio, where on May 13, 1898, they were mustered into the United States service as the 8th Regiment. Ohio Volunteer Infantry. The company and regiment were mustered out of service at Wooster, Ohio, Nov. 21, 1S98. During the war Company A was stationed at the following points Station - Arrival - Departure Camp Bushnell. O. - April 28, 1898 May 18, 1898 Camp Alger, Va., - May 20, 1898 July 5, 1898 Camp Sihoney, Cuba  - July 11, 1898 July 16, 1898 Camp Sevilla Hill, Cuba - July 16, 1898 Aug. 11, 1898 Camp San Juan Hill, Cuba - Aug. 11, 1898 Aug. 17, 1898 Camp Montauk Point, - Aug. 26, 1898 Sept. 6, 1898 8TH REGIMENT, O. V. I. The following were the members of the company: Field and Staff—Mai. Edward Vollrath, Bucyrus, Batt. Adjt., Charles F. Schaber, Bucyrus, Batt. Sergeant Major. Edward G. Reid, Bucyrus. Captain—Marcus A. Charlton, 1st. Lieut.—John W. Birk, end. Lieut.—Guy D. Swingly. Sergeants—1st. Edward Rodev, C. V., Joseph E Wort, Alva S. Humiston, " Charles Thoman, John C. Cramer, Milton W. Stailev, Lewis S. Nedele. Corporals--William F. Reber. Frederick T. Beer, George E. Kinninger, Robert W. Kerr. Henry E. Volk, Fred W. Bacon, Samuel Raymond,Frank H. Hill, Ephriam G. Monnette, John B. Grim, Christopher Dinkel, Edward M. Wise, William M. Burwell, Daniel Spade. Musicians—C. W. Deardorff and Charles W. Raub. Artisans—E. A. Burroughs and William C. Beer. Wagoner—Lucian Anthony. Privates—Rufus Altaffcr, Harry T. Beelman, Charles F. Belzner, William J. Breymaier, John B. Brown, Fay W. Brown, Charles F. Bryant, Charles L. Bittikofer, Ulrich Bauer, .Ehbic N. Bland, Arthur C. Bloodhart, Arthur Becker, Thomas Berry, Robert L. Christie, George O. Coleman, Jay E. Coulter, Wilbur J. Charlton, Chris Carle, Harry Couts, Peter Callaghan, Wm. M. Cummins, William C. Deam, C. F. Donnenwirth, Guy P. Emerson, Cyrus II. Fisher, Charles W. Foreman, Homer A. Foreman, Charles Ferrall, Charles Fidler, James P. Hill, William D. Hillis, E. G. Hillis, Roy H. Hayman, Harry H. Holland, Walter M. Hubbell, Jacob Huber, Michael Hipp, Joseph J. Hieronimus, Luther Haffner, Albert Heintz, Charles V. Jones, Samuel Kahler, Charles C. Keplinger, Glenn H. Koons, E. Harry Kerr, George Kelu-cr, Harry W. Leitz, Jay C. McCracken, Jesse H. Nlinich, Jay Moore, HIarry W. Morrow, Gilbert McKeehen, Frank Munz, Louis Mollenkopf, Samuel H. Nelson, Charles Nail, William R. Orr, Benjamin L. Orr, Thomas Plummer, Edward Rettig, John Rettig, Orlando C. Rice, Birt Rogers, Frank Reynolds, Theodore Reminger, T. P. Ravel, Frederick Stahl, Edgar A. Stan1ey, Charles E. Shanks, Sherman Sampsel, * Otto Sandhammer, Ralph J. Stewart, Roscoe A. Taylor, Roscoe A. Trumbull, Frank Trautman, Albert Teetrick, Bert Ullam, Albert Warden, Harry R. Winner. * Died in Service. The 8th Regiment of Infantry, O. N. G., popularly known as "The President's Own," was the only Ohio regiment that went to Cuba. The order to start for Cuba came on the Fourth of July and on the 6th the regiment embarked at New York city on the U. S. Steamer St. Paul, arriving off Siboney, several miles below Santiago, on July loth. The troops being urgently needed at this time, the regiment was immediately disembarked, some companies being landed that night and the remainder on the following morning. On their march to the front, over the mountain trail, they met numerous wagons loaded with sick and wounded soldiers. The regiment marched part way under a furious tropical storm and camped on the east bank of the Aguadores river. So heavy was the downpour of rain that the camp was completely flooded and none were able to sleep. In the morning it was found that the streams were so swollen that an immediate advance of the regiment was impracticable and they were obliged for some time to remain at this camp, which was named by the soldiers "Camp Mud." 514 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY On the 13th of July the Third Batallion, consisting of Companies B, E, G and K, were detailed as guard to General Shafter and the headquarters of the Fifth Army Corps. After the surrender of Santiago, a few days later, the headquarters were moved into the city and the batallion acted as guard of the Ammunition Reserve and Small Arm Park until August T0th, besides performing various other duties. On July 15th Colonel Hard obtained permission of General Miles to change the location of the camp, which was an unhealthy one, and accordingly the First and Second Batallions took camp on Sevilla Hill, the Third remaining at headquarters. At this time the regiment suffered greatly from sickness, principally malarial fever, the companies being obliged to furnish details to assist the hospital corps. The health of the array generally continued so bad and the deaths were so numerous that it was found impracticable to send the troops to take part in the Porto Rico campaign, as had been intended, and representations having been made by the chief officers to General Shafter and submitted by him to Washington, the army was ordered north immediately. On August 18th the 8th regiment left Santiago on the steamer Mohawk, some of the men, however, being unable to embark on account of sickness. On the way home two deaths occurred at sea. On the 26th the troops were landed at Montauk Point, Long Island and were immediately placed in quarantine until danger of infection was over. On September 6th, a 60-days' furlough having been granted, the various companies took the train for Ohio, to reassemble for muster out at Wooster, Ohio on November l0th. They remained in camp at Wooster until November 21, 1898, when they were discharged. While in the United States' service the 8th Regiment lost 72 men, a number of others dying subsequently as the result of disease or hardships encountered. The soldiers of the Spanish American War have organized Thoman Camp No. 69, United Spanish War Veterans, named after Sergeant Charles Thoman who died in Cuba. CHAPTER XXIX BENCH AND BAR The Ordinance of 1787—Formation of the Courts—President and Associate Judges—Justices of the Peace—Crawford County Lawyer's—Some Interesting Cases. "The hope of all who suffer, The dread of all who wrong." JOHN G. WHITTIER Sixteen years before the admission of Ohio into the Federal Union the foundations of law and order throughout the great Northwestern Territory, of which it formed a part, were laid by the passage in Congress of the "Ordinance of 1787." The author of this compact, who was also chiefly responsible for its passage, was the Rev. Mannasseh Cutler, one of the leading directors of the Ohio Company, formed for the development of lands and the planting of settlements along the valleys of the Ohio, Muskingum and Scioto rivers. This compact, which has been called the true corner-stone of the northwest, declared that "religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall always be encouraged." It also forever prohibited slavery within the territory and, strange to say, was passed by the aid of the southern members of Congress, every one of whom voted for it. This result was accomplished through Dr. Cutler's ability and adroitness as a politician. Ample provision was made for education, Section 16 of each township being set apart for school purposes. When the State Constitution was adopted in 1803 it was based in its essential parts of the Ordinance of 1787. The Judicial powers of the state were a Supreme Court of Common Pleas and Justices of the Peace. The Supreme Court was composed of three members, in 1807 increased to four, and two members constituted a quorum and were to meet once a year in every county in the State. The Common Pleas Court consisted of a president judge elected by the Legislature, and in each county two or three associate judges were elected by the Legislature to sit with the president judge when he visited that county and form the court. Each court appointed its own clerk to serve for seven years, but the clerk must have a certificate signed by a majority of the Supreme Court certifying as to his qualifications for the position. A competent number of justices were elected in each township their term of service being three years. Soon after the organization of the county, Bucyrus was selected as the county seat, and in July, 1826, the first term of the Common Pleas Court was held at the residence of Lewis Cary, on the south bank of the Sandusky river, on the site of the present residence of C. H. Shonert. The presiding judge on this occasion was Ebenezer Lane, of Norwalk, who had been appointed in 1824. This circuit was No. 2, and included all the northwestern part of the state, Crawford County having been attached to, this circuit on its organization. Judge Lane was a native of Northampton, Mass., and a graduate of Harvard University in the class of 1811. He had studied law under Judge Matthew Griswold, at Lyme, Conn., had been admitted to the bar in 1814, and commenced practice at Norwich, Conn. In the spring of 1817 he came to Ohio, settling first at Elyria. In May, 1819 he was appointed prosecuting - 515 - 516 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY attorney of Huron County and in October of the same year removed to Norwalk. After his election by the Legislature in 1824 as presiding judge of the Second Circuit he continued to discharge the functions of that office until the fall of 1830, at which time he was elected judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio, a position he held until the winter of 1844-45, when lie resigned. He then accepted the presidency of the Mad River & Lake Erie Railroad Company and for ten years after was engaged in the management of railroads in Ohio. In the fall of 1855 he became counsel and resident director of the Illinois Central Railroad Company, with his residence at Chicago, and was thus occupied until March, 1859, when he resigned and retired to private life. He was a scholarly man, a close student, not only of his profession, but also of science and general literature, and was prompt in the discharge of every duty. His legal ability is evidenced in his opinions contained in the Ohio Supreme Court Reports and he possessed in a high degree the respect and esteem of his fellow members of the bench and bar and the confidence of the people generally. He died at Sandusky, Ohio June 12, 1866. Judge Lane was succeeded on the bench of the Common Pleas Court by David Higgins, also of Norwalk, who held the office of president judge for the full term of seven years, from 1830 to 1837. He was a man of fine personal appearance and of good ability, a firm believer in a strict construction of the law, and would brook no opposition, and as a result his relations with his legal brethren and the people were not so harmonious as those of his predecessor. His ability and integrity, however, were unquestioned. In the winter of 1837-38 his term came to a close and lie retired to private life. Ozias Bowen of Marion was the successor of Judge Higgins, and held the office of president judge for two terms, or fourteen years, until the judicial system under the Constitution of 1802 was superseded by that of the Constitution of 1831. Judge Bowen was born at Augusta, N. Y., July 1, 1805. He was admitted to the bar at Canton, Ohio, in September, 1828 and soon after began practice at Marion. In 1856 he was appointed by Governor Chase a judge of the Supreme Court, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Judge C. C. Converse. The Associate Judges were generally of the same political party as the majority in the Legislature at the time of their election. Yet the names of the judges in Crawford County show that it was an indispensable qualification that the men selected should be of such high standing and character that the people would have confidence in the court and respect its decisions. These men, although none of then were lawyers, received the title of judge. The first associate judge in this county was B. B. Merriman, elected in 1825, when Crawford was under the judicial supervision of Marion, the Legislature electing two Marion men and one from Crawford. The next year Crawford was organized and its first three associate judges were elected on Jan. 26, 1826, five days before the act was passed organizing the county. The following were the associate judges in Crawford County with the dates of their election. The office was abolished in 1851 by the adoption of the present Constitution. Enoch B. Merriman-1825-26. John Cary—1826. John B. French-1826. Jacob Smith-1827. Abel Cary-1829. Josiah Robertson—1830. George Poe-1833. Hugh Welsh—1835-42. Samuel Knisely-1836-43 Andrew Failor—1836-43. Robert W. Musgrave—1845. Robert Lee-1849. James Stewart—1830. In the early days there were few lawyers in the little towns, and when court met and the judge arrived, he was followed by a retinue of attorneys, who accompanied the court from town to town. Judge Lane's circuit at that tine included all of northwestern Ohio; the roads were bad, sometimes only trails; many streams had to be forded, and the lawyers carried their books from town to town; once it is of record that in the fording of a heavily swollen stream the law library of the party was swept away. They entered towns sometimes covered with rain and mud, but with the fire and internal refreshments promptly served by the jovial landlord, were soon made comfortable. Court days AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 517 were great days for the little towns in those early times. It brought the citizens in touch with the outside world, and every evening the tavern was crowded to listen to the latest stories and hear the inside of all political developments. The first court was held in the lower front room of Lewis Cary's residence, and upstairs the jury was sent; if Sarah Cary's school was in session at the time education was suspended to let justice hold sway. Among the lawyers who followed Judge Lane on his rounds were Andrew Coffinberry of Mansfield, known as "Count" Coffinberry on account of his dignity and faultless apparel. Then there was John Spink, the wit of the northwestern Ohio bar and a favorite with everybody; James Purdy and John M. May of Mansfield; Charles L. Boalt of Norwalk; Orris Parish of Delaware, and a few years later Charles Switzer of the same place, as fastidious in dress as "Count" Coffinberry, and there being then a semblance of roads he used to arrive in state with a carriage drawn by two white horses. From Marion came Ozias Bowen and James S.Godmann. When the first court was held David H. Beardsley came over from Marion to act as temporary clerk on the organization of the court.Zalmonn Rowse was selected as clerk and on the first meeting of the Supreme Court at Bucyrus his qualifications were certified to and he became the first clerk of the court of the county. At that time the attorneys in the place were John H. Morrison, who was county treasurer; Isaac H. AlIen, appointed the first prosecuting attorney, Michael Flick and Charles Stanberg. No records are in existence of these early courts, as they were probably destroyed in the fire of 1831. The first record found in this county is of the July term of 1832, when the supreme judges coming to Bucyrus were Joshua Collett and Ebenezer Lane, the latter having been elected a supreme judge by the Legislature in1830. They heard eight cases. The first court house had been completed, as the record states the court met in the court house. July was the month for meeting in Bucyrus and in 1833 the judges attending were Joshua Collett and Reuben Wood, who heard nine cases. In 1834 Joshua Collett and Ebenezer Lane were the judges hearing eight cases; 1835, Joshua Collett and Ebenezer Lane; 1836, Ebenezer Lane and Reuben Wood; 1837, the same judges; 1838, Peter Hitchcock and Frederick Grimkie, Zalmonn Rowse was Supreme Court clerk, with his bond fixed at $10,000. The justices of the peace were an important court in those days. The custom appears to have prevailed for the citizens to pick out some man or men in each township, whose common sense, honor and integrity were unquestioned. This man was selected justice of the peace and was kept in office, and when he was an exceptionally good man the only way he could escape the position was by running for some county office or dying, the latter being the only safe course, as John Campbell was elected justice in Whetstone, and tried to escape the job by being elected to the Legislature, but his neighbors wouldn't have it, and for a while lie held both offices. No one appeared to mind his double salary, for the reason his legislative pay was very little, and the emoluments received from the office of justice were still less. More than half a century ago the citizens of Chatfield commenced electing John Burgbacher as justice, and when he became county commissioner they let him off for two terms, but when he returned in 1871, they again pressed him into the service as justice and he was holding the office when lie died 30 years later. Mr. Burgbacher has the record, having been elected justice for 13 terms of three years each. His partner, Frederick Hipp had only eighteen years, but after he was elected to the county office he never went back to Chatfield. The other veteran justices were Amos Morse of Auburn, David Ogden of Jackson. William Hise of Liberty and John Warner of Vernon with thirty years each; S. A. McKeehen of Liberty, Abraham Underwood of Polk, Harvey Close of Texas and W. B. Cummins of Whetstone, with 27 years each, the last two persons being modern, as they still hold the position. Mr. Close inherited the office, as his father, Nelson Close was justice from 1852 to 1873: C. D. Ward of Bucyrus. John Holman of Holmes, Charles B. Shumaker of Polk, Solomon Harley of Sandusky, J. F. Coder of Tod, and John W. Humphrey of Vernon have a record of 24 years, with Messrs. 518 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY Harley and Coder still in office. Frederick Hipp of Chatfield and Matthias Kibbler of Cranberry had 21 years, making 17 men who averaged 27 years each. Another gentleman with a record of eight terms in this county can well be called the movable justice. In 1873 and 1876 Rufus Aurend was elected justice by the citizens of 'foci township, but he left there and moved across the line into Holmes township and in 1880 the citizens there elected him to the same office. After being elected for four terms in Holmes he moved over into Liberty as the only way to escape being a justice, as Mr. Hise and Mr. McKeehen were serving so faithfully in that township there was no danger of any justiceship being thrust upon him. Misfortune followed him, as he reached Liberty just as Mr. Hise, ripe in years, was called to his reward, and Mr. Aurend in 1900 was elected to the office. He served one term and came to Bucyrus, where aspirants for every office were so numerous that he would be allowed to pass his declining days in peace. But in 1912 a vacancy occurred in the office and the township trustees looking around for some suitable and competent man to place in the position, selected Mr. .Arend. He accepted, and commenced business; his first case came on, and after what was no doubt a correct decision, the attorney who had lost found that the new justice had omitted some formality in the securing of his commission; he therefore appealed the case, averring that Mr. Aurend "was not qualified to act as justice." This was the final blow; a man who had served in three townships, and who had given satisfaction for more than twenty years, to have his qualifications doubted by a young attorney. The attorney explained, the friends argued, but it was useless, and he threw up the job, but had established the record of having served as justice of the peace in four townships. The people of today little know what sound sense and what absolute justice was dealt out by these officers more than half a century ago, and the court records show what townships had these practical men and kept them in office, for from those townships few law suits came up to the county court; they had a way of settling their cases, and settling them right, believing what was just and right was law. A few incidents have been gathered of early justice—not law, but justice: About 1830 Robert Mays was justice of the peace of Lykens township. Settlers were few and far between and hogs ran at large, the honesty of the few settlers being the only assurance that stray purl; would be returned to the rightful owner. But one shiftless settler named Pratt found it easier to kill stray porkers than to raise his own. He had been arrested and filled several times for his petty stealing, but stray hogs continued to disappear and the pork was frequently traced to Pratt's shanty. Finally, he was caught in the act of stealing one of his neighbor's hogs, and Robert Mays, decided to try a new method for putting a stop to his depradations. Pratt was illiterate, and like all petty thieves an arrant coward. Squire Mays had him arrested by the constable and brought to his cabin for trial, and the neighbors were notified to appear as witnesses. The evidence was clear, there being no question of the man's guilt, but the squire went further, and many other cases were traced to Pratt. Finally the justice, putting on his most solemn look, reviewed the man's many cases of stealing, called his attention to the fact that he had been several tiles fined for similar offenses; that in a new country, remote from courts, it was the duty of the justice to protect innocent citizens from such outrages ; that the right of property must be held sacred; that warnings and fines had all been useless, and much as he regretted it, he saw no other way of protecting the people than by sentencing the man to death. It was therefore the judgment of the court, that the constable procure a rope immediately, and the man be taken to some convenient tree and there hanged by the neck until he was dead. The luau begged and pleaded for his life, but the justice was firm, and dispatched the constable for a rope, and instructed the settlers to look up some suitable tree on which the man could pay the penalty for his crimes. This left no one in the cabin but the justice and the terror-stricken wretch. The justice took advantage of the occasion to depict in the most gruesome terms the disgraceful death the man had brought on himself by his acts, and the scared man finding all hope one did exactly what was AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 519 anticipated. He made a dash from the cabin, one of the early pioneers said he went through the window. The alarm was given, and the man's speed was accelerated by shots being fired in his direction, care being taken not to hit him as he fled through the woods. The squire, the constable and the witnesses followed in hot haste, yelling and screaming, and skillfully managing to keep just close enough to the fleeing man to spur him to renewed exertions, and finally after an hour's chase the pursuing party returned to the cabin. Nothing was ever heard or seen of him again, and no report ever reached the settlers as to where or when he stopped running. One of the first law suits in Liberty township was before Ichabod Smith, justice of the peace, on a complaint against Isaac W/ eatherby for running his saw-mill on the Sabbath Day. The defendant brought in testimony showing the uncertain nature of the stream; that the water-power was an important item of his property ; that when the water was sufficient to run the mill it must be utilized, otherwise there would be great loss to him, and delays and inconvenience to his customers. The justice held that when the water was there the mill ought to be allowed to run, even if it was Sunday, whereupon he discharged Weatherby and taxed the costs against the complainant. Of course the law of the state prohibited labor on the Sabbath, and the complainant appealed to the court above, when the judgment for costs against him was set aside. The complainant was conscientious in his protest against labor on the Sabbath day, and the only way to stop the mill was to buy it, which he did, and leased it to his brother-in-law, who was as religious as himself, and the mill did not run on Sunday. Another case was before Squire Elias Markley. A man named Smith sued Charles Dony for pay for grain. The account had stood for months, and there were counter accounts, and in the nix-up Dony was given a judgment against Smith for $8, and when the judgment was announced Dony refused to take it, saying Smith owned him only $2. John Slifer was a justice of the peace in Liberty township from 1835 to 1841. He was the man who laid out the village of Annapolis. He was a fine scholar, and an excellent penman, but at times exceedingly careless in his writing. One time he sent a transcript to the Court of Common Pleas so illegible that it was almost impossible to read it, and Judge Ozias Bowen, who was puzzled over the document, expressed his disgust with the remark, "The people must be fools to elect such ignorant men as justices of the peace." Josiah Scott was present, and was well acquainted with Slifer, and he remarked to the judge: "How would it be, judge, if this ignorant justice could write a better hand than either of us !" Slifer happened to be present in the court room, and he came forward and asked the clerk, Zalmon Rowse, for a pen and sheet of paper, which were given, and which he paid for. He took the transcript, and made a copy in a neat and faultless hand, the most perfect of writing, and handed it to the judge. Bowen looked at it with astonishment, and turning to Slifer, exclaimed, "hyy didn't you write in that way before?" Slifer looked at the judge, and then quietly replied, "Because, sir, I supposed I was writing it for the perusal of men, and not of boys," and then turned and stalked out of the court room. Squire Peter Worst was a justice in Bucyrus township in the thirties. He was a tailor by trade, and had his shop about where theKehrerr Block now is. A case came before him, and with his docket by his side, he sat on his bench, cross-legged, and sewing while the trial was going on. The plaintiff argued the case, and the squire laid down the cloth on which he was working, picked up the docket, and was making his entries. The lawyer for the defense was on his feet to reply, and waited patientlyf0rr the attention of the court. Becomingimpatientt, he finally inquired : "Doesn't the court wish to hear any evidence on the other side?" The squire, having finished his entries, picked up his cloth and resumed his work, and gazing calmly at the attorney through his glasses, said "Oh yes, you can talk just as much as you please, but I have decided the case in favor of the plaintiff." It was this same honest old justice of whom Judge alll remarked, "When I die, I want Peter Worst to settle my estate !" The judge did die in 1863, and like the bright and careless, intellectual and brilliant roan he was, he left no will, but Peter Worst was his administrator, and the neat and exact accounts 520 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY of that settlement are on file in the Probate office. One of the pioneer justices in an adjoining township was Robert Newall, who sometimes decided cases according to his own views of equity, without regard to either law or precedent. A man named Andrew Clark wished to bring suit against Martin Mason for a balance claimed for work performed on a millrace. It was against pioneer ethics for a justice of the peace to encourage litigation, and Squire Newall endeavored to effect a settlement between the parties without resorting to the law, but, being unable to do so, he issued a summons to Constable Kline against the said Martin Mason, the writ being a verbal one, and the constable's place of authority was a buckeye club, with which he was instructed to belabor the said defendant over the "head and shoulders" until he would consent to a ccompany the officer to the court room of the justice. Force, however, was not required in this case, as Martin recognized the potent power of the constable's club, and he obeyed the summons promptly and was soon arraigned before His Honor, who required that plaintiff and defendant each make a statement of his side of the case, and after this was done the court decided that Mason should pay to Clark two bushels of corn, and continuing said : "Clark being a poor man and having no horse, you, Mason, shall deliver the corn at Clark's house. Forever after this you are to be good friends and neighbors, and if either shall ever fail in the least particular to obey this order, I will have the offender before me and whip him within an inch of his life. As for myself, I charge no fees. Not so with Constable Kline; his charge being a quart of whisky, which plaintiff and defendant will see is brought into court as promptly as possible for the use of all present." Another case, and although at a much later elate was nearly fifty years ago, occurred in Bucyrus. George Donnenwirth was the justice and a man was brought before him for petty stealing. He had as his attorney Alfred C. Cattley, who was reading law in the office of S. R. Harris. It was a clear case, but in the course of the examination, Cattley asked that the prisoner be sworn. The justice was indignant at the idea of a thief being allowed to give testimony, and promptly refused to let him testify. Cattley stated that by a recent law the roan could testify, and the justice insisted on seeing the law, so the student went over to the office of Mr. Harris, and returned with the printed slip. The Legislature was in session, and had just passed the law allowing a criminal to testify in his own behalf. The squire put on his glasses, read the law over carefully, and after some reflection, said "Well, it appears to be the law, and this court will always obey the laws of the state, whatever they are." He studied over the matter again, and finally turned to the attorney and said very disgustedly, "The man can testify," and voiced his indignation with the remark, "but I want to tell you before hand I shan't believe a d—n word he says." And he didn't, for the man got thirty days. When the second term of court was held in Bucyrus, the brick schoolhouse had been built and this was used for court purposes, and if the case was to a jury, these gentlemen were escorted to some convenient room in the village where they were locked up until they reached a decision, and in fine weather sometimes held their consultation in the woods back of the schoolhouse, the sheriff sitting on a stump at some distance keeping his eye on them. The first early records of the court are in1834. Hon. David Higgins was the presiding judge, and his associates were Abel Cary, Josiah Robertson and George Poe. The first grand jury of \vhich there is any record was composed of the following persons : David Ellis, foreman; John urwelll, Emanuel Deardorff, David Marquis, Joseph Hart, William Arnold, Adam Beck, Isaac Cornell, James Higbee, William Scott, Robert Foster, Isaac Rice, Joseph S. Smith, William Cooper, William Robinson. At this term several cases were called, and the papers were reported missing, and it is probable Judge Higgins, who was a trifle irritated, made some reflections on the clerk for the next day the following appears on the court docket "Personally appeared in open court Zalmon Rowse, who being duly sworn,dothh depose and say that he is cleric of the court, and that on the night of the 16th day of March, 1834, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 521 some person or persons entered the clerk's office of the Court of Common Pleas and took from the proper place of deposit the files and papers belonging to the causes pending in court, that the same have been taken beyond the reach or knowledge of the deponent and lie knows not whether said papers have been destroyed or what has become of them." Further Zalmon Rowse tendered his resignation as clerk of the court, and the judge accepted it, and turned around and reappointed hint for another term of seven years, showing if he was irritable at times, he was just. The record shows that thirteen cases were called and had to be continued on account of the records being stolen, so minor business was mostly transacted. A wave had swept over the town against gambling so a special grand jury was called to investigate the matter, and Samuel Norton was made the foreman, and true bills were returned against six of the most prominent men in the village for gambling, and the next day they found six more, and followed it up with a batch of fourteen. A few were fined but most of them acquitted, some of the cases being carried over for several terms. Several tavern keepers were fined $5 and costs for selling liquor to the Indians, after which their licenses were renewed for another year. The court held three terms a year, and the prosecutor was allowed $ioo a year for his services, the sheriff and clerk each being allowed $60 a year. At this term of court, a case was heard and damages of $25 were allowed the plaintiff by the presiding judge. It is probable the law was very strongly in favor of the plaintiff, but the three associate justices had an idea that real justice was on the side of the defendant, and they reversed the verdict and found for the defendant, and further ordered that the plaintiff should pay the costs. It is probable that Judge Higgins was indignant, as the next term of court shows the following entries : "Sept. 8, 1834—No quorum ; George Poe adjourned court until next day at noon. JOHN MODERWFLL, Sheriff." "Tuesday, Sept. —Cary and Poe present and adjourned until Wednesday at to, when no quorum appearing court adjourned without day." When the next term arrived, the sheriff must have had his doubts as to whether the judge had recovered from his anger, as he summoned no jury. The court met on Monday, Feb. to, and there being no quorum they adjourned until Tuesday. The next day Associates George Poe, Abel Cary and Hugh Welsh were there, and they granted a few administration papers, and adjourned until Wednesday, and that day the Hon. David Higgins showed tip, and proceeded to business by ordering the sheriff to secure a jury immediately, which he did, most of them Bucyrus men_ The securing of a jury was no easy matter in those days, and the records show instances of men being fined for ignoring the summons. A story is told of the county west of Crawford in 1835. The country was sparsely settled, the farmers were busy, and the sheriff had great difficulty in securing a jury. On the morning of the second day, the judge opened the court and asked the sheriff if the jury was full. The sheriff replied: "Not quite full yet, judge. I have eleven: men locked tip in the jail, and nay dogs and deputies are after the twelfth man." Courts in those days granted licenses authorizing ministers to solemnize marriages. Among those early ministers are: March, 1834—Harrison Jones, Church of Christ. February, 1835—John Davis, United Brethren in Christ; John Smith, United Brethren in Christ. June, 1836—Charles Edward Van Voorhis, Church of Christ; Frederick G. Maschkop, German Reformed. September, 1837—Peter Gatz, Church of the Evangelical Association. July, 1838—George Sagear, Evangelical Association. Other duties of the court were the issuance of naturalization papers. The first found are as follows: 1836—Robert Reid, March 18; Stephen Brinkman, Sept. 13. 1837; —Ehregott Hesse, March 13 : Samuel Roth, March 13 ; Garnett Sheets, March 13 Lewis Heinlen, March 16 ; Jacob Scherer, Sept. 11: George Fouser, Sept. 11 ; Jacob Genther, Sept. 11 ; Frederick Stoll, Sept. 12. 1838-Frederick Myers, March 1; John Adam Gcssman, March T ; John H. Fry, March 522 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY 2; Adam High, Conrad Haas, George Resler, John George Strawhucker, Frederick Weaver, Conrad Beaver, Joseph Boehler, July 16; Christian Widman, July 20; Andrew Wingert, George Donnenwirth, Christian Pfleiderer, Jacob Wingert, Sept. 29; Michael and Anthony Brackley. In 1834 David Chute was granted a license to keep a tavern in Chatfield township for $8; Aaron M. Decker, tavern in Liberty township, $5 ; John Luke, tavern, Liberty township, $5 Abraham Hahn, Bucyrus, tavern license renewed he to pay $i0 and all arrearages. At the July term in 1836, the docket contains the entry “Franklin Adams admitted to the Bar." Below is written in pencil, "Came from Mansfield, August, 1837." For seventy years he was a practitioner at the Crawford County bar. Several parties were tried for minor offenses, and given five days' confinement in the county jail on bread and water. The same term when the spasm of reform swept over the city in regard to gambling, three men were brought before the court charged with horse stealing and were discharged. The first penitentiary case of which record is found was on Sept. 29, 1838, when Ephraim Eaton admitted he was guilty of stealing a horse, and was sentenced to the penitentiary at hard labor for three years, and to pay the costs of the prosecution, amounting to $30.88. When practicing law in Bucyrus in the early days Josiah Scott commenced a suit with the following lines "Suit for trespass. Sent to justice; This is to cause you for to summon Linsey Woolsey, what you call 'em ? The crazy son of old Spitzholm, To answer for his devilish tricks Of cutting sundry sticks— Of timber, on Sam Myers land." Another case of Mr. Scott's was against John Luke. Seventy years ago Mr. Luke kept a tavern where the boundary road crosses the Sandusky river in Sandusky township. It was a popular resort, and in the early days did a large business. In front of the tavern was the usual post, and on top of it was the signboard on which was painted a black horse, so it was known as the Black Horse tavern. One of the neighbors had some trouble with Mr. Luke, and he hired Scott to conduct the case for hint. The trial cane off, and it was to a jury. One of the jurymen was Resolved White of Auburn township who has handed down the story. In the course of his speech, Mr. Scott warmed to his subject, with the following very far from flattering reference to the defendant: " In six days God made the heavens and the earth, and on the seventh he rested ; and then he took the scraps which he could not use in the formation of the earth or the animals that walked on the earth, or in the fishes of the sea or the reptiles that crawled upon the earth; he moulded this refuse into human form, and with his fist he punched in two eyes, and put on a nose, and he called it John Luke." Another similar case was in 1844, when a hog case was being tried in the court house; the attorney for the prosecution was Jude Hall of Upper Sandusky, the stealing having occurred in the Wyandot part of Crawford. In his speech to the jury he said : "Why, gentlemen of the jury, you may put one foot upon Hercules, and the other upon Jupiter, and lay your telescope, straddle of the sun, and gaze over this wide creation, and you can't find as mean a man as John Smith." This same gentleman in a case at Bucyrus, thus alluded to the opposing counsel: ''Why, your honor, he's a mere circumstance, a fabric, a rota bag A similar illustration occurred at Bucyrus, years later. An important case was on, and John R. Clymer was one of the attorneys, and speaking of one of the young attorneys of the opposition, with a wave of the hand he brushed him aside, with the remark : "He amounts to no more in this case than a fly on the periphery of a wheel." Josiah Scott once went to Osceola to try a case before Squire Tuttle; and after he had made his eloquent and convincing argument, as he thought, to the jury, the opposing counsel spoke of the effort of the future Supreme Judge in the following vigorous style: "The gentleman may roar like a salamander, but my positions are adamantine, and must prevail." Of the early lawyers, Isaac H. Allen died in Bucyrus in 1828. John H. Morrison, soon after lie left the Treasurer's office went to Findlay. He had but one arm. He was a very fair lawyer, not AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 523 one of the ablest in those early days, but had a keen tongue. At one time he was conducting a case in which he became very much interested, and after the evidence was all in he was satisfied he would lose, so he opened his remarks to the jury, about as follows : "May it please the court: By the perjury of witnesses, the ignorance of the jury, and the corruption of the court, I expect to be beaten in this case." Here, the judge, who was Patrick G. Goode, interrupted him with the remark : "What is that you say, Mr. Morrison ?" The latter coolly replied : "That is all I have to say on that point," and commenced his address to his "ignorant" jury. At another time he had a separation case, where the wife had taken the child, and the husband wanted it, so Morrison for the husband, got out a writ of replevin, and the sheriff seized the child, and two disinterested parties were appointed to appraise the value of it. They failed to agree, and two more were appointed with a like result; while the third set of appraisers were at work, a brother of the mother of the child grabbed the infant and mounting his horse, started away at full speed. Morrison gazed after the vanishing horseman, and remarked : "There goes my case. I could replevin the devil out of hell, if I could only get appraisers to put a value on him." Charles Stanberg was known as the "linsey Woolsey" lawyer, as he appeared in court wearing a suit of that material. Both he and Michael Flick left at an early date. Josiah Scott arrived in June, 1829. One of his first cases was before Squire Jas. Stewart, two miles east of Bucyrus. He walked out and back. His client was Charles Bacon, and Scott asked him if he thought $1.50 was too much to charge for his services. Bacon thought not, and the charge was made, but Scott overlooked the collecting of the bill for years. He was a great student, and at times very absent minded. In 1840 he was a member of the Legislature, and on one of his trips to Columbus, George Lauck, who was county treasurer, gave him a package containing the money for his semi-annual settlement with the state treasurer. Reaching Columbus he took the package from his saddle-bags and put it in his pocket before going in to breakfast. After he left the dining-room he found the money was gone, he hurried back and fortunately found the package under the table, it having slipped from his pocket. At another time lie had business at Marion, and lie hung up his coat in the hotel office, and went to bed. The next morning the coat was still there, but the pocket-book containing $50o was gone. Scott was a great friend of the Indians who called him "Big Head," as he wore a number 8 hat. He used to take part in their sports, and in all their cases he was the attorney for the Indians. One of the Indians named a son Josiah Scott, and when the Wyandots went west in 1843, Josiah accompanied them. Mr. Scott was born in Washington county, Pa., in 1803, and graduated with high honors from Jefferson college, Pa., in 1821. He taught in that college, studied law and was admitted to the bar. Located at Bucyrus, in 1829. When the war was over the Michigan boundary came up in 1835. Mr. Scott raised a company but the matter was settled by the courts and the company was not needed. In 1840 he represented the county in the Legislature and about 1851 went to Hamilton, Butler County, Ohio, where he continued the practice of his profession. In 1856 he was appointed, by Governor Chase, a judge of the Supreme Court, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Judge Ranney, and in October of the same year he was elected to serve the full term of five years, being subsequently re-elected in 1861 and 1866. He returned to Bucyrus in 1870 and at the close of his last term as judge resumed practice at the bar. In 1876 he was appointed, by Governor Hayes, as a member of the Supreme Court Commission, a body composed of five judges, created in 1875, to dispose of a part of the accumulated business then on the docket of the Supreme Court, and having the same jurisdiction and power in respect to such business as the Supreme Court itself. Elected chief judge for one year by his associate members of the commission, he served ably in that capacity, and subsequently remained a member 0f the commission until February 1, 1879, the close of its term. Judge Scott was an eloquent advocate and an able and learned lawyer and jurist. He was a man of excellent education, a fine mathematician and well read in the classics. He 524 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY was moreover a Christian gentleman, an elder for years in the Presbyterian church, of genial disposition, sparkling wit and endowed by nature with a fine presence. His active professional career covered a period of half a century, the great part of which time was spent in this community and no man was better understood and more highly appreciated and esteemed. He died June 15, 1879. George Sweney was born near Gettysburg, Pa., in 1796. After graduating at Dickinson college, he studied law and was admitted to the bar. Beginning about 1820, he practiced his profession for ten years at Gettysburg. In 1830 he came to Bucyrus, where he continued in his profession. He was elected prosecuting attorney, and while holding that office, in 1838, was elected a member of Congress from, the Fourteenth Ohio district, being reelected in 1840. In 1853 he removed to Geneseo, Ill., but, after an absence of three years, returned and was again elected prosecuting attorney. After his term in this office he retired from the bar. He died in Bucyrus, Ohio, Oct. 10, 1877. Mr. Sweney was a man of fine appearance, honorable character and amiable manners. He was a good lawyer but his tastes inclined him more to the study of science and literature than to the practice of his profession, which was always more or less distasteful to him. He was plain and domestic in his habits and was never so well contented as when engaged in his favorite studies in the quiet and retirement of his own home. John Smith came in 1832, but did not practice law until later. At first he kept a dry goods store on the west lot of where the Quinby Block now is. He later was elected justice of the peace, and had his office in a frame just west of the Rowse Block. He was an office lawyer, and did much in the way of conveyancing, writing wills, and settling estates. He was an exceedingly conscious and upright citizen. He was a widower and his daughter kept house for him. He died in his office forty years ago and at the time of his death was about eighty years of age. In August, 1837, Franklin Adams located in Bucvrus, and had his office opposite the court house, hoarding when he first arrived with Samuel Norton, and when the Lutherans sold their property opposite the court house in 1858, he bought the balance of the corner and built the brick which was his office for so many years. In 1838 he was appointed prosecuting attorney, succeeding George Sweney who had been elected to Congress that year, and in 1839 he was elected to that office, and reelected for two more terms. He died in 1908, having been a member of the Bucyrus bar for over seventy years. John M. Armstrong practiced law in Bucyrus from 1838 to 1843. He was a graduate of Norwalk Seminary and had studied his profession under Judge Janes Stewart, of Mansfield, graduating at the Cincinnati law school. e was a well educated and accomplished man, but vas partly of Indian blood, his father, Robert Armstrong, who had been taken prisoner by the Indians, having married a quarter-blood Wyandot woman. In 1839 he was the Whig candidate for prosecuting attorney against Franklin Adams, but was defeated. He moved west in 1843 with the Wyandot Indians to where the town of Wyandot, Kansas, now stands. A few years later he died at Mansfield where he had stopped for a visit, while on his way back from Washington, having gone there on business connected with the Indians. His wife was a daughter of Rev. Russell Bigelow, a prominent Methodist preacher in the early days. In the spring of 1844 the Bucyrus bar was strengthened by the accession of Lawrence W. Hall, who cane here from Cuyahoga county. Elected prosecuting attorney for the county, he held that position by successive elections from October, 1841, to October, 1851. At the fall election of 1851, the first under the new constitution, he was elected a judge of the Common Pleas Court, and served in that office until February, 1857. He was a member of the National House of Representatives, being elected in 1856. He subsequently continued the practice of law in Bucyrus until his death, which took place January 18, 1863. Judge Hall was a successful practitioner, and was a politician as well as a lawyer. He was kind and genial in disposition, was very popular and was noted for his urbane manners while on the bench. Being associated with that party that was opposed to the prosecution of the War for the preservation of the Union, he was arrested in 1862 and for a number of AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 525 weeks was nominally held as a political prisoner at Camp Mansfield, but allowed to go about on parole. Josiah S. Plants came from his father's farm in Liberty township to Bucyrus and worked at the trade of shoemaker, and while at work kept a law book beside him from which he studied. Later he was taken from his shoemaker's bench to teach in the schools. He then read law under Josiah Scott, and was admitted to the bar, and in 1844 began the practice of law in Bucyrus. In the fall of 1858 he was elected a judge of the Common Pleas Court for a five years' term, beginning in February, 1859. He was distinguished for industry, honesty of purpose, devotion to his friends, fidelity to his clients, and earnestness and force as a public speaker. His promising career was unfortunately cut short, his death taking place August 23, 1863, as the result of wounds received by the accidental discharge of a gun while hunting in Indiana. F. A. Wood and William Fisher practiced law in Bucyrus early in the forties, but after a short stay here removed to other locations. Joseph E. Jewett, who came from Wayne county, conducted a law office in Bucyrus from 1844 until the fall of 1848. when he removed to Des Moines, Iowa. While here he assisted in organizing a Masonic lodge, and was the first master. He was also the first captain of the fire department. Enoch W. Merriman, born in Bucyrus in 1830, was admitted to the bar in 1853 and practiced until the spring of 1861, when he responded to President Lincoln's first call for troops, and was lieutenant of the first company that left the county, Co. C of the Eighth Ohio. He died in camp at Grafton, W. Va., August 12, 1861. Burr Morris, born in Stark county in 1829, was educated at Findlav Academy, read law with Henry Brown of Findlay, Ohio, and was graduated at the Cincinnati Law School in 1855;. In the following year he was admitted to the bar and began practice in Bucyrus. He was twice elected prosecuting attorney, first in October, 1861, and again in 1863. Subsequently removed to Albany, Linn county, Oregon: he was there elected county judge and died while in office in November, 1866. Henry C. Rowse, son of Zalmon Rowse, born in Bucyrus in 1835, practiced law here for about three years, beginning in 1857. He was mayor of Bucyrus in 1860. He died at Rockford, Ill., in October, 1862, at the time of his death holding a position as clerk in the Interior Department at Washington. Samuel J. Elliott began law practice at Bucyrus in August, 1857. In August of the following year he was appointed probate judge of Crawford county by Gov. Chase, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of P. S. Marshall. Mr. Elliott was the only Republican that ever held office in the court house since the Republican party was formed. He held the office until October 18, 1858, when his successor was elected and qualified. In 1859 he removed to Wapakoneta, where he subsequently died. William S. Fitzsimmons, born in Crawford County in 1841, read law under D. W. Swigart at Bucyrus and was admitted to the bar in March, 1868. In March 1861 he enlisted in the 8th Regiment, O. V. I., with which he saw much hard service. He was severely wounded at Antietam, and finally died from the effects of his wounds, at Bucyrus, on July 1870. Robert McKelley was born in Lancaster county, Pa., in 1815, and removed to Knox county, Ohio in 1834. Subsequently coming to Bucyrus, he commenced law practice here August 1, 1842. In 1845 he was appointed by President Polk registrar of the land office at Upper Sandusky. Here he had charge of the sales of the lands of the Wyandot reservation, holding the office until its removal from Upper Sandusky. From January to October, 1852, he was probate judge of Wyandot county, being the first to hold that office. In January, 1854, he was elected a director of the Ohio & Indiana Railroad Company and was its president the last year of its separate organization. While serving on its board of directors he originated the movement for the consolidation of the three companies owning the continuous line of railroad between Pittsburg and Chicago, resulting in the organization of the Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne & Chicago Railway Company. He was also for several years a director and solicitor of the latter company. He was a member of the Ohio senate for Crawford, Seneca 526 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY and Wyandot counties from January 1, 1858, to January 1, 1860. Abraham Summers commenced the practice of law in Bucyrus in 1850. He was elected prosecuting attorney for Crawford county in 1855 and was re-elected in 1857. He was subsequently twice elected probate judge, in 1860 and 1863. He afterwards removed to Hicksville, Ohio, where he died. William M. Scroggs came to Bucyrus with his father in 1839. He was conductor on the first passenger train that came to Bucyrus. Was admitted to the Bar, but practiced very little, becoming Mayor of the village and county auditor. Conrad W. Butterfield opened a law office in Bucyrus in 1853 and practiced here until 1860, when he removed to Lima, Ohio. Returning to Bucyrus in 1863 he resumed practice here and remained until 1870, when he removed to Madison, Wis. He was a man of literary tastes and was the author of several works, including a "History of Seneca County, Ohio," and a "History of Col. Crawford's Expedition Against the Indians in 1782," which latter work has had a wide circulation, and is the standard authority on that campaign. He died at Madison, Wis. Abner M. Jackson, admitted to the bar in September, 1854, began practice in Bucyrus. From 1851 to 1855 he served as auditor of Crawford county and was elected prosecuting attorney of the county in October, 1859. In 1871 he was elected judge of the Fourth Subdivision of the 3rd district of the Common Pleas Court, composed of Crawford, Hancock, Marion, Seneca, Wood and Wyandot counties. In 1874 he resigned and removed to Cleveland, Ohio, from there he went to Silverton, Col., where he died. Cyrus Linn, James W. Smith, John D. Sears and I. F. Price all practiced law in Bucyrus for short periods in the forties and early fifties, subsequently removing to other localities, J. D. Sears removing to Wyandot county when it was organized in 1845, and becoming the leader of the bar in that county. In 1873 he was elected without opposition to represent Wyandot county at the Constitutional Convention. Some years ago he retired from practice and made his home in California where lie died in September, 1912. Cyrus Sears, born in Delaware county in 1832, came to Crawford county with his parents in 1836. Graduated at the Cincinnati Law School in 1856 he began practice in June of that year at Upper Sandusky. From April 1, 1857, to June 15, 1859, he practiced his profession in Bucyrus, when he removed to Upper Sandusky. In August, 1861, he enlisted in the 11th Ohio Independent Battery of Light Artillery, and subsequently made a brilliant record as a soldier, being several times promoted, and in April, 1863, becoming Lieut. Colonel of the 11th Louisiana Volunteers, afterward named as the 49th U. S. Colored Infantry. He behaved with great gallantry in various battles and was recommended for promotion by Generals Hamilton, Rosecrans and Grant. Matthias Buchman, who read law with Judge A. M. Jackson, was admitted to the bar in 1860. He was prosecuting attorney of Crawford county from April, 1864 (succeeding Burr Morris, who resigned), until October, 1865. Later he removed to Cleveland, Ohio. Among the other lawyers who practiced in Bucyrus in the later fifties and early sixties, but who remained only a short time, were Christopher Elliott, 1858; C. M. Dodson, 1860-1862; Archibald McGregor, 1858-60 ; J. A. Estill, 1858-59; John B. Scroggs, 1861-63; and Joseph R. Swigart, 1859. Mr. McGregor during his residence here, in addition to his law practice, engaged in the publication of the Crawford County Forum. He subsequently returned to Canton, from which place he had cone. Stephen D. Young practiced two years in Bucyrus, from 1875 to 1877, when he removed to Norwalk, Ohio, and is now judge in that district. Walter B. Richie, who came from Lima, practiced in Bucyrus as a member of the firm of Richie & Eaton from 1876 to 1879, when he returned to Lima, became prominent in his profession and Grand Chancellor of the Knights of Pythias of the United States. Robert Lee, born 1805 in Butler county, Pa., in 1823, removed with his father's family to Leesville, then in Richland county. In early manhood he was engaged in various business enterprises. In 1836 he was elected a member of the Ohio legislature for Richland county and was re-elected in 1837. For ten years, beginning with 1839, he held the office of justice of the peace. In 1849 he was elected by the Legislature an associate judge of the Court of AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 527 Common Pleas of Crawford county, and held that office until February, 1852, when it was abolished by the new constitution of the state. In 1853 he was elected state senator for Crawford, Seneca and W yandot counties, and was chosen president pro ten of the senate, May 1, 1854, serving during the illness of Lieut. Governor Myers. He was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court May 3, 1854, but he devoted very little time to the profession of the law. For one term he served as mayor of Crestline. In 1869 he was elected probate judge of Crawford county, being re-elected in 1872, and made his home at Bucyrus until his death. John Hopley came to Bucyrus in 1856 as superintendent of the Union Schools. Admitted to the bar in 1858, he began practice in partnership with A. M. Jackson. In 1862 he visited England on professional business. On his return in the fall of the same year he accepted a clerkship in the Treasury Department at Washington, became secretary in the office of Secretary Chase, giving especially attention to the subject of finance. He was afterward transferred to the Currency Bureau, and had charge of the statistical division. In 1864 he resigned and engaged in a New York City banking establishment. In 1866 he was appointed examiner of National banks for the southern states and Kansas. In September, 1867, he purchased an interest in the Bucyrus Journal and became its editor, in the following May becoming sole proprietor of the office. He was appointed postmaster at Bucyrus in August, 1870 and held the position until January, 1879, and was reappointed in 1890, serving another four years. He died at his home in Bucyrus June 3, 1904. Daniel W. Swigart, born ill Franklin county, Pa., in 1824, came to Craw ford county in the fall of 1846. He was appointed deputy clerk of the court, in which position he served until April, 1848, when he became clerk and held the office until January, 1852, when it became an elective office under the new constitution. Having graduated from the Cincinnati Law School, he was admitted to the bar in June, 1852, and at once opened an office in Bucyrus. During the Civil War he served in the Quartermaster's Department, with headquarters at Cincinnati, and was president of the Atlantic & Lake Erie Railway Company from September, 1869, to August, 1873. He. died very suddenly on November 25, 1880. Jacob Scroggs was born at Canton, Ohio, in 1827 and came to .Bucyrus with his father's family in 1839. He was variously occupied for several years and in the meanwhile studied law, being graduated from the Cincinnati Law School ill 1854. He was admitted to the bar in Hamilton county and in 1855, began. the practice of his profession in Bucyrus. He was several times elected mayor of the village. He served during the greater part of the Civil War as chairman of the Crawford County Military Committee, and in 1864 and in 1880 was Presidential elector for this district. Stephen R. Harris was born in Stark County, Ohio,. in 1824. He finished his collegiate education at Western Reserve College in 1846, and, having read law with his uncle, John Harris, at Canton, Ohio, was admitted to the bar in 1849. In the same year he opened an office in Bucyrus, being in partnership with Josiah Scott, their association being continued up to the time of the latter's death, except during the time that Judge Scott was on the bench of the Supreme Court and a member of the Supreme Court Commission. In 1895 Mr. Harris was elected to Congress from this district, serving one term. He died at his home in Bucyrus, Jan. 1, 1905. James Clements was admitted to the bar in August, 1854. He had previously held the office of county sheriff, having been elected in 1845 and re-elected in 1847. He was probate judge of Crawford county front February, 1864, to February, 1870. Thomas Beer began the practice of law in Bucyrus in 1862, coming to the county as the editor of the Forum. In 1863 he was elected a member of the Legislature and was reelected in 1865. He represented Crawford county ill the Constitutional Convention of 1873, and, as a member of the Committees on Judiciary and Municipal Corporations showed his great legal ability. In August, 1874, he was appointed by Gov. Allen a judge of the Fourth Subdivision of the third district of the Common Pleas Court, composed of Crawford, Hancock, Marion, Seneca, Wood and Wyandot counties, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Judge A. NI. Jackson. In October 528 – HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY of the same year he was elected by the people to fill the remainder of the term expiring in February, 1877. In the fall of 1876 he was elected to a Lull term of five years and reelected in 1881. In 1885 he was elected to the circuit bench and re-elected, serving until 1893. John A. Eaton, born in Crawtord county, Ohio, in 1853, was admitted to the bar at Columbus, Ohio, in October, 1876. Until May, 1879, he practiced his profession in Bucyrus as a member of the firm of Richic & Eaton. He then went to Kansas where he engaged in the banking business, in connection with his law practice. Isaac Cahill, admitted to the bar in 1877, and served for four years as prosecuting attorney. John R. Clymer, born in Franklin county, Ohio, in 1834, acquired both a commercial and university education, and for two or three years in the later fifties was engaged in educational work. He was clerk of the Court of Common Pleas of Crawford county from 1860 to 1868, when he took charge of the Forum which he conducted for ten years. He was admitted to the bar at Tiffin, Ohio, in 1878, and practiced law in Bucyrus until his death. He was noted as one of the most finished speakers in the county. Frank S. Monnett was a graduate of the Delaware University, read law in Bucyrus, and was elected city solicitor. In 1896 he was elected attorney-general of the state, and reelected in 1898, and after his terns of office expired has made his home in Columbus. Smith W. Bennett read law in Bucyrus, was admitted to the Bar, and in 1897 went to Columbus as Assistant Attorney General and chief counsel in that office, and after ten years' service made his home in Columbus. W. C. Lemert was bond in Texas township, March 4, 1837. He attended the academy at Republic for one year, then Heidelberg College, finishing his education at the Ohio Wesleyan University where lie graduated in the class of ‘58. He read law with Franklin Adams and was admitted to the bar in 1859. He practiced for two years when the war broke out, and he entered the army, becoming colonel of the 86th Ohio; after four years' service lie was mustered out, and devoted his time to railroad building and manufacturing, until he retired from active business, his home still being in Bucyrus. Among the present practitioners in Bucyrus, are David C. Cahill who was admitted to the bar in December, 1860, and practiced law in Bucyrus until April, 1865. He then went Vest, spending two years in California and Oregon. Subsequently returning to Bucyrus, lie resumed practice here in June, 1867. In the fall of 1873 he was elected clerk of the Court of Common Pleas of Crawford county, and held that position from February, 1874, until February, 1880, after which he returned to the practice of law. Ebenezer B. Finley was born at Orville, Wayne county, Ohio, in 1833. Some years of his earlier life were spent in the West. In 1859 he located in Bucyrus and, having studied law under his uncle, Stephen R. Harris, was admitted to the liar in June, 1861. In the fall of that year lie recruited a military company, was elected first lieutenant, the company becoming a part of the 64th Regiment, O. V. I. The regiment was present at the battle of Shiloh. Disabled by an accident, Mr. Finley retired from the service in September, 1862, and resumed the practice of law in Bucyrus, and was mayor of the village for two years. He was twice elected to Congress, in 1876 and 1878, and as a member of the House of Representatives distinguished himself by speeches on various public questions, during his second term serving as chairman of the Committee on Public Expenditures. In 1884 he was appointed adjutant-general of the state under Gov. Hoadly and had charge of the Ohio troops at Cincinnati when the rioters burned the Hamilton county court house. In 1896 lie was elected circuit judge to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Judge Henry W. Seney. With David C. Cahill he is the veteran practitioner in the county. Besides a vast amount of legal work, he has devoted much time to historical research, being an authority on the Mound Builders. Judge J. C. Tobias read law in Bucyrus, was admitted to the bar, and in :1887 was elected probate judge of the county, serving for six years. In 1897 he was elected Common Pleas judge, serving two terms of five years each. Anson Wickham was admitted to the bar at AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 529 Kenton, Ohio, in September, 1875, and was for four years prosecuting attorney of the county; Charles Gallinger, of the firm of Finley & Gallinger, was also prosecuting attorney for two terms. Judge Edward ollrathh was appointed circuit judge by Gov. Herrick in 1905.. Judge C. F. Schaber was elected probate judge in 1905 and re-elected in 1908. Wallace L. Monnett, of the firm of Scroggs & Monnett was referee in bankruptcy for a number of years. W. J. Schwenck is the present prosecuting attorney. William C. Beer is the present referee in bankruptcy, and also served as city solicitor. O. W. Kennedy is the present city solicitor. Other attorneys are L. C. Fighnerr, R. V. Sears, Charles J. Scroggs, Alfred S., Samuel and Godfrey Leuthold, James W. Miller, J. W. Wright, Edward J. Myers, and Benjamin Meek, who was one of the leading attorneys in Wyandot county, before his removal to Bucyrus a few years ago. Among the early members of the Galion bar were Andrew Poe, M. V. Payne, George Crawford, Lewis Bartow and W.1A. Hall. Abraham Underwood was admitted to the bar in 1855. He was twice elected mayor of Galion in 1888 and 1871. He served as justice of the peace for twenty-seven years. Henry C. Carhart read law under Judges Brinkerhoff and Geddes, at Mansfield, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar in July,1852. After practicing a year at Mansfield he removed, in October, 1853, to Galion. He was mayor of Galion for three years, from April, 1854; postmaster from May, 1861, until August, 1864. He was also a member of the Galion Union school board, and a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1876. James W. Coulter, born in 1846, in oshoctonn county, Ohio, read law with Judge Thomas Beer, at Bucyrus, and was admitted to the bar in August, 1865. ee immediately began the practice of his profession in Galion. He was elected prosecuting attorney of Crawford county in 1869 and re-elected in 1871. He served as a member of the county board of school examiners and of the hoard of education of the Galion Union schools. Jacob Meuser was admitted to the bar about 1874. He was a member of the legislature from January, 1876, to January, 180,, and was chairman of the House Judiciary committee, and was one of the brightest men of the Crawford county bar. Seth G. Cummings was prosecuting attorney of Crawford county from 1873 to18777. He moved to Mansfield where he continued the practice of his profession. John DeGolley was admitted to the bar at Chambersburg, Pa., in 1871. He removed to Galion in 1744 and commenced practice in 1876. In 1879 he was elected corporation attorney, being the first to serve under the city charter. He later removed to Marion. George W. Ziegler was admitted to the bar in 1876. He was elected prosecuting attorney of Crawford county in 1877 and re-elected in 1879, and later represented the county for two years in the legislature. Alexander F. Anderson was admitted to the bar in 1869, and after practicing at Findlay and at Carey, removed to Galion in October, 1878, where he remained but a few years. The present members of the bar in Galion are R. W. Johnston, who also has an office at Columbus, where he devotes most of his time; he has been both mayor and city solicitor of the city. W. J. Geer, who has also served as mayor and city solicitor. Carl H. Henkel, who was four years prosecuting attorney of the county. Carl J. Gugler, the present city solicitor. H. R. Shuler who has been city solicitor. A. W. Lewis, Frank igman,n J. W. McCarron, F. M.Shumakerr, Dean C. and J. M. Talbott, and R. C. Tracht. The early members of the bar atCrestlinec were Lemuel R. Moss. from 1852 to 1854; James . Paramor.e, John W. Jenner, Samuel I. Jenner and O. B. Cruzen, the latter admitted to the bar at Bucyrus in 1869. Nathan Jones was admitted to the bar at Norwalk, O., in 1855, began practice at Crestline in 1856. He was twice elected prosecuting attorney of Crawford county, in 1866 and 1868. Of the present members of the bar, at Crestline, the oldest is P. W. Poole, who was admitted to practice at Bucyrus in 1655. He has been several times elected mayor of Crestline, and served two terms as prosecuting attorney of the county, from 1893 to 1899. Frederick Newman was admitted to the bar at Mt. Gilead in1867. 530 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY Judge Daniel Babst was admitted to the bar at Columbus in 1871. He has been several times mayor of the village, and in 1907 was elected common pleas judge, a position he still holds. The other members of the bar at Crestline are Carl M. Babst, B. J. Cattey and C. F. Dewald. The only member of the bar in the county outside of the three cities is John H. Sheets of New Washington. CHAPTER XXX MEDICAL The Pioneer Doctor—Empirical Treatment in Early Days—The "Regular" Treatment Often inefficient—Various "isms' —Credulity of the Laity—Hardships Endured by the Pioneer Doctors—Their Devotion—Fever and Ague—Physicians of Bucyrus, Galion, Crestline and Other Towns in Crawford County Since Early Days. The wise old doctor went his round, Just pausing at our door to say, In the brief autocratic way Of one who, prompt at duty's call, Was free to urge her claims on all, That some poor neighbor sick abed At night our mother's aid would need. JOHN G. WHITTIER Perhaps no type of pioneer followed his avocation under greater discouragements. or with scantier rewards, than did the pioneer physician, particularly if he were a man having a reasonably good knowledge of his profession. No doctor, of course, could make a living at the time of the earliest settlements. The country was too thinly populated and the inhabitants too widely scattered and isolated from each other by natural obstacles in the way of forest and stream and swamp, with lack of roads or bridges, with occasional dangers in the shape of drunken Indians, to make the doctor's calling an easy or remunerative one. The lonely trails through the forest were almost impassable during the greater part of the year, being covered with mud and water, and, in any .event, led merely from one lonely cabin to another. In some places, particularly in the region south of Bucyrus, the plains Were thickly covered with monstrous grasses which attained a height of from six to eight feet and through which the pioneer doctor, traveling on some errand of mercy or urgent need, had to force his way on horseback, his clothes being drenched with the copious dews and moisture from the rank vegetation. His patrons, also, had little or no money—never enough to pro vide for themselves such ordinary comforts as would nowadays be regarded as absolute necessities, and hence, when medical aid was unavoidably sought, the ministering physician had in most cases to be content with the promise of future payment—a promise that in many cases was never fulfilled. Under such discouraging circumstances, therefore, the pioneer doctor pursued his calling, and it is not to be wondered at that few of those who came first to this region remained long in the community, most of them leaving to locate in the larger settlements. If any remained they usually found it necessary to unite some other vocation to that of medicine. Some of the early doctors were mere empirics. Not having gone to the expense or taken the trouble to acquire such knowledge of their profession as was then obtainable in the eastern cities, or in Europe, they adopted some peculiar system of treatment, which they applied in general to all cases which came before them and which was not only useless but absurd ; yet, owing to the general credulity of mankind with respect to natters of which they are the most ignorant, and also in large part, to the self-assertive impudence of the practitioner, the latter was often able to usurp the functions of the more reputable doctor and reap the greater financial reward. Perhaps the members of the regular school were to blame, to some extent, for this state of things, through their own lack of progressiveness, their reliance on such old time methods of treatment as bleeding and blisters, ap- - 531 - 532 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY plied in cases where they often proved useless and sometimes injurious to the patient, and the dependence on such drugs as mercury, antimony, arsenic, opium, and others, which the modern physician uses with great caution, if at all, but which were then given almost indiscriminately. Their frequent inefficacy, and the injurious effects they often produced, led to much general distrust of the old school treatinent and paved the way for the introduction of homeopathy, hydropathy, physiopath v, Thomsonianisni, chrothermalisni, and many other "pathies" and "isms," some of which, by virtue of whatever good they may contain, are in more or less use today, together with others of later birth. The general credulity of the uneducated layivan was also manifested in the support given to that class of practitioners, known as ''Indian doctors,'' the red man being supposed to have some wonderful secret knowledge of the mysterious virtues of various roots and herbs far superior to that gained by study and experiment in the laboratories of civilization, or by the Caucasian mind under any circumstances, except when derived from Indian sources. This superstition has not yet died out, as may be seen from the medical advertiseinents in the daily journals and in the names of some of the best advertised patent medicines. It would be tedious to describe all the various forms of quackery which flourished at one time or another owing to the various causes referred to, or which, under the same or other names are in vogue to some extent today. Most of them were based upon an utter lack of anything like scientific knowledge, while others were doubtless simply deliberate attempts on the part of unscrupulous men to fleece a gullible public. A brief reference to the Thomsonian system may suffice. This so-called system of medicine was actually patented in 1823 by Dr. Samuel Thomson and was based on the simple proposition that "heat is life and cold is death." Consequently whatever agencies were capable of producing heat in the patient were supposed to constitute an efficacious node of treatment, in almost any form of disease. Such vegetable substances as lobelia, cayenne pepper, bayberry root bark, etc., were among the medicines most in use by this school, while sometimes steam was resorted to in order to keep up the patient's temperature. The "doctor" and his confreres published a book of 24rno, 168 pages of texts, with a supplement of 28 more, "which was supposed to contain all that it was necessary to know in the departments of anatomy, physiology, materia medica, practice, surgery, midwifery and chemistry." It appears that students of this system were sometimes graduated within six weeks, and there seems to be no particular reason why they should not have been graduated within as many days. It may be said with respect to all such systems and also with respect to many cases in which "regular" treatment was employed in those days, that if the patient recovered it was entirely owing to the strength of his own constitution or the comparatively innocuous nature of the disease by vv hich he was attacked. As soon as some little hamlet advanced to a dozen or more log houses a physician could be expected in that locality. And they were men who took a personal interest in their patients, and in the town to which they had collie to make their home. There was little or no money to be had, but to them it mattered not they took the long and lonely rides day after day and night after night through the tangled woods, and over the swampy grounds, in answer to the call of those in distress. Their mission was to heal the sick, and among all the pioneers in every community none are entitled to more credit than these faithful doctors who endured every hardship to give relief to the suffering. The swampy, marshy nature of the ground made the fever and ague one of the serious complaints, and from this but few escaped, even if they did take 40 grains of calornel twice a day. Owing to the swampy lands, everybody was annually afflicted with the dread ague. As it existed then, it is thus described by one of the pioneers : "One of the greatest obstacles to the early settlement and prosperity of the West, was the ague, `fever and ague,' or `chills and fever' as it was variously termed. In the fall almost everybody was afflicted with it. It was no respecter of persons. Everybody looked pale and sallow, as though he were frost-bitten. It was not contagious, but was derived from impure water and malaria, such as is ahun- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 533 dant in a new country. The impurities from them, combined with those which cone from bad dietetics, engorged the liver and deranged the whole vital machinery. By and by, the shock would come, and come in the form of a 'shake,' followed by a fever. These would be regular on certain hours every alternate day, sometimes every day, or every third day. When you had the chill you couldn't get warm, and when you had the fever you couldn't get cool. It was exceedingly awkward in this respect, indeed it was! Nor would it stop for any sort of contingency; not even a wedding in the family would stop it. It was tyrannical. When the appointed time came around, everything else had to be stopped to attend to its demands. It didn't have any Sundays or holidays." The first physician to locate in Bucyrus was in all probability a Dr. Rhodes, who cane here in the latter part of the year 1822, a few months after the laying out of the village. Ile remained, however, but a short time. After him, in the following year, 1823, came Dr. McComb, an experienced and well read man, who was much liked, though in his latter years he showed too great a partiality for liquor. His death, which took place about i836, was due to a fall from a horse. In 1824 or 1825 came Dr. Hobbs, who remained until about 832, when lie went to Indiana. At a later period he returned to Ohio, settling in Mt. Vernon, where he died in the late seventies, at the age of 82 or 83 years. His wife was one of the earliest school teachers in Bucyrus. About 1822, Samuel Norton went to his old home in the cast and on his return he was accompanied by his wife's mother, Mrs. Elizabeth Bucklin, who understood medicine, and prescribed for sonic of the neighbors. She died in 1824. Dr. Pierce, a widower with two children, came here from the state of New York about 1825. Soon after his arrival he married Miss Mary Cary. In addition to practicing medicine, he kept a tavern. After a residence here of seven or eight years he went West. Dr. Willis Merriman, born in Cayuga county, N. Y., in 1801, came to Ohio in 1817. He studied medicine in Norwalk, Ohio, before coming to Bucyrus in 1827. He continued practice here until the death of his first wife in 1834. In the following year he entered into mercantile business, which he continued until 1853. He was for several years one of the directors of the Ohio & Indiana Railroad Company and was its first president. In January, 1855, on the consolidation of the several companies operating between Pittsburg and Chicago into the Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne & Chicago Railroad Company, he resigned as president and became one of the directors of the new organization, holding that position until 1868. He was a man of vigorous mental powers, well educated, kind of heart and in all things a thorough gentleman. He died in .Bucyrus, August 30, 1873. Dr. Sinclair, who practiced in Bucyrus front 1830 to 1836; and Dr. Douglas, 1835; to 1850, were also successful and popular physicians, the latter being especially noted for his refined and gentlemanly manners. Dr. Andrew Hetich, who came from Chambersburg, Pa., first located in Bucyrus in 1835, but returned to Chambersburg after a short residence here. In 1839 he settled again in Bucyrus and practiced his profession here until a short time before his death in 1860. He was a man of good attainments and popular as a physician. Dr. A. M. Jones, a native of Massachusetts, settled with his parents in Lorain county, Ohio, in 1817. He came to Bucyrus in 1835 and practiced medicine here for about ten years, after which lie engaged in the woolen manufacturing business with Samuel Clapper, and later in the real estate business, giving up his medical practice. Dr. Frederick Swingley, a native of Maryland, came to Bucyrus from Chesterville, Ohio. in 1844, and practiced medicine and surgery here for many years. He served several years as surgeon during the Civil War. Dr. Cochran Fulton, born in Westmoreland county, Pa., in 1819, came to Ohio when a young man and began practice in Bucyrus in 1845. In 1848 he graduated at the Eclectic Medical Institute in Cincinnati and practiced his profession here for many years subsequently. In 186z lie opened a drug and book store, which became one of the best known mercantile establishments in the county. Dr. Robert 1. Johnson who came in 1845, also engaged in the drug and book business, 534 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY giving up his medical practice for that purpose. Dr. Francis Meyer came to Bucyrus in 1851 and practiced medicine here until about 1875, when he gave up his profession on account of ill health. He was a native of Frankfort, Germany and a very cultured roan, having studied in the universities of Tubingen, Heidelberg and Halle. He was highly esteemed, both by his professional brethren and by the citizens generally of Bucyrus and the vicinity. Dr. M. C. Cuykendall, a native of Cayuga county, N. Y., read medicine in Plymouth, Ohio, and subsequently began practice in Ganges, this state. He came to Bucyrus in 1857 and practiced here until the breaking out of the Civil War, when he entered the military service as surgeon, and before the close of the war reached the position of medical director. After the war he gave his attention largely to the practice of surgery, in which department of the profession lie attained quite a reputation. He was one of the first presidents of the Northwestern Ohio Medical Association. For several years in the late seventies lie was professor of gynecology in the Medical College of Columbus, being obliged to give up general practice about this time owing to failing health, the result of hardships experienced during the war. Dr. Byron Carson, married the only daughter of Dr. Cuykendall, and was associated with biro in the latter years of his practice. Dr. John A. Chesney studied medicine with Drs. Cuykendall and Carson, and first entered into practice with Dr. J. B. Richie of Oceola. Later he returned to Bucyrus, and succeeded Dr. Cuykendall as the surgeon of the city, and at the time of his death in Aug. 31 of this year was the recognized head of his profession, and one of the prominent physicians of northern Ohio. Dr. J. S. Fitzsimmons was a soldier in the year of the rebellion and after he was discharged from the service, graduated in medicine, and began practicing in Bucyrus in 1871 and for forty years was one of the leading physicians of the City. Dr. Boehler came to Bucyrus in 1837, and remained about four years when he removed to Tiffin. Dr. William Geller came in 1840, and remained about four years, when he removed to Alt. Gilead and later went to California. Dr. Jacob Augustein read medicine with Dr. Boehler, and when that gentleman left succeeded to his practice. Besides his medical work he took an active hand in the affairs of the village, and about 1862 went to Napoleon, Ohio. Dr. Hauck came to Bucyrus in 1843, but died a fens years after his arrival. Dr. Robert L. Sweney came with his father to Whetstone township in 1828. He read medicine with Drs. Douglas and Swingley at Bucyrus, and practiced here from 1849 to 1851, when he went to Marion. Dr. George Keller commenced the study of medicine in 1846, graduated from the Cinciuunati Medical College in 1853, and located at West Liberty, where lie remained until 1861, when he came to Bucyrus, and built up an extensive practice. He was a wonderfully well-read man on every conceivable subject, and was a recognized authority on practically everything. He was admitted to the bar in 1876, but never practiced at that profession. Dr. Georgia Merriman, the first lady physician, commenced the practice of medicine in Bucyrus in 1879, but after a dozen years removed to Columbus. Dr. Jerome Bland began the practice of medicine at Benton in 1868, where lie built up an extensive practice, when he removed to Bucyrus. Sonic years ago lie retired from active business on account of the breaking down of his system, and is now living in retirement at his home on East Mansfield street. The first homeopathist to come to Bucyrus was Dr. Barsham in 1850 but he only remained two years. He was followed by Dr. E. P. Penfield of the same school in 1871, who built up an extensive practice and later moved to Spokane, Wash. Dr. McNutt came about 1872, but is now retired living at his home on West Mansfield street. Other early physicians were Dr. Haas in 1845, Dr. Potter in 1847, Dr. Samuel Long in 1849, Dr. James Milott in 1851, Dr. Rogers in 1853, Dr. T. J. Kisner in 1871, Dr. John M. Chesney in 1876, Dr. Kreider in 1877, Dr. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 535 Bonar in 1880, Dr. John Atwood in 1880, Dr. E. A. Thoman, Dr. L. A. Perce, Dr. L. W. Jordan. Dr. Price, who was a botanic physician, located south of Bucyrus, in 1837. and practiced there about fifteen years when he removed to Illinois. Those now engaged in the practice of medicine and surgery in Bucyrus are as follows: P. R. Brubaker, W. C. Gates, F. W. Kehrer, Lucia Kemp, C. H. King, W. A. Koch, J. B. Lewis, Claude A. Lingenfelter, A. H. McCrory, J. J. Martin, L. R. Schoolfield, Howard H. Smith, Charles A. Ulmer and W. L. Yeomans, and L. J. Dellinger, osteopath. Dr. Ulmer is the present coroner and Dr. Kemp is the only lady physician in the city. One of the first physicians in Galion was a Dr. Johnson, who came sometime in the thirties and remained a few years. His wife, assisted by Mrs. Jacob Ruhl, was instrumental in establishing the first Sunday school in Galion. Shortly after he came, Dr. Bleymeyer arrived, and in 1838 he sold out to Dr. Reisinger. The latter resided in Galion for nearly thirty years, and perhaps it may not be too much to say that the town never had a citizen more highly or more deservedly esteemed. It has been said of hire that he practiced his profession more "for the sake of suffering humanity than for the money he might obtain for his services." During the building of the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad, when many of the workmen were stricken down with cholera, he attended them during their sickness, freely risking his own life, and, as they were poorly supplied with comforts or necessaries, he personally supplied their wants so far as he was able, and, at their death, dug their graves and buried them. In 1866, learning that his son, a student of medicine at Cincinnati, had been attacked with cholera, he hastened there to care for him, and on his arrival was himself attacked by the disease and died eight hours before his son. Their bodies were brought to Galion and interred in the village cemetery. Among the early physicians of Galion were Dr. John Atwood in 1849, J. Stiefel who carne in 182, N. L. Hackedorn. who came in 1854 and ran a drug store for thirty years, and was one of the active business men of Galion, H. S. Barbour in 1864, C: L. Coyle in 1865, H. M. and Frank Duff in 1858, H. R. Kelly in 1868, J. C. Campbell in 1872, J. C. McIlvaine in 1878, who wrote the history of Galion thirty years ago; H. and F. Mannhart, Brown, Chase, Griffin, J. Webb Kelly and Ridgeway. Those now practicing in Galion are T. L. Brown, D. W. Brickley, H. H. Hartman, L. D. Helfrich, O. L. Huffman, C. C. Mandeville, J. G. Mannhardt, Guy C. Marsh, C. D. Morgan, L. H. Neville, Katheryn Rayl, A. A. Starner and Herbert W. Todd and B. R. Mansfield, osteopath, Katheryn Rayl being the only lady physician. One of the earliest physicians in Crestline was Dr. W. P. Carnyham, who located here in 1852 and practiced until his death, which took place about ten years later. Dr. Wm. Pope came to Crestline in 1855 and practiced until about 1870, when he became connected with the Franz & Pope Knitting Machine Works, and removed to Bucyrus. Among those who came later were the following, the dates indicating the year of their arrival : Drs. Edward Booth, 1860; Alex Jenner, 1854; P. B. Young, 1865 ; John McKean, 1867; Charles W. Jenner, about 1870; still later, Drs. Gibson, G. A. Emery, James Booth, Z. P. Harris, J. T. Robinson, and Dr. Bennett, a homeopathist. The physicians and surgeons now located here are J. A. Agnew, T. H. B. Clutter, R. R. Harris, D. D. McCallum, C. A. Marquardt, J. B. Moses and Charles L. Trimble Several physicians settled at an early day in Sulphur Springs, or Annapolis, but most of them remained but a short time. Dr. George Zeigler, who settled there in 1840, remained until his death in 1872. He was a hard worker and established a large practice, but the circumstance of his patients being widely scattered obliged him to make long professional rides. He finally died in the harness, being overtaken by a severe attack of lung disease when about two miles from home. Compelled to stop at the nearest farm-house, he remained there until his death two or three days later. Another hard-working physician at this place was Dr. John B. Squiers, who began the study of his profession under Dr. Zeigler and commenced practice with him in 1848. subsequently graduating from a medical college in Cincinnati in 1853. He was largely self-educated, but was 536 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY a hard student and won the confidence of the people. He also has long since passed away.>/p? There was also a Dr. Turley who practiced in Annapolis in the forties, but he was not popular. Dr. H. S. Bevington commenced practice at Sulphur Springs in 1872, coming here from DeKalb. Dr. M. M. Carrothers came the same year. The present physician in the village is Dr. F. M. Virtue. Dr. J. N. Richie read medicine with Dr. Leonard Firestone of Wayne county, Ohio. and Dr. Henry Houtz of Canal Fulton, Stark county; graduated at Willoughby Medical College and began the practice of medicine at Oceola in 1847 continuing in active practice for many years. HIIees a gentleman pleasant in address, affable at all times and to all persons, familiar with the details of his profession, energetic in business, and obtained and retained the confidence and esteem of persons of Oceola and for miles around that village. During his practice of medicine in this field many physicians, at different times, located there, but soon finding the field unprofitable sought locations elsewhere. In the spring of 1874 he entered into a partnership with Dr. William O. Hanby, a young man of great promise, but the partnership was broken by the untimely death of Dr. Hanby in October, 1879. A year later he formed a partnership with Dr. John A. Chesney, a physician who afterward became one of the leading physicians and surgeons of the state. After he had practiced with Dr. Richie for two years Dr. Chesney resumed his studies and later located at Bucyrus, where his practice was extensive and where he died August 31, 1912 Dr. Richie received a kick from a horse about 1880 which caused the loss of one eye, and which otherwise much affected his health. so that toward the end of his active life he was unable to give his practice the attention he desired, suffering from fatigue in the rounds of his country practice. Dr. Hahn, later of Three Locusts, began practicing medicine at Oceola in 18.52, but remained only eight months, going then to New Winchester, where he remained until 1867. Dr. Fruth located at Oceola in the autumn of 1879 and enjoyed the confidence and respect of the people of the vicinity. Oceola was always a good field for a physician since that portion of the county West of it was settled, many years after the other portion, on account of its being a part of the Wyandot Reservation. Oceola does not now (in 1912) have a physician, none having been located here for a nunnunber years. The first physician to locate in Chatfield was Dr. A. B. Fairbanks, about 1847; he was postmaster for two years from 1848 to 1850; he remained about ten years. IIees succeeded by D. J. Pitezel Who came in 1858 and was also postmaster; he left about 1863 for Missouri, where he died in the seventies. He was succeeded by Dr. Urias Tubbs, who died there in 1873. He was succeeded by Dr. Zeigler. The present physician is C. D. McLeod. At West Liberty, Dr. Wood was the first physician, commencing there about 1843 and he died of typhoid fever about 1847. He was succeeded by Thomas C. Aiken, who remained until the summer of 1851, That year Dr. Keller located at West Liberty where he practiced until his removal to Bucyrus in 186z, and after his departure few physicians located there but only remained a few months, and for fifty years there has been no physician at West Liberty. Dr. Carleton came to DeKalb in 183T or 1832, and remained for several years. In addition to practicing medicine he sold dry goods in a log building standing on the lot afterward occupied by David Anderson and others, at the junction of the Plymouth road and the one running north through Vernon township. Early settlers spoke of him as a man of considerable ability. Dr. R. A. N. Be was born in the state of Rhode Island about the year 1798. He received a tolerably liberal education, and gragraduated one of the Philadelphia medical colleges. He came west about 1830 and at first located in southeastern Indiana, but, not being satisfied with the country, came back to Ohio and located at DeKalb in the year 1836. He continued to practice here until 1854, when he went to Van Wert county, Ohio, and remained there about ten years, coming back to DeKalb in 1864. In December, 1865, he had an apoplectic attack, which very considerably impaired his mental powers and he resided with AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 537 Dr. Keller from February, 1866, to July, 1867, when he visited his brother at Galesburg, Ill., dying there the following December. Although quite eccentric in many particulars, and particularly reticent in everything pertaining to his early life, he was a man of much more than ordinary ability and attainments. He devoted his time, when not professionally engaged, to reading, both professionally and otherwise, and in his office there might always be found rare medical works not usually found in the office of a country practitioner, with the best serial medical and other literature. He was a good practitioner, a reliable friend and a strictly honest man. The following points connected with his early history, not known during his life at DeKalb, will explain many things in his private life, which were regarded, generally, as eccentricities. When reading medicine he was thrown from a horse, fracturing his skull and otherwise injuring him, the result of which was the impairment of his intellectual faculties to a considerable extent and for some length of time. While in this state he was sent by his preceptor to visit a patient. The mother was highly incensed at the doctor for sending a crazy man (as she expressed herself) to visit her daughter, and so informed the young man. The doctor, on hearing himself thus spoken of, determined to leave the country at once. go west, change his name, and forever cut loose from his then friends and relatives, arguing that if. he kept up any correspondence with them that his history would soon follow him wherever he would go, and destroy his future prospects. He accordingly went to Indiana, as we have stated, changed his name from Roman Babcock to Rom A. X. Be. by which name he was known until his death. During the long weary years from 1830 to 1866, he never once communicated directly or indirectly with mother, brothers, sisters, or other relatives— completely dead to every friend and associate of his youthful days. His many surviving friends at his death understood why he was always so reticent in reference to his early life and family.* Dr. R. Cahill, from Wayne county, Ohio, practiced here from April, 1846 to April, 1848, after which he returned to his old home and *Dr. George Keller. from there went to Blufffton, Allen county, Ohio, at which place he died. Dr. Henry Mack came in 1846; remaining for nearly a year. Dr. Thos. A. Mitchell practiced here from 1856 to 1872, and for a time was postmaster. Dr. H. S. Bevington practiced at DeKalb from 1855 to 1861 and was very successful, and later he entered the army and fought through the war, and after it was over moved to Sulphur Springs where he practiced up to the time of his death. Dr. Benjamin McKee came in the early seventies and practiced for a number of years. being the last physician in DeKalb. Soon after the village of Leesville was started, Dr. John McKean located there, about 1834. The town was on the old Portland Road from Columbus to Sandusky. Dr. McKean had the field to himself until about 1847, when Dr. Peter Rupp commenced practice there, and remained about six years when he went into the drug business at South Bend, Ind. Dr. Adrian came in 1833 and remained about a year. In 1857 Dr. McNutt practiced at Leesville for two years, from there he went to New Washington, and later was a surgeon ill the army, and has now retired from practice and is living at Bucyrus. In 1872 Dr. T. H. B. Clutter located there and after remaining a number of years removed to Crestline. Leesville has no physician at the present time. The first physician was perhaps Dr. J. Pitezel, who located at Penton about £844, and remained until he removed to Chatfield in 1858. Dr. Bissell also practiced there about the same time. Dr. J. Atwood came in 1846 remained about three years and then went to Galion. About that time Dr. Yates and Dr. D. Alvord located there, the latter removing to Bloomville in 1873 . Between 1860 and 1870 were Drs. Jones, Porter, Beiler and Jacob. In 1868 Dr. Jerome Bland located in Benton, -,where lie remained for twenty Years and then moved to Bucyrus. Dr. Schwan came in 1877 remaining several years. One of the last physicians was Dr. M. O. Wirt, who was there a dozen years, but retired from practice several years ago. One or two physicians have located there since, but only remained a short tine, and there is today no physician at Benton. 538 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY Dr. Andrews located at New Washington in 1840, the village then having but a few houses. During his first year two of his children died, and he became discouraged and returned to his eastern home. In 1842 Dr. Main located there and remained two years, and he too, left. Following him was Dr. Stoutenour, who came in 1845 and remained for six years, Dr. Wandt was the next physician, but shortly after his arrival he committed suicide. Dr. A. B. Hashizer came in 1855 and remained for two years. In 1867 Dr. John S. Heshizer located at New Washington, and was there for more than a quarter of a century, having a very extensive practice. Dr. McNutt practiced at New Washington for two years from 1860 to 1862 Dr. Heinz and Dr. Benner came in 1878, the former soon leaving. New Washington has today three physicians, Drs. Charles F. Kimmerline, A. E. Lover and W. W. Lucas. Tiro has two physicians today, Drs. G. O. Blair and W. H. Guiss. C. R. Sheckler is practicing at Brokensword, Dr. H. L. VanNata at Lemert, Dr. A. D. Trawl at North Robinson and Dr. C. W. G. Ott at New Winchester. In many of the townships much relating to the early physicians is given in the general history. CHAPTER XXXI THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD The Ordinance of 1787 and Its Provisions in Regard to Slavery-Poplar Feeling in the North—The Fugitive Slave Act—The Underground Road—Escape of Slaves Through Crawford County— The Penalty—Interesting Anecdotes—Underground Station in Crawford County and Those Connected with Them—How the Aspect of the Civil War Might Have Been Changed. O, goodly and grand is our hunting to see, In this "land of the brave and this home of the free." Priest, warrior, and statesman, from Georgia to Maine, All mounting the saddle, all grasping the rein,— Right merrily hunting the black than, whose sin Is the curl of his hair and the hue of his skirt. -JOHN G. WHITTIER. The Ordinance of 1787 prohibited slavery in the Northwest territory, but added further: "Any persons escaping into the same from whom any labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original states, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service aforesaid." On Feb. 12, 1793. (Lincoln's birthday to be 15 years later) the first fugitive slave act was passed, which was that when a fugitive slave had crossed the Ohio river the owner of the slave can produce oral testimony or make affidavit before any magistrate that he is the owner and the fugitive shall be given to him. Any person obstructing or hindering the owner or secreting the fugitive was subject to a fine of five hundred dollars. Later, the feeling of the North had become so pronounced against slavery that the question was beginning to take form as a party issue, and through the influence of the South, Congress was forced into the passage of laws in the interest of the slave-holders. On Sept. 18, 1850, Congress passed the notorious "Fugitive Slave Act," which allowed the owner to go before any magistrate, swear to his ownership of the slave, and take possession of him. The officer who failed to arrest the man on this affidavit was liable to a fine of $1,000, and if lie failed to prevent the escape of the slave after his arrest, the officer's bondsmen were liable to the slave-owner for the value of the slave. Further, any officer with a writ, had the right to call on any citizen to assist him in the capture of the slave. The slave could not testify in his own behalf, neither was he allowed trial by jury. Any person rescuing or secreting an escaping slave was liable to a fine of $1,000 and six months' imprisonment, and civil damages to the owner for the value of the slave. Of this law, Joshua R. Giddings, a member of Congress at the time, truly said, “The freemen of Ohio will never turn out to chase the panting fugitive. They will never be metamorphosed into bloodhounds to track him to his hiding-place and seize and drag him out, and deliver him to his tormentors. Rely upon it, they will die first. Let no man tell me there is no higher law than this fugitive bill. We feel there is a law of right, of justice, of freedom, implanted in the breast of every intelligent human being, that bids him look with scorn upon this libel on all that is called law." From earliest time the general sentiment of the people of Ohio was against slavery, and there was great anxiety among the early settlers as to whether the constitution of 1802, which followed the Ordinance of 1787, would make Ohio a state where slavery would never - 539 - 540 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY exist. Col. Kilbourne, who laid out the town of Bucyrus in 1821, had in 1802 organized a company and selected the land where Worthington now stands, north of Columbus, with the intention of bringing mechanics and farmers to that section from Connecticut. All arrangements had been made. Then he returned home and patiently waited to see whether Congress would accept the Constitution of Ohio and admit it into the Union as a free state. The Constitution was drawn up and submitted to Congress, was accepted, and slavery was forever barred in the state of Ohio. As is known, south of the Ohio river were the slave states; north of Ohio was Canada where slavery did not exist, and as time ran on, the state of Ohio became traversed by routes over which slaves sought freedom in Canada after escaping from their masters south of the Ohio river. At the start the few who escaped were not sufficient to cause any special worry to the slave owners. The United States had passed a law giving the slave owners the right to come into Ohio and seize their property wherever found. The people in this State did not favor so radical an action, and the result was laws were passed if not annulling at least crippling the rights of the slave owners. The first case of an escaping slave in which this county is in any way interested, was in 1812 in which Col. Kilbourne, who laid out Bucyrus, cut a prominent figure. The town of Worthington was about half-way between Delaware and Columbus, the latter being then known as Franklinton. An alleged runaway slave had been seized by the owner at Delaware and lie had started south with his property. The Delaware citizens sent a rider ahead to notify the people at Worthington of the arrest, well knowing they were from Connecticut and were opposed to the return of any slave. As soon as word reached Worthington, Col. Kilbourne took prompt measures for the release of the slave. He was at that time justice of the peace. The slave owner arrived on horse-back, and the negro was on foot, a strong rope being around him which was attached to the pummel of the saddle and the tired wretch was compelled to keep up as best he could. When they reached Worthington the villagers surrounded the horse and rider and in the confusion, the rope was cut and the negro released, but Col. Kilbourne was a law-abiding citizen and when the slave owner appealed to him for redress, the justice coincided with him, and the negro and his owner were both taken before Squire Kilbourne. The owner claimed the slave was his property, but the justice had grave doubts as to whether his affidavit was sufficient proof of ownership and released the slave to await further proof, to the great delight of the citizens of Worthington. The owner of the slave went to Franklinton, the next nearest justice, where he secured legal papers, and two days later lie returned, and Mr. Kilbourne promptly gave him another hearing, and decided the slave was his. But when they came to look for the slave he was not to be found, and although nearly everyone in the village was examined, no one appeared to know what had become of him until after the disgusted owner had left. The facts are that the day after the slave had been released, Col. Kilbourne had himself placed him in charge of the driver of a wagon train that was carrying supplies to Getz. Harrison at Ft. Feree, now Upper Sandusky. By 1825 the escape of slaves through Ohio was becoming so serious a matter to the slave owners that the secretary of state wrote the British Government that it was a growing evil and might endanger the peaceful relations existing between the United States and the British Government, and suggested that something be done so that owners might secure their property in Canada. England steadfastly refused, on the ground that the British Government "could not with respect to the British possessions where slavery is not admitted, depart from the principal recognized by the British laws, that every man is free who reaches British ground." The next year, in 1826, the United States endeavored to make an extradition treaty with England for the return of the fugitive slaves. The English Government again refused, holding a fugitive slave was not subject to extradition, on account of the English principle that when any man sat his foot on British soil, lie was free. So Canada at all times, remained the haven of refuge to the escaping slaves, and for thirty years Fourth of July orators were rewarded with thunders of applause as they boasted of the freedom of America and denounced the despotism of England. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 541 The Quakers, the Free Presbyterians and the Wesleyan Methodists had among then many members who looked upon slavery as a crime, and these gave assistance to slaves who were making their escape through Ohio to freedom in Canada; they later sent emissaries into the Southern States to induce slaves to flee from their masters, all information as to their route through Ohio being given them before they started. From the Ohio river to the lake, Ohio had become honeycombed with routes taken by these fugitives, and these became known as Underground loads. When an owner started in pursuit of his slave, it was easy following him to the Ohio river, but once across the river all trace appeared to vanish. and one slave owner after losing track of his property when he had reached Ohio, made the remark that he must have gotten away by sonic “underground road," and that remark gave these routes their name. It should be remembered that: the aiding of a fugitive slave to escape, or the giving of succor or support to him was an offense punishable by fine and imprisonment. Therefore it was seldom that any record was kept by the men who ran the underground stations, from which any absolute and definite information could be obtained, and yet, any number of these stations existed in Crawford county. There were two principal routes through this county, one the pike road which goes through Bucyrus, and the other the old Portland road which passes through Galion, Leesville, and \Vest Liberty. Professor Wm. H. Seibert in his work, the "Underground Railroad," gives two towns that were stations in Crawford county, Leesville and Tiro ; in the list of those connected with the underground road he gives but two names, Fisher Quaintance and Joseph Roe. No trace can be found of Tiro being a station, nor is there any trace of Joseph Roe. In 1839 a slave case occurred at Marion, in which a negro known as Black Bill was seized by his owner. Black Bill had been a resident of Marion for about a year when one day a roan named McClanahan came to Marion and claimed the slave. Public opinion was against the slave being spirited out of the community, so the owner returned to Virginia, secured what he thought was the necessary papers and carne on to Marion, where with half a dozen of his marshals, the slave was seized and the case came on for a hearing before judge Ozias Bowen and his three associate justices, one of them being Thomas K. Anderson. At the trial, the court found the owner's case had not been proven and the negro was released. No sooner had the judgment of the court been pronounced than the marshals, who were assisting the owner, promptly seized the slave, and notwithstanding the opposition of the court officials and some of the citizens, the negro was hustled and dragged from the court room and taken before a justice of the peace, where the owner made the usual oath that the slave was his. Naturally judge Bowen and his associates were indignant at the outrageous act of the slave owner in seizing in the court room a man whom they had declared to be free. Judge Anderson went to the squire's office, where lie secured an entrance, and opening the back door of the building he told the negro to make his escape, and before the friends of the owner realized what was going on, Black Bill was out the back door, fleeing down the street. His pursuers followed and there was shooting and stone throwing on both sides. Generally the friends of freedom contented themselves with getting in the road of the pursuing party, and sometimes tripping them up. Fear lent the negro wings, and as it was evening and darkness coming on, lie eluded his pursuers. That night, lie slept in a swamp north of Marion. While in Crawford county there were probably 220 to 30 people at that time who were more or less engaged in assisting slaves to escape, there were many others who took no hand in the matter but favored the escaping slave. But it is also probable that while there were a number who would gladly have assisted in capturing an escaped slave, to secure the reward, yet the large majority at the start treated the natter with indifference and in the thirty years from 1830 to 186o no record can be found of any slave that was ever captured in this county and returned to his master. And vet, it is safe to say that in those sane years at least 500 men found their way to freedom through Crawford county. Nothing is known of the exact route of Black Bill after he left his hiding place in the swamp near Marion. He may have gone north at night over the Sandusky pike, and found refuge during the day 542 - HISTORY CRAWFORD COUNTY at Benjamin Warner's, who kept a tavern four miles south of Bucyrus. He was a Quaker, and this sect were the strongest in the state on the side of the fleeing negroes. He may have reached New Winchester, where at that time Peter Wert had a mill just north of the town which was a station on the Underground Road. At any rate. McClanahan, his master, never saw him again. In October, 1839, the Bucyrus Democrat published a full account of the trial and escape of Black Bill. The escaping slaves entered this county in the eastern part from Iberia where there was a prominent underground station, this little village being filled with sympathizers of the fleeing fugitives. It was this town which furnished almost the last incident in regard to punishment of men for assisting slaves in making their escape. A professor in the college at Iberia had been arrested for assisting an escaping slave and had been sentenced to a term of imprisonment and one of the first acts of President Lincoln was the pardon of this man. The most prominent man in this county connected with the Underground Road was perhaps Peter Wert, first of Leesville and later of New Winchester. He was known as Black Pete, not on account of his friendship for the slaves, but on account of his complexion, as he was very dark. He was a man of strong determination. He had a wheel shop at Leesville and here the slaves came to him after night. They generally arrived just before daylight, a signal was given by them which was recognized by him and they were brought into the house, given food and a place of shelter during the next day, and when night again came, they were given explicit directions to their next stopping-place which was probably the Robinson mill on the Sandusky river, near the old Luke tavern. Year the mill was the residence of Janes Robinson, and just back of the house was a small building known as the "mill house." The building had only one door, and was originally but one room. A partition was built across one end, the only entrance to this closet being a low door, which was concealed by piling sacks of grain and meal in front of it. In case pursuing masters were in the neighborhood the escaping slaves were hidden in this closet until all danger was over. George Dean who still lives in Bucyrus and is today an old man, states that in his boyhood days (1840 to 1850) he has gone over to the mill which was owned by his uncles, James and William Robinson, and has seen negroes in the yard, men, women and children and a few days afterward they were gone. Of course, the neighbors knew of this, and while they would not assist an escaping negro, they were not so bitter at that time as to prevent anyone else from doing so. About three miles north of the Robinson Mill was Henry Kaler's residence in Sandusky township. He was a shoemaker and to his house the negroes were piloted. Occasionally when the people showed symptoms of objection to this violation of the law. Robinson himself took the men to the next station. He had a spring wagon used for hauling grain, and on this he had a covered top so that nobody could see the contents of the wagon, but it was generally known that when this wagon -,vent north after night, there were escaping slaves inside. This wagon was mostly used when there were women and children in the party. The amen generally walked. The wagon held from six to eight people. Kaler, the shoemaker, in the early days traveled over the country making shoes for the settlers. He was not well to do and made his rounds from house to house on foot, and knew every hiding place in that section. For while, as previously stated, no slaves were ever known to be recaptured in this county, yet there were frequently men watching all roads to the north to capture an escaping slave in order to secure the reward. It was therefore necessary for the slave to be hurriedly hid, sometimes in a well, sometimes in an old hollow tree, or in some abandoned outbuildings or barn. Frequently they were placed in some barn with hay loosely sprinkled over them, and here they remained two or three days, fed by the keeper of the station until all danger of pursuit had shifted to some other locality. North of Kaler, was the celebrated Bear marsh, which was an excellent hiding place, and near this lived John McIntyre another station on the Underground Roach. He was an old Scotch Presbyterian. From here it is difficult to trace the route. Seibert in his book states that Tiro was an important station on the Underground Roach. It no doubt was, as the settlers there were New AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 543 Englanders and such men. as Rudolphus Morse, Resolved White, Samuel Hanna, and others were the men who would be strongly in sympathy with the underground movement, but no record can be found of anyone in Auburn township who kept a station on the road and it is absolutely certain there were a dozen. The objective point was Sandusky on the lake. Five or six routes passing through the state converged at that point, and, as stated, two of these were through Crawford county. Near the Portland road, running north and south through Vernon township, were several houses where the fugitives were eared for. The house of John McCaskey was supposed to be one. The road was traveled by dark men on dark nights, and many a happy African who reached Canada, remembered with gratitude until the day of his death the hospitality and humanity of several citizens of Vernon. David and Samuel Anderson often entertained ebony runaways aiming for the north star. These were guided to the dwellings under cover of the night, and if brought there near morning, were kept concealed, and fed during the day and then conveyed to some station near Canada and freedom. Concealment was necessary, because in harboring runaway slaves, the law was violated, and after 1850 there were many whose sympathies were with the slaveholder, and they would not have scrupled to reveal the name of the law-breaker. This resulted in concealment and the nocturnal pilgrimages of the runaways. William Robinson who still lives in Crestline lived with his father when a boy at North Robinson (1840 to 1850), and remembers times when colored people after night stopped at their door and asked to be cared for. Robinson's place was not an underground station but like most others in the county at that time he would not interfere with any one else assisting them, and the fugitive was directed to the proper Robinson at the mill several miles north. Both Peter Wert and William and James Robinson were Scotch Presbyterians, in fact Covenanters, and these with the Quakers were the most open opponents of human slavery. Along the Sandusky pike four miles south of Bucyrus, was the tavern of Benjamin Warner, one of those worthy amen who was raised in the society of Friends and like that taciturn and sagacious sect, kept his own counsel, but his neighbors were certain that his hospitable home was one of the stations on the underground Road. In keeping his tavern, all people were welcome, and the poorer settlers coming into the country looking for land were entertained over night, given their breakfast in the morning and sent on their way rejoicing. And if they were very poor, never charged for their accommodation. To the oppressed and fleeing slave, seeking a haven of freedom in Canada his lines were cast in pleasant places when he reached the tavern of that good old Quaker, Benjamin Warner. North of Bucyrus was the Quaker settlement and it is astonishing the number of visits that Warner made to his friends living there. And it is certain many of his friends must have been aware when he drove through the streets of Bucyrus with a large wagon drawn by two horses and containing nothing but loose straw. that many a trembling slave was concealed beneath the straw, and yet he made these trips in broad daylight. Here is an extract from his obituary notice, published after his death which occurred May 8, 1870. After speaking of his generosity to poor travelers, it said: "Nor is this all. The worthy man was raised as one of the Society of Friends, and like that sagacious sect kept his own counsel, and it was more than surmised that his hospitable home was one of the safest stations for those oppressed victims who were seeking the north star; and many a time has he, on pretense of visiting his brethren north of Bucyrus, hauled trembling chattels, concealed in his wagon, boldly and bravely in open daylight through Bucyrus." On the Tiffin road Fisher Quaintance settled about 1829 and his home was a station on the Underground Road. Here the escaping slave sometimes worked about the farm, and in case anyone was seen coming along the road he was hidden in some secret place until all danger was passed. Joseph Quaintance, still living, remembers that at one time one of the slaves who stopped at the farm had learned the carpenter business, and while hiding on his father's place built a cradle for the cutting of grain. Mr. Quaintance remembered the incident, although he was a boy, from the fact that they had a very savage dog who became 544 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY very friendly with the colored man and when lie left, the dog followed him, much to the satisfaction of the family. just west of the Tiffin road was a family by the name of Jackson, a father and several sons, Stephen, Isaac and Abraham. This house was back in the woods and a slave once reaching there was safe. The slaves were always brought to Jackson's cabin during the night, usually after 10 o'clock. The Columbus and Sandusky pike was extensively traveled by slaves without guides, as the road was so plain that no mistake could be made. But the traveling was usually done between ten o'clock at night and daylight the next morning. Isaac Jackson and his son Stephen have been seen to carry sled-loads of them north into Seneca. county. At one time, about 1853, they were seen to have six or eight negro women and children in a sled, which was driven rapidly north, while five or six negro men, unable to get into the sled, ran at the side or behind, and the smoothness of the snow-covered road enabled him to get them far on their way before daylight to some station much nearer Canada and freedom under the British flag. The night was bitterly cold, though the moon shone brightly on the scene, revealing the runaways to the people along the road, who were willing to jump from their beds in the cold, and look from the window or door. Almost every citizen who lived on the Columbus and Sandusky pike half a century ago could remember of seeing many a dusky runaway skulking along the road under the cover of the night, or being driven rapidly north by sonic assisting friend. It occasionally happened that pursuing masters traveled over the road; but none of these residents remembered that any runaway slave was ever captured by his master while escaping through the county. It was not customary for slaves to stop at houses directly on the road, even though the owner was a known friend. As morning approached they left the road, and stopped at dwellings several miles from its course. It thus occurred that Quaintance on the Tiffin road and the Jackson were used as hiding places, and several citizens in and near the village of Lykens were known to harbor the black man, and to convey him farther on his way to Canada and freedom. On one occasion one of the citizens was seen with a wagon load of dusky women and children, heading for the house of some friend in southern Seneca county. And, at another time, a half-dozen or more of half-starved, half-clothed negro men were seen in a barn in Lykens township. Another station was that of Eli Odell. He was a cabinet-maker and at one time a miller. He lived at what was afterwards known as Odell's Corners four miles east of Bucyrus. He was very pronounced in his views on slavery and held that it was a moral duty of every man to assist the runaway slaves, and that lie would pay no attention to any iniquitous law which required a citizen to assist in capturing the slave and returning him to his owner; that no law could give to one man the right to own another human being, and there-tore it was no crime to break any law which in itself was against the law of God. Slaves were brought to him by Peter Wert and from his place they were either piloted across to Kaler or McIntyre in Sandusky township, or more directly north, for there must have been some station at or around Sulphur Springs; although no trace can be found of one there, The fact is, the danger that some neighbor, through vindictiveness or for the greed of gain, might give evidence against them math them cautious, and many of these places that were underground stations can never he known; and toward the last, after 1850, this county became more bitter against those assisting escaping slaves, and the greatest caution was necessary, slaves being transferred from station to station after night, without being seen by anyone except those belonging to the underground road. No record can be found of those in Bucyrus who kept stations on the Underground Road with the exception of Capt. John \Vert. Tha Rev. John Pettitt kept a station there is no doubt, but there is no proof. Neither do older inhabitants who knew him remember of any word lie ever let drop to indicate that his house was a haven of refuge for the fleeing slaves He lived for a while on what is now the Magee farm south of Oakwood cemetery. H( was always opposed to slavery and said so a any and all times. Yet there is no proof tha he was connected with the underground Road Neither is there any proof that John Anderson kept a station on the road. Yet he kept the AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 545 American house, and in the upstairs room was where an abolition speech was made and an anti-abolition demonstration occurred in Bucyrus in 1839. The meeting was being held on the second floor southeast room, the corner room fronting on Warren and Sandusky. It was addressed by the Rev. Mr. Streator a Protestant Methodist minister, and it became known that he would deliver an abolition address. During the evening a crowd collected in front of the hotel and for a time contented itself with hooting and jeering, but later stones and brick bats were thrown and the windows broken in, and a rush was made inside the building, the crowd demanding the speaker, but he was secretly removed from the house, and made his escape. Daniel Fralic of Brokensword was present at the time and said that for a while things were pretty lively. He crowded himself into a corner until the storm was over and then quietly left the building. After the mob reached the room stones and brick bats were still freely thrown and some of the furniture broken. After Anderson had quit the hotel business he had a frame building just north where lie ran a tin shop, and here the antislavery men held frequent meetings, but as far as can be learned they were never disturbed. In the rear room of the tin shop one night sonic 15 persons gathered to hear a colored slave give an account of his flight to freedom. The slave was a carpenter and lived in one of the Gulf states. By some means lie had learned to read and write. He made his escape to Yew Orleans, where he forged his master's name to a pass and secured a job on a steamboat as a carpenter and thus worked his passage tip the Mississippi and the Ohio, and on reaching Cincinnati he had been piloted over the underground road and had now reached Bucyrus. A collection was taken up and he was cared for that night and the next day, and after dark the next evening he was directed to the farm of Jesse Quaintance in Holmes township. The meeting was very quiet and orderly, and although he was in the town 24 hours, no attempt was made to prevent his escape. About this same time Capt. John Wert lived near the southeast corner of Mansfield and Spring streets. He had a wheelwright shop on the same lot and did work at this and car- pentering. He had several sons and all were strong abolitionists. One night. a slave owner came to Bucyrus with two of his followers, having been given private information that his slave would be found secreted at the house of Capt. Wert. He had closely followed him from the Ohio river, and lie went immediately to the house of Captain Wert : and demanded the slave. Being refused he threatened to enter the place by force and make a search. Mr. Wert seized a gun and stated that his house could not be searched without the proper papers, issued by the proper authorities in Bucyrus. The sons also had their guns, and the man with his two slave-catchers cane back tip town to secure the necessary papers. The news soon spread, and in half an hour when the slave owner returned there. was quite an excited crowd with them... The captain still warned them off with his gun and parlied with the officials. Stones were : thrown and brick bats, some of the windows were broken, but the grim old man, gun in hand, stood firmly by his position, but after half an hour he yielded and the house was searched but no slave found. It was freelystated by some in the crowd that a negro had been seen there early in the evening. He may or may not have been seen, but whether he had or not, two of the sons were missing when the house was searched, and later it was learned that while the man had gone up street to secure his papers the sons had taken the slave to a safer abiding place farther north, and the parley of the old man had been simply a pretense to gain time. After the C. C. & C. road was built through Galion, it was sometimes used to send slaves north to Cleveland. On one occasion an escaping slave who was on the train, happened to look out of the window and saw his master get on the rear car. He sat with fear and trembling until the conductor came by; he had been told beforehand that in case of emergency the conductor would do what he could to protect him, for only those trains were generally used where the conductor was in sympathy with the movement. The conductor, hearing his story, pulled the bell cord, and the train slackened speed, and the negro jumped off, and the signal was given to go ahead. The master was also looking out of the window, and saw his property in full flight 546 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY across the field. He appealed to the conductor, but he refused to slacken the speed of the train, and the man was compelled to stay on board until Galion was reached. The negro got in touch with the underground road, was piloted through Crawford county, and found freedom in Canada. Bucyrus, through judge Scott, was connected with one of the important slave cases which made history. Two slave-owners with a United States Marshal and his deputy, on Sept. 13, 1858, seized John Price a fugitive slave, at Oberlin, and drove across the country eight miles to Wellington, to take the train south. A crowd from Oberlin followed and joined by Wellington people, the negro was rescued. The United States Court indicted 37 of the rescuers, and they were mostly given small fines and a day in jail. Two from Oberlin, Simon Bushnell and Charles H. Langston, were given 6o days and 20 days' imprisonment. Writs of habeas corpus were gotten out and the case came before the Supreme Court of Ohio. On the bench were Joseph R. Swan, chief justice; Josiah Scott, William V. Peck, Jacob Brinkerhoff, Milton Sutliff. The majority of the people of Ohio believed the fugitive slave act was so utterly at variance with the law of God as to be unconstitutional, and the true doctrine was the British one that Ohio being a free State, a slave once setting his foot on Ohio soil was free. This was the view of Gov. Chase and every member of the court. But the question at issue was: "Shall a United States law be enforced when contrary to the views of the people and laws of a state?" On this question Joseph R. Swan, Josiah Scott, and \\~ illiam V. Peck held the United States law was superior to the State and refused the writ of habeas corpus, Brinkerhoff and Sutliff dissenting. Justice Swan was a candidate for renoinination for judge of the Supreme Court, but he was defeated on account of his decision. In his "Swan's Treatise," compiled by him, lie states that it is idle to speculate upon the possible results if a single judge had held a different opinion. Salmon P. Chase was governor at that time and it was well understood that he would sustain a decision releasing the prisoners by all the power at his command; and the United States government was as fully committed to the execution of the fugitive slave law. This would have placed Ohio in conflict with the General Government in defense of state rights, and if the party of freedom throughout the north had rallied, as seemed probable, the war might have come in 1859, instead of 1861, with a secession of the northern instead of the southern states. A single vote apparently turned the scale, and after a little delay the party of freedom took possession of the government, and the party of slavery became the seceders. CHAPTER XXXII MISCELLANEOUS Dead Man's Hollow—Ancient Land Marks—Hidden Treasure—The Bucyrus Mastodon— Johnny Appleseed—The Bad Indian.—Population Statistics—The Hermits—Agricultural Fairs—The Canal Crawford Did Not Get—The Name of Bucyrus—Early Valuation and Expenses—Early Marriage Licenses. A chief's amang you taking notes, And, faith, he'll Arent it. —ROBERT BURNS. DEAD MAN'S HOLLOW. Near Olentangy along the Galion road a place has been pointed out as Dead Man's Hollow, a site where a murder was committed many years ago. In the summer of 1836, two men, named Bender and Hammer from the east came west to buy land. At Wooster they were observed when they changed their eastern money for western, and were followed. After leaving Mansfield they were joined by two men, who stated they were also coming west looking up land. The four traveled together to Galion, and at the latter place spent the night. The next morning the four started for Bucyrus, Hammer and Bender walking in front, and the two strangers behind. All had canes cut from the woods to assist them in walking. Soon after leaving Galion, the strangers cut themselves still heavier canes; in fact, so heavy, as to be clubs. Being questioned as to the reason for such heavy canes, they turned it off by remarking their other canes were too light and they threw them away, but perhaps the new ones were a little large, but if so, later they would get smaller. The four proceeded until they reached where Olentangy now is, when they came to a little stream that emptied into the Whetstone. Over this was a log, necessitating crossing single file. As the men separated to cross the stream, one drew a pistol and shot Bender, while the other with his heavy club brought it down with all its force on the head of Hammer, knocking him to the ground unconscious. An eighth of a mile south of where the attack was made was the Eberhardt sawmill, and the robbers hearing the sound of voices, and believing some one was approaching, hurriedly sought safety in flight, without stopping to rob their victims, which would have taken time, as the men carried their money in a leather belt, around their waist, underneath their clothing. Some time passed before Hammer regained consciousness, and when he did he was horrified to find the dead body of his brother-in-law. He screamed for help, but received no answer. He was in a dazed condition, but managed to stagger to the saw mill where he appeared covered with blood, to the astonishment of the Eberhardts. He had difficulty in explaining to them what was the matter, but they were finally convinced something serious had occurred, and they followed him to the scene of the murder, where they found the dead body of Bender. What few neighbors there were were aroused and Hammer explained in detail what had occurred and the woods were searched but no trace of the murderers was found. The absence of any clue, pointed suspicion to Hammer, but a thorough examination showed his story was true, as it was easily shown two suspicious characters had been with them at Galion, and further that the proprietor of the tavern at Galion had told the men they did not like the looks or the actions of their companions, and - 547 - 548 - HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY they had better not trust them too far. Bender was buried in the Campbell graveyard, and his relatives in the east were notified, and they sent money for the erection of a tombstone. ]-'his stone contains his name, and the further inscription "Born Dec. 6, 1811; died Sept. 28, 1836." Hammer came on to Bucyrus, stopping at the Blue Ball tavern, where he gave John Boyer an account of the murder, and later repeated his story at Bucyrus. He remained at Bucyrus several days until the authorities became assured of his innocence. He had $300 with which he purchased land. Years afterward a report was current in the county of a man dying in the west who previous to his death confessed to the Bender murder, but the story was never authenticated. Besides erecting a tombstone, the eastern relatives for half a century sent a small sum annually to the Campbells to be used in keeping the grave in repair, and the trust was faithfully performed by John Campbell and later by his son. But years ago the descendants of the murdered man's family had become such distant relatives that the remittances ceased, and the grave is cared for the same as the others. ANCIENT LAND MARKS. In the southeast quarter of section 15, Auburn township the land now owned by the Faulkner heirs, there is an enclosure of nearly four acres, a well defined gateway at the eastern side, and near it a walled well. This well was dug out to a depth of about fifteen feet, but nothing of special interest was found. Numerous stone relics have been found in and about the inclosure. About one and a half miles southwest of Galion there is an inclosure of about an acre. It is shaped like a horse-shoe, which would bring it under the head of symbolical mounds. Phis enclosure has never been thoroughly explored. Relics of. stone have been found in it indicating that at one time it was the resort of those who erected, it. The Delaware Indians had a village northeast of Leesville, long before the advent of the first white man; definite record is given of this in. the Crawford expedition. Another village was at the Knisely's Springs. It was there before the war of 1812, and was then occupied by the Miamis. There was a spring there highly prized by the Indians for its medical qualities. The spring was highly impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen, it tarnished the silver ornaments of the Indian, and deposited a sulphurous precipitate a short distance from it. The Indians placed great confidence in the healing qualities of the water and mud ; the beneficial effects of which they could perceive. Another healing spring much frequented by them was about two miles west of Oceola. HIDDEN TREASURES When the first settlers arrived an Indian village was in existence on the Whetstone, southwest of Seccaium Park. In searching among the old records at Pittsburg to locate the ancient Indian village of Seccaium, Hon. E. B. Finley ran across some papers indicating that a few feet from a large tree which stood near a spring some treasure had once beer buried. It appears that in the seventeenth century the French traders in going throngh, this region were attacked by a band of hostile Indians, and hurriedly buried what money they had. The tree was a monarch of the plains, standing alone a short distance west of where the vast forest commenced that extender unbroken to the Ohio river. In looking up the ancient village of Seccaium over a quarter of a century ago, Mr. Finley thoroughly ex plored the surface in that section, and re membering the reference to the buried treas ure, found the place where every indication showed there had once been a good sized spring, although long since dried up by till modern drainage. No tree remained, but he made inquiries of the oldest settler in the neighborhood, Edward Campbell, who, when a boy of seven, came with his father in 1823 to the farm on which the spring was located The two gentlemen went over the ground together, Mr. Campbell very promptly pointing out the location of the spring—the site previously selected by Mr. Finley. Mr. Campbell stated that in his younger days the spring furnished a constant flow of water. He also stated that a short distance from the spring once stood a large oak tree, the only large tree in that section. It stood there for man, years after his arrival, the cattle seeking shel- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 549 ter beneath its broad foliage in the summer days from the scorching rays of the sun, and finding abundant water in the spring. The spring gradually became less and less, and finally dried up, and the tree, with its extensive roots, interfering with the cultivation of the soil, was cut down. Mr. Finley was in search of an Indian village and not of hidden treasure, so he pursued his investigations no further, and the buried treasure is still there —somewhere. THE BUCYRUS MASTODON Among the many interesting historical events Which have occurred in Bucyrus was the dis covery, by Abraham Hahn, of the perfect skeleton of a mastodon, during the year 1838. Mr. Hahn, having built a saw-mill on Buffalo Run at the rear of the lot on the northwest corner of Warren and Poplar streets, conceived the idea of constructing a millrace which would furnish sufficient water-power to run the establishment, and this water-course was finished by a considerable outlay of time and money. The source of this race was the swamps in Col. Zalmon Rowse's fields, later owned by William Monnett, and the line it followed to the mill would be, at the present time, about the following route: It crossed the Galion road near the southwestern corner of the old fairground; then extended nearly due north along the east side of the Ohio Central, making a slight bend, and passing east of the roundhouse and machine shops; then nearly due west to S. R. Harris' land; then northwest through the northeastern corner of the schoolhouse yard, and, after continuing in the sane direction for a short distance, changed to nearly due west, crossing Walnut street, near the present Frank Johnston residence: crossing Main street, on the south part of Dr. Lewis' lot; Poplar street, near the German Lutheran church. While making the excavations for this millrace, the skeleton was found in the swamp, just east of the present site of the Ohio Central shops. This land for many years afterward was very low and swampy; a considerable portion in this immediate neighborhood was covered by Mr. Hahn's millpond. A full account of this discovery was printed in the Crawford Republican extra, of August 14, 1838. Bucyrus, August 14, 1838, Mr. Abraham Hahn, while engaged with his work hands in excavating a millrace, about three-fourths of a mile east of Bucyrus, on yesterday, at a distance of from five to seven feet below the surface of the ground, discov- Heman Rowse, a brother of Zalmon, set-