HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 125 after this date, the burials there have been gradually fewer and fewer, so that the ground now scarcely presents any token of graves. But beneath that now even surface lie a numerous population. Some families even now love to deposit their dead in this quiet spot. A heavy stone wall surrounds it, and provision has been made for its permanent care and preservation. Not less than five cemeteries are to be found in Carlisle, one in connection with each of the Lutheran, the German Reformed and the African congregations, and one was set apart by the borough when the town was first surveyed and laid out, and long since has been so filled that it became difficult to find space for new occupants. In 1865 a company was organized which purchased twelve acres a little to the east of town, laid it off with admirable taste and judgment ; and on the 8th of October it was solemnly dedicated by the clergymen of Carlisle and a numerous assembly from the town and the surrounding country as a place of burial, the company having pledged themselves that in all time to come it should be devoted to no other use. Ancient cemeteries are also found in the immediate vicinity of the churches of Silvers' Spring, Middle Spring, Big Spring (Newville), and the Friedenskirche, in. the eastern part of the county. Spacious and tastefully adorned grounds have been laid out also in the vicinity of Shippensburg, Mechanicsburg, Mount Holly and other places. RAIL ROADS. There are five rail roads in operation within the limits of this county. The Cumberland Valley R. R. Company was incorporated April 2nd, 1831. The Franklin R. R. Company was incorporated in 1832, and has since (1865) been consolidated with the Cumberland Valley under the name of the latter ; company and by successive enlargements it now forms a continuous road from Harrisburg to the south side of the Potomac river, a little over eighty-two miles, passing through the whole length of the county. The first train of cars passed over this road from Carlisle to within a mile and a half of Harrisburg on the 12th of August, 1837 ; the second division extending from Carlisle to Chambersburg was opened on the 23rd of November following, and the bridge across the Susquehanna was completed Jan. 24th, 1839. The cost of the road and its equipment up to the present time is $1,753,613 ; there are 17 passenger cars, 8 second class passenger, baggage, mail and express cars, 251 freight and other cars, and the company own real estate exclusive of road way to the value of $18,000. During the year the average number of passengers is about 322,000, and the amount of freight is not less than 393 000 tons. The President of the company is T. B. Kennedy, and the Superintendent is J. F. Boyd, both of Chambersburg. The "Dillsburg & Mechanicsburg R. R." is seven and a half miles long, has been in operation for the last six years, carries about 9,500 passengers in a year and freight to the value of $3,932. It is leased for ninety-nine years to the Cumberland Valley road, and is operated as a branch road. Hon. Frederick Watts is the President and Gen. E. M. Biddle Sec. and Treas., both of Carlisle. The " Northern Central R. Way" runs along the southern bank of the Susquehanna, about nine miles across the eastern end of the county, and has two stations on this part of its route. The " South Mountain Iron Company" have a road which was completed in 1869, extends seventeen miles and a half from Carlisle to Pine Grove furnace, has two engines, two passenger cars, ten freight and other cars, and has nine passenger and six freight stations. David Thomas, Esq., of Catasauqua, is President, and J. T. Knight, of Easton, is Secretary and Treasurer. The " Harrisburg & Potomac R. R." has not yet commenced operation, and has only six and a half miles of road actually laid, with a branch road to Littlestown of thirty miles. The length of its main line when completed from Harrisburg to Waynesborough will be sixty miles. David V. Ahl, of Newville, is President, and John Evans, of Carlisle, is Secretary. TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES. Societies for the promotion of temperance, or rather of abstinence from the use of spirituous liquors, began to be formed in some parts of the United States in 1826. In 1829 a society pledged to entire abstinence from the use of ardent spirits was formed in Carlisle, the first we believe in the county of Cumberland. It required at that time no small amount of courage for one to assume such a position. More than eighty distilleries were reported for taxes in Cumberland Valley in 1835, manufacturing upwards of a million of gallons of whiskey per annum ; the customs of society not only sanctioned but required the use of ardent spirits as a token of civility; and those who associated together in opposition to such a use were looked upon not only as uncourteous, but as persecutors of men engaged in a lawful business. Not unfrequently those who met for such a purpose were assailed by mobs. They tell us that it was difficult for such to procure workmen on farms or in trades, and that such a course often involved a loss of their own positions as ministers, professional men, merchants and mechanics. And yet so glaring were the evils of the use of ardent spirits that many took their stands boldly against it, temperance societies increased rapidly in number and in influence, and a number of distilleries were given up on conscientious grounds. The advocates of temperance were soon driven for consistency's sake to include all intoxicating liquors under the pledge of total abstinence, and for a few months the struggle was severe. But the convictions. of thoughtful people were generally carried. All agreed finally that it was wise, especially for young men, to abstain from all that can intoxicate, and though many persevered in the indulgence, they confessed that it was dangerous. Among the early meetings for the promotion of temperance we notice a number of a county organization at which more than fifteen hundred influential citizens in the different towns are reported as members. In 1835, on Christmas, the an. nual meeting of this society was held, when Rev. Dr. Durbin, Principal of Dickinson College, presided, and John Reed, President Judge of the Court of Common Pleas and recently appointed Professor of Law in 126 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. the same College, offered and sustained by an able address the following resolution, viz : " That the cause of Temperance is the cause of Humanity, of Philanthropy and of Religion ; and that all laws licensing or in any way recognizing the traffic in or a sale of ardent spirits are erroneous in principle and injurious in practice." After years of earnest efforts to effect a renunciation of the use of and traffic in intoxicating liquors the aggrieved people proposed to prohibit the public sale by law and penalties, and finally carried a law to that effect in the State ; but so great was the outcry, and the ingenuity and perseverance of the opponents to this law that it could not be executed, and had to be repealed. One more attempt was made to carry out the demands of the majority by a law which should give to each county or district in which public opinion was strong enough to vote a prohibition ticket for three years the power' to prevent the sale, but before the first year expired the outcry against it was so great that it was judged wise to repeal it. Every expedient which has been resorted to for relief against this evil has hitherto been thwarted, and the only effort now available is to induce as many as possible to maintain sobriety or abstinence in face of the seductions which a general and legalized traffic always presents. CHAPTER FIFTEENTH.—ECCLESIASTICAL DEPARTMENT. We have given the origin and progress of the earlier churches of this county until after the Revolutionary war. We have noticed four Presbyterian, one Episcopalian, three or four German Reformed and a like number of Lutheran congregations, and one circuit of Methodist stations. PRESBYTERIAN. The four congregations of Carlisle, Big Spring (Newville), Middle Spring and Silvers' Spring were the only ones connected with the principal Presbyterian denomination in the United States. In 1810 we have the first record of a congregation of the same order in Dickinson township. A preaching station must have been in existence not far from the same period, and we read of a " Stone Meeting-House" at which occasional worship was enjoyed. A church was not, however, formally constituted until 1823, and a regular pastor was not set over them until 1826. Since that time they have maintained nearly without interruption a succession of pastors and religious services. At a very early period there were a few congregations formed in this valley, composed of Scotch Presbyterians, but without connection with the principal denomination in this country which bore that name. One such organization existed at Shippensburg in connection with a Presbytery in Philadelphia. When the union of several smaller bodies was effected in 1822 with the Presbyterian church, this congregation found its position inconvenient, and an agreement was entered into with those Presbyterians who lived in the vicinity to worship together. Finally in 1825 the congregation was transferred to the Presbytery of Carlisle, and has been ever since an active and growing body. As early as in 1798 a similar organization was effected in Carlisle. Two years before (1796) a lot of ground was conveyed for six pounds by Thomas and John Penn "to Wm. Blair, Wm. Moore, John Smith and John McCoy, as trustees of the Associate Presbyterian congregation, adhering to the subordination of the Associate Presbytery of Pennsylvania of which the Rev. John Marshall and James Clarkson are members." A building was erected upon this lot in 1802, and the Rev. Francis Pringle was called the same year to be the pastor. The congregation was in existence for many years, but it never attained any considerable strength or numbers ; gradually its members were absorbed by surrounding churches, and its house of worship fell into the hands of a Bethel aura, which has occupied it during the last ten years. Another of these congregations was organized at Big Spring as early as 1760, but had no settled pastor till after the formation of the Associate Reformed church in 1782. Among its pastors have been John Rogers (1772-81), John Jamieson (1784-92), John Craig (1793-4), James McConnel (1798-1809), Alexander Sharp, D. D. (1824-57), Isaiah Faries (1858-9), and the present pastor W. L. Wallace (1861). It retains its connection with the Presbytery of Big Spring of the Eastern Associate Synod, and it is one of the strongest churches of that denomination. In conseqence of difficulties connected with what was afterwards the general schism of 1837 in the Presbyterian church of the United States, a portion of the church of Carlisle was set off early in 1834 and organized as the Second Presbyterian church of Carlisle. A house of worship was at once erected, which has only recently given place to the larger and substantial edifice in which that congregation is accommodated. It has been found that the strength of the denomination in Carlisle has by no means been diminished by the division, but that each of the congregations have nearly the efficiency of the HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 127 original body. The congregation of Silvers' Spring on the other hand has lost something of its strength by the formation and growth of a new organization at Mechanicsburg. The construction of the Cumberland Valley R. R. made it needful that the commercial business of that vicinity should find a new centre, and the result has been that the new town of Mechanicsburg springing up within about two miles of the old church called for a new place of worship. As early as 1815 the pastor of the church of Silvers' Spring (Rev. Henry R. Wilson) preached occasionally in that town. In 1825 a " Union church" was built there in which the pastor at Silvers' Spring officiated at least once a month. A house of worship was built by the Presbyterians alone in Mechanicsburg about 1858, and in 1860 (Oct. 6th) a new congregation was organized, which has since much increased, and now must be regarded as one of the most efficient in the valley. The present pastor, Rev. Samuel W. Reigart, entered upon his charge there in 1868, and the Session consists of Dr. Robert G. Young, Wm. Eckles, David L. Clark, James Graham, James Ralston, Christian B. Niesley, Robert A. Bucher and Milton C. Stayman. The original congregations, whose origin we have traced, are nearly all flourishing. Some of them have been affected by the changes made by the new routes of travel and transportation, but the hearts of many cling with fondness to the old "springs" around which their fathers "worshipped God in the wilderness." There are few churches in our country which have been served by more intelligent or more devoted pastors and elders. Among the former have been of the First church of Carlisle Dr. George Duffield, a grandson of the first minister in Carlisle and the chaplain of the Continental Congress ; Dr. Wm. T. Sprole called from Carlisle to Washington city ; and Dr. Ellis J. Newlin, later of New Jersey; of the church of Middle Spring Dr. John Moody (1803.54), Rev. I. N. Hays, D. K. Richardson and S. S. Wylie; of the church of Big Spring Rev. Messrs, Wm. Linn (177784), Samuel Wilson (1786-99), Joshua Williams, D. D. (1802-29), Robert McCachren (1830-51), and Dr. E. Erskine, D. D. (1869), the present pastor ; of the church of Silvers' Spring Rev. Samuel Waugh (about 1782-1807), Henry R. Wilson (about 1814-23), James Williamson (1824.38), George Morris (1839-60) ; of the church of Dickinson, McKnight Williamson (1826-34), Charies P. Cummins (1835.44), 0. 0. McLean (1844-52), James F. Kennedy, D. D. (185459), David Greer (1860-63), S. H. S. Gallaudet (1864.6), James S. Woodburn (1867-74), and Henry Rinker (1875), the present pastor ; and of the Second church of Carlisle Dr. Daniel McKinley (1833-8), Dr. Alexander T. McGill, afterwards a Professor in the Theological Seminary at Princeton (1839-40), Dr. T. V. Moore, afterwards of Richmond, Va. (1842-5), James Lillie (1846-8), Mervin E. Johnston (1849-54), W. W. Eels (1855-62), John C. Bliss (1862-7), and George Norcross (1869), the present pastor. In the eldership of these congregations were men of the highest position in the valley. In consequence of such changes as we have alluded to on account of the new tracks of business, and above all as the result of a large removal of Scotch Irish families to the West, and their places being supplied by German families, with other ecclesiastical predilections, some of them have been reduced in numbers, especially in the agricultural districts, but this has been more than made up by the growth of congregations in the towns. Even in relation to the population of the county the proportion of strength and influence has not been seriously diminished. During the progress of the great schism which took place in the general church in 1837 and continued until 1870, the churches of this region felt the usual disastrous effects of such contentions, for in no part of our country was the strife more heated or more pervading. The reunion, however, has been cordially accepted, and has thus far produced happy results. EPISCOPALIAN. The Episcopal church of Carlisle, the only one of that denomination in this county, continued to worship in the stone building we have mentioned until 1825, when a new edifice was constructed where the present church stands. This has been remodelled several times until it has attained its present architectural form and proportions. The Rev. Dr. John Campbell was the rector from 1793 to 1819. He was succeeded by J. V. E. Thorn (1819-21), George Woodruff (settled in 1821 but removed by death the following year), Joshua Spencer (1823-9, also a Professor of Languages in Dickinson College), George Emlen Hare, D. D. (1830-4), John Goodman (18358), Patrick Henry Greenleaf (1838-40), Wm. H. Norris (1840-50), Jacob B. Morss (1851-60), Francis J. Clerc (1860-6), and Dr. Wm.. C. Leverett (1866), the present rector. In the vestry of the congregation have been from the earliest period to the present time some of the most distinguished men in the county, as Francis West, Robert Callender, George Croghan, Samuel Postlethwaite, David Watts,. Stephen Foulke, Frederick Watts and John B. Parker. ROMAN CATHOLIC. The Roman Catholic, called St. Patrick's church, on Pomfret street, in Carlisle, was for several years supplied by the Jesuits of Conewago, who owned the lot and house of worship. The present edifice was built in 1807, and was enlarged 1823. It was built of brick in the form of a cross. Under the Right Rev. Bishop Connell it became Diocesan property, and the first secular priest in charge was the Rev. Mr. Dwen. In the year 1858 it was destroyed by fire, but it was soon rebuilt " under the charge of Rev, Father Maher, of Harrisburg, assisted by the generous contributions of the people of Carlisle." For some years after his departure from the diocese it was attached as a mission, first to Chambersburg and then to Harrisburg. On the first of May, 1877, it was again made a separate parish by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Shanahan, with the Rev. Louis J. McKenna as pastor. Its Sunday School numbers about 75 pupils, and a suitable parochial residence is expected soon to be erected. GERMAN REFORMED. The German Reformed churches in early times, as we have seen, 128 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. generally worshipped alternately in the same buildings with the Lutheran. In general these unions were harmonious, but of course continued only as long as necessity required. In 1807 the Reformed church in Carlisle, and at a later period that at Shippensburg, built houses of their own. The ministers stationed at these central points were obliged to take the oversight of a number of others in their vicinity, and among them we find some whose names are held in most affectionate remembrance for their self-denial, their intelligence and public spirit. In 1817 a movement was made to establish a Theological Seminary, but not until 1820 was a definite plan and a Board of Directors fixed upon.. A large amount ($30,000) was then subscribed, but under conditions which subsequently failed. In consequence of large offers made by the Trustees of Dickinson College and the Reformed congregation of Carlisle, the institution was established (1825) at Carlisle, but as these promises ultimately were not fulfilled on account of embarrassments on the part of those who made them, great difficulties were encountered by the Seminary during the four years of its location there. In 1829 it was removed to York and in 1835 to Mercersburg. The number of churches connected with the Reformed church in this county is not less than eight, with a membership of nine hundred and forty-eight persons. They are, Carlisle with Rev. A. H. Kremer, D. D., as pastor ; Churchtown, Sulphur Springs, Upper and Lower Frankford united under the pastorate of Rev. H. P. M. Deatrick ; Mechanicsburg with W. R. H. Deatrich as pastor ; Newburg, J. M. Mickey pastor ; and Shippensburg, D. M. Ebbert as pastor. LUTHERAN. The Lutheran congregations have been much augmented, both in number and in strength, by the large immigration which has taken place during the last sixty years. They have also been served by pastors of much ability and zeal. The church of Carlisle from the time of its building a house of worship on its own lot has had a series of ministers, many of whom have since occupied the highest positions in the general church. Before the period of which we are now treating it was presided over by such men as Jacob Goehring, George Butler, F. D. Schaeffer, A. H. Meyer, John Herbst and Frederic Sanno, men of whom little is now known except that they were unusually devoted to their work, and in some instances were possessed of learning and ability. In 1816 Rev. Benjamin Keller commenced his ministry here with a charge extending over not only Carlisle but Churchtown, Trindle Spring, St. John's below Mechanicsburg, Upper and Lower Frankford, and one or two more distant places. He was succeeded after a pastorate of twelve years (1816-28), by C. F. Heyer, C. F. Schaeffer, John Ulrich, J. N. Hoffman, Jacob Fry, S. P. Sprecher, Joel Swartz, D. D., and the present pastor, C. S. Albert. Once during this period the house of worship was consumed by fire (March 11th, 1851), but although there was no insurance upon it, the courage and energy of the congregation acquired from that time new life. A larger building was at once erected, which has, however, been twice enlarged to meet the growing wants of the congregation. The congregations in the country at Sulphur Springs, Upper and Lower Frankford and Churchtown have formed new combinations or become independent. A new church has been formed in Carlisle (1855), in which those who prefer to use the German language in their religious services can be accommodated. Zion's Evang. Luth. church of Newville was organized about 1799, and worshipped along with a Ger. Ref. church in a log building known as Zeigler's church, and for more than thirty-three years continued to struggle with difficulties. In 1833 the congregation having increased to 100 members, a lot was purchased and a house of worship was erected on it at a cost of $1,870. Its pastors have been Rev. Messrs. D. P. Rosenmuller, John Heck, E. Breidenbaugh, Sidney Harkey, Joshua Evans, Henry Baker, Henry McKnight, and others. In 1873 the house of worship which the church now occupies was built. The present pastor, Rev. H. J. Watkins, commenced his labors there in 1874, and has been very successful, one hundred and seventy-four being received to communion at one time (Feb. 10th, 1876). The number of communicants at present is not less than four hundred, with a Sabbath School of 438 pupils. Besides these congregations there are others in New Kingston, Mechanicsburg (with which has been united Trindle Spring), Newville and Green Storing, Bloserville, Shippensburg, West Fairview, Stoughstown and Plainfield. METHODISTS. The Methodist denomination in this county was for many years confined to what was called the York and afterwards the Carlisle circuit, extending over an indefinite district of country and having about thirty preaching appointments under the care of two preachers. The first campmeeting held by the Methodists in this region was held near Shippensburg on land now owned by Abraham Hortiter, Esq., in 1810 or 1811. It was attended by some disorders produced by evil-minded persons, and in one of these the Rev. James Reed, the minister in charge, received a severe wound in the face. The leader of the assailants was arrested and punished. The second meeting of the kind was held near the east end of Shippensburg in what was called Barr's Woods in 1813. These meetings were accompanied by the accession of many persons to the neighboring classes. In 1823 the church in Carlisle was the first and in 1833 Shippensburg was the second to become a distinct charge. Both of these congregations became centers for an intense activity through the surrounding country. The " old stone church" which the former congregation had built in 1802 on lot 61 on the corner of Pitt street and Church alley was followed in 1815 by a comfortable brick building on Church alley ; and this in turn gave way to another of still larger proportions and better accommodations on the corner of Pitt and High streets, where the present house stands. In 1825 the Shippensburg people erected a brick building in the place of the " old log church" which had satisfied them since 1790. From this time on- HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 129 ward Methodism has made steady advances in all parts of the county. The first fifteen years after the accession of the Faculty of Dickinson College has been looked upon as one of especial prosperity. It was the period when Dr. Durbin occupied the pulpit of Carlisle once a month and drew large audiences, and when the same pulpit was filled by such men as Henry Kepler (1835), George D. Cookman (18367), T. C. Thornton (1838-9), Henry Slicer (1840-1), Henry Tarring (1842-3) and John Davis (1844). Their influence was felt in surrounding towns. Churches have since been formed at Mount Holly, Mechanicsburg, Newville and Rehoboth, New Cumberland and Fairview, which have an aggregate membership of eleven hundred and thirty-one. In 1854 a new congregation was set off from the first charge in Carlisle and named " Emory," after a former Bishop of the church and a Principal of Dickinson College. A substantial and beautiful brick edifice was erected soon afterwards for its accommodation, and public worship was maintained in it for seventeen years ; but in 1876 the two congregations of Carlisle united again to build a new house of worship on the site of the earlier one on Main street. GERMAN BAPTISTS. The German Baptists in this county up to this period had neither ministers nor houses especially consecrated to worship. They worshipped in private houses, school houses and barns, and were served occasionally by preachers from a distance and adjoining congregations. The first meeting places were at Adam Brandt's and Martin Brandt's in Monroe, John Cochlin's in Allen and Daniel Beshore's in East Pennsborough. The first Love Feast (or communion meeting) was held at Adam Brandt's nearly eighty years ago. The first minister chosen was Adam Brandt, but he never served in that capacity, and about 1820 another election was held when John Zeigler and Michael Mishler were chosen. After some years the former removed to Ohio, and in 1823 Daniel Bollinger, a young minister from Juniata county joined the community, became the first ordained elder in this county, and gave a regular organization to the church. He served the church twenty-five years, removed in 1848 to Lebanon county and died in 1855. Adam Steinberger was chosen in 1829 or 1830 and Rudolph Mohler in 1832, but both after a few years removed to the West. Christopher Johnson, a minister from Maryland, came to Dickinson township in 1828 ; Daniel Hollinger and Samuel Etter were chosen about 1835 and David Horst in 1841 (died in 1863). In 1835 or 1836 the church in this county agreed to divide itself into two, which were named Upper and Lower Cumberland. Stoney Ridge was at first fixed upon as the dividing line, but subsequently the Baltimore turnpike and the Long's Gap road were agreed upon as more convenient. The Lower church chose for its minister Moses Miller in 1849, Adam Beelman in 1851, David Niesly and A. L. Bowman in 1863, Jacob Harnish in 1865, Cyrus Brindle in 1868 and B. H. Nickey in 1871. J. B. Garver, a minister from Aughwick, Huntingdon county, came to reside within the bounds of the congregation in 1874. In the Upper church the first minister and the first ordained elder was Christopher Johnson, but David Ecker, a minist from Marsh creek, in Adams county (1836), was the second elder John Eby was chosen in 1841, Joseph Sollenberger in 1843, All Mohler in 1846, Daniel Hollinger removed from the Lower to the Upper church in 1848, Daniel Keller was chosen in 1851, George Hollinger about 1858, David Demuth in 1860, Daniel Hollinger 1868 and Casper Hosfelt in 1873. Until 1855 the Lower congregatic had no house of worship exclusively as its own, though it had a share in Union houses built in Mechanicsburg in 1825, at Cochlin's and Shepherdstown. In some of these the brethren still hold meeting But in 1855 Baker's meeting-house was built on the Lisburn road Monroe township, Miller's, one mile from Sterrett's Gap (1858), and Mohler's, on the State Road, six miles south-west from Harrisburg (1861). In 1863 a good brick house was built near Huntsville and the H. & P. R.R., a few years later a Union church was built in Frankfort township of which the German Baptists own one-third, and in 1875, a house was erected by them exclusively at the Boiling Springs. The Fogelsanger meeting-house, four miles north of Shippensburg, is this county, two ministers of the congregation, J. R. and David Fogelsanger, live near the Franklin county line, and about a score its members are on this side the line. The Lower church has abo three hundred members, about one-sixth of whom live in Per county, and the Upper about two hundred.* MENNONITES. The Mennonites began to move into this county about seventy-five years ago (near 1803), and commenced immediately to hold meetin at a place called Slate Hill, a mile south of Shiremanstown in Ally township. As their numbers increased they united together as a co gregation and had for their preachers, George Rupp, Sr., and Henry Martin. A large brick building was erected about sixty years since (1818) which was reconstructed and improved in 1876. About one hundred communicants meet together now at that place and have for their preacher Jacob Mumma, and for their elder Henry Rupp. Abo sixty years ago a few persons of this denomination began to meet two miles eastward from Carlisle on a farm which is now owned by Mr.. Hartzler. A church organization was effected, not far from the same time which in 1831 or 1832 built what has since been called the " Stone Church." Among their first preachers were John Erb and Christian Herr ; but at present Henry Weaver and Jacob Herr a their ministers with from twenty five to thirty communicants. A few years later about (1828) meetings were held among some Germans Martins' school house, and Messrs. Rupp, Mumma and Martin for many years assisted them in maintaining worship. Twenty yet' since, these people united with their neighbors in erecting a uni church near Michael Cochlin's,, at which preaching is kept up at stat times. Here are fifty members who attend communion in oil places. A union meeting house in which the Mennonites have an in * From Notes of Elder Moses Miller, 1878. 130 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. terest has been erected also at Jacob Herr's, above Boiling Spring, where meetings have been held for nearly forty years, and where thirty or forty members reside. A meeting has also been kept up for about the same time at Diller's, near Diller's Mill, where a building has been erected for worship, and Abram Burgert and Martin Whistler are preachers. In most of the stations for worship, preaching is held in both German and English, to accommodate the large number who have a preference for the one or the other of these languages. Twenty-five or thirty members have been in the habit of meeting for the last few years at a church above Milltown, where ministers from other places are accustomed to preach. At a union church in Mehanicsburg services are held once in every month. Stations for preaching have been established in other places, but these are all with which regular organizations have been connected in the county. REFORMED MENNONITES. The Reformed Mennonites have three congregations in this county ; the first, at Winding Hill, about two and a half miles east of south from Mechanicsburg and in the direction of Shepherdstown ; the second near Middlesex, and the third meeting in a union church at Plainfield. There is now but one confirmed minister in the county (George Keiser), a portion of the ministerial duties being conducted by persons from adjoining counties. The first Reformed Mennonites who settled in this valley, forty-five or fifty years ago, were Samuel Bear in the vicinity of Plainfield, Detrich Steiner near Shepherdstown, Peter Miller and Christian Gengrich southeast of Mechanicsburg, and Samuel Newcomer near West Fairview. Most of them were land holders whose descendants continue on their estates. Their numbers have gradually increased, and one of their churches is among the largest in the rural districts in the State. They profess to hold more rigidly to the principles of the apostolic and ancient church than their other Mennonite brethren, from whom they felt constrained to withdraw on account of what they considered a gradual conformity to the world. CHURCH OF GOD. The Church of God is an organization of Baptists which was commenced in 1830 by Rev. John Winebrenner, of Harrisburg, who himself assisted at the formation of several congregations in this county. The first of which we have any account was at Shippensburg. About 1825 a small band of members of the German Reformed and Lutheran congregations in that place, on account of some differences of opinion in regard to doctrines, entered into a new organization, and held meetings by themselves in private houses. In 1828 they built a house of worship, on the north side of East Main street nearly opposite the Presbyterian church. They had been supplied with preaching from the time of their organization by Rev. J. Winebrenner and J. Habelstein. They were constituted under the name of the " Union Christian Church," and a constitution was adopted Oct. 24, 1828, with John Heck, Jacob Dewalt and John Blymire as Elders ; David Wagner, Michael Ziegler, Henry Keefer and John Taughinbaugh as Deacons ; and Jacob Knisley and John Carey as Trustees. The Rev. Rebo then in charge of the congregation remained until Oct. 1st, 1832, when Rev. Dietrich Graves took charge of it, and was succeeded April 1st, 1834, by Elder James Mackey the first preacher drawn from the Eldership of East Pennsylvania. The name of the church was about this time changed to the " Church of God," and the congregation came into connection with the Pennsylvania Eldership, so far as to receive its ministers regularly from that body according to rule once in two years. In consideration of its payment of an annual contribution to the missionary and contingent funds, it is allowed to elect two ministers every time a change is to be made, from which the Eldership choose one. The church also stands independent of the Eldership so far as to hold all its property in its own name, instead of holding it like the other churches in the name of the Eldership. A new edifice of brick, two stories high, the lowest used for a Sunday School and Lecture Room, and the upper for the main audience room, was erected in 1870 at a cost of seventeen thousand dollars, and on the-site of the old building. Churches were organized by Elder Winebrenner and his associates in the eastern part of the county soon after-the separate existence of the denomination. One of these was at Milltown, where the church was formed in an old distillery about 1833. The meeting house at that place was built in 1838 at a cost of nine hundred dollars. There are only about six members in the place. Another was at Camp Hill where Elder Winebrenner preached as early as in 1821. In 1835 a church was organized at the Walnut Grove School House by Elder J. Keller, and a house of worship was built in 1849. The number of members is now about twenty-three. Still another was at Wormleysburg. At Shiremanstown a congregation was started in 1838 by Rev. Jacob Keller who was followed by a succession of able and successful ministers under whom the church has prospered and is now in a good condition. The first meeting house was built in 1838 at an expense of seven hundred, and a second has recently (1876) been erected in its place at an expense of fourteen hundred dollars. Its present membership is not less than seventy-three. In 1834 a church of eleven members was organized by Elder James Mackey at Newburg. A house of worship was erected there in 1839, but it was much enlarged in 1853 and remodeled in 1872. The congregation is composed of the most respectable citizens of the town and its vicinity, and the number of communicants is not less than one-hundred and twenty-three. The church in Newville was organized by Elder David Kyle in 1837, and at present consists of seventy members. That of Green Spring was organized by the same minister in 1852, and a neat and substantial Bethel was built the first year. The-congregation has been prosperous, has a large Sabbath School, and has fifty-three communicants. Its present pastor is the Rev. J. L. Richmond. There is a church also in Plainfield which was organized in 1854 under the labors of Elder Peter Clippinger, which has a good house of worship in connection with the Mennonites, and now numbers about fifty members. The church of. Carlisle commenced in HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 132 1864 with eighteen members when the stone church in West street which had formerly been under the charge of the Associate Reformed Presbyterians was purchased and much improved, and has ever since been used as a Bethel. The congregation has now become large, but is without a pastor. There are said to be one or two other smaller congregations of this denomination in the county. EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION. The Evangelical Association has its principal field of operations among the Germans, but of late years it has found acceptance among every class of people. It owes its origin to the labors of Jacob Albright, a diligent student of the Scriptures, who commenced preaching to his countrymen in America in 1796, and began to form societies about 1800. The first church organized in this county was in 1833 in the house of David Kutz about two miles eastward from Carlisle. Christian Ruhl, John Kratzer, David Kutz and their families were among the first members, and Rev. J. Barber and Rev. J. Bumgartner were the first ministers. There is now a good church edifice and a wealthy and influential congregation known as Letort Spring Church where this first organization was made. There are in the county about seven hundred communicants and twelve church buildings situated as follows : Letort Spring (commonly called Kutz's church), New Kingston, Middlesex, Hickorytown, Mount Holly, Mount Rock, Mifflin, Leesburg, Cleversburg, Wagners, McClures Gap and Carlisle. There is a congregation but no church edifice at Springfield, and one at McAllister's union church. There are five pastors in the county who have charge of the above mentioned congregations, viz : E. Swengel residing at New Kingston, H. James at Mount Holly, H. Grass at Leesburg, and S. J. Shortiss and A. H. Irvine at Carlisle. The congregregation at Carlisle was commenced by the formation of a class of twelve persons in August, 1866. They held meetings for a while at the house of Rev. J. Boas, but in the Spring of 1867 it was taken up as a mission station by the Annual Conference and was served by neighboring pastors. The meetings were during that year held in Rheem's Hall. In 1868 a lot of ground was purchased on Lowther street, in July, 1869 the corner stone of a house of worship was laid, and on the 15th of May, 1870, St. Paul's Evangelical church, a substantial brick building was dedicated with appropriate rites. The congregation has been served by Rev. Messrs. J. G. M. Swengel, J. H. Leas, H. B. Hartzler, J. M. Ettinger, J. M. Pines, H. A. Stoke and A. H. Irvine the present pastor. It has about 150 communicants and a Sabbath School of not less than 140 pupils. THE UNITED BRETHREN. The United Brethren in Christ became organized as a distinct body of Christians in this country near the beginning of this century under the labors of William Otterbein, a pious and zealous preacher and scholar from Germany. They became numerous in Pennsylvania and Maryland especially among the Germans.. They have now in this county nine fields of labor, with twenty-six houses of worship, and nearly seventeen hundred members. Its ministers are Rev. Messrs. H. A. Schlichter of Mechanicsburg, A. H. Rice of Newville, W. 0. Quigley of Newburg, W. H. Wagner, Dickinson (Big Spring church), J. C. Weidler of Boiling Spring, J. German of Carlisle Springs, J. P. Anthony of Shiremanstown, with two houses of worship and three organizations ; J. R. Atchison of West Fairview, with three houses of worship and three organizations, and B. G. Heuber of Shippensburg, with four houses of worship. The church of Mechanicsburg was built on the corner of Arch and Locust streets in 1857, but it was much enlarged in 1871, and now compares favorably with other houses of worship in the town. Its present membership is two hundred and forty-six. A number of persons commenced holding meetings in Shippensburg in 1866, at first in private dwellings, and with a class of about fifteen members. These soon increased and two years later they began to build a house of worship, which was completed and dedicated in June, 1869. The organization was received into the Annual Conference of the U. B. in Christ, Jan. 20, 1870. It has been served by a series of successful pastors, the last of whom Rev. D. R. Burkholder, reported two hundred and twenty members. COLORED CHURCHES. There are also a number of churches in the county composed exclusively of colored people. Many of these people have acquired considerable property and intelligence, and although from their (peculiar circumstances it has been difficult to obtain ministers of education, most of them have preferred for obvious reasons to connect themselves with distinct organizations. One of these was started at a very early period in Carlisle. A lot of ground was purchased and a house of worship was built on it and dedicated Oct. 25th, 1829. This was an organization in connection with the Methodist Episcopal Church. It has maintained public worship and a ministry of its own almost without interruption from that time till the present, when its building is very convenient and its worship of a respectable order. Its present number of communicants is not less than one hundred and thirty-two. Wesley Chapel in connection with the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church separated itself from the organization just mentioned in 1839, and for a while held meetings in private buildings, but soon purchased and built on a lot on Locust alley, between Bedford and East streets, where it continued to worship for fourteen years. The property was then sold and a lot was purchased on West North street, on which a substantial brick edifice has been built and paid for. The cost of the building has been about $1800. In this building the congregation has been worshipping about fourteen years. A congregation has also been organized in Newville which worships in a union church, but has a large and well conducted Sunday School which has been of much benefit. Another congregation has been for some years in a flourishing condition in Mechanicsburg. In Shippensburg a church was formed as early as in 1818, which has for most 'of the time been in connection with the A. M. E. Z. church. it has had a long fist of pastors, many of whom have been intelligent 132 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. and successful. They have a house of worship, built on a lot given them by Joseph Burd. CHAPTER SIXTEENTH.—MILITARY. COMPANIES RAISED AND THEIR HISTORY. It was scarcely possible that a people should be less prepared for war than were the inhabitants of this region at the commencement of the struggle for national unity. All forms of a militia had been for years given up. Much had been said of the dangers of secession, but so accustomed had the people become to this, that the threats made on every exciting emergency by Southern politicians were looked upon as idle bravado. When at last armies were collected in the Southern States, when the forts belonging to the nation were taken possession of in the name of the states in which they were situated, when a number of states combined to form a new confederacy, and when the national flag had been actually fired upon by order of these new authorities, it was evident that a real contest was at hand. And yet the first call for troops was only for 75,000 men and these for only tbree months. Evidently the good President and his advisers believed that an appearance of determination and strength on the part of the Federal government would be enough to dampen the enthusiasm of the Southern leaders. The people too responded to the call as if they were in earnest indeed, but with no conception of the bloody and protracted contest which was likely to ensue. Before the proclamation was published they had begun to organize into companies And were to a large extent prepared to march. The inhabitants of this county were not probably the first to unite in military companies, but three such companies at least were in existence within a week after the publication of the President's call. One of these with a full complement of a hundred men, started from Carlisle on Saturday the 13th of April, and reached Harrisburg so as to be mustered in on the 23d. Three others in Carlisle and two in Mechanicsburg were in waiting for orders, after the number of regiments at Harrisburg had been more than completed. They were all formed into the Reserve Corps before the 9th of June, and in a short time were brought into some of the severest services of the whole war. As they severally left their homes cheered on by large concourses of their relatives and friends, few probably allowed their thoughts to dwell upon the terrible scenes which awaited them ; but such was the depth of patriotism, real though undeveloped which animated them that we doubt not they would have met the sacrifice with firmness had it been much more distinctly foreseen. We do not regard it as important that we should give full lists of the companies which went out from this county. They have been preserved by order of the Legislature along with the thousands from all parts of the state who went forth in those trying times.* They deserve and unquestionably receive the profoundest and most endeared remembrance from the present generation. But we can only afford room for a notice of each company, its officers, and its more important movements. We shall endeavor to mention them nearly in the order of their being mustered into the army. THE THREE MONTHS' MEN. The demand upon Pennsylvania was at first for sixteen regiments, two of which were to be sent forward within three days. There were some regiments already so thoroughly organized that this last requirement was virtually complied with and not only the remaining fourteen were sent to Harrisburg by the time required, but almost twice that number presented themselves and were impatient for enlistment. Among the first were the " Sumner Rifles," under Captain Christian Kuhns. Its first Lieutenant was Augustus Zug, and the second John B. Alexander ; its first sergant was John S. Lyne, its second Barnet Shafer, its third John W. Keeney, and its fourth John S. Low ; and its first corporal was Charles F. Sanno, its second Charles H. Foulk, its third Thomas D. Caldwell, and its fourth John T. Sheaffer. It was at camp in Harrisburg before the President's. proclamation, but was not mustered in until the 23rd of April, when it was named Company C, and attached to the Ninth Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers under Col. Henry C. Longnecker, of Allentown. Eleven days afterwards (May 4th) the regiment was sent to Camp Wayne, in West Chester, for practice and drill until the 26th, when it was moved to Wilmington, Del., to strengthen the loyal sentiment of that state and to prevent disloyal parties from joining the rebel forces. On the 6th of June it was sent by way of Carlisle to Chambersburg, where it was attached to the fourth Brigade of the First Division under Col. Dixon S. Miles, of the regular army. On the 16th of June it crossed the Potomac wading the stream on the road from Williamsport to Martinsburg, but it was soon ordered to return under the command of Col. Longnecker, and report at Williamsport to Gen Cadwalader and hold the ford of the river. There it continued drilling, performing picket duty, until July 1st, when the whole army crossed the river again, drove Gen. Jackson back at Falling Waters, and advanced as far as Martinsburg. It remained in active operation against the enemy in that region until the 21st, when it re-crossed the Potomac at Harper's Ferry. Its period of enlistment being almost expired it was now ordered to return to Harrisburg, where it arrived on the 24th and was mustered out of service. It is said to * History of Pa. Volunteers, 1861-5, prepared in compliance .with an act of the Legislature, by Samuel P. Bates, five volumes, 1869. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 133 have been well drilled and disciplined, to have suffered no loss from sickness, death or desertion, and to have returned with the highest spirit and fondness for the service. Many of the soldiers re-enlisted for a longer period. Another company of three months' men was enlisted at Mechanicsburg under Capt. Jacob Dorsheimer, First Lieutenant David H. Kimmel, Second Lieutenant Isaac B. Kauffman, Sergeants George M. Parsons, Benjamin Dull, Samuel F. Swartz and David R. Me11 ; and Corporals Theophilus Mountz, Wm. H. Crandall, John G. Bobb and Levi M. Coover. It was named Company C, attached to the Sixteenth Regiment under Thomas A. Zeigle, of York, and to the Fourth Brigade under Colonels Miles and Longnecker. Under the latter it went to the Shenandoah Valley and had the same experience as the company of Capt. Kuhns, which we have just noticed. On the re-enlistment of most of its men they were mustered into the United States service, and were the first company of Pennsylvanians which volunteered for the long term. THE FIRST RESERVES. On the 20th of April, 1861, Gov. Curtin, of Pennsylvania, anxious to provide against what might be a long conflict, and in order to support those who had gone out as well as to protect the borders of our state, recommended to the Legislature which he had called together for the purpose, " the immediate organization, disciplining and arming of at least fifteen regiments of cavalry and infantry, exclusive of those called into the service of the United States." Accordingly a law was passed that on the 15th of May there should be organized a body of men called the " Reserve Volunteer Corps of the Commonwealth, to be composed of thirteen regiments of infantry, one regiment of cavalry and one regiment of light artillery, to be enlisted in the service of the state for three years or for the war unless sooner discharged, and to be liable to be called into the service of the state at any time that the commander in chief should think best to suppress insurrections or to repel invasions ; and further, to be liable to be mustered into the service of the United States at such times as requisitions should be made by the President." Camps for instruction were also to be established where the troops were to be quartered when not in active service, drilled and disciplined in readiness for a call from the commander in chief or the President, and armories were to be prepared for keeping and preserving their arms and accoutrements. The Governor then issued his proclamation for men to compose this corps, apportioning to each county the number which belonged to it according to population and the amount of previous enlistments. The whole number of companies was to be 142, each of which was to consist of 77 men between the ages of 18 and 45, and three companies were assigned to this county.* There was no necessity of waiting for the organization of these companies. They were already formed at Harrisburg, waiting to be mustered in. Some of those, however, who had * Pa. Volunteers, by Bates, Vol. I 539-44 enlisted for three months were unprepared for the new terms of enlistment and returned to their homes, but their places were speedily made up. The old organization called the " Carlisle Light Infantry," which, had been in existence ever since 1784, but which had lately fallen into neglect, was now revived under Captain Robert McCartney, and was mustered in June 8th, 1871. The first and second lieutenants were Joseph Stuart and Thomas P. Dwynn ; the sergeants were in. their order John A. Waggoner, Andrew J. Reighter, Robert M'Manus and Abram Heiser ; corporals, John A. Blair, Wm. Corbett, Frederic Deemer, Frederic K. Morrison and Daniel Askew. Capt. M'Cartney resigned Aug. 21, 1861, and was succeeded in October by T. P. Dwynn, who was killed at South Mountain Sept. 14, 1862, and was followed by F. B. McManus until the company was mustered out June 13, 1864. Joseph Stuart was killed at Gaines' Mill, June 27, 1862, and after a while John A. Crow] who had been promoted from the ranks successively to be corporal, sergeant and second lieutenant, became first lieutenant in his room. The " Carlisle Guards" were mustered in on the 10th of June, though it had been formed as a new company as early at least as the 19th of April. Lemuel Todd was chosen by the men as Captain, George W. Cropp First Lieutenant, Isaiah H. Graham Second Lieutenant, Wm. B. Wolf, James Broderick, Robert B. Smiley, George A. Keller Sergeants, and T. B. Kauffman, Isaac Gorgas, J. T. Bailey and Levi H. Mullen, Corporals. These two companies, the former as company H, and the latter as. company I, were attached to the Thirtieth regiment, and placed with the other Reserves under the command of Major General George A. McCall, an experienced officer of the regular army, at Camp Wayne, West Chester. A formal organization of the regiment was immediately effected by the choice of E. Biddle Roberts, of Pittsburg, as Colonel, Henry M. McIntyre, of West Chester, as Lieutenant Colonel; and Lemuel Todd as Major. In consequence of the promotion of Captain Todd, George W. Cropp was elected in his place and continued in that position until Nov. 14, when Tobias B. Kauffman, and after him Isaiah Graham were chosen. Wm. D. Halbert became First Lieutenant, and on his discharge Feb. 20, 1864, he was succeeded by Wm. B. Wolf, until the final discharge of the company. On receiving orders, after the battle of Bull Run to hasten as fast as possible to Washington the regiment passed through Harrisburg, and. in spite of warnings of danger, and crowds of threatening rebels, through the streets of Baltimore, and were stationed at Annapolis. Here they were for some time engaged in guarding the railroad, in intercepting those secret supplies which had been liberally forwarded from Baltimore to the South, and in breaking up the free intercourse which had been maintained with the rebel armies. The seizure of an immense quantity of drugs which were on their way southward and the perfect order and good conduct of the regiment drew forth the especial commendation of General Dix in his official reporr. On the 30th of August the regiment was ordered by way of Washington to 134 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. Tenallytown, Md., where it joined the general division of the Reserves under Gen. McCall. The Reserve corps was now more perfectly organized into three brigades, the first regiment being assigned to the first brigade under Brig. Gen. John F. Reynolds. During the ensuing fall and winter it participated in the severe duties of the Virginia campaign about Dranesville, Manassas Junction and Fredericsburg. In the Peninsular campaign of 1862, it was actively engaged at various points but especially in the support of Cooper's Battery at Mechanicsville when it was fiercely assaulted by superior forces, maintained its position for three hours of terrible fighting and finally repulsed the enemy and slept upon the ground (June 26). For three subsequent days at Gaines' Mill, the regiment was in the hardest of the continued conflicts, and drew from Gen. Porter expressions of enthusiastic admiration. In these engagements, however, it suffered severely and lost not less than fourteen killed and nearly fifty wounded. Among the former was Lieutenant Stuart of company H, who had been ordered by Col. Roberts on entering the field on the third day (27th) to take the command of company B, which was without a commissioned officer. Crossing the Chickahominy, the regiment now went forward to New Market Cross Roads, where it once more in support of the same Battery maintained its position for five hours, repulsing three heavy charges of the enemy, until it was relieved at nightfall Generals McCall and Reynolds having been captured, Col. Roberts now assumed command of the remnant of the division and received for himself and his regiment the special thanks of the commanding General. Having now fought in three severe battles since the 26th of June, the regiment was ordered on picket duty at Harrison's Landing, where Col. Roberts being absent on account of sickness, and Lieutenant Colonel McIntyre being wounded and a prisoner, Major Todd was put in command of the First Brigade. The regiment was soon after ordered to meet the old enemy it had left on the Peninsula at Centreville and South Mountain, at both which places it sustained severe conflicts and gained new laurels. At the latter place company H was so unfortunate as to lose its captain. Thomas P. Dwynn, and a number of its men. It was soon afterwards engaged in the battles at Antietam creek, near Fredericsburg, and at other places. At Gettysburg it was commanded by Col. Talley, as their former much loved commander Col. Roberts had been taken upon the Governor's staff ; and was attached to the fifth corps under General Crawford. On the 3d of July it occupied the centre in the First Brigade in the brilliant charge which threw such confusion into the enemy's flank. Again it was ordered back into Virginia, and during the remainder of the year it participated in the numerous battles, skirmishes and mauoeuveres in which the army of the Potomac was engaged. During the winter it was engaged in keeping open the communication between the defences of Washington and the front, and finally had a share in the battles of Spottsylvania and Bethesda Church. At this last mentioned place the last day of its service was spent in an active participation in achieving a glorious victory. It was ordered home on the first of June by way of Washington and Harrisburg to Philadelphia where on the 13th it was mustered out of service. Few if any regiments have a more honorable history. From the cammencement it mustered 1084 men, and of these 139 were lost by sickness and death on the battle field, 233 were wounded, 258 were discharged for disability contracted in the service, and 148 reenlisted as veterans. THE SEVENTH RESERVES. The "Carlisle Fencibles" were formed into a company and were awaiting orders on the 19th of April, 1861. On Thursday morning, June 6, they left Carlisle for West Chester, having received a beautiful satin flag the gift of Mrs. Samuel Alexander, a grand daughter of Col. Ephraim Blaine, on which was inscribed the motto : " May God defend the right!" It had choscn for its officers on the 21st of April, Captain Robert M. Henderson, First Lieutenant James S. Colwell Second Lieutenant Erkuries Beatty, First Sergeant John D. Adair. Capt. Henderson was wounded both at Charles City Cross Roads and at Bull Run, and was promoted Lieutenant Colonel July 4th, 1862. At the latter date he was succeeded as Captain by J. S. Colwell, and on the death of the latter at Antietam Sept. 17th, 1862, by E. Beatty. The latter had also been wounded at Charles City Cross Roads, June 30, 1862, had been promoted from second to first Lieutenant July 4, 1862, was brevetted Major and Lieutenant Colonel March 13, 1865, and was mustered out with the company June 16, 1864. Samuel V. Ruby became a first, and D. W. Burkholder a second Lieutenant, and Wm. Holmes (who died at Annapolis June 3, 1865), Wm. M. Henderson (who died at Carlisle March 12, 1862) and Van Buren Eby (who died a prisoner at Andersonville Aug 12, 1864), became at different times sergeants in the company. A company was also raised near the same time at Mechanicsburg under Joseph Totten as Captain, Jacob T. Zug as first and George W. Comfort as second Lieutenant, and John W. Cook as first sergeant. Captain Totten was promoted Lieutenant Colonel a few weeks after the departure of the company and was succeeded as Captain by Henry I. Zinn, who resigned Nov. 30th, and was at once succeeded by Samuel King who continued until the company was mustered out June 16th, 1864. Jacob Zug was wounded and lost an arm Dec. 30, 1862, when he resigned and was succeeded as first Lieutenant by Jacob Heffelfinger, who was a prisoner from May 5th, 1864, to March 1st, 1865, and was discharged March 11th, 1865. George Comfort was killed at Fredericksburg Dec. 13th, 1862. On their arrival at Camp Wayne these two companies were attached to the Thirty-sixth Regiment, the Seventh of the Reserves, the first as company A and the other as company H. Elisha B. Harvey, of Wilkesbarre, was chosen Colonel, Joseph Totten Lieutenant Colonel, and Chauncey A. Lyman, of Lock Haven, Major. They had been raised and organized under the call for three months' men ; but not being accepted as such on account of the number called out being full, the members of the companies remained at Harrisburg, were equipped and sustained at their own expense and were drilled until they were accepted for three years and sent forward. On the 27th of HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 135 July, having been ordered to Meridian Hill, near Washington, they were there mustered into the service of the United States and marched to Tenallytown, the point of general rendezvous for the Pennsylvania Reserves, where the regiment was assigned to the Second Brigade under Gen. George G. Meade. We cannot follow this regiment in all its marches and battles, for so active did it become that scarcely any important movement took place in which it was not a participator. After spending the autumn and winter in Northern Virginia, it was sent to the neighborhood of Richmond and brought face to face with the enemy. By this time it had acquired discipline and steadiness enough to be entrusted with the most responsible positions. At Gaines' Mills it resisted an attack upon Butterfield's Artillery, an d though obliged to yield to overwhelming numbers its struggle was desperate and it brought off the caissons in safety. Capt. King of company H remaining to the very last, was captured with twenty of his men. The loss was severe, the killed, wounded and missing comprising nearly one-half of the regiment's effective strength. During the seven days fighting (June 26—July 2) which ensued, the Seventh was continually put forward where the danger was greatest and the conflict most severe, and when it was mustered at the close, only about two hundred out of the full ranked and high spirited body of men which had embarked on the Rappahannock a month before were present to answer to their names. The loss was three hundred and one, and among the wounded were Capr. Henderson, and Lieutenants J. 'I'. Zug and E. Beatty. In consequence of many promotions which now took place, nearly all the officers of the regiment changed their positions. Capt. Henderson became Lieutenant Colonel. About the middle of August the brigade was sent back to the Rappahannock and united with the army of Northern Virginia under General Pope. At Groveton the Seventh led by Lieutenant Col. Henderson, was engaged for two days in a series Of skirmishes which finally resulted in a heavy battle, in which the leader was again severely wounded and the general loss was great ; but the ground was maintained and warm commendation was obtained from Generals Reynolds and McDowell. At the close of this campaign the army of the Potomac moved to Washington (Sept. 7th), but soon after marched through Maryland to the South Mountain where it again met the enemy and drove him from the passes there. At Antietam creek (Sept. 16th), the Seventh bore an important part and received high encomiums, but suffered once more heavy loss ; Captain Colwell, and privates John Callio, Leo Faller, David Spahr and Wm. Culp of Comp A being killed or mortally wounded by the explosion of a single shell. Two months later the regiment was near Fredericksburg, where it crossed the river Dec. 12th, and endured for some time the fire of Stuart's battery, unable to make a reply. Finally, however, the soldiers moved up the heights, leaped ditches, penetrated the woods and surprised the very trenches of Longstreet's Corps. The enemy's line was broken and the Seventh alone sent over one hundred prisoners to the rear. The advantage gained was finally lost, but the honor and the trophies here gained were especially distinguished. The swords of three rebel Captains and the battle flag of a Georgia regiment were wrested from their owners by the privates of Company A, and a medal was afterwards given to Corporal Cart for his heroic conduct in capturing the colors. Gen. Meade in his report of the battle of Fredericksburg, said : " The Seventh engaged the enemy to the left, capturing many prisoners and a standard, driving them from their rifle pits and temporary defences, and continuing the pursuit till encountering the enemy's reinforcements they were in turn driven back." The losses, however, were grievous : Lieutenant Comfort was killed, Col. Bollinger arid Adjutant Stout received painful wounds, Lieutenant Zug, of Company H, had his arm so shattered as to require amputation, six men were killed, seventy two were wounded and twenty-two were missing. The only notable event of the ensuing winter was the attempt to recross the river which ended in the terrible " mud march," remembered with more horror than even the pitched battles. So reduced had the Reserves now become that an effort was made in the Spring by the State authorities to have it recruited, but without success. The regiment, however, was now withdrawn from active operations and engaged in the department at Washington. Lieutenant Col. Henderson resigned his commission and became Provost Marshall of the Fifteenth District of Pennsylvania, Lieut. Beatty, who had been promoted Captain of Company A, was ordered on special duty as Assistant Adjutant General on Gen. Martindale's staff at Washington. The regiment remained for the summer and fall of 1863 at Alexandria, engaged principally in provost and guard duty. Early in the spring, however, the regiment was once more moved forward into the Wilderness, where on the 2d of May, near Chancellorsville, 272 officers and men, while ardently pressing forward upon the enemy, were surrounded and captured. The privates were soon after conveyed to the infamous prison pen at Andersonville where 67 of them are known to have died, others who were removed to Florence have left no record of their sufferings and death, and many others have since expired in consequence of the exposures and privations then endured. The record kept by Samuel Elliott, of Carlisle, of his prison life in Andersonville, has since been published and will be a lasting and veritable proof of the treatment there received, which for the honor of humanity, it is to be hoped was not general or justified by the higher authorities. The officers of the regiment were sent to Macon and were said to have been placed under the fire of our own guns at Charleston in order to defend the city from the attack of the Union forces. The little remnant of the regiment with a few recruits who had been brought to it by Captain King, of Company H, took part in the desperate fighting of the campaign against Richmond, until the close of its time of service. It then was mustered out at Philadelphia, June 16th, 1864, and received all along its route home the enthusiastic plaudits and welcome of the State authorities and its friends.* * Bates' Pa. Vols., Vol. I. pp. 720,43, 734, 748. 136 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. Two companies of Cavalry were organized in 1861, among the earliest in this arm of the service for the long term. One of these was called the " Big Spring Adamantine Guards," and had preserved its organization for half a century. It was now composed of 108 men and was commanded by Captain S. Woodburn, who, however, served only for a year and was discharged by special order, Aug. 28, 1862, when his place was supplied by Wm. E. Miller. The First Lieutenant was originally Wm. Baughman and afterwards E. L. Cauffman. The Second Lieutenant was at first Wm. E. Miller and after his promotion successively Louis R. Stifle and Elwood Davis. It was attached to the 60th Regiment or Third Cavalry, under Col. Wm. H. Young, and was sometimes known as Young's Light Kentucky Cavalry. Under the severe discipline of Col. W. W. Averill at Washington, it attained a high spirit and efficiency. The first winter was passed near Washington, but in March 1862, it was moved forward to the south and was in the post of honor in the advance of General McClellan and at the siege of Yorktown. Averill's Cavalry was active in all the sad scenes of the succeeding summer near Richmond, at Harrison's Landing, in the battle of Antietam and during the invasion of Maryland. After the promotion of Col. Averill to a Brigadiership, the regiment was commanded (Nov., 1862), by Col. J. B. McIntosh, and was kept busy for the next year in Virginia, and during the winter of 1863-4 suffered severely for want of clothing and accommodations. Although the term of enlistment had expired, those who declined to reenlist were with their own consent sent to the Cumberland Valley to act against the rebels in their raid upon that region, and on the 24th of Aug., 1863, were mustered out of service. A veteran battalion was formed of such as were willing to enlist for another three years or the war, and was engaged in the remaining movements of the army of the Potomac. The other company of cavalry was recruited under the authority of the Secretary of War, Aug. 27, 1861, by Wm. B. Sipes, of Philadelphia. It was recruited partly in Fayette, but principally from Cumberland county. It was attached to the Eighteenth Regiment (Seventh Cavalry), over which Geo. C. Wyncoop, of Pottsville, was placed as Colonel, and Wm. B. Sipes as Lieutenant Colonel. David G. May, of West Fairview, was the original Captain of the company known as company K, but after his death at Cbickamauga, Sept. 21, 1863, lie was succeeded by James G. Taylor and after his death by Wm. H. Collins. Joseph G. Vale, a lawyer of Carlisle, was in Oct. 12th, 1861, a First Lieutenant, but in August, 1862, he was promoted to be the Captain of company M in the same regiment. As soon as it was mustered in, it was sent west, and after a season of instruction, it was assigned to the department of the Cumberland, and employed in Ten, nessee during the busy campaigns of 1862 and 1863. During the closing part of the latter year it was sent forward as far as Chickamauga where Lieut. Vale was wounded ; and early in 1864 it was sent back to Huntsville, Alabama, where its time expiring most of the men were reenlisted and granted a brief furlough. It went with Sherman as far at least as Rome, but it had now become so much reduced by severe service and losses that it was no longer fit for the field and was sent back to Louisville, Ky. The regiment was, however, sent again South, was severely engaged in Alabama, marched across as far as Macon, Geo., where it remained until peace was concluded and it was mustered out of service Aug. 13, 1865. Two companies of cavalry were organized in the summer of 1862, in compliance with an order of Simon Cameron, Secretary of War, for three years service. Many of them were persons who had served in the militia for the short term of the previous year. They were called respectively H and I, and were attached to the Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry which was the Ninety Second of the line. Company H was recruited under David H. Kimmel who was promoted to be Major, May 22d, 1863, when Wm. M. Shriver, before First Lieutenant in company I, took his place for six months after which he resigned and was succeeded by George A. Sherman. The first to act as First Lieutenant was Elisha A Hancock, until May, 1863, when he was promoted to be the Captain of another company and was succeeded by Thomas W. Jordan. Company I was commanded by Captain H. W. McCullough who was killed at Moor's Hill in Kentucky, June 6, 1862, and was succeeded by Wm. H. Longsdorf, who was promoted two years afterwards to be Major, and his place was filled for the remaining time by 0. B. McKnight. The regiment took the name of the Lochiel Cavalry, and was commanded successively by Colonels Edward C. Williams, Thomas C. James and Thomas J. Jordan. Its principal field of action for the first two years was in Kentucky and Tennessee, but in the latter part of 1864 it was sent with General Sherman into Georgia and the Carolinas. It went through severe service, several times lost heavily, and closed its term the mere skeleton of what it was at first. Its record is a very honorable one. In the latter part of 1831 an independent company of cavalry was recruited at Carlisle Barracks for three years under the authority of the United States. It was called the Anderson Troop, and was composed of young men from all parts of the State. A few persons from this county were enlisted in it, among whom was Edward B. Inhoff, of Carlisle, who in 1863 became a Quarter Master Sergeant, and continued with the company until it was mustered out, March 26th, 1863. It was thoroughly drilled at Carlisle Barracks during the fall and early winter, and in February was sent fo Kentucky to act under Gen. Buell in the south-west. In June Capt. Palmer was sent back to Pennsylvania to recruit, when a regiment was raised and known as the Anderson Cavalry. A large number of the officers of the new regiment were taken from the Troop, but the Troop was never as a whole incorporated with the regiment, but kept up an independent organization. It was subsequently active in the campaign against Gen. Bragg under Gen. Buell, and when the former General retreated he was pursued as far as Nashville, where the Troop remained until Christmas, when the movement upon Murfreesborough began. Having been much reduced during the operations upon Stone river, Gen. Rosencrans directed that it should be mustered out of service March 24th, 1863. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 137 130TH REGIMENT-NINE MONTHS' MEN In the summer of 1862, after the disbandment of the Three Months' Men, an effort was made to organize under the militia laws of the State a number of regiments for what many still hoped to be a sufficient time to finish the war—an enlistment for nine months. Many of the officers and men who enlisted in them were such as had served during the three months' service. Five full companies and one part of a company of this class were recruited in Cumberland county. Company A was formed in Carlisle early in the summer of 1862, and chose for its Captain Wm. R. Porter, who remained in that office during the whole period of its service. Its First Lieutenant was John R. Turner, who in August became Quarter Master of the regiment ; and its Second Lieutenant was John Hays, who soon became First Lieutenant and finally (Feb. 18th, 1863) Adjutant. Its first Sergeant was John 0. Halbert, promoted Second Lieutenant December 28th, 1862, who was succeeded by Alphonso B. Beissel March 1st, 1863. Company D was called from Shippensburg and vicinity, and had for its Captain James Kelso during the whole period of service. Its First Lieutenant was Samuel Patchell and its Second Lieutenant Daniel A. Harris. Company E. was recruited at Newville, having for its Captain Wm. .Laughlin, and after his death at Fredericsburg, Dec. 13th, 1862, Joshua W. Sharp, who had been from the first organization First Lieutenant. John P. Wagner succeeded Sharp as First Lieutenant. Henry Clay Marshall was at first Second Lieutenant, but was appointed Adjutant August 17th, 1862. First Sergeant Joseph A. Ege was promoted to be Second Lieutenant in place of John P. Wagner. Company F was composed principally of Three Months' Men from Mechanicsburg who now chose for their Captain Henry I. Zinn, First Lieutenant John B. Zinn, Second Lieutenant W. A. Givler, First Sergeant Levi M. Haverstick. When Capt. Zinn was appointed Colonel, August 17th, 1862, John B. Zinn became Captain, and when he resigned, March 19th, 1863, he was succeeded by Levi M. Haverstick. Michael W. French was promoted from being a Sergeant to be Second and finally First Lieutenant. Wm. A. Givler was killed at Antietam, and was succeeded by M. W. French, who in turn was followed by Wm. E. Zinn. Company G was recruited in and near Carlisle, and had for its Captain John Lee, who being chosen Major was succeeded by John S. Lyne, and on his discharge, Feb. 5th, 1863, by John S. Low. The First Lieutenant was J. S. Lyne, but on his promotion he was followed by Thomas D. Caldwell, before Second Lieutenant. Company H was also recruited principally at New Cumberland and West Vairview under Captain John C. Hoffaker, who was discharged on the Surgeon's certificate Feb. 13th, 1863, when George C. Marshall, the First Lieutenant, took his place until the close of the term. John. K. McGann, the Second Lieutenant, became the First and Sergeant Charles A. Hood became the Second. On the organization of these companies with some others into a regiment August 17th, 1862, Henry I. Zinn was chosen Colonel, Levi Maish, of York county, Lieut.-Colonel, and John Lee Major. The day after the regiment was sent to Washington, where it remained under training until the 17th of September, when it was marched to Rockville and attached to French's Division of Sumner's corps. It was soon moved on to the South mountain and took an honorable part in the battle of Antietam. Gen. French says : " The conduct of the new regiment must take a prominent place in the history of this great battle. Undrilled, but admirably armed and equipped, every regiment either in advance or reserve distinguished itself, but according to the energy and ability of their respective commanders. The report of Colonel Morris [under whom the 130th was] exhibits the services of his command. There never was such material in any army, and in one month these splendid men will not be excelled by any." The loss of the regiment was 40 killed and 256 wounded, and of these many afterwards died of their wounds. Lieut. Givler was among the killed and Lieut. Haverstick among the wounded. After the battle the regiment went into camp on the heights near Harper's Ferry, where it suffered from want of tents and hospital supplies, and the sick list rapidly increased. It was in the battle at Fredericsburg, and reduced as it had been it now lost from its small number nearly half of its force. Sixty-two were either killed or wounded, and among the former were Colonel Zinn and Captain Laughlin. Lieut. Haverstick was again among the wounded. It was again called to participate in the series of engagements in the neighborhood of Chancellorsville, in one of which Lieut.-Colonel Maish and Lieut. John Hays were wounded. On the 12th of May the term of enlistment expired, and on the 21st, at Harrisburg, it was mustered out of service. On the 23rd they were welcomed home by a large concourse of their fellow-citizens. The part which was taken in the military service by the lawyers of Cumberland county was especially honorable to them. At the very first call, when the example of prominent men was of peculiar importance, a large number of these gentlemen promptly gave in their names and entered in most instances as privates until they were promoted to office. Ignorant as they all were of military drill, they at once submitted to the instruction of a Sergeant at Carlisle Barracks, and as soon as possible left their pleasant homes for the severities of an ill-supplied and perilous service. In most cases this was at the sacrifice of health and sometimes of life, and they were intelligent enough to know beforehand what these sacrifices were likely to be. They were not alone, for they were accompanied by many in every walk of life. Among them were R. M. Henderson, John Lee, Lemuel Todd, A. Brady Sharpe, Christian P. Humrich, C. McGlaughlin, George S. Emig, C. P. Coalman, Joseph G. Vale, Wm. E. Miller, J. Brown Parker, Wm. M. Penrose, Joseph S. Colwell, S. V. Ruby, Wm. D. Halbert, D. N. Nevin, J. B. Landis, John Hays and J. M. Weakley. These took their places not in some single company or regiment to which a special eclat might be awarded, but wherever 138 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. their lot happened to fall. As, however, the companies belonging to the 130th were in process of formation at that time, most of them were connected with that regiment. PENNSYLVANIA MILITIA-THREE YEARS' MEN. When the two companies of Three Months' Men from Mechanicsburg who had served under Captains Kuhns and Dorsheimer were re-enlisted and reorganized Christian Kuhns served as Captain for one of these companies until April 2nd, 1863, when he was succeeded by First Lieut. James Noble until the close of the war. Joseph Armstrong became First Lieutenant June 3rd, 1863. This company was attached as Company A to the Eleventh Regiment which was sent to act with the army of the Potomac, and it participated in all the activities and hardships of the Virginia campaigns. Jacob Dorsheimer having served as Captain of the other company for over a year resigned, and was succeeeded by Theodore K. Scheffer, who was followed by Samuel Lyon. It was organized as Company A in the 107th regiment under Colonel Thomas A. Zeigle, of York. This was also united with the army of the Potomac, and was active in the battles of Antietam, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, with all the accompanying minor engagements. Both of these companies were among the first and the last in the servioe. They held on through all changes until the enemy fmally surrendered, and then joined in the grand review at Washington, May 23rd, 1865, when it was mustered out of service. Another company known as Company A and connected with the 101st regiment was mustered partially in this county. It was commanded at first by Captain David M. Armour and afterwards by James Sheafer. It was engaged for some time in North Carolina, where most of the men were captured and shared for a few months in the horrors of the prison at Andersonville. Those who survived were finally exchanged, formed into a detachment and put on duty on Roanoke Island until the close of the war. Near the close of 1861 a portion of a company was gathered in Cumberland county and marched to Harrisburg, but as it was not sufficient to form a full company it was united with another fragment from Cameron bounty, and organized by the election of Merrick Housler as Captain, James W. Ingram First Lieutenant and Daniel W. Taggart as Second Lieutenant. It was then united as Company G with the 84th regiment, and in the early part of 1862 was engaged in active service in West Virginia. In March it was moved eastward and lost heavily in the battle near Kernstown. After a severe campaign it was permitted to recover itself at Alexandria, but it was soon brought into prominence at the second battle of Bull Run, in the series of fights near Chancellorsville, in the great battle at Gettysburg, in the Wilderness and at the seige of Petersburg. The small remnant was then consolidated with the 54th, and participated in the operations on the Weldon Railroad. MILITIA OF 1862. After the disastrous second battle of Bull Run there were strong probabilities that the rebel army would move at once upon the Southern counties of Pennsylvania whose harvests and herds presented the prospect of a rich spoil. The entire Reserve Corps which had been originally organized for such an emergency was absent and fully occupied with the army of the Potomac. Already was the enemy across the Potomac and the danger was imminent. Under these circumstances the Governor of Pennsylvania called for 50,000 men to be organized as soon as possible and mustered at Harrisburg. The people everywhere flew to arms and hastened to the place of rendezvous. The first regiment was formed in this vicinity within two days after the summons. On the 14th of September the head of the army of the Potomac met the enemy and drove him back through the passes of the South mountain, and on the 17th encountered him at Antietam. In the mean time the militia which had been thus suddenly called out pushed forward fifteen thousand strong to Hagerstown, prepared to assist in case of any disaster, and were followed closely by ten thousand more. Still another body of 25,000 men were either at Harrisburg or on their way thither. But the enemy having been defeated, these troops were soon returned and disbanded agreeably to the conditions of their call. The first regiment so promptly on the ground was mustered in this county and were held in service only two weeks (Sept. 11-25). Its Colonel was Henry McCormick, Lieutenant Colonel Robert A. Larnberton and Major Thomas B. Bryson. Company A had for Captain Daniel Shelly and First Lieutenant Benjamin Longnecker. The officers of Company D were Captain Ephraim Cornman, First Lieutenant Lewis F. Lyne, Second Lieutenant Samuel Philips (promoted to chaplain Sept. 15th, 1862). The officers of Company E were Captain Wm. H. Miheler, First Lieutenant Ephraim G. H. Meek and Second Lieutenant Henry C. Shaffer. Those of Company G were Captains T. B. Bryson (promoted to Major), Wm. Bryson, and First Lieutenant Samuel Magaw. Company H was recruited principally at West Fairview and vicinity under Captain Daniel May and Lieutenants David Reese and J. Dewitt Sprout. It was one of the first to report at Head Quarters at Harrisburg, and while out it advanced beyond Hagerstown and back to Greencastle, a distance of thirty miles in about a half a day. Company I was collected at Carlisle under Captain Christian P. Humrich, First Lieutenant John B. Alexander and Second Lieutenant Charles E. Maglaughlin. Gen. McClellan wrote to Governor Curtin : "The manner in which the people of Pennsylvania responded to your call and hastened to the defense of their frontier no doubt exercised a great influence upon the enemy ;" and the Governor of Maryland said : " The readiness with which the militia of Pennsylvania crossed the border and took their stand beside the Maryland brigade shows that the border is in all respecrs but an ideal line, and that in such 'a cause as now unites us Pennsylvania and Maryland are but one." HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 139 COMPANIES IN 1863. Some companies were collected from the county near the close of 1862, and went into active service near the commencement of the next year. One of these was organized for the nine months' service and chose Martin G. Hale for its Captain, and Henry S. Crider for its First and Patrick G. McCoy for its Second Lieutenant. It was attached as Company F to the 158th regiment in which David B. McKibben was made Colonel, Elias S. Troxell Lieutenant Colonel and Martin G. Hale Major. In place of Captain Hale Henry S. Crider, and after his resignation, Feb. 12th, 1863, Samuel B. Deihl was chosen. Its principal service was in North Carolinia, where it was engaged in saving the garrison at Washington which was surrounded and besieged by the troops of Gen. Hill. Succeeding in this it was sent North in June, and after joining Gen. Meade in his pursuit of Lee to the Potomac it was returned to Chambersburg and mustered out of service Aug. 12th, 1863. Company F of the 162nd Pennsylvania line was recruited under the call which the President made upon this State July 2nd, 1862, for three regiments of cavalry. It was raised under Captain Charles Lee in Cumberland county, and the regiment to which it was attached is usually known as the Seventeenth cavalry. It was enlisted for three years, and had for its Colonel Josiah H. Kellogg, of the United States cavalry, till Dec. 27th, 1864, and after him James Q. Anderson. Early in January, 1863, it was united with the Second Brigade under Col. Thomas Devin, in which it served through the entire term. It was witb Gen. Hooker in the Chancellorsville campaign, under Buford at Gettysburg, back to Eastern Virginia next year, with Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley and with the army of the Potomac when peace was concluded. In his farewell Gen. Devin said : " In five successive campaigns and in over three score engagements you have nobly sustained your part. Of the many gallant regiments from your State none has a brighter record, none has more freely shed its blood on every battle-field from Gettysburg to Appomattox. Your gallant deeds will be ever fresh in the memory of your comrades of the Iron Brigade and the First Division." There were men from Cumberland in the Eighteenth Cavalry, which was the 163rd of the Pennsylvania line, but we have been unable to discover the company or companies in which they served. Company B of the 165th regiment of drafted militia was formed in the eastern part of the county about the 1st of November, 1862. Charles H. Buehler was the Colonel and Edward G. Fahnestock the Lieutenant Colonel, Abraham J. Rupp Captain and Henry Lee First Lieutenant. The principal theatre of its action was in North Carolina. It was engaged in no general battle, but in several severe skirmishes and in much laborious duty, until the close of its term, July 28th, 1863. COMPANIES IN 1864—ONE YEAR'S SERVICE. Squadrons of the 200th and 201st regiments were recruited in Cumberland. One of these fragments was from the eastern part, in the towns of West Fairview and New Cumberland. They were engaged principally in Virginia. The 200th had an especially active service and was highly complimented at the close of its term by Gen. Hartranft for its steadiness and gallantry near Petersburg, March 24th, 1865. The movements of the 201st were principally in Eastern Virginia, and were very effective. Companies G and H and part of Company D in the 102nd regiment were mustered from Cumberland county and were commanded by Captains David Gochenauer, John P. Wagner and S. C. Prowell. The principal employment of this regiment after a thorough drill and instruction at Chambersburg was on the Manassas Gap Railroad to keep it open for the supply of Sheridan during his brilliant campaign in the Shenandoah. This was no easy task, for it was constantly infested by Moseby and his guerillas, who were often disguised in our uniform and made the service more unpleasant and often more dangerous and harrassing than that on more extensive battlefields. In the 209th regiment companies A and F of Cumberland county men were mustered (Sept. 16th, 1864) under Captains John B. Landis and Henry Lee. The regimental officers were Tobias B. Kauffman Colonel, George W. Frederick Lieutenant Colonel and John L. Ritchey Major. Most of the officers and men had served in other organizations, and were therefore not entirely without experience and discipline. It was soon sent to the front and posted near Fort Harrison, between the James and Appomattox rivers. Capt. Landis with 113 men here garrisoned a redoubt and attained much skill by continental picket and garrison duty. In an attack upon the picket line Nov. 17th, Col. Kauffman. Capt. Lee and Lieut. Hendricks, with 19 men, were captured and were held as prisoners until near the close of the war ; but the attack was handsomely repulsed by the main body. In the latter part of November it was transferred from the army of the James to that of the Potomac, and was brigaded with the 200th under Col. Charles W. Diven and in the Division of Gen. Hartranft. During the winter the regiment was engaged in drill, in fatigue duty upon fortifications and in the construction of roads and sometimes in demonstrations against the enemy. When Fort Stoneman was captured by the enemy the regiment became actively engaged in its recapture and gained much reputation for bravery and firmness ; in consequence of which a temporary disaster was turned into victory. The enemy's works were there assaulted (April 2nd), and with considerable effort and loss were finally carried, and the regiment went to Petersburg. The rebel army soon after this surrendered, and the whole regiment except some new recruits was mustered out of service. 140 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. EMERGENCY AND STATE MILITIA OF 1863. The successes of the rebel armies during the latter part of 1862 and the early part of 1863 so emboldened their leaders that an invasion of Pennsylvania at its southern central and its extreme western points and of Ohio below Cincinnati was seriously contemplated. It was with no little apprehension that whispers of this design were heard by the authorities of these states. They became more serious from the fact that a turbulent class of men in the northern cities and in the mining districts had begun to exhibit tokens of extreme discontent on account of the proposed draught. From the failure of the threatened invasion the year before and the asserted uselessness of the troops then raised to meet it, it was difficult to convince many of the inhabitants of the threatened districts of the necessity of preparation for such an emergency. A call, however, was sent forth for troops, and two new military departments were created in Pennsylvania, those of the Susquehanna and the Monongahela (June 9th, 1863). In the first of these, with his head quarters at Harrisburg, Major General Darius N. Couch was made commander. On the 15th of June, Chambersburg was taken possession of by Gen. Jenkins' Brigade, and it was evident that Gen. Ewell was pressing up the Cumberland Valley. Nothing seemed to stand in the way of his progress, for the Reserves which had been designed for the defence of the State had all been mustered into the United States' service and were in other states, and the federal forces at this time seemed to have all they could do in other quarters. It was plain enough from the effort of the former year, from the numbers who were afterwards draughted, and from the multitudes who were unemployed and complaining that men enough were still left if they could be enlisted, armed and brought into the field. Soon these began to assemble at Harrisburg and demand an organization. They were received with the promise that they would be returned to their homes as soon as the emergency which called them forth was over. It is impossible to ascertain how many of these troops were raised to this county, as they were mustered without reference to localities ; but we notice at least one (company B of the 47th regiment) under the command of Thomas B. Bryson, who had come out with his company on a similar occasion. Others doubtless there were, though many were reluctant to leave their homes at such a time. General Knipe, who had been sent up the Valley with some New York militia, was soon ccmpelled to fall back to Carlisle and finally to Oysters' Point, near the Susquehanna. After the battle at Gettysburg the militia were pushed forward up the valley, a part of them joining the main army. It was active in gathering in and caring for the wounded. A portion of them were also sent under Col. J. P. Wickersham into the mining districts, where a collision with certain disaffected parties appeared imminent. In August and September most of these emergency men were mustered out, few of them having been in mortal conflict, but all of them having performed an important service. A company was mustered in this county in the early part of 1865 for the purpose of supplying the place of company D, which had become vacant in the 78th regiment of militia. It was organized under the captaincy of John A. Swartz and was assigned in March. It was sent to Nashville, Tennessee, and participated with the army of the Cumberland under Gen. Thomas in the brilliant campaign which swept the rebel army from that State, and it was finally mustered out of service Sept. 11th, 1865. COLORED TROOPS. In the year 1863 the authorities began to muster troops composed entirely of colored men from all parts of the State. It was conceded that some of the bravest and most effective companies in the army consisted of these men. As none of them had been trained to be field officers they were necessarily dependent upon others for their commanders, but many of them exhibited such an aptitude for the drill and discipline of the camp and field that they were soon found capable of many offices. Two or three parties we know went from this county. John C. Brock, of Carlisle, entered company F of the 43rd " United States Colored Regiment" April 5th, 1864, and soon (Jan. 5th, 1865) became Quarter Master Sergeant for the regiment, and continued in that position until mustered out, Oct. 20th, 1865. We are, however, unable to trace the other companies and men who. belonged to this class. IN THE REGULAR ARMY. Among those connected with the regular army whose origin or homes were in this county may be mentioned Washington L. Elliott. His father, Commodore Jesse Duncan Elliott, was second in command at the battle of Lake Erie (Sept. 10th, 1813), and received a gold medal from Congress for meritorious services on that occasion. He was born at Carlisle, March 31st, 1825, spent three years at Dickinson College, graduated at West Point (1844), was commissioned Second Lieut. of a mounted rifle regiment in 1846, served in the Mexican war and on the frontiers, where he become successively First Lieutenant (1847) and Captain (1854), and until 1860 was engaged in the service among the Indians. At the commencement of the civil war he was employed under General Lyon in Missouri, was in the battles at Springfield and Wilson's creek, was commissioned (Sept. 1861) a Colonel in the Iowa volunteer cavalry, and (1862) a Major in the First U. S. Cavalry, and commanded a brigade of cavalry in the army of the Tennessee at the capture of New Madrid, Island No. 10, the siege of Corinth and the raid on the Mississippi & Ohio Railroad. In June 1862, he was promoted to be a Brigadier General of U. S. Volunteers, was chief of cavalry in the Army of Virginia, and was wounded at the second battle of Bull Run. For six months after September, 1862, he was in command of the department of the Northwest, but in July, 1863, he was assigned to the command of a division of cavalry in the army of the Potomac, and in October to the, command of another division in the army of HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 141 the Cumberland, reenforcing General Burnside in East Tennessee. Here he was engaged in the action of Mossy creek, became chief of cavalry in the army of the Cumberland, and was employed in the Atlanta campaign and in the pursuit of General Hood. In the latter part of 1864, and in the first half of 1865 he commanded a division in the Fourth Army Corps, and participated in the battles around Nashville, and was brevetted for his gallant and meritorious services a Brigadier and soon after a Major General in the regular army. He has since been in command of different military Districts, has seen much hard service from which he has seldom sought any furlough, and has gone through all gradations of rank until his recent promotion to be a Colonel in the Third U. S. Cavalry. Samuel Sturgis was born at Shippensburg in 1822, and was graduated at West Point in 1846. In the war with Mexico, he had been brevetted a Lieutenant of Dragoons, and had distinguished himself at the battle of Buena Vista. After the war he had been assigned to New Mexico, where his talents and good conduct drew from the Legislature a vote of thanks, and from the executive and judicial departments a recommendation for promotion. With the rank of a Captain, but in the command of six companies among the hostile Kiowa and Comanche Indians, he so effectually put down opposition that he was especially commended in the Secretary's report to Congress. When the rebellion broke out he was in command of Fort Smith, in Arkansas, where most of his officers took part with the South and combined with the citizens and the Governor to deliver up the fort to the Confederate authorities. He so managed that when the Governor arrived, he had marched with the two companies which had formed the garrison and all the valuable stores, beyond their reach on the way to Fort Leavenworth. He was now made a Major of the First regular cavalry. In May, 1861, with 2600 men he joined General Lyon on Grand River, and at Springfield. After Lyon's fall he had command of the troops, and after a severe engagement of three hours routed the enemy. His ammunition, however, being exhausted he was obliged to retire. He was then made a Brigadier General and served during the war in Virginia and in the South. Another of these officers was Captain John R. Smead, son of Captain Raphael C. Smead, a professor at West Point, who had died of the yellow fever while returning by ship to his family at Carlisle, from the Mexican war (1848). John was born in 1830, graduated at West Point about 1851, and when the rebellion began was engaged with Prof. Bache on the Coast Survey. He then entered the 2nd Artillery, but was immediately made a Captain in the 5th Artillery with a battery of eight guns. He was in the battles of the Peninsula before Richmond, and was killed at the second battle of Bull Run, Aug. 31, 1862, while leading his battery in the thickest of the engagement. He was struck by a ten pound cannon ball which came ricocheting over the field and tore away one half of his head, killing him instantly. His remains were brought home to Carlisle. Intimately associated with him was Alexander Piper, who graduated at West Point in 1851, and after seven years' service in the Ar tillery in California and Oregon was engaged as an instructor at thee Military Academy. On the breaking out of the Rebellion he join his company, and participated in all the great battles of the Virgin campaign. In the first battle of Bull Run he served as aid-de-camp General Sherman, in 1863 he commanded the 10th N. Y. Voluntee which garrisoned a line of fortifications on the east of Washington, ar was the chief of artillery under General Ord. He was soon after i the same position in the Army of Virginia under Major General She] dan, and continued in it until the close of the war. He was then a signed to duty on the academic staff at West Point where he now r mains as one of the instructors. His brother James W. Piper we to Washington immediately after the President's first proclamation April, 1861, and enlisted as a private in Captain Smead's company of District Volunteers. At the close of the three months term, he reenlisted was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in Captain SmSmead's Btery company K of the U. S. Artillery, and although without a special military education, exhibited striking talent for his new position. He was with his battery in all the prominent engagements of that region. C the death of Captain Smead at Bull Run, he was promoted to tltheommand, and at the battle of Gaines' Mill, June 26th, 1862, he was severely wounded, and disabled for some months. After the w; he served for several years as an instructor in the Military school fcfor millery under Gen. Barry at Fortress Monroe. In the summer 1876 his health declined and he had leave of absence for a seaso which he spent at Carlisle and its vicinity. After a protracted sisickss he died Oct. 30, 1876. CHAPTER SEVENTEENTH.—INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA. ADVANCE OF THE ENEMY. Before the war and on the floor of the United States Senate, th future President of the Southern Confederacy asserted that the seen of conflict would be not Virginia but Pennsylvania and Ohio. Twic at least during the progress of the struggle there were indications ththathis idea had not been forgotten. The expedition of Stuart in 186 had proved to be little more than a raid for supplies and horses, am when open threats of an invasion were sent forth next year, mos people believed that it would turn out to be even less. But after the series of engagements on the Rappahannock in which the Northern Army had been disheartened if not defeated ; when General Lee had 142 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. been reenforced by the accession of Longstreet's corps so that he had for the time a superior and splendid army ; when the only region he could look to had been devastated and could give him no more supplies ; when he bad reason to think the Union army had been depleted by the expiration of the term for which most of its men had been enlisted ; and when finally he heard intimations of an extensive disaffection throughout the North and of actual mobs in prospect in the cities and mining districts, he was perhaps warranted in making the venture. Endeavoring for a while to conceal his departure by maintaining an appearance of strength in his ]ate quarters, he moved northwards with as much celerity and secrecy as possible, sending before him some portions of his forces to open the way. Near the middle of June, 1863, General Milroy was driven from Winchester with the loss of nearly all his ammunition and artillery and a portion of his men. His baggage train was saved and with a few hundred men moved rapidly the whole length of Cumberland Valley, communicating in its hasty flight to the several towns and villages the first reliable reports that the invasion was like to 133 a reality. On the 15th of June General Jenkins in pursuit of this train reached Chambersburg, but contented himself with gathering an immense body of horses and cattle, and returned. On the 16th General Ewell with a part of his corps crossed the Potomac at Williamsport. It was the intention of General Lee to reach the Susquehanna in two divisions, one by way of Carlisle with the ultimate design of reaching Harrisburg, and the other by way of Gettysburg, York and Lancaster. Accordingly on the one line Gettysburg was occupied by a force from Hagerstown on the 26th, and on the 28th the bridge across the Susquehanna at Columbia was reached and was burned by the order of the Union commander. On the other line Chambersburg was reached as early as the 20th, and proceeding along the Cumberland Volley Rail Road the army entered Shippensburg on the 25th, and Rhodes' division of General Ewell's corps was sent forward to occupy Carlisle. The people along the valley had been slow to believe that the enemy would ever penetrate any great distance beyond the borders. The property which had been removed on hearing of Jenkins at Chambersburg, was in many instances returned on learning that he had retired. But when the news was received that the main body of the rebel army was across the Potomac (June 24-26), and above all when a whole corps of men were in Chambersburg and steadily advancing, the tumult in every part of the valley and especially along the main roads was prodigious and universal. Everything valuable, goods, cattle, furniture, cars, and whatever was likely to be of use to the enemy was removed to a distance. Large quantities of flour and grain in storehouses were distributed to private families, and every place which could be devised for concealment was filled with the contents of stores and shops. Military men, either formed themselves into companies or absented themselves, and a large number of refugees fled in wild confusion beyond the Susquehanna. On the 26th Governor Curtain, as we have seen, issued his call for 30,000 men for ninety days, and ten regiments at once flew to arms and were mustered within a week from the vicinity of Harrisburg. Companies were formed in the county under Martin Kuhns, John S. Low, A. Brady Sharp, David Black and Robert B. Smiley. General Knipe with his two New York regiments continued slowly to retire from Shippensburg towards Carlisle and steps were taken which seemed to imply that a stand was to be made two miles west of Carlisle. One of those companies (the 8th), was stationed on the Walnut. Bottom road, and another (the 71st), on the Chambersburg turnpike where a barricade and some slight defences were thrown up and rifle pits were dug. On Wednesday morning the companies which had been formed were marched out to these works on the turnpike, and some preparations were made to resist the invaders. Pickets were thrown out, the lines were lengthened, the companies were kept in order and it was expected that a fight would take place the next day. THE RETREAT. It soon, however, became evident that any resistence would be worse than in vain. The two regiments of regular troops and four or five incomplete and ill armed and undisciplined militia were of no importance before the force now advancing. Captain Boyd, of the New York Cavalry, who had been on picket in time direction of Shippensburg, was driven in and reported that a large body of the enemy were at that town and that an advanced portion of four or five hundred mounted infantry were within four miles of Carlisle. General Knipe gave the order to fall back that evening into town. The next day as the officers mingled with time citizens significant hints were thrown out that the whole valley was to be given up to the enemy as far as the Susquehanna. Works had been erected on a bill opposite Harrisburg, and it was evident that the river was intended to be the first line of defence. Friday the 26th was spent in gloomy expectation, though some rumors prevailed that not a rebel had been seen below Shippensburg. On Saturday morning Captain Boyd's cavalry passed through Carlisle and announced that the rebel advance was within a half mile of town, when a deputation of citizens, consisting of Col. Wm. M. Penrose and Robert Allison, Assistant Burgess, was sent to hold a conference. It was then stated that no force capable of resistance was in town and that any public demonstration of hostility on the part of the invaders would only create needless alarm ; and time commanding officer agreed that no one should be molested who would remain quiet. OCCUPATION OF CARLISLE. About eleven o'clock on Saturday morning (June 27th), four hundred cavalry under General .Jenkins entered town and made an immediate demand of fifteen hundred rations. In less than an hour the market house was filled with an abundant supply for men and horses, and during the afternoon General Ewell's whole corps came in and took possession of the Garrison. The commander was familiar with the Barracks and the town, for he had been stationed there some HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 143 years before and now renewed his acquaintance with a few of the citizens. A proclamation was at once posted up in every part of the town informing the people that private persons and property would be unmolested, except under officers properly designated; that the local authorities would receive requisitions for the necessary supplies of the army to be paid for at the market price ; that if these requisitions were not complied with, the supplies would be taken by persons regularly appointed to exact them ; that no intoxicating liquors must be sold without a written permission from the Major General commanding, and all persons having such liquors in possession must report the fact under penalty of its seizure ; and that all acts of impropriety on the part of the soldiers would be severely punished on their being reported to their officers. The manner of the General was courteous, but his demand for supplies, medicines and surgical instruments was so extravagant that no attempt was made to comply with it. SUNDAY, JUNE 28th. The ministers of the respective churches were informed on Saturday evening that it was the desire of the commanding officer that public worship should be conducted on the morrow in the usual manner ; but as word was privately circulated that the public stores and shops and every place where goods were supposed to be secreted would then be searched, few were inclined to attend their religious meetings, and only two or three churches were opened. The chaplains of the troops encamped on the College Campus and at the garrison preached to their respective divisions, and it was gratifying to observe the fervor with which most of the men joined in the services. Guards were stationed at every street corner, on the public square and by the hotels to maintain order, and to receive any complaints which the inhabitants might make of the conduct of the soldiers. Many requests were made for provisions, but every one was informed that nothing was demanded in this way except by free bounty. Many discussions on political and moral questions were held between the soldiers and the citizens which were conducted with good humor and mutual respect. Several parties of men and officers, however, were engaged during the whole day in visiting the stores and shops of the town making an inventory of cloths, groceries, shoes, hardware, hats, flour and other articles wherever found, which might be used for the army. It was evident that the officers were possessed of very minute information. They were able to go directly to the stores and warehouses belonging to our business men, to give exact specifications of the amount in their possession a few days before, and even to point to places of concealment which could have been known only to confidential friends. Some of these business men suffered severely from the exactions made upon them, and many teams went southward during the succeeding days loaded with supplies. Immense herds of cattle and horses and flocks of sheep and droves of hogs were driven from the county for the supply of the army in the South. And yet the amount of such supplies was much smaller than was expected on account of the want of time and means of transportation. With the utmost diligence they were unable to remove more than a third of what was inventoried. MONDAY, JUNE 29th. For a few days the people of the county knew what it was to be cut off from all intercourse with the surrounding world. Pickets were stationed beyond Mechanicsburg on every public road, which stopped all travel eastward, telegraphic and postal communications were entirely broken off, and no one could know what was being done by the civil and military authorities beyond the river. But on Monday morning it was evident that something of importance had taken place and rumors began to circulate that the whole force was about to leave. Nothing had been said by the Southern officers or men in their conversations with the citizens of any movement except one toward Harrisburg and ultimately to Philadelphia. About noon General Johnson's division which had been encamped at McAllister' Run, received orders to march, and that evening commenced a retrograde movement in the direction of Stoughstown, Shippensburg and Fayetteville. It was a hurried movement and the discipline which had before been maintained was much relaxed. Every farm was visited by men without the restraint of their officers, much plunder of a small but vexatious kind was seized upon, and some personal outrages of a brutal character are said to have been committed. Fields of wheat ready for harvest and of growing corn were trampled under feet by bands of infantry and cavalry who needlessly and wantonly wandered out of their proper direction. At every point beyond Carlisle all except a few pickets were called in. Discipline, however, was maintained and nothing could be complained of beyond the unavoidable hardships of a military occupation. TUESDAY, JUNE 30th. At three o'clock in the morning, the rumbling of wagons and the tramp of men and horses indicated that the movement from Carlisle was begun. It was soon discovered that the main body was about tak ing its departure. The divisions encamped on the college green, an Gen. Ewell, with his columns from the garrison, marched through town in the direction of Mount Holly. About two hundred cavalry remained for provost duty until night, when they also took their leave It had been General Ewell's intention when he first reached this place to destroy the United States barracks which he was occupying, but a the earnest solicitation of some former friends he was induced to spare them. Even the records of the post and some private propert: belonging to former officers had been left in order. But no sooner were the buildings evacuated, than the usual excesses were indulged in by some dissolute persons who had been in attendance. Book: and papers, clothing and furniture, bedding and wood work were ruthlessly destroyed, and neighboring houses which had been forsaken by the inhabitants were broken through, robbed and wantonly defaced. It was estimated that as many as two -hundred deserters were found after the departure of the troops, many of whom had been supplied 144 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. with citizens' clothes and secreted in the fields and neighboring mountains by the inhabitants. Some of these proved to be high minded and patriotic men, who had been forced into the ranks and embraced this opportunity for an escape ; some of them enlisted afterwards in the Union service and ultimately settled in business at the North. The pickets who had been left on the roads toward Harrisburg, gathered up some of these stragglers, but even they before noon were gone. Just as the people commenced rejoicing, a cavalry force of over 400 men made its appearance on the Dillstown road by the Carlisle gasworks, and began to take possession of the streets. They were under the command of a Colonel Cochran, who indulged them in much greater license and allowed them to ride wildly among the people. In some way they became possessed of intoxicating liquors, under the influence of which military discipline was lost, and the inhabitants retired that night with a more uneasy feeling than they had had during the occupation. WEDNESDAY, JULY 1ST. Early on Wednesday morning the town was gladdened by the return of Colonel Boyd with his 200 men of the New York 2nd cavalry. They had been at the extreme eastern part of the county in the neighborhood of Fort Washington, and had had on Sunday evening a slight artillery skirmish at Oyster's Point, about three miles west of Harrisburg, with a small party of General Jenkins' men. That General had spent a night at Mechanicsburg and on Sunday advanced with a few men to reconnoitre the bridge over the Susquehanna, but on seeing the preparations there had deemed it prudent to retire. This was the farthest point in the direction of Harrisburg to which the invading troops ventured to proceed. On hearing the rapid progress of the Union army under General Meade in his rear General Lee at once perceived that he could not safely advance with such a force between him and the base of his operations, and that a great battle was inevitable in the neighborhood of Gettysburg. Both armies had mustered in unexpected strength and discipline, and neither could afford to dispense with any of its forces. Every regiment was called in and summoned in haste to the expected field of conflict. But there were a few regiments in both armies near the river to which the summons could not be sent in time, and which therefore were unaware of the movements of the main bodies. Early in the afternoon General W. F (Baldy) Smith, who had taken the command in this valley, reached town. There were then under him two Philadelphia regiments, one militia battery from the same city, parts of two New York regiments and a company of regular cavalry from Carlisle Barracks. While he was selecting a suitable place for his artillery, a body of rebel troops made its appearance near the east end of Main street, at the junction of the Trindle Spring and York roads. One or two rebel horsemen rode nearly to the centre of the town, but hastily returned to their companions, who sat in their saddles and gazed up the street at the Union infantry. A call to arms was at once made, and those companies which had been disbanded during the occupation of the town came together, and with other citizens armed themselves as best they could, and formed a line of skirmishers along. the Letort. These kept up a desultory fire upon the advanced portion of the enemy and prevented them from penetrating our lines. Of course such an opposition was soon driven in and silenced, but for a while its true character could not be known. It was not long before the whizzing and explosion of shells in the air over and within the town announced that a formidable enemy was at hand. No warning of this had been given, and it was soon accompanied by grape and canister, raking the principal street and the central square. As twilight set in a flag of truce was forwarded to General Smith, informing him that General Fitzhugh Lee, with a force of three thousand cavalry, was ready for an assault, and demanded an immediate and unconditional surrender. The offer was promptly declined, and was followed by a threat that the shelling of the town would be at once resumed. " Shell away," replied General Smith. and scarcely had the bearer of the flag left before a much fiercer bombardment commenced. And now began a general flight of the inhabitants into the country, into cellars, and behind everything which was strong enough to afford hope of protection. A stream of women and children and infirm people on foot was seen with outcries and terrified countenances in almost every direction. Some of these fell down. breathless or seriously injured by some accident, and lay in the barns or by the fences through the ensuing night. To add terror to the scene the sky was lighted up by the flames of a wood yard in the vicinity of the rebel encampment, and about ten o'clock the Barracks and the Garrison were burned and added their lurid glare to the brightness. In the middle of the night there was another pause in the firing, and another call for a surrender was made, to which a rather uncourteous reply was made by General Smith, and the shelling proceeded, but with diminished power and frequency. It is supposed that amunition bad become precious in the hostile camp. THURSDAY MORNING, JULY 2ND. On Thursday morning it was found that General. Fitzhugh Lee had withdrawn his entire force across the South mountain in the direction of Gettysburg, and that the whole valley was free from hostile troops. An opportunity was now given to ascertain the amount of injury done. Many houses had been struck, and furniture broken by the shells which had passed through walls and windows. The churches and court house which were in the centre of the town had been penetrated by these missiles, but no very serious destruction was visible in any part of the town. One soldier lost his life and two or three others were wounded, but none of the inhabitants were injured in life or limb. Communications were immediately opened with Harrisburg. The night before a young man of Carlisle had been sent through the enemy's pickets who gave the first reliable information to General Couch and the State authorities respecting the condition of affairs in this county. Additional troops were forwarded, for by this time HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 145 many thousands of recruits had flocked from all central Pennsylvania, and were forwarded as quickly as possible towards Gettysburg. All eyes were now turned in the direction of that town, for during the day heavy firing was distinctly heard, and the news of a decisive battle was anxiously waited for. WOUNDED AT GETTYSBURG. Not long were we obliged to wait, for confused reports at first, and by Monday more distinct intelligence gave hope that the invasion of this state was at an end. By Tuesday and Wednesday piteous appeals came for help to attend upon the multitudes of wounded and dying soldiers of both sides who remained after the battle. Nearly all our physicians and many others in every part of the county hastened to the scene of distress. Even the chaplains of the rebel regiments which had lately occupied our town, sent messengers entreating for humanity's sake that help might be sent for those slaughtered multitudes which had so lately thronged our streets. The chapel and recitation rooms of Dickinson College and one of the churches were for some time crowded with sick and wounded men. The latter building finally became a permanent hospital, during which an organized society of men and women attended daily upon about eighty men. Other towns throughout the county in like manner received their quotas of the wounded, for whom an intense sympathy was felt, and generous efforts and contributions were put forth. ALARM IN 1864. There was another invasion of Pennsylvania by the rebel forces in 1864, but it affected this county only by the alarm which it produced. The confederate army crossed the Potomac in July, and a column of 3000 men were sent across the border of the state. None of the towns visited suffered further than by the loss of such supplies as were needful for the troops, except Chambersburg, on which an unusual vengeance was wreaked professedly in retaliation for Sheridan's desolation of the valley of the Shenandoah. In obedience to General Early's orders the town was deliberately set on fire in open day and at every alternate house (July 30th, 1863). The commander by whom these orders were executed was General McCausland, who showed himself inclined to mitigate none of their cruelty. No time was given to remove families or goods, an indiscriminate plunder was allowed to the soldiery, and in an hour the largest part of the town was reduced to ashes. Three millions of dollars were sacrificed with no prospect of advantage to any one, and three thousand noncombatant and peaceful citizens were made homeless. News of this conflagration were carried speedily to all the towns of Cumberland county, and the people were warned that similar scenes were to be expected wherever the troops should come. General McCausland, who had once been a student at Carlisle, was said to have no pleasant remembrances of his residence there, and threats of his were reported which created the worst apprehensions if the town should come under his power. General Couch was almost completely destitute of military force, since all the recruits which had been raise in the state had been sent to the armies in the South. At Chambersburg, when the confederate forces came upon him, he was said to have had less than a hundred men. A few militia men who were hastily collected under such officers as were at hand, were not likely to offer much resistance. The scenes of former years under similiar alarms were now repeated with some aggravations. The attempt save property by sending it across the river, into the country or into concealment was more universal and thorough, as the threatenings were more savage and the example of a sister town was more terrific Happily the confederate force found good reasons for a speedy return and no part of our county received a visit from it. THE DRAFT. So large had become the demand for recruits that the usual method of volunteering had been found entirely inadequate. Pennsylvania had sent into the field nearly 380,000 men, and now a demand was to be made of many thousands more. With the division of sentiment which prevailed, arraying a large portion of the people in opposition to the war, this new levy could not be raised without a conscription. A similar difficulty existed in most of the states, and hence an act of Congress was passed March 3rd, 1863, which had for its objects 1st, The enrolment of all men fit for military duty, in order to ascertain the exact force of the nation ; 2nd, The drafting of a number needful to the present exigency of the war ; 3rd, The provision for substitutes ; and 4th, The arrest of the large number of deserters who had made their way home from the army. The enrollment was to include all persons between the ages of eighteen and forty-five who were properly fit for military duty, and these were to be distinguished into two classes, the first embracing those between twenty and thirty-five, and the second those between thirty-five at forty-five. All persons thus enrolled were liable after July 1st to called at any time into service. For the first draft one-fifth of the nut ber of men enrolled in the first class was to make the quota. An tempt was made to equalize the number of drafted men in the different states, counties, districts and subdistricts to the number which had been already furnished. A state, county or district which h supplied a large number of volunteers was to receive credit for the and was to be taxed for drafts in an inverse proportion, and such had contributed less were to be taxed so as to equalize all alike. Frc this reckoning an estimate was to be made of what each distr should contribute as its quota, and fifty per cent. was then adds Each name of the first class in the subdistrict was then written up a separate slip of paper and placed in a circular box, which was th made to revolve and the names were taken out and registered. T was continued until the number of names required had been dray Men became soldiers in the service of the United States by the fact their names being drawn, and they were immediately liable to a tice to report for duty, and if they failed in so reporting they were liable to arrest as deserters. The payment of three hundred dollars or 146 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. the furnishing of an acceptable substitute procured an exemption from going personally upon duty. An effort was made in many districts to avoid the expense and the unpleasantness of the draft by so stimulating the enlistment as volunteers that no draft would be necessary. Large bounties were offered for enlistments, generally amounting to three hundred dollars. Many counties so involved themselves that a heavy debt remains upon them even to the present time. In some cases the granting of such bounties was resisted on the ground that the county commissioners had no right to pay money for such purposes. For a time the draft was interrupted by the decision of a majority of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania pronouncing it unconstitutional, and granting an injunction against the whole proceeding. The next year, however, by a popular vote, one of the Judges who had given the majority on that Bench was left out, and another was chosen in his place, when the obnoxious decision was reversed and the draft went forward. In the first draft, which took place during the last part of 1863, the whole number enrolled in Cumberland county was one thousand and four. The following table Subdistricts, the number enrolled and the number drafted viz :

Sub-districts	Twp. or Bors,in the Subds’ts	No. Enrolled	No. Drafted
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38	Ship'gh bor. & twp. & S. Hp'n Hopewell Mifflin and Newburg Newville and Newton W. Pennsboro’ and Frankford Penn and Dickinson N. Middleton and Middlesex W. Ward Carlisle E. Ward Carlisle South Middleton Silvers' Spring Monroe and Upper Allen Mechanicsburg Lower Allen and New Cumb'd Hampden and E. Pensborough	400 196 246 329 253 211 188 209 243 207 255 187 154 286 3364	120 59 74 95 75 63 57 62 73 62 76 56 46 86 1004