HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 225 Garrison was built during the year 1777. The saw mill is said to have been run by Englishmen, but these laborers were in all probability some of the Hessian prisoners captured at Trenton, who performed the other labor required in building the Garrison. These are all the facts which we have been able to gather in reference to the early settlers of Mount Holly Springs. Many other stories are told of these early times, which I have rejected because I am certain that they are mythical. Mount Holly Springs several years before its incorporation began to improve very rapidly and now promises to be one of the largest and most important towns on the south side of the county. The advance in the price of iron during the war of the rebellion led to a development of the mines of iron ore located at Upper Holly and along the line of the South Mountain Railroad, which gave employment to a great number of persons and caused a rapid increase in the population by emigration. Now, although these mining operations are less extensive than formerly, yet the large paper mills of W. A. & A. F. Mullin, and of the Mount Holly Paper Company still afford constant and profitable employment to its people. Mount Holly Springs has been a favorite summer resort for many years. The hotel of W. S. & H. Mullin, which is one of the first built for this purpose, began to receive summer boarders about the year 1855, and has continued with unabated success to the present time. The hotels at Mount Holly Springs are commodious, and their management will compare favorably with those of any watering place in the country. Its climate is agreeable and healthful, and being surrounded by picturesque mountains on the south and the rich, fertile farms of Cumberland Valley on the north, its scenery is composed of that which is most pleasing in nature, and which will continue to attract visitors so long as nature has lovers who seek. to live where she lavishes her beauties. Among the many incidents of the war of the Rebellion the following may be narrated as part of the history f Mount Holly Springs : During the year 1861 a rumor reached the people of Cumberland county that the Confederate army was marching northward by way of Hanover Junction toward Holly Gap. As this occurred about the beginning of the war and before the people of Cumberland county had learned anything of modern civil warfare, the most improbable reports of cruelty and devastation were readily credited. It was stated that the enemy was advancing "with fire and sword" and spreading death, ruin and desolation in his course. The objective point of the enemy was said to be the United States Garrison at Carlisle, and Cumberland county was to pay the penalty for her part in abolitionism. The leaders of this advancing army were men who had formerly been officers in the United States army, and were well acquainted with the location of the Garrison and its comparatively defenceless condition. This report reached Carlisle at midnight, and soon the greatest consternation prevailed. The night was full of horror, and vivid imaginations already descried the reflection of the flames of burning buildings on the distant horizon and snuffed the smoke in the midnight air. The people were awakened by the rolling of drums and the call to arms, and excited men hurried through the streets in search of weapons for defence. Men gazed as if for the last thin upon their helpless wives and children, and mothers clasped their infants to their bosoms that they might die together. A council of war was quickly held, and it was determined that the military, which consisted of a company of volunteers under the command of Capt. Robert McCart ney, should march at once to Holly Gap and fortify it. This was executed without delay, while from all parts of the county brave men hurried from the plow and workshop to his support until within a few hours Mount Holly Springs was crowded with the military and active with preparations for defense. Prominent among the patriots who went to the defense f Holly Gap was Jacob Ritner, Esq., son of ex-Governor Ritner. This gentleman rode into town at break of day armed with a United States musket and a pocket full of buckshot and having a bag full of oats fastened upon his horse. Many other "good yeomen whose limbs were made " in Cumberland were there to show the mettle of their pasture. The first rays f the morning sun, however, dispelled both the mists of the mountain and the fears of invasion, and the little army f Cumberland dispersed to their homes and their labors. Although no foe appeared and the whole occurrence now seems exceedingly ridiculous, yet Mother Cumberland may be proud of this outburst of patriotism and feel assured that whenever circumstances shall require it her sons will rise as one man to her defence. MRS. MARY J. BENNETT BELLMAN. Mrs. Mary J. Bennett Bellman was born at Mount Holly Springs, Cumberland county, Pa., on the 21st day of May, 1827. She was the only daughter of Rev. Jasper Bennett, intermarried with Elizabeth Thompson. From early childhood she was of a reflective disposition and directed her attention to literary pursuits ; more, however, as a congenial pastime than as a serious occupation. She contributed fugitive pieces for a number of the standard papers and magazines of the day, and at the time of her death left a number of manuscript poems which had never been published. We regret that the space which has been allotted to us prevents any notice of these productions., Miss Mary J. Bennett was married to the Rev. Henry W. Bellman during the fall of 1851. A few years after her marriage she became a victim to that terrible malady, consumption, and after a lingering illness of several years, died in September, 1857, before she had completed the thirtieth year of her age. She was buried in the cemetery at Carlisle in a lot adjoining that of Chief Justice Gibson. In a Cumberland county paper of this period we find the following obituary notice, which we quote in full : " We have obtained some of the late, the young and gifted Mrs. Bellman's compositions, which will appear in our paper. Mrs. Bellman was truly a model woman. The more she was known the more she was beloved and esteemed. She is ranked among the best literary characters of the day, and has been very justly eulogized. Pages could be written in her praise, but as she was well known to the literary world we refer the reader to what has been published in some of the most popular periodicals of the day." 226 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. HAMPDEN. BY J. HENRY SHOPP, ESQ. Upon a petition of the inhabitants of East Pennsborough township to the court f Quarter Sessions held in Carlisle, praying for a division of the township, said court appointed as viewers for that purpose Lewis Hyers, Levi Merkel and John C. Mitchell, whose report bearing date June 9th, 1844, was confirmed NISI, August 16th, 1844, and confnrmed absolutely January 23rd, 1845. The dividing line then established is one " Beginning at a point on Simpson's Ferry road above Eichelberger's tavern ; thence by a straight line, north seventeen degrees, west one thousand nine hundred and sixty perches, or six miles and forty perches, to a chestnut tree on the top of the North mountain on the line of Perry county." Hampden, therefore, is bounded on the north by the line of Perry county, on the east by East Pennsborough, on the south by Upper and Lower Allen, and on the west by Silvers' Spring, and contains about eighteen square miles. In 1870 the population of the township numbered about twelve hundred. It must be noticed, however, that that part of the borough of Shiremanstown situated north of Main street, was included in Hampden until the incorporation of that town in 1874. At present there are about two hundred and forty voters in the township. The soil is well adapted to agriculture, and large crops of wheat, corn, oats, rye and potatoes are annually raised. The southern part has large quantities of limestone suitable for building purposes, and for burning into lime, many bushels of which are annually burned and used as a fertilizer. A great part of this lime is taken to the northern part of the township, where the soil is f a slaty character, and across the mountain into Perry county. Iron ore has been found in some parts of the township, but only in small quantities. About 1730 or shortly afterwards the whites, principally Scotch-Irish, commenced settling on that part of the township north of the Conodoguinet, and also on that part south of the creek and west of the road leading from the Conodoguinet to the Yellow Breeches creek, past the Stone church or Friedens Kirch, and immediately below Shiremanstown. These parts were rapidly taken up and improved by the hardy pioneers. That part west of the above road was called " the barrens," because it was poorly timbered, and was probably settled somewhat later than that further north. A part of Providence Tract, late the residence of the Hon. John Rupp, deceased, was taken up by William McMeans, Jr., Dec. 10th, 1742, and another part thereof May 13th, 1763. McMeans sold Oct. 4th, 1768, two hundred and eleven acres to George Thawley, who sold the same in the fall of 1772 to Jonas Rupp, the ancestor of the present owners and a numerous progeny. In 1772 the improvements consisted of a log cabin and a log barn, fifteen acres of cleared land, principally inclosed within a brush fence and saplings. In the spring of 1773 Jonas Rupp erected a new house, one story and a half high, of hewn logs, close to the well which he had sunk. The house is still standing. In the course of ten years one hundred acres were cleared. East of the above road leading past Friedens Kirch was the Proprietary Manor of " Paxton" or " Louther on Conodoguinet," surveyed as such at an early date. This manor had been intended as a reservation for the Indians, and hence was not settled by the whites as early as the adjoining lands. Of the twenty-eight lots or parcels into which the manor was surveyed and divided by Colonel John Armstrong, Deputy Surveyor of Cumberland county, by virtue of an order from the Commissioner f Property to him directed, bearing date the 22nd day of January, 1765, and re surveyed and corrected by virtue f an order from the said Commissioner to the Surveyor General, John Lukens, dated 13th May, 1767, several are included in Hampden. Lot No. 23, called Westmoreland, contained two hundred and eighty-two acres, thirty-six perches and allowance of six per cent, for roads. A warrant was issued to Edward Physick, dated 10th Dec., 1767, and a patent 15th Aug., 1768, afterwards owned by Hershberger, Funk, Nichols, Bollinger, Ruby, Samuel Shopp, now by Albright, Rupp, Merkel, John Shopp and others. No. 24. Two hundred and eighty-seven acres. Rev. William Thompson, Daniel Sherban, John Sherban ; now William Stephen, Samuel Eberly and others. No. 25. One hundred and fifty acres. Alexander Young ; late Robert Young ; now Dr. Robert G. Young. No. 26. Two hundred and nine and one-half acres and allowance. For this tract, called " Manington," a warrant dated 17th May, 1767, was issued to Jonas Seely, who conveyed the same by deed, dated 7th Dec., 1767, to Conrad Maneschmidt, to whom a patent was issued 15th Aug., 1774. Maneschmidt and wife by deed dated 20th Sept., 1774, conveyed part of this tract to Ulrick Shopp, the grandfather of John Shopp, the present owner, who was born here in 1794 and has resided here ever since. " The Indians had a number of wigwams on the banks of the Conodoguinet north of the turnpike, three miles from the Susquehanna, on the tract above numbered 23. There were also several cabins half a mile north of Friedens Kirch on tract No. 24. They had a path crossing the Conodoguinet near those wigwams, leading towards the Yellow Breeches."—l. D. Rupp, History of Cumberland county. The Conodoguinet creek in its winding course divides the township from west to east, and furnishes water-power for several mills. First along its banks is that of Thomas B. Bryson, situate near the border of Silvers Spring township, and supplied with water-power by the Silvers' Spring, a never-failing stream here emptying into the Conodoguinet. This mill is one of the largest flouring and grist mills in the county. It occupies the same site as that formerly known as Brigg's mill. A few hundred yards below is the bridge across the creek at Benjamin (now Joseph) Eberly's ; of which report was made to the April Sessions, A. D., 1842, by the inspectors appointed by the court to view said bridge after its completion. This is next to the oldest bridge across the Conodoguinet in the township. The oldest one is the one known as Rupp's bridge, built in 1823, and the third is the one known as Orr's bridge, built in 1834 and 1835, and named after James Orr, who contributed largely towards its erection. The oldest flouring and grist mill now standing and in running order in the township is the one called "The Good Hope Mills," now owned by J. B. Lindeman. It was built by Jonas and Elizabeth Rupp, about the year 1820. Jonas Rupp here owned at that time a HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 227 large tract of land, containing 200 acres or more, and on it were also a saw mill and a carding mill, along a small stream called Black Run. Across the creek from Rupp's (now Lindeman's) mill, John Wisler built a woolen factory, with which was connected an oil mill. At an early day it was the custom of every house-holder living in the country to raise a patch of flax, and oil seems to have been one of the early products of this section. John Wisler owned a large tract of land adjoining, comprising lands now owned by John Leininger, S. A. Basehore and McCormick. About half a mile down the creek, on the north bank, was the residence of Daniel Basehore, who settled here about the year 1791, on Rye Gate Tract, now owned by one of his grandsons, James Martin, of Mechanicsburg. An extract from the " Life and Adventures of David Lewis and Connelly," noted robbers, relates an incident which occurred at this place. " In the spring of 1820, Lewis and Connelly having committed several petty robberies and depredations in York county, directed their course to East Pennsborough (now Hampden) township, Cumberland county, one of the most populous and wealthy settlements in the county, with a view of robbing some of the rich farmers. " They had their eye fixed upon Jonas Rupp, who lived within a mile of Baeshor's, but could not accomplish their end. Having failed they next visited Kreitzer's tavern. Judging from the size of his barn, they expected to be more fortunate with Kreitzer than with Jonas Rupp. " But we were,' says Lewis, ' again disappointed. While in Kreitzer's bar-room, we heard some of the neighbors talk, in his absence, f his not having one cent to every dollar in the possession of Baeshore, who was represented as having more ready money than all the rest of his neighbors put together. We immediately laid our plans for an attack on Baeshor's house ; and would certainly have succeeded, but for the presence of his son's wife, who, living in the same yard, blew a horn to alarm the neighbors, displaying as much courage on the occasion as some men, and more resolution than any other woman. It was not long before a number of neighbors came to assist.' In the attempt to force open the door, Lewis was taken prisoner, and afterwards to the Carlisle jail." Samuel McGaw, Esq., of Good Hope, also gives the following as a tradition of the neighborhood: " An old resident of the neighborhood, named Samuel Miller, was with the party making the arrest. After they were arrested, Miller struck with his fist and kicked Lewis whereupon Lewis swore that he had never killed a man in his life, but if he ever had an opportunity he would kill him (Miller)." South of Rye Gate is a tract of land, containing 187 acres, called Steyning, which was surveyed to James McConnell by warrant of 15th January, 1763—for which a patent deed was issued 16th Nov., 1808, to Jonas Rupp, afterwards owned by David Rupp, Daniel Sherban, Samuel Early, Benjamin Erb and now by Joseph Erb and Benj. Erb, Jr. About half a mile north of Rupp's bridge is a place called Good Hope, consisting of three dwelling houses, wagon-maker and blacksmith shops, a store and post-office. A store has been kept here for about fifty-five years. The post office is the only one in the township, and was established about 26 years ago. Sporting Hill consists of a cluster of six or seven houses, one of which was formerly a store and another a hotel. It is situated about ,fnve and one-half miles -west of Harrisburg, on the turnpike road leading to Carlisle, and in the days of " wagoning" and " droving," was a " stopping place " of considerable importance. There was also a large distillery at this place. " During the French and Indian wars a man was shot near this place. Several persons had met on public business, at Mr. Wood's, late John Eberly's ; one of the company went down towards McMean's (K reitzer's) spring, when he was shot and scalped. He had been recently married ; they sent for his wife ; she was (to use the language of Mr. Silvers, who was present at the time) almost distracted, casting herself upon the corpse f the deceased, exclaiming, " Oh ! Oh ! my husband ! my husband ! " (Mr. Silvers communicated the facts to George Rupp, Sr., more than 50—now 80—years ago, from whom I have them.)"—J, D. Rupp's History of Cumberland County. There are five school houses in the township, four of which are new brick buildings, thirty-two by thirty feet, costing about one thousand dollars each, and erected within the last two years in place of old ones. Hampden is well provided with a net-work of roads, most of which are in good condition. Some of them were laid out at a very early date —for example, November 4th, 1734, the court at Lancaster appointed Randle Chambers, Jacob Peat, James Silvers, Thomas Eastland, John Lawrence and Abram Endless to lay out a road from Harris' Ferry towards the Potomac. Said road is what is known as the Chambersburg and Harrisburg turnpike, since 1816, the date of the incorporation of the turnpike company. A public road from Hogge's Spring to the Susquehanna river opposite Cox's town, was laid out in October, 1759, and another from Trindle's Spring to Kelso's Ferry, in January, 1792. CHURCHES. " Friedens Kirch, Salem or Peace church," now usually called, " The Old Stone church." More than eighty years ago a German Reformed congregation was organized in the lower part of Cumberland county, by the Rev. Anthony Hautz. In 1797 this congregation agreed, as appears from documentary evidence to build the house, now exclusively occupied as a school house and situate one-half mile north of Shiremanstown, for the purpose of holding their religious meetings in it and for school purposes, till a church would be built. (See p. 114.) The following is a copy of the original subscription paper : " Den 4 Tag April, A. D. 1797, ist die Gemeinde einig worden mit dem Johannes SchOOp fuer sein alt Haus fuer ein Schulhaus, und eine Zeitlang fuer Kirch darin zuhalten ; und er hat der Gemeinde das Haus erlaubt fuer fuenfzehn Pfund. " Wir Unterschreiber versprechen auch dazu zubezahlen ; wir mit unserer eigener Hand. " Friedrich Lang, £2, 5s. Jonas Rupp £2. 5s. Johannes Schopp £3. Johannes Schnevely 15s. George Wuermle 15s. George Wild 7s, 6d. Conrad Weber 7s, 6d. Martin Thomas 3s. Johannes Schwartz 11s, 4d. Philip Heck 7s, 6d. Adam Viehman 7s, 6d. Jacob Colp £1, 10s. John Merkle £3. Casper Swartz 7s, 6d. Christian Swartz 7s, 6d. Abraham Wolf 7s, 6d. Friedrich Schweitzer 7s, 6d. Martin Hausser £5. Johannes Eberly £4,17s, 6d. Elisabeth Lang, (wittfrau) 15s." This house, now school house, is built of logs, and " contained originally, two apartments, one occupying from one-fourth to one-third of the building, being designed for the teacher's residence." 228 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. It is worthy of remark that in this building a school has been taught from 1797 to the present time. It has several times been remodeled and repaired, and being now in good condition, bids fair to withstand the storms of many more winters. The following extract from a " Family Register," by I. D. Rupp, though somewhat lengthy, is in point, giving an idea of the schools and teachers of the olden time, and the names of some f the older residents of Hampden and adjoining townships : " Henry Schneble was the first school master that taught in this house from 1797 till March, 1807, when he died at the age of 27 years. Peter Blaeser was Schneble's successor. He was an educated German, and understOOd Latin well. He came to America, prior to 1780. He taught in Berks county from 1784 till 1790 ; then in Manheim township, Lancaster county, until the spring of 1807. He was somewhat f a poet. He published in 1784, " Eine Trauer-Gedicht; uber den Schaden Josephs." The concluding stanza runs thus : " Was ich mit der Feder allhier hab gespielet 1st nur auf die Werke des Feindes gezielet, Ich thu sehr ungerne jemanden betrueben, Mein innerster Grund ist : die Feinde zu lieben." Blaeser was celibate. He called himself Ein Junggesell—Ein Hagestols, a bachelor. The books used in his school in the Junior classes, were das A. B. Buch, Der Psalter, Das Neue Testament. He always opened and closed the school by singing a suitable hymn, and the Lord's Prayer. Children from six years to fifteen, living within the circuit of three miles, composed the school. I still remember most f the names of the families that sent their children to Blaeser's school, viz : " Lang, Bitner, Misch, Gorgas, Hauser, Bauman, Schopp, Schneble, Eberle, Kreutzer, Rupp, Gramlich, Ditter, Juengst, Keller, Schiely, Bernhart, Schroll, Schmidt, Schlonecker, Schelly, Kober, Gossweiler, Mueller, Steinbring, Kimmell, Maeder, Derr, Kiesecker, Renninger, Reitzel, Eichelberger, Christlieb, Schleppe, Bretz, Hashberger, Mahnenschmidt, Kuetzmueller, Seirer, Wuermly, Rupley, Viehman, Wissler, Holtz, Schaefer, Brenneiser." But to return. " On the 26th day of May, 1797, the congregation obtained deeds for the land connected with the school house, from Henry Snevely and Nicholas Kreutzer. In 1798, the stone church was erected under the superintendence of the following building committee, viz : Friedrich Lang, Jonas Rupp, Leonard Swarts, and the Revd. Anthony Hautz, then stationed at Carlisle and Trindle Spring. Martin Rupp and Thomas Anderson were the builders." As appears from the church records, a Lutheran congregation had been organized in the year 1787 or 1788, which had, in Louther Manor, several miles to the northeast of Friedens Kirch, a log house, known as the Poplar Church ; so called, some say, because it was built of poplar logs, others, from the circumstance f its having been built in a grove of lfty poplar trees. This congregation made overtures to the vestry of the German Reformed congregation, May 18, 1806, to pay them £405, 17s. 3d , being one-half of the cost of Friedens Kirch, land, building of school house and enclosing the graveyard. July, 6, 1807, an organ was purchased of Conrad Doll, f Lancaster, for $466.67, for the use f the joint congregations. (This organ occupied its place in Friedens Kirch until the dissolution of the German Reformed congregation, in 1866, when their interest therein was purchased by the Lutherans for $65.00 ; after which it was repaired and placed in the choir—in the recess f the new church.) "At the time of the sale f one-half f the church to the Lutherans the following persons constituted the vestry f the congregations : German Reformed—Frederick Lang, Jonas Rupp, Frederick Schweitzer, Christian Swiler, Henry Manessmith and Martin Rupp. Lutheran—Nicholas Kreutzer, John Wormley, Christopher Eichelberger, Andrew Shuely, Christofel Gramlig and Daniel Scherban. The joint congregations purchased April 20, 1812, five acres more, on which the present sexton's house, contiguous to the church, is erected. In 1830 another small parcel of ground was purchased to enlarge the graveyard."—I. D. Rupp's History f Cumberland county. Mr- J. C. Longsdorf, of Shiremanstown, kindly assisted in gathering the following facts concerning this church and the new one here. erected : In 1864 about two acres of land were purchased from Thomas Oyster, at $110.00 per acre, for the purpose of further enlarging the graveyard, which at this time contains about three and one-half acres. Pastors of the two congregations, as near as can be ascertained from the records : German Reformed—Reverends Anthony Hautz, J. C. Bucher, Thomas Apple, A. R. Kreamer, Fritchey and John Ault. Lutheran—Reverends Frederick Sanno, Benjamin Keller, Augustus Lachman, Edmund Keller, Augustus Babb, N. J. Stroh, A. Babb (a second time), A. Height, C. F. Stoever, J. R. Groff and H. N. Fegley, the present pastor- In 1865 the Lutherans purchased from the German Reformed their interest in a parcel of ground close by the old church and commenced the erection f a new brick building under the title of " St. John's Ev. Lutheran Church." This was completed and dedicated to the worship f God July 2, 1866. The cost of the building and furniture was $8,533.66. This was exclusive of a bell, which was purchased and hung in the spring of 1872 at a total cost of $571.25. The present number of communicants is about one hundred and fifty. On June 23, 1866, the German Reformed congregation held their last communion service in the old church, and shortly after abandoned their organization, most of the remaining members uniting with St. Paul's Reformed Church in Mechanicsburg. The old church (Friedens Kirch) is in a good state of preservation, having withstood the storms of eighty years, but is occupied only by St. John's Ev. Lutheran Sunday-school, and occasionally a funeral service is held in it. SALEM CHURCH Is situated along the turnpike, about two and one-half miles north of Mechanicsburg. It is owned by the Methodists, and was built in the year 1825. The principal contributors towards its erection were Abram Stayman, Christian Stayman (now residing in Carlisle) and Benjamin Eberly. In 1865 it was remodeled, and in 1876 again repaired and improved. GOOD HOPE CHURCH, Church of God denomination, is situated near Good Hope. It was built by subscription in 1843, the principal contributor having been. John Basehore. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 229 MOUNT ZION CHURCH, Owned by the United Brethren in Christ, is situated on the State road leading from the river to Sterrett's Gap, about four miles from West Fairview. It is a frame building, forty feet long and thirty feet wide, is well finished and cost about fifteen hundred dollars. It was built in the year 1857, and was dedicated on the 22d of November in that year Bishop John Dickson, D. D., was the first pastor. Benjamin Erb, George Bowers and Daniel Bretz were the first trustees. The congregation at that time numbered ten members, and the present number is thirty-five. A Sabbath-school was organized soon after the building of the church, which now numbers seventy teachers and scholars. Rev. J. R. Hutchinson is the present pastor. During the war of the Rebellion Hampden furnished her full quota of men for the army. In the fall of 1862, when the militia of the State were called into the field, Captain Thomas B. Bryson's company—Company G of the First Pennsylvania militia, commanded by Col. Henry McCormick—was raised in this township, mustered into the service on September 11, 1862, and discharged September 23, 1862. Captain Bryson was appointed major of the First Pennsylvania militia on September 13th, and on September 15th William Bryson was elected captain. The first lieutenant was Samuel McGaw, and the second was John Sheaffer. The first sergeant was John Linninger, the second George C. Sheaffer, the third Henry Beistline, the fourth Milton C. Stayman, and the fifth Lewis Wallet. The first corporal was Christian Deitz, the second John Basehore, the third Joseph Erb, the fourth James Martin, sr., the fifth William Bretz, the sixth William Mumma, the seventh Joseph A. Brenner, and the eighth S. A. Basehore. John Conrad acted as musician, and there were fifty-six privates. About thirty or forty residents f Hampden, at the same time joined Captain Daniel Shelley's company—company A, same regiment. This company was raised in and about Shiremanstown, about half of which village was then included in Hampden. It is worthy of remark that but few able-bodied men were left at home, the care of the farm and the workshop having been consigned to the old men and boys while the sturdy yeomanry were out in the field, ready to fight for their country and in the protection f their homes and firesides against an invading foe, braving the hardships and dangers of Brier Hill and other points, by them long to be remembered. CARLISLE. BY EDWARD W. BIDDLE, ESQ. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. The following brief sketch can not properly be called a history ; for much of the material which would be contained in such a work has been already introduced in the preceding able and exhaustive history of the county, written by Rev. C. P. Wing, and is therefore omitted here. Our object has been merely to group together some f the more important and interesting incidents relating to the Borough, and thus to furnish in a short space an abstract only f her history. In doing this we have, vulture-like, appropriated from other sketches f the town and county, whatever matter we thought best ; sometimes using the very language of the writer—to these we now make our grateful acknowledgments. " To be a really great historian," says Lord Macaulay, " is, perhaps, one of the rarest of intellectual distinctions." Up to the present period, we would remark, no " really great historian " has seen fit to exercise his gigantic mental powers on the subject of Carlisle, and nothing that pretends to be more than a skeleton f her history exists. We sincerely hope that some writer may sOOn appear who has more time, diligence and antiquarian taste than the present one, who will rescue from obscurity the many interesting facts and traditions f our Borough, which are as yet unwritten, and embody them in a durable form. In such a work, among other things, the memory of the strange characters who have, from time to time, appeared and lived in our midst, would properly be embalmed. Some of these have been dead for many years, but the amazing eccentricities of George Baggs, Isaac Hildebrand, Betsey George, Jenny White, and later of Henry Witmer, Mary Sawyer and others, certainly should receive historic perpetuation. Whether this will ever be done we know not, for, as has been said by Sir Thomas Browne, " the iniquity of oblivion blindly scattereth her poppy, and deals with the memory of men without distinction to merit of perpetuity." The history of a town is written for its own people, and not for the world at large, and in its construction the ordinary methods of history are reversed. It is the special and not the general that is wanted. Particular events and persons, which, in the former, are to a great extent, ignored, constitute, in the latter, the chief and most abiding charm. The scope of local history is confined to narrow detail, and its functions and object are peculiar to itself. It deals with simple, individual facts, and not with principles or generalizations. EARLY HISTORY. Carlisle is the oldest borough in Cumberland county, and, with the exception of York and Shippensburg, the oldest town in Pennsylvania west of the Susquehanna. It receives its name from Carlisle, in Cumberland county, England. Although an Indian trader, named James Le Tort, settled near its present location as early as 1720, yet the town itself was not laid out until 1751, when, by direction of the proprietaries of the province of Pennsylvania a survey of it was made. In 1762, Colonel, afterwards General, John Armstrong was employed by the same authorities to make a re-survey of the 230 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. town, and in obedience thereto he laid out the main streets as they are at present. Carlisle was chosen as the site of a town by reason of a report of Thomas COOkson, who had been appointed by Governor James Hamilton to view the county of Cumberland and recommend a place for a town. The report, dated March 1, 1749, after speaking of a site near the Susquehanna river, which would be inconvenient, " as lying in a distant corner of the county," proceeds as follows : " The next situation is on Le Tort's spring. This place is convenient to the new path to Alleghany, now mostly used, being at a distance of four miles from the gap (Sterrett's Gap), in the Kittochtinny (Blue) Mountains. There is a fine stream of water and a body of good land on each side from the head down to Conedogwinet creek, and the lands on both sides, of the Gonedogwinet are thickly settled. As these lands are settled, it it should be thought a proper situation for the town, the people are willing to sell their improvements for reasonable terms, or exchange them for other lands of the Honorable Proprietors." In compliance with the suggestion contained in this letter, the Governor sent a letter of instructions, dated Philadelphia, April 1, 1851, to Nicholas Scull, Surveyor General of the State, directing him to lay out the town and stating the reasons therefor. The following is a copy of this letter : " INSTRUCTIONS " To NICHOLAS SCULL, ESQUIRE, SURVEYOR GENERAL, WHICH WILL SERVE LIKEWISE FOR MR. COOKSON. " Several places having been recommended to me since the erection of the new County of Cumberland, over the River Susquehanna, for the Situation of the County town, I have taken time to give them all a just consideration with their respective conveniences and inconveniences, and at length I determined to place the Town somewhere on the Waters issuing from Le Tort's Spring into the River Conedogwinet, as well because it is the nearest situation to the Centre of the County on the East side that will admit of proper supplys of good water, meadow, pasture, timber, stone, lime and other necessaries and conveniences for such a Town, as that it answers best to the, paths over the Blue Hills, to the two large Rivers of Conedogwinet and Yellow Breeches running in its neighborhood into the Susquehanna, and to the trade, both with the Indians and with the City of Philadelphia, as that there is said to be about it a wholesome, dry, limestone Soil, good air and abundance of vacant land, well covered with a variety of Wood. Having come to this resolve, I ordered Mr. Cookson to purchase such plantations on this spring as would give the most healthy and commodious Situation, and being informed by him that the purchases are finished, and that he waits there for my further orders, I have thought proper to dispatch you to him, that you may assist him in finding out the properest place for the site of the crown, and in doing this I give it both of you in charge to take into your consideration the following matters, viz : the Health of the Citizens, the goodness and plenty of water, with the easiest method of corning at it, its Commodiousness to the great road leading from Harris's Ferry to the Potowmac and to other necessary Roads as well into the neighboring County, as over the Passes in the Blue Mountains. " When you have examined the Country about this place, so as to consult these necessary points in the best manner possible, then you may proceed to mark the place of the Centre and the outlines, conforming yourselves in all things to the Proprietaries plan and Instructions herewith delivered to you, but in doing this you are to have a special regard to the Situation of the Proprietary Lands, so that upon the Encrease of the Town the Lots may all be within Lands belonging to the Proprietaries, and the Roads to the Town pass through them in the most advantageous manner ; and to the end that I may form my own Judgment of this, you are not absolutely to fix or publish any particular place, but to lay down on a draught the Site, as in your Judgment of the Town, with the Proprietary Lands and places contiguous, the Courses of the Creek, of the great road, as it goes from the ferry to Shippensburg, and other necessary Roads, the courses and distance f the River Conedogwinet and Yellow Breeches, together with the quality f the Soil, at and near the Town and between it and those Rivers. " You are likewise to survey what other vacant Lands there are within five miles of the Town, for the use of the Proprietaries on your General Warrant, as I am informed by them that the Surveyors have strangely neglected their interest in this County. " When you have finished this Business you and Mr. Cookson are to proceed to the Town of York, and as there is great confusion amongst the People there, you are to use your utmost endeavors to regulate all matters relating to the Lots taken or built on there, and what cannot be done by you on the spot, you are to report to me, that I may determine and give the proper instructions, and in this you are likewise to consider and conform to the Proprietary Instructions herewith delivered relating to the Town of York. "April 1, 1751, at Philadelphia. " JAMES HAMILTON." The following letter from Thomas Cookson to Hon. Thomas Penn, written in the following year will also be of interest ; LANCASTER, 8th June, 1752. HONORED SIR : On fixing the seat of the Town of Carlisle, at Letort's spring, I furnished the Governor with a draught of the Lands purchased, to be transmitted to your Honour. I doubt not but most of them would appear high rated, as indeed they are, which may render it necessary for me to mention the Reasons I purchased at such rates. After the Governor had been well informed of the conveniences of the different situations in the County of Cumberland proposed for a County Town, and had determined to fix it at Letort's spring, I then received my directions to purchase two or three Plantations upon the spring for the seat of the Town. Having surveyed two pretty good tracts near it, for Timber, on Lots or such other accommodations as you should think fit to apply them, and accordingly, with all the Privacy and Dispatch imaginable, I endeavored to get the Purchases made before it was made publick. I took a Ride to the Place, and bought Patrick Davison's 84: William Davison's Plantations, which are very good ones, and the most convenient for the centre of the Town. I then bought James Gilcore's, and wanted the Plantation, late Peter Wilkie's. When I enquired about that, I found that Peter Wilkie had made a Will, and had left that Plantation for the maintenance of his wife and children during her Widowhood, To be sold, nevertheless, on her marriage. This put a stop for a time to our proceedings. I acquainted the Governor with the difficulties thrown in our way, and, on showing him a Draught of the Lands purchased, and of the adjacent Plantations, He resolved not to proceed to fix the Town there unless this Tract of Wilkie's, that of John McClare's, and the others since purchased, could be got for your Honour, lOOking upon them as Plantations, that in time, if in other Hands, wou'd interfere with the most advantageous part f your scheme, as he has found in his late Purchases, about the Town of Lancaster, being obliged to give five times HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 231 the money he might have had them for ten or twelve years ago. Upon this I immediately returned to Letort's to endeavor to make all the purchases thought necessary. The Widow Wilkie was about to marry, and I treated with the executors about the Price. These were very high, as were the others, I acquainted Mr. Peters with the large Demands made for these Plantations, as I imagined you wou'd think them very extravagant in that Part of the country, but cheaper I cou'd not get them. The country were waiting for a Town to be laid out, and the Governor thought it would be for your Interest to have those Lands even at the rates they insisted on, rather than leave them in their Possessions. Thus they were purchased as speedily and as cheap as was in my Power. * * * * * * * I am, Hon'd Sir, y'r Honours most obed't Serv't THOS. COOKSON. THE HON'BLE THOS. PENN, ESQ'R. When Cumberland county was detached from Lancaster county by virtue of the Act of Assemby dated January 27, 1750, and was erected into a new organization, the criminal courts and the Court of Common Pleas were directed to be held in Shippensburg. In the following year they were removed to Carlisle, which gave rise to much excitement and indignation among the citizens in the neighborhood of Shippensburg, and a remonstrance was immediately presented to the Provincial Assembly asking it to take their grievance into consideration and grant such relief as should seem most meet. It recited that " it had pleased the Governor to remove their Courts of Justice to Le Tort's Spring, a place almost at one end of the county, there it seems intending the location of a court house and prison, to the great grief and damage of the far greater part f the county." But the Governor and Assemby were inflexible, and the courts have remained to the present day at Carlisle. The Orphans' Court for some reason not explained, was ambulatory for several years after this, following the persons of the judges, and being held successively at Carlisle, Shippensburg, Peterstown and other places until in 1755, it was finally fixed at Carlisle. The condition of Carlisle at this time is so well described in a letter written from it on May 27, 1753, by John O'Neal, who had been sent there on public business, to Governor James Hamilton, that we will insert the greater part of it verbatim. " DEAR SIR.-I reached this place a few days since, without accident ; having previously embraced an opportunity which presented itself of learning the Indian character by attending the great Indian talk in Path Valley—the particulars of which you will learn from Le Tort. The garrison here consists only of twelve men. The stockade originally occupied two acres of ground square, with a block house in each corner—these buildings are now in ruins. As Carlisle has been recently laid out and is the established seat of justice, it is the general opinion that a number of log buildings will be erected during the ensuing summer on speculation, in which some accommodation can be had for the new levies. The number f dwelling houses is five. The court is at present held in a temporary log building on the northeast corner of the centre square. If the lots were clear of brushwood, it would give a different aspect to the town. The situation, however, is handsome, in the centre of a valley, with a mountain bounding it on the north and south, at a distance of seven miles. The wood consists principally of oak and hickory. The limestone will be of great advantage to the future settlers, being in abundance. A limekiln stands on the centre square, near what is called the deep quarry, from which is obtained gOOd building stone. A large stream of water runs about two miles from the village, which may at a future period, be rendered navigable. A fine spring flows to the east, called Le Tort, after the Indian interpreter who settled on its head about the year 1720." From this quaint letter written in 1853, when the number of dwelling houses was " five," we get the only extant account of our town in its early stage of existence. ERECTION OF A STOCKADE. In the same year another stockade of very curious construction was-erected, whose western gate was on High street, between Hanover and Pitt, near the residence f the late James Hamilton, ESQ. This fortification was thus constructed : Oak logs about seventeen feet in length were set upright in a ditch dug to the depth of four feet. Each log was about twelve inches in diameter. In the interior were platforms made of clapboards and raised four or five feet from the ground. Upon these the men stood and fired through loop-holes. At each corner was a swivel gun, which was occasionally fired " to let the Indians know that such kind of guns were within." Three wells were sunk within the line of the fortress ; one on the lot now owned by A. B. Sharpe, Esq., another on the contiguous property owned by J. Herman Bosler, Esq., and a third on the line between the properties of A. L. Sponsler, Esq., and the heirs of Samuel Elliott. Within this fort, called " Fort Louther," women and children from the surrounding country often sought protection from the tomahawk of the savage. Its force in 1755 consisted of fifty men. At a somewhat later day breast works were erected north-east of the town, near the site of the present United States Barracks, by Colonel Stanwix. Colonel Stanwix, in a letter to Secretary Peters, dated July 25th, 1757, writes as follows : " Am at work at my intrenchment, but as I send out such large and frequent parties, with other necessary duties, can only spare about seventy working men a day, and these have very often been interrupted by frequent and violent gusts, so that we make but a smalls figure yet ; and the first month was entirely taken up in clearing the ground, which was full of monstrous stumps. Have built myself a hut in camp, where the Captains and I live together." TREATIES WITH THE INDIANS AT CARLISLE, &C. On the 25th of September, 1753, a treaty with the Indians was' held at Carlisle. Richard Peters, Benjamin Franklin and Isaac Norris being the Commissioners appointed by Gov. James Hamilton to conduct the conference on the part of the settlers. A number of the Indian tribes were represented. The following graphic account of the Indian portion of the assemblage we copy from the pages of the " Volunteer :" " There were forty or fifty Indians present, each of whom gloried in an unpronounceable name ; and there was great formality and dignity in the proceedings of the conference. The Indians sat in a circle on the floor, smoking in silence, with an occasional grunt of approval, while Andrew Montour (an interpreter) stated their grievances. Several of them were natural orators, and in their addresses used the 232 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. most extravagant figures of speech. 'While one was speaking, he was listened to in the most respectful silence, without interruption from the others. After every clause of the speech, a belt of wampum, corn-composed of strings f small beads and used as money, was presented by the party speaking to those with whom he was conferring, as a testimony of good will and sincerity. The chief complaint of the Indians seemed to be that the traders brought them scarcely anything but rum and flour." In January, 1756, another treaty with the Indians was held at Carlisle, Governor Robert H: Morris, Ex-Governor James Hamilton, William Logan and Joseph Fox representing the provincial government. The result of the meeting was a promise on the part of the Indians of assistance in conducting a war against the French and their savage allies. In 1754 a jail was built, and stocks and a pillory were erected in the central square, and there the latter remained until the legislature by law wiped out this time-honored system of punishment. In the year 1757 a mail communication, to run weekly, was established between Philadelphia and Carlisle, in order to better enable the government to communicate with the King's subjects on the frontier. In 1760 the people were thrown into a state of great anxiety by the brutal murder within the borough limits of a friendly Delaware Indian who was known by the name f Doctor John, and his two children. The sum of one hundred pounds was offered by the provincial assembly for the capture and conviction f each of the parties concerned, but we believe the murderers were never apprehended. RETURN OF CAPTIVES. In 1764 Colonel Bouquet, having subdued the Indians and compelled them to sue for peace made it one f the conditions on which peace was granted, that the women and children who had been taken captive, should be delivered up. A great many of the restored captives were brought to Carlisle, among them being many who had been seized in childhood and had grown up amongst their captors. They had of course forgotten the arts of civilized life, and had learned the language and the habits of their savage companions. Most of them were greatly altered both in manners and appearance, and it is recorded that many were the affecting scenes enacted, as mutual recognition between sisters and brothers, and parents and children, separated for years, took place. A number of the restored prisoners had married during their absence, and were strongly attached to their husbands and children. The wild mode of life of the Indians, revolting to them at first, had become attractive as old associations became dimmed in their minds, and when they were at length restored to their earliest friends, it was found that their tastes had been modified in accordance with their unrestrained life. Some of them agreed to remain with their relatives in the civilized towns and country, but quite a number fled back to that wild and happy nomadic life, which compelled by necessity at first to lead, they had finally learned to love. A pathetic story has been handed down f an old woman whose heart was wrung with anguish as she failed to find her daughter, who had been detained a captive for several years. Colonel Bouquet told her to sing aloud a little hymn which she said she had often sung to her daughter in her childhood. She then sang to the old familiar tune— Alone, yet not alone am I, Though in this solitude so drear ; I feel my Savior always nigh, He comes my every hour to cheer." And her long lost child rushed into her arms. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS. Carlisle continued to steadily increase in size and importance, and during the Revolutionary war it became, by reason of its situation, a military station of some note. It is recorded that Major Andre and Lieutenant Despard, who were taken by Montgomery near Lake Champlain, were confined here in 1776, with the liberty of going six miles from town, being bound by their word of honor to go no further. In 1777, the Hessians, who had been captured by General Washington in his celebrated victory at Trenton, were brought to Carlisle, and by their labor, the United States Barracks, situated at the edge of the present borough, was built. Carlisle was incorporated by an act f assembly passed April 13th, 1782, but its charter was supplied by a new one granted March 4th, 1814. In the fall of the year 1794 the people in the western part of Pennsylvania rose in rebellion against the payment of the tax on whiskey. The rebellion was known far and wide as " The 'Whiskey Insurrection." On the fourth of October, George Washington, President of the United States, Secretary Alexander Hamilton, a large number of congressmen and several companies of soldiers arrived in Carlisle on their way to the scene of the disturbance. About three thousand soldiers were present at that time. In the evening the Court House was illuminated in honor of the distinguished guests, and a large transparency was exhibited, having on it "Washington is ever triumphant," and other patriotic inscriptions. The presidential party remained in town for a few days and then pursued its course to the western counties. DICKINSON COLLEGE. A matter of great importance in the history of Carlisle was the foundation of Dickinson College—in the year 1783. (For a notice of this institution see History f Cumberland county, pp. 103-106, and History of, Education, pp. 5-6.) Although its birth, like that of Macduff, was premature, its influence on the Borough, of course, has been marked. The constant association of the faculty and the students with the people, has established among the latter a higher intellectual tone ; the ponderous and erudite lectures of the professors, the well-crammed conversation of the higher classmen, and the showy volubility f the freshmen, each working fn its own way for the common end. A ROYAL EXILE PASSES THROUGH CARLISLE. In December, 1797, Louis Philippe, then twenty-four years of age, who afterwards wore the imperial purple f France, from August 9, 1830, to February 24, 1848, passed through Carlisle, accompanied by his two brothers—the Duke of Montpensier and Count Beaujolais—on his road from New York to New Orleans. Exiled from France, the three brothers had come to America in the latter part of 1796, and were at this time proceeding to join their mother in Spain, their intention being to sail from New Orleans to Havana, and to take passage from that port for Europe. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 233 The following account of their short stay in Carlisle, taken from " Chambers' Miscellany," is so interesting, that we venture to insert it : " They set out, therefore, for Pittsburgh, on the 10th of December, 1797; and upon the road, fatigued with traveling on horseback, they purchased a wagon, and, harnessing their horses to it, and placing their luggage within it, they continued their route more comfortably. They arrived at Carlisle on Saturday, when the inhabitants of the neighboring country appeared to have entered the town for some purpose f business or pleasure, and drove up to a public house, near which was a trough for the reception of the oats which travelers might be disposed to give their horses, without putting them into the stable. " A quantity of oats was procured by the party and poured into the trough ; and the bits were taken from the horses' mouths to enable them to eat freely. The duke took his position in the wagon, looking round him ; when the horses, being suddenly frightened, ran away with the wagon, which, passing over a stump, was upset and broken. The duke was thrown out, and somewhat injured. In early life, as we have seen, he had learned to perform the operation of bleeding. Immediately perceiving that his situation required depletion, and making his way as he best could, to the tavern, he requested permisson of the landlord to perform the operation in his house, and to be furnished with linen and water. " The family was kind, and supplied him with everything he required, and he soon relieved himself by losing a quantity of blood. The circumstances, however, had attracted general attention, in consequence of the accident to the wagon, and of the injury to the traveler, and still more from the extraordinary occurrence of self-bleeding ; and a large crowd had collected in the tavern to watch the result of the operation. " It is probable the curious spectators thought he was a Yankee doctor, going to the west to establish himself, and to vend medical skill and drugs. Apparently well satisfied with the surgical ability which the stranger had just displayed, they proposed to him to remain at Carlisle, and to commence there his professional career, promising to employ him, and assuring him that his prospects of success would be much more favorable than in the regions beyond the mountains." THE COMMON SCHOOLS. The common schools of Carlisle went into operation on August 15, 1836. There were sixteen schools and 928 scholars. There are at present twenty schools and 1003 scholars, 481 being males and 522 females. James Hamilton, Esq., was very instrumental in getting these schools started, and up to the time of his death was the most prominent and influential member f the Board of Directors. Previous to the establishment of these common schools there was no provision made by the State for the education of poor children, except that which was contained in the act of Assembly passed April 4, 1809. This provides that all children between the ages of five and twelve years, whose parents were, by reason of poverty, unable to pay for their education should be taught at the public expense, and it was made the duty of the teachers to receive and teach all such children as should come to them for instruction. FIRST COLORED SCHOOL. The colored people were not excluded from the benefit of this provision f the law, yet such was the state of public opinion, that the white children were withdrawn from the schools if any f the colored children were admitted. This led to the organization of a colored school by a number of benevolent ladies. On June 15, 1835, under the management of a board of ladies, consisting of Miss Margaret Knox, Miss Martha Duncan, Miss Margaret Chambers, Miss Mary Kennedy, Miss Harriet Foulk, Miss Mary Duncan, Mrs. Brisbane, Mrs. Baird and others, the school was started. Miss Sarah Bell was chosen teacher, and from that day to the present time, a period of more than forty-three years, she has continued to faithfully discharge the duties of her position. The school, for the first year of its existence, was supported by donations from persons friendly to the enterprise, who were greatly encouraged by the public efforts of Charles B. Penrose, Esq., Rev. J. V. E. Thorn and Henry Duffield, Esq., in its behalf. Education was at that time at a very low ebb among colored persons, and the ages, of those who entered the school at its opening ranged from five to eighty years. Of the fifty scholars who then entered only three could read. They were not only taught to read and write, but the female children had the additional advantage of being taught to sew and knit. The ladies who took special interest in the school furnished the material to work upon, and Miss Nancy Bell and others superintended the work and cut the cloth into the proper shape for garments. When the clothes were made up by the pupils they were distributed among the most needy of them. This school was continued under the management of the founders until August, 1836, when the common schools having been established, it became one of them ; yet the ladies who had been instrumental in its original establishment continued to manifest great interest in its prosperity, and made it frequent visits. It has always received the especial care of the directors, and for many years to come the names of James Hamilton, Andrew Blair and others, should be held in grateful remembrance by the colored people of Carlisle. THE FEMALE BENEVOLENT SOCIETY. In the year.1828 the Female Benevolent Society was established in Carlisle. In those days, as now, fulfilling the words of the scripture, " the poor ye have always with you," there were many asking alms and deserving charity ; but, as at the present day, there were many of those whom Plato termed " walking drones," and the giving of so-called charity to them was often but the placing of money in the haunts of vice. Perplexed by many demands, and unable to discriminate between the deserving and undeserving, the ladies of the town determined to devise some means by which a systematic and judicious distribution of alms and proper application of help could be made. A preliminary meeting was held by four of the leading ladies of the town at the house of Gen. Samuel Alexander. These four ladies (Mrs. Robert Blaine, Mrs. Levi Wheaton, afterwards Mrs. Hayes, Mrs, Samuel Alexander and Mrs. Banning, an aunt of Judge Watts) then laid the plan for an organization which has grown in numbers and increased in good works down to the present day. The constitution which governs the society was framed by Dr. Maeyer, a German Reformed clergyman and the professor in a theological seminary which stood where the preparatory department of Dickinson College now is. A meeting was held at the house of George Metzgar, Esq., by his sister, Mrs. Blaine, soon after the preliminary meeting, when the constitution was adopted. The four ladies before mentioned then 234 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. asked the aid and co-operation of all the ladies f the town, and some forty-one members were enrolled. It was customary in those days to purchase material and then give the needy an opportunity to work and help themselves, the society purchasing the product of their labor. As the name of the society indicates, it was intended only for the benefit of women. Indeed, one of the rules forbids any assistance where there is a man in the family, except in case of sickness ; but owing to the scarcity of work lately, this rule has occasionally been relaxed. The society began with forty-one members, and has increased in membership until last year (1877) it numbered one hundred and ten on the secretary's list. The treasurer's reports for the past fourteen years show that an average of between five and six hundred dollars has been distributed annually. The records of the previous years have been lost. The amount distributed included the interest of two small legacies. All of the churches send a contribution annually to the society. The money expended has been too small, indeed, to meet all the demands, but great enough to do good often where it was really needed. INFLUENCES OF THE BAR, &C. Whether it be true that the history of the world is the history of its great men, we will not here discuss ; yet there is no doubt that a reference to the lives of the latter forms a very important and considerable element of it. " The common man," says Jean Paul Friedrich Richter, " is copious in narrative, exiguous in reflection ;" the events that occur in his own neighborhood form the chief staple of his conversation and his thoughts. The great variety of human nature about him and the endless vicissitudes in his own changeful existence furnish abundant material for his attention. He never rises into a consideration of the abstract ; with pure intellectual pleasures he has nothing to do—and those deeper problems, which relate to the orgin and destiny of himself and the universe, he cheerfully hands over for solution to the " babe-like Jupiters who sit in their clouds, and from age to age prattle to each other and to no contemporary." But each town produces men who are above the common level, village Hampdens, who by virtue of their inherent talent go far beyond the local training. Carlisle, notably, has been the parent of a goodly number of cultivated and distinguished men. This is to a large extent owing to the advantages she has enjoyed by reason of her early prominence in the State, the settlement f the college and the county courts in her midst, and the location of the United States barracks at her limits. It is hard to over-estimate the benefits of these various circumstances. Society, one of the most important factors in civilized life, has been elevated and refined by contact with constant accessions of polished people. The standard of general intelligence has been raised, through the influence of the college, and many young men residing in the town have graduated from its walls. The army too has had a great influence on the town ; its officers, before the war representing the most aristocratic families in the land, having taken a conspicuous part in its social life. The bar, recognized everywhere as one of the most learned and influential bodies of the people,. has here been especially prominent. We find the sons of Carlisle throughout the land filling offices of the highest responsibility and importance. In her graveyard are laid the remains of four ex-members of the Supreme Court of Pennsylva nia, who were citizens of the borough : Hon. Thomas Smith, on the bench from 1794-1809 ; Hon. Hugh Henry Breckenridge, 1799-1816; Hon. John Bannister Gibson, 1816-1853 ; Hon. Thomas Duncan, 1817-1827. The fame of a great lawyer is usually fleeting, but the above named children of the law have met with a happier fate—for their names will endure and their opinions be read for generations yet to, come. SITUATION OF CARLISLE, &C. Carlisle is situated in the midst of a beautiful and fertile valley in. latitude: 40̊ 12' N., longitude 77̊ 10' W., eighteen miles south-west of Harrisburg. The streets run at right angles to each other and are-sixty feet wide, except High and Hanover streets, which have a width of eighty feet. In 1837, the Cumberland Valley Railroad was built through High street at the request of a number of property owners, although there were many vigorous protests against it. The borough is well connected with the surrounding country by means of roads. The Carlisle, Hanover & Baltimore turnpike, and the Harrisburg, Carlisle & Chambersburg turnpike run through the town ; the former was built in 1812-13, the latter in 1816-17. A number of roads which are not macadamized run from and about the town furnishing beautiful drives which are much admired by visitors. There are four newspapers published in the town : " The Carlisle Herald," " The Volunteer," " The Sentinel," and " The Carlisle Semi-Weekly Mirror." The population numbers about 7000. There are twelve ministers of the gospel, twenty physicians and twenty-nine practicing lawyers. There are fifteen churches, as follows : two Methodist, two Presbyterian, two Lutheran, one Episcopal, one German Reformed, one Roman Catholic, one Evangelical Association, one Church of God, three African churches and one Mission chapel. (For notice of churches, see History of Cumberland County, pp. 126-132 ; for sketch of market house, and court house, and jail, see idem pp. 120 and 121, and for sketch of soldiers' monument see idem p. 147.) The following description of Carlisle, in 1839, taken from the " Life of Rev. John McClintock," by George Crooks, D. D., applies equally well to it now : The valley, in the midst of which Carlisle stands, has often been compared, by the imaginative, to the happy vale of Rasselas. Encircled lovingly on either side by the Blue Mountain ridge, and enveloped in an atmoshere of crystal clearness, on which the play of light and shade produce every hour some new and stirring effect, it was, in a measure, withdrawn from the tumult f the world. The tumult might be heard in the distance, but did not come near enough to disturb the calm of studious pursuits. " The town preserved the tradition of the learned culture which has distinguished it from the beginning f the present century. Its population was not enterprising ; manufacturing was but little, if at all, known to it. The rich soil of the valley poured out every year abundant harvests, and the borough was no more than the centre of exchanges, or the market for supplies. " The steady pace and even pulse of agricultural life seemed here to tone down the fevered excitement which is the usual condition under which American society exists." In the " Universal Gazetteer," published in the year 1795, in Lon don, by John Walker, our town receives the following notice : HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 235 " Carlisle, the county seat of Cumberland, in Pennsylvania. It contains about 1500 inhabitants and 300 stone houses, besides 3 church houses, a college and a court house ; yet 35 years ago it was an uncultivated wilderness. It is one hundred miles west by north of Philadelphia." The following statistics of the borough, on January 1st, 1846, are taken from the " Pennsylvania Statesman " : " There are in this place three printing offices, from which the following papers are issued : " The Herald and Expositor," edited by Mr- Beatty, issued weekly, devoted to the cause of the Whigs ; " The American Volunteer," edited by Messrs. Boyer and Bratton, Democratic ; " The Pennsylvania Statesman," by J. S. Gitt, issued semiweekly, Democratic. The first paper established in this county was edited and published by Mr. Kline, in 1785, called " Kline's Carlisle Weekly Gazette." "There are here 10 churches and 12 congregations ; 48 stores and a number of shops ; 4 ware houses ; 12 physicians ; 3 foundries ; common schools sufficient to suit the wants of the people ; Dickinson College, under the supervision of the Methodist Episcopal Church—a flourishing institution ; a beautifully superb and commodious new court house, with all the necessary county offices, built for $45,000 ; 25 shoe establishments ; 4 hatter do. ;18 tailor do. ; 2 tallow chandleries, 2 licensed auction stores, 7 cabinet makers, 16 carpenters, 2 coach makers, 3 brick makers, 20 bricklayers and masons, 2 bread bakeries, 5 cake bakers, 1 rope walk, 1 grist mill, 12 taverns, 3 distilleries for yielding the liquid fire,'—would to God there were none, for a great deal of the misery of human life, which is daily seen raging on our streets, would be prevented ; 5 tinners and coppersmiths, 5 tanners, 6 saddlers, 5 coopers, 2 breweries, 9 butchers, 6 painters, 3 chairmakers, 11 plasterers, 3 dyers, 5 weavers, 2 silver platers, 1 locksmith, 2 gunsmiths, 1 limeburner, 3 wagon makers, 3 stone cutters, 14 blacksmiths, 5 watch makers, 2 barbers, 3 dentists, 1 clock maker, 3 jewelry shops, 1 mattress maker, 2 threshing machine manufactories, 3 board yards, 3 livery stables, 2 book binderies, 2 spinning wheel manufactories, 1 brush maker, 2 pump makers, 5 gardeners, 1 milk dairy, 1 stocking weaver, 2 cigar makers, 9 mantua makers, 6 milliners, 1 bird stuffing establishment, 5 music teachers, 4 justices f the peace, 12 male school teachers, 5 female school teachers. " A large market house, and as good a market, for all the luxuries of life, as can be found in any inland town of the same size in Pennsylvania. The members of the Bar are numerous-15 in number—and of the highest standing in the profession, as also the professors of Medical science. The Gospel ministers are zealous in the cause of their Divine Master ; they are, in season and out of season, daily ministering in the good work." The strong attachment of the people of Carlisle to their town has been so generally noticed that it has become a common saying among them, that any one who, in his youth, has quaffed refreshing draughts from the old market house pump, will always return in his later years to drink again from its mysterious spout. To what the subtle influence of its waters is due we know not, any more than we know why the Pierian Springs could attract the Muses to their sacred banks —but true it is, that however broadcast over the face of the earth the people who were reared in our borough may at times have been scattered, most of them have returned to pass the evening of their days in the town which gave them birth. MIFFLIN. BY. REV. JAMES B. SCOULLER. Mifflin was set off from Hopewell as a separate township in January, 1797, and was called after Governor Mifflin. It is oblong in shape with its two longest sides bounded; the one by the mountain and the other by the Conedogwinet creek, and contains something like sixty square miles of territory. The soil is a mixture f clay, gravel and slate ; and is reasonably fertile with careful culture. It is mainly drained by four streams, which run from the mountain to the Conedogwinet. (CONE, was the Indian for creek—e. g , Conewaga—Conestoga—Conecochegue, &c.) The original Indian names of these streams are lost, and the present ones were purely accidental. John Scouller left Lanarkshire, in Scotland, in 1753, and remained in Lancaster and York counties till the spring of 1762, when he came to Mifflin, then Hopewell , and purchased from the Penn heirs the tract of land which lies between the two eastern streams from the creek back for the distance of a mile. The family, from want of any other name, called the eastern, the Big Run, and the other, which bounded the back part of the farm, the Back Run ; and such have continued to be their names to the present time. The next stream west, which was settled at an earlier day, had no need of a mill, for there was one already at the mouth of the Green Spring ; so the first industry started by its inhabitants was the conversion of their surplus corn into whiskey, and a number of little distilleries started up, tradition says one on each farm, and the community, from a sense of the fitness of things, called it Whisky Run. The next stream west, and only a mile distant, was jocosely called Brandy Run, because brandy is next and near to whiskey, and a little better ; and so the names have remained for more than a century. The western stream was called the Three Square Hollow Run, after the name of the gap in the mountain from which it issues. The triangular shape of this gap led some early Irish settlers to name it the Three Square Hollow. Before the days of white settlers there was an Indian trail through the Doubling Gan, but it was used comparatively but little and only for local purposes. The principal trail was through the Three Square Hollow, and was a branch of the great trail from the Ohio to the Susquehanna, which crossed the Tuscarora mountains near the Burnt Cabins and went down the Sherman's creek. This branch left the great trail in the corner of Franklin county, came through the Three Square Hollow, crossed the Conedogwinet near the mouth of Brandy Run, passed up the Green Spring to the head of Big Spring, and thence towards Dilisburg and York. Along this trail, in the forks of the two branches of Brandy Run, some evidence of an old Indian buryingground existed many years ago ; and there are old traditions that an Indian village existed in the same neighborhood, and that the peninsula in the long bend of the creek now owned by Matthew Thompson, was used by the villagers for the raising of the corn, which, in connection with game, constituted their food. In support of these traditions are the two facts that the first settlements made in Mifflin were along this trail, and all the massacres which took place during the Old French war were in its vicinity. The probabilities are that the first settlers came to Mifflin between 1734 and 1736, because at that time the wave of population flowed 236 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. up the valley on the other side of the Conedogwinet ; and as these new corners were always seeking streams upon which to settle, there could be no satisfactory reason why they should avoid Mifflin, which was particularly well watered. Still no family record or farm deed can now be found which carries the occupancy of the township back of 1744. During that year three brothers-in-law came from Chester county ; one, Mr. Mickey, purchased on the south side of the creek not far from the head of the Green Spring, and a numerous posterity now dwell in that part of Newton township ; another, William Thompson, bought across the creek for £25 1s. 6d. The peninsula, still owned and occupied by his grandson, Matthew Thompson, and the third Andrew McElwain, located on Brandy Run, on the tract subsequently known as the Lusk farm, and now owned by Mrs. Gilmore. The Carnahans, Williamsons, Nicholsons, Stevensons, Shannons, Laughlins, Porterfields, Lightcaps and others were settled, before 1751, in this part of Mifflin ; and during the next fifteen years the McLaughlins, Browns, McElhennys, Martins, Bells, Sterritts, Morrows, Lusks, Agers, Bradys, &c. came in. There are but few of these families now left—they have scattered in every direction, but mainly toward the west. The Nicholsons were extensive slaveholders, and when Pennsylvania abolished slavery, they took their charties and moved to the young State of Kentucky. One of the Shannons about the beginning f the present century went on foot to Ohio, to push his fortune as a shoemaker, and in our day one of his sons has been Governor of that state. Four brothers of the third generation of the Williamsons long served in the ministry of the Presbyterian church. It cannot now be ascertained who first settled along the Big Run. The oldest known deed conveyed, April 1762, a tract at its mouth from the Penns to John Scouller, which is still owned and occupied by a grandson. A Mr. Thompson about the same time, located a tract higher up, between Big and Back Run, most of which was sold in 1765 to 1770, to Fentons, Mitchells, and Mathers, and probably to Alex. Elliott. During this same decade, John McCulloch located near the Mountain upon the headwaters of a branch of the Big Run, on the farm long known as the McDannell farm, partly owned by G. Stewart. He subsequently moved to West Pennsborough, and many of his descendents still live there and in Newton, and as many more, perhaps have gone west. James McFarlin located about a thousand acres just below Doubling Gap. There being some defect in his title, he divided it between his two sons, John and William, and his two sons-in-law, Robert Galbraith and Samuel Mitchell. Galbraith sold his to George Buck, who left it to his step-nephews George and Jacob Christlieb. William McFarlin sold his to Samuel McCormick, who built a Grist and Saw Mill. Adam Bratton and his three brothers-in-law, James, Robert, and Nathaniel Gillespie, all of whom had slaves, settled here in 1776 ; Bratton on the farm still owned by his grandson Samuel; James Gillespie partly in Frankford where the family still remains, Robert on the Waggoner farm, and Nathaniel on the Brown or Snyder farm, where he established the first tannery in the township. Thomas Jacob in 1774 located on the creek, on the Woodburn or Ahl farm. All the ante-revolutionary settlers were Irish with a small intermixure of Scotch and English. It is believed that the first German settler was George Buck, who landed at Baltimore before the Revolution, and about 1782 or 1783 appeared in Mifflin. Although, a painter by trade, he assisted in Scouller's mill. Robert Galbraith offered him his farm f three or four hundred acres for one dollar per acre ; but Buck had no money, as some sharpers in Baltimore had robbed him when he landed of everything. His employer, however, ffered to loan him the money, and wait his convenience for repayment. He then wished to know if there was plenty of water and stone on the farm ; and being assured of this, he bought and occupied it till his death. Being unmarried he sent to Dauphin county for his step-brother Charles Christlieb. Other German families now came in, among them Conrad Wolf, and Nicholas Henry, both of whom left large families. John Henry, son of Nicholas. crossed the mountain to a little valley, which he took possession of and literally peopled with with his descendants, so that it is usually called Henry's Valley. Between 1785 and 1790, George Knettle, a German by birth, came from Chester county, and settled near the present Centre school house. In 1809 he died, leaving to his country nine sons and four daughters, whose descendants are now scattered through six or seven States of the Union. After 1790 the Germans came in freely, and have continued to do so to the present day. Having more thrift and economy than their Irish predecessors they have gradually supplanted the descendants of the fnrst settlers. The Indian families which still remained in Mifflin when the first white settlers came, and the bands which passed through on the great trail, were friendly and peaceable until about 1753 or 1754, when with the tribes to which they belonged, they fell under the influence f French emissaries from Canada, and became very hostile. They committed a number f barbarous massacres most f which were confined to the region of Whisky and Brandy Runs, or the vicinity of the great trail. Among these may be mentioned that f the William-sons. The father and one child were murdered, while the mother and the other children escaped. The murdered child was found in the fence, which it was trying to cross when tomahawked and scalped. During the same night the McElwains were alarmed and fled to Carnahan's fort, but when half way there they found that in their hurry and fright they had forgotten the baby in the cradle. One of the party, a young relative on a visit, volunteered to go back, and he brought the child safe to its mother- That rescued babe was the grandmother of James M. Harlan, of Mifflin. Two of the Nicholson brothers lived together ; one was married and the other was single. A noise was heard among the cattle one night, when the married brother stepped out of the door and was immediately shot dead. Those in the house barricaded the door and little windows and stood upon the defensive. There were two rifles and plenty of ammunition on hand, and when the remaining brother spied an Indian prowling around he would fire and exchange rifles with his sister-in-law, who quickly loaded the discharged piece, so that they might never be taken at a disadvantage. In the morning they found evidence f fnve or six successful shots, although the killed or wounded were all carried away. The widow mounted a horse, with one child on her lap and another behind her ; the brother mounted another horse, with the corpse of the husband lying in front f him, and thus they rode to Shippensburg to bury their dead. A number of block houses or forts were built at convenient places, to which the families of the neighborhood could flee for safety when HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 237 Indians were around. One of these was situated on the creek, near the mouth of Brandy Run, on the Carnahan farm. This was built about the beginning of the French and Indian. war. The others were probably of a later date, and designed to give security during the Revolutionary war and the preceding ten years. It is impossible now to give the number and location of all these block houses, for the knowledge of some of them has, doubtless, perished. But it is still known that there was one on the Lusk farm, near the Sulphur Spring ; another on the Davidson farm, near the Doubling Gap ; another on the old Knettle farm, near Centre school-house, the remains of which still existed in 1809 ; and another on the old Zeigler farm,, the chimney of which still exists and does daily service in the house of James M. Harlan. Eighty years ago there was a tradition in Thomas Kennedy's family that the first flour or grist mill in Cumberland county west of Middlesex was built at Shippensburg ; the second at the mouth of the Green Spring, long known as Eckard's mill ; the third at the mouth of the Big Run, known as Scouller's mill ; the fourth Laughlin's mill, near Newville. The mill at the mouth of the Big Run was certainly the first in Mifflin. This was built in 1761, by John Scouller, whose ancestors for at least three generations were millers upon the Clyde in Scotland. In those days a Scotch miller was always a millwright, so that he could build and repair his own mill. In this case the proprietor was a first class mechanic, and was his own architect and builder. This mill was burnt down in 1780, but was immediately rebuilt and was subsequently enlarged to its present size. Mifflin has never had within its bounds a post office, a resident physician, a lawyer or a clergyman, but has been dependent upon Newville for its mail facilities, its professional visits, its purchases of house and farm necessities, and its sale of produce. In making these necessary visitations, the Conodoguinet had to be passed and repassed, notwithstanding the difficulties and dangers of its floods at all seasons, and its treacherous ice in the winter. This difficulty has been partially removed by the building of three bridges. The first of these was built on the state road leading to Doubling Gap, in the year 1824, and the original structure is still in good condition. The second was at the Thompson crossing, some fifteen or twenty years later ; and the third still later, at the mouth of the Green Spring. Sulphur springs exist in all parts of the township, and some of these are of considerable mineral strength. The one best known and most used, is situated well up in Doubling Gap, and was resorted to for its curative qualities as far back as 1800, and most probably earlier than that. At first the water was carried away in vessels and used at home, then an occasional visitor found boarding in a neighboring family, and as the reputation of the water increased, a summer boarding house was provided, and finally a large and comfortable hotel was built, with accommodations for a hundred guests. The location is very quiet, cool, and healthy, and affords the opportunity for any amount of mountain exercise, and has become quite a popular summer resort. The water contains Sulphuretted Hydrogen, Carbonate of Soda, Carbonate of Magnesia, Sulphate of Soda, Sulphate of Magnesia and Chloride of Sodium. There is also a Chalybeate Spring within a few rods of the Sulphur Spring, which, in addition to its Bicarbonate of Iron, contains Sulphate of Magnesia, Carbonate of Magnesia, and Chloride of Sodium. The Round Knob, or the southern lap of the Mountain, rises some fourteen hundred feet above tide water, just in front of the hotel, and on the top of this is Flat Rock, one of the most noted lookouts of the county, from which may be had a view of peculiar and exceptional beauty and grandeur. The whole valley, from the Susquehanna to the Potomac, with its varied scenes and objects, and wealth of agriculture, literally lies before the gazer, for the view is only bounded by the limitation of vision, and the rotundity of the earth. About a third of the way up the Knob, on the path to the Rock, are the remains of Lewis' cave, a deep recess, under a shelving rock, which Lewis, the robber, had fitted up as a safe retreat, to which he fled from time to time, during the years 1816-20, when driven by the ministers of justice from other sections of the country. This daring highwayman used to boast that he was not a robber, but only an equalizer, because he took from the rich and gave to the poor. However this may have been, it is certain that he did not pursue his robber practices in this immediate neighborhood, and that he cultivated kindly relations with the few inhabitants of the Gap, and secured their good will so far that they would not betray his presence, although but one man knew the precise place of his hiding. Nicholas Howard, of Newville, kept the summer hotel at the Spring in those days, and was a fast friend of the generous outlaw. When the coast was clear of all unreliable persons, he would hang out a flag from an upper window, which was visible from the cave, and Lewis would come down, and a few of the neighbors would gather in and they would have a jolly night at the expense of the robber. When dangerous persons were around, or the officers of the law upon the lookout, he had to confine himself to his cave, and as his larder was never stored for a siege, he had to receive a frequent supply through some one who was in the secret of his hiding place. It was universally believed that this friendly service was performed by Robert Moffat, an odd, crooked-eyed, queer-looking man, who frightened children with his antics ; but who was really noted for his tender feelings and kindheartedness, and who never for one moment supposed that he was doing wrong in shielding and befriending one, even an outlaw, who had often befrlended him. Lewis was sometimes accompanied by a " confrere," named Connelly, who had the reputation of being coarse and cruel, and who found no friends in the Gap. He was killed at the same time that Lewis was wounded unto death. During the Revolution there was, in the Brandy Run region, a Captain S. Brady, who was celebrated as an Indian hunter, and whose wonderful exploits and hair-breadth escapes are still the subject of an occasional winter night's story. There was in the same section a Joe Ager, who returned one day to his home, about 1855, during the French War, and found his father and mother murdered by the Indians. He then and there, over the dead bodies f his parents, swore that his life henceforth should be devoted to the sole work of slaughtering Indians, and that he would take a hundred scalps for each parent. Tradition says that he kept his oath, and exceeded the number stated ; and that he would bury himself for months at a time in the wilderness, and go as far as the. Allegheny river and the valley of the Ohio. During the Revolutionary war a fair proportion of the able bodied'' men of Mifflin saw service in the patriot army, and a few of .these lingered on as venerable relics till within the recollection of the middle aged of our day. In the war of 1812, one of the companies of the regiment which Cumberland and Adams counties put into the state service was 238 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. partly recruited in Mifflin ; and Col. James Fenton; of this township; son of a Revolutionary soldier, was appointed Colonel of the regiment. And when some of the state troops mutinied at the line and refused to pass out of the United States, Col. Fenton showed his patriotism and bravery by entering Canada. During the Rebellion also, Mifflin gave of her sons to defend and preserve what their fathers had builded. The first settlers were all Presbyterians, and the largest part of them attended the Presbyterian church on the Big Spring, now Newville; another portion attended the Associate Presbyterian church f the same place ; and a few families of Covenanters held society meetings in private houses. Hence there never was a Presbyterian church of any kind within the township. When the German population began to come in and take root, they found no church of their faith Upon the Big Spring, and so had to provide for themselves. Some of these Germans were Lutheran, and the others were Reformed, and while they early formed themselves into separate organizations, yet for pecuniary reasons they built a Union church, and for many years continued to worship together as one congregation. The ministers in charge would alternate, so that the same congregation would hear a Lutheran minister one Sabbath and a Reformed the next. About 1790, or shortly afterwards Jacob Zeigler gave a corner of ground near the present Council Bluff school house for church and graveyard purposes. Here they built their church, and a stable for their minister's horse. It was of logs, two-stories high, with a gallery, well seated, and very comfortable. The pulpit was quite unique, and evidently copied after an old-country pattern. It was built against the side of the .house, pretty high up, and in the form of a goblet. Upon the panels of the projecting sides were painted the portraits of the four Evangelists. This was the work of Charles .Buck, who not only helped to found the church, but often officiated as preacher in the absence of the minister. This church was built mainly by the efforts of Charles Buck, Jacob Zeigler, and Charles Christlieb. The last of these was a deacon. The Rev. Mr. Stock long ministered to this congregation, and was most likely its first pastor. Another eongregation was similarly organized about 1796 in Upper Frankford, and long associated with this one in a pastoral charge. About 1823 Rev. G. Heilig, Lutheran, and Rev. D. Hossinger, Reformed, took charge of these two churches and continued till 1827. The Reformed part was always the weaker, and was so unfortunate as to get into some trouble with Mr. Hossinger, and a division among themselves ; and never had another pastor. They gradually declined ; a few joined with the Reformed church in. Hopewell, a larger number were, absorbed by the Lutherans, so that finally, only two or three families remained. The Rev. N. J. Stroh, :Lutheran, served the congregation for several years. In 1832 the Lutherans organized in Newville, built a church, called Rev. D. P. Rosenmiller, and soon absorbed the. Mifflin membership, so that the old church was rarely used; and finally was wholly closed. Some ten years after, the building was sold to the Evangelical Association and removed to the Whiskey Run. The Newville church is the lineal descendant of the one .in Mifflin. Some Mennonite families in. Upper Mifflin, many years ago, associated themselves together as a churth, and built a log. meeting house on the Whiskey. Run road. It was long known as the Smoke church, because mainly sustained by a family f that name. Its few members have been gradually disappearing until all effort to maintain services has been abandoned, and the building was recently turned into a dwelling house. In the same immediate neighborhood the United Brethren built in 1858 a very comfortable brick church which is now the home of a prosperous congregation, organized about 1852. A small wing of this church was built in 1876--a stone church, called Mount Tabor, near the Hopewell line. These two churches are joined with the Newville one in a pastoral charge. A society of the Evangelical Association, some ten or twelve years ago, bought the old Ziegler church and removed it to the intersection of the mountain and Whiskey Run roads, where it is known as Ebenezer Church. The Church of God organized a congregation on the eastern side of the township and built, in 1853, a brick bethel on the old Purdy farm, east of McCrea's mill. Some twenty years afterwards this was demolished by a storm, but was immediately rebuilt. This is connected with a Frankford branch in a pastoral charge. About 1800 George Knettle gave a lot from the corner of his farm for school and church purposes. A house was built by general subscription and used mainly as a school-house and rarely for religious worship, as, there was no church organization in the neighborhood. After the adoption of the common school system anew and better house was built by the township exclusively for school purposes; but about ten years ago 'a neat house was put up on this same lot as a Union church by general subscription. It was to be open for the use of all ; but the Lutherans and Dunkers having organizations, and being the largest contributors, have special privileges. The township is divided into eight school districts, each one of which has provided a good and comfortable house. Tanning was one f the first industries started, and although bark has always been convenient and cheap, yet the business has entirely died out, most likely from a lack of capital to lay in proper city stock. Distilleries were once very numerous, but from a change in the method of conducting the business and a larger change in the moral sentiment of the community in reference to 'the business itself, they have. all long since disappeared. Agriculture is the great business of the township, in addition to which the following industries are now in successful operation, viz : Four flouring mills, six saw mills, one, woolen factory, two stores, five. blacksmith shops, one cooper shop, one brickyard. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 239 NEWVILLE. BY REV. JAMES B. SCOULLER. A warrant for a tract of about ninety acres of land was issued from the Land Office of the Province, on the 2nd of March, 1744, to William Lamond, James Walker, Alexander McClintick, and David Killaugh, for the use of, and in trust for, the Presbyterian Congregation of Big Spring. This same tract was patented by the State authorities, for the same use, on the 23rd of September, 1794. On this glebe the congregation built a dwelling house for the use of their pastor, which was occupied by the Rev. W. Linn during the Revolutionary War. His successor, the Rev. S. Wilson, saw fit soon after his installation, to purchase and reside upon a farm across the creek near the present bridge. The congregation concluded to abandon the glebe as a parsonage farm, and to lay it out in village lots. A plan was drawn, consisting of one street, Main street, to run from the Spring toward the west, with Glebe alley running parallel on its south, and Cove alley on its north ; to be crossed by the streets Corporation, High, and West ; the former two to extend north to the boundary of the glebe. Building lots were laid out on these streets, and all the remaining land of the tract was divided into parcels of from two to five acres for pasture and tillage. The sale of the lots commenced on the 9th of September, 1790, and was continued at different dates for eight or ten years till all were sold. A number of lots were always sold on the same day ; for example, all the out lots were sold on the 9th of April, 1795. They were sold, not at auction to the highest bidder, but at uniform and fixed prices. There is a floating tradition, that when two or more persons desired the same parcel, the ownership was decided by lot ; but never by an advanced bid. Lot No. 1, the present Kennedy lot, because of its water privileges, was sold for $213, to William Laughlin, and the one across the street to George McKeehan for $50 ; all the other lots, with two exceptions, were sold for $6 each. The pasture lots were sold at from $24 to $27 per acre. About eight acres of the north-east corner were reserved for parsonage use, and subsequently sold to the Rev. S. Wilson. All of these lots were deeded in limited fee with a reserved incumbrance which was to yield an annual six per cent. rent to the church. The incumbrance upon the front lots was $22.22 each, making an annual quit rent f $1.33 ; on the back lots $17.90 each, with a quit rent of $1.07 ; and upon the out lots $13.33 per acre, with a quit rent of 80 cts. As the collection of these quit rents was always annoying, the Trustees f the church resolved in 1836 to abolish them by collecting the incumbrance, and giving the owner a deed in FEE SIMPLE ; and with a very few exceptions, the lots are now so held. The original purchasers of lots from the trustees were Ludwick Andrews, David Auld, William Auld, Henry Aughinbaugh, Philip Beck, Isaiah Blair, John Boyd, James Boyle, John' Brattan, William Cowden, George Connor, Samuel Crowell, John Clarke, Joseph Crawford, John Davidson, John Dunbar, Samuel Finley, Thomas George, James Graham, Patrick Greer, Andrew Harvey, Abram Hildebrand, Hugh Homes, John Jacob, Isaac Jamison, George Keiser, William Leiper, William Laughlin, Felix Scott, Martha Lusk, Robert Lusk, Thomas Lusk,. David McClintock, Samuel .McCulloch, Arch. McCoy, Henry McDermond, Samuel McElhainey, William McElwain, Jere. McKibbin, Daniel McGuire, Ezra McCall, George McKeehan, William McFarlane, William McGonegale, Isaac Mason, John Mason, Titus Miller, John Moore, Samuel Morrow, John Nichol, James Nicholson, David Ogler, Robert Officer, James Patrick; William Porterfield, William Patton, Samuel Silver, Leonard Shannon, Daniel Sourpike, Brice Sterritt, Matthew Thompson, John Turner, J. D. Walterbarger, John Weily, Samuel Wilson, Hugh Wallace, David Williamson, Thomas Wilson, James Woodburn, Alexander Work. Some of these were neighboring farmers, who bought for speculation ; but the very great majority of them designed to build residences for themselves. The first buildings were upon the lower end of Main street, and North Corporation, then a cluster of houses, sprung u p on the upper end of Main, and the two ends gradually grew together. When the railroad was built, and the population of the town suddenly and considerably increased, the track of improvement turned southward, towards the depot, and then westward along the railroad, and thus the village grew into a long, zigzag shape. The town remained for more than twenty years a constituent part of the township of Newton until the villagers became greatly dissatisfied with the way in which the county assessors valued their property ; so they applied to the Legislature of the. State for a borough charter, which was granted them February 26, 1817. This, however, did not give them entire independence, for they continued to pay road taxes to Newton till 1829, when the borough was formed into a township by the court. To get rid f the inconvenience of two sets of officers—borough and township—a new and more comprehensive. charter was sought and granted by the court in 1869, which secured full municipal powers. The lines f the old Glebe farm constituted the boundaries of the borough till 1874, when the limits f the corporation were extended so as to embrace the "New Town" which had grown up on the southwest border. The population f the borough in 1830 was 530 ; in 1840 it was 564 ; in 1850 it was 715; in 1860 it was 885 ; in 1870 it was 907 ; and in 1878 about 1550. In locating the Cumberland Valley Railroad the engineers made it cross the Big Spring at Irvine's mill, one mile and a half south of the borough. This greatly dissatisfied the villagers, and the council offered a bonus of $2,000 if the crossing should be made where it now is. Chief Engineer Roberts protested against such a change, because it would necessitate a heavy grade and add a mile to the length of the road. The Directors, nevertheless, accepted the proposition, and the council proceeded at once to levy a $2,000 tax to make good their promise. When about one-half of this tax had been paid, futher. collection was resisted by some of the property holders, and the matter went to court ; where it was decided that the council had no power to tax for purposes .outside the borough. Appeal was taken to the Supreme Court, but the lower court was sustained, and the further payment of the bonus was stopped. Robert Lusk was one of the earliest settlers, and built the third house from the Spring, long known as the Steel house, and opened. in it the first tavern. John Dunbar shortly afterwards opened a tavern in the third house above Corporation street, where the photograph gallery is now. In 1801 James Woodburn built and opened the present Logan, House. The Post Office was established about the year 1800; up till that time the nearest offices were at Carlisle and Shippensburg. For. about twenty years ,there was one mail service each way per week,. then it was increased to two, and so continued till the railroad was. 240 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. opened in 1838, when a daily service was commenced, and daily papers for the first time made their appearance. Now there are three daily mails each way. The first Post Master was Henry Adams, who has been succeeded by Andrew McCord, Alexander Barr, William R. Milroy, William Barr, John Moore, Daniel Dunlap, John Murphy, Charles T. McLaughlin and William McDannell. The first resident physician was John Geddes, who came here about 1792 from Silvers Spring, after studying with Dr- McCoskry in Carlisle. In 1805 or 1806 he sold out to Dr. McCammon, a Scotch-man, and arranged to go to the west ; but his friends would not consent to this, so he remained, and after spending a long, busy, useful and greatly-honored life, died in 1840, aged 74 years. It is believed that the first store was opened on North Corporation street, across Cove Alley from the Logan House barns, by a party now unknown, who in 1795 or 1796 sold out to James Woodburn. About 1797 Thomas Kennedy, father of the late Judge John Kennedy of the Supreme Court of the State, and of James Kennedy long a Justice of the Peace of Newville, moved in from the Adam Jacobs farm in Mifflin township, and opened a second store on the other side of Corporation street, where the Woodburn row now is. Stephen Ryan then opened where Morrow's brick house stands, and was succeeded by Christian Geese. Joseph Culbertson next opened in the stone house on the south-east corner of Main and Corporation street, which Gen. Samuel Finley had built in 1799. Joseph Showalter, Alex. Barr, William McCandlish, John Johnson, James Huston and others followed. All these stores were miscellaneous and kept every thing called for by the community ; but as population grew and trade increased the different lines of business began to separate. About 1828 Jacob Williams established a drug store in a room of the Lindsey or Zeigler house ; a few years later Andrew L. Coyle opened a hardware store ; and still a few years later the first distinctive grocery store was started. The first tannery was started by a Mr. Adams, on the Kennedy lot at the Spring, and to it the Laughlins gave a perpetual privilege of as much water from their dam as would pass through an inch auger-hole. The first blacksmith shop was built upon the Dr. David Ahl lot by Samuel Bechtel and Jacob Kinsley. John Fickes and Nicholas Howard introduced the wagonmaking business on the McKinney lot ; Horace Bratton and Barny McCarron were the first tailors. The first Presbyterian church was built of logs about 1738 in the southern part of the graveyard ; the present stone bui!ding was erected about 1790 or soon afterwards ; and most probably to a certain degree out f the proceeds f the town lots. The following persons have been pastors, viz : Thomas Craighead, Oct. 1738, to June 1739 ; John Blair for several years ; George Duffield, 1759, for three or four years ; Wm. Linn, Samuel Wilson 1786 to March 1799 ; Joshua Williams, D. D., April, 1802 to 1829 ; Robert McCachren, 1831 to October, 1851 ; J. S. Henderson 1852 to 1862 ; P. Mowry 1863 to 1868 ; E. Erskine, D. D., 1869, incumbent. The first United Presbyterian church (then Associate) was built upon the present lot, of logs, in 1772 ; the second (now Associate Reformed) of stone about 1790 ; the third of brick in 1826; and the present one of brick in 1868. The following persons have been pastors, viz : John Rogers 1772 to April 1781 ; John Jamieson 1784 to 1792 ; John Craig 1793 to 1794 ; James McConnel 1798 to Nov. 1809 ; Alexander Sharp, D. D., June 1824 to Jan. 1857 ; Isaiah Faries 1858 to 1859 ; W. L. Wallace June 1861, incumbent. The first Methodist church was built of brick in 1826 on the back part of the present lot on Main street, and principally through the efforts of Nathan Reed and Robert McLaughlin ; and the present one f brick in 1846. The first Lutheran church was built of brick in 1832 on North High street, and the present one of brick in 1862 on West Main street. Its pastors have been D. P. Rosenmuller 1832-40 ; John Heck 1841- 5 ; E. Breidenbaugh four years ; Sidney L. Harkey two years ; Joshua Evans May 1852-Dec. 1860 ; H. Baker Jan. 1861-1867 ; Harry McKnight 1867-1871 ; H. Fleck 1871-1872 ; J. A. Glitz 1872-3; and H. J. Watkins Feb. 1874, incumbent. The first Bethel of the Church of God was built about 1830 of brick and largely at the expense of Isaac Shellabarger, and is now occupied by the Colored church ; and the present one on Railroad street of brick in 1859. The fnrst and only church built by the United Brethren was of brick on Fairfield street in the year 1867. The Methodist, the Church of God and the United Brethren churches having an itinerant ministry have been supplied by their conferences. The colored brethren while they own a house in common and worship together as one congregation have two separate organizations. The pastors, having other stations, preach here on alternate Sabbaths. One of the organizations is Methodist, and about twenty years old ; the other is Baptist in connection with the Church of God and was organized about 1862. The Rev. Perry Stanton has ministered to this branch from the beginning. These organizations have met with good success, and have been of great benefit, not only in a spiritual way, for they have greatly helped to banish intemperance and rowdyism from among the colored population and to foster a desire for education. The fnrst Bank was the "Newville Saving Fund Society," of which Dr. J. R. Irvine was the only Treasurer. It was organized March 9th, 1850, and dissolved March 3st, 1858, after having paid all its liabilities and without having lost a cent. The private banking firm of Rea, Gracey & Co. was organized in 1857 and re-organized under a United States charter in the summer of 1863 as the First National Bank of Newville. Its capital is $100,000, and it has weathered the hard times very successfully. " The People's Union Bank " was organized in 1870, with a capital of $50,000, as a banking association under the State laws. Having met with very heavy losses, it went, July, 1878, into the hands of receivers to close up its accounts. The first effort to establish a newspaper in Newville, was made by a Mr. Baxter, who transfered " The Central Engine " from Newburg to this place in 1843 ; but the enterprise did not prove successful, and after few months' experiment, it was abandoned. In 1858, "The Star of the Valley," a non-partisan weekly, was commenced by J. M. Miller, and after changing owners a number of times, it still maintains a healthy existence. Shortly, after the starting of the " Star," J. J. Herron, introduced the " Weekly Native," as a political sheet ; but it failed to secure a living patronage, and soon passed away. In Dec., 1874, the Fosnot brothers brought " The Enterprise " from Oakville, where it had been established May, 1871, so that there are now two regular weeklies. Several of the first settlers of Newville had seen service during the Revolutionary War, and prominent among these was Samuel Finley, who had been an officer. When the Land Offices were established in the North West Territory, in 1800, General Finley was appointed Law Agent at Chillicothe, and when Ohio was received as a State into the Union, in 1803, he was chosen as one of her first United States HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 241 Senators. His son, Clement, who was born in Newville, entered the army as a surgeon, sixty years ago, and at the breaking out of the Rebellion, had risen to the office of Surgeon General, when he was retired, at his own request, because f his age and the great increase of the labor and responsibility of the position. He still lives (August, 1878) in Philadelphia. John House entered the regular army, in 1812, and went through the war ; and John Moore, Robert McLaughlin, William Kittle, Benjamin Gamill, and perhaps some others, joined the State troops and saw considerable service. During the Rebellion Newville sent forth soldiers by the score ; supplying not only her own quota, but finding substitutes for others. Joseph Casey, father f Judge Casey, late of the U. S. Court of Claims, was an Irishman, who had received a very thorough classical education at Glasgow, in Scotland ; and spent more than forty years in teaching Latin and Greek in the United States. He was about as thorough a Latinist as it is possible to be, and was so familiar with the classics that the use of a text book ceased to be a necessity or even a convenience, while hearing most of the recitations. Frequently, he would leave his seat and walk up and down in the class-room, with his hands behind his back, apparently charmed with the music of Virgil or Ovid or Horace, his three greatest favorites ; but the slightest error in pronunciation or translation would whirl him around with a peculiar snap, as if it had grated upon his nerves. He made the writer, when a lad, stand before him, day after day, and recite from memory Ross' Latin Grammar—the whole of it—the seventy-six rules of Syntax, exceptions, examples, and every thing ; and then go back and do the whole thing all over again, before he permitted him to see a Historia Sacrae. He had no patience with a student who was in a hurry to translate before he was as familiar with the grammar as with the multiplication table. His mode of pronunciation was the Continental, and he lOOked with great contempt upon the modern Anglicised system, which was beginning to show itself in his later days. In 1832 he established a classical school in Newville, which was a success in every respect. One of his pupils, Samuel Dunlap Adair, subsequently a member of the Carlisle Bar, he pronounced the most precocious scholar ever under his instruction, for in nine months he was able to translate, with ease, facility and elegance, any kind of Latin. After eight or ten years, the growing infirmities of age led Mr. Casey to close his school, About 1843, R. D. French opened another classical school, on a wider basis, so as to include all the ordinary academic studies. In 1846 he was succeeded by Mr. Kilburn ; and in 1849 by James Huston, and he, in 1852, by W. R. Linn. Rev. R. McCachren, about this time, erected an academy building, in which Mr. Linn, James Eckles and others taught until 1857, when it was succeeded by a Normal School, with Daniel Shelly as principal, in which J. Blair Davidson taught languages. The Rebellion broke up all this, but after the war F. L. Gillelen opened another classical school ; and he was succeeded by Dr. Stayman ; and he by W. H. Thompson. During this latter period, the Academy building was occupied by a female school under Miss Brandon. But both these schools have succumbed to the hard times, and Newville is now left to depend alone upon her public schools for the education of her children. These, however, are well organized upon the graded system, and embrace eight schools. Newville is the seat of the following societies, viz.: Big Spring Lodge, No. 361, A. Y. M. ; instituted in 1866, and contains about fifty members. Conedogwinet Lodge, No. 173, I. O. O. F. ; instituted May 28, 1846, and contains ninety-six members. Big Spring Encampment, No. 92, I. O. O. F. ; instituted February 23, 1855, and reorganized December 21, 1866. Membership twenty-two. Susquehanna Tribe, No. 131, I. O. R. M. ; instituted in Shippensburg June 21, 1870, and removed to Newville Dec. 2, 1875. Present membership, sixty-four. There are in Newville five physicians, three lawyers, eight clergymen, two printing offices, two hotels, four dry goods stores, four groceries, three drug stores, two hardware stores, three warehouses, three furniture stores, a foundry, a paper mill, a tannery and one shop or more for each of the, ordinary mechanical 'arts. HOPEWELL. BY HON. JOHN MCCURDY. In 1735 the valley was divided into two townships, called Pennsborough and Hopewell. The latter was divided in 1741. (See pp. 29-30). Hopewell is at present bounded by Franklin county on the southwest, Southampton on the southeast, Mifflin and Newton on the northeast and Perry county on the northwest. Much of the land lying in this township is hilly, of slate or black slate formation, and is easily affected by drought. Before the introduction of lime as a fertilizer, the crops were usually light, and were not remunerative to the cultivator ; but where lime has been freely used the land has increased in value and productiveness, and is now considered as valuable for agricultural purposes as any in the valley. As early as 1731 settlements were made along the Conodoguinet within the limits of what is now Hopewell township. The timber and water of that section were more attractive to the settlers than the richer and more productive lands in the centre of the valley, which were destitute of timber. Here the earliest settlements were made in the less productive and less healthy portions of the valley. Here the Quigleys, the Laughlins, the Jacks, the Nesbits, the Hannas, the Bradys, the Hendersons, the Hemphills, the Martins, the Stuarts, and many other substantial, enterprising men of their time took up their abode. Some of their de- 242 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. scendants still reside near the spot where their ancestors settled. These people, in early times, mingled together in their social relations as if thay had been members of one family. They were of the same nationality, many of them of the same kindred and all of them of the same religious faith. Their ties had collected them into the same locality, and into the same sanctuary ; and when the oppressions of the royal government pressed heavily upon them, they were a unit in their opposition to these wrongs. Among those who volunteered in defense of their rights was their worthy, patriotic pastor, Rev. Robert Cooper, whose zeal and eloquence did much to arouse the people of his locality to a sense of their condition. This brave man was not content with advising his congregation to go forth in defense of their rights, but he accompanied them to the field, and when failing health compelled him to resign his commission, he said, in his letter tendering his resignation : " I bore arms, marched and counter-marched, through the Jerseys on foot, so long as I was able, and stood in line of battle with the men at Trenton." About the year 1813, Mr. John Cooper, only surviving son of the Rev. Robert Cooper, established an Academy in Hopewell township, on the road leading from Shippensburg to Newburg, at which he prepared young men for college. Mr. Cooper enjoyed the reputation of being one of the best linguists of his time, and was peculiarly fitted for a successful discharge of the duties of his profession. This school was continued with but very little intermission from 1810 until 1832, a period of twenty-two years, during which it turned out a number of young men who subsequently became eminent in the learned professions [p. 152]. After closing the Hopewell school Mr. Cooper opened one of a similar character in Shippensburg, but his hopes were not realized, and the undertaking was soon abandoned. In 1839 he removed with his family to Peoria, Illinois, where he died some two years later. Newburg, the only village in Hopewell township, is located on the state road leading from Carlisle to Roxbury, about one mile northwest of the Conodoguinet, on slightly elevated ground. This town was laid out in 1819 by Thomas Trimble. There were then but three or four houses in the place, one of which stood at the western end of what is now the town, and was occupied by Mr- Trimble ; a second at the eastern end was occupied by George McCormick ; a third by John Carson and Joseph Barr. There was a fourth, but the name of the occupant has been forgotten. During the succeeding fifteen years the town made but little progress, owing, in a great measuse, to the fact that all the land on the north side of it was owned by Mr. John Carson, and that on all other sides by Joseph M. Means, Esq., both of whom refused to sell any portion of it. Some time prior to 1860 a Female Seminary was established at Newburg, which was presided' over by a widow lady named Williams [p. 152]. The place has at present three churches, three dry goods stores, one drug store, one tavern, one tannery and other shops in which the various industries are carried on. A tannery was established in 1820 by Joseph M. Means, Esq., who carried it on successfully for a number of years, when it passed into other hands. The place at present contains a number f good buildings, and the population is somewhat over four hundred. Although Hopewell was organized as early as 1735, it possesses nothing in the way of improvements to distinguish it from other townships in the county. This is owing, in a great measure, to its remoteness from the leading thoroughfares f the valley. It has but one flouring mill, and aside from its many well-improved farms, its fine barns and neat and commodious farm houses, it has not advanced as rapidly as the energy, intelligence and thrift f its early settlers, and the many advantages which it possesses might have justified the public in expecting. Many incidents of an entertaining character which relate to some of the early settlers might be given were we permitted to indulge in personal reminiscences. Details of this kind are generally eagerly sought after and read with avidity ; but as they are not supported by written evidence many of them have become covered with a garb of romance, and we are compelled to reject the whole that we may be on the side of truth. SHIPPENSBURG. BY HON. JOHN McCURDY. At the time the first White settlers came into this valley, the Indians still held the lands. The chiefs of the great confederacies of Indian tribes had met the agents of the Proprietary government at various times, and had made arrangements with them for the cession of a portion of their lands ; but no title to any portion of this valley was granted until October, 1736. A deed was made out at Philadelphia, in that year, to John, Thomas and William Penn, sons of William Penn, by twenty-three chiefs of the Iroquois or Six Nations. A settlement was however made where Shippensburg now stands, as early as 1730. In June f that year, the following named persons came to this locality, and built the first habitations there, viz : Alexander Steen, John McCall, Richard Morrow, Gavin Morrow, John Culbertson, Hugh Rippey, John Rippey, John Strain, Alexander Askey, John McAllister, David Magaw and John Johnston. Soon after, three others came to join them, to wit: Benjamin Blythe, John Campbell and Robert Caskey. When these pioneers came with their families they sat down and kindled their fires beside the rocks near the streams, where they remained until they erected their rude huts. One after another of these rocks which bore evidences of the fires of this people have disappeared, and the only one to which we can now call the attention of the curious as HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 243 having escaped the hand of the destroyer, is one at the eastern end of the town, below the colored people's burial-ground, upon which stood until about a year ago, a large walnut tree. The northern base of this rock will be found, on examination, to have been much burned. That this was done by the fires of the early settlers, is scarcely susceptible of a doubt, from the fact that pieces of broken queensware of the style of a hundred and fifty years ago, and pieces of fluted China teacups, of the finest quality of imported ware, have been found amongst the ashes in digging beside them. This settlement soon began to increase in numbers, and to extend its boundaries. Immigrant after immigrant arrived, and evidences of civilization began to appear at various points along the, streams. The population at that time were almost exclusively from Ulster, the northern Province of Ireland. They were known here as Scotch-Irish, and were a hardy, fearless, energetic people, well-fitted for the task they had undertaken. THE FIRST CABINS. The first cabins were mostly at the eastern end of the town, in the vicinity of Queen street. A few were built on the rocky ridge which commences to rise cn the lot now owned and occupied by Mrs. Pome roy, near the " Branch." Two or three others were at the foot of the hill upon which Mr. Daniel Hunter's residence now stands. South of the ridge, east of the " Branch," the land was low and marshy, and was covered by yellow and white pines, black-oak, white-oak and Spanish-oak timber, with an undergrowth of bushes, vines and briars. There was a large, shallow pond south of and near to where Ktng street now runs, which extended from a little west of the railroad, across several of the present lots. There was a smaller one where the First National Bank now stands. Weans' run, after mingling its waters with. those of " Middle Spring," (now Mr. G. R. Dykeman's) divided, one branch running across the lots now owned by Mr. William McLean and emptying into the present channel a little above the foot-bridge, south of Rev. Jos. Mahan's residence ; the other sweeping around a little. above Mr. Lefever's Foundry. Keeping its course near the base of the hill, it passed a spring which arose in the lower part of the lot lately owned by Mrs. Hetty Gladstone, which long since ceased to flow, and in which there is now a pump. From this point it ran in a southwesterly direction uniting again with the main stream, somewhere in the vicinity of King street. This low 'land was not very inviting to immigrants, and the consequence was that what is now the eastern end of the town, from the top of the hill, west of the Toll-Gate to Washington 'street, was the first to present the appearance of a village ; and when the place was subsequently .laid out by the proprietor, the point where Queen street crosses King was selected as the centre. Here the principal part of the business of the place was transacted until after the close of the Revolution, here the. stores were located, and here stood the taverns. It was here that the fnrst physician of the place sat down to practice the healing art, here the artisan pursued his useful vocation, and here instead of the tones of the piano, the hum of the spinning-wheel could be heard in every cabin. This section was covered with a heavy growth of timber; consisting of walnut, black-oak, white-oak and hickory with Some pine. The land in the vicinity of which Fort Franklin stood, and north of it, was covered almost exclusively', with walnut, and was -named by the settlers "Walnut Grove." North of this section was -what was called the " Sapling Lands," and beyond this were the "Barrens," which, when the first immigrants arrived; were without timber. During the first few years, owing to the scarcity of agricultural implements, the products of the soil were not abundant, but as much grain and other articles were raised as were sufficient for the wants of the people. There was then no flouring mill nearer than Paxton, beyond the Susquehanna, and when the supply f flour in the settlement was nearly exhausted some of them would pack their grain on horses and carry it there for grinding. This journey usually occupied a week, and was attended with many inconveniences. The settlers had but few cattle. and these were too valuable to be commonly slaughtered for food. The streams were well stocked with fish and the country with game, and what their domestic animals did not furnish them was supplied from these sources. The streams were not, as at present, obstructed by dams, and it was no uncommon thing, during certain seasons of the year to find shad in the waters f Middle Spring, as well as in the little streams near the base of both mountains. A citizen of Hopewell township, at an advanced age, declared that when he was a small boy he saw an uncle catching three large shad in a small stream near the foot of the North mountain. The houses of the early settlers were of the rudest kind, constructed, in many instances, of unhewed logs, mostly but one story in height, with clapboard roofs, fastened by ridge poles. The floors were made of logs hewed on the upper side ; the doors were made of the same materials, hewed on both sides, and were hung on wooden hinges and held by a wooden latch, which was lifted by a string, one end of which was run through a gimlet hole in the door and left hanging on the outside. At one end of the house was usually a large fire-place, the lower part of which was of stone, and the upper part generally of split wood, plastered on the inside with tempered clay. Their furniture consisted principally of a few stools and benches, made of hewed logs, with a table of the same, material arid workmanship, and bedsteads made of saplings, with the bark removed. These, with a few cooking utensils, constituted their domestic supply of comforts. Their dress was, for the male portion during the first few years often made almost entirely of buckskin ; and for the females such as would be made by themselves from cloth of their own spinning and weaving. The clothing which they had brought with them from their earlier homes was carefully preserved for holiday occasions. The style of their bonnets and dresses did not change with every quartering of the moon. Sheep were found to be indispensable to a new settlement, and were brought here soon after the arrival of the first immigrants, the wool of which was carded, spun and dyed by the females and woven by the men. Notwithstanding the privations they had to endure, and the discouraging circumstances which beset them, they never forgot their early religious training. On entering the cabins of the settlers one of the first things which attracted the attention of the stranger was the Bible. If no other book was seen that volume was certain to occupy some conspicuous place in the rude cabin. A reverence for that sacred book, as well as for the church of their fathers, was one of the distinguishing characteristics f the people, and one of their first and most cherished wishes was to have some place in which to worship God. The people of this and the surrounding settlements were almost exclusively Presbyterian in faith, and in order to accommodate, as far as possible, the inhabitants of the various settlements scattered over what was then Hopewell township, a church was built at Middle Spring in or about the year 1738. On the 27th of December, 1742, Rev. John Blair was installed as their pastor, and continued to officiate as such until 1749. As no Presbyterian church was erected in Shippensburg, the people of that faith residing there continued to worship at Middle Spring until after 1820. 244 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. THE SETTLEMENT IN 1733. Shippensburg, or where it now stands, appears to have been a sort of landing to which immigrants directed their steps, and from which they turned in various directions to seek locations for a settlement. As most of them were tillers of the soil, they were not inclined to cluster together in such compact settlements as might in time grow into villages. The following letter, which was written here in 1733, shows that there were then but eighteen cabins in the hamlet, and these stood along the " Path," in the vicinity of Queen street. MAY 21st, 1733. DEAR JOHN : I wish you would see John Harris at the ferry and get him to write to the Governor to see if he can't get some guns for us ; there's a good wheen of ingens about here, and I fear they intend to give us a good deal of troubbel and may do us a grate dale f harm. We was three days on our journey coming from Harrisses ferry here. We could not make much speed on account f the childer ; they could not get on as fast as Jane and me. I think we will like this part of the country when we get our cabbin built. I put it on a level peese of groun, near the road or path in the woods at the fut f a hill. There is a fine stream of waiter that comes from a spring a half a mile south of where our cabbin is bilt. I would have put it near the watter, but the land is lo and wet. John McCall, Alick Steen and John Rippey hilt theirs near the stream. Hugh Rippey's daughter Mary (was) berried yesterday ; this will be sad news to Andrew Simpson when it reaches Maguire's bridge. He is to come over in the fall when they were to be married. Mary was a verry purty gerl ; she died of a faver, and they berried her up on rising groun, north of the road or path where we made choice of a peese of groun for a graveyard. She was the furst berried there. Poor Hugh has none left now but his wife, Sam and little Isabel. There is plenty of timmer south f us. We have 18 cabbins hilt here now, and it looks (like) a town, but we have no name for it. I'll send this with John Simpson when he goes back to paxtan. Come up Soon, our cabbin will be ready to go into in a week and you can go in till you get wan hilt ; we have planted some corn and potatoes. Dan McGee, John Sloan and Robert More was here and left last week. Remember us to Mary and the childer, we are all well. Tell Billy Parker to come up Soon and bring Nancy with him. I know he will like the country. I forgot to tell you that Sally Brown was bit by a snaik, but she is out of danger. Come up soon. Yr aft brother, JAMES MAGRAW. ROBERT MCINNIS. It would seem by the desire expressed in this letter that there was a lurking suspicion in the minds of the settlers at that time that the friendship of the Indians was not sincere. The first circumstance, however, which confirmed these suspicions was the murder of a young man named Robert McInnis, who was found in the woods, seated against a tree, with a bullet hole through his head. He had gone out a few days before in pursuit of game, and when leaving stated that he would return in a few hours. Two days and two nights passed without his return, and with no tidings of him. On the morning of the third day a woman named Dunlap stated that she remembered hearing about noon of the day on which he left the report of a gun in a southeasterly direction from her house. A party, consisting of both males and females, was soon organized and started in the direction indicated by Mrs. Dunlap. They had proceeded through the woods but a little more than half a mile when he was discovered seated on a slight knoll, with his back against a tree, his head bowed on his breast, and his person covered with blood. His gun still containing a charge stood against a tree a short distance off. His death had, of course, been caused by a shot fired by some unknown person. In one hand he held a letter which he had been reading, and beside him lay another written by the same hand. None of the settlers could read these letters, not understanding the language in which they were written ; but it was subsequently ascertained that both had been written by his wife, a Spanish lady, a short time before her death. The death of this man occurred in the latter part f the summer f 1733, and his corpse was the second f his race to find a resting place in the virgin soil f the new settlement. Although the Indians who occupied the surrounding country, exhibited all the outward evidences of friendship, and although they denied all knowledge of the bloody deed, yet the settlers were satisfied that some one of them had committed the act, and they feared that it was but the beginning of a system of secret murder which might result in the destruction of the entire people. The timid became alarmed, but the more resolute counseled both silence and ceaseless vigilance. The fact that none of the settlers had been absent from their homes on the day on which McInnis was killed, satisfied them that the deed could not have been committed by any of their own people ; besides, this man was only a temporary sojourner among them, and was mueh esteemed for his talents and his genial disposition. He was from the north of Ireland, of commanding presence, of light complexion, and of a powerful physical organization. He had received a collegiate education, and after graduating, had turned his attention to the law ; but soon after his admission to the bar, he had entered the British army as an officer. After serving a year or more, he either resigned or sold his commission, and went to Spain, where he again entered the army, in an expedition against the Moors. Either before or after his entrance into the Spanish army, he married a Spanish lady, who was lost at sea, off the coast of France, on her way to Ireland, to join her husband, after he had left the army. The letters found with him after his death had been written by this lady. Some time after the death f his wife, McInnis came to this country on some business in which the Penns were interested. On the passage he became acquainted with the daughter of an Irish immigrant, and after transacting his business in Philadelphia, he followed her to her new home in the Kittochtinny Valley, where he lost his life and was buried in a nameless grave. Of the lady, we only know that she married a man named Campbell, to whom she was engaged at the time McInnis first met her. " BIG WILL," OR THE " GIANT OF THE SPRING." Around the spring, now the property of Mr. George R. Dykeman, stood a number of Indian cabins at the time the first settlers came into the valley, one of which was occupied by an Indian with an unpronounceable name, but who was called by the whites the " Giant of the Spring," on account of his immense stature ; but the name of " Big Will " was much more gratifying to him than any other. "Big Will," in disposition, was as gentle as a child, and enjoyed the friend. ship and confidence of all the settlers. He had mingled freely with them from their first arrival, down to the death of McInnis. After HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 245 that event he studiously shunned them ; and this led some to suspect that he had committed the bloody deed, but it was well known that he had never owned a gun, and had never been known to use one. All his hunting was done with the bow and arrow, with which he was said to be very successful. He had known McInnis well, and had appeared to be much delighted with the attentions which the latter had paid him. When met by any one, after the death of McInnis: and interrogated as to his knowledge of the perpetration of the deed, he would talk mysteriously, and shake his head, and say, " Big Will no shoot gun." A few days before the death of this Indian he told some of his white friends who visited him, and who treated him kindly during his illness, that he was now about to visit the bright hunting ground to which his mother had gone, and where she had built him a cabin beside a spring such as the one he was leaving, and that before he should go he would tell them who killed his friend " Innie ; " " but," said he, " that Indian is dead ; an arrow drank his blood, and the wolves ate his flesh." Big Will, however, died suddenly, and the name of the Indian who murdered McInnis passed away with his dying clansman. It was thought by many of the settlers that the friendly attentions which McInnis had paid to this child of the forest had excited the envy of some red men of his tribe who had killed him in order to deprive " Will" of these attentions. Many thought, too, that the latter had discovered the perpetrator of the deed, and had killed him to avenge the death of his friend. This opinion was strengthened by the remark made by " Will" just before his death, that an " arrow drank his blood and the wolves ate his flesh." At that time there were but few Indians who did not own a gun, and as the Indian who killed McInnis had been killed by an arrow, it is very probable that " Will" had stepped forward as the avenger of blood in that instance.* Whether " Will" was buried in the vicinity of his cabin, near the Spring, or whether his remains were interred in some rude burial place of his race and kindred, cannot now be ascertained. When the Cumberland Valley Railroad was in proms of construction, one of these silent habitations was struck on the south side of the south, ern end of the high embankment just below town, and a number of graves were opened, and the ashes of the dead with the surrounding earth, were used in the construction of the embankment. In one of these graves was found the skeleton of a man of colossal proportions. This may. have been the skeleton of " Big Will." Be this as it may, " Will" and his friend- " Sleep as calmly and as well, Down in their nameless, unpretentious graves, As if a monument as ponderous As Egypt's pyramids were rear'd above Their clay, to point the world to where they rest." THE PENN PURCHASE. The. Indians claimed exclusive title to the lands in the Kittochtinny Valley until the year 1736. In October of that year the Penns purchased their title ; but prior to that period their agents granted licenses to such emigrants as desired to come into the valley for the purpose of becoming residents. * Francis Campble, of Shippensburg, wrote an account of McInnis, which he must have published. Sometime between the years 1830 and 1854 it reappeared in this country and was credited to a London paper. These licenses, although issued in violation of right and justice, were not openly complained of by the Indians, and when the title to the lands passed out of their hands, the new proprietors, by an arrangement between themselves and the settlers, ratified the title of the emigrants to the tracts which they held. THE SHIPPEN PURCHASE. On the 17th day of January, 1737, Edward Shippen obtained a patent for 908 acres f land in Kittochtinny or North Valley. This tract was bounded on the south-east by lands f John Reynolds, on the south-west by " The Meeting House lands," and on the northwest and north-east by lands of the proprietaries. On the 20th of March following Mr. Shippen obtained another patent for 404 acres, making in the aggregate, 1312 acres. The second tract joined the first on its northwestern boundary near its northeastern corner. A little distance west of the centre, and not far from the southeastern border of the first tract, was located the little hamlet which, from that time until the present, has been known as Shippensburg. It was not, however, laid out until some years later- Edward Shippen, the founder and proprietor of Shippensburg, was born in Boston, July 9th, 1703, from which city he emigrated to Philadelphia, where he married Miss Mary Plumley, September 20, 1725. Of this marriage, Chief Justice, Edward Shippen, was, the fourth son, and was born February 16th, 1729. A daughter of the latter, named Margaret, on April 8, 1779, became the wife of Benedict Arnold, the traitor. Her father was an eminent jurist and an upright judge. In our revolutionary struggle, the sympathies of Judge Shippen were with England ; but, owing to the purity of his character, the impartiality with which he discharged his official duties, and the high estimation in which he was held by those who knew him best, the new government restored him to the bench. Edward Shippen, the elder, removed, at an early day, from Philadelphia to Lancaster, where he was engaged in merchandising, and where, during the early part of our struggle for independence, he furnished supplies to the patriot army. He died in 1781. When it became known to the settlers that it was the intention of Mr. Shippen to lay out a town on the land which he had purchased from the Penns, and that the title to any lots which they might purchase, would be secure, many persons who had. stood aloof, became purchasers, but no deeds, or leases, as they were then termed, were issued until February, 1763. The town had been laid out some years prior to this date, but I have not been able to ascertainl the precise time f this occurrence. I have seen it stated somewhere that it was laid out in 1749. The settlers first held their lots upon grants or permits issued by Mr. Shippen, which were surrendered upon the issuance of the leases, in, 1763. These leases required the lot-holders to pay an annual quit-rent to the proprietor, of one dollar and sixty-six and two-third cents, on. each lot of sixty-four feet four inches in breadth ; but upon the death of Mr. Shippen, in 1781, when the property went into the hands of his sons, the quit-rent upon all lots sold by them was four dollars. In determining the location of the town, a survey was made, commencing near Burd's Run, and passing up the draft or hollow, in a southward direction, in the rear of the lots fronting on what is now called King street, and through the land owned at present by Philip Koontz, so as to strike the " head of the spring." This survey was 246 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. found to be impracticable, as it would have necessitated the laying out of a new road, south of " Timber Hill," in order to reach the settlement made by Benjamin Chambers, at the confluence of Falling Spring and Conococheague, now Chambersburg. This survey was abandoned, and the Indian path, which, by consent of the people, had become the main road, was adopted for the location of King street. This road, after crossing what subsequently became the line dividing Cumberland and Franklin counties, passed to the right of what is now the turnpike, through the farm of Mr. Samuel W. Nevin, to the lane or road which leads to the residence of Mr. Jacob Eberly ; but before reaching his house it inclined to the right, and passed up through Culbertson's Row, to Chambersburg. FORT FRANKLIN. Various accounts have been written, from time to time, relative to Fort Franklin, all of which appear to be incorrect. Some writers have expressed doubts as to its ever having had an existence ; others located it at the western end of the town, whils others asserted that it was built of stone, and none of them dated its existence further back than 1756. Owing to the rapid increase of population, before 1740, the Indians of this section began to exhibit alarming symptoms which became evident to the settlers, and caused considerable uneasiness. In order to be prepared for any emergency, the citizens of the town met at the public house f the widow Piper, to consider the propriety of providing some place of safety, in case there should be a surprise. The meeting agreed that such a provision should not be delayed, but in order to obtain the co-operation of those who resided in the surrounding country, an adjournment was had, and a day named for a second meeting, to which the entire male population of the surrounding country were invited. At that meeting it was decided that a log fort should be erected on the northeastern side of the town. A time was fixed upon, when the people assembled, cut the logs, and put up the building in a few days. This was in the early part of the year 1740. During the autumn of that year, Governor Thomas sent a garrison of twenty-two men to the fort. As there was no water convenient to the fort, the soldiers, with the assistance of some f the people of the town, and such as were willing to aid them, dug a well within the outward enclosure of the fort. This well was filled up with stones and rubbish about fifty years ago, but its location is still visible in Burd street, just outside of a field belonging, at present, to Mr. John Grabill, known as " Fort Field." My impression is that this fort had no name until 1755, when it was called Franklin, to distinguish it from Fort Morris, which was then in process of construction. Edward Shippen, in a letter to William Allen, dated June 30, 1755, gives an account of murders committed " near our fort." In that year a garrison of fifty men was stationed in Fort Franklin. This fort was subsequently enlarged by adding several sections to it. After the Indian troubles of 1763 were over, these various sections were occupied by private families. As it was looked upon as the property of the people at large, no care was taken of it, and it soon began to decay, became untenantable, and was torn down about the year 1790.* * Some writer has stated that " the old fort, built of logs, and called Franklin, was afterwards, during Governor Morris' administration, torn away and a larger and more commodious one constructed of stone, was erected on the same site, and named in honor of Governor Morris." Another writer, whose article may be found in the Ap- On the top of the hill, west of the toll gate, across the alley from lot No. 1, in the corner of the field now owned by Abraham Hostetter, Esq., tradition says there was another fort which was built of stone ; but it had disappeared before I had any knowledge of the place. I remember that there were traces of a cellar near the corner of the field, in my boyish days, but if the house covered no greater space than was marked out by the walls of the cellar, there must be some mistake about its having been a fort. The foundation appeared to be that of a building which had been erected for the accommodation of a moderately small family, instead of a place for the protection of an alarmed and fleeing people. LEADING CITIZENS OF SHIPPENSBURG IN 1740. In the year 1740 Shippensburg contained a number of men of influence and standing. The Campbells, Culbertsons, Duncans, Rey; noldses, Rippeys, McCalls, Dunlaps, Pipers and Lowerys, were amongst the leading citizens of the place. Francis Cam pble is said to have been a man of culture, a ready and forcible writer, and possessed of fine business qualifications. He was among the first to engage in the business of merchandising, which he followed for many years. He died in 1790. Daniel Duncan built the stone house on lot No. 32, adjoining the present residence of James Reeder, where he kept a store and a tavern. His son, Stephen, represented the county for several years in the Colonial Legislature, and was at one time the heaviest tax payer in the place. John Reynolds was a man f intelligence, integrity, and unblemished character. At the time of his death, which occurred at the age of 46, he was the possessor of considerable means, and the owner of a large body of land. The others I have named were also men of property and influence, but there is not a male descendant of any one I have named, who is to-day the owner of a foot of land in this vicinity. LEEPER'S MILL. During the year 1740 or 1741, William Leeper, then a resident of Shippensburg, built a flouring mill on the stream just south of town. This mill was a log structure, and was located west of the stream, some distance above where the present mill stands, and about thirty yards northeast of Jeremiah Angle's barn. During several years after its erection, it did not contain a bolting-cloth, arid the flour made in it was of a very coarse quality ; but it was a great accommodation to the people on account of the weary journeys to Paxton and other mills at a distance, which it saved them. The logs f which this building had been constructed, lay scattered over the foundation and in the water, for many years after the erection of the new mill. The present mill was built by Benjamin Reynolds, Esq., in 1819. pendix to the Pennsylvania Archives, says : " It is said a second fort was built (at Shippensburg) and called Franklin ; but by whom and when erected we have no information ; by some persons it is thought this name was subsequently given to Fort Morris." The same writer says: " An old gentleman, Mr. J. J. (Joseph Johnston) who was born in this town, and is now nearly ninety years of age, but with a strong mind and good memory, says there was a fortification at the north east end of the town, on land of the late William M. Connel. (McConnell), known by the name of "The Fort " where the remains of a well, dug for the use of the fort, still exist. In the memory of Mr. J. two or three log houses, that constituted part of the fort, were still standing, and were occupied by families." From Mr. Johnston's account of it there cannot be a doubt but that it was a log structure. In a conversation which I had with an old citizen of the place, in 1853, he stated that no part of the fort was of stone ; that he, when quite a young man, had assisted in tearing the various sections of it down, and that some of the logs of which it was constructed were in a good state of preservation. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 247 FIRST COURTS HELD IN THE COUNTY. In 1749 a petition from the residents f this valley was presented to the Assembly by James Silvers and William Magaw, praying that all and singular, the lands lying within the province of Pennsylvania, to the westward f the Susquehanna, and westward and northward of the county of York, be erected into a county, to be called Cumberland. On January 27th, 1750, the prayer f the petitioners was granted, and Cumberland became a county, with its seat of justice at Shippensburg. The first court appears to have been held here on the 24th day of July, of that year, Samuel Smith presiding as judge, with William Maxwell, George Croghan, Robert Dunning, Matthew Dill, Benjamin Chambers, William Trout, Hermanus Alricks, John Miller, Robert Chambers, John Finley and Thomas Wilson, Justices of the Court of Common Pleas. John Potter was appointed Sheriff, and Hermanus Alricks Clerk of the Court. The names of the grand jurors for that term were: William McGaw, John Potter, John Mitchell, John Davidson, Ezekiel Dunning, John Holliday, James Lindsay, Adam Hoops, John Forsythe, Thomas Brown, George Brown, Robert Harris, Thomas Urie, Charles Murray, James Brown and Robert Mack. Of this number John Reynolds only resided in Shippensburg. The second term was held on October 23rd, 1750, and the names of the Grand Jurors for that term were William McGaw, James Silvers, Henry Johnson, John Mitchell, Charles McGill, Matthew Patton, Robert Barnet, Alexander Culbertson, Robert Miller, John Carr, John Winton, William Dunwoody, John Smith, John Nesbit, William Parker and Robert Patrick. The third and fourth terms I find dated respectively—January 22nd and April 24th, 1750. This must be an error as to the year, because those f July 24th and October 23rd, 1750, precede them on the record. There were but four terms of court held in Shippensburg. Carlisle having been selected as the future county seat, the courts were removed thither in 1751. The first case which was disposed of in the Court of Quarter Sessions of this county was the following, which we give just as it stands on the record : " At a Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace held at Shippensburg for the county of Cumberland, the twenty-four th day of July, in the twenty-fourth year of the Reign of his Majesty, King George the Second, Anno. Dom., 1750. Before Samuel Smith, Esquire, and his Brethren Keepers of the Peace f our said Lord the King and his Justices assigned to hear and determine divers Felonies, Trespasses, &c. Dominus Rex} Sur Indictmt., for Larceny, not guilty, and VS. } now ye deft. ret her pl. and submits to ye Ct. Bridget Hagen. } And thereupon it is considered by the Court and adjudged that ye sd Bridget Hagen restore the sum of Six pounds seventeen shillings and six pence lawful money of Penna. unto Jacob Long ye owner and make fine to ye Governor in ye like sum, and pay ye costs f prosecution and receive fifteen lashes on her bare back at ye Public Whipping post and stand committed until ye fine and fees are paid." Tradition says that the prisoner was taken to the Whipping Post, which stood on or near the corner of King and Queen streets, where that part of the sentence was carried out. It has been said that in the Prothonotary's office are some papers in which it is stated that the first courts of the county were held in Fort Morris. This, beyond question, is a mistake. Fort Morris had no existence until four years later. If they were held in a fort it must have been in Franklin. Fort Franklin, which was spoken of for the first time in the State Archives in 1755, was the only fortification then in existence in or near Shippensburg, and the courts, if held in a fort, could have been held in no other. My impression, however, is that Fort Franklin was not the place in which they were held. In the remote portions of the Province at that time all business of a public character was transacted at the taverns The widow Piper then kept tavern in the house standing on the south-west corner of King and Queen streets, which was then the centre of the town. Here public meetings of every description were held, and when the leading men of the Province came here to arrange matters relating to the well-being of the frontier settlements, they became her guests, and it was at her house these affairs were adjusted. On or near the corner upon which she lived stood the Public Whipping Post, I have, therefore, been led to infer that it was in this house the courts were held whilst Shippensburg was the temporary county seat. REMOVAL OF THE COURTS. The removal of the county seat from Shippensburg to Carlisle was the cause of much ill feeling and excitement on the part f the inhabitants of the western end of the county. Meetings were held at various points, at which the change was freely and fully discussed with intense bitterness of expression. Remonstrances were prepared and letters were written to prominent citizens setting forth the injustice and the inconveniences which the establishment of the county seat at Carlisle would entail upon the citizens of the remote portions of the county. A meeting was held in the Grove near Fort Franklin, at which Allen Killough presided, and at which there was a large collection of people from the surrounding country, and a strong spirit of resistance manifested itself amongst those present against the report made to the Governor by Thomas Cookson. Had it not been for the prudent and temperate course recommended by Francis Campble and other leading men, scenes might have been enacted which would have led to serious consequences. It was charged by some of the more violent at this meeting that Cookson had in his report misrepresented facts in relation to Shippensburg, and that he had been bribed. David Magaw, a resident of Shippensburg, said that Cookson had intentionally written a falsehood when he stated that one of the main objections to the retention of the courts at Shippensburg was the scarcity of water, and that he had himself written a letter to Mr. Peters some time during the preceding year, in which he had fully set forth the many advantages which Shippensburg possessed over every other place named. At this point Mr. Campble and his friends interposed, and the meeting was adjourned. A little time, however, after this period a spirit of restlessness and hatred began to manifest itself amongst the Indians, and those who had been at enmity with each other found that their safety depended wholly upon a compact union against the common enemy. Under such circumstances all differences were forgotten and all classes met as friends to devise the best means for the protection of the whole. When it became definitely known that the courts would be removed from Shippensburg it gave a check to immigration hitherward, and but few names appeared on the tax lists for some years following. 248 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. This was not wholly caused by the removal of the courts, but quite as much by the alarm produced by the repeated depredations f the Indians from 1753 to 1761. The growth of Shippensburg was therefore at this time exceedingly slow. However fertile the lands around it few men were tempted to settle on them as long as the prospect of thrift and security to life and property was so precarious. It was not until after the defeat of the Indians at Fort Ligonier by Colonel Bouquet, in 1763, and the peace which followed, that a new impetus to immigration was given to this section of the valley. TAXABLES IN 1851. In the General History (p. 37) a list is given which purports to be the names of the taxable inhabitants of Hopewell township, in 1751, At that time Shippensburg was included in that township, and the assessment was made as that of Hopewell without separating the names of the taxables of the town from those f the township. I find, however, that even in this list a number of prominent citizens and property-holders f the place are not mentioned. The names of John Cesna, Daniel Duncan, William Leeper, Charles Lieper, David McKnight, William Piper, Richard Long, Edward Lacey, William Reynolds, Samuel Perry, James McCall, Archibald Mahan, Andrew Wilkins, Andrew McLeane, John Rippey, Samuel Rippey, James Reynolds and others do not appear, and yet they were residents of the town at that time and were owners f property. Why their names were not in the assessment cannot now be ascertained. Among the names given in the list, John Miller, John and Thos. Edmondson, Isaac Miller, David Magaw, John Reynolds, Daniel O'Cain, Francis Campble, James Dunlap, John Reynolds, jun., William Dunlap, Widow Piper, George Cummins, Thomas Finley, Alexander Fairbairn and Samuel and John Montgomery were the taxables who resided at that time in Shippensburg. Of all the names here given but three are represented to-day in the population of the town. The others have disappeared, and a new population has taken their places. It was not, however, until after the close of the first quarter of the present century that this rapid disappearance began. In almost every State of this Union, North, West and South, may be found some of their descendants, some of whom have been distinguished members of the learned professions, as well as prominent in the deliberative bodies of their respective States and of the nation. Three-fourths of the residents of the town lived on King street, between Washington and the top of the hill west of the toll-gate. Samuel Montgomery lived on lot No. 1, now occupied by Mrs. Sarah McGarren. This man lost a leg at Crooked Billet, in Bucks county, May 4,1778. Prior to this time he removed from Shippensburg to a farm along the stream below Middle Spring Church, where he remained until the time of his death. He is said to have been a man f many eccentricities, and many amusing anecdotes have been related of him. David Magaw was the owner of lot N. 2, upon which he erected a small log house, in which he resided. He, too, had his peculiarities, but they were f a different type. He was somewhat vain and boastful, and was at times disposed to be dictatorial. Francis Campble owned lots Nos. 3 and 4, upon the latter of which he resided and kept a store. He was one of the prominent men of the place, and served as county surveyor for several years. Lot No. 5 was owned by Philip Miller Lots Nos. 6 and 7 were owned by William Piper, a carpenter. John Cunningham was the original owner of lot No. 8, upon which David Fortney now lives. This lot subsequently became the property of Jonathan Kearsley, who died here, the property remaining in possession f his widow, Jane Kearsley. Mr. Kearsley was the father-in-law of Rev. Robert Cooper, the second pastor of Middle Spring Church. Lot No. 9 was owned by Anthony Maule, a butcher. Richard Long was the owner. of lots Nos. 10 and 11. He erected a large two-story log house on lot No. 10, in which he lived and died. He was a man of very dark complexion, and on this account was called " Black Long." He was' the father-in-law of William Piper, who lived on the opposite side of the street. Lot No. 18, now owned by Henry Thrush, was owned by William Reynolds, who kept tavern there as early as 1742. Lot No. 22, now owned and occupied by William Griffin, was then owned by John Cesna, who kept a store there, which he removed to a one-story stone house on lot No. 17 (now John C. Martin's), and which was destroyed by fire in 1770. David Duncan lived on lot No. 32, upon which he built the stone house now standing there. Widow Piper lived on lot No. 36, now owned and occupied by Samuel Long, where she kept tavern for a number of years, dating as far back as 1735. There have been two widows f that name who were residents of the place, and who made a livelihood by tavern-keeping. The name f the first was Lucinda, that of the latter Nancy. This fact not being generally known has led persons into error when referring to our ancient taverns. Mrs. Lucinda Piper lived on the lot just mentioned and kept the house as a tavern from 1735 until considerably later than 1750, and was succeeded by George McCandless. Mrs. Nancy Piper, soon after the close f the war of 1812, removed from the house now occupied by Mrs. McElhare, which she kept as a tavern during that period to the first house below the toll-gate, now the property of David Walters. This house she kept as a tavern until the year 1822 or '23. Mrs. Nancy Piper's husband was probably the grandson of Mrs. Lucinda Piper- FORT MORRIS. Edward Shippen in a letter to William Allen, dated June 30th, 1755, spoke of murders having been committed "near our fort." The fort here referred to could not have been Fort Morris, because its erection had not yet been determined upon. It could have referred to no other fort than Franklin, which at the time had a garrison of 50 men. During the same month Mr. Shippen wrote to Governor Morris; " If you think I can be f any service by going to secure pastures and by riding to Shippensburg, to encourage the people to erect the fort, I will strain a point and undertake the business." On Aug. 7th of the same year, he wrote to his son-in-law, Col. James Burd. " I hope the people will go together immediately and build the fort." On the 30th of October following, at a meeting called at Shippensburg by Sheriff Potter, it was resolved to " build five large forts, one of which was to he at Shippensburg." On December 17th, 1755, Mr. Shippen again wrote to Col. Burd : " I hope you are going on briskly with the fort, for you may expect the Governor will be there before he returns." It would seem by this letter, that the fort was not finished at the time of its date ; yet, Col. Burd, in a letter dated Nov. 2nd, 1755, says, " As our fort goes on with great vigor, we expect it to be finished in 15 days." " We have one hundred men working at Fort Morris with heart and hand every day." That this fort was finished about the time indicated by Col. Burd, can scarcely be doubted. General Braddock's army had been defeated in the preceding July ; and the Indians, flushed with victory, and prompted to the commission of deeds f atrocity and violence by the French, were prowling along the entire frontier settlements, HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA - 249 and making forays, slaughtering men, women and children, carrying some into captivity, burning houses and barns, and spreading desolation and ruin throughout the valley. Hence the necessity of an early completion of this place of shelter and protection. Fort Morris was built on the rocky hill at the western end of the town. The brick school house now standing there, which was built some thirty-flve years ago, stands within the boundaries of the fort, the foundation of a part of which can still be traced. The walls were about two feet in thickness, and were built of stones taken from a quarry a few yards west of where it stood. These walls were very substantially built of small stones, with mortar which became as hard as cement. There were openings in them several feet from the ground, but whether these were intended simply as places for the admission of light, or for some other purpose, is not clear. The roof, together with all the timber used in the construction of the building, had been removed years before 1821. The portions of the walls which remained at that time were torn down in 1836 by a party engaged in a drunken frolic. It would appear from the following entry which I take from the Quit-Rent book of the heirs of Mr. Shippen, that after the Indian troubles had subsided, Mr. S. had taken posses. sion of the fort, and had leased it as a dwelling : “Stone House on the Hill at West End of Shippensburg with abo't 20 acres of cleared Land. Oct. 31st 1781, Walter Welsh, a balance for ½ Rent of 8 years to March 1st 1781. £ 6. 0. 0. Penna. Currency." The book from which I take the entry contains payments of quit rent from other parties down to 1795, but it is probable that after that date the building became untenantable, and was no longer occupied as a dwelling. The twenty acres of land spoken of, must have included a portion of what is now within the limits of Spring Hill Cemetery. A number of cabins were built on the hill near the fort, but not a vestige of them remained in 1821. In the eastern corner of the field, opposite the northern corner of the lot upon which the fort stood, and near the stable of Mr. Daniel Hunter, there was a small house built by Thomas Dehart, after the first decade of the present century, and occupied for many years by "Ab " McDonald, a colored woman, who professed to be skilled in the mystery of fortune-telling. "Ab's " mother, Venus, lived with her for many years and died at her house. The latter was accustomed to say that she was brought from Africa when she was nine years of age, that after being owned by several masters she became the property of Patrick Beatty, who lived near Greenvillage, Franklin county, whom she served until slavery was abolished in Pennsylvania, and that she was at the time of her death a hundred and thirty-two years old. That she was a very old woman is beyond question ; but that she was one hundred and thirty-two at the time of her death may be questioned. CAPTAIN SAMUEL BRADY. The name of Captain Samuel Brady was, for many years, a terror to the untutored savage. He was peculiarly fitted to carry out the task which he had undertaken. His father and a favorite brother, within the space of a year, had fallen by the hands of their Indian foes, and he vowed to avenge their death. He was tall, muscular and athletic, with the agility of a tiger and a physical endurance far beyond that usually allotted to men. Added to this, he was possessed of a courage that never quailed in the hour of danger. He studied carefully the habits of the red man, whose haunts he visited stealthily during the stillness of the night. So consummate had become his knowledge of the traits of the Indian that the scream of the blue jay and the flight of the crow admonished him that some lodge of the foe was near ; but at such times he never lost that coolness which was a distinguishing feature in his character, and never shrunk from the danger which more timid men would have dreaded. He started out in life with but one purpose in view, and that was to strike the foe wherever he could be found. Whatever contributed to the accomplishment of that end was seized by him, let its dangers, its sufferings and its privations be what they might. He was alike indifferent to the summer's heat and the winter's cold, and when the tempest raged fiercest and the gloom of night was thickest he would push out into the dark forest in search f his prey. His grandfather, Hugh Brady, emigrated to the State of Delaware from the north of Ireland about the year 1732, where his oldest son John, father of Captain Samuel, was born in the following year- Some time between 1733 and 1738 he came into this valley and settled on the banks of the Conodoguinet creek, in what is now Hopewell township, on a farm subsequently owned by Mr. James Hemphill. There he lived for many years, reared his family and died. He is said to have been a tall, well-built man, with bright red hair. He was a Presbyterian in faith, but disposed to indulge in the use of stimulating drinks to a greater extent than the rules f the church permitted. When cited to appear before the Session he would usually acknowledge his sin, receive a reprimand and promise to do better. Again and again he would transgress, be reprimanded and promise ; but his resolution was weak, and the Session found it necessary to suspend him. Notwithstanding this fault, he is said to have been quiet and harmless, and was much respected by his neighbors. He had four sons, viz : John, Ebenezer, Hugh and Joseph, and one daughter, Hannah. His sons, during their minority, were fond of athletic sports, and during their leisure hours often practiced running, jumping, throwing the shoulder-stone and the rail. In these exercises they generally excelled, and they grew up to be stalwart men. John and Hugh studied surveying, and were occasionally called upon when a new settler came, or when lands were to pass from one to another, to survey the purchased premises. John, in 1755, at the age f twenty-two, married Mary Quigley and removed to Shippensburg, where he became the owner of lot No.17, now owned by John C. Martin. He there built a house, in which his son Samuel was born, in 1756. This house, with one or two others, was destroyed by fire in 1770, but John Brady was not then in possession of it. Some time prior to 1768 he removed with his family to Standing Stone, now Hunting. don, where his son, General Hugh Brady was born, July 29, 1768. He had six sons, viz : Samuel, James (who was killed in 1778), John, William P., Hugh and Robert ; and four daughters, viz; Mary, Jennie, Hannah and Liberty. Hugh and Jennie were twins. John Brady removed from Standing Stone to a point on the west branch of the Susquehanna, ten miles above the town of Northumberland. He was killed by an Indian on April 11th, 1779, within half a mile of his home. After the death of her husband, Mrs. Brady returned to her father's house, in Cumberland county, in May, 1779, and remained until the following October, when she returned to Buffalo Valley, and died in 1783, at the age of forty-eight years. It has generally been stated that Captain Samuel Brady was born in 1758, but his brother, General Hugh Brady, in his account of the family, has stated that the Captain died December 25, 1795, in the