thirty-ninth year of his age. If he was born in 1758 the General is in error as to his age at the time of his death, as the dates given by him would make him but thirty-seven. If he was born in 1756 he was thirty-nine in 1795, the year in which he died. Besides, it has been stated recently that the record f Samuel's birth has been found, and that it fixes the time in 1756.

In 1784 Captain Samuel Brady married a Miss Swearingen, of Washington county, Pennsylvania, where he resided until about 1790, when he removed to Virginia. He died, as above stated, on the 25th day of December (Christmas day), 1795, at his home, about two miles west f West Liberty, Ohio county, Virginia, leaving a widow and two sons, and leaving behind him a record for heroism such as but few in our country could boast of.

In the early part of the month of April, 1756, a large party of Indians made a raid into the upper part of Cumberland Valley, where they attacked and burned McCord's Fort, on the Conococheague, killing and capturing a total of twenty-seven persons. An alarm was given as far eastward as Shippensburg, when a party, residing in various sections of the valley, was organized, which divided into three companies and proceeded in pursuit at once. These companies were commanded, respectively, by Captains Culbertson, Chambers and Hamilton. The company of Captain Culbertson, with nineteen men belonging to the commands of Captains Chambers and Hamilton, numbering in all about fifty men, overtook the Indians west of Sideling Hill, where an engagement took place, which lasted for two hours, and in which the combatants each lost in killed about twenty men, with about an equal number wounded. During the action the Indians were reinforced by a party of their warriors commanded by a chief named Shingas, when the whites were forced to retreat by breaking through the enemy's circle; reaching Fort Littleton that evening. Captain Hamilton, writing to Captain Potter from Fort Littleton, at 8 o'clock, P. M., on the evening of the day upon which the battle was fought, says :

" We have sent an express to Fort Shirley for Dr. Mercer, supposing Dr. Jamison is killed or mortally wounded in the expedition, he being not returned ; therefore desire you will send an express immediately for Dr. Prentice to Carlisle; we imagine Dr. Mercer cannot leave the Fort."

In a letter written by Francis Campble, of Shippensburg, dated at that place April 17, 1756, he said :

" Our pursuit of, and battle west of Sideling Hill with, the band of Indians who captured and burned McCord's Fort, killing and carrying off those who were in it, has been disastrous to us in the extreme. The killing of Captain Alexander Culbertson is much to be lamented. He was a brave and worthy man, and was ever ready to sacrifice his own interests, as well as his own convenience, to promote the welfare of our people. Other men could have. been more easily spared. The death of Ensign John Reynolds, with that of privates James Blair and John Layson, has cast a gloom over our little town which will not be soon dispelled. John Reynolds was a young man of promise, and his sudden death has been a sorrowful visitation upon his parents and relatives, and has been a source of deep regret to our entire people. It was supposed that we had lost another citizen (Dr. Jamison) in the action, but he has returned home in safety, having been separated from us at the time of our retreat. The wounded belonging to Shippensburg number seven, none of whom, I am happy to state, have been mortally injured. Their names are Abraham Jones, William Reynolds, John Barnet, Benjamin Blythe, John McDonald and Isaac Miller. Had our entire force been in action we would have had no trouble in gaining a complete victory over the enemy, notwithstanding the fact that we were surrounded. This was not the result of any error on the part f those in command. The nature of the ground, with the dense growth of underbrush, rendered it impossible to detect a lurking foe unless we had. blundered upon him by accident. Will these calamitous scenes never have an ending ?" For the names of the killed and wounded given in a letter, dated Shippensburg, April 12, 1756, see the General History (pp. 51-2).

Edward Shippen, writing to Governor Morris, under date of April 24, 1756, appears to doubt the correctness of the first report given of the battle, and says : " If Francis Campble, f Shippensburg, wrote that account, as he was one f the party, I suppose it was readily believed, he being known by some gentlemen in Philadelphia to be a person f credit and sense ; but his relation of that transaction differs widely from the following story as to the number of Indians killed, which was told me two days ago by Mr. Benjamin Blythe, living near Shippensburg, who was also in the battle. He says our men gave the first fire, but without any success ; that then the Indians ran from their fire places with their arms and ammunition, and in less than ten minutes our men found themselves surrounded, which they did not discover before the Indians fired upon them ; that notwithstanding our men were so exposed to the enemy's fire and dropping every now and then, they fought about two hours and a half by his watch, and then perceiving a reinforcement from Shingas' party they unanimously agreed to endeavor to break the enemy's circle, as he called it, in order to make them (their) retreat, in which they luckily succeeded. He says they killed but three of the Indians, to the best of his knowledge, and he doubts whether Captain Jacobs was one of them ; he rather thinks that the man taken to be him was a great warrior in his company. This Blythe is an intelligent, sensible man, of good reputation ; he had the misfortune to be shot through the arm."

In a letter written from Shippensburg May 7, 1756, by John Culbertson to Colonel James Burd, then in Carlisle, he says :

" I have just returned from the great Cove, where I saw an Indian that had been captured near Fort Littleton on the day before. This man was in the battle at Sideling Hill, and says that they had seventeen men killed and twenty-one wounded ; that they did not bury their dead all in one place, but at various points, so that the whites would suppose their loss was very small. He further said that two of their wounded have since died."

Mr. Benjamin Blythe, whose letter is spoken of above, appears to have been a high-toned, intelligent man, who owned a considerable body of land south of town, and lived for many years on that part of it which is now owned by our townsman, J. W. bays. He had a son Samuel, who died more than fifty years ago.

The summers of 1756 and 1757 were times that tried the spirit and courage of the people of Shippensburg and the surrouding country, and tested their fitness to meet the dangers which surrounded them. The provincial government was weak and unable to guard against the evils to which the settlers were exposed. Its efforts had been paralyzed by the imbecility of those who controlled affairs in

England, and the only security upon which the people could rely, was obtained through that ceaseless vigilance and heroism which distinguished them throughout all the trying scenes of that eventful period.

In June, 1756, a man named Dean, who lived alone in a cabin in the woods, about a mile east of Shippensburg, was found murdered in his cabin, having his skull cut as if the deed had been done with a tomahawk. Two Indians had been seen in the neighborhood, on the preceding day, and the. supposition was, that the murder had been committed by them. Some articles known to have been the property of the murdered man were subsequently found in possession of an Indian, who was killed in Sherman's Valley. Dean was an Irishman and had brought with him from his native land, a sum of money in gold, which he had husbanded with great care. This money, together with every article of value which he was known to possess, had been carried off.

On the 6th of June of the same year, two men were murdered and five taken prisoners by a party of Indians, a short distance east of where Burd's Run crosses the road leading from Shippensburg to Middle Spring church. The names of the killed were John McKean and John Agnew, and those of the captured, Hugh Black, William Carson, Andrew Brown, James Ellis and Alexander McBride. When the news of this occurrence reached Shippensburg, a party of the citizens organized and went in pursuit, through McAllister's Gap, into Path Valley, thence into Sherman's Valley, where they met on the morning of the third day, about daybreak, Hugh Black, William Carson, Andrew Brown and Alexander McBride, who had made their escape, and were on their return home. James Ellis never returned. The escaped prisoners stated that Ellis was the only white prisoner remaining in their possession—that a white girl whom they had captured in Maryland some months prior to this raid, had been killed and scalped by them on the evening before they made their escape. They suspected pursuit, and feared to be overtaken, and whilst they were ascending a steep, rugged path, the girl sank down from fatigue and exhaustion, when one of the Indians killed her with his tomahawk, and scalped her, and threw her body into a small ravine where it was hastily covered with stones, brush and leaves. The pursuing, party finding that further pursuit would be fruitless, returned in company with the escaped prisoners.

On the 18th of July, 1757, a band of savages surprised a party who were harvesting in a field belonging to John Cesna, about a mile east of Shippensburg. The Indians approached the field from the east, through the woods, which bounded it on that side, and when within short range fired, killing Dennis O'Neiden, and John Kirkpatrick; then rushing forward they captured Mr. Cesna, his two grandsons and a son of John Kirkpatrick, and made their escape with their prisoners. There were other hands in the field at the time, but a thicket which stood between them and the Indians, concealed them from view, and they made their escape.

On the following day, in a field belonging to Joseph Steenson, a short distance from Shippensburg, nine persons were killed and four taken prisoners. [For the names of the killed and captured see p. 50.]

July, 1763 was another dark period in the history of the frontier settlements. Roving bands of Indians were constantly making raids, and the result was the inhabitants were compelled to flee for shelter and safety to the more easterly portions of the province, west of the Susquehanna. Even there the people were not entirely safe.

For days prior to July 25th of that year, the roads leading from the frontier settlements to Shippensburg, were crowded with men, women and children, who had abandoned their homes to seek some place of refuge. These people were entirely destitute of the necessaries of life—were weary, worn and footsore, and many of the aged and feeble would willingly have laid down by the wayside and have welcomed death in any form, other than at the hands of the cruel savage. Their condition was such that the strong were compelled to carry the weak. Men carried their fathers and mothers, and in many instances their wives, whilst the women carried their fainting children. It has been said that the wailing of the famished children, and the lamentation of sorrowing mothers were truly heart-rending. On the 25th day of July, there were in Shippensburg 1384 of these unfortunate people ; of whom 301 were men, 345 women, and 738 children. The town was small and it was impossible for the inhabitants to bestow upon them needful comforts ; nor could they give shelter to so large a body of people. After filling their dwellings; their farms, their stables, their sheds, their outhouses, and every spot which promised shelter, some were compelled to lodge in the open air until temporary sheds could be provided for them. Many of the weak and feeble amongst them became sick, and many were unable to proceed farther. When their deplorable condition became known to the inhabitants of the eastern portion of the province, money was collected for their relief, and their wants were to some extent supplied. Seven hundred and fifty families had been compelled to abandon their homes and seek refuge in other localities, where they remained until the danger had passed away.

In February, 1763, Edward Shippen began to issue deeds or leases to such persons as held lots in Shippensburg, on permits previously granted by him. Many of the holders of these permits had built substantial, comfortable houses, but were without any other title. Why it was that Mr. Shippen delayed until then, the conveyance of his lots to parties holding them, cannot at this remote period be ascertained. The following list of the names of the original purchasers of lots has been obtained from the books of the present proprietor, George B. Colier, Esq., in Walnut street Philadelphia, and the counterparts f some leases in his possession. It contains the names of the original purchasers with the number of each lot :

1 Samuel Montgomery

2 David Magaw

3 Francis Campble

4 “ ”

5 Philip Miller

6 William Piper

7 “ ”

8 John Cunningham

9 Anthony Maule

10 Richard Long

11 " “

12 Francis Campble

13 " "

14 " "

15 Alexander Sterrit

16 William Cowan

17 John Brady, father of Capt. Sam'l

18 William Reynolds

19 James McCall

20 “ ”

21 Robert Chambers

22 John Cesna

23 William Hendricks

24 George Ross

25 Andrew Wilkins

26 William Barr

27 " "

28 Andrew Wilkins

29 Thomas Finley

252 - HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

30 Humphrey Montgomery

31 Thomas Finley

32 Daniel Duncan

33 Isaac Miller

34 John Montgomery

35 Samuel Perry

36 “ ”

37 John Corbet

38 Daniel Duncan

39 Blank

40 Daniel Duncan

41 Archibald Fleming

42 James Lowery

43 Andrew Kieth

44 James McClintock

45 William Leeper

46 Blank

47 David McKnight

48 William Barr

49 William Sutherland.

50 John Miller

51 " "

52 Martin Holderbaum

53 Samuel Tate

54 William Brookins

55 Samuel Duncan

56 Matthew Adams

57 William McConnel

58 Blank

59 Meeting House—Graveyard

60 " "

61 Richard Long

62 Henry Davis

63 Edward Lacy

64 " "

65 Archibald Mahan

66 James McKeeny

67 Jacob Kiser

68 Blank

88 Andrew Boyd

89 Joseph Parks

90 Tristram Miller

91 John Redott

92 Anthony Maule

93 James Reynolds

94 George Ehley

95 William Duncan

96 Anthony Maule

97 John Mains

98 Robert Brown

99 John Heap—Meadow Lot

100 Samuel Rippey

101 “ ”

102 Lucinda Piper

103 Samuel Rippey

104 Robert Peebles

105 John Smith

106 Anthony Maule

107 Johnson Smith

108 James Piper

109 Samuel Rippey

110 William Willson

111 Margaret McDaniel

112 Benjamin Kilgore

113 " "

114 Blank

115 Anthony Maule

116 William Campbell

117 James McCall

118 " "

119 George McCandless

120 Daniel Duncan

121 " "

122 Blank

123 “

124 David Ellis

125 John Montgomery

126 James Russell

69 Dr. Robert McCall

70 Blank

71 George Taylor

72 Andrew McLeane

73 " "

74 Church Lot—Free

75 Benjamin Coppeheffer

76 Robert Reed

'17 Joseph Campbell

78 John Reynolds

79 Jacob Milliron

80 Valentine Haupt

81 Simon Rice

82 Adam Carnahan

83 James Reynolds

84 Robert Peebles

85 Anthony Maule

86 James Dunlap

87 Gideon Miller

127 Blank

128 John Montgomery

129 Blank

130 "

131 “

132 Thomas Atkinson

133 Blank

134 Robert Beatty

135 Samuel Perry

136 John Carnahan

137 Samuel Perry

138 John Cesna

139 Alexander Askey

140 John Mahon

141 Blank

142 "

143 "

144 "

145 "

146 Blank.

147 "

148 “

149 Alexander Johnson

150 John Dietrick

151 " "

152 Abraham Beidleman

153 Anthony Maule

154 Jacob Lightner

155 John Gregory

156 George McCandless

157 Jacob Kiser

158 John Davenport

159 Joseph Mitchel

160 Thomas Moore

161 John Dietrick

162 Frederick Shipley

163 " “

164 John Stall

165 Christian Gish

166 Andrew Patterson

167 Blank

168 " “

169 Casper Sallsgibber

170 David Duncan

171 Christian Gish

172 Frederick Shevel

173 Walter Welsh

When the oppressions which were heaped upon the people of the American Colonies by the British government, began to assume such a magnitude as to create alarm, there were none more ready to protest against them than the inhabitants of the Cumberland Valley.

A meeting of the inhabitants of Cumberland County was held at Carlisle on the 12th of July, 1774, at which, large numbers from various portions of the county were in attendance. There were about thirty representatives from Shippensburg, some of whom went to Carlisle on foot. One of the committee appointed at that meeting, Dr. John Colhoon, was a resident of this place. For an account of the proceedings of the meeting see p. 76.

When the people began to find that war with the Mother country was inevitable, and when at last, on the 17th of June, 1775, the reverberations of the British cannon were heard from Breed's and Bunker's Hills, the hardy, resolute men of Cumberland county exhibited a spirit of which their descendants need never be ashamed.

One company was promptly raised in Shippensburg, by Captain Matthew Henderson, assisted by other leading citizens. Captain Matthew Scott undertook to raise a company also, but only partially succeeded. Captain Henderson's company numbered one hundred and four men, but the number raised by Captain Scott, I have not been able to learn. The rolls of both companies have either been destroyed or lost. That the members of them were not all residents of the place must be clear to every one. A village of five or six hundred inhabitants, in a rural district, could not have furnished so large a number of men. It was said, however, by one who was a member of one of the organizations, that there was scarcely an able bodied man in the place who was not enrolled in one or other of the organizations.

In December, 1775, Captain William Rippey, a resident of Shippensburg, began to recruit a company for the Colonial Service, and was commissioned a Captain of said Company, January 9th, 1776. This Company was mustered into service soon after its organization, and became one of the sixth regiment, commanded by Colonel Irvine. This regiment, with the first, second and fourth were formed into a brigade, and in the early part of the summer of 1776, were sent to Canada and became a part of the command of General Sullivan.

Among those captured at Isle Aux Noix July 21, 1776 (see p. 83) was Captain Rippey, who, soon after, made his escape. These troops were enlisted for one year, their term of service expiring, January 1st,. 1777 ; when most of them re-entered the service for a term of three. years from March following. The sixth becoming the seventh regi-

The following are the names of the officers and men of Captain Rippey's company, No. 4 ;

Prior to entering the army, Captain Rippey kept the Branch Hotel, and continued the business after his return, down to the time of his death, which Occurred September 22nd, 1819, at the age of seventy-eight.

In 1794, when combinations of men were organized in Washington and Allegheny counties to obstruct the execution of the excise laws, President Washington having failed to bring about a peaceful adjustment of the affair, ordered the troops to be put in motion at once ; and believing that his presence with the army would have a salutary effect, he left Philadelphia on the 1st of October and reached Carlisle on the 4th. Leaving Carlisle, after a sojourn of several days, he. passed through Shippensburg and Chambersburg to Bedford, which place he reached on Sunday, October 19th, and left on the 21st, returning by way of Fort Cumberland, thence through Virginia to the Capitak, which he reached on the 28th. (See General History, pp.. 109-12.)

A writer in Vol. 4, page 17, Second Series, Pennsylvania Archives, in an article on the Whiskey Insurrection, says : " The President left Carlisle on the 11th of October, reaching Chambersburg on the same day, Williamsport on. the 13th and Fort Cumberland on the 14th." There is evidently a mistake in this statement. If General Washington left Carlisle on the 11th he could very easily have reached Williamsport on the 13th, after having remained at Chambersburg over Sunday ; but to reach Fort Cumberland on the 14th, a distance of sixty-six miles over bad roads and rugged mountains, was an impossibility. Besides, there is neither local, documentary nor traditional evidence to be had, either in Hagerstown or in any part of Washington county, Maryland, that he ever passed through that county more than once, and that was on the 20th of October, 1790, when examining the various points named for the location of the National Capital, one of which was Williamsport. It has generally been believed here that the President spent the first night after leaving Carlisle at the Branch Hotel in Shippensburg, then kept by Captain William Rippey ; and amongst those upon whose declarations this belief was founded were the children of Captain Rippey, corroborated by those of other citizens who were residents of the town at the time of the General's visit.

I. D. Rupp, in his history of Cumberland county, page 408, states that " on Monday (Oct. 6th) a number of the principal inhabitants of Carlisle presented the General an address," which Mr. R. publishes in full. But in the fourth volume of the Pennsylvania Archives, page 408, the same address may be found, dated October 17th. Here is a difference of eleven days, which increases the doubt in relation to this matter. From all I have been able to gather touching this affair, I am led to believe that the General left Carlisle on the 17th, and that the route taken by him, after leaving Chambersburg, was by way of Loudon to Bedford, which he reached on Sunday, the 19th, and that he did not visit Fort Cumberland until his return to the Capital.

When he reached Shippensburg, on his outward journey, a large number of the inhabitants of the surrounding country came to town.

to pay their respects to him, and he was treated by a majority of those present with great courtesy and respect; yet there were those who sympathized with the insurgents who did not participate in the general rejoicing. This class, in order to manifest their disapprobation of the employment of military force for the suppression of the insurrection, collected secretly a few nights after the visit of Washington and erected a " Liberty Pole " on the corner upon which the council house now stands. This was the cause of much ill-feeling between the friends and the enemies of the outbreak, and many a black eye and bloody nose followed the various discussions which occurred in relation to the merits and demerits of this measure. This pole was cut down at night by a party to whom its presence was objectionable.

During the trying crisis of the civil war, the people of Shippensburg were not behind those of other localities in devotion to the flag ; and when a call was made for men a willing response was freely given by her sons. Ample lists of these have been given in the " History of Pennsylvania Volunteers prepared in compliance with an act of the Legislature by Samuel P. Bates, 1869," and to that work we must refer for the names of the private soldiers. From these lists, however, it will be impossible to discover all who went from this town. Some of these enlisted in regiments mustered in other parts of the country, and so are not credited to the place of their actual residence. These names we have not been able to obtain and some of them found graves far from the homes of their childhood.

The company of Captain James Kelso, was mustered into the service at Harrisburg, Aug. 10, 1862 (p. 137), and had for its First Lieutenant Samuel Patchel ; its Second Lieutenant Daniel A. Harris ; its Sergeants, 1st Jacob Stemman, 2nd John A. Kenower, 3rd John S. Hays, 4th Wm. H. H. Rebuck, and 5th John Witmer ; for its Corporals, 1st Samuel Harris, 2nd Wm. H. McClure, 3rd Robert- H. Duke, 4th John C. Hays, 5th Esrom Landis, 6th John S. Staley, 7th Wm. H. Matthews, and 8th James H. Taylor ; Musicians, Wm. W. Snyder and Samuel Dubbs ; Wagoner, Michael Hubley, and seventy-nine privates. Of these Elijah Diehl, Nicholas Lenhar, Henry Miller, Joseph Matthew and Alexander Smith were killed at Antietam, Sept. 17th, 1862 ; and Thaddeus Donnelly, Joseph Eckenrode, Jacob R. Elm, Samuel Harris, John S. Staley, William B. Grabill, William H. Hannon, William Jones, William M. Meredith, and Jacob H. Rebuck were wounded in the same engagement. George W. Brenizer, Marian Carbaugh and George J. McLean died before the regiment was mustered out of service. The latter was wounded at the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13th, 1862, and died on the 21st of the same month. William B. Grabill was wounded at Antietam, and lingered. until Feb. 24th, 1864, when he died of his wounds. Samuel C. Boher, David W. Boher, George Burns, Stephen Birdsell, Samuel Croft, Eli Clugh, William H. Dubbs, William Eckenrode, George K. Geesaman, John Gross, Josiah Ingram, John E. Johnson, John A. McClay, George Reside, Joseph Rankin, David W. Reesman, David Rhen, James R. Shuster, Nicholas Smith and Isaac A. Willis were discharged. A majority of these men were discharged on account of sickness contracted in the service. Samuel Bowermaster, Jerome G. McGayhey, William J. Martin, Jeremiah Rhen and Jacob Rhen deserted. Sixty-eight members of this company were residents of Shippensburg at the time of their enlistment, and a majority of the remainder belonged to the surrounding townships. This company participated in the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. After having served the term for which it was enlisted, (nine months) it was mustered out of service, at Harrisburg, May 21st 1863.

Company K, belonging to the 201st regiment of Pennsylvania volunteers commanded by Colonel F. Asbury Awl, was mustered into the service at Harrisburg, Aug. 29th, 1864, for one year. It had for its Captain Alexander C. Landis ; Lieutenants, 1st, Alexander Stewart, 2nd, John H. Snow ; Sergeants, 1st, Daniel F. Rohrer, 2nd, John A. Witmer, 3rd, Stacy G. Glauser, 4th, Henry C. Walters, and 5th, Richard C. Moore ; Corporals, George Shields, Hiram C. Senseny, W. A. Clugh, Theodore Artz, Wm. H. Tritt, J. 0. M. Butts, George McCormick, Thomas V. Baker ; Musicians, Wm. W. Snyder, Joseph H. Snyder, Henry Dumbaugh and Henry Graves : and seventy-six privates.

Company H, belonging to the 3rd Pennsylvania cavalry (p. 136), had for its Captains Alexander S. Woodburn (resigned) and Wm. E. Miller ; Lieutenants, 1st. 'Wm. Baughman, E. L. Caufman, 2nd, Lewis R. Still, Edward Davis (killed) ; Sergeants, 1st, D. M. Gilmore, W. A. Bricker, D. W. Whaler, 2nd, John R. Fosnaught, other Sergeants George W. Heagy, John Beidleman, J. C. Wagner, James G. Weakley and S. J. McCullough ; Corporals, A. J. Speese, J. D. Hamberger, John Naugle, H. C. Rebuck, Jr., H. R. Ruby, S. H. Kennedy, Paul Murphy, Abdiel Trone (died of wounds), Alexander Koser (died), John A. Hass ; Musicians, Wm. M. Wheeler, Henry Yocum ; and sixty-six privates. Twenty-seven of these officers and men are now residents of Shippensburg.*

Fifty years ago the manufacture of leather was one of the principal industries in the place. At that time there were six tanneries in successful operation. Two of these were located west of the Branch, another on the lot now occupied by Rev. Joseph Mahan ; one on the lot upon which the Cumberland Valley Engine House now stands; another in the rear of where George H. Stewart now lives ; and the remaining one east of the Branch, on the northwestern side of Main street, and now owned and worked by Mr. Henry C. Angle. This is the only one now in the place. Those west of the Branch were owned respectively by Andrew McElwaine and Nevin Pomeroy. That on the Roxbury road, south-east of the " Buck Spring," was worked by Mr. McElwaine ; the other located on the lot now owned by Mr. William Mowers was worked by Mr. Nevin Pomeroy. The third was carried on by Mr. David Mahan, the fourth by the Davis brothers, the fifth by Robert Stewart and the sixth by Col. John Rippey. The first purchaser of this property was Andrew Boyd, to whom Edward Shippen conveyed it by indenture bearing date the 25th day of March, 1767, for the sum of seven

* The regiment to which this old company belonged had fair claims to be called the " First Pennsylvania Cavalry." since it was in fact the first mustered into the United States service. It failed of the title only because it was known as " Young's Kentucky Cavalry ;" and so was not credited to the State until after the First and Second had been mustered in. In the absence of a captain for the company, and the unexpected want of a leader for the regiment at the moment, Lieut. W. E. Miller led the advance across Antietam creek before the battle at that point, and for this " meritorious service" he was afterwards promoted over a number of superior officers to the rank of captain of his company. At a critical period in the battle of Gettysburg, when Gen. J. E. B Stuart threatened to surprise the ammunition and forage trains of the Union army on the right flank near the Baltimore road, General Gregg's Division succeeded in turning him back. The charge which General Gregg and his men then executed was callee by competent judges "the finest cavalry fight of the war." Gen. Custer, who was in it, said in his report : " I challenge the annals of warfare to produce a more brilliant or more successful charge of cavalry." Captain Miller's company was among the most effective and gallant of this Division. C. P. W.

shillings and sixpence, sterling money, to be paid annually, the first payment to be made on the first day of March, 1768 : the said Boyd binding himself, his heirs and assigns, to build thereon, within the space of seven years ensuing, a good tenantable dwelling house, at least sixteen feet square, with a good chimney of brick or stone, laid in lime and sand mortar.

The survey of this piece of ground commenced at a " Spanish Oak a considerable distance east of the main Branch, yet twenty feet from a small Spanish Oak, and seventy feet from the said Branch, containing forty-five and one-third perches, surrounded by land bekonging to the said Edward Shippen."

The subscribing witnesses to this lease or conveyance were John Piper and Hamilton Henery.

In 1782 Mr. Boyd sold this property to Samuel Rippey, Jr. This man was generally called by the people of the town .and surrounding country " Big Sam ;" not, however, for the purpose of distinguishing him from any other of that name, (for there was no Samuel then living but his father,) but on account of his size. I have not seen any of the original leases of the other yards, and only know that the Mains' yard was part of a purchase made by Peter Dickey from Mr. Ship-pen's heirs about 1758.

A brewery was started at a very earky day in the building now known as the Black Bear Hotel. This building was erected for that purpose, and the business of brewing was carried on there for a number of years ; at first by Adam Carnahan, and afterwards by James Brown.

This house was subsequently converted into a tavern, and was first kept as such by a man named John Saylor, who was succeeded by Jacob Raum, he by John Snyder, and he in 1821, by Peter Hartzelk. When the days of pack-horses had passed away, this house became the principal stopping-place for wagons engaged in the transportation of merchandise to the west ; but when canals and railroads were inaugurated, and the carrying trade was transferred to them, the Conestoga teams, with their noise and bustle, ceased to collect nightly in groups around the house, and will never again return.

The manufacture of beer must have been commenced in Shippensburg prior to 1743. In that year a party was cited before the church session, on a charge of having been drunk, when one of the witnesses testified at the trial of the case that when she " gave the accused BEER in a basin to drink, he was so unsteady that he spilled some of it." Carlisle had no existence at that time ; Chambersburg was not laid out until 1764, and Harrisburg not until 1786. We may therefore reasonably infer that it was not made at either of those places, but that it was made in Shippensburg, and that the Black Bear building was then in existence as a brewery.

Some time after the commencement of the last half of the past century, the manufacture of potash was undertaken here by a German named Frederick Shevel. The building for this purpose stood on the rear end of the lot upon which Mr. John W. McPherson now lives. Timber was abundant in this locality, and much of it was cut and burned on the ground for the purpose of clearing the land for cultivation. In these clearings the manufacturer of potash obtained a great portion of his supply of ashes generally without cost. Notwithstanding this, the business did not pay heavy profits, and after continuing it for some years, it was abandoned.

Just prior to the breaking out of our revolutionary struggle, two Englishmen came here who professed to understand the manufacture of cutlery in all its details, and who stated that they had worked in the manufactories of England. After they had been here for some time David McKnight, Matthew Henderson, Francis Campble and other leading citizens formed themselves into a company for the erection of suitable buildings for the manufacture of cutlery. After subscribing the necessary funds for carrying on the enterprise, two of the members of the company were sent to Philadelphia to consult with men who had some experience in the business. On the return of this committee the company agreed to commence operations at once, and turned their attention to a location for the works. As a majority of the members of the company were residents of the eastern end of the town, they were in favor of establishing their works at Burd's Run ; but the treacherous character of the stream, its liability to go dry at certain seasons of the year, and the limited quantity of water in its channels at others, rendered it utterly unfit for the object they had in view.

They then turned their attention to the Branch•, and made a selection of a point on that stream, somewhere north of where Mr. Dyke-man's mill now stands. Colonel Peebles, who was a member of the company, insisted on having the works erected on his farm, northeast of town ; but the remainder of the members preferring the location they had agreed upon, commenced quarrying stones for the erection of the building, upon which Colonel Peebles withdrew, and some time after the commencement of the war erected a Gun Factory on his farm for the manufacture of guns for the army, which was in operation but a few years. When the clouds of war began to gather the cutlery enterprise was abandoned and never was renewed.

Ebenezer Welsh, father of Aristides Welsh, who was one of the bondsmen of Jeff Davis, and who is now a resident of West Philadelphia, had a nail factory on lot No. 99, part of which is now occupied by Mr. 13. J. Snoddy.

At what period this enterprise was started I have not been able to-learn, nor do I know when it was abandoned. It was not in operation as far back as 1821; but the building, with the machinery in it, stood until several years kater, when, about the year 1830, it was converted by Mr. Allen Rippey into a shop for the manufacture of hats.

Two brothers, John and Matthias Riechert, removed to Shippensburg from Lebanon county in or about the year 1808. John was a hatter by trade and Matthias a manufacturer of woolen and cotton goods. They were men of considerable means, and finding the old grist mill of William Leeper standing idle, they at once leased it and put into it such machinery as was necessary for the manufacture of cotton fabrics. Here they conducted their business for a time ; but John having purchased lot No. 113, upon which William Fenstermacher's coachmaking establishment now stands, they abandoned the old mill and erected a two-story building on the south-west corner of this lot, to which they transferred the machinery from the mill.

Business was carried on here for some time, but John withdrawing, a man named Duffield became associated with Matthias in the business. After some time they discovered that it could not be made remunerative, when they dissolved the partnership and abandoned, the business. Matthias then purchased an acre and a quarter of land, in- the rear of Mr. J. D. Geeseman's vacant lot, and fronting the alley which leads to Main street opposite the Roxbury road. Upon this. piece of ground he erected a frame building which he fitted up for the business of wool-carding. This enterprise after some time was also abandoned, and Mr. Riechert engaged in the carding and fulling

business north-west of town, in an establishment which stood where the mill of Mr. Zearfoss now stands.

This carding and fulling mill was owned by Andrew Frazer. In this business Mr. R. continued until the time of his death, which occurred in 1826. John Riechert, after building the brick house in which Mr. Fenstermacher now lives, and after residing there for several years, removed to lot No. 86, now owned by Reuben Shearer and J. C. Rummel, where lie carried on the hatting business, and died in July, 1851.

The manufacture of wagons was at one time carried on extensively in Shippensburg, and gave employment to quite a number of wagon-makers and blacksmiths. At this point and at Loudon were made the greater portion of the wagons then used in the transportation of goods from Philadelphia to the west.

Fifty years ago there were six wagonmaker shops in the place, each employing a number of hands, and nine blacksmith shops, all busily employed. But the building of canals and railroads took the trade from the Conestoga teams, and paralyzed these industries, and those who are now engaged in them are compelled to depend for a livelihood upon local patronage.

From the time of the arrival of the first settlers in this locality down to the year 1768, no house of public worship had been erected in Shippensburg. On May 21st, 1767, Edward Shippen conveyed, by deed of trust, to Francis Campble, lot number 59, lot number 60 having been previously set apart for, and used by, the people of the town and vicinity, as a burial place for their dead. The grant of lot number 59 is set forth in the deed of conveyance in the following language, to wit :

" To have and to hold the said lot of ground and premises hereby granted, or mentioned to be granted, with the appurtenances, unto the said Francis Campble and his heirs, in trust, nevertheless, and to the only proper use, benefit and behoof of all and every the members of the Presbyterian Congregation settled, and to be settled and established in the said town of Shippensburg, forever ; and for no other use, intent and purpose, whatsoever, yielding and paying to the said Edward Shippen, his heirs and assigns, the yearly rent or sum of one penny, sterling money of Great Britain." With the further condition " that he, the said Francis Campble, his heirs, within the space of seven years next ensuing the date hereof, at his and their own proper costs and charges, will cause to be well erected, built and finished, in and upon the said described lot of ground, one brick, stone or log house, of public worship, in good, workmanlike manner, of the dimensions following, viz : sixteen foot square, at least."

In compliance with the requirements of the lease or deed, a log house was erected on the premises, in or about the year 1768. Its location was somewhere in the neighborhood of where the Council House now stands, probably between it and the fence in the rear. As there was no organized Presbyterian congregation in Shippensburg, at the time, and as the regular place of worship for those of that denomination living in town, was Middle Spring, the house was but seldom, used for purposes of divine service. In the course of time the house began to be used as a school house ; and as Mr. Campble, the trustees was an Elder in the Middle Spring congregation, and was actively engaged in business, he gave but little attention to the preservation of the house, and it was consequently permitted to become a wreck, and was torn down sometime during the early part of the present century.

No Presbyterian congregation was organized here until after the ministerial duties of Rev. James Walker, pastor of the Associate Reformed church, of Shippensburg, had terminated. Mr. Walker's connection with his congregation ceased in the spring of 1821, when he removed from town. As the church in which he preached needed repairs, an arrangement was entered into between its members; and such Presbyterians as desired to have some place in which to worship in Shippensburg, by which they mutually agreed to repair and remodel the church, the expenses to be paid by the united congregation.

This work was commenced in either 1821 or 1822, and when completed, a call was extended to Rev. Henry R. Wilson, which he accepted, entering upon the discharge of his duties in his new field of operations in 1823, where he remained during a period of seventeen years, when lie was succeeded by Rev. James Harper. Dr. Harper resigned his pastorate, on the 8th of May, 1870, and was succeeded, in 1872, by Rev. W. W. Taylor, who remained but a short time in charge of the congregation, and was succeeded, May 11th, 1875, by its present pastor, Rev. W. A. McCarrell.

At the time of the formation of a Presbyterian congregation in Shippensburg, a large majority of those residing in the place, who had been members of the Middle Spring church, withdrew from that body, and became members of the new organization. Various considerations induced some of them to adopt this course, however much they may have regretted the severance of their connection with a church which had became endeared to them by the many pleasant associations formed there. The distance from Shippensburg to Middle Spring had been a serious drawback, even in the most favorable weather, and it had become impossible for many of them to attend divine service at that church, with that regularity which had been their custom in earlier life. That was a period when the ownership of a carriage was a matter of which but few could boast.

When a proposition, therefore, was made by the Associate Reformed congregation of Shippensburg, looking to a union between themselves and such members of the Middle Spring church as desired a more convenient place of worship, it was, after some deliberation accepted.

There was one thing, however, that had a tendency to reconcile them to their new condition. Fully one-half of the new congregation had been members of the old, and they felt like friends who had been separated and who had met again to cement the ties which had been broken.

The lot upon which the Presbyterian church now stands, was originally conveyed by Edward Shippen to Rev. Thomas Barton, of Lancaster, on the 25th day of October, 1765, for one penny, sterling money of Great Britain, to be paid on the first day of March, yearly, forever ; the first payment to be made on the first day of March, 1767. Mr. Barton was to hold this lot " in trust for the only proper use, benefit and behoof of the incorporated and Venerable Society of London, for the propagation of the Gospel in foreign parts, forever." On the back of this deed Mr. Shippen afterwards wrote : " N. B.—Since I granted this lot, Mr. Barton gave me up the lease, and I signed another lease, leaving out the penny per annum ; but let the counterpart be preserved to show the boundary of the lot.

In the year 1787 Methodism was introduced into this part of the Cumberland Valley, by Rev. John Hagerty and Nelson Reed. Up to

that time there was no organization of that denomination of people here and the congregation then formed was, it is said, the only one in the valley.

Their first church was built about the year 1790, on the northwestern end of the lot upon which the old brick church now stands. It was built of logs, one story in height, and was probably large enough to seat two hundred persons. During its early years the congregation was small, but at the commencement of the present century it began to increase, and many of its members were amongst the most prominent men of the place.

Among them were Rev. John Davis, John Scott, Esq., William Sturgis, William Brookins, Esq., William Devor, Esq., John Duncan, Robert Porter, Esq., William McKnight, Benjamin Hunt, Thomas and Caleb Atherton, with many others of equal standing and respectability. Large accessions were, from time to time, made to the church among whom were the Donavins, Brandeberrys, Deals, Alticks, Browns and others.

Their first campmeeting was held in either 1810 or 1811, on the farm now owned by Abraham Hostetter, Esq., about a mile northwest of Shippensburg. The second was held in 1813, in Barr's woods, southeast of the present residence of John Craig.

In 1815 a Sabbath School was organized, which ran through a languid existence of about eighteen months, when it was abandoned and was not reorganized until about the year 1834. At its second organization it opened with about one hundred and fifty pupils, and it soon increased to about three hundred.

In 1825 a new brick church was erected on the southwestern end of the lot, fronting on Orange street. It was occupied for about fifty years, when it was sold to the colored Methodists. The church on the north side of King street, was built in 1875.

About the year 1828, the religious denomination known as the Church of God, purchased the lot upon which their church stands, from George McCandless, and erected a brick church edifice thereon. That building was first occupied either in the latter part of that year, or in the beginning of the year following. Rev. John Rebo was the first pastor, and continued for several years, and was succeeded by Rev. W. Greaves, who, after a short residence, died, and was succeeded by Rev. James Mackey. This building was occupied by the congregation for a period of more than forty years, when it was torn cloven, in 1870, and the present building erected.

It is scarcely possible that either the Lutheran or the German Reformed congregation was organized prior to 1780, as there were but few persons of German origin in this section of the valley prior to that date. During the latter part of the last century, however, a lot, located on the southeastern corner of Queen and Orange streets, was selected as a place of burial for these denominations. On the northeastern front of this lot, a log church was erected, which was used as a place of worship until 1812.

In the preceding year a brick church was built on the site upon which the German Reformed church now stands. This church was occupied jointly by the two congregations for a number of years. In 1823 Rev. John Habblestine became one of the pastors ; but his doctrinal views did not accord with those of a portion of his congrega tion, and, after much bickering, the doors of the church were closed against him, when he, and those who had adopted his opinions, withdrew, and in a short time organized what is now known as the Church of God. After some time the two organizations separated, each erecting a church edifice for its own accommodation.

About sixty years ago the colored people of Shippensburg erected a small log church, on North Queen street, convenient to their place of burial. This was occupied as a place of worship for a number of years, when it was torn down and the present brick structure was erected in its stead. Four or five years ago a portion of the organization purchased the Methodist church, on Orange street. Some of the older members refused to unite with them in this purchase, and finally organized another congregation and built another place of worship.

A United Brethren congregation was organized in Shippensburg some years ago, which, in 1868, erected a brick church on North Penn street. In this church they have held church regularly until the present, and the congregation is said to be in a very prosperous condition.

The first physician of whom any mention is made as having lived in Shippensburg, was Dr. William McGoffreck, who resided here prior to 1750. His name appears on the tax list of Hopewell township, of which Shippensburg then formed a part in 1751 ; but from the location of his name on the list, we have reason to infer that he at that time resided at some other point in the township. There may have been other physicians here prior to Dr. McGoffreck's time, but no account of them can be found. Dr. Jamison came here soon after 1750, and lived in the house on lot No. 156, now occupied by the family of B. F. Duncan, and probably died there. He practiced here for a number of years, and had a son who became a Professor in the Medical University of Maryland, at Baltimore.

Dr. John Colhoon succeeded Dr. Jamison in the practice of Medicine in Shippensburg, and resided here for a number of years. He owned and resided in the house on lot No. 24, which is occupied at present by William L. Curriden. He sold this property in 1777, and removed to Chambersburg in that year. It has been stated that he was a native of the North of Ireland,a man of culture and a graduate of one of the Medical Universities of Europe.

Dr. Robert C. Moody, who was a native of this place, and a son of Rev. John Moody, pastor of Middle Spring Congregation, practiced here for a short time, and subsequently went to Newville, and remained there until the time of his death. For a notice of other physicians in this place see Dr. Sibbet's sketches, pp. 197-8. There are at present in the place, Drs. Alexander and Robert C. Stewart, William W. Nevin, Charles A. Howland, William M. Witherspoon, J. L. Schoch, Joseph Mower and W. A. English. The latter is a Homeopathist; the others belong to the old school of practitioners.

Sometime during the early part of the present century, a small newspaper was published in Shippensburg, by John McFarland, who fig-

urged prominently in the politics of the State during the first candidacy of General Jackson for the Presidency. It was printed, during the short period of its existence, west of the Branch, in the second story of the white weatherboarded house known as the Clark house.

On the 10th of April, 1833, Augustus Fromm issued the first number of a paper which he named the "Shippensburg Free Press." On September 19th of that year, Messrs. David D. Clark and James Culbertson commenced the publication of a second paper, which they called "The Intelligencer." On the 14th of November, 1833, Mr. Fromm sold his establishment to Messrs. Clark R Culbertson, who consolidated the two, and named the new one the " Free Press." This paper, however, had but a brief existence, and it was permitted to die on account of a lack of patronage.

On or about the 25th day of May, 1837, John F. Weishampel issued the first number of the " Shippensburg Herald," and continued its publication for about two years. Soon after the departure of Mr. Weishampel, Henry Claridge revived the " Herald," and published it for a few weeks ; when he abandoned the enterprise, and the place was without a paper for some time.

On the 1st of April, 1840, William M. Baxter commenced the publication of the " Cumberland and Franklin Gazette," which had an existence of a little more than a year.

In the latter part of 1841, William A. Kinsloe started a paper, which he named "The Cumberland Valley." Mr. K. continued the publication of this paper until November 2nd, 1842, when he sold it to Robert Koontz and John McCurdy. In about six months after this transfer, Mr. Koontz became sole proprietor, and in a few weeks thereafter it passed again into the hands of Mr. Kinsioe, who, in a short time, discontinued its publication.

On the 26th of April, 1844, John L. Baker issued the first number of the " Weekly News." After a few years he sold it to Mr. Jacob Bomberger, who published it until July, 1851. It then passed into the hands of John McCurdy, but in the early part of 1852, Mr. Bomberger repurchased it. After some time, he sold it to Edward W. Curriden, who published it until 1863, when he sold it to Daniel W. Thrush, Esq. In 1867 it came into the hands of its present pro-proprietors, Messrs. D. K. and J. C. Wagner.

Either in 1845 or 1846, Messrs. Cooper and Dechert started a Democratic paper in Shippensburg, which was called " The Valley Spirit," which in the course of eighteen months or two years they removed to Chambersburg, where it is now the organ of the Democratic party of Franklin county.

After the close of the rebellion Robert J. Coffey established the " Valley Sentinel" which he continued to publish for several years, when it passed into the hands of Henry K. Peffer, Esq., who, after publishing it for sometime in Shippensburg, removed it to Carlisle, where it is still published.

In 1875, Messrs. B. K. Goodyear and Samuel R. Murray commenced the publication of a new paper called the " Democratic Chronicle." This paper is now in the hands of Mr. Goodyear, Mr Murray having retired from it a few weeks since.

The above list includes all the papers ever published in Shippensburg, but I have been unable to ascertain the precise date of the commencement and discontinuance of some of them.

Until May 13th, 1790 there was no Post-Office in Shippensburg ; but by a resolution of Congress passed May 20th, 1788, the Postmaster General was required to employ " posts" for the regular transportation of the mails between Philadelphia and Pittsburg, by the route of Lancaster, York, Carlisle, Chamberstown and Bedford, and to have the mail despatched once in each fortnight from the said Post-Offices, respectively. The people prior to the above date, depended entirely upon private carriers for the delivery of their mail matter. The following are the names of the Postmasters at Shippensburg from 1790 to 1878, with the date of their appointments, viz :

The mails in 1821 were carried in stage coaches, and were delivered here daily, one arrival from the east and one from the west. There was no anxious crowd around the door awaiting the opening of the mail. There were persons living in the town, who did not call at the office oftener than once in a month ; and some business men called only when they had leisure, or when they expected a letter of importance. There were then no boxes for each man's mail ; but Mr. McClure had two or three boards about two and a half feet in length by three inches in breadth, which were hung up against his shelves. On these boards were tacked pieces of tin at regular distances. After indorsing on the back of the letter, in a large bold hand, the name of the party to whom it was addressed, it was stuck in one of the racks or boards ; and these boards usually contained all the letters in the office. The rates of postage at that time were 61, 10, 121, 181 and 25 cents according to distance. For four hundred miles and over, twenty-five cents were charged, the person to whom the letter was addressed paying the postage. All descriptions of correspondence were exceedingly limited at that time, and the duties of a Postmaster were not burdensome.

Prior to 1861, Shippensburg had no Cemetery, and all interments were made in the several graveyards in the borough. In one of these, at least, it became impassible to dig a new grave without invading the resting-place of some one who had previously been buried

there and a new burial place became a necessity. A Stock Company was formed in 1860, which was called the Spring Hill Cemetery Association. This obtained an act of incorporation, dated January 18th 1861, and purchased from Wm. McLean twelve acres of land which were laid out in lots. This new place of burial was named Spring Hill Cemetery. The first corpse buried there was that of Robert McFarland, who had contracted a fever in the army, and who died at the residence of his mother, on the corner of Burd street and the Roxbury road. Many persons purchased lots in the Cemetery, and had their dead removed to them. The following is a list of soldiers who served in the army during the rebellion, and who are buried in the Cemetery:

William S. Seavers, Josiah Gamble, Robert McFarland, George J. McLean, John Koser, Nicholas Lenhar, David Shugars, James Mifflin, Jacob Coover, Abdiel Trone, Captain David Harper, Lieutenant William Harper, William G. Duncan, Robert Gracey, Sr:, Edgar Wolf, Samuel Speese, Sr., Samuel Speese, Jr., Samuel Patchell, Joseph Shapley, Samuel Dubbs, Edward Sierer, William B. Grabill, Henry Miller, John Fry, Jacob Weigle, Joseph Matthews, George Fry, Samuel Golden, William J. Pague, George Brenizer, William M. Culp, H. Wilson Clugh. Richard Moore was buried in the old Presbyterian graveyard back of the Council House, and Henry Miller in the German graveyard at the eastern end of the town.

The Cumberland Valley State Normal School was chartered in 1870, and a Board of Trustees was elected on May 1st of that year. On the 31st day of May, 1871, the corner-stone of the building was laid, and the school was opened on April 15th, 1873, with a registered list of three hundred pupils. The cost of the building and ground was about $125,000.

In the Spring of 1871, Mr. George R. Dykeman purchased the " Head of the Spring" farm from Mr. J. Watson Craig, and arranged the Spring for the propagation and rearing of trout. He fitted it up at a considerable outlay of money ; but too many persons had previously engaged in the enterprise, and it did not prove a success, and for the past three or four years Mr. D. has paid but little attention to it.

The population of Shippensburg increased but slowly during the first seventy years of its existence. In 1800 it contained less than 800 inhabitants ; in 1810, 1,159 ; in 1820, 1,410 ; in 1830, 1,308 ; in 1840, 1,473 ; and at present, 1878, 2,314.

In 1814 a company of volunteers was raised in Shippensburg, which marched to the defense of Baltimore. This company was recruited by Captain George Hamill, but before the day upon which it was to leave for the scene of threatened hostilities he withdrew from it, and it was marched under command of Captain Joseph McKinney. This company was not in any action, owing perhaps to the killing of the British General Ross a few miles out of the city. The roll of this company has been lost.

The schools of the place in early times were of a very primitive character, and were usually held in barns in the summer and in private houses in the winter. Pupils of all grades of advancement were found in the same school ; nor was there any classification of boo and children were permitted to enter with whatever book they mil have. Thomas Dilworth's speller was almost the only book of kind in the early schools of the Province, but after some years Bahan's and Byerley's Spellers took its place ; yet it was no uncommon thing to find all of them in the same school at the same time. One Speller usually lasted the scholar during an entire educational cowl There were usually two reading classes, a Bible and a Testament class ; and those who were not found in one of these had some str volume as a reading book which had been taken from the scar home library. The rudiments of Arithmetic were taught from Fish Pike and other books of a like character. Neither Grammar nor Geography constituted any part of the studies, and it was no uncommon thing for the teachers to be as unfamiliar with these branches of ed cation as it was for the smallest child in his school. These teacher were usually of Irish nationality, and some of them were thorough acquainted with the branches they professed to teach. Tradition h: handed down to us that Andrew Gibson belonged to this class, a ma of some peculiarities. He taught his school in a barn which stood o lot No. 20, then owned by James McCall and now by Mrs. Davidson and her daughters. It was said that Gibson's qualifications as teacher were much superior to those of the generality of his class but he permitted whiskey to gain the mastery over him and, in measure, to destroy his usefulness. He was not an habitual but a per. odical drinker, and during these unfortunate periods he usually carried his bottle to school, and before the duties of the day would close he would often be found asleep. In some of his peculiarities he was fully equal to Goldsmith's village schoolmaster, for it was not difficul for his pupils to

Gibson must have taught here at a very early date. In 1821 the teachers in the place were John Chambers, John Morrison, Rober McKean, Michael Hubley and Jacob Steinman.

About the year 1770 two small log houses were erected for schoo purposes, one of which stood on the lot upon which the old brick school-house now stands ; the other on South Penn street, on the corner of the alley across from the Pottery. Another stood west o the Branch, on the lower end of Mr. Jacob Harglerode's corner lot. The present school building, on the northwestern side of Burd street was erected in 1873 at a cost, including furniture and ground, o about $26,000.

On the afternoon of Friday, June 26, 1863, Rhoades' Division of Ewell's Corps of the Southern army entered Shippensburg from the west. A body of cavalry, commanded by General Jenkins, led the advance, followed by the infantry and artillery, numbering several thousand men. They met with but little opposition. There was bu a small body of cavalry in the place, which was under the command of Colonel Boyd, of New York, which kept up a skirmish and running fire with the advancing foe ; but the object of its commander wa not to hazard a battle, but to lead the enemy beyond the limits of the town with a view of saving the property of the citizens. In this h, was successful only so far as the cavalry were concerned. The infantry and artillery, on entering the town, encamped in the " head o the spring" woods and northwest of it, where they remained until the next morning, when they marched in the direction of Harrisburg

During their stay they appropriated everything in the shape of horses, cattle, flour, feed, dry goods, groceries, hardware, drugs, with everything of any value to the army ; but in other respects the men generally were as orderly and respectful as could have been expected under the circumstances. In the meantime, the national forces, under General Hooker, and when he was removed, under General Meade, pursued, by forced marches, the advancing columns of the main body of the invading army until they confronted each other on the field of Gettysburg. On this intelligence reaching the forces on this side of the mountain a portion of them returned in haste, taking the road past Caledonia Iron Works, through Fayetteville to Gettysburg, which they reached in time to participate in the bloody scenes which then ensued, and from which many of them never returned to their homes and kindred.

Although Shippensburg has not increased largely in population, it has, in other respects, improved. Within the past fifteen years the store-rooms and dwelling houses have been much improved, and the latter present many evidences of thrift and comfort. Nor are we be_ hind other villages in other respects. We have 8 churches, 4 forwarding and commission houses, 6 dry goods stores, 3 hardware stores, 4 shoe stores, 11 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 4 clothing stores, 1 ladies' furnishing store, with confectionery and millinery stores ; also 2 foundries, 4 furniture rooms and 5 hotels.

Southampton was erected into a township prior to 1782, but the precise date of its formation I have not succeeded in finding. In the southwestern section of the township, lying southeast of Shippensburg, settlements were made at a very early period. Between the southeastern boundary of the first purchase by Edward Shippen and the foot of the South Mountain, John Reynolds, Benjamin Blythe, Colonel James Dunlap, John Cesna and others owned large tracts of land. John Reynolds' tract joined that of Mr. Shippen along its entire southeastern line. South of the latter lay the purchase of Benjamin Blythe. A portion of this tract, including the Blythe homestead, is now owned by Mr. J. W. Hays, now a resident of Shippensburg. Southeast of the latter lies a tract purchased by Colonel Dunlap in 1767. This farm is now owned and occupied by Mr. Ira L. Long. East of this tract is the Cesna farm, upon which Dennis O'Neiden and John Kirkpatrick were killed by the Indians, July 18, 1757. This farm was one of the first occupied in the township, and it remained in possession of the descendants of Mr. Cesna until about the year 1827. On the north and northwest of the second purchase of Mr. Shippen, were the Brumfieds, Duncans, Wherry s, McCunes, Caldwells, Culbertson's, Morrows, Finleys, Montgomerys and others. These were amongst the earliest settlers in the valley, and generally were men of intelligence and enterprise. In turning to several papers now in my possession, which contain a large number of the original signatures of these people, I find that not a single man was compelled to use a cross in making his signature. Collectively, they will compare favorably with an equal number collected promiscuously at the present day.

In Southampton township there are three small villages, viz ; Leesburg, Cleversburg and Middle Spring, the first and last of which are post towns. Leesburg took its name from George Lee, who kept a tavern at that point in a log house which stood on the south side at a distance of several rods from the Walnut Bottom road. This house was built by a man named Conrad Muterspaugh, from whom Mr. Lee purchased prior to 1819, and continued proprietor of it until 1822, when he died. This house and the farm-house of Mr. Adam Reese' with a house which stood on the north side of the road, about two hundred rods below that of Mr. Reese, were the only houses then standing within the present limits of Leesburg. The land to the south and west of Mr. Lee's house was then covered with heavy timber, consisting of yellow pine, white and black oak, with some hickory ; nor was there any cleared land on either side of the Walnut Bottom road from that point until within a mile of Shippensburg except the Beltz and Rebuck farms. The village contains now about four hundred inhabitants.

Cleversburg is located some two and a half miles southwest o Leesburg, and about one mile from the South Mountain, on land formerly owned by George Croft, sr., and more recently by Mr. George Clever, from whom it took its name. The town was commenced about 1860. Up to that time there were but one or two houses and a grist or flouring mill there, the latter of which is still standing. In 1871 a newspaper was started there by Mr. Jacob Bomberger, called the " Broad-Axe," but after running about a year it was discontinued. At present there are a store and steam planing mill in the p'ace, the property of Mr. Clever and his sons. There are two churches, one school-house and about thirty dwelling houses in the place.

Middle Spring is located about two miles and a half northwest of Shippensburg. The village took its name from the Middle Spring Presbyterian Church, which stands there. Near this Church there is a paper mill, owned and carried on by the Shryock Brothers, at which paper boards are extensively manufactured. The place contains a store, post office, blacksmith shop and a number of dwellings.

The earliest settlers of Southampton township were, as a class, inured to the labors of husbandry ; but their want of skill with the axe

and the mattock rendered their labors in the primeval forest exceed. ingly difficult.

Their houses, furniture, and first implements of husbandry, often had to be constructed by their own hands. As the materials from which these were made were principally of wood, they declined the open prairie lands in the center of the valley, and made choice of those that were densely covered with timber.

Along the base of the mountains, as far out into the valley as the timber extended, and along the streams, these rude homes were first to be found, whilst in the centre of the valley the land was suffered to remain unoccupied until its value and productiveness began to attract the attention of the settlers. From the head of Middle Spring to its mouth, its whole course soon became dotted with farms.

The first matter which occupied the attention of these settlers, after providing shelter for themselves and their families, was the erection of a a house of worship. With a view, therefore, of accommodating the entire people of the settlement, from the base of the South Mountain, to and beyond the Conodoguinet, a log church thirty-five feet square was erected, in or about the year 1738, not far from where the present Middle Spring church stands. Rev. John Blair was installed pastor of this church, December 27th, 1742, and remained in charge until 1749.

From this date until November 20, 1765, the time when Rev. Robert Cooper became its pastor, there appears to be a blank in its history, as well as in that of its first pastor. Owing to the rapid increase of the congregation it was found necessary to remove the first structure and erect a larger one. In 1765 a new building, forty-eight by fifty-eight feet was, built, which was enlarged by additions from time to time. This building was succeeded in 1781 by a stone structure fifty-eight by sixty-eight feet, two stories in height. In 1847 a new brick church was erected, which was subsequently remodeled and much improved.

On application to the Legislature of Pennsylvania an act of incorporation was passed March 7, 1792, in which the following persons were named as trustees, viz : John Heap, John McKee, John Woods, John McComb, David "Mahan, John Maclay, jr., John Herron, William Scott, Robert Culbertson, David McKnight, Richard Rodgers and Matthew Henderson. Dr. Cooper, the second pastor of this church, owing to ill health, tendered his resignation to Presbytery i n the autumn of 1796, but it was not accepted until April 12, 1797. On the 5th of April, 1805, Dr. Cooper died, aged seventy-three years. On April 12, 1803, a call was presented to Carlisle Presbytery for the pastoral services of Rev. John Moodey, which he accepted, and he was installed in October, 1803, and continued in charge of the congregation until 1854, a period of almost fifty-one years. On the 13th of June following Rev. I. N. Hays was called, and held pastoral charge of the congregation for more than fourteen years, when he removed to Chambersburg. Rev. D. K. Richardson was installed May 6, 1871, and continued in charge of Middle Spring Church but about eighteen months, when he was succeeded by its present pastor, Rev. S. S. Wylie, June 11, 1872.

A number of the members of this church were present at the meeting held in the Presbyterian Church, in Carlisle, June 12, 1774, to protest against the closing of the port of Boston (p. 76).

The following list of persons, who participated in the Revolutionary struggle and were members or adherents of the church, we copy from the " Historical Exercises " held at Middle Spring on the 16th and 17th of June, 1876, viz :

Colonels Benjamin Blythe, Isaac Miller, Robert Peebles, William Scott, Abraham Smith, Major James Herron, Captains William Rippey, Matthew Henderson, Matthew Scott, David McKnight, John McKee, William Strain, Joseph Brady, Robert Quigley, Charles Leeper (killed at Crooked Billet, May, 1778), Charles Maclay, Samuel Blythe, Samuel Walker, James Scott, Samuel McCune, Samuel Kearsley and Lieutenant Samuel Montgomery (lost a leg at Crooked Billet), John Heap, Esq., Samuel Cox, Esq., Francis Campble, John Reynolds, Esq., Thomas McClelland, Joseph McKinney, James McKee, Robert Donavin, William Turner, Thomas McCombs, William Sterrit, John Woods, Esq., William Anderson, John Maclay, James Dunlop, Esq., James Lowry, Esq., John Maclay (mountain), William Barr, Archibald Cambridge, John Herron, David Herron, David Duncan, John McKnight, James McCune, David Mahan, John Thompson, Jacob Porter, Isaac Jenkins (one of five brothers who died in camp of contagious disease, all of whom are buried in the lower graveyard), Samuel Dixon, John Grier.

Shortly after the commencement of the revolutionary war two powder mills were erected not far from Shippensburg ; the first of which stood near the foot of the South mountain, on the run a short distance above where Mary Ann Furnace was subsequently built. The other stood along the stream about a mile north-west of town, a few rods below where the Zearfoss flouring mill now stands. These mills during the war were worked to their utmost capacity, and aided to some extent in supplying the patriot army with powder.

The mill at the foot of the mountain was carried on by John Mull father of our former townsman, Ephraim Mull. Some time in the early part of the present century this mill was blown up, killing Mr. Mull and injuring one or two other persons. The mill below town was carried on by a man named Wall. It, too, was blown up, killing Mr. Wall. The troughs which had been used at these mills in the manufacture of powder, lay scattered around where the building stood, for many years after these disasters occurred. It has been stated that a mill was erected by Benjamin Blythe at the " Head of the Spring ;" but 1 have not been able to find that Mr. Blythe ever owned the Spring property, nor have I been able to find any evidence that a powder mill ever stood upon it. Mr. Blythe may have built a mill at a small spring on his own property, about three-quarters of a mile south of the former ; but if he did, all traces of it have disappeared.

In 1824 John Moore, of Carlisle, commenced the erection of a furnace on the run at the foot of the South mountain, about three-quarters of a mile above where the powder mill stood, which he named, Augusta. A few years after a second was erected on the same stream, about a mile below Augusta, which was called Mary Ann. A third was built at a later period about four miles east of the latter, which was named Big Pond.

These works were pushed with considerable vigor for several years, but owing to the many fluctuations which occurred in the iron trade ; and the increasing cost of coal and raw material they were finally abandoned as unprofitable. As long as timber was convenient and abundant the proprietors of these establishments managed to pay expenses, but no money was saved.

Although this was apparent to every one, it did not deter new men from taking hold of the works after the failure of others, and the result was that much money was sunk in fruitless efforts to make them remunerative.

A few years ago the Messrs. Shryock, of Chambersburg, erected extensive buildings at Middle Spring for the manufacture of paper boards. This enterprise appears to be prudenty and judiciously managed and we judge by outward indications, that it is compensating its owners. At this point a wool-carding and fulling mill for the dressing of cloths of domestic manufacture was carried on for a number of years, first in a building at the bend of the stream above where the paper mill now stands.

This building was torn down about 1817, and was succeeded in 1819 by the stone building near the streams convenient to the paper mill. This property was owned by Samuel Cox, and after his death by his son John Cox, Esq. Some distance above where the first fulling mill stood two brothers named Brady, who came from Lancaster county about thirty-five years ago, started an axe factory. This enterprise, however, was soon abandoned.

Iron ore deposits have been found at various points in this township from which the furnaces, when in operation, derived their supplies. The great body of this ore lies along the base of the South mountain, where banks have been opened and large quantities of ore were raised. About the time of the erection of Augusta Furnace, an ore bank was opened on the farm of Mr. George Clippman, now the property of Mr. John H. Cressler, from which ore of a superior quality was obtained. On a farm about four miles north of Shippensburg, belonging to Mr. Espy, of Harrisburg, there is another bank of very superior iron ore. This deposit is known as the Calico Bank, so named on account of the spotted appearance of the ore when broken. This ore is highly valued, and large quantities of it have been shipped to the east of the Susquehanna.

This township was organized in 1767. In form it is wedge-shaped, and is bounded along its entire northern end by the Conodoguinet, its western side by Hopewell and Southampton townships, and its eastern by Penn and West Pennsborough ; the lines forming the two sides uniting at a point on the South mountain. The greater portion of the land when properly treated and cultivated is highly productive. In the southern portion, extending some two or three miles in a northerly direction from the base of the mountain, are the pine lands. They are an admixture of clay and gravel, and are said to be amongst the surest and best wheat producing land in the county. In the centre of the township, for a breadth of several miles, clay or limestone land prevails ; a kind of land which has always been considered more valuable than any other in the valley. Much of the northern portion is slate land, which, has, under the improved method of treatment and cultivation, grown into favor amongst the agricultural portion of the people. At the first settlement, the southern section of the township was covered with a dense growth of yellow pine, with an undergrowth of hickory, chestnut and several varieties of oak. The centre was without timber, and was known as " Barrens ;" but about 1750 oak, hickory and a few pine bushes began to make their appearance on these barren lands, and at the close of the century they were covered with a thriving growth of valuable timber. Within the past forty years a great portion of the timber in both of these sections has disappeared ; much of it having been needlessly destroyed.

The early settlers were generally of Irish nativity, and were Presbyterians. Among them were the McCunes, Sterretts, Sharpes, Fultons, Graceys, Mickeys, Scroggs, Kilgores, Beatties and many others ; some of whose descendants are in possession of the homes of their ancestors. Toward the close of the last century, a few German families began to settle in the southern section, within a short distance of the South Mountain. Among these were the Seavers, Thrushes, Frys, Brickers, Bachmans and some others. Even as late as 1830 the people of this nationality, constituted but a small part of the population, but after that date much of the choice land of the section, passed into their possession. This is not the case, to so great an extent in the central and northern portions of the township.

For several years after 1819, what is now known as Jacksonville, contained but six small log houses, five of which stood on the southern side of the Walnut Bottom road, and the other on the northern side, in the vicinity of where Mr. Ernst's store now stands. This was a small log cabin, one story in height, and was occupied by a man named William Bowen. The first on the other side of the road which stood a little east of that of Mr. Bowen, was a similar edifice, which was occupied by a man named James Galbraith, a weaver. The next, a story and a half weather boarded house, stood about one hundred yards east of the latter, and was then occupied by a Welshman, named David Evans. A widow named Connor occupied a one-story house which stood a few rods east of that of Mr. Evans. Beside this stood a small two-story house which was occupied by a man named John Neal. On the hill, where Mrs. Waddle now lives, was then a two-story log house kept as a tavern by an Irishman named John McCaslin. A short distance east of this tavern there was a one-story log house occupied by two brothers and a sister named Snodgrass ; and at a little distance east of this house, on the opposite side of the road, where Mr. Lutshaw's residence now stands, stood a long low two-story weatherboarded log building which had never known the value of paint. This house was known as the " Bull-Ring" tavern, and was kept at that time by Michael Hawk. This and the house occupied by the Snodgrass family, were looked upon as outside the limits of the village.

The land on the north side of the road, in front of the other houses was the property of a man named Peter Fry, and the village was at first called Frystown. By general consent, however, the name of Canada was bestowed upon it, and, it was not called Jacksonville until

a number of years later. The pine forest extended to within a few yards of the rear of these houses, and their occupants generally supplied themselves with fuel, without cost, from the fallen and decaying pine timber and the pine knots which were found in abundance in the woods. These pine knots served a double purpose of giving both heat and light during the long winter evenings ; and whilst the children would be seated at one side of a large fireplace listening to some fairy tale, or engaged in a game of morrice, the mother would be seated at the other side with her spinning-wheel, or plying " her needle an' her sheers" to

At that time there was no store nearer than where Centerville now stands, on the east, and none nearer than Shippensburg on the west. All the groceries and other merchandise necessary for family use, were purchased at one of these places. The first store opened in the place, was started by Mr. James Kyle. The village at present contains a number of good buildings, and has a population of about four hundred inhabitants. The Harrisburg and Potomac Railroad passes along the southern side of the town, the cars upon which run no farther than to this point.

Stoughstown is situated on the turnpike leading from Carlisle to Shippensburg nearly seven miles east of the latter place. it took its name from Mr. John Stough, who kept a tavern in the place for a number of years, and who has been dead fully forty years. Before railroads and canals were in use in this State, this house did a business, quite sufficient to have made Mr. Stough wealthy had his charges been equal to the average of those of the hotel-keepers of the present day. The stages and wagons of that day patronized him liberally ; his house being considered one of the best, in point of accommodations and generous fare, along the road. The existence of this town, although it has not increased greatly in population, dates back fully three quarters of a century. During a number of years, the place contained but eight or ten houses, a blacksmith's and a wagonmaker's shop.

About a mile north of the town rises Big Spring, which flows along the eastern border of Newton township to Newville, thence to where it empties into the Conodoguinet creek, separating from its source to its confluence with the Conodoguinet, Newton from Westpennsboro' township. This stream in its course, turns a number of flouring mills which are mostly located on its eastern bank. At its head, on the Westpennsboro' side of the line, stands the village of Springfield which contained some five or six small houses or cabins as early as 1740 ; but owing to its isolation it has not increased either in improvements or in population.

Oakville, a small post village on the Cumberland Valley Railroad, six miles east of Shippensburg, contains a number of dwelling houses, a warehouse, store, and several shops in which various mechanical branches are carried on. Prior to the making of the railroad it had no existence, and even since that time it has made but little progress in population.

Dickinson township now includes only that portion of Cumberland county lying between South Middleton township on the east and Penn and Cooke townships on the west. It extends from the boundary of West Pennsborough township, the Harrisburg and Chambersburg turnpike, on the north, to the Adams county line on the south. It is nearly a rectangle in form, and is about twelve miles in length, from north to south, with an average width of about five and one-half miles. It formerly included the townships of Penn and Cooke, and prior to its division was the largest township in the county.

The Cumberland Valley was first divided into the townships of Pennsborough and Hampden ; Pennsborough including nearly the whole of the territory now embraced in Cumberland county. The formation of Middleton township divided Pennsborough, and the western division of it became West Pennsborough township. Dickinson was formed from a portion of West Pennsborough, by h decree of the Court of Quarter Sessions of this county, made April 17th, 1785. There is no survey on record of the township as it was then constituted, nor does the decree of the Court, or the petition on which it was made, define its boundaries very accurately. It seems certain, however, that it extended from South Middleton on the east to Newton on the west, and from the " great road leading from Harrisburg to Chambersburg on the north," to Adams county on the south.

The original settlers of this region were mainly Irish. They were farmers, and were, doubtless, attracted to it by the indications of a rich and fertile soil, which must have been abundant even when it was a wilderness. They settled first along the Yellow Breeches creek, and purchased from the proprietaries of the Province, large tracts of land, which they soon cleared and made productive. Many of the descendants of these pioneers still reside in this township, and own the lands on which their ancestors settled. It would add much to the interest of this sketch to give the names of the early settlers, with the traditions of early times, which linger among their descendants, but this is impracticable for want of space, and reliable data. In order, however, that there may be an accessible record of the names of the fathers of this township, the petition for its erection, with the names of the petitioners, as it remains on record in the Court, will be copied. It is as follows :

To the Worshipful Justices of the Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peaces for the County of Cumberland, April Term, 1785.

The Humble Petition of the Freeholders of West Pennsboro Township Humbly Sheweth :

That said Township is much too Large for officers to perform their Respective duties without uncommon Fatague far above what the officers of our Neighboring Townships do feel—

Therefore we pray your Worships to appoint and confirm a Line to divide said Township & as the Great Road leading from Carlisle to Shippensburg doth appear to be nearly Centerable we pray said Road to be confirmed for a line between the North and South divisions, the

Care and upholding said Road to fall to the North Division or district and your petitioners as in duty bound will pray.

In the northern portion of this township the land is undulating, with a heavy clay soil in which limestone is abundant. The surface is generally smooth and unbroken, but in many places rocks are numerous. This portion of the township is almost entirely cleared and devoted to agriculture. The farms are in the highest state of cultivation and the improvements almost extravagant. Perhaps in no other portion of the State are there so many enormous and handsomely-furnished barns, or so many substantial, and even elegant farmhouses to the square mile as in this part of Dickinson township.

This limestone formation is about six miles wide, extending from the West Pennsborough line to the Yellow Breeches creek. Between the creek and the base of the South Mountain there is a narrow strip of gravel land less than two miles wide. Within the memory of the present generation this land was regarded almost valueless. It was settled by those who were unable to buy homes in the more fertile part of the township, and for many years they were regarded by their richer neighbors as men who were sacrificing themselves in a hopeless effort to make grain grow where the soil seemed entirely sand and gravel. But patience and labor have wrought miracles here as elsewhere. This portion of the township is now well cultivated, has excellent buildings and fences and a productiveness but little less than the limestone section.

The southern half of the township is made up of the hills which compose the South Mountain. It is simply a mountain region, with few inhabitants and almost entirely unproductive. The hills are covered with a light growth of oak, chestnut and yellow pine timber, but they have been so frequently cut off and burnt over that the value of the timber is inconsiderable. Except two or three large tracts which are owned by iron manufacturing companies, the land on these -hills is owned in small lots by farmers who obtain therefrom rails and fuel for their own use.

Dickinson township is drained by Yellow Breeches and Mountain creeks. Mountain creek is a small stream which rises among the hills of the South Mountain, and, emerging through Mount Holly Gap, joins the Yellow Breeches near Boiling Springs. Yellow Breeches Creek has its source in Newton township, and flows in an easterly course through Penn and Dickinson north of the mountain. It is increased by several smaller streams, and furnishes the water power for all the mills and manufactories of the township.

The manufacturing interests of this township are small. They consist entirely of grist mills and saw mills, and these are sufficient only to supply local demands. There are no iron manufactories whatever.

The South Mountain Iron Company's Railroad and the Harrisburg and Potomac Railroad cross Dickinson township. The former was built in 1869 by a company of capitalists, among whom was Jay Cooke, for the purpose of developing and carrying to market the iron ore of the Pine Grove estate in Cooke township, which they owned. This railroad extends from Carlisle to Pine Grove, a distance of eighteen miles, crossing this township between the hills of the South Mountain. Its only terminal connection is with the Cumberland Valley Railroad at Carlisle.

The Harrisburg and Potomac Railroad crosses this township along the course of the Yellow Breeches Creek. It is only partially completed. It is intended to cross the Susquehanna River near New Cumberland and connect with the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, and also to extend in a southwesterly direction to connect with the Western Maryland Railroad. It is finished at present only from Bowmansdale to Jacksonville, a distance of about eighteen miles. This railroad was projected by the Messrs. Ahl, who are large land owners and iron manufacturers, and thus far it has been built through their energy and mainly by their means. It has now no terminal connections, and its passengers and freight are brought to the Cumberland Valley Railroad over the South Mountain and the Mechanicsburg and Dillsburg Railroads, both of which it crosses.

There are no permanently-established private schools or academics in this township. The common schools are well sustained and taught by competent and efficient teachers. The length of the term is six months annually, and in many of the districts private schools are maintained during three summer months by subscription. The last annual report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction gives the following information concerning the public schools of the township " Number of schools, 11 ; number of months taught, 6 ; male teachers, 4 ; female teachers, 7 ; average salary of male teachers per month, $31.25; average salary of female teachers per month, $32.85;

number of male scholars, 212 ; female, 213 ; average number attending school, 269 ; tax levied for school purposes, $2,892.30.

There are but two churches within the township limits. One is located near Barnitz's hills, and is the property of the Methodist Protestant congregation of that neighborhood. It was built first about 1844, and has since been rebuilt and improved. The other church is located near the mountain, on Spruce Run, and is used as a place of worship by the colored people of that vicinity. A very large portion of the people of Dickinson worship of Carlisle, and many of them attend the Presbyterian, Lutheran and Brethren churches in Penn township. Religious services are held in many of the school houses of the township.

There are two incidents connected with the history of Dickinson which are of sufficient general interest to record, and which should be preserved. Both are connected with the difficulties which grew out of the existence of slavery. The South Mountain afforded the first hiding place for colored people who were escaping from bondage, and many of them remained for some time in the region where they first rested. Dickinson received its full share of these fugitives. The route of the slaves of Oliver, whose escape gave rise to the litigation known' as the case of Kauffman vs. Oliver, lay through this township, and one of its citizens, who sheltered them for a night, paid dearly for his humanity. The details of this case have been written at length for another portion of this work, and they need not be repeated.

The other occurrence was shortly before the breaking out of the war of the Rebellion, and the excitement which grew from it was merged and forgotten in the greater events of the war. The main features of it will be given briefly :

Some time in the spring of 1859, a mulatto man, named John Butler, with his wife and child, came to Dickinson township and lived in a small house near the Spruce Run. They were noticeably quiet, inoffensive persons. The man and woman worked at such employment as they could find, and the little girl attended the public school known as Farmers Academy. They had been here but a short time until some persons, whose knowledge of such things had previously attracted notice, gave out that this family were runaway slaves. On the night of June 10th, 1859, these people disappeared, and the appearance of the dwelling made it certain that they had been forcibly removed. At that time the forcible abduction of colored persons meant their enslavement—the one followed the other with unerring certainty.

Many attempts have been made to illustrate the heartlessness and cruelty of the kidnapper's work, but it was never more clearly depicted than in the description given by a witness, during the trial which followed, of Butler's house the morning he was taken away. It was given in these words :

" A yellow man named John Butler, lived there, and was, at the time I speak of, in my employ. His family consisted of a wife and one child. The woman was from thirty to thirty-three years old, and the child from seven to nine years. They went away in June ; were there in the June previous, and I think in April. On Friday the 10th day of June, last, he worked for me, and left that evening, and that was the last I saw of him. On that same night, between 12 and 2 o'clock, I received information which induced me to take a horse and ride over to Butler's house, about three-fourths of a mile from whet I lived. I found the house open and no person in it. His hat, coat and the boots that he had worn the day before, were lying around the room. There were other clothes, apparently of a child, lying around the room. There was a chair and a stool, a snuff box and a likeness lying about the middle of the room. The bed appeared as if some part of the family, if not all, had been in it. The bread was laid up and in the chest. Then I came to Mammas' stable, where a two-horse carriage had been standing. I followed the track of the carriage dow to the turnpike gate."

At once measures were taken by the community to punish the perpetrators of this crime, and, if possible, to restore the colored peopl to their home. Several of the citizens, among whom Richard Wood and John Morrison were the most active, exerted themselves to as certain who were the kidnappers, and employed counsel to assist th officers of the Commonwealth to secure their conviction. It was soot ascertained that a man named Emanuel Myers, who lived in Mary land, just beyond the Pennsylvania line, and who was a negro catche of standing and reputation, had been in the vicinity the day before and information was at once made for his arrest. A warrant was is sued and placed in the hands of Sheriff McCartney, who found him shortly afterwards, within the State, and lodged him in the Carlisle jail to await his trial.

The arrest of this kidnapper caused the wildest excitement through out Maryland, and even farther South. It was asserted that Myers had been decoyed into Pennsylvania, in order that he might be seized and that the arrest was not only an outrage on one of her citizens, bu a gross indignity to the State of Maryland. The newspapers united ir denunciation of this northern aggression, and called vehemently on the authorities to take such action as would vindicate the honor and dignity of a sovereign Commonwealth.

At the trial of Myers, which took place at the August sessions of 1859, the State of Maryland sent three lawyers—Bradley Johnson Johnson Meredith and Eichelbarger—to conduct the defense The Commonwealth was represented by A. B. Sharpe, Esq., and Hon Frederick Watts. The capture of Butler and his family, although no formally admitted, was not seriously questioned. The real defense was that they had been slaves of Elizabeth Warfield, of Frederick county, Maryland, and that, although she had in her lifetime manumitted them, yet, as her estate turned out insolvent, the emancipator of the slaves was a fraud on her creditors, and her executor had the right to recapture and sell them as a part of her estate. After a mos exciting trial, the jury found Myers guilty of kidnapping. After the verdict was rendered, it was proposed, on the part of Myers, that if he were permitted to go without punishment he would return Butler and his family to their home. Sentence was suspended, and Myers gave his own recognizance to appear at a subsequent session of the Court and shortly afterwards the colored people returned to Dickinson town. ship where they have since lived. The Commonwealth never press& for a sentence, and the case practically closed.

But for the war, which so closely followed and obliterated the sys tern of bondage, out of which this occurance grew, it would doubtless have been the theme of many an angry debate. But the incidents tha attended the existence of slavery, have grown insignificant by con trast with those connected with its overthrow, and it may well be wondered now how the arrest of a kidnapper could have even been the subject of interest or excitement, except to see that it was consummated.

Penn township was formed from Dickinson by a decree of the Court made Oct. 23, 1860. It then included all the territory lying between the present townships of Dickinson and Newton. Since its formation Cooke township has been formed out of its southern portion, and includes nearly all of the mountain territory of Penn. It now embraces only that portion of the county lying between Dickinson and Newtcn, and extending frcm the Harrisburg and Chambersburg turnpike on the north to the top of the first ridge of the South Mountain on the south.

Its physical features are exactly the same as that portion of Dickinson lying north of the Mountain. The northern side of the township has a heavy limestone soil and is very fertile, and well adapted to agricultural purposes. The soil south of the Yellow Breeches is sandy, but has been well tilled and yields fine crops of wheat, corn, rye, oats and grass. The buildings are excellent.

It is drained by the Yellow Breeches creek which passes through the township in easterly direction. This is a small stream until it reaches the eastern line of the township, where it is considerably increased by a number of other streams.

The population is somewhat different from that of Dickinson township. Fewer of the descendants of the original settlers remain and there is a large German element. It is also much more denseky populated. There are many small villages, and a larger proportion of laborers and mechanics than in Dickinson.

The main public road in Penn township is the Walnut Bottom leading from Shippensburg to Carlisle. In former years it was the route used for bringing cattle from the 'Western States to the Eastern market. Then it was constantly crowded with droves to the great profit of the farmers, who had pasture lands, and to the annoyance of all other travelers. As the railroads now carry the live stock, droves have almost disappeared from this road and the travel now is entirely local.

The only manufactories are grist mills and saw mills, and these only of a capacity to supply local demands. There are now no iron manufactories whatever. At Huntsville is the site of the Cumberland Furnace, built in the beginning of the century by Michael Ege, then, perhaps, the largest land owner and iron master in Pennsylvania. At his death it descended to his daughter, Mrs. Wilson. It has since been owned, and for sometime operated, by General Thomas C. Miller, and some twenty years ago, was for a short time, leased and operated by Dr. William Mateer. Since then it has been entirely abandoned. All the buildings, except a portion of the coal house, have been demolished and the only trace of the iron manufacture remaining are the cinder roads in the vicinity. Before Cooke township Was organized, Penn included the Pine Grove Iron Works, which had been also part of the estate of Michael Ege, and which for many years was owned and operated by William M. Watts, Esq.

Villages are numerous. Along the Walnut Bottom road there are Cumminstown, Centerville and Hockersville, and on the Pine road, Hunstville, Brushtown, and Sidetown. There are several other clusters of houses in the township, but they have not been named.

Cumminstown was named for Rev. Charles P. Cummins, who was one of the early pastors of the Presbyterian church located there. It consists of some ten dwelling houses, including a parsonage, arid. has two churches and one school house.

Centerville is a mile farther west and is said to have received its name from being halfway between Carlisle and Shippensburg. This suggestion is one of the traditions of the neighborhood, and is given for what it is worth. There are, perhaps, thirty-five dwellings, with a population of about two hundred persons. It has a church, school honse, post office, tannery, blacksmith shop and carriage factory. Formerly it had a hotel, but this was abandoned some years since.

Huntsville, formerly Spring Mills, is a station on the Harrisburg and Potomac Railroad. It has several mills, two stores, warehouse and school house.

At present there are no private schools or academies in Penn township. In 1856 a private school was commenced at Centerville by Mr. R. L. Sibbett, then a graduate of Pennsylvania College, in which were taught Greek and Latin, Natural Sciences and the Higher Mathematics. This school was for two or three years quite successful. There were about thirty students, male and female, in attendance. Mr. Sibbet remained in charge of the school for three sessions. Rev. George P. Hays succeeded him for one session, and he was succeeded by Mr. E. M. Hays, who remained also one session. No further attempt was made to continue the school. Of those who were students at this school two are now Ministers, one a Missionary in Japan, three are lawyers, residing in Carlisle, one is a physician and several are or have been teachers. Of its teachers, Mr. Sibbet is now practicing medicine in Carlisle, and Rev. George P. Hays is President of Washington and Jefferson College, at Washington, Pennsylvania.

The public schools of this township are well sustained, and are taught by competent teachers. The school term is six months, and in many of the districts the schools are kept open three months longer by subscription.

From the report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction for 1877 we obtain the following information concerning the public schools of the township : Number of schools ten, male teachers six, female teachers six, number of male scholars one hundred and ninety-nine, female one hundred and seventy-four ; average number of attendance at school three hundred and two ; salaries of male teachers thirty-five dollars per month ; salaries of female teachers thirty-three dollars per month ; tax levied for schools two thousand two hundred and ninety-four dolkars.

For some reason, perhaps that the people of what is now Dickinson township generally worshipped at Carlisle, but few churches are found in that township. Penn is more fortunate and has within its limits six churches—one belonging to the Presbyterians, one to the Lutherans, one to the Disciples of Christ, one to the Brethren, one to

the United Brethren in Christ, and one to the Church of God. These terms are used in thir denominational sense.

The oldest of these is located on the Walnut Bottom Road at Cumminstown, and known as Dickinson church. It is the property of the Presbyterian congregation of the neighborhood, and was built by them in the year 1829. It is a neat brick structure and will seat about four hundred persons. The pastors of this church in the order of their succession are Rev. McKnight Williamson, Rev. Charkes P. Cummins, Rev. O. O. McLean, Rev. James F. Kennedy, Rev. David Greer, Rev. S. H. S. Gallandet, Rev. James S. Woodburn and Rev. Henry Rinker. It is not designed to give in detail the length of the pastorate of each of these ministers, nor the growth of the congregation while under their charge. Of the earlier of these pastors are many pleasant traditions remaining among the older members of the congregation. Dr. Charles Cummins was a graduate in medicine, and in addition to his pastorate duties was the medical adviser of the neighborhood. He was a man of genial disposition and was an especial favorite with his congregation.

Mr. McLean had a wide, deserved reputation as a pulpit orator. Few men could speak in as terse and forcible language and none excelled him in earnestness of manner and fervor of expression. He was a slight delicate looking man, always in feeble health, but ever ready for labor in the pulpit or in ministering to his–congregation. His congregation loved him personally as much as they admired his superior abilities. Although thirty-four years have passed since his installation at Dickinson he is still in the ministry, and labors faithfully at his church in Lewistown, Pennsylvania.

Mr. Kennedy, his successor, was a scholar of superior attainments, and an earnest and faithful minister. During his pastorate he became blind and required the assistance of a reader, but his affliction did not abate his earnestness or efficiency.

The church at Centerville belongs to the Lutheran congregation, now in charge of Rev. David Swope. It is a handsome brick building, and was built in 1852 under the pastorate of the Rev. Charles Klink. The congregation has been for many years in a prosperous condition. The pastors of this congregation in the order of their service are Rev. D. P. Rosenmiller, Rev. John Rosenberg, Rev. Christian Kunkle, Rev. Charles Klink, Rev. S. S. Link, Rev. J. Wefley Rev. A. Babb, Rev. S. L. Guss, Rev. S. W. Owen, Rev. G. M. Carhart, Rev. C. D. Keedy, Rev. J. Deitrich and Rev. D. Swope.

South of Dickinson church near the creek is the church of the Brethren. The congregation are known generally as Dunkerstheir denominational name is German Baptists. This church was erected in 1863. It is a plain, substantial brick structure, and will accommodate six hundred persons. Services are held here every second Sabbath. This church has no professional minister. The services are conducted by ministers chosen from the congregation and ordained to preach. The ministers now in service are Joseph Sollenberger, Daniel Keller, Daniel Hollinger, Cyrus Brindle and John F. Stamey. The people comprising this congregation are distinguished in the community by their plainness of dress, industry, orderly behavior, freedom from quarrels and lawsuits, and devotion to their religious belief. They are almost entirely farmers, and are thrifty and energetic. They assist one another, settle their disputes among themselves, and are in all repects useful and valuable citizens.

The other churches of the township are smaller and have been built more recently than those above described-. The church of the United Brethren is located on the Pine Road near the western line of the township, and is in charge of Rev. W. H. Wagner. A church for the use of those known as Disciples of Christ has been erected by Mr. David Lefever near the Dickinson church. It has no pastor in charge at present.

The names of the frrst settlers of West Pennsborough, indicate that they were all of Irish descent. On the land warrants dating back to 1743 and down to 1786, the most prominent are Atcheson, McFarlane, Dunbar, McAllister, Dunning, Ross, Mitchell, Pierce and others. Not a single German name makes its appearance until 1790, when the Mennonites began to move in from Lancaster, Bucks and Lebanon counties. Among these were the Dillers and the Bears, who possessed sufficient capital not only to purchase large tracts of land, but to erect substantial stone dwelling houses and barns. The Hessians who had been captured by Washington at Trenton in 1777, were represented by Washmoud and Rinbe, who settled here about the same time. Owing to the disturbed state of the country during the Indian and Revolutionary wars, there had previously been but little progress in agriculture ; but these thrifty Germans set an example in the improvement of their homes which was soon followed by the earlier settlers. From that time onward the advance has been rapid and uninterrupted. John Davidson had land patented on Mt. Rock Spring as early as 1745; and the name of M'Keehan is found upon title papers bearing date of 1776.

West Pennsborough township was reduced to its present limits in 1785, when Dickinson was taken off from the south, Frankford having been taken off from the north at an earlier period. The first settlers seem to have preferred the kands adjacent to the water courses, such as ,Big Spring on the western boundary ; the Conodoguinet on the northern ; Mount Rock Spring which rises in the southern part,

and after running about a hundred rods, passes under a hill near Robert McKeehan's residence, reappears about a hundred rods further on at Peter Ritner's and running nearly due north empties into the Conodoguinet ; and McAllisters Run which rises in Dickinson, runs northwardly about three and a half miles east of Mount Rock Run across the township and empties also into the Conodoguinet.

The earliest settlement was made by a family named Atcheson at a place now owned by J. A. Laughlin a descendant of the original settler and at the " Old Fort" on land now in the possession of William Lehman, formerly of Abram Diller. This fort was built at an early day (perhaps 1733) to be a refuge from the Indians. In this fort, was probably the first house in the present township, built before the Indian title to the lands was extinguished, inasmuch as the warrant for the two hundred acres on which it stands was taken out by James McFarlane in 1743, and in it the building was even then called " The Old Fort." One of the grandparents of the present generation of the Laughlin family was born in this fort. Abram Diller built an addition of stone to the original structure, covered the log portion with weather boards, and occupied the whole as a dwelling house. In 1856 the entire building was accidentally burned. Adjoining the original tract on the eastward was another containing four hundred acres which was also taken up in 1743 by James McFarlane and has since been known as the " New Farm." Both tracts were sold in 1790 by him to Abram & Peter Diller, whose descendants are still in possession of a portion of the New Farm. None of the houses built by the original settlers are now standing; the log cabins of the Atchesons and Laughlins having long since given place to substantial stone dwellings. As early as 1795 there was a house erected at Mount Rock, and not far from the same time was another at McAllister's Run. The oldest building now used as a residence is believed to • be the one new occupied by George Koontz in the village of Plainfiekd.

The oldest burial place in the township is supposed to be on the New Farm which has been mentioned near the Old Fort. In the centre of this enclosure there is a plot occupied by graves but with nothing to tell whose remains lie there. An addition was made to the whole by Mr. Diller, and the more recent graves surround the original plot on three sides. Some of the older gravestones have inscriptions in the German language. One of these tells us that the body of " Christine Moyer, born Musselman, married to John Moyer in 1779 and died in 1810," is interred there. Another, " Magdalen Neiswanger, born Hershi, Nov. 6th, 1767 ; married to Emanuel Neiswanger, March 23rd, 1784 ; honored and beloved 39 years, 11 months and 2 days ; and died January 25th, 1824, aged 56 years, 3 months and 24 days." There are other gravestones but their inscriptions are entireky obliterated. Enough, however, remain to warrant the opinion that this is the oldest burial place in the township.

The first flour mill in the township of which we have any authentic information was built in 1770, and yet stands at Newville on the Atcheson tract and is owned by John A. Laughlin. Piper's Mill, on Big Spring, now owned by Mr. Hursh, was built in 1771. There is, however, a mill which was originally built on the Conodoguinet by Abram Landis and Samuel Bowman, and was afterwards known as Alter's Mill, which some claim to have been the first flour mill in the township. The warrant for the entire tract now owned by the heirs of William Alter was taken out in 1786 by Richard and John Woods, who sold the land on which the mill was built to Landis and Bowman the same year in which the patent was granted them. The mill was certainly in existence at that date. The present mill was built by William Alter in 1832. There are now three other mills on the Big Spring, viz :

Manning's, above Piper's ; Ahl's, formerly Irvine's, between Piper's and Laughlin's ; and Lindsey's, formerly Diller's, below Laughlin's. On the Conodoguinet are D. Frank King's, formerly Shellabarger's ; McCrea's, formerly Alter's ; Greider's, formerly Diller's ; and John F. Lindsey's, formerly Forbes'. Alter's mill was also a trading post, where sugar, coffee, salt, &c., were kept for the accommodation of the people in the vicinity. These articles were not so common in those times as more recently ; and on one occasion a farmer pur- chased a quarter of a pound of coffee, saying that his family were not entirely out of that article, but that his wife liked to have a store ahead. Mr. Alter also had a saw mill, a clover mill and a distillery on the same property, but the flour mill alone remains.

Besides Alter's distillery, just mentioned, there were: one at McFarlane's, now William Logan's; one at Mount Rock ; one at Mount Rock spring, where Peter Ritner now resides ; and one on the property now owned by C. W. Weaver, four and a half miles west of Carlisle.

A tannery was once in operation by Arthur Graham on the farm now owned by William Lehmon, but it has for several years been abandoned. Another was carried on by James Davidson on the Big Spring, near Laughlin's mill, but it is now owned by Hursh & Gra ham, with all modern improvements and a large business.

The first house of public entertainment was opened on the property now owned by Henry Bear, about midway between Carlisle and Newville. The land was patented by a man named Mitchell in 1786, and' the place was named Mitchellsburg. The house was generally called the " Irish House," and was a place of an extensive resort, so that it was reported that a barrel of whiskey was sometimes drank there in a day. No vestige of the house now remains, but pieces of broken crockery are occasionally turned up on the old site by the plough. Taverns were also kept at a kater day in Plainfield (for many years called Smoketown, because every inhabitant was said to be a smoker), and on the old road leading from Carlisle to Shippensburg. Philip Rhoads kept one on the property now owned by J. H. Lindsey, three miles west of Carlisle, and John Paul where John Z. Paul now lives. This last was a relay house, where stages changed horses ; and Mount Rock was a favorite stopping place for the heavy wagons then in use. Palmstown had also a tavern in the house now occupied by Jacob Cheanell. Jacob Palm also kept a relay house (then called a stage office), where Benjamin Myers now lives. Since the introduction of railroads and the diversion of traffic into new channels, there have been no taverns on the turnpike.

During the last century there were blacksmith shops at various points ; as at Plainfield, Mount Rock, Palmstown and Springfield. Others of less note were located so as to accommodate neighborhoods too remote from the farmers, and most of these were soon given up

for want of patronage. The manufacture of wagons, ploughs, harrows, and such articles, was for a number of years carried on at Mt. Rock by Samuel Spangler, who was succeeded in 1837 by Captain George Miller until about 1860, when he gradually withdrew from the business. A new shop was about that time built in the neighborhood by W. D. Swiler, who supplies the wants of the people in that line. A carriage factory was established about twenty years since at Plainfield by George Strohm and his sons, whose work appears to give general satisfaction.

Dr. Joshua Williams was the pastor of the Presbyterian congregation at Big Spring, from 1802 to 1828, though he resided at Mount Rock spring, on a farm now owned by John S. Davidson. Besides acceptably serving his congregation for more than a quarter of a century, he, with his family, cultivated there an extensive farm. His successor, Rev. Robert McCachren, was also a resident of West Penns-borough. Jacob Alter came, in 1790, from Litiz, in Lancaster county, and settled at or near Alter's mill, on the Conodoguinet, where he lived until 1806.

During this time he represented Cumberland county six or seven times in the State Legislature. His son, Jacob Alter, Jr., was elected, to the Legislature in 1814, and served there for twenty one consecutive terms. Samuel McKeehan, also a citizen of West Pennsborough, represented the county for a number of terms, and Robert McCachren, Jr., who now represents it, is a native and a resident of that township. John McKeehan, who was an elector for this Congressional District, in 1840, owned and resided upon the farm now owned by Tobias Seitz, about half way between Mount Rock and Newville. Ex-Governor, Joseph Ritner, who was born in 1780, on the banks of the Schuylkill, came to this township about 1794, and was hired for a time to Jacob Myers, who then lived on the farm now owned by the Rev. R. McCachren, one mile east of Newville, on the road to Mount Rock. He remained with Mr. Myers until May 26, 1801, when he married Susannah Alter, and removed to Washington county, Pa., where he purchased a farm of wood land, cleared one hundred acres of it, and lived there a number of years. In 1814 he served for a while under General Harrison, in the campaign against the combined British and Indians, in the Northwestern Territory. In 1820 he was elected to the State Legislature, served six consecutive terms, was twice chosen Speaker of the House, once unanimously, and in 1835 was elected Governor of Pennsylvania. In 1840 he was the Senatorial Elector for President ; but on the expiration of his term as Governor he purchased the farm on Mount Rock spring, now owned by his son, Peter Ritner, and resided on it until his death, in October, 1869.

The first station on the Cumberland Valley Railroad, in West Pennsborough was occupied, in 1839, by John and David Alter. It was seven miles west of Carlisle, and for a number of years was called Alterton, but recently the name has been changed to Kerrsville. It is now owned by C. Jacoby, Esq., and has a post office and a daily mail. In 1856 John Greyson laid out a station on his farm, one and a-half miles east of Kerrsville, where there is also a post office, a daily mail, and an express office. David Paul has the charge of all these ; and Josiah S. Carothers owns a warehouse. A considerable village has sprung up at this point. The first house was built nearly thirty years since. There is also a warehouse about one mile east of Greyson, built near 1846, by Methusakeh Davis, which is now owned by Adam Finkenbinder, and is occupied by A. L. Beetem, grain merchant.

The land on which Palmstown is located was surveyed, in 1785, by John Kean, on a warrant taken out by John Turner. In the original patent the tract was called Mount Pleasant. In 1800 the land was purchased by Jacob Palm, who kept a tavern in the first house erected on the property. The building has since received several additions, and is now the residence of Jacob Chisnel. The town was never regularly laid out, but the collection of houses along the road was called Palmstown, in honor of the principal proprietor. Mr. Palm aspired to be a witch doctor, and some practical jokes are said to have been practiced upon him in that character by his neighbors. The eastern portion of the town is on land originally patented by Adam Neal, but subsequently sold to John Smith. A part of the same tract was sold, in 1811, to Jacob Goodhart, and is now owned by John Goodhart. Mr. Goodhart has a clock, manufactured in 1767, and still in good running order.

The land on which Springfield stands was patented to William McCracken and Samuel Finley, who are called partners in the deed. The year in which the patent was granted is not mentioned in any of the records, but the town was probably laid out about 1790. After building the first mill in the place, Mr. McCracken sold out, in 1809, to Robert Peebles. The tract consisted of 130 acres, deeded in fee, except that part on which Springfreld stands, for which the said Peebles was to receive only quit-rents. These quit-rents were extinguished only about twenty years ago. Before the turnpike from Carlisle to Chambersburg was constructed, a brisk business was transacted at Springfreld, there being in operation not only a flour mill, but three taverns, four distilleries, two stores, and the usual proportion of mechanics' shops. The first road laid out in the county, from Harris' Ferry to the Potomac, in 1750, crossed the Big Spring at this point. At present there is neither a distillery nor a tavern in the town. There are, however, a church belonging to the United Brethren, and two first-class schools.

The land on which Plainfield stands was patented to two different persons. The western part, from a road running to the Conodoguinet, and including the land now owned by J. K. Longnecker, was patented to Jacob Alter, in 1793 ; and the eastern, including land now owned by Thomas Stump's heirs, some time before, to Hon. Richard Peters. In Alter's patent, the tract he purchased was called Plainfield. In 1794 forty-three acres were sold to Frederick Roadaker, who made the first improvements upon them. George Nailer bought from Roadaker in 1798, and the next year sold to Jacob Weigel, who, dying intestate, the property had to be sold by order of the court, and was purchased by Joseph Showalter.

In 1812 Michael Forner, an inn-keeper, purchased the property from Showalter, and two years later sold to John Strickler. Meanwhile Jacob Weigel, blacksmith, Henry Weigel, wagonmaker, John Howenstein, shoemaker, and John Howenstein, cooper, had purchased lots from the different proprietors, erected houses, and began to ply their respective trades. The place was generakly then called Smoke-

town or Smokeytown, either for the reason we have before assigned, .(p. 268) or because the blacksmiths manufactured their own charcoal, and kept the atmosphere charged with smoke. When the population became large enough to secure for the place a post office, the original name of Plainfield was restored and is now generally used. The tavern, since it was left by Forner, has been kept successively by Abram Diffendal, Irvine, and Colonel John Wyncoop, until 1840, when a new building. was erected for a tavern, and the old one was turned into a private residence. The new house has been kept by William Winholtz, William Aughinbaugh and Lewis Zitzer, and it is now kept by J. W. Fair.

In 1847 an Academy was established about a half mile east of Plainfield, by R. K. Burns, and was called the " Plainfreld Academy." He was assisted for a time by David Denlinger, and for ten or twelve years the institution was very successful ; but for some cause it then lost patronage, and in 1861 it was entirely discontinued. A select school was subsequently taught at Greason, by F. M. L. Gillelen, and afterwards by Miss Rachel Walk, Erastus H. Saunders, and G. W. Lesher. At the present time the public schools are of a character fully to meet the wants of the inhabitants.

The most important place in the township since the turnpike was built has been the village of Mount Rock. Besides a store and a tavern, it has had wagonmaker's and blacksmith's shops, which have had a high reputation ; also shoemaker's, tailor's, cooper's, brickmaker's and butcher's shops and a distillery. The township elections and the musterings and reviews of the old militia were also held there. But this state of things has now passed away. The tavern is occupied as an ordinary dwelling, the cooper's, brickmaker's and butcher's shops are all gone, and the old distillery is used as a warehouse. The blacksmiths, wagonmakers, tailors and shoemakers meet with small ,encouragement, and only the store kept by J. C. Keiser, and the painter's shop kept by L. B. Sprout are in a thriving condition. All religious denominations met for worship in the school-house until about 1846, when the Disciples, sometimes called Campbellites, gained some strength in the place ; and so much controversy was awakened with them that the members of the Evangelical Association and others united to build a church from which they alone were to be excluded. The church was accordingly built, and the original terms are still adhered to.

One mile west of Plainfield is West Hill, containing a store kept by J. K. Beidler, a blacksmith shop and buildings for other mechanics. The United Brethren have a church at this place. The first house was on land owned by Andrew Heickes, and the village is on land formerly owned by Mr. Washmood.

A number of attempts have been made at different times to have the township divided. In 1844 the people were called upon to express their views at an election, and the decision was adverse to a division. The advocates of the measure then appealed to the Legislature and obtained a law to make the road from the breast of Alter's mill dam to Mount Rock, the dividing line ; the eastern part to retain the old name of West Pennsborough, and the western to be called Big Spring township. The next Legislature repealed the law and restored the township to its former condition. Two efforts have since been made to effect a division, but the vote of the people was in both instances against it by large majorities. Until 1858 the spring elections were held at Mount Rock, but since that time they have been held at the school-house in Kerrsville. At the fall elections the people of Upper Pennsborough always voted in Newville, and those of Lower Pennsborough in Carlisle. About 1858, however, the place of voting was changed to Plainfield, so that the township stands as it was in 1785, and as it must continue until a division kine can be selected that will not require joint schools or a public highway for a dividing line.

Frankford township is bounded on the north by the Blue Mountain, on the east by North Middleton township, on the south by West Pennsborough township (of which it formerly constituted a part), and on the west by Mifflin township, and was organized between 1779 and 1803. (See p. 124.)

The most of the early settlers were of Scotch-Irish descent. Among them were the Allens, Armstrongs, Bells, Benders, Butlers, Browns, Dillers, Douglases, Ernsts, Espys, Gilbraiths, Goods, Gilles-pies, Gettys, Hayses, Leckeys, Logans, Lutzes, Lairds, McCommons, Mountzes, Nickeys, Powers, Sharps, Stoners, Woodses, Wagners and Wards.

The first settlers were attracted to this township by the excellent springs of water, heavy timber and fine meadows or grazing lands. This was truly in the days of log cabins, and the present generation are amazed at the selections of lands and situations for building made by the pioneers of our township. Their houses, as a general rule, were built on some hill-side contiguous to a spring of water.

This township has been greatly improved within the last quarter of a century both in buikdings and lands. The houses, which were generally small and rudely built, have given way to large and commodious dwellings, and the log stables have been supplanted by large bank barns. The land, Which is slate and gravel, and which had

greatly deteriorated in value has by the application of lime, and judicious tillage been brought into a high state of cultivation producing all kind of cereaks and fruit in abundance. The only natural curiosity in the township is a large rock on or near the top of the mountain, known as " The Flat Rock," having a surface of about 400 square feet, a perpendicular descent of about 50 feet and, commanding a splendid view of the Cumberland Valley from the Susquehanna to the Potomac.

It is visited annually by hundreds of tourists and pleasure-seekers from all parts of the Union. Not over one-half mile east of the " Flat Rock" there is a deep ravine in the mountain, its length being from the top to the foot, and from what can be learned by tradition, its breadth was from 20 to 25 feet and the depth about the same. This was caused by what is commonly known as a cloud break, and at the time it occurred the Conodoguinet rose about ten feet in a very short time, inundating the low lands and causing the destruction of stock, and greatly endangering the lives of the inhabitants. This cloudburst occurred in the month of August, between the years 1778-80.

The cause of education has been receiving more attention within the last decade. The schools of the township were for a long time in a low state. The school houses were rude and uncomfortable, and the salaries of the teachers were meagre, but at present they are second to none in the county in point of good buildings, school apparatus and improved furniture.

There are nine districts in the township ; seven of the edifices being of brick, one of stone, and a. new house is in contemplation at Bloserville. The teachers here command as high wages as any in the county.

The only village in the township is Bloserville. The first house was built in 1847, but there are now 22 dwelling houses, 2 good stores and a post office.

The trades and professions are also well represented by tinners, shoemakers, cabinet makers, blacksmiths, saddlers, coachmakers, tailors, pump makers, carpenters, butchers, painters, physicians, clergymen, justices of the peace and teachers of common schools. The population is 96. It is pleasantly situated on an eminence and is the business centre of the township.

On pp. 46 and 49, the accounts of the forts at Shippcnsburg should be corrected by what is given on p. 246.

On p. 131, first column, 20th line from bottom, for largest, etc., read, but still is one of the smallest in the county.

On p. 184, first column, 26th line from bottom, for Longdon Cheres read Langdon Cheves, and throughout the paragraph, for Cheres read Cheves.

On p. 200, first column, 14th line from bottom, for Washington Kister read Hon. J. S. Haldeman.

On p. 201, frrst column, where the names McKam and Fleck occur read McCann and Heck—insert a comma after Leonard—for Jacob Haldeman read Jacob M. Haldeman—instead of 1863 read 1855 or 1856—and instead of Andrew Ross read his heirs.

On p. 226, second column, 6th and 7th lines from bottom, for 1834 and 1835 read 1854 and 1855.

On p. 227, first column, 10th line from bottom, for Early read Eberly ; on the second column, 13th line from top, for J. read I; and in the 16th line from the bottom, for Schoop read Schopp.

In and about the year 1788 my grandfather (John Eberly, Sr.) moved from Lancaster county, Pa., to Cumberland county, purchased a tract of land containing 282 acres, situated in Hampden township, on which he erected a large stone house and other improvements ; also raised a family of eight sons and four daughters ; died in 1823 at nearly the age of 68 years. The farm was appraised and divided into two parts. My father (John Eberly, Jr.) took the part without any improvements. In 1825 he built house and barn, both brick, and other outbuildings. In 1843 he built a large addition to the house, also brick. At this time I was married, and in 1844 started out in the world as a farmer, with scarcely any education. In 1848 my father gave me a deed for the farm, containing 176 acres, consideration $12,000, and in 1851 my wife died. In 1852 I quit farming and was again married to a sister of my frrst wife. In 1853 my father died at nearly the age of 76 years. In 1854 I purchased a farm from David Emminger, of Silver Spring township, containing 126 acres, for the sum of $10,775, and in 1855 purchased a farm from David Martin, of Hampden township, containing 128 acres, for the sum of $14,000. In 1865 I purchased a farm from Isaac Brenneman, of Silver Spring township, containing 105 acres, for the sum of $13,573. In 1869 I purchased a farm from Nancy Glenn, of Hampden township, contain. ing 132 acres, for the sum of $28,500. I would here say that I claim no honor, as we are simply agents, and only possess it for a season. I have also been Administrator, Executor and Assignee for twenty estates ; also been appointed guardian and testamentary trustee for twenty-eight minor children, some of whom had large estates, real and personal ; also agent for many widows and others. Since 1860 passed through the bank the sum of $313,500.00, during that time wrote 1,200 letters, also 20 wills, deeds, bonds, notes, agreements and other important writings for the people.

The farm on which these nurseries are situated is nearly one hundred acres in extent, about forty of which are used for trees and plants. He has now on hand about 300,000 trees, and a great number of plants. There are six green houses stocked with fine flowering plants. These are sent by mail to every state in the Union.

Mr. Rupp's mailing matter amounts to nearly or quite half a ton during the year, and he attributes his success to large advertising. He issues two catalogues yearly, with circulations of 4,000 and 1,500, besides lists of trees, descriptive and wholesale. Large quantities of trees are sold through agents.

Mr. Rupp took charge of the nurseries in 1865, has yearly increased his stock, and has now an established trade over a wide scope of country.

Was born in York county, Pa., Oct. 24th, 1823. His wife, Rebecca Cassel, was born Nov., 1834, in Dauphin county. The names of his four sons are William Henry, Samuel L., Joseph M. and Henry C. Mr. Bitner's ancestors are farmers in Lebanon county, and he himself has always been a farmer. He came to this county in 1871. Mr. Bitner has a beautiful farm of 53 acres in Lower Allen township, and has acquired considerable other property. He is the owner of the homestead in Fairview township, York county.

The carriage business as now represented by Geo. Schroeder & Sons was established by Geo. Schroeder in 1840, who came to Mechanicsburg in 1835-36, which contained but a few hundred inhabitants. He helped finish the first railroad in this section of the country, and in 1840, as above stated, commenced the manufacturing of carriages with nothing but perseverance and industry as capital (has succeeded through the various trials that cling to all in business enterprises) in building up a reputation far and widely known for good substantial work, neat, stylish and original. These shops (as shown in picture) are among the finest and largest in Pennsylvania. The indomitable will and perseverance which has furnished Mechanicsburg with an establishment of this kind is not lost on the host of friends who cling with pride and justly claim the carriages made here are not excelled anywhere. Cumberland county boasts of its vehicles and well may she feel proud, for, far and wide none excels her.

Son of Samuel and Catharine Kauffman, and grandson of John Kauffman, was born in York county, Pa., Oct. 29th, 1843. He is of German descent ; Henry Kauffman, his great-grandfather, was a soldier in the Revolutionary army, and died at the age of 92 years. Mr. Kauffman married Miss Susan R. Bigler, and has no children living. He worked on a farm until 20 years of age, teaching school in winter. Spent the winter of 64-65 at Eastman Railroad Business College at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., and coming to New Cumberland the same year, became book-keeper and cashier in the lumber business, then conducted by Mosser & Coover. He still holds this position, while the firm has undergone various changes ; first becoming H. R. Mosser, then Mosser & Shoop, and afterwards Shoop & Sadler.

Residing one and a half miles west of New Cumberland and one and one-half miles east of White Hill Station, on the Cumberland Valley Railroad, was born near Dillsburg, York county, January 4th, 1828.

Here he lived with his parents assisting his father in the duties of the farm and mining, attending school a few months during the winter, until the age of eighteen, when he took charge of the ore mine on his father's tract (now McCormick's), and superintended them for several years.

On the 3rd of Nov., 1854, he married Jane Mateer, and in the following spring took possession of the farm where he now lives.

This farm is part of the tract purchased by John Wilson from John and Richard Penn, and by him sold to Wm. Mateer, from whose heirs Mr. Mumper obtained it.

In 1869 he was elected school director, and has since served as such, being at all times a warm friend and frrm supporter of all the educational interests of his community.

In the fall of 1874 he was elected by the Democrats as a member of the Legislature, and served in that capacity for two years to the entire satisfaction of his numerous friends who elected him.

Having had a fair record in his past political career he has been spoken of as a judicious choice for the next State Senator.

Is one of the most important and widely known institutions in Cumberland county, giving to the county itself a just celebrity scarcely attainable in any other way. Here a grateful commonwealth educates and provides for the children of the fallen and disabled defenders of our country during the late rebellion, fitting them to grapple with the stern problems of life, and to become useful and honorable members in society, an honor to their noble fathers and to the State of whose bounty they are the recipients.

The establishment of the system of schools of which this is one is due largely to the efforts of Hon. A. G. Curtin, while Governor of the State. While the war was in progress, while troops were being equipped and volunteers called, Governor Curtin, in public speeches, promised that the children of those who fell should be cared for by the State. As the war progressed, the children of those whose bones bleached in a boundless tomb could be found in every part of the State. To fulfrll his promise of protection to those thus rendered fatherless and destitute became his earnest study. In private conversations, in public speeches and in official messages to an indifferent Legislature, the " War Governor " urged the necessity of the State making provision for the education and maintainance of the soldiers' orphans ; of establishing schools where these unfortunate victims of the devastation of war could be provided for and feel that they were not mendicants, the objects of public or private charity, but the recipients of a gratuity to which they were justly entitled, and which a grateful commonwealth could not in honor withhold.

After many trials and equally many perplexing failures, the Governor and his noble friends of the measure were greatly encouraged by the gift of $50,000 from the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, to be expended for this purpose. This was a substantial evidence of the approval of the plan by this great company. Aided by the labors of Hon. J. P. Wickersham, Thomas H. Burrows, Col. George F. McFarland and others, a bill was passed in the winter of 1864, which formed a starting point, and out of which grew the present perfect system of soldiers' orphans' schools.

The school is located in the pleasant village of Camp Hill, Cumberland county. Its surroundings are among the finest in the State—situated on the Harrisburg and Chambersburg turnpike, three miles west of the former city, and perched on a gentle elevation, which terminates abruptly two miles eastward on the banks of the Susquehanna. It overlooks, for miles around, the broad limestone and highly cultivated farms at the entrance of the Cumberland Valley, taking in a full view from the east to the south of the Cumberland Valley Railroad, and beyond, in the same direction, marking the outlines of the valley of the South Mountain. In the opposite direction the Blue Mountain runs parallel, forming the southwest boundary, enclosing one of the most magnificent, as well as fertile and productive, agricultural valleys in the United States.

In the year 1853 Prof. D. Denlinger purchased the site of the present school, having thereon only a good private dwelling-house, and, by the erection of extensive additions, converted the whole into what afterwards became known as the " White Hall Academy," which, as principak, he successfully conducted until the beginning of the rebellion. In addition to the liberal patronage from the North, he had many Southern students. The war, however, seriously affected this institution, as it did many others of a similar private character which depended, in a great degree, upon young men who were seeking by their own means an education.

In the spring of 1866 Dr. Burrows, State Superintendent, chose this location in his early experiments for inaugurating the present system of soldiers' orphans' schools, and on May 14th the first few pupils were admitted. Additions followed soon after by order and transfers from Mt. Joy, Cassville and McAllastersville schools.

The system being new, and no one having any experience in the management of such institutions, its first proprietor succeeded indifferently, and on the first of November, 1867, J. A. Moore and F. E. Dumm purchased the property and became its proprietors, with J. A. Moore as principal.

The school continued under the principalship of J. A. Moore, with some changes in the partnerships, until the first of March, 1875, when he sold his interest to Mr. John Dumm and retired from the school, Mr. Dumm becoming ifs principal. A complete change in the faculty soon followed, the old teachers and others resigning. The new faculty succeeded as well as under the circumstances might be expected.

In 1877, owing to disagreeable complications having arisen, a change of proprietors became desirable, and, yielding to continued solicitations of friends and patrons of the school, Mr. Moore again purchased the school, becoming sole proprietor and principal.

In the school all the common branches, including Book-keeping, Physiology, Philosophy, Algebra and the United States Constitution are taught. The boys also are taught Upton's U. S. Infantry tactics and the manual of arms.

Scholars are divided into four portions, called details, each detail remaining out of school to engage in some kind of labor two hours each day ; hence school is in actual session eight hours each day, but no scholar is in school more than six. Here the pupils live, excepting a six weeks' vacation in summer ; this is their home. But everywhere—in school, in the dining-room, dormitories, and even in the play-grounds—the most perfect discipline prevails.

The clothing is uniform, durable, neat and comfortable, each child having a dress suit and two or three every day suits. Upon arriving at the age of sixteen they are discharged. Those most worthy are given a beautiful diploma, and in rare cases a personal recommend. The State also provides for one year additional education in one of the State normal schools, to those whose conduct and ability will justify it, and the G. A. R. take especial pains to assist to positions those who are worthy.

Of the children who have been discharged on age a very large pro. portion have grown up to become respected citizens, and are scattered throughout the country, living evidences of the wisdom of the State's just provision. Some are occupying positions of trust and responsibility, and are on the road to future prominence in the affairs of the nation. Many are most successfully filling positions as teachers, mechanics, tradesmen and farmers ; but all entertain a feeling of deepest gratitude toward the State that educated and protected them.

Grandfather's name was William Brooks. He came from the .north of Ireland about the year 1750, and belonged to that class called Scotch-Irish, and was a member of the Presbyterian Church. Married in Chester county, and resided there until 1767, when he crossed the Susquehanna and lived in York county, on the farm now owned 'by Mr. Amos Zimmerman. In 1769 he purchased a tract of land from Penn's heirs, containing 196 acres, at thirty shillings per acre. When the Revolutionary war broke out the Penns left for England. My grandfather not having paid entirely for the land, when the war was over they came back and charged compound interest on what remained unpaid, and he came very near losing his property on account of the depreciation of the currency. In 1772 he built the mill, which was of logs and very small, having one water-wheel (undershot) and two run of stones, one for grinding wheat, the other for chopping. Whilst the war was going on flour was made there and taken to the army at Valley Forge and other points. Shortly after the building of the mill he erected a distillery and supplied whiskey to some extent for the army, my uncle, Samuel Brooks, driving the team. The wheel that propelled the mill was on the outside, at the east end. About the year 1785 the mill was enlarged, extending the building so as to cover the wheel. Grandfather died July 30, 1795. Some time after, about 1797, the property was divided. My father, whose name was also William Brooks, and his brother Matthew took the mill and 16 acres of the land, Joseph and Hays taking the balance, 180 acres. About the year 1811 they divided the land, Joseph getting the land adjoining the mill property, on which was the mansion house, built of stone, and a double log barn. The barn was burnt in 1832. In 1842 the old stone house was torn down and a frame one erected, and is now owned by Mr. John Bitner. Hays Brooks getting the north end of the land without any improvements, in 1812 and '13 he built a stone house and a double log barn, the first buildings erected on the farm now owned by Mr. Samuel Hartzler. In the year 1817 the mill was again enlarged by building a frame part to the north side and a third pair of stones put in and another water-wheel. Father died September 20, 1845. In 1848 the heirs remodeled the mill, taking out the undershot wheels, and in lieu thereof put in Johnston wheels. In 1851 the heirs sold to Rev. George Rupp, who sold to Joseph Bucher. He failing, Mr. Rupp repurchased the mill, and in 1862 tore the old mill down and erected the mill that is now there. In 1864 he sold to Michael Horst. He failing, Mr. Elias Hake purchased it at sheriff's sale, and owns it at present. The frrst miller's name was

Is the second son of Isaac and Mary Walker. He was born in 1821 in York county, Pa., his family having removed thither from Chester county. In the year 1829 he came with his parents to Lisburn, where he grew to manhood, receiving as liberal an education as the schools of the neighborhood afforded. In 1866 he was married to Elizabeth Reiff, who died Feb. 18th, 1876. Mr. Walker has no children living, He has taken an active part in the improvement of Lisburn, where he now resides. He has acquired a comfortable property, is the owner of the beautiful house in which be lives, and where he expects to spend the remainder of his life.

An inventive genius of whom our county may feel justly proud, resides at his birthplace, Milltown, three miles southwest of Harrisburg. His attention has, as a general thing, been devoted to the improvement of manufactures. His first invention was an automatic sewing machine, followed by various others, including a barrel stave pointer, which was patented in 1857, and pretty generally introduced. Several patents were also taken out in 1855. Many of his inventions, up to this time, had been devoted to the improvement of barrel-making. Mr. Drawbaugh understands photography thoroughly, preparing his own instruments and chemicals, and improving the process. Telegraphy and electric machines followed. He is the inventor of the justly celebrated " Electric Clock," and of several kinds of Telephones, one of which is operated by battery and the other by induction. It will thus be seen that Mr. Drawbaugh has penetrated large fields in search of information, and with very remarkable success.

Is the descendant of an emigrant from Holland, John Gorgas, who settled in Germantown, near Philadelphia, prior to the year 1700. His grandson, the father of Mr. William Gorgas, bought a tract of land in Lower Allen township in 1803. The property originally belonged to the Penns. It contained a log house and barn, which have been enlarged and improved from time to time, and the barn entirely rebuilt, with various outbuildings. Wm. Gorgas was born in 1806, May 8th, and married in 1840 to Elizabeth Hummel. Five of his children are living. He has settled various estates, and acted as guardian for a number of children ; served in the Legislature three years and three years in the State Senate. He has resided in Harrisburg since November, 1877. A considerable quantity of iron ore has been found Upon his farm, but it has not been worked for some years.

Was born March 26, 1835, in Lower Allen township, Cumberland county, Pa. His father being engaged in the mercantile business, he remained with him and received a good common school education. Was married to Elizabeth Mohler, daughter of Solomon Mohler, who was born October 8, 1839. Removed to Cedar Spring Farm in 1857, situated one mile south of Shiremanstown, on Cedar Run. He is a practical farmer and trucker. They had five children born in Lower Allen township, viz : Mary E. Rupp, born November 29, 1857 ; Solomon S. Rupp, born December 10, 1860 ; Ida Jane Rupp, born June 4, 1862—died May 8, 1866 ; Austin G. Rupp, born February 28, 1865; and Sallie E. Rupp, born July 8, 1870.

Is the son of Rudolph and Mary Hertzler. He was born April 23, 1853, in Monroe township. Mr. Hertzler became a miller, and is now engaged in business at the " Eureka Mills," one mile southwest of Shepherdstown. These mills are run by never-failing power, use the Johnson wheel and four run of stone, and can manufacture forty barrels per day. All kinds of flour, feed, etc., are produced here and can be shipped from Mechanicsburg.

Proprietor and Principal of White Hall Soldiers' Orphans' School. His ancestry, as well as his war record, is worthy of mention. Robert Moore and wife, emigrating from the north of Ireland, in the early part of the seventeenth century, settled on what is known as Ringgold Manor, Maryland. Quaker in principle, he chose rather to abandon his claim than to make it a matter of litigation.

His son James married Jane Caughran, and settled in Adams county, Pa. In the struggle for independence he was killed at the battle of Brandywine. His son, Major John Moore, born in 1761, settled in what is now known as Juniata county, and married Jane Curran. He was also a soldier of the Revolution, and died at the age of ninety-three years.

Dr. James Moore, his oldest son, was born in 1789, and practiced medicine for more than forty years in Shirleysburg, Huntingdon county, where the subject of this sketch, Joseph Addison Moore, was born, August 26, 1833. By his own exertions he obtained a good academic education, and is thoroughly a self-made man.

When the rebellion broke out he at once enlisted in Company D, Fifth Pennsylvania Volunteers, three months' troops, holding the rank of first sergeant. Upon being mustered out of service, at the expiration of the term of enlistment, he immediately assisted in raising Company 0, Twenty-eighth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, from Huntingdon county, and on the 7th of August, 1861, as first lieutenant was again in the field under John W. Geary. He was in General Geary's command throughout the war, acting for several months as commissary for his division, and was commissioned captain in February, 1863. After the battle of Antietam his company, 0, Twenty-eighth Regiment, was transferred, and became company B, One hundred and forty-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers. He served in all the active campaigns in which his regiment was engaged, and commanded his company at the battles of Cedar Mountain, Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg ; and in the West at Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge, Dug Gap, Resacca and New Hope Church. At the latter engagementhe was wounded by a piece of shell in the keg, below the knee. He was brevetted major at the close of the war for meritorious conduct. There were eight boys in the family, all of whom were in the army at one time.

Upon assuming the Principalship of the White Hall School he was found to possess, in an eminent degree, the two qualifications so necessary to successfully conduct an institution of that kind—that of firm master and, at the same time, a kind and sympathizing parent and friend. Enjoying the utmost confidence and esteem of both faculty and pupils, as well as parents and guardians, he is, unquestionably, one of the most successful managers of orphans' schools in the State. As an appreciation of his ability as an educator, the degree of Master of Arts was conferred on him by the Lewisburg University.

Was born in Cumberland county April 6, 1816, and now resides in Lisburn. His great-grandfather emigrating from Wurtemburg, Germany, settled in this State, and his remains now lie in a private cemetery in York county. Mr. Heck was married, in 1838, to Jane Umberger, whose uncke, Frederick Naish, was a soldier in the Revolution, and endured great hardships in the defense of his country. The parents of Mrs. Heck were David and Dorothy Umberger. The family consists of ten children—three sons and seven daughters.

John T. Crisweli, M. D., was born in Cumberland county, Penna., May 29th, 1849. His parents were G. W. Criswell and Susan B. Criswell, who came from Lancaster county, Pa. He partly completed a collegiate course of study at Oberlin University, Ohio, after which he studied medicine at Jefferson Medical College, where he graduated in 1872. After practicing in Harrisburg, Pa , for one year, he located at Camp Hill, where he has since built up and is now engaged in a successful practice. He married Miss Maggie E. Dunkle Sept. 14th, 1874, who survived only about two years after their marriage. See location of residence near page 113.

Is of German ancestry, his great-grandfather having emigrated from Unter Waslingen, Germany, in 1743, and settling upon a tract of 600 acres in East Pennsborough township. In 1828 George Rupley, the father of the present owner, built a log weatherboarded house and log bank barn on the farm about one-half mile south of West Fairview. This farm was divided in 1859. Some years after his death his daughter, Mrs. H. D. Mosser, taking the part upon which the building stood, and H. M. Rupley, the subject of the present sketch, erecting a large house and barn upon his share. In 1867 he bought one-half of the steam saw mill in West Fairview (having sold his farm). This mill was destroyed by fire the same year, but rebuilt in 1869. Its boilers are 30 horse power and the engine 25 horse power. It contains a muley saw capable of sawing 2,000 to 4,000 feet of lumber yer day.

Was born July 14th, 1828, in York county, near New Cumberland, where he now resides. His father, Benjamin H. Mosser, was of a family who settled in York county near the Susquehanna river, some 75 or 80 years ago. His mother was Elizabeth Rupley, daughter of John Rupley, Esq., whose home is now the residence of Hon. R. J. Haldeman, nearly opposite the city of Harrisburg.

He married in 1852 Margaret, daughter of Jacob Yocum, and Henretta Duncan, who died in 1859, leaving a daughter, Nettie, and a son, B. H. Mosser, now a student at Dickinson College. He married in 1863 R. Jennie Miller. A daughter Annie and a son John Charles were born of this marriage. He has been for 30 years engaged in the grain and lumber business, and has been greatly interested in the progress of New Cumberkand. He represented the Central Pa. Conference in the General Conference of the M. E. church at Baltimore in 1876, and was a delegate to the International S. S. Convention at Atlanta in 1878. He has been the Recording Steward of his church for 20 years, and Superintendent of the M. E. Sunday School for 10 years.

Was born June 21st, 1825, in Perry county, Pa. He is the son of Jacob Messinger, who died in 1837. His wife was Elizabeth, daughter of George and Elizabeth Albright, and was also a native of Perry county. His children, Mary, born Nov. 18th, 1848, Henrietta, born June 15th, 1856, William Henry, born Nov. 20th, 1850, James Diven, born Dec. 23rd, 1859, Amos Charles, born Nov. 1st, 1262, and Jeremiah Aurand, born Oct. 1865, were all born in Perry county.

Was born Dec. 25th, 1837. His grandfather, a native of Lancaster county, came to Dauphin county in 1810, where he bought and occupied a farm, carrying on at the same time the business of weaving. He died in 1832, and his son, who was born in Lancaster county, in 1800, inherited the farm. After the death of his father, in the same year, he united in marriage with Miss Irwin, who died in 1843. He afterward married Mrs. Ann Ebersole, and still lives on the homestead. The subject of this memoir worked at farming and brick-making, and from 1852 to 1860 at grading railroads. He afterwards had charge of a floating-gang on the N. C. R. R. He was married in November, 1861, to Miss Mary McCanna, of Chester county, and during the year took charge of sub. div. No. 18 at Bridgeport. At the age of 34 his right arm was taken off in a railroad accident. Mr. Witmer has two sons and two daughters.

A prominent farmer and vintner in Lower Allen township, was born in Lancaster county, Pa., April 5th, 1835 He removed to Cumberland county with his father, and after living with him for some years, engaged in farming near Mechanicsburg. In 1866 he purchased a farm in Lower Allen, and in addition to its superintendence commenced the manufacture of pure wine for medicinal and common purposes." A demand soon sprang up for this from all sources. His facilities for manufacture have been greatly increased, and the business is now a very large one. He has since purchased the residence of Geo. Leonard with ten acres of land, which joined his farm on the north. This property has been much improved, is in a high state of cultivation and produces, together with the farm, as good crops as any in the valley.

Was born in York county, Pa., where he lived until he removed to Cumberland. He was married in 1850 (Aug. 24th) to Susannah Atticks. He has two children. In 1858 the farm in Lower Allen township was purchased—one-half mile east of Shiremanstown. The first buildings on this farm were erected about 1857. The farm contains 33 acres of productive land.

Mr. Bitner is also the owner of a farm of 164 acres in Monroe township, 2 miles east of Churchtown, 22 acres of which consist of timber land. The latter farm has a store and frame house and bank barn.

James M. Ralston is of Irish descent. His great-grandfather, Andrew Ralston, came to this country about the year 1730, and settled at the Big Spring, near Newville, Cumberland county. The McAl/isters, of whom Mr. Ralston's mother was a descendant, emigrated from Ireland at about the same time, and located on the farm he now owns, four miles east of Carlisle. Mr. Ralston was born January 14th, 1823 He married Margaret J. Dunlap, and has two sons, James Dunlap and William. Wallace. His present residence is Mechanicsburg.