(RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE) BIOGRAPHICAL GENERAL JOHN HENERY DEVEREUX. General John Henery Devereux, the scope of whose life work was vast and the results of most beneficial character to both state and nation, was one of Cleveland's honored residents and a representative of a family that through successive generations has been noted no less for patriotism and devotion to high ideals than for splendid business and executive ability. He was of the twenty-sixth generation in England and of the seventh in America in direct lineal descent from Robert de Ebroicis, or Robert D'Evreux, known in history as one of the Norman conquerors of England in 1066. In the early colonization of Massachusetts representatives of the name aided in the reclamation of the wild western world and their descendants through successive generations continued to live in the old Bay state, his father, Captain John Devereux, being connected with the merchant marine service at Boston. In that city John H. Devereux was born April 5, 1832. His education was acquired in the academy at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and early in 1848 he left his Massachusetts home for Ohio, that he might engage in civil engineering in this state. He was then a youth of sixteen years, a "very independent, high spirited boy, possessed of undaunted courage and unbounded enterprise." Almost immediately after his arrival in Cleveland he became connected with the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad as a contracting engineer, and on the completion of that line he found similar employment on the Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula Railroad. Between the years 1852 and 1861 General Devereux was in the south devoting his time to the construction of railroads in Tennessee in the capacity of civil engineer. He was prominently connected with the internal improvements of that state and section and was referee in several important cases as to location and construction. It was his intention to remain in the south, which seemed to open before him an advantageous field in the line of his profession, but the outbreak of the Civil war led to a change in his plans and he left Tennessee for the north. At that time he was city engineer of Nashville and resident engineer of what was then the Tennessee & Alabama Railroad. in the spring of 1862, after having made a reconnoissance for a military railroad in the Shenandoah valley, he received an appointment as superintendent of military railroads in Virginia and under it had charge of all railroads out of Alexandria and connected therewith. His work in this connection was of a most important character and he rendered to his country signal service, the value of which can hardly be overestimated. An account of his work is given by a contemporary biographer as follows : "It was early in the spring of 1862 that the forward movements of the Federal armies in Virginia called for active operation, by the government of railroad lines centering in Alexandria and connecting with Washington. These lines of railroads 6 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND were in the most deplorable condition, and in the midst of chaos, and for imperative demands for endless transportation to and from the advancing armies, General McCallum was suddenly called to the head of the department of railroads, and in turn summoned Colonel Devereux to act as the controller and chief of the Virginia lines, with headquarters at Alexandria and Washington. "The work was herculean, and its difficulties were well nigh insurmountable. the constant assaults of the enemy upon the roads being almost equal in injurious effect to the intolerance and ignorance of the Federal officers, whose ambition by turn extended to the special ownership and direction of every mile of track, and every car and locomotive. No definite line was drawn between the jurisdiction of the chiefs of the road management, of the war department and of the army, but the written law was none the less exacting as laid down by the quarter- master's and commissaries' departments, by ordinance and hospital departments, by the chiefs in command in the field. Through the whole ran the demands necessitated by the movement of large bodies of troops, of batteries and pontoon trains, and the carriage of the sick and wounded. "The roads were infested with suspicious characters and peddlers and the trains swarmed with these, to the injury of every interest in the service. There was no time for preparation. Colonel Devereux plunged into the chaotic mass and, meeting unmoved each obstacle, laid at once the foundation of discipline end brought the strictest order and obedience into almost instant action. He filled the reconstructed shops with tools and the roads with adequate equipments ; quietly and patiently but persistently developed the system of military railroad law and made it harmonize with the regulations of each department. He swept away with a single stroke every peddler and leech and spy and thief from trains which now became in reality 'through trains of government supplies' as the orders required, and were manned and officered with the most rigid discipline. He organized a corps of inspection and detection that swept away all that was bad or suspicious, and made his eye the chief sentinel of the army, before which everything and everybody had to pass for recognition and approval. “With strong practical 'sense he avoided clashing between the departments by fitting the vast machine of transportation to their wants, and thus aided greatly all the plans of General Haupt, as of his predecessor, General McCallum. With unwearied energy he developed the resources of the same ponderous machine until Alexandria became the center of a great system, that worked with the precision of a chronometer in the distribution, under his hand, of countless stores, munitions and troops. It mattered but little how many roadways or bridges were destroyed by the enemy, the railroad trains were never behind. Major General Meade particularly was supphed with rations and forage 'so magnificently' as he expressed it, under all circumstances, that his repeatedly expressed appreciation removed the last obstacle that might have remained to cause friction to the system. "It was a gallant thing, with Pope's army driven back and scattered in confusion, to bring into Alexandria every car and engine in safety—in some cases working the cars up the grades by hand while the ground trembled with the shock of battle. Such work as this he repeatedly performed. It was a noble labor, that of caring for the sick and wounded, which was made a part of the military railroad work, and the United States Sanitary Commission gratefully acknowledged his constant and valuable aid in this direction. No officer stood better with the war secretary nor with the president, and, holding a position which could have been turned into a source of immense personal gain, his integrity was beyond doubt—no man dared even attempt to bribe him. He directed and moved men and machines by a thorough system, and the result was great smoothness in operation and precision in management ; hence the promptness of movement and immunity from serious accident which marked the working of these military railroads." Having successfully accomplished his task in connection with military railroad work, in the spring of 1864 Colonel Devereux turned his attention to services of HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 7 equal importance in civil life. He made for himself a prominent name in railway circles, becoming widely known throughout the country in this connection. For five years after the war he was the vice president and general superintendent of the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad, and his judicious management was at once evidenced in his capable control of this line, resulting in almost immediate success. His work in this connection brought to him the attention of others prominent in railway circles and in 1866 he was invited to become vice president of the Lake Shore Railroad Company and soon afterward was elected to the presidency. When the consolidation of the Lake Shore road with the connecting lines between Buffalo and Chicago was effected, under the name of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad Company, General Devereux was appointed general manager and had executive control of this great system in all of its ramifying branches. His administrative direction, his carefully devised and executed plans and his ready solution of difficult problems in connection with railway management brought success to the new corporation. No detail bearing upon railway interests seemed too insignificant to receive his attention yet he never for an instant lost sight of the more essential points of railway management nor failed to give these points their due relative prominence. In June, 1876, he was approached by most attractive overtures by the Atlantic & Great Western and the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis railroad companies, and as president of both companies he capably controlled their affairs. He was also the chief executive officer of minor railroad corporations whose lines formed part of the system of the larger companies under his direction. The fortunes of the Atlantic & Great Western were at a low ebb when he assumed control, but he succeeded in putting the business on the best possible basis under the circumstances. Financial interests, however, were a great detriment to the road, and at the close of the year 1874 it was deemed useless to continue the struggle until a change in its financial conditions had been effected. General Devereux was accordingly made receiver by appointment of the court and soon afterward resigned his position as president and director. Clashing interests were regarded as in safe and honorable hands when in his control and his appointment to the position of receiver was satisfactory to all concerned. He continued in active connection with railway interests until his demise, which occurred March 17, 1886. His life was characterized by a splendid work both in behalf of the government during the period of the Civil war and in a private connection after resuming the pursuits of civil life. On the 30th of April, 1851, General Devereux was married to Miss Antoinette C. Kelsey, a daughter of Hon. Lorenzo A. and Sophia (Smith) Kelsey. Her father came from Jefferson county, New York, to Cleveland, in 1837 and was one of the city's most prominent and best known pioneers. He took an active part in shaping its policy during its formative period and served as mayor in 1848 and 1849. For almost a half century he resided on Woodland avenue and was one of the most distinguished residents of that section. His father built the first stone house in Jefferson county, New York, hauling the stone with ox-teams. Unto General and Mrs. Devereux were born two daughters and two sons : Mrs. Mary Watson, now living in Cleveland; John, of Bay Shore, Long Island; Henry K., who is connected with the Railway Steel Spring & Car Roofing Company, of Cleveland; and Antoinette H., the wife of Horace E. Andrews, of this city. In 1873 the General erected the residence at 3226 Euclid avenue, where he spent his remaining days and where his widow now resides. General Devereux always manifested an active interest in public affairs and would have been accorded high political success had he not declined to serve in public office. He was twice tendered the nomination for congress but he always preferred to do his public service as a private citizen, supporting a public measure by his influence and labors rather than by political activity. He attained high rank in the Masonic fraternity and in 1860 was elected thrice illustrious grand master of the Grand Council of Tennessee. He belonged to the Episcopal church 8 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND and was particularly interested in its missionary and Sunday-school departments. He was fond of business life and found genuine pleasure in carefully manipulating railway interests but he was also equally fond of music and art and possessed a fine artistic sense. Moreover, he was a keen lover of books and the riches of literature were among his most valued possessions. He enjoyed hunting and fishing and was on the whole a man of splendid balance, whose life was not so busy in its commercial relations as to crowd out recreation and pleasure nor to withhold from him the delights of companionship. He held friendship inviolable and was devoted to his family, giving to them the best of his nature in his efforts to enhance their welfare and promote their happiness. STEVENSON BURKE. On the pages of Cleveland's history appears the name of no man whose fame was more worthily won or justly merited than that of Judge Stevenson Burke. who for years figured prominently as a conspicuous and gifted member of the Ohio bar, while in the circles of railway management and control he displayed an initiative spirit that placed him in a foremost position among the leading representative railway interests in the country. His life record covered the intervening years from the 26th of November, 1826, to the 24th of April, 1904. It was a life fraught with high purpose and characterized by successful accomplishment. The place of his nativity was St. Lawrence county, New York, where he remained until about eight years of age, when in 1834 the family removed to North Ridgeville, Lorain county, Ohio. As a boy he was interested in games and pursuits which engaged the attention of the youths of the period but even at that age his fitness for leadership was manifested in that he often planned the projects and games in which he and his associates participated and he seemed to get results from every act. He was, moreover, a precocious youth intellectually. At the age of six years he had mastered the old English reader and when less than eight years of age had read Pope's Essay On Man. Not only did he learn easily but thoroughly mastered every branch of study or line of thought which came to his attention, storing up wisdom and knowledge for later years. He diligently applied himself to the mastery of those branches of learning which constituted his educational opportunities and displayed such aptitude in his studies that at the age of seventeen years he was employed as teacher of a district school. It has been demonstrated again and again that it is only under the pressure of adversity and the stimulus of opposition that the best and strongest in man is brought out and developed. The life record of Judge Burke is another verification of this fact. The financial resources of the family did not permit of his continuing his education, but with a desire for intellectual progress he personally furnished the means to carry oh his studies and soon mastered the branches taught in a select school, after which he matriculated in the Ohio Wesleyan University, at Delaware, Ohio. His natural trend was in professional lines, and determining upon the practice of law as a life work, his thorough preliminary reading was following by admission to the bar in 1848. He then opened a law office at Elyria, Lorain county, and entered at once upon a professional career. No dreary novitiate awaited him. He came to the starting point of his law practice well equipped with broad legal learning and laudable ambition. To an understanding of uncommon acuteness and vigor he added thorough and conscientious preparatory training while he exemplified in his practice all the higher elements of the truly great lawyer. He was constantly inspired by an innate, inflexible love of justice and a delicate sense of personal honor which controlled him in all of his personal relations. His fidelity to the interests of his clients was proverbial and yet he never forgot that he owed a HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 11 higher allegiance to the majesty of the law. His diligence and energy in the preparation of his cases as well as the earnestness, tenacity and courage with which he defended the right, as he understood it, challenged the highest admiration of his associates. He invariably sought to present his arguments in the strong, clear light of common reason and sound, logical principle. He made rapid advance and when only twenty-six years of age his law practice exceeded that of any other attorney of Lorain county. He was connected with every cause of consequence held in the county court and with many important litigated interests in adjoining counties. He acted as counsel in nearly all, if not every case, taken from his home county to the supreme court and he proved himself a foe worthy the steel of the ablest lawyers in the country. In 1862, as the result of popular suffrage, he was called to the common pleas bench and after a service of five years was reelected and entered upon his second term, which he voluntarily completed by resigning in 1869. In that year he removed to Cleveland and at once entered upon the active practice of law in Ohio's metropolis, his ability winning him national fame. For a time he was in partnership with F. T. Bachus and E. J. Estep, and later was associated with W. .B. Sanders and J. E. Ingersoll. Judge Burke did not specialize in any particular branch of practice but was equally at home in all departments of the law and was called to various sections of the state in his professional capacity. He was the leading lawyer in a number of cases that attracted national attention. He represented corporations in cases growing out of the Atlantic & Great Western Railway manipulation ; a case involving the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railway with the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway as the opponent ; a case involving the constitutionality of the Scott liquor law ; the great Hocking Valley Railroad arbitration case; and a large number of others of equal importance in which not only large financial interests but also important legal measures were involved. His association with railroad litigation soon led Judge Burke into railroad ownership and he became recognized as one of the largest and ablest of the railway owners and capitalists in the west. For many years he was general counsel for the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railroad, was a member of its board of directors, was chairman of its financial and executive committees and also served as vice president and as president of the company. He likewise acted as the second officer and as the chief executive of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Company and for years was connected with the directorate of the Cincinnati & Springfield, the Dayton & Michigan, the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton, the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Indianapolis, the New York, Chicago & St. Louis and the Central Ontario Railroad Companies. It was Judge Burke who formulated and carried into effect the plan for the consolidation of certain weak roads with the Columbus, Hocking Valley & Toledo Railroad. After the task was successfully accomplished he took active part in the management of the company, holding the position of vice president and president and cooperating in all important movements of the corporation. He was the financial genius of the enterprise and also the promoter of its activities. It was Judge Burke who conducted for William H. Vanderbilt the negotiations which resulted in the purchase of the New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, known as the Nickel Plate. For many years he was the president of the Toledo & Ohio Central, the Cleveland & Mahoning Valley, the Kanawha & Michigan and the Central Ontario Railway Companies. Into other fields he extended his activities and his enterprise, becoming one of the leading stockholders and president of the Canadian Copper Company, a concern which owned the largest nickel mines in the world and furnished that used in the construction of the nickel steel armor for the United States government. On the 28th of April, 1849, Judge Burke was married to Miss Parthenia Poppleton, a daughter of the Rev. Samuel Poppleton, of Richland county, Ohio. Her death occurred April 7, 1878, and on the 22d of June, 1882, Judge Burke 12 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND wedded Mrs. Ella M. Southworth, of Clinton, New York, the eldest daughter of Henry C. Beebe, formerly of Westfield, Massachusetts. Their congeniality of tastes and their well developed intellectual powers made theirs a particularly happy home life. His life was that of a Christian gentleman and his allegiance to the Higher Power was also manifest. No man possessed a keener regard for right and he often remarked : "One of the greatest achievements of man is to do right." His opinions seemed to be formed with remarkable rapidity and yet they were the outcome of clear and earnest previous thought upon various questions, so that he was enabled to reach a right conclusion on almost any question of importance that arose among the directorates of the several companies with which he was connected. His opinion on such occasions was invariably accepted as being the proper course to pursue. Those who knew him in other than business relations found him tender-hearted and sympathetic. His charities were large and his benefactions numerous. His gifts, however, were modestly and unostentatiously given, on many occasions being known only to the recipient. His was the spirit of genuine humanitarianism, however—a recognition of the universal brotherhood of man. He sought to alleviate suffering and distress and sympathized with the sorrowing, his benefactions reaching out in generous aid to those who suffered from an untoward fate. He was always interested in questions of vital import and on a moment's notice would speak instructively and interestingly -to his fellow citizens upon art, education, finance or matters of state. He was the controlling spirit in the Cleveland School of Art and sought in many tangible ways to further the progress of the city which he made his home. A contemporary biographer said of him : "He was one of the few men endowed with a capacity to mold surrounding circumstances to suit his purposes." His career was almost meteoric in its dazzling qualities and yet it possessed a continuity that made him, throughout many years, one of the most distinguished representatives of the Ohio bar and one whose activity in railway circles left deep imprint upon the history of the nation. On the occasion of Judge Burke's death the Cleveland Bar Association on April 26, 1904, passed the following resolutions. "For more than fifty years Judge Burke has been a conspicuous and commanding figure in the law. While his early training and later studies and labors made of him a broadly cultured gentleman with an active interest in literature and the arts, the characteristic which the thought of him brings at once and always to mind is the enormous energy of the man and the vigorous, rugged strength of his intellect. By nature he was aggressively earnest in everything he undertook. At the time of removmg to Cleveland he almost at once entered upon a legal career that has had few parallels in the history of the bar of Ohio. He participated in many cases involving vast interests and conducted all with such striking ability that his reputation soon passed the bounds of his own city and state and gave him almost national fame. While his later years were devoted more to his private interests, he nevertheless remained prominent in the community as a great lawyer as well as a man of affairs and a man in whom the bar of the county had contmuing pride to the time of his death. While the weighty interests which he had in hand continuously during his long career prevented his participation to a great extent in social affairs, he was nevertheless a man whom those who knew him well found most cordial, friendly and entertaining. He entertained his intimate friends in a charming manner and left impressions of his social character that always drew one nearer to him. He was a man to be admired, a man to be honored and a man whose example at the bar and on the bench as well as in private life ought to be followed. He always showed respect to the bench. He stood as an American citizen absolutely kingly in the deportment of his own life. He formed his opinions without fear or favor and there was something so noble, so masterful in his utter independence that it made the deference he always showed the court the more noble and the more glorious." HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 13 Said one who knew him well: "I do not know any one who had a keener, more delightful sense of humor than Judge Stevenson Burke. No one ever enjoyed a good story more than Judge Burke, no one was a more delightful host or a more delightful conversationalist." While Mrs. Burke now spends a great deal of her time at Clinton, New York, she is still enrolled among Cleveland's most estimable ladies, greatly interested in charitable work and in aiding institutions which Judge Burke befriended during his lifetime. She is president of the board of trustees of the Cleveland School of Art, in which her interest is keen and constant. She is a most charming lady, whose kindness of heart none question, while her culture and refinement are an innate attribute—as much a part of her nature as her kindly spirit or her appreciation of the beautiful. She possesses a deep love of music and art, is interested in historical research and is a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution. When in Cleveland she attends the Second Presbyterian church, of which Dr. Sufphen is the pastor, and is very much interested in its work. Whatever her hand finds to do she does with all her might and with a sense of conscientious obligation. Realizing fully that the ennobling force of life is that which finds its root in Christianity, her influence is on the side of those things which lift the individual to a higher plane. EDWIN JAY PINNEY. Edwin Jay Pinney is not only prominently known as a distinguished lawyer of the Cleveland bar but also as one of the most prominent temperance workers of Ohio, occupying for many years a position of leadership in connection with the prohibition party in the state. He was born May 26, 1847, in Hartsgrove, a son of Philo and Delia (Griswold) Pinney, residents of Hartsgrove, Ashtabula county, Ohio, in which locality the father engaged in farming. The son pursued his preliminary education in the district schools and later attended the Geneva (Ohio) Normal and the Grand River Institute at Austinburg, Ohio. Dependent upon his own resources from the age of fourteen years, his earnest labor and the wise utilization of every hour enabled him to meet the expenses of his academic course in both board and tuition. He availed himself of every opportunity to earn an honest dollar to even working Saturdays at piling lumber in a railroad yard to pay for his school books. He also for a time acted as assistant to the jailer in Jefferson, his compensation being sufficient to enable him to pay his board. For one term he engaged in teaching in the district school at Windsor, Ohio, was for two terms a teacher at Cherry Valley, two terms at West Andover and two terms at Andover Center, Ohio. He also spent three terms as a teacher in a select school, and for one year was principal of a high grade school at Rock Creek. Later he spent two years as principal of the high school in Jefferson, Ohio, but regarded all this merely as an initial step to other professional labor. It was his purpose to become a member of the bar and to this end Mr. Pinney studied law in the office of Northway & Ensign in Jefferson. On the 3oth of August, 1869, he was there admitted to the bar and on the 29th of March, 1876, was licensed to practice m the United States court. Opening an office in Jefferson, he practiced there from the 7th of April, 1870, until the 9th of April, 1890, or for a period of twenty years. He became recognized as one of the most able members of the Jefferson bar and was accorded a large clientage. During his practice there he also took an active and prominent part in the public life of the community, serving as a member and president of the board of education and was secretary of the Ashtabula County Agricultural Society for seventeen years. The year 1890 witnessed Mr. Pinney's arrival in Cleveland, where he formed a partnership with Minor G. Norton, with whom he continued for three years. He was then alone for a short time, after which he entered into partnership with 14 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND C. W. Noble and T. C. Willard under the firm name of Noble, Pinney & Willard, which connection was continued for four or five years. He has since been alone and in his practice has demonstrated his worth to rank with the leading members of the legal fraternity. His professional integrity stands as an unquestioned fact in his career, and he has gained an enviable reputation as a strong advocate and safe counselor. He is a well known trial lawyer, eloquent, logical and forceful, with ability, to present so clearly and cogently his cause that he never fails to impress court or jury and seldom fails to win the verdict desired. At Jefferson, Ohio, on Christmas day of 1869, Mr. Pinney was united in marriage to Miss Mary E. Gist, a daughter of Dr. D. D. Gist, and they have had four children; Don G., who died at the age of five years ; Tunie Dot, now the wife of Frank P. Coulton, of Cleveland; Sadie G., well known in this city as an elocutionist ; and Webb G., who is engaged in the insurance business in Cleveland. He married Bertha Cooper and they have one son. The Pinney family are members of the Baptist church and are allied with many movements for intellectual and moral progress. Mr. Pinney belongs to the Good Templars Society, serving for six years as grand chief templar of the state. He has voted the prohibition ticket for a quarter of a century and has been nominated at different times for the office of governor, lieutenant governor and supreme judge. He labors earnestly for the success of the party and rejoices in the growing temperance sentiment which has recently been manifest in many sections of the country. Mrs. Pinney is also in thorough sympathy with him in this work and for five years was county president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, during which time the membership was greatly increased. The family are prominent in social circles where intelligence is regarded as a necessary attribute to congeniality. Mr. Pinney was one of nine children and it is a notable fact that but with one exception all have engaged in teaching and many of the second generation have also been identified with educational work. He deserves great credit for what he has accomplished, for by manual labor he provided the funds that enabled him to acquire a collegiate and professional education. His entire life has been marked by continuous progress, and advancement and patriotism might well be termed the key n0e of his character, for they have guided him in all things, stimulating him to put forth his best efforts for his own good and for the good of the country at large. He belongs to that class of whom the philosopher has said they are "Such men as constitute a state-a state worthy of the name." WASHINGTON H. LAWRENCE. Washington H. Lawrence, deceased, is numbered among those whose labors were of the utmost benefit to Cleveland through the promotion of the industrial and commercial activities of the city. He was among the first to take up electricity when it became a factor in commercial life and in this connection he established and developed one of the most important business enterprises of Cleveland. He manifested splendid powers as an organizer and manager and, with no special advantages at the outset of his career, made a steady progress along lines demanding intellectual force and ability until he stood as one of the foremost manufacturers of the Forest city. Mr. Lawrence was born in Olmsted, Cuyahoga county, January 17, 1840, and was a representative of an old New England family, the line being traced back to John Lawrence, one of the early members of the Massachusetts Bay colony, who, arriving in the year 1635, settled at Wolverton, Massachusetts. He was a descendant of that Robert Lawrence of Lancashire, England. who was knighted by Richard l for bravery displayed at the siege of Acre. Joel B. Lawrence of Pepperell, Massachusetts, married Catherine Harris, whose parents were residents of Little HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 17 Rest, Dutchess county, New York. In 1833 Joel B. Lawrence removed with his family to Olmsted, Cuyahoga county, where he endured all the privations and hardships incident to life in the Western Reserve in the first half of the nineteenth century. He became the owner of a large tract of land and also of a flour mill, which he was operating in Olmsted at the time of his death, which occurred in 1851. His wife, surviving him two years, passed away in 1853. Their son, Washington H. Lawrence, was thus left an orphan at the age of thirteen years and the necessity of early providing for his own support led him to secure a clerkship in Berea. While there he continued his studies, thus supplementing the common school education that he had previously obtained at Olmsted. He also pursued a course of study in Baldwin University at Berea and thus gained a college as well as a business education by reserving a portion of his time to himself. The elemental strength of his character and ability were recognized by Hon. John Baldwin, who associated his son Milton with Mr. Lawrence in the management of large milling and real-estate properties in Kansas. However, the death of Milton Baldwin before the enterprise was fully inaugurated left the entire burden of the care of the properties upon Mr. Lawrence's shoulders. He ably managed the interests of the business until the latter part of 1859, when he withdrew from partnership relations with Mr. Baldwin and engaged in business with his brother at Hannibal, Missouri. While so engaged he was compelled to travel through western Missouri and eastern Kansas and saw much of the border warfare that followed the struggle between the pro and anti slavery forces in the latter state. He was also there during the early days of the Civil war and had many narrow escapes from the assaults of the guerrillas. Returning to Olmsted late in 1861 to manage the family property there, he continued at his old home until 1864, when he removed to Cleveland and became associated with N. S. C. Perkins and W. A. Mack in the manufacture of the Domestic sewing machine. This business proved very profitable, for Mr. Lawrence succeeded in triumphing over the sewing machine combination in all their patent litigations. The enterprise grew to large proportions, constituting a profitable venture, and ultimately Mr. Lawrence sold his interest to his associates. He then had charge of the sale of the Howe Sewing Machine Company, his territory including five states, and at the same time he was engaged in manufacturing bolts at Elyria, Ohio, as a member of what is now known as the Cleveland Screw& Tap Company. He disposed of all these interests in 1874 to become one of the pioneers in another field of labor which was just being developed. He was among the first to recognize the importance of electricity as a factor in commercial life and in 1874 became a large stockholder in the Telegraph Supply Company, retaining his interest through the various changes until it was finally merged into what is now the Brush Electric Company. Mr, Lawrence was associated with Charles F. Brush at the inception of the Brush Electric Company, furnishing a large portion of the original investment, and even in the darkest hours of that company's existence he was unfaltering in his conviction concerning the ultimate success of the undertaking. His old zeal, unfaltering belief and unabating energy continued factors in the growth and development of the business until the company had a capital of three million dollars, with Mr. Lawrence as general manager, in charge of the largest manufacturing establishment in its line in the world. Time demonstrated his wisdom in business affairs and gave proof of his ready recognition of the value of the project which he fostered. After twenty years of most exacting business life Mr. Lawrence, in 1882, resolved to take a much needed rest. Severing his connection with the company and selling or exchanging the greater part of his interests, he invested largely in real-estate properties in Cleveland and elsewhere, and for several years devoted his leisure to the management of his real estate. Although his property holdings were enough to require all the time and attention of most men, he was still unable to resist the charms of active management. He felt the enticement of what Kip- ling would term the "witchery of commerce," and in 1886, after carefully looking 18 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND over the field, he decided to take up the manufacture of electric light carbons, recognizing the fact that this product was being used in every part of the globe in connection with arc lighting. Early in the history of the Brush Electric Company he spent much time in their carbon department and now returned to it with renewed zest, becoming associated with W. W. Masters in the manufacture of carbons, at what was then the Wilson avenue factory of the National Carbon Company. Because of failing health Mr. Masters was anxious to retire and Mr. Lawrence and his associates, Myron T. Herrick, James Parmlee and Webb C. Hayes, became the owners of the entire business, which was organized and conducted under the name of the National Carbon Company. The growth of the enterprise was so rapid that it was soon found necessary to largely increase the capacity of the plant, and in 1891 the company purchased one hundred and fifteen acres adjoining the Lake Shore Railroad Company's right of way in the hamlet of Lakewood, just west of the city limits of Cleveland. On this tract of land has since been erected the largest carbon factory in the world, with an estimated capacity of twenty million carbons per month. Mr. Lawrence not only bent his energies to organization and management but also displayed great inventive capacity and a genius for constructing machinery adapted to factory use. The present factory gives visible evidence of the improvements and inventions that were made by him within the past few years. The processes of manufacture have been radically changed and the improvements instituted make this the most complete and thoroughly equipped establishment of the kind on the face of the globe. Mr. Lawrence seemed to be a man of unlimited capacities and powers, remaining to the last years of his life the embodiment of indomitable perseverance and energy. He was not only the president of the National Carbon Company but also of the Brush Electric Company, the Sperry Electric Railway Company and of various subordinate organizations, all occupying a prominent position among Cleveland's manufactories. He was also one of the organizers of the Cleveland Trust Company-the first company of the kind in Ohio—as he early recognized the need of such an organization, and he served on its executive committee until his death. In 1863 Mr. Lawrence was married to Miss Harriet E. Collister, of Cleveland, and unto them were born seven daughters. Mr. Lawrence, ever mindful of the interests and welfare of his family, to whom he was most devoted, established a beautiful summer home at Dover Bay, Ohio, and there Mrs. Lawrence still resides. He was called to put aside the activities of life November 17, 1900, and in his death Cleveland lost one who had contributed much to the commercial progress of the city. His was a most commendable career, not only by reason of the splendid success he achieved or owing to the fact that he instituted enterprises that afforded employment to hundreds of workmen, but also because of the straightforward, honorable business policy that he ever followed. His path was never strewn with the wreck of other men's fortunes, for, on the contrary, his work was always along constructive lines, stimulating general trade interests and thus proving of direct benefit in the city's growth. Honored and esteemed by all, no man occupied a more enviable positon in manufacturing and financial circles than Washington H. Lawrence. FRED LUZERNE HALL. Fred Luzerne Rail, a man of large affairs and pronounced business activity, is perhaps best known as the president of the International Security & Investment Company of Cleveland. He is a son of John Y. and Florence Hall of Ashtabula county, Ohio, where his birth occurred May 5, 1879. He comes of Revolutionary stock, therefore representing one of the old families of the country, and the branch to which he belongs has for an extended period been founded in HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 19 Ohio. As a little lad of six summers he entered the public schools and afterward enjoyed the benefit of instruction in the New Lyme Academy and in Oberlin College, which he attended for two years. He then went to Chicago, where he spent a year in the sale of a patent ink well, opening an office for that purpose and conducting the business with good success. In 1899 Mr. Hall came to Cleveland and after a year devoted to other business opened a real-estate office in connection with his father under the name of Hall, Gaensslin & Hall. Two years later the father retired but the firm continued a successful business until Fred L. Hall sold out. About that time he invented a building and traffic brick, utilizing the slag of steel mills for its base together with lime and 0her ingredients, formulating a process which is used today throughout the entire country. Thereby is produced a brick which for cheapness and durability has never been surpassed. Mr. Hall went to Pittsburg, interested capital in the enterprise and built a large brick plant, which he operated under the name of the Hall Pressed Brick Company, becoming manager and president. Over a million bricks were sold, after which Mr. Hall disposed of his rights in Pennsylvania and returned to Cleveland. Here he promoted the Smokeless Heat & Power Company in connection with J. W. Keenan for the purpose of manufacturing a machine to produce gas for city use. The gas is made from crude oil at much less cost than from coal. This has immense possibilities and developed, will prove a most profitable enterprise. Mr. Hall well deserves his place as the foremost promoter of business undertakings. He organized the Ohio- Cuba Fruit Culture Company, owning seventeen thousand acres of the best land in the province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba, ninety miles west of Havana, at the town of Consolacion. This is now being developed, the land having excellent possibilities for the production of tropical fruits. In 1901 occurred the marriage of Mr. Hall and Miss Edna Lucille Morey, a daughter of L. J. Morey, of Columbus, Ohio, and they have one son, Stanley Harold. Mr. Hall in politics is an independent republican. He has no political aspirations, preferring to concentrate his energies upon business undertakings, his keen discrimination enabling him to recognize possibilities and to coordinate forces until splendid results are achieved. On all questions of finance and organization he has brought to bear a clear understanding that has readily solved complex problems. DANIEL JONES. Daniel Jones, who during the years of his residence in Cleveland was engaged in the real-estate business save for the last few years of his life, when he lived retired, was born in Herefordshire, England, February 14, 1829. He lived to a ripe old age, his life's span covering almost seventy-nine years, his death occurring March 1o, 1908. His parents, John Thomas and Catherine (Evans) Jones, were also natives of Herefordshire. The father was a man of considerable mechanical ingenuity who could turn his hand readily to any trade and from the age of eleven years he made his own living. His father was once drafted to serve in the Peninsular wars with the English forces against Napoleon, but was never in active duty. Daniel Jones in his early youth spent five days a week in a little schoolhouse in England where instruction was given in the fundamental principles of learning by the Rev. William Stanley, a Baptist minister who engaged in preaching the other two days in the week. His text-books consisted of the Bible and an arithmetic. Although he attended school only until eleven years of age he was an apt student and made good use of his opportunities. He was also noted for his skill in athletics during his boyhood days. After leaving school he was employed by different farmers in England until nineteen years of age, when he carried out his 20 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND resolution of seeking a home in the new world. In r848 m company with several others, he embarked on the sailing vessel William Vale, and was six weeks and four days in crossing the Atlantic, for at times they encountered contrary winds which drove them out of their course. After landing he shared his few remaining pennies with his comrades and then began to look for work. He started on foot towards Geneva, New York, working at intervals to aid him in the journey. At length he found employment with a good old Quaker farmer who taught him the American ways, ideas and principles and instilled into his mind valuable lessons which remained with him through life. He saved his money and a few years later went by way of Buffalo to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Before going he was able to loan his employer the sum of one hundred and fifty dollars which he had saved from his earnings. Later he settled at Galena, Illinois, where he arrived after various exciting adventures with wild animals in a walk of ninety- six miles, which he accomplished in four days. He then worked in that locality for several months. A party was being formed at Galena to make the overland trip to California in search of gold and Mr. Jones decided to go. The expense of the journey would be one hundred dollars and he wrote to his former employer for the money which he had loaned. He could not get it, however, in time to go with the party, and this proved very fortunate for him as later word was received that the entire party had been killed by the Indians. In 1854 he had saved six hundred dollars and with this sum he felt that he was justified in establishing a home of his own. He therefore, in central New York, married Miss Susanna Jones, with whom he had became acquainted on shipboard while crossing the Atlantic. They went west, located on a section of land near Rockford, Michigan, and there took an active part in the interests of the community. A few years later they returned to Hall's Corners where Mr. Jones' wife died, where he remained until 1871. He was there engaged in the manufacturing business and in real-estate operations. Mr. Jones assisted in the building of the little church at Halls Corners and with his violin led the choir, this being the only musical instrument they had. He was also a good singer and his voice added much to the musical features of the program for Sunday worship. In 1871, however, he made his way to Cleveland, where he purchased five acres of land in East Cleveland from Levi Thomas for which he paid fifty-five hundred dollars. In 1872 he sold a portion of this to John T. A. Holah, at twenty dollars per foot, this being the first land to be sold in that locality by the foot. He afterward purchased several acres from the Doan family for sixteen thousand dollars and a short time afterward sold it for twenty thousand, thus realizing a handsome profit on his investment. By gradual stages he worked into the real-estate business, in which he continued until a few years prior to his death, when he retired from active life. He handled considerable valuable property and his sound judgment enabled him to make judicious investments and profitable sales. After losing his first wife Mr. Jones wedded Miss Mary J. Watkins, of Rockford, Michigan, who was a near and dear friend of his first wife and a daughter of John Watkins who came from Wales. This marriage was celebrated November 3, 1861. Beside his widow he left at his death two children : Emma, the wife of Alvin C. Birge, a carpenter and builder of Cleveland; and William A. Jones, who owns and conducts a ranch in California. Mr. Jones was a self-made and self-educated man who wisely used his opportunities and by his own sterling worth and honorable purpose worked his way upward. His good judgment and capability were used in many ways. He not only successfully conducted real-estate interests but also invested his earnings in government bonds and the wisdom of his judgment was demonstrated in later years, for there is no safer investment to be made. He cared little for politics but gave his allegiance to the republican party. He preferred to give his time to his family who found, him a generous and devoted husband and HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 21 father, who provided well for them. He was a great lover and admirer of Henry Ward Beecher, having heard him preach when he was ill and after losing his first wife, and his sermon gave Mr. Jones new courage. Life looked less dark to him and he took heart to press on. He was a good, kind-hearted, loving man, whose history was a proof of the fact which Lincoln epigrammatically expressed : "There is something better than making a living—making a life." GEORGE M. THOMAS. This is the age of the young men for it is the younger generation who are forging to the front and infusing new blood into business life. They are now demonstrating the beneficial effect of conducting their affairs according to new methods, employing improved machinery and taking advantage of all opportunities offered by twentieth century civilization. In Cleveland—the home of some of the most representative houses in the country—are to be found men who have barely passed the thirtieth milestone on life's journey who command large concerns and are handling a trade that is steadily increasing in volume. One of these industrial captains is George M. Thomas, who was born in this city in 1878 but who is now at the head of a house that handles drafting and engineering supplies and sells to the city trade and throughout northern Ohio. He is a son of George B. Thomas, who is also a native of this city, having been born here in 1843, and who was married in 1876 to Nellie Morgan, a native of Cleveland. She and her husband reside in the city and he is now manager of the United States Cast Iron & Foundry Company. The Thomas family is connected with the early history of Cleveland, the grandfather of the subject of this biography having built the first house on Wood street and the first lighthouse in Ohio. He was one of the first builders and contractors of the city and belonged to the early Western Reserve people. After passing through the public schools of Cleveland, George M. Thomas engaged in a hardware business with the George Worthington Company for one year, severing that connection to enter the Atlas Bolt & Screw Company. For two years he was in its office and then became connected with McBroom & Company, dealers in drafting and engineering supplies. After two years there, he was with the Kluger Optical Company for five years, and then, in 1907, embarking in his present undertaking, has since devoted himself to it and its expansion. In July, 1901, Mr. Thomas married Corrian Curtis, who was born in the city, and they have become the parents of two children: Jack C. and Williard G. Mrs. Thomas' grandfather ran a stage line between Cleveland and Buffalo and was interested in the canal. He, too, was one of the early settlers of this locality. Mr. Thomas is a republican but has not sought public preferment. He is a live, prosperous business man, whose success has been gratifying not only to himself but those who are interested in his progress and proud of his achievements. OTTO C. WEHE. No man is elevated to the position of head of a large concern unless he possesses in marked degree a fitness for discharging the duties of such a position. Upon the executive of any enterprise devolves so much responsibility that he must be able to meet the requirements of his office or the interests centered in him suffer. Otto C. Wehe, president of the Pioneer Manufacturing Company, although still young in years, possesses just those characteristics necessary to in- 22 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND sure success and has had an experience that guides him in his present undertaking. He was born in Wayne county, Ohio, in 1879, a son of William and Lena (Schneider) Wehe. William Wehe was born in central Ohio in 1844, and has always been engaged in the carriage business, first down in the state and later at Cleveland, where he is still engaged in this line. His wife was born in Germany but came to the United States in childhood, locating in Ohio, where they were married. Her demise occurred in 1906. He served as corporal in the Twenty-third Wisconsm Volunteer Infantry during the Civil war. Otto C. Wehe was educated in Wayne county and Cleveland and his first business experience was obtained with the office of Canfield Oil Company. After ten years spent with them in the offices and at different refineries throughout the country, two years being spent at Pittsburg and three years at Boston, he left the company. So far had he advanced in the confidence of-his employers that he was in charge of the Boston branch when he resigned to form new connections with the Sterling Oil Works at Marietta, Ohio, remaining with that concern for two years, when in 1905 he came to Cleveland to incorporate his present company. The Pioneer Manufacturing Company manufactures specialties in oil and paint goods, and their business has increased until their territory embraces the entire country, twenty commercial travelers being required to cover it. Mr. Wehe belongs to the Sons of Veterans on account of his father's services during the Civil war. At the time the latter enlisted he was on a farm in Wisconsin and, fired with patriotism, entered the service and was a brave soldier. Mr. Wehe is a republican. He is a live, prosperous young business man and his enterprise shows the gratifying results of his experienced efforts. HON. STEPHEN BUHRER. Hon. Stephen Buhrer, deceased, was best known to the citizens of Cleveland as a prominent leader in democratic circles and as an official whose efforts in behalf of the city were characterized by far-reaching and beneficial results. Over the record of his public career there falls no shadow of wrong or suspicion of evil,. and as a councilman and mayor he gave many tangible proofs of his unfaltering and ever increasing devotion to the public good. He was, moreover, a self-made man in the highest and best sense of the term, for, denied the advantages which are usually accorded to the American youth, in the school of experience he learned life's lessons well and made for himself a substantial and honorable place in business circles of the city. Mr. Buhrer was born on the Zoar farm in Tuscarawas county, Ohio, December 25, 1825. As the name indicates, he comes of German ancestry, the family being founded in America in 1817, when Johann Casper Buhrer, from the province of Baden, landed at Philadelphia. On the same ship had come Anna Maria Miller, from Stockach, Germany. They immediately repaired to Greensburg, Pennsylvania, where Mr. Buhrer had friends, and there were married. During a period of more than a year in which they remained residents of Greensburg their eldest child, Catherine, was born. They were led to change their place of residence from the fact that while crossing the Atlantic Mrs. Buhrer had become acquainted with and formed a warm friendship for some ladies who were also of German birth and who became residents of Zoar, Ohio. Desirous to live near them, Mr. Buhrer and his wife and little daughter made their way to that locality, taking up their abode on a farm near the town in what is now one of the richest agricultural sections of the state. At the time of their arrival the district was largely wild and unimproved, but the industry and thrift of the German population have transformed it into one of the most prosperous and fair regions that represent the agricultural life of the state. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 25 The father, however, was not long permitted to enjoy his new home, for in the late fail of 1829 he passed away, leaving two young children to the care of his widow. Two years before his death he had removed from his farm to the village of Zoar. That town was a center for a society of Friends, called Separatists, and after the death of the father the two children were bound to the society until their majority. They were subjected to very severe discipline, as this venerable religious community exemplified their faith in the ancient adage of not spoiling the child by sparing the rod and enforced the maxim with the utmost patriarchal severity upon the unhappy and helpless children. At a very early age Stephen Buhrer was put to work on the farm and in the factories and had to do other labor for which his years and strength scarcely equipped him. When in his ninth year he was given charge of the sheep in the vast pasture ranges of Zoar. There he labored for three years, or to the age of twelve, when he was placed in a cooper shop belonging to the society. He not only learned the trade of coopering but at different times did almost every kind of work incident to the company's varied industries, such as doing a man's work in the brewing and slaughtering department and often supplemented the same by acting as hostler at the Zoar tavern and driving horses on the Ohio canal. He received no remuneration for all this service, which he performed for six weary years, nor was he given the educational advantages that were his just due. The only instruction that he received was in Sunday school and in evenmg schools which he attended after his tenth year at the close of a hard day's work. Notwithstanding his strenuous labor, failing health, lonliness, discouragement and mental depression, the noble inheritance of the German blood and brain enabled him at last to assert the rights of nature, and in 1842 he left the society and came to Cleveland. Mr. Buhrer began work at the cooper's trade, but his health was so impaired that he could hardly earn enough to pay his board. Thinking that he might recuperate in other lines, he accepted a position as traveling salesman, in 1846, his territory covering, at first, Ohio, and later, western Ohio, Indiana and Michigan. As he thus got out into the world his broader interests brought him many valuable experiences and he came to see that Zoar was not the center of the universe nor its religious teachings all that there was of practical Christianity, as he had been taught in his childhood days. The prevailing malarial fevers of that early time, however, cut short his career as a traveling man and he returned by rail as far as Detroit, where his funds became exhausted and necessitated the sale of some of his wearing apparel that he might pay deck passage on a steamboat bound for Cleveland, which city he had come to regard as his home. For two months, thereafter, ill health utterly incapacitated him for labor, and as he was without funds he was about to be sent to the poorhouse when the only friend he had in the city came forward and spoke words of encouragement and hope and gave substantial proof of his friendship, guaranteeing the payment of his board bill until his death or recovery. Thus cheered and heartened, he seemed to take new lease of life and hope and was soon enabled to again work at his trade, which he did fora year, gaining thus a good salary, for he was skillful and competent as a cooper. He worked in a shipyard for a brief period in the winter of 1847, but soon returned to coopering. His health and success were such that Mr. Buhrer now felt justified in establishing a home of his own, to which end in 1848 he wedded Miss Eva Maria Schneider, and they became the parents of three children John, deceased, who wedded Miss Carrie Downer, the latter residing in Chicago ; Mrs. Mary Jane Hanna, of Seattle, Washington; and Mrs. Lois Catherine Barstow, now of East Orange, New Jersey. With the added incentive of having a home for which to provide, Mr. Buhrer, ambitious to engage in business on his own account, formed a partnership 26 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND for the conduct of a coopering enterprise, which he conducted for three years. He then sold his interest to his partner in 1853, at which time he turned his attention to the business of rectifying and purifying spirits, which undertaking continued to claim his time and energies throughout his remaining days and returned to him a very substantial reward for his labor and capable business management. In the meantime Mr. Buhrer had won recognition among his fellow citizens by reason of his upright life, his industry, his laudable ambition and determination in business affairs, and the spirit of progressive citizenship which he at all times manifested. He had been a resident of Cleveland for only eleven years and was but twenty-nine years of age when, in 1855, he was elected a member of the city council and in 1863 and 1865 was again chosen to the same position, the last. time without opposition. He served in the council during the period of the Civil war and was known as a stalwart champion of the Union cause and an active participant in every movement to advance the interest of the Federal government. It was only a physical infirmity that prevented him from doing active military service on the battlefields of the south. However, he did valuable work as a member of the city council and especially was his presence needed in his own ward, where his friendly care and helpful spirit were continually called into requisition in behalf of many women and children whose fathers were doing service at the front or had already fallen in battle. Twice was his ward subjected to draft and would have had to submit to a third but for the energetic action of Mr. Buhrer, who prevented this by largely contributing to the payment of bounties to volunteers. He gave most freely to this cause as also to assistance in individual cases and thus rendered untold benefit to the Union, for it was as necessary to care for those at home as it was to meet the enemy upon the fields of carnage. It was doubtless in recognition of his important service in his ward and in the city during the most gloomy days of the civil strife in his capacity of trustee that he was returned to the council for a third term with unprecedented unanimity. Hardly had his third term as councilman expired when higher honors were conferred upon Mr. Buhrer in his election to the mayoralty in April, 1867. His party was not usually in the ascendant but his personal popularity and the confidence reposed in him by his fellow townsmen gained for him the strong support which was given him and which placed him in the chair of Cleveland's chief executive. His administration was characterized by all that marks the loyal citizen and the careful man of business. His duties were then no sinecure, for the work that devolved upon him as the head of the city government was often of a most strenuous character. The only official colleagues of the mayor then were the city clerk, who was also auditor, and the treasurer and a board of city improvement, of which the mayor was chairman, having in charge public works of great magnitude and including the expenditure of large sums of money. He was entrusted with the sole control and management of the police force and was therefore made responsible for its fidelity and efficiency, besides exercising a careful and constant supervision over the fire and water and every other department of the city government with a view to the promotion of financial economy. The rigid discharge of duty which he had required of the police and the avoidance at the same time of everything oppressive or of the exercise of a seemingly undue official severity, won alike their regard and the public approbation, Largely through the influence and during the mayoralty term of Mr. Buhrer, the Cleveland House of Correction and Workhouse was completed, its humane purpose being to reform and reclaim, if possible, as well as punish, the vicious and criminal. This work had the hearty endorsement of Mayor Buhrer, who at all times stood for enterprises and projects of public progress, improvement and advancement. He opposed anything like misrule in public affairs and his name has ever been largely regarded as a synonym for all that HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 27 is best in mayoralty service. He ever placed the good of the city before partisanship or personal aggrandizement and he sought the betterment of municipal conditions without the useless or extravagant expenditure of the public funds. It was his desire to retire from office on the expiration of his first term that he might give his attention to his business, which he felt demanded his time and care, but his party renominated him and in April, 1869, he was again elected to the mayoralty, receiving an unprecedented majority of nearly three thousand. Thus came to him the endorsement of the general public concerning his previous service, notwithstanding the fact that he was ever recognized as a loyal democrat and the republican party was then in the ascendant in Cleveland. His party further honored him in the following autumn in making him the candidate for state treasurer, but in that year Ohio gave its usual republican support to the candidates for state offices. In April, 1871, Mr. Buhrer was again urged to become the mayoralty candidate. He respectfully but emphatically declined for he felt now that he had rendered such services to the public as was commensurate with the duties of a good citizen and preferred the quiet of home life and the opportunity for the conduct of individual business interests. Notwithstanding his refusal he was nominated but this was the presidential year and, moreover, the republican party gathered in its strength, saying that for a third term a candidate should not be elected upon his personal popularity. The republicans bent every energy to accomplish their purpose and succeeded, Mr. Buhrer losing in the race, although his opponent won by a very small majority. Later, without his knowledge, the democrats twice nominated him for county treasurer and kept his name upon the ticket notwithstanding his protest. In 1874 he was returned to the city council, though his ward was largely republican, but his fellow townsmen recognized the fact that very important measures were pending which his presence would promote. The finance committee and the board of improvement absorbed almost his entire time during the ensuing two years' service. Later he was appointed on the board of workhouse directors, in which connection his labors were of signal benefit to the public. He stood at all times for measures, movements and institutions that would promote the general good, including the Home for Wayward Children who needed the care and attention of the public. He waS the first who officially recommended the high level bridge which spans the valley of the Cuyahoga river, known as the Superior street viaduct. While the public life of Mr. Buhrer made constant and heavy demands upon his time and attention, his deepest interest, nevertheless, centered in his home. In the early springtime of 1889 he lost his first wife, who had long been an invalid. A year later, on the 29th of March, 1890, he married Miss Marguerite Patterson, a daughter of William and Anna (Marshal) Patterson. Her father came from Scotland to America and after some years' residence in New York removed to Cleveland. The death of Mr. Buhrer occurred December 9, 1907, and thus passed one who had long been a central figure on the stage of activities in Cleveland. His commercial enterprise was unfaltering but his vision was never narrowed to the boundaries of personal interests alone. He viewed life from higher standpoints, recognized his duties and his opportunities. fulfilling the one and improving the other to the benefit of the city at large. MRS. MARGUERITE PATERSON BUHRER. A life largely devoted to service• for humanity has given Mrs. Marguerite Paterson Buhrer firm hold upon the regard and affection of Cleveland's citizens. She came to this city in her childhood days in company with her parents, William and Anna (Marshal) Paterson, the former born in Scotland, March 17, 18o7, and the latter in New York, May 1, 1841. The daughter acquired her 28 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND education in the public schools and for one year was a teacher in a private school. During all her life she has been interested in charitable and mission work and is today one of the best known women in charity circles in this city. Her labors have been of a most practical character and of far-reaching benefit. They have not consisted of the giving of a sum of money without thought of the recipient ; on the contrary she believes in investigating the different cases and in addition to substantial gifts, which have met the physical needs, she has been quick to speak the word of sympathy and encouragement that has brought hope to many a heart and caused the hearer to again put forth earnest effort to rise superior to conditions and environment. It has been said that no worthy person has ever been turned from her door empty handed. The secret of this life of service is found in her church membership. From childhood she has been identified with the Franklin Avenue Methodist Episcopal church, has been a most active worker in the different women's organizations, and has filled the office of president of the Home Mission Society. Believing that anything that tends to uplift humanity and inspire to nobler purpose and higher living a feature of church work, she has extended her efforts into various fields, the far-reaching influences of which are immeasurable. She was one of the charter members of the Health Protective Association, the first civic society of Cleveland, and for one year served as its president and for seven years as its secretary. She did much active work in introducing and promoting the plan for an outing for poor mothers and working women to different parks of the city during the summers of 1899 and 1900. She was also instrumental in introducing gardening in vacant lots that children's time might be thus employed during the summer of 1898. She was associated with others in the establishment of the first public playground and sewing school, a work introduced at the Eagle Street sch00l and continued through the summers of 1898, 1899 and 1900. In 1899 Mrs. Buhrer worked hard to secure the passage of an ordinance in the city council making it a misdemeanor for any one to expectorate on sidewalks or in the street cars and thus constitute a menace to public health. The introduction of waste-paper baskets throughout the city was another law that came about through her diligent work, and it was Mrs. Buhrer's thought and effort that resulted in the establishment of the board of women visitors appointed by the governor to visit the state public institutions. She was instrumental in organizing a society among the deaf and dumb of the city and thus adding much to lives deprived of many things that the majority of mankind enjoy. She filled the office of national secretary to the National Health Protective League for five years and she is a member of the Ohio State Suffrage Association, serving at the present time as chairman of the enrollment committee. She has also been selected as state delegate to the National Women's Suffrage Association at the three meetings held at Buffalo, Seattle and Washington. Seven years ago the Cleveland Emerson Class was organized in her home and with the literary development of the city she has also been connected. A close student of the great economic and sociological questions which confront the country, she has so informed herself on these subjects that her exposition and support of a cause is always a clear enunciation of facts as well as of practical plans along which organized effort may reach substantial and desirable results. At present she is endeavoring to procure rest and recreation rooms for the young boys, as well as girls, employed in factories and stores, where they can go after their lunch for a chat or a game or to rest or to sit and read awhile before returning to work. Another feature of her success along many lines is the interest she has awakened in other women in certain important questions of industry, philanthropy and civics, getting them to work with her and then stepping quietly aside that they may have the credit of the work ac- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 31 complished. In this way she has gained the interest and cooperation of many women who heretofore knew little of the human side of life outside of their own beautiful homes. Mrs. Buhrer's home life has ever been the happiest, as she says her home was her heaven up to the death of her husband. JOSIAH BARBER. On the pages of Cleveland's early history the name of Judge Josiah Barber stands conspicuously forth as one who did much to mold the development of the city in its formative period and to lay broad and deep the foundation upon which has since been built its present prosperity and progress. His first wife was Abigail Gilbert, who died leaving one daughter, Mrs. Abigail (Barber) Russell, the mother of Mrs. D. P. Rhodes and Mrs. U. C. Hatch, both of whom have descendants still living in Cleveland. For his second wife Mr. Barber married Sophia Lord, a daughter of Samuel Phillips Lord, of Hebron, Connecticut, who purchased a large tract of land from the Connecticut Land Company on the west side of the Connecticut river. Deciding to make his home in Ohio, Mr. Barber and his family journeyed from Hebron, Connecticut, by horse and carriage, their household goods in wagons, bringing their cows with them. They arrived in the fall of 1818. The Branch and Watkins families were also in the company, and Richard Lord, Mrs. Abigail Lord Randall and Samuel P. Lord. Jr., came later. Mr. Barber built the first brick house in Ohio City on the corner of Pearl street and Franklin avenue. On the marriage of his daughter Harriet to H. N. Ward he gave her that house and built the one on Franklin Circle in which he died and which is now the orphanage of the Protestant Episcopal church through the generosity of Mrs. Sophia Lord Russell Rhodes, Mrs. D. P. Rhodes. He sought the development and progress of the town and gave to the city the Market House property and also Franklin Circle. He was very active in many respects and his judgment in relation to public affairs was regarded as sound and reliable. His fellow townsmen, recognizing his worth and ability, called him to public office and in 1834 made him circuit judge. His son, Epaphras Barber, was sixteen years of age at the time of the removal to the west. He was educated in Connecticut and passed away ere the close of the first half of the nineteenth century, his death occurring in 1849. He married Terusha Sargent, whose parents also came to Ohio City in 1818. She was a daughter of Levi Sargent, a blacksmith, who arrived in Cleveland at a very early day and conducted a shop on Pearl street. That he was one of the pioneers here is indicated in the fact that he built the second frame house on the west side of the river. Mrs. Sargent was said to have been the first advocate of abolition and temperance. All of the family were members of the St. John's Episcopal church on Church street, and the Barbers and Lords founded and built the first church of that denomination on the west side. Mr. and Mrs. Sargent were the parents of two sons and three daughters. John Sargent, one of the sons, was a surveyor of note in his day and laid out the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad. Mr. and Mrs. Barber became the parents of five children. Josiah, who died many years ago, was a member of the Ninety-fifth Ohio Regiment during the Civil war. He served throughout the struggle and rose to the rank of major on Colonel McMillen's staff. Later he was an enthusiastic member of the Army of the Tennessee until his death in 1884. Richard Lord, who enlisted in the Seventh Ohio Infantry and was in all the battles of that famous regiment, died in 1882 in Kansas. Epaphras Lord, who settled in Wauseon, Ohio, was also in the army, in which he served with the rank of colonel. One of the daughters was Mrs. A. M. McGregor, whose husband, a very prominent man, died in 1900. In 1906 she be- 32 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND came the wife of Dr. M. O. Terry, of Utica. Their home is in Mamaroneck, New York. In memory of her first husband she established a home for old people, called the A. M. McGregor Home, which now shelters a family of twenty-five. The other daughter is Mrs. McCrosky. She bore the maiden name of Sophia Lord Barber and she was married to James McCrosky in 1857. They lived in Rushville, Illinois, for a time but in 1865 returned to Cleveland. Mr. McCrosky then purchased a tract of land on Euclid avenue in East Cleveland and planted a large vineyard, where he was extensively engaged in the production of fine grapes. Their family numbers but one son, Frederick, who lives in California. In church and charitable work they are identified with the Presbyterian denomination and have been very active. Various benevolences have also received from them generous assistance, for it is the purpose of their lives to make their native talents subserve the demands which conditions of society impose at the present time. GEORGE H. OLMSTED. During a residence of more than forty-two years in Cleveland, George H. Olmsted has enjoyed in the fullest degree the confidence and good-will of his fellowmen by reason of his reliability in business, his loyalty in citizenship and his fidelity in social relations. He is prominently known to the business world as a leading representative of insurance interests, operating under the firm style of Olmsted Brothers & Company and also of George H. Olmsted & Company. A native of Lagrange, Lorain county, Ohio, Mr. Olmsted was born September 21, 1843, his parents being Jonathan and Harriet (Sheldon) Olmsted. In 1872 the parents became residents of Cleveland, where the father died in 1877 at the age of sixty-eight years. Previous to his removal to this city he had devoted his life to general agricultural pursuits. The youthful days of George H. Olmsted were passed in his native county and his education was there largely acquired, although he also pursued a course in the Eastman Business College at Poughkeepsie, New York. His occupation in early manhood was that of school teaching, to which he devoted three years, after which he became bookkeeper and salesman in a store at Grafton, Ohio, where he remained for a year. He was next occupied as agent with the introduction of a doorbell in Michigan. Since the spring of 1867 Mr. Olmsted has given his attention entirely to the insurance business, locating at that time in Cleveland as the representative of the Atlantic Mutual Life Insurance Company, of Albany, New York, with which he was associated for ten years, or until their retirement from business. During the last two years of that time he was superintendent of agencies for the United States and Canada, for he had gradually worked his way upward and had given proof of his ability and keen insight in business affairs. For a year or two thereafter he traveled as special agent for the Brooklyn Life Insurance Company of New York and then resigned to become equal partner with S. S. Coe in an insurance agency, the relation between them being maintained until the death of Mr. Coe in 1883, although the business was conducted under the firm style of Coe & Olmsted until the death of Mrs. Coe in 1889. In that year Mr. Olmsted became sole proprietor of the busmess and organized the present firm of George H. Olmsted & Company and also the firm of Olmsted Brothers, being associated in the latter connection with O. N. Olmsted. Later E. B. Hamlin was admitted to the firm, which originally had taken the state agencies of both Ohio and Indiana for the National Life Insurance Company of Vermont. Today the firm of Olmstead Brothers & Company are conducting a business double in volume to that which was being conducted by the National Life Insurance Company in the entire United States at the time HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 33 Olmsted Brothers assumed the management in Ohio and Indiana. During the past ten years the firm of Olmsted Brothers & Company paid to Ohio and Indiana policy holders in death claims $1,130,422.57, in surrender values $595,116.31, in dividends, annuities and matured endowments $329,739.97—a total of $2,055,- 278.85. The firm of George H. Olmsted & Company conducts a general insurance business, while the firm of Olmsted Brothers & Company also represents the Standard Accident Insurance Company. There are few better known insurance men in the middle west than George H. Olmsted and there is probably n0hing more suggestive of his standing and ability in insurance circles than the fact that he was elected a director of one of the most conservative life insurance companies in the United States—the National of Vermont. This is a position occupied by but one other agent of any prominent company in the United States and Mr. Olmsted is the only member of the directorate living west of New York. He has extensive business interests aside from those already mentioned. He has served as treasurer of the National Safe & Lock Company of Cleveland since the year after its organization, is president of the Life Insurance Managers Exchange; president of the National Land Company; vice president of the Bankers Surety Company; treasurer of the Union Savings & Loan Company; a director of the Woodland Avenue Savings & Trust Company; a director of the Cleveland Trunk Company ; a director of the Central National Bank; a director of the Land Title Abstract Company; a director of the Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College, and a member of the board of fire underwriters and the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce. In 1872, at Saybrook, Ohio, Mr. Olmsted was married to Miss Ella Kelley, to which union were born two children: Grace, who died on the I th of December, 1904; and Howard. Mr. Olmsted's residence is on Willson avenue and the family are members of the Willson Avenue Baptist church, with which Mr. Olmsted has been prominently identified since 1872 and is now serving as senior deacon. He is chairman of the apportionment committee of the Northern Baptist Convention, having charge of apportioning among the Baptist churches of the state the desired contributions to the different missionary, organizations of the denomination, and for many years he was also a member of the board of the Ohio Baptist Convention. In the work of the Young Men's Christian Association he has taken a keen interest. He stands as a high type of the American business man and citizen, alert and energetic, watchful not only of his own interests but also of the welfare and progress of the community. ANTHONY VAN ROOM. The most admirable feature of life in the United States is the possibility offered all of its young to attain to any position within their wishes for here no man is handicapped by reason of poverty or lack of early opportunities. Some of the most prosperous merchants and financiers of Cleveland began their business training at the bottom of the ladder, climbing towards its top step by step. One of those who have won their present prosperity through personal effort is Anthony Van Rooy, of the firm of Van Rooy Brothers, tea and coffee brokerage merchants. Mr. Van Rooy is a son of William Van Rooy, who was born in 1835 in Holland and came to the United States when about thirty years old, While living in Holland he was a salesman but after coming here he settled in the vicinity of Cleveland, later removing to this city. His wife was Wilhelmina Hoyting, who was also born in Holland, where they were married, coming here together. Mr. Van Rooy died in 1895, his widow surviving until 1900.. Anthony Van Rooy was born in Cleveland, November 8, 1877, and after attending the public and parochial schools, he early began earning his own living as a messenger boy. Soon afterward the lad's bright manner and courteous 34 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND ways secured him employment with E. V. Jewel brokerage firm as an office boy. For nine years he remained with them, rising gradually through sheer perseverance and ability to be one of their street salesmen. By this time he was prepared to go into business for himself and so with their goodwill and regret at losing him, Mr. Van Rooy established his tea and coffee brokerage house in 1900. He has built up a very good trade, confining his efforts to Cleveland and vicinity for the most part. In 1901 Mr. Van Rooy married Agnes Boehmer, who was born in Germany, being brought here in childhood. Mr. and Mrs. Van Rooy are the parents of three children: Agnes, Evelyn and John. In the very prime of life, Mr. Van Rooy has many years of useful activity stretching out before him and it is safe to say that he has not finished his work for there is much for him yet to do. Men of his caliber do not stand still. With the same spirit that prompted the little office boy of nearly twenty years ago to do more than his appointed tasks and to ever reach out for more knowledge, Mr. Van Rooy is advancing steadily and carrying with him the good wishes of those who have watched his progress with such interest for a decade or two and respected his pluck and perseverance. JOHN G. W. COWLES. The specific and distinctive office of biography is not to give voice to a man's modest estimate of himself and his accomplishments but rather to leave the perpetual record establishing his character by the consensus of opinion on the part of his fellowmen. Throughout Cleveland Mr. Cowles is spoken of in terms of admiration and respect. His life has been so varied in its activity, so honorable in its purposes, so far-reaching and beneficial in its effects that it has become an integral part of the history of the city and has also left an impress upon the annals of the state. In no sense a man in public life, he has nevertheless exerted an immeasureable influence on the city of his residence : in business life as a financier and promoter of extensive business enterprises ; in social circles by reason of a charming personality and unfeigned cordiality ; in politics by reason of his public spirit and devotion to the general good as well as his comprehensive understanding of the questions affecting state and national welfare ; and in those departments of activity which ameliorate hard conditions of life for the unfortunate by his benevolence and his liberality. Further investigation into the history of John Guiteau Welch Cowles indicates the fact that he comes of an ancestry honorable and distinguished. The Cowles family is of English lineage and was founded in America by John Cowles, who in 1635 left England, his native land, and became a resident of Massachusetts, whence he later removed to Hartford, Connecticut. His descendants are now numerous and included the late Edwin Cowles of the Cleveland Leader. The father of J. G. W. Cowles was the Rev. Henry Cowles, D. D., who left the impress of his individuality and activity upon the religious and educational development of northern Ohio through a period of many years. He was born in Norfolk, Connecticut, April 24, 1803, of the marriage of Samuel and Olive (Phelps) Cowles. Determining to devote his life to the work of the church, he became a clergyman of the Congregational faith and in 1828 was ordained as a missionary to the Western Reserve. He graduated at Yale in 1826 and Yale Theological School in 1828. For a time he engaged in preaching the gospel in Ashtabula and afterward in Sandusky, Ohio, while subsequently he became pastor of the Congregational church of Austinburg. There he remained for five years and in 1835 he allied his interests with the Oberlin movement, which had been originated two years before and which has resulted in the development of one of the strongest denominational schools of the country. He was elected professor of Greek HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 37 and Latin and for a period of forty-six years continued in active connection with this school in different capacities, his labors constituting a strong and forceful element in the growth of the college and the extension of its usefulness. Rev. Henry Cowles was married in 1830 to Miss Alice Welch, whose parents were Dr. Benjamin and Louisa (Guiteau) Welch of Norfolk, Connecticut. The maternal ancestry was French Hugenot, representatives of the Guiteau family fleeing to America at the time of the religious persecution of the Hugenots in France. Dr. Ephraim Guiteau, the maternal great-grandfather of John G. W. Cowles, was a physician, under whose direction Dr. Welch, later his son-in- law, studied for some time. Following their marriage the Rev. and Mrs. Henry Cowles came at once to Ohio and Mrs. Cowles proved her great usefulness as principal of the ladies' department of Oberlin College. Her pleasing personality and culture made her a favorite in the social circles there and her influence was a dominating factor for development in intellectual and moral lines. It was in the classic atmosphere of Oberlin that J. G. W. Cowles spent his youthful days. He was there born March 14, 1836, and after pursuing his studies in the public schools of the town pursued a preparatory course and in 1852 was matriculated in the college, being at that time but sixteen years of age. He was graduated in 1856, at the age of twenty years, and soon afterward entered upon preparation for the ministry. It had been his original purpose to become a member of the bar but his plans of life changed in his senior year and he took up his theological studies, depending, while pursuing that course, as he had while pursuing his classical studies, upon his own labors for the money necessary to meet his college expenses. The vacation periods were devoted to teaching and in later years he also had charge of classes in the academic or preparatory departments of the school, his special branch being elocution. While pursuing the work of the senior year in the theological school he began to preach as a licentiate, filling the pulpit of the Congregational church at Bellevue, Ohio, in the fall of 1858. The following spring he was graduated and at that time not only entered the ministry but also laid the foundation for a happy home life in his marriage to Miss Lois M. Church, of Vermontville, Michigan, who had also graduated from Oberlin in 1858. Accepting a regular call from the Bellevue church, Mr. Cowles continued his work there until 1861, when he offered his services to the government, then engaged in the Civil war, that he might carry religious messages and ministrations to the boys in blue in the field. He was elected chaplain of the Fifty-fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, which had been raised among his old neighbors in Huron, Erie, Sandusky and adjoining counties and was commanded by Colonel John C. Lee, afterward lieutenant governor of Ohio. With the regiment Mr. Cowles went to West Virginia and saw service under General Robert C. Schenck, General Milroy and General John C. Fremont in the active campaigns of 1861-2. In the spring of the latter year he was with Fremont in his famous pursuit of Stonewall Jackson up the valley of the Shenandoah and was with the Fifty-fifth Ohio at the battle of Cross Keys in June, 1862. In the fall of that year he resigned as chaplain to accept the pastorate of the Congregational church in Mansfield, Ohio, where he continued his ministerial labors until the spring of 1865. In that year he became pastor of the Congregational church at East Saginaw, Michigan, and during the six years which he there spent not only greatly increased the spiritual strength of the people but also was instrumental in erecting a fine church at a cost of sixty-five thousand dollars. For a year while at East Saginaw ill health prevented his public speaking and during that period he was editorially connected with the Saginaw Daily Enterprise, a republican paper. Owing to continued physical disability that prevented his preaching, he accepted a position as associate editor of the Cleveland Leader, then owned. and managed by Edwin Cowles. In January, 1871, therefore, he came to this city and for about three years wrote the leading editorials for that paper. He possessed superior literary style and his writings 38 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND also indicated a thorough understanding of the questions which he discussed as well as a spirit of patriotism and devotion to the general good. From this time forward he was no longer active in church work as a minister but his interest in religious progress has never ceased and in the communities where he formerly labored there is yet entertained for him the warmest friendship. Ties then formed have never been broken and frequently he has been called to return to the scenes of his ministerial labors to take part in some occasion of rejoicing or sorrow or in some public affair. During the years of his residence in Cleveland, Mr. Cowles has made steady progress in business life, bending his efforts to the successful accomplishment of everything that he has undertaken. Gradually he drifted into the field of real estate, largely through the desire of friends outside the city who wished him to make investments for them. He also began buying property on his own account and in 1873 his operations in the real-estate field had become so important and extensive as to necessitate the severance of his connection with journalism. He has long been recognized as one of the prominent representatives of real-estate interests in Cleveland and his course has been marked by the most honorable methods, his irreproachable probity being especially evidenced in the course which he pursued following the widespread financial disasters of 1873. In that year Cleveland property was selling at a good rate and the city was enjoying rapid but healthful growth. The, widespread financial panic, however, had immediate effect here, as it did in hundreds of other cities, operations practically ceasing in the real-estate field, while values were greatly reduced. However, Mr. Cowles had, taken up real estate as a life work and he continued in that field, facing the disasters of the situation, which occasioned him heavy losses. He was forced to incur a great indebtedness and during the ensuing eighteen years he bent his energies toward discharging his financial obligations. A rigorous self sacrifice was practiced and in due course of time every financial obligation was discharged. He was frequently advised to take advantage of the national bankruptcy law then in force but he replied that if life and strength were left him he would redeem every pledge that stood in his name and pay to every creditor that which was his due. This herculean task he accomplished and no stain of dishonor has ever rested on his name. As years passed and financial affairs returned to the normal his business .increased and in later years he has had charge of important real-estate interests for different corporations and individuals. He has purchased much property for others, especially for railroad and manufacturing corporations or for capitalists who desire investments of a specific character. He also sells property for others and in fact is controlling an extensive real-estate business, not only in the outright sale or purchase but also in negotiating leaseholds, especially of down-town business property on some of the principal thoroughfares of the city. He has conducted the negotiations whereby leases have been secured on the land on which a number of the most important office and modern business buildings are erected. There is another department of Mr. Cowles' business that is profitable and extensive as well. This is the negotiating of loans upon mortgage security, in which connection he represents eastern corporations having abundant supplies of funds available. Another branch of his business is the care of property for non-resident owners or for resident capitalists who wish to be free from the care of their own property or estates. Mr. Cowles' activity, enterprise and business discernment has thus carried him into important relations with the public and he today figures as one of the most prominent and successful real-estate men of Cleveland. On the organization of the Cleveland Trust Company in 1894, capitalized for six hundred thousand dollars, he was elected president and so continued for eight years or until the consolidation of the Cleveland Trust Company with the Western Reserve Trust Company, when he became chairman of the board. In 1876 Mr. Cowles took entice charge of the real-estate interests of J. D. Rockefeller in Cleveland and since 188o he has likewise had charge of the interests of HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 39 Charles F. Brush. These duties alone would make him a busy man and yet, as is indicated, various other duties and interests have claimed his attention. In April of 1896 he was chosen president of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce and thus became the foremost official representative of the commercial and business interests of this city. As the years passed on there came to the home of Mr. and Mrs. Cowles four children : Alice Welch, now the wife of the Rev. John Doane, pastor of the Congregational church of Greeley, Colorado ; Mary Flagler ; Edward Church, who died in infancy ; and Leroy Hervey, who died in 1887 at the age of fourteen years. The wife and mother passed away in 1903 and Mr. Cowles afterward wedded Miss Beatrice Walker, of Brantford, Canada. They have one daughter, Beatrice Jeannette, born in 1905. It is not alone by reason of the extent and importance of his business affairs that Mr. Cowles has become widely known. He has been a cooperant factor in many measures for the public good, is interested in all matters of civic virtue and civic pride and has been a leader in many movements which have reflected credit and honor upon the municipal spirit of Cleveland. On the 22d of July, 1896, when a mass meeting was held to celebrate the centennial of the arrival of Moses Cleaveland on the site of the present city, Mr. Cowles there for the first time made public announcement of the magnificent addition to the public park department of the city, made possible by the generosity of John D. Rockefeller, who gave to Cleveland lands and money to the extent of six hundred thousand dollars, afterward augmented by three hundred thousand more. Mr. Cowles was actively concerned in this gift in that he purchased for Mr. Rockefeller substantially all the land taken for park purposes south from Euclid avenue, along the valley of Doan Brook to the Shaker Heights land, a distance of a mile and a half. In the year 1900 he was president of the board of park commissioners. Mr. Cowles also figured prominently in the centennial celebration of 1896, laboring earnestly and effectively to make this occasion a memorable success. He was made chairman of the section of religion for the historical representation of the century and, with a committee which he appointed, arranged for and presided over the first meeting of the celebration, held Sunday afternoon, July 19, 1896, upon which occasion he spoke in eloquent terms to the people concerning the occasion and what it indicated. On Woman's Day, as president of the Chamber of Commerce, he also delivered a brief address. He was called upon to deliver the address at the dedication of the new Chamber of Commerce building in 1899 and has served on various important committees which have been formed to further the public welfare. Never ceasing to feel a deep interest in his alma mater, he has acted as a trustee of Oberlin College since 1874. That college conferred upon him the LL. D. degree in 1898 and he is its oldest trustee in the length of continued service. He is also widely known in military circles as a member of the Ohio Commandery of the Loyal Legion and of the Army and Navy Post, G. A. R. Religiously he is connected with the Plymouth Congregational church and has taken a helpful part in its various activities, serving for many years as one of its deacons. His political allegiance is given to the republican party and though he has never held an elective office, he has nevertheless exerted an influence in politics inasmuch as he has always stood for good government and for anything that opposes misrule in municipal or national affairs. He is a member of the Cleveland real-estate hoard, of which he has been president, and since 1884 he has been connected with the Cleveland Board of Trade and its successor, the Chamber of Commerce, in which connection he has labored earnestly toward promoting the commercial and industrial development of the city. In 1894 he became chairman of its legislative committee and the following year, was elected a director and first vice president, followed by his election to the presidency in 1896. The public work that he has done has brought no pecuniary reward and yet has made extensive demand upon his time, his thought and his energies. Opportunities 40 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND that others have passed by heedlessly he has noted and improved to the betterment of the city and the state in many ways. While modest and unostentatious in manner, all who know him speak of him in terms of praise. In his life are the elements of greatness because of the use he has made of his talents and his opportunities, because his thoughts are not self centered but are given to the mastery of life problems and the fulfillment of his duty as a man in his relations to his fellowmen and as a citizen in his relations to his city, state and country. CHARLES A. MAHER. On the honor roll of those who have been prominent in the development of the industrial interests of Cleveland is found the name of Charles A. Maher, who is the vice president of the National Car Wheel Company, an enterprise that is today of world-wide fame. He started upon the journey of life in 1867, and in the forty-two years which have since come and gone he has made steady progress toward the goal of prosperity, which is the objective point before every well balanced business man. As the name indicates, he comes of Irish ancestry. His parents, Thomas and Helen (Watson) Maher, were both natives of Ireland, the former born near Dublin in County Carlow in 1829. When about nine or ten years of age he crossed the Atlantic with his parents and became a resident of Cleveland. After attaining his majority he gained for himself a position of distinction among the leading business men of the city. He was one of the early manufacturers of Cleveland, becoming one of the founders of the car-- wheel business here, which was then conducted under the name of the Bowler & Maher Company. Later Mr. Brayton was admitted to a partnership, and his name was added to the firm style. A subsequent change in 1886 led to the adoption of the name of Maher & Brayton, a copartnership in the manufacture of car wheels and gray iron castings, while later it became the Maher Foundry Company, for Thomas Maher, by buying out the stock from time to time, became the sole owner of the business. In 1903 he sold the plant to the National Car Wheel Company, which took over five large concerns from Cleveland, Pittsburg, Rochester, New York city and Sayre, Pennsylvania. The plant here was one of the oldest in the country and one of the most substantial in this line of trade. After selling to the National Company Thomas Maher retired from active business. In the meantime, however, he was one of the founders of the Riverside Foundry Company and also of the Columbia Iron & Steel Company of Uniontown, Pennsylvania. He thus operated extensively along industrial lines, and his enterprise and business discernment were of such a character as to gain him notable prominence in this field of labor. His wife was brought to Cleveland during her early girlhood, her father being engaged in the rolling-mill business in this city during the pioneer epoch of industrial development here. In fact both the Maher and Watson families were among the early settlers. The death of Mrs. Maher occurred in 1876. Born in Cleveland, Charles A. Maher spent his time between the ages of seven and twelve years in the parochial school and afterward attended Brooks Military Academy, which later became the University School. On putting aside his text-books he became connected with the Britton Iron & Steel Mills, which he represented as shipping clerk for a time, and when he left that company he was serving as assistant night superintendent of the mill. He then went abroad, where he remained for six months, and upon his return he entered the foundry of the Maher & Brayton Company, going right into the works that he might thoroughly master the business. He served in every department, acquainting himself with the trade, and after the firm became the Maher Wheel & Foundry Company he was made secretary and general manager, thus continuing until the business was merged into the National Company. At that time he was elected HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 43 secretary and so continued from 1903 until 1905, when he was made vice president and given charge of the sales. The main office is in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, and the business has now spread over the entire country. The company now has five plants, and its trade is constantly increasing. In 1908 Mr. Maher became identified with the selling agency of Otis Bonnell & Company, which firm went out of existence on May I, 1908. Mr. Maher now devotes the major portion of his time to the interests of the National Car Wheel Company. Before he was chosen for his present position he was manager of the car-wheel department. Throughout his business life he has been very successful, and largely owing to his capable control his business has increased from forty to fifty per cent, the Cleveland plant ranking third. In 1894 Mr. Maher was married to Miss Jeanette Sherman, of Rochester, New York, who is very active in the social circles of the city. Mr. Maher has also been a leading member of the Hermit Club and takes an active part in its productions. He is likewise a member of the Euclid Club, the Roadside Club and the Cleveland Athletic Club and is a non resident member of the Lambs Club of New York. He is a man of force and of ready decision, which, however, follows thorough knowledge of the business with a clear understanding of the conditions that exist in trade circles. His enterprise has brought him into prominent connection with one of the most important industries not only of the city but of the country as well. His deductions concerning business affairs are logical, his methods practical and his labors resultant. GENERAL JARED AUGUSTINE SMITH. General Jared Augustine Smith, a retired army officer, whose life has been devoted to government military service, is today recognized as one of America's highest authorities on military engineering and also upon coast and harbor defense and construction. Born at Wilton, Maine, on the 6th of July, 1840, he is a son of Jared Smith, whose birth occurred at New Sharon, Maine, in 1813, he being a son of Ephraim and Mercy (Mayhew) Smith and a grandson of Harlock Smith. The family is of English origin and the first ancestors on this side the Atlantic were among the earliest New England settlers, locating near Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. Jared Smith, Sr., was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Dakin, a daughter of Levi and Edee (Richardson) Dakin and a granddaughter of Sergeant Levi Dakin, who served under General Washington in the Revolutionary war. The death of Jared Smith, Sr., occurred in April, 1858. General Smith pursued his early education in the public schools of New Sharon, Maine, and entered the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1858. He completed the regular four years' course and was graduated on the 17th of June, 1862. He was then commissioned second lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers and assigned to duty as an engineer officer of the Second Army Corps on the staff of Major General N. P. Banks. He endeavored to join General Banks, who was reported to be near Winchester in the Shenandoah valley, in the latter part of June, 1862. As General Banks had left Winchester, Lieutenant Smith remained in camp near there, temporarily assisting Major D. C. Houston, additional aid-de-camp on the staff of General Pope, and in the early part of July succeeded in joining General Banks at Little Washington, Virginia. He made reconnaissance from that place to Culpeper Court House and beyond to the Rapidan river, which Lieutenant Smith crossed with a small escort of enlisted men, and returned, passing between two posts held by a strong picket force in plain view of the enemy, without being discovered. On the 9th of August he accompanied' and guided the advance of the corps under General Banks from the camp near Culpeper Court House to Cedar Mountain, where 44 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND the Confederate forces were encountered, and acting as aid-de-camp during that battle carried orders to various commanders on the field. Late in the evening he was severely bruised and otherwise injured as a result of a charge of the enemy's cavalry upon the small force, consisting Of Generals Pope and Banks, their staffs and cavalry escorts, which had momentarily dismounted at a point midway between the lines. His injuries, though painful, were borne rather than leave the field. He remained on duty and was present in the engagements near the Orange & Alexandria Railroad. Later he was taken in an ambulance to the ammunition train near Bealeton and was disabled in a passenger train that was attacked by Confederate cavalry at Catlett Station, August 22, 1862. The following day he was placed in a hospital in Judiciary Square in Washington, where he remained for about a month and then went to a private hospital near New York. About the 27th of November of the same year he reported at the adjutant general's office in Washington and requested reassignment to duty to accompany the expedition to New Orleans tinder General Banks. He was directed to report to Dr. Barnes for examination, and the Doctor gave a written statement that if assigned as requested he would probably not survive the journey. He was therefore made assistant professor at the United States Military Academy and put in command of an attachment of engineer troops at West Point, where he remained from the 26th of November, 1862, until August 19, 1863. He was assistant engineer on construction of defenses on the northeast coast and recruiting officer from August 19, 1863, until August 9, 1864. In the latter part of July, 1864, under telegraphic orders, he reported for duty on defenses of Baltimore and Washington, then threatened by the enemy, and as assistant engineer was in charge of the construction of defenses from the T0th of August to the 22d of September. From the 28th of September, 1864, to the 2d of March, 1865, General Smith was on duty as assistant engineer and had local charge of construction and defense at Fort Montgomery, New York. Under these orders all workmen of every grade employed upon or in connection with the construction were enlisted as troops for local service ; were organized, uniformed, armed and drilled for duty as soldiers m garrison and performed regular guard duty day and night with a view to defense against possible raids from Canadian territory. General Smith was assistant engineer on river and harbor improvements and in local charge of construction of Fort Ontario, New York, from March 3, 1865, to November, 1866. He was superintendent and engineer of construction of defenses of New Bedford harbor, Massachusetts, and the improvement of Plymouth harbor, Massachusetts, from November, 1868, until June 1, 1869, and had charge of the examinations for the improvement of Taunton river and Duxbury beach, Massachusetts, in 1868. He acted as assistant engineer of geodetic and hydrographic survey of northern and northwestern lakes from June 1, 1869, until April 1, 1871, and was assistant engineer in local charge of surveys and of devising plans for a harbor of refuge in Lake Huron, from April 1, 1871, to December 1, 1873. From the 28th of May until the 26th of September, 1873, he traveled abroad in Europe, having been granted a leave of absence. On the 12th of December, of the latter year, he assumed duty as assistant engineer on defenses of Key West and Dry Tortugas, Florida, where he remained until January 29, 1874. He next became superintending engineer of defenses of Key West and Dry Tortugas, Florida, and engineer of the seventh light house district, that service continuing until December 16, 1876. He was superintending engineer on the improvement of the Wabash river in Indiana and Illinois from January 22, 1875, until July 16, 1884, and was in charge of surveys and improvements on White river, Indiana, also various surveys and examinations on Kankakee river, Illinois, and on improving the harbors of Michigan City, Indiana, and New Buffalo, Michigan, from July T, 1878, to July 16, 1884. He acted as consulting engineer for the selection of plans for the statehouse at Indianapolis and for various civil works between 1877 and 1884, and from the HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 45 l0th of June of the latter year until February 18, 1886, was engineer for the fifth and sixth light house districts. Ten days later he assumed his duties in charge of the river and harbor improvements in Maine and ew Hampshire and of construction of defenses of the Penobscot and Kennebec rivers, of the harbor of Portland, Maine, and of harbors of Portsmouth, in Maine and New Hampshire, his time being thus occupied until December I, 1891. Under act of congress, dated March 2, 1889, he was made a member of the board of engineers to examine the coast of Texas and report upon the subject of obtaining a deep water harbor on that coast, his duties covering the period between the 16th of March and the 16th of December, 1889. He was from December 11, 1891, to August 19, 1897, engineer of the tenth light house district, during which time he devised and constructed the system of range lights in Detroit river between Detroit and the lights at Lime Kiln Crossing. He also devised and constructed a new system of range lights in Maumee Bay, the outer range of which formed two separate ranges with two towers and three lanterns in a novel manner. He also devised a new improved type of lanterns for the light house service. General Smith was in charge of river and harbor improvements on Lake Erie, including the harbors of Monroe, Michigan, Toledo, Port Clinton, Sandusky, Huron, Vermihon, Lorain, Cleveland, Fairport, Ashtabula and Conneaut, Ohio, from December 11, 1891, to December 1, 1900, and devised and introduced new and very much improved methods of construction of breakwaters and piers, both of timber and concrete. He also devised and introduced reflectors of sound behind the whistles of fog signals with the result that the sound was heard much further across the water with complete suppression of sound upon the land, where it had previously caused great annoyance. He became a member of the board of engineers on construction of bridge across the Niagara river, in September, 1898, was division engineer on the Pacific division of engineering work under the war department on the Pacific coast from December 15, 1900, to September 23, 1901. During the same time he was also a member and president of the California Debris Commission for the regulation of hydraulic mining and a member of boards of engineer officers for examination of special officers for promotion for the consideration of subjects relating to improvement of the Sacramento and for the regulation of harbor lines in the harbor of San Francisco and adjacent waters in California. On the 1st of October, 1901, General Smith was given charge of the improvement of the Delaware river, on which he was engaged until June 30, 1902, and from the 1st of October, 1901, until April 12, 1903, he was in charge of construction works for the defense of the Delaware river, of the improvement of channels of streams tributary to Delaware river and bay and of construction of interior waterway from Chincoteague, Virginia, to Delaware bay at or near Lewes, Delaware. During the same period he was also in charge of the removal of numerous wrecks in Delaware bay and the waters of the Atlantic coast between Absecom Inlet and Cape Charles. During the years while in charge of the construction of public works he was a member of many special boards of engineers and had many other duties, pertaining more or less to the works in charge. Since retiring from active service in the army, April 14, 1903, General Smith has been located in Cleveland, Ohio, and has been actively engaged as a consulting civil engineer. Since March, 1865, he has been a. member of Cuyahoga county building commission. On the 10th of April, 1864, occurred the marriage of General Smith and Mrs. Emily Goodwin Reed, a daughter of Claudius Berard, professor of French in the United States Military Academy. They became parents of two children. The elder, Dr. George Seely Smith, is one of Cleveland's prominent physicians. The younger, Captain Guy H. B. Smith, of the Fourth United States Infantry, served in Cuba during the Spanish-American war and in special orders from the secretary of war was highly commended for particularly efficient service and con- 46 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND spicuous bravery. He is now on active duty with the Fourth United States Infantry in the Philippines. General and Mrs. Smith reside at No. 2060 Cornell Road. He is an associate member of the Chamber of Commerce, an honorary member of the Cleveland Yacht Club, a member of the Army and Navy Club of New York, of the Union Club of Cleveland, and an honorary member of the Society of Civil Engineers of this city. He also belongs to the Loyal Legion. His interests aside from his home and his profession largely center in travel and research and he has made an extensive study of mythological literature and considerable research of the subject of intellectual development of the human race. His military history and his service for the government need little comment, as the nature of the work that he has done at once indicates his ability and his high standing with those in authority. His opinions are largely accepted as standard on military engineering and the light house service of both the Great Lakes and the Atlantic coast give many examples of his skill in design and construction. He is also a recognized authority on coast and harbor defense and construction, and in the years of an active professional career he has made steady progress until, having long since left the ranks Of the many, he stands among the eminent and successful few. ADDISON HILLS HOUGH. Addison Hills Hough, one of the best known men in Cleveland in brokerage, financial and investment security circles, is a native of the Forest city, born May 23, 1869, the only son of Alfred B. and Abbie (Rhodes) Hough. The father, a native of Springfield, Ohio, came to Cleveland at the age of ten years. His wife, now deceased, was a daughter of Charles L. Rhodes, one of the old-time pioneers of Cleveland. Addison H. Hough prepared for college at Brooks Military Academy and then, entering Yale, was graduated with the class of 1890. Following his return to Cleveland, Mr. Hough entered the employ of the Brush Electric Company, which he represented in various departments until 1895, holding the position of secretary and purchase agent when he severed his connections with the company to enter into partnership with Charles A. Otis, Jr., under the firm name of Otis, Hough & Company, in the conduct of an iron and steel commission business. A change in partnership in 1898 led to a reorganization under the name of Otis, Bonnell & Company, Mr. Hough still remaining a member of the firm. It was at that time that William F. Bonnell was admitted to the partnership and the name was changed from the fact that Mr. Otis and Mr. Hough then engaged in the banking and brokerage business, organizing the firm of Otis & Hough with membership in the New York and Chicago stock exchanges and the Chicago board of trade. The firm was first established in April, 1899, when C. A. Otis, Jr., and Addison H. Hough assumed the management of the Cleveland branch of the firm of Otis, Wilcox & Company of Chicago. In December of the same year, Messrs. Otis and Hough determined to open an office of their own, independent of all outside connections, and thus the firm of Otis & Hough took over the Cleveland business of Otis, Wilcox & Company on the 1st of January, 1900. The business of this firm has had a remarkable growth and is now one of the largest in its line in the west. A general brokerage business is conducted, together with the execution of orders for the clients in the leading stock, grain and cotton exchanges of the country as well as the extensive handling of municipal bonds and high grade investment securities for a clientele that covers almost the entire country. This firm was one of the prime movers in the organization of the Cleveland Stock Exchange, of which Mr. Hough was president for several years. The growth and development of the business of Otis & Hough is without a parallel in the financial history of the city and reflects no small amount of credit on those HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 49 in whose hands rests the management. The efforts of Mr. Hough in the business world have extended beyond this specific line of activity, carrying him into connection with various other commercial and financial enterprises. Mr. Hough is a mer fiber of the Chamber of Commerce and in this and other connections assists materially in promoting public progress. He belongs to the Union, Tavern, Roadside, Country, Hermit and Automobile Clubs and is a republican and member of the Tippecanoe Club, but is not active in politics to the extent of seeking or desiring public office. During his college days he became a member of the Psi Upsilon and the Scroll and Keys, the senior society of Yale. He is a member of Dr. Sutphen's church-Second Presbyterian—and with appreciation for the social amenities of life, he holds friendship inviolable and is equally loyal to the interests entrusted to his care in business relations. MICHAEL ASSMUS. When a youth of fifteen years Michael Assmus came alone from Germany to Cleveland, arriving in this city in the year 1855. Throughout the remainder of his life, covering the intervening years to the 11th of January, 1894, he was connected with the butchering business in this city and ultimately became the proprietor of an extensive establishment which was not only a monument to his business enterprise but also to his commercial integrity. He was born in Holtzhuzen, Germany, May 13, 1840, a son of George and Elizabeth Assmus, of the same place. His father was a school teacher and farmer there. The mother died when her son Michael was but a young lad, and he continued in Germany to the age of fifteen years, when the hope of enjoying better business opportunities in the new world led him to bid adieu to friends and native land and start out to seek his fortune on the western side of the Atlantic. Arriving in Cleveland in 1855, he here entered the employ of his brother Philip, who had previously come to the new world and was engaged in the butchering business. Michael Assmus continued in his brother's employ for several years and was afterward in the service of others, but always in the same line of business. Later he purchased his brother's establishment and formed a partnership with a cousin, which continued for many years. At length, however, he purchased his cousin's interest and conducted the business alone, continuing therein until his death, when he was succeeded by his sons, who are still conducting a successful and growing enterprise. He was one of the best known and prominent butchers of the city, establishing an excellent reputation, not only for the quality of meats which he handled but for the reliability of his business methods. He was a self-made man, giving his attention strictly to his business and his family interests, and his close application and enterprise constituted the salient forces in a gratifying success. On the 11th of May, 1875, Mr. Assmus was united in marriage to Miss Marie Eleanor Wollweber, a daughter of Louis and Othelia Wollweber, who resided in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany. Her father was a shoemaker by trade and in 1866 came to America, settling in Cincinnati, Ohio, where his remainmg Jays were passed. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Assmus were born five sons and a daughter: Carl and Otto, who are carrying on the business left by their father ; Albert, who is with the Cleveland Trust Company ; Emma B., the wife of John Siller, Tr., who is connected with the Weideman Company ; Richard, who is associated with the Cleveland Trust Company ; and Arthur, who is with the Davis, Hunt, Collister Company. Mrs. Assmus is a well known German lady and has hosts of friends in Cleveland. Mr. Assmus was very prominent in German societies, holding membership in the Concordia and Pioneer Verein. His political faith was that of the democratic party, and he kept well informed on the questions and issues of the day,