(RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE) 1000 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND were no unusual chapters in his life record, but it is the history of a man who learned to correctly value his own capacities and powers and to judge with accuracy those experiences which make up life's contacts. Day by day he faithfully met his duties and thus commanded the respect of his fellowmen. On the 9th of June, 1870, Mr. Bingham was united in marriage to Miss Isabella Taintor, a daughter of Jesse F. Taintor, who came to Cleveland from Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, in 1837, establishing his home on the west side of the city. He was a son of Charles and Sarah Taintor, formerly of Colchester, Connecticut. In the year 1834 he wedded Eunice S. Pierce, also of Colchester, Connecticut, and following his removal to Cleveland he engaged in the lumber. business with the firm of S. H. Fox & Company. In 1849 he became teller in the old Merchants National Bank and later was cashier of the institution for a number of years. In 1861 he was appointed cashier of the postoffice, which position he filled for twenty-two years in a most acceptable and honorable manner. He was thus closely associated with concerns of public moment and his fidelity to duty was at all times one of his salient characteristics. He built a fine house on Euclid avenue, surrounded by spacious grounds, adorned with beautiful shrubs, and he found his greatest recreation there in attending and watching his flowers. His love of the beautiful was one of his strongly marked traits and was manifest in his appreciation of all the varied forms and colors which nature presents for the pleasure of mankind. His religious connection was with the Presbyterian church. In the family were seven children: Mrs. H. M. Peckham, of Brooklyn, New York; Anna, deceased; Sarah, who became the wife of H. W. Boardman and has passed away ; Mary ; Isabella, now Mrs. Bingham ; Jessie, the wife of James Hoyt ; and Mrs. Catherine (Kittie) Andrews. The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. C. E. Bingham was blessed with two children, but the older, Isabella, is now deceased. The living daughter, Edith Emily, is yet with her mother, and they are prominently known in social circles in the city, having many warm friends here. For a long period Mr. Bingham was a member of the National Guard and he served for three months in the Civil war with the One Hundred and Fiftieth Regiment of the Ohio Guard. In his political views he was ever a stalwart republican and never wavered in his allegiance to the party. He belonged to the Union Club and to the Presbyterian church, and his life displayed those sterling qualities of character which in every land and clime command respect and honor. A. W. STADLER. A. W. Stadler, proprietor of the Cuyahoga Rendering & Soap Works, was born in Germany, June 9, 1856. His father, Louis E. Stadler, also a native of that country, came to America in 1857. He was a potter by trade but after his arrival in the new world first worked as a laborer and later turned his attention to the soap business. He met death in an elevator accident twenty-five years ago. In early manhood he had married Dorothy Fraber, also a native of Germany, who is still living in Cleveland at the age of eighty-three years. A. W. Stadler was only a year old when brought by his parents to the United States and in the schools of Cleveland pursued his education until he reached the age of fourteen years. He had attained his majority when he established his present business, the Cuyahoga Rendering & Soap Works. He has since conducted the enterprise in a very successful manner and it has long since become one of the profitable industries of the city. As he has prospered in his undertakings he has made judicious investments in real estate and is now an extensive owner of Cleveland property. Mr. Stadler has been married twice. He first wedded Miss Charlotte Theobald on the loth of October, 1877. She died on the 29th of December, 1890, HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 1003 and is survived by a daughter, Mrs. Charlotte Gunther, of Cleveland, while the other child of the marriage is deceased. On the loth of July, 1900, Mr. Stadler was joined in wedlock to Miss Anna Barbara. Splitorf, of Cleveland, and they have one son, Adelbert Wilson, who at the age of eight years is attending school. Mr. Stadler is a member of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, Cleveland Chamber of Industry and is actively affiliated with the Knights of Pythias at the present time. He has led a busy and useful life and his diligence and energy have constituted the foundation of his success. His discernment in business affairs has resulted in careful management and the results which have followed his labors have been most satisfactory. REV. THEODORE YALE GARDNER. Theodore Yale Gardner, whose life was closely identified with moral progress in various communities, while his memory remains as a blessed benediction to all who knew him, was born in Cleveland, December 23, 1841. He was a descendant of Elihu Yale, the founder of Yale University, and a representative of a family that has numbered many prominent and worthy members. His parents were Colonel James and Griselda (Porter) Gardner. The father came to Cleveland in 1838 from Pittsfield, Massachusetts, to engage in the manufacture of furniture in this city. He was one of the pioneer business men here and up to that time Cleveland had few industrial enterprises. He became a member of the firm of Gardner & Vincent and thus founded a business which has become one of the most important productive industries of the city, being now conducted under the name of The Vincent-Barstow Company. The Rev. Theodore Y. Gardner was graduated from the Central high school with the class of 1859 and afterward attended the Western Reserve College, then located at Hudson, Ohio. He received his first degree from that institution in 1864 and was graduated with the second honors of his class. While a student there he became a member of the Beta Theta Phi, a college fraternity. While at the Western Reserve College his studies were interrupted by the Civil war. A body of students formed a company with one of the college professors as their captain and went to Cleveland, where they enlisted for one hundred days. They were not called to the front, although they stood ready to serve. On the expiration of their term they returned to college and, following his graduation at Hudson, Mr. Gardner joined the sanitary commission with headquarters at Knoxville, Tennessee. There he made an honorable record by his faithful and conscientious work. Following this service Mr. Gardner entered the Union Theological Seminary in New York city, from which he was graduated in May, 1868. In the fall of the same year he went with eight of his classmates to Kansas, into which state settlers were making their way by trainloads. This missionary band hoped to take possession of the state for Christ, and the Presbyterian church and had a marked influence on the moral progress of the locality in which they lived. Mr. Gardner located at Fort Scott and bent every energy toward spreading the gospel and instilling into the minds of his fellowmen the firm purpose to live honorable and noble lives. In September, 1869, he returned to Ohio where he married Miss Charlotte A. Gates, a daughter of the Hon. N. B. Gates, of Elyria, Ohio. In 1871 he was called to the Presbyterian church in Lawrence, Kansas. Two children, a son and a daughter were born in Kansas, the former in Fort Scott, the latter in Lawrence. In 1874, Mr. Gardner's health becoming impaired, he returned with his family to Ohio and accented a call from the Presbyterian church of Streetsboro, near Hudson. While living there another little girl came into their home to add more of the sunshine of life to the household. In 1876 an urgent call was received by 1004 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND Mr, Gardner to the pastorate of the Congregational church m Hudson. This he accepted and continued to labor among his people there until 1885 when he resigned to become the district secretary of the American College and Educational Society. While they were living in Hudson a fourth and youngest child, also a daughter, was born unto Rev. and Mrs. Gardner. During the years from 1885 until 1895 Mr. Gardner was connected with the raising of funds for the Slavic department in the Oberlin Theological Seminary. He continued to act as secretary of the American College and Educational Society, residing in Elyria, Ohio, until 1895, when he again accepted a pastoral charge, going to the Presbyterian church at Glenville, Ohio. In 1897 he gave up pastoral work and removed to Cleveland, establishing his home at No. 46 Hough Place, after which he supplied pulpits whenever occasion presented. His deep and concentrated interest in the church was always the most potent force in his life and made him a power for g00d in every community in which he labored. In his political views Rev. Mr. Gardner was first a republican but later voted independently, as his conscience dictated. He was not only thoroughly versed on theological subjects but was a man of wide reading and general information. He was also an artist of no mean ability, doing some notable work in his earlier years and at all times having the artist's appreciation for color and form and for all that is beautiful in nature. During the last months of his life he was able to resume the art work, which he so much loved and it was while he was deeply absorbed in this work that he contracted a severe cold which resulted in his death on the 11th of February, 1900. He was survived by his widow and four children : Gates Monteith, Mary Louise, Mrs. Helen Austin, and Mrs. Charlotte Waters, but the last named died September 18, 1909. His genial companionship, his tenacious regard for the simple truth, his appreciation for the good in others, his unostentatious generosity and large-hearted Christian benevolence, were among the qualities that greatly endeared Mr. Gardner to all. His home life was beautiful and satisfying and in it he found great enjoyment. There the influences were gentle and refining and the intellectual and moral graces thoroughly cultivated. JOHN EATON DARBY, M. D. For nearly a half century Dr. John Eaton Darby has been a most worthy and distinguished representative of the medical fraternity of Cleveland. Time tests the merit of all things and it has proven the ability of Dr. Darby in his chosen field of labor. His birth occurred at South Williamstown, Massachusetts, on the 20th of August, 1835. The family is of English origin and the first representative of the name in this country was the great-great-grandfather of our subject. The immediate ancestors of Dr. Darby settled in Boston, Massachusetts, and later removed to Springfield, that state, while subsequently the grandfather took up his abode in North Adams, Massachusetts, where he passed away. William Darby, the father of Dr. Darby, was a farmer by occupation and spent his entire life in the old Bay state, his demise there occurring about 1872, when he had attained the age of seventy-nine years and three months. His wife, who bore the maiden name of Electa Edwards, came of old Rhode Island Quaker stock. She passed away in 1884 at the age of eighty-six years. Unto Mr. and Mrs. William Darby were born four sons and three daughters who reached years of maturity but only two are now living, namely : John Eaton, of this review ; and Frank, who follows merchandising at North Adams, Massachusetts. John Eaton Darby remained on the home farm until fifteen years of age and attended the district schools in the acquirement of his primary education, while subsequently he pursued his studies at Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts, HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 1007 and later in Graylock Seminary at South Williamstown. In 1854, when a young man of nineteen years, he entered Williams College, from which institution he was graduated in 1858, winning the degree of Bachelor of Arts. In September of that year he came to Cleveland, Ohio, taking up the study of medicine in the office of Dr. Proctor Thayer, under whose preceptorship he read for three years. The fact that he had but a dollar and a half on arriving in this city made immediate employment a necessity and he therefore secured a position as teacher of Latin and Greek at the Cleveland Institute, where he taught for three years in order to defray the expenses of his medical course. In the meantime he attended lectures at the Cleveland Medical College and was graduated therefrom in February, 1861, as valedictorian of his class. He next opened an office on Cleveland Heights, on the south side, where he practiced for a year and then enlisted in the Union army as acting assistant surgeon of the Eighty-fifth Ohio, a three months' regiment, being later appointed assistant surgeon. After being mustered out he was made assistant surgeon of the One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, with which he served for two years and was then appointed surgeon of the Eighty-fifth United States Colored Infantry. He was finally mustered out on the 30th of January, 1866, lacking but two weeks of completing a four years' term of military service. After returning to Cleveland Dr. Darby resumed practice on St. Clair street, where he remained for a few years and then established an office on Superior street, near Alabama, there residing until 1888. In that year he took up his abode at No. 850 Doan street, and in 1907 removed to No. 1077 East One Hundred and Fifth street, where he has remained to the present time, enjoying a large and lucrative patronage as a practitioner of medicine and surgery. During the years 1861 and 1862 he acted as demonstrator of anatomy at the Cleveland Medical College. In 1867 he was appointed to the chair of materia medica, therapeutics and pharmacy in the medical department of the Western Reserve University, which he held until 1906 or for a period of thirty-nine years—the longest term of service in the history of Cleveland. He was connected with the Lakeside Hospital for twenty years after its inception, was surgeon for the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad for a period of twenty years and also acted in that capacity for the Otis Iron & Steel Company and the Cleveland Rolling Mills for several years. Dr. Darby has always taken a great interest in temperance work, has made a thorough study of the effects of alcohol upon the system and occasionally writes on the subject. He has always been a student of natural history, made a special study of ornithology concology and has nearly a complete collection of the birds of this state, numbering almost a thousand specimens. He likewise has an extensive collection of shells, including two hundred different species of fresh water clam shells. For many years he has been a member of the American Medical Association, the Ohio State Medical Society and the Cleveland Academy of Medicine, and has frequently contributed books to the Cleveland Medical Library Association, though his name is not on its membership rolls. Dr. Darby has been twice married. In the year 1862, in Cleveland he wedded Miss Julia Frances Wright, who was called to her final rest in 1867. Her father was William Wright, of Hudson, Ohio, She followed the profession of teaching prior to her marriage and was very active in the sanitary commission during the Civil war. On the 1st of May, 1872, Dr. Darby was again married, his second union being with Miss Emma Mabel Cox, a daughter of Charles A. and Julia Cox, of Cleveland, and she died June 2, 1888. The Doctor has two children, namely : John Charles, a practicing physician of Cleveland ; and Maybelle Claire, a senior in the Women's College of Western Reserve University. Dr. Darby is a Master Mason and also belongs to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and various other fraternal orders, including the Delta Psi, a 1008 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND literary college fraternity. He is a man of large, athletic build and though now past the seventy-fourth milestone on life's journey, is as strong and active as ever. A profound scholar, he is nevertheless plain and. unassuming in manner and his kindly, sympathetic nature has made him the loved family physician in many a household. CALVIN J. ROBISON. Calvin J. Robison, treasurer of the Lake Erie Nail & Supply Company, whose head offices are located in Boston, was born in Carroll county, Ohio, in 1880, and is a son of George M. and Adeline (Woodward) Robison. When twelve years of age he removed to Salem, Ohio, and after completing his common-school education there, took a course in the Salem Business College. His first venture as a wage earner was as an employe of the J C. Pearson Company's nail works, located in Salem. This afterward became one of the plants of the American Steel & Wire Company. Mr. Robison's residence m Cleveland dates from 1899, his removal here having been for the purpose of accepting a position with the Lake Erie Nail & Supply Company. His ability received a high tribute in 1904, when he was elevated to the office of treasurer and manager of this company, in which capacity he still serves. His financial interests are not limited to this association for he is a director in the Western Reserve Audit Company. Mr. Robison was united in marriage to Miss Pearl Irene Geise, a native of Cleveland. Their home is pleasantly situated at 10306 Somerset avenue, Northeast. Mr. Robison is a Mason, holding membership in Woodward Lodge, No. 508, and he is also a member of the Cleveland Athletic Club. He belongs to the Dunham Avenue Christian church and his wife is a member of the Madison Avenue Presbyterian church. Although one of the younger men in business, his career in the past few years has been of decided promise, and he has won and kept the confidence of all those with whom he has been associated, while the enterprise with which he is connected is one of those which adds materially to the strength and standing of commercial Cleveland. GEORGE H. GARDNER. George H. Gardner, the president of The Gardner Printing Company, is one of Cleveland's sons who has contributed largely to her commercial prosperity. He was born June 9, 1863. His father, George W. Gardner, who is still living at his son's home, 2039 East Seventy-first street, was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, 1834, and came to Cleveland in 1840. During his early manhood he was in the steamboat business upon the lakes and later when well repaid labor and a careful economy enabled him to embark upon other work, he engaged in banking. Subsequently he operated a grain elevator and mill until he retired from active life. He Was elected mayor of Cleveland in 1885 and is now one of the most honored pioneers of the city. George H. Gardner received his fundamental education in the public schools of Cleveland and after completing the grammar grades went to Brooklyn Military Academy in this city, which he attended two years. Then he spent two years in the old Huron Street Academy under the instruction of Miss Guilford and finally attended Case School, from which he was graduated in 1886. When he put aside his text-books he became secretary and treasurer of the Walker Manufacturing Company, which is now included in the Westinghouse concern HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 1009 Next he spent two years with his father in the mill and elevator and has since then been engaged in the printing and lpublishing business. First he was associated with the Cleveland Printing & Publishing Company and then he organized the Iron & Steel Press Company, which made a specialty of publishing technical and trade journals. This he sold in 1904 and organized The Gardner Printing Company. It now employs one hundred and fifty hands and has one of the largest establishments of its kind in the city, doing work that bears comparison in excellence with firms of greater age. On the 25th of September, 1889, Mr. Gardner wedded Miss Alice L. Huntington, of Cleveland, and they now have a son, Kenneth, who is fourteen years of age. Mr. Gardner is a man who is thoroughly interested in the commercial prosperity of Cleveland as well as in his own advancement. He is a member of the Chamber of Commerce of this city and he is also a member of the Union, Rowfant and Lakewood Yacht Clubs, while politically he is in sympathy with the republican party. He is a great reader and a connoisseur of books and his library shows a large number which are of value because of their rarity and antiquity, for like a true bibliophile he has made his selections with the utmost care and discrimination. For diversion he finds greatest pleasure in yachting and canoeing and in the course of years has spent many summers with his paddle on numerous bodies of water in this country. His genialty and cordiality have gained for him a large circle of friends, among whom as among his business associates he is highly respected and esteemed. THOMAS W. McCUE. When thirteen years of age Thomas W. McCue, now the owner of the McCue flats and the Beatrice apartments and general manager of the Cleveland Smoke Abating Company, was thrown upon his own resources and there devolved upon him the necessity, not only of providing for his own support but also of carrying on the work of the one hundred and sixty acre farm and thus meeting the expenses of the family. From that time to the present he has been known as a self-reliant and independent factor in the business world, seeking his success along the well defined lines of labor and winning the reward which comes as the logical sequence of persistent effort intelligently directed. He was born in Stark county, Ohio, June 2, 1840, of the marriage of Philip and Mary (Carr) McCue, who were pioneer settlers of that county and were of Irish lineage. His birthplace was a log cabin and the school which he had the opportunity of attending for short periods in his early youth was held in a building also constructed of logs. In the early days he has known his father to ride horseback sixty miles to Cleveland to get salt and other supplies. As soon as old enough to aid in the work of the farm various duties were assigned to him, and when he was thirteen years of age he had to assume the burden of operating the farm of one hundred and sixty acres owing to his father's death. He was compelled to leave school for the older sons had started out in the world for themselves. It was a heavy burden for young shoulders but he bravely undertook the task and remained upon the farm. until twenty-one years of age, during which time he discharged an indebtedness of three thousand dollars against the place, aided his three sisters and cleared off the timber on the land. At the end of that time he had to his credit four hundred dollars in cash. He realized, however, the need of a better education than he had been enabled to acquire and entered the Lorretta Monastery conducted by the Franciscan Brothers in Cambria county, Pennsylvania. There he remained for eight months during which time he not only made good progress in his studies but also whipped the school bully to the secret delight of the staid monks who favored him thereafter. Subsequently he went to Iron City College in Pittsburg, where he pursued a course 1010 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND of bookkeeping, after which he returned to the farm and later he went to Mount Vernon, Ohio. In April; 1864, Mr. McCue was united in marriage to Miss Jane Campbell, a daughter of Charles M. Campbell, of New York. About that time he entered business as a merchant in Mount Vernon and also operated a tanyard there, continuing in business until August, 1864, when he went to California and began staging from Sacramento to Virginia City with a six-horse stage-coach. In 1865 he sold out and turned his attention to silver mining at Hamilton, Nevada, where he remained for one season. The next year he established a livery and coach business at San Francisco, where he continued for a year and then sold. He bought the original Lincoln coach, which was purchased for President Lincoln and sold after his death for nine hundred dollars. Mr. McCue disposed of the coach for twenty-five hundred dollars and cleared altogether four thousand dollars from his livery business. He then started a wholesale liquor business at San Francisco and was successful in. that venture. His labors on the whole brought him substantial profit during his residence in the occident, and in 1873 he turned to the old homestead in Stark county, Ohio, where he resided for ten years. On the expiration of that decade he purchased property in Akron, Ohio, took up his abode there and entered the coal business, in which he successfully continued from 1881 until 1893. He also operated a coal mine at Mineral City, Ohio, for two years and in 1893 purchased property in Cleveland, becoming the owner of the McCue flats and the Beatrice apartments. From the rental of these he secures a substantial annual income and he also manages the Cleveland Smoke Abating Company, a successful arrester used by over one hundred and sixty firms in Cleveland. Reading between the lines one may judge something of the close application and keen discrimination which have characterized his business record, bringing him to a position of affluence in business circles. Unto Mr. and Mrs. McCue have been born the following named : Harry, Clifton and Edward who are residents of Akron, Ohio ; Florence, now the wife of W. J. Wilds, a contractor of Akron ; and Beatrice, a fine contralto singer, who is doing church and concert singing for charity. Mr. McCue regards Akron as his real place of residence but business interests demand that he spend much of his time in Cleveland. He is interested in the growth and progress of the city and is a cooperant factor in the movements instituted by the Chamber of Commerce for municipal benefit. He belongs to the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Gentlemen's Driving Club, the Cleveland Driving Park Association and St. Patrick's church—associations which indicate much of the nature of his interests and the principles which govern his actions. He is preeminently a self-made man, having been both the architect and builder of his own fortunes. FREDERICK L. TAFT. Frederick L. Taft, recognized as one of the republican leaders of Cleveland as well as one of the representative members of the Ohio bar, practicing now as partner in the law firm of Smith, Taft & Arter, was born in Braceville, Trumbull county, Ohio, December 1, 1870. His parents were from New England and his father, Newton A. Taft, comes from the same ancestry as President Taft. His mother bore the maiden name of Laura A. Humphrey. A great uncle of Frederick L. Taft was Mathew Birchard, one of the early judges of the supreme court of Ohio and a leading lawyer of the northern section of this state. Pursuing a public-school education Frederick L. Taft completed the high- school course at Newton Falls, Ohio, in 1886, and was graduated from Mount Union College in 1889. He afterward engaged in teaching for a brief period and later attended the Cincinnati Law School in preparation for the bar. He FREDERICK L. TAFT HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 1013 was admitted December 1, 1891, when twenty-one years of age and has since been closely associated with the practice of law, his thorough understanding of legal principles, his careful preparation of cases and his loyalty to the interests entrusted to him carrying him into important professional relations. In May, 1898, he was appointed assistant county solicitor and continued in this office until October 1, 1901, when he resigned to enter the general practice of law, being now a member of the well known firm of Smith, Taft & Arter. In 1906 Governor Harris appointed him to fill the vacancy on the bench of the common pleas court and he was afterward nominated by acclamation in the republican convention. He served with general satisfaction during the short time he was judge of that court but was defeated with the remainder of the ticket at the ensuing election although he ran several thousand votes ahead of the other judicial candidate. In 1896 he was chairman of the twenty-first congressional committee and of the republican city and county executive committees in 1897. In 1900 he was a member of the state central committee and on many occasions has been a delegate to city, county and state conventions, acting as chairman of the last two conventions of the republican party in Cleveland. In 1908 he was a delegate to the republican national convention in Chicago and assisted in nominating President Taft. On the 28th of October, 1901, Judge Taft was married to Miss Mary Alice Arter, a daughter of Frank A. Arter of Cleveland and a sister of his present law partner. They have a family of three sons and a daughter : Kingsley Arter, born July 19, 1903; Charles Newton, December 14, 1904; Frederick L., Jr., August 15, 1906; and Laura Emily, July 2, 1909. Mr. Taft is a trustee of Mount Union College, his alma mater, and is a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon, a college fraternity and the Phi Delta Phi law fraternity. He is also a member of the Sons of the American Revolution and is an active representative of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce. He belongs to the Columbus Club of Columbus, Ohio, and to the Union Club of Cleveland, while in strictly fraternal lines he is known as a thirty-second degree Mason, a Knight Templar and a member of the Mystic Shrine. He is active as a member of the Knights of Pythias and is a member of the Sons of Veterans. He is thus associated with various organizations and movements which indicate the trend of the times in the effort of progressive citizens to promote the interests of humanitarianism and of general progress. HENRI S. RIGO. Henri S. Rigo, chef of the Hotel Hollenden, was born February 9, 1882, in Vienna, a son of Simon and Hedwig (Filler) Rigo. The father was a manufacturer of Vienna and never came to America. The son acquired his education in the public schools of his native city, pursuing his studies to the age of fourteen years, when he went to Paris where he served a two years' apprenticeship in c00king, mastering the business which the French have made an art. He then went to Brussels where he remained for three years and again spent another year in Paris. On the expiration of that period he crossed the channel to England and proceeded to London. where he continued for four years, following his chosen vocation throughout that time. While in London he was chef at the Mount Ephraim Hotel and also acted as chef for Lord Lamington for about a year. Believing that there was a still broader and more remunerative field in America, Mr. Rigo crossed the Atlantic and worked in Cafe Martin, in New York city, where he continued for a year. He next went to Florida where he worked in the Royal Poinciona Hotel, at Palm Beach, where he continued for one season. He was next in West Virginia for six months, returning then to Vienna, where he remained for a few months. He regarded America as his home, however, and coming again to 1014 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND the new world spent a short time in the eastern metropolis, after which he made his way to Cleveland where he acted as chef in the grill room of the Hotel Hollenden for eight months. He was then appointed chef for the regular dining room of the hotel and has continued in this position for four years. Ninety-five people are employed under him, of whom thirty are cooks. He has general supervision of the cuisine and the Hollenden is noted throughout the country for this department of its service. On the 22d of February, 1906, Mr. Rigo was married to Miss Kathelin O'Shea. Mr. Rigo is a member of Bigelow Lodge, No. 54, A. F. & A. M., and a Chapter Mason. He is fond of horseback riding and this furnishes him his principal recreation from strenuous business cares. WILLIAM PARMELEE MURRAY. William Parmelee Murray, a member of the firm of Pickands, Mather & Company and a leading and well known man of extensive business affairs, is a descendant of one of the old, prominent and well known families of the Western Reserve. He is of Scotch-Irish extraction and his ancestors on both sides were early settlers of the eastern section of Pennsylvania. John Murray, the grandfather of William P. Murray, was the founder of the family in Ohio, traveling to this state from the eastern part of Pennsylvania, making the journey with an ox team. He settled near Concord, Lake county, establishing his home in the wilderness. At that time money was very scarce in the new country and the farmers wishing to obtain money for exchange instead of skins, etc., which were used as current funds, sent a drove of cattle to the eastern market in Philadelphia and vicinity. John Murray was quick to note the possibilities of that line of business and he continued to buy cattle, drive them to Chester and Lancaster counties, Pennsylvania, and there dispose of them to the farmers for fattening purposes. This he continued for a number of years and established thereby a successful business. Eventually he entered the field of banking, organizing the First National, now the Painesville National Bank. He had almost unlimited credit with the banks of Cleveland and with all with whom he transacted business. Robert Murray II (the number being used to designate him because an uncle had the same name) was the father of William Parmelee Murray. With some of his brothers he succeeded to the business of driving cattle to the eastern markets and carried it on very successfully until the introduction of railroads rendered it unprofitable. He was one of the heaviest dealers in that line in the Western Reserve and carried a great deal of cash in his saddle bags while traveling from place to place. Like his father, he had almost unlimited credit. During the days of the Civil war he did an immense business in driving cattle over the Allegheny mountains to be used as beef in the eastern markets. For some time he was connected with the bank of Painesville, with which various members of the family have been associated since its organization. From 1845 until his death, which occurred when he had reached the advanced age of eighty- two years, he resided at Mentor and his old homestead property there is still in possession of his son William. The wife of Robert Murray was Sophronia Parmelee, a member of one of the pioneer families of the Western Reserve. William P. Murray was born at Mentor, Ohio, July 12, 1854, and obtained his education in the schools of his native village, being graduated from the high school at the early age of fourteen years. Leaving his home, he came to Cleveland on horseback, after which he started upon his business career here as an office boy with the banking firm of E. B. Hale & Company. Eventually he became a clerk and remained with that concern for about three years, or until 1873. In that year he became connected with the Merchants National Bank, HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 1017 continuing in that institution until April 1, 1881, at which time he withdrew from the banking business to become a factor in the iron ore and coal trade of this district. He went with the Cleveland Furnace Company, engaged in the manufacture of pig iron at Steubenville, Ohio, where he remained for two years, and in 1883 he became connected with the Tod-Stambaugh Company as traveling representative, selling pig iron. He remained with that house until 1888, when he established the coal department with Pickands, Mather & Company, which has since grown to immense proportions, making extensive shipments throughout the north and northwest. Mr. Murray is a man of initiative spirit who sees and utilizes opportunities that others pass by heedlessly and his energy is brooked by no obstacles that can be overcome by persistent and determined purpose and effort. In addition to his connection with Pickands, Mather & Company he is a director of the Huron Barge Company, the Inter-Lake Company and the Ashtabula Steamship Company. On the 3d of October, 1877, Mr. Murray was married in Medina, New York, to Miss Jeannie C. Castle, a daughter of Reuben S. Castle, a venerable and highly respected citizen of that place. Mr. and Mrs. Murray have two children, Helen and Margaret. Politically Mr. Murray is a republican but has steadfastly refused to accept public office which has been proffered him, feeling that one accepting a public trust should devote his best time and efforts to it and the pressure of his own business would not permit him to give attention to public matters as he would desire. He is a member of Tyrian Lodge, A. F. & A. M., Holyrood Commandery, K. T., and Al Koran Temple of the Mystic Shrine. He also holds membership with the Union, Euclid, Roadside, Century and Tavern Clubs, with the Hermits and the Cleveland Atheltic Club, of which he is now the president ; is also a member of the Duquesne Club of Pittsburg and the Ellicott Square and Buffalo Clubs of Buffalo, New York. In his business career his ability to coordinate forces has been one of the strong points in his success ; he believes in the spirit of unity and seeks that harmony which is found where many are working toward a single end and accomplishing results that could not be obtained through divided interests. PHILIP L. COBLITZ. Philip L. Coblitz, the owner of an extensive wholesale establishment, with a specialty of woolens and tailors' trimmings, was at the age of thirteen years employed in a very humble capacity in the cooper shop of John D. Rockefeller. The contrast in his present and past serves to emphasize the business principles he has followed and the rules which have governed his conduct throughout the years of his connection with industrial and commercial interests in Cleveland. It is only under the stimulus of necessity that the strongest and best is brought out and developed and the fact that Philip L. Coblitz was dependent upon his own resources awakened in him a resolve to truly use his time and opportunities that his labors might constitute the measure of his success. He was born in Germany, August 22, 1860, and the following year was brought to the United States by his parents, who came direct to Cleveland. The party consisted of the father, Marcus Coblitz, the mother and a number of children. The limited financial resources of the father made it imperative that Philip L. Coblitz begin work at an early age, and when a youth of thirteen he secured a position in the cooper shop of John D. Rockefeller, there remaining for two years. Previous to this he had attended the Mayflower public school from 1866 to 1873. Realizing the necessity and value of a business education, he entered the Forest City Business College, in which he pursued a complete course, becoming thus well qualified for responsible duties in commercial lines. At eighteen years of age he entered the employ of Bingham & Phelps, hardware merchants, on Ontario street, with 1018 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND whom he continued for a year and a half. In the meantime his industry and careful expenditure brought him sufficient capital to enable him in 1881 to establish the Forest City Candy Works for the manufacture of candy, which he disposed of to the wholesale trade, conducting business with growing and steady success until 1891. He then branched out into still broader fields, establishing in that year a woolen and dress goods business on Broadway. His capital was then quite limited but in five years he was doing a business amounting to one hundred and ten thousand dollars per annum and carrying one of the largest stocks of ladies' dress goods and men's cloth in the city. He now devotes his attention exclusively to the wholesale trade, making a specialty of woolens and tailors' trimmings, and the house is now represented on the road by four traveling salesmen. Watchful of every detail opening to success, appreciative of every opportunity and employing in the conduct of his business only such rules as govern the most strict and unswerving business integrity, he has made substantial and honorable advance in mercantile circles until he is now one of the leading wholesale merchants of Cleveland. In 1884 Mr. Coblitz was married to Miss Elizabeth Wodicky, a native of Germany, who came to the United States when eight years of age. Four children have been born of this marriage. Lillian, the eldest, is a mute who was graduated from the state institute for mutes at Columbus. She married J. D. Addleson, who was a graduate from the same institution, and they have one child, Ruth, two years of age. Florence, a graduate of the grammar schools and also of the Spencerian Business College, is now assisting her father as bookkeeper. Arthur L., eighteen years of age, after completing the work of the grammar grades, spent two years in the South high school but is now associated with his father in business as a salesman. Edna, fifteen years of age, is a girl of remarkable talent for music and possesses a voice of ability quite rare in one so young. It is her father's ambition to have her cultivate this talent and when she is through in the Central high school, where she is now studying, she will probably devote her time to her musical education. Mr. Coblitz is a member of the Commercial Travelers and in politics has been a life-long republican, never swerving in his allegiance to the party. With the exception of his first year, he has always lived in Cleveland and is a worthy representative of the German-American element in her citizenship. Earnest and indefatigable work has constituted for him the key that has unlocked the portals of success, enabling him now to enjoy the rich benefits of well earned energy. ROBERT J. CHAPPELL. Robert J. Chappell, treasurer and general manager of the Chappell & Warren Company, general steamfitters, is an example of what can be accomplished through earnest and persistent effort directed in legitimate channels. He was born in England March 22, 1868, and has inherited the best traits of his country. He is the son of Robert J. and Caroline (Burton) Chappell, the former of whom was born in England in 1824 and there spent his life as a stonecutter, dying in 1885. His widow survives him and lives in England. The Chappell family is of good old Cornish stock. Robert J. Chappell was educated in the English schools and when he completed his education began learning the mason's trade, following it for nearly a year, when he embarked in a butchering business in which he engaged for a short time. In 1882 he ran away and enlisted in the British navy, being in the service for ten years, and for gallantry he was raised to the rank of a petty officer. His term expiring, he returned to England but shortly thereafter came to America and located in Cleveland, March 29, 1893. With that city as headquarters, he followed the lakes for a year and then started in a steamfitting and engineering business here, owned by the Chaper-Becker Company, remaining with them for nearly two years. He was then foreman for a gas company, later was with the Westinghouse people HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 1019 and then returned to steamfitting. In 1903 he started in business for himself on the west side, continuing alone about three years, when his trade justified his coming into the heart of the city and he bought out the Buckeye Steamfitting Company and incorporated as the R. J. Chappell Company. Under this name he carried on a general steamfitting and supply business until May 1, 1909, when he changed the name to the Chappell & Warren Company. The business is confined to Cleveland and vicinity and among other contracts held by the company are those connected with the Mayflower school, the Alpha and Beta block, a number bf the buildings of the board of education and many of the largest business blocks and residences in the city.- Mr. Chappell was married November 7, 1883, to Frances J. Gurse, a native of England, and they have three children : William R., born in 1895 ; Frederick Arthur, born in 1900 ; and Ethel Rose, born in 1901. He belongs to the Cleveland Bigelow Lodge, No. 244, A. F. & A. M. ; Thatcher Chapter, the Masonic Club of England, and a number of minor organizations. While a republican in national politics, in local affairs he is an independent. Mr. Chappell is an excellent business man and conscientious in his work and the success which has attended him is justly merited. SHERIDAN P. FISH. Sheridan P. Fish, who is one of the most successful market gardeners of Cleveland, was born June 29, 1864, at No. 4216 Jennings Road, where he now lives, this being the old Fish homestead. He is a son of Abel and Emeline M. Fish and grandson of Jonathan Fish, one of the pioneers of this section, coming here from Connecticut and settling in the wilderness, where he had to clear a spot for his log house. Mr. and Mrs. Abel Fish have retired from active life and are residents of Cleveland. Sheridan P. Fish attended the district schools of his neighborhood, continuing his education until 1883, when he embarked in dairying and truck gardening with his father. In time he developed into an expert market gardener and eventually eliminated the dairy business to devote himself exclusively to the other branch of his business. When his father retired, Mr. Fish assumed full management and now owns the place, including the ground and houses. He belongs to the Market Gardeners Association and to the Greenhouse & Vegetable Growers of America. He is also a stockholder in the Brooklyn Savings & Loan Company, of which his father is vice president. A republican, Mr. Fish does little more than cast his vote, for his time is too fully occupied for politics. On January 8, 1890, Mr. Fish was married to Anna B. Brainard, a daughter of George W. Brainard, a pioneer resident of Brooklyn township. They have two children : Corinne, aged seventeen ; and Forest, aged two years. Without doubt nature returns manyfold all the attention paid to her, and Mr. Fish is reaping the reward of his years of toil in the cultivation of his grounds and the development of his business. P. RICHARD BIERFREUND. P. Richard Bierfreund, who has been vice president of the Universal Dry Cleaning Company since 1900, was born in Prussia, Germany, July 12, 1869, a son of Gotthardt and Augusta (Bone) Bierfreund. The father was also born on Prussian soil, on the 19th of April, 1814. He was deeply interested in educationtal affairs and all his life was intimately connected with the public schools of his native land. During the eighty fruitful years of his life he witnessed the schools 1020 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND of Germany steadily advance until they furnish the models for many educational practices in this country. P. Richard Bierfreund attended the public schools of his native land until he was eleven years of age, when he entered the high school, completing his education in six years. Later he was connected with an importing house, as an apprentice until he learned the details of the business and then as a traveling salesman. When he was twenty-three years of age he was called upon to render that military service required of the German born male and entered the army at Berlin. He was discharged after two years and came to the United States, landing at New York, but coming almost immediately to Cleveland, Ohio, where he engaged with his brother in the dry cleaning business. A year and a half later he believed he had so far mastered American methods as to be able to enter the mercantile world on his own responsibility and selected as partners in the venture M. E. Messer and Charles W. Messer, establishing the Universal Dry Cleaning Company. In 1901 Charles Messer terminated his connection with the firm, which was then incorporated with Henry Strasshoefer as president ; Mr. Bierfreund as vice president; and M. E. Messer as secretary. The company now occupies a modern, two- story, brick building, which was recently put up to accommodate their constantly increasing business. On the 12th of September, 1903, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Bierfreund and Miss Anna Wheaton, and the couple now reside at 1365 Addison Road, where they extend gracious hospitality to their friends. Mr. Bierfreund is an energetic, progressive young business man. He was a loyal subject of the fatherland when that was his home but since coming to this country has sworn to uphold its laws and exercises the franchise bestowed on him with discrimination, casting his vote for the candidates of the republican party. He is a member of the Lutheran church, and his life is consistent with the teachings of this body, which so frequently serves as a connecting link for the foreign born citizen between his native land and the country of his adoption. H. CLARK FORD. It is a noticeable tendency of the age to recognize the interdependence of the individual and society at large, and the forceful man of the present day, he whose powers are of value as a factor in growth and progress, is not the man who confines his attention alone to business, even though he may be particularly successful in that field. His interests must reach out along broader lines and concern his obligations and duties to his fellowmen and the world at large. A splendid type of this spirit of the times is found in H. Clark Ford, well known to the citizens of Cleveland as a lawyer and a prominent banker, and also well known for his cooperation in movements of benefit in economic and sociological lines and in intellectual and moral progress. Mr. Ford was born in Cleveland, August 25, 1853. The Fords are descended from an old New England family, the American progenitor being Andrew Ford, who arrived in Weymouth, Massachusetts, in 1650, and, having purchased large tracts of land, founded the town of Abington. H. Clark Ford is numbered among his descendants of the tenth generation. The family records have ever been distinguished for the honesty, industry and thrift of the representatives of the name. Horatio C. Ford, father of H. Clark Ford, was a farmer and school teacher who, leaving his native state of Massachusetts, came to Ohio in 1840 and settled in East Cleveland. He engaged in teaching in the city and vicinity during the years of his early manhood and until after the Civil war. He taught on the west side when there were only two schools west of the river, the other being conducted by his brother, the late Henry Ford, at one time city auditor. Neither of the schools at that time HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 1023 were graded. One of the old school buildings is still standing on Washington street, being now used as a blacksmith shop. During the Civil war Horatio C. Ford had charge of all the schools in Collamer, now East Cleveland. Following the close of hostilities between the north and the south he retired from active life and died in 1876, at the age of fifty-one years. At the time of his demise and for many years previous he had been a member of the city council and had always been active in public affairs, using his official prerogative in support of many measures of substantial benefit to the city. He was likewise intensely and actively interested in church and educational affairs and was a trustee of Oberlin College at the time of his death. He was only fourteen years of age when he came to Ohio with his parents, his father having removed here for the purpose of raising silk worms, which venture proved a failure. The journey was made by wagon and they traveled over a large part of the middle west, going as far as Chicago in search of a good location. Finally the father decided on Cleveland as the coming metropolis and bought extensive tracts of farm land in East Cleveland which has since become some of the most valuable residence property of the city. From the age of fourteen until his demise Horatio C. Ford remained an honored and valued resident of Cleveland, his influence always being on the side of progress and improvement, while his efforts were substantial factors in the upbuilding of the community. He married Martha C. Cozad, a lady of French Huguenot descent. Her ancestors, on being driven from France by religious persecution, settled in New Jersey, while later representatives of the name became residents of western Pennsylvania and from that point came to Cleveland about 1805, in which year a purchase of one hundred acres was made, including the site of the present home of H. Clark Ford. Their land also included the site on which Adelbert College is located. For one hundred and four years the family has lived on this tract, where the birth of H. Clark Ford occurred and where he has always made his home. His mother still survives at the age of eighty-three years and is a wonderfully preserved woman, both physically and mentally. A lady of strong intellectuality, she has ever been of studious nature and habits and, pursuing the Chautauqua course, was graduated therefrom at the age of seventy-five years. Her family numbers two sons and three daughters : Mrs. Clara F. Gould, now of Indianapolis, Indiana ; Mrs. Ella F. Brunner, of this city ; H. Clark ; and Mrs. Kate F. Whitman and Walter H. Ford, also of Cleveland. After pursuing his early education in the public schools of East Cleveland, H. Clark Ford continued his studies in the old Central high school, where the Citizens building now stands. He was for one year a pupil in Oberlin College and for four years attended the University of Michigan, being graduated from the literary department with the Bachelor of Science degree in 1875. Turning his attention to the study of law, he was admitted to the bar in Cleveland in 1878 and at once entered upon active practice here. The following year he became a member of the city council and served until 1885. Since that time he has devoted his attention and energies entirely to his law practice and other business interests. He practiced alone for many years, but in recent years the firm of Ford, Snyder & Henry was formed and so continued until the election of Judge F. A. Henry to the circuit bench in 1904. Soon afterward Judge D. H. Tilden resigned from the common pleas bench and became a member of the firm under the style of Ford, Snyder & Tilde. Their practice has been very largely corporation law. At the present time Mr. Ford is largely leaving the practice to his partners while he devotes much time to numerous business interests with which he has become associated. He organized the old East End Savings Bank Company in 1886, and in August; 1892, the Garfield Savings Bank Company. He was attorney for the former, until it was absorbed by the Cleveland Trust Company and has been president of the latter since its organization. In 1895 he was one of the organizers of the 1024 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND Cleveland Trust Company and acted on its executive committee until the organization of the Western Reserve Trust Company, when he withdrew from official connection with the Cleveland Trust Company to assist in forming the Western Reserve Trust Company in June, 1900. At that date he was elected vice president and became a 'member of its executive committee. At the time of its consolidation with the Cleveland Trust Company, in 1905, he was one of the committee who arranged for the merger and since that time he has served on the executive board of the latter. Active, resourceful and energetic, he ever looks beyond the exigencies of the moment to the possibilities of the future, and his labors have resulted in benefit to the public as well as a source of individual success. He was one of the organizers of the company which erected the Williamson building, of which he has since been the president. This company owns the Williamson building, which is the largest office building in the city, the Otis block and the New Amsterdam apartments. The Williamson building contains sixteen floors, with four hundred and fifty-nine offices and store units. In the time of its erection the building broke all records. The building formerly occupying the site was vacated March 30, 1899, and the new Williamson building was opened and occupied the 1st of April, 1900. This has proven a successful business enterprise, having an excellent class of tenants, its offices always being well filled. Mr. Ford has also been interested in railroads for many years, was president of the Eastern Ohio Traction Company for a number of years and chairman of the building committee. He is now a member of the board of directors and of the executive committee. He has also been a member of the board and of the executive committee of the Wheeling Traction Company of Wheeling, West Virginia, since 1895—a company owning the traction lines of Wheeling and the connecting lines from Wellsville to Moundsville on the West Virginia side of the Ohio river and on the Ohio river side from Steubenville south through Martins Ferry, Bridgeport, Bellaire and other southern points. The company also owns two bridges across the Ohio river and the main traction lines of Wheeling and the surrounding territory. Mr. Ford now devotes most of his time to the interest of the Williamson Company, to banking and his traction investments, in all of which the general public has been a large indirect beneficiary. While his private interests and investments have made heavy demands upon his time and energies, Mr. Ford has never been neglectful of the duties of citizenship but on the contrary has given hearty cooperation in many movements for the promotion of the public welfare. For about twelve years he has acted as a member of the board of trustees of Oberlin College and also as chairman of its finance committee. He is likewise a member of the American board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and has for many years been a member of the board and chairman of the finance committee of the Congregational Board of Ministerial Relief. He has acted on the finance committee of the American Missionary Association, which has charge of a number of colleges in the south for the education of negroes, mountain whites and Indians, and since its organization in 1892 he has been the president of the Cleveland Congregational City Missionary Society, the purpose of which is the organization and sustaining of new church enterprises in the city. He has long held membership in the Euclid Avenue Congregational church, which was organized by his ancestors, his father and his grandfather being charter members. On the 17th of March, 1877, in Cleveland, Mr. Ford was married to Miss Ida M. Thorp, a daughter of the late John H. Thorp, who for many years was largely interested in the early industries of Cleveland. Five children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Ford. Mildred F., a graduate of Smith College, of Massachusetts, is now the wife of Frank M. Cobb, of the Cleveland bar and one of the professors of the Western Reserve Law School. Horatio, who was graduated from Yale University with the class of 1904 and is now cashier HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 1025 at the Gordon and Glenville branches of the Garfield Bank, was married in April, 1908, to Ella, daughter of Thomas H. White, of the White Sewing Machine Company. Cyrus Clark is a freshman in Adelbert College. David Knight is a junior in the East high school, and Baldwin Whitmarsh, eleven years of age, is attending Fairmount grammar school of Cleveland. Mr. Ford is a valued member of the Union Club and he belongs to Zeta Psi, a college fraternity. Among the names that stand out prominently on the pages of Cleveland's history is that of H. Clark Ford, who has contributed in substantial measure to the upbuilding of his native city. While a lawyer by profession, he has also extended his efforts into various fields of activity and has displayed in his business career such fertility of resource, marked enterprise, and well defined plans, as to deserve classification with the captains of industry of Cleveland. Moreover, he is further entitled to distinction from the fact that he is a worthy scion of his race, having added luster to the untarnished record of a family that in the paternal line has figured in connection with the history of Cleveland for nearly three-fourths of a century. GEORGE S. PATTERSON. Few if any of the young business men of Cleveland can exhibit a more gratifying record of success and achievement than can George S. Patterson, the vice president and general manager of the Cleveland branch of the Rambler Auto Company. In the few years he has been connected actively with the commercial world he has evinced the possession of the strong qualities which mean the attainment of the greatest prosperity, but in the one season during which he has been connected with his present business his progress has been almost phenomenal. This enterprising young man was born in Ashtabula, Ohio, January 22, 1883, a son of Seth D. and Anna (Auer) Patterson. They were also natives of that city, where the former was born in 1843 and the latter in 1853. They were married about thirty years ago, and together passed along the highway of life until 1903, when Mr. Patterson died. He was engaged in the ice business in Ashtabula and was accounted one of its successful and well-to-do citizens. His widow still survives. George S. Patterson obtained his early education in the public schools of Ashtabula, later attending the academy at Hudson, Ohio, which was a branch of the Western Reserve University. From that institution he was graduated in 1902 and engaged actively in the world of business, in which he had already had some experience, for during the last few years of his college course he had sold insurance that he might obtain the funds for his education. Until 1905 he continued to be interested in insurance, but in that year entered the employ of the Reo Motor Car Company, at Columbus, Ohio, as their representative, remaining with them until 1906, when he bought the Cleveland office of that concern. Two years later, however, in 1908, he disposed of that business and in October of that year became connected with the Rambler Auto Company. Its plant was established at Kenosha, Wisconsin, by T. B. Jeffries in 1900, occupying at that time a space of fourteen and a half acres, but the area has now been doubled and the output of cars increased until it now manufactures about four thousand annually. They are among the best on the market, for the firm claims not so much to produce the greatest number each year, but to make the best, improving always upon the quality of the product previously placed upon sale. They have advanced facilities for manufacturing, which, combined with the peculiarly economical means at their command for purchasing materials, enables them to build machines that command a moderate price for the excellence that is theirs. Mr. Patterson began active service with this firm in January, 1909. The record of the preceding season, that of 1908, showed an output of twelve cars from the Cleveland branch ; the season which has just closed saw one hundred and thirty-three cars leave the office, eighty-eight of which 1026 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND were new. While some measure of this exceptionally large increase in business is due perhaps to the merits of the machines themselves, in much larger degree it is due to the efforts of the manager. Enthusiastic over the product of his employers, he CA all the more able to call to his aid the remarkable qualities of salesmanship which have never before had such a large field for exercise. He is energetic and enterprising, endowed with real business acumen, able to satisfy the wants of the old customers, something that is just as important as winning new ones. He has been unsparing of his efforts to advance the interests of the Rambler Company in Cleveland, and his success redounds to their prosperity as well as to his own advancement. Although still a young man in years he has discovered the real secrets of progress, so that the future can only hold continued and more pronounced good fortune for him. On the 26th of January, 1905, Mr. Patterson was united in marriage to Miss Florence Fillius, a daughter of E. L. Fillius, a dealer in flour and feed in Hudson, Ohio. They have one daughter, Irene, who is now two and a half years of age. In politics, Mr. Patterson inclines toward the republican party on national issues, but in local matters he votes independently of party allegiance. Fraternally he is connected with the Masons, and socially with the Cleveland Auto Club and the Athletic Club of this city. He is well known among his fellow members, who recognize him as a loyal friend and as a man of sound business principles. WILLIAM A. OTIS. In a review of the history of Cleveland and of northern Ohio it is interesting to note what an important part William A. Otis played in shaping the policy and molding the destiny of this section during its formative period. His business interests were always of a character that contributed not only to his individual success but also constituted an important factor in general progress. With the development of the trade relations, the improvement of the waterways, the building of the turnpikes and railroads and other features which have been most valuable in promoting the growth of the state he was closely associated and no history of this city, therefore, would be complete without prominent and extended personal mention of him. A native of Massachusetts, Mr. Otis was descended from one of the distinguished New England families, tracing his ancestry back to John Otis, who was born in Barnstable, Denvonshire, England, in 1581. He arrived at Fling- ham, Massachusetts, in 1635 and drew house lots in the first division of lands in that town. He was an ancestor of James Otis, the orator and patriot, who did so much toward promoting the interests of the colonies during the momentous period prior to the Revolutionary war. With keen insight recognizing the tendency of the British to encroach upon the long established rights of the colonies, through his oratory he awakened the people to a recognition of the situation and perhaps did more than any other man of his time to place colonial resistance in its true light before the world, indicating clearly the rights of the Englishman under the British constitution, as declared in that great instrument of English freedom, the Magna Charta. His prominent contemporaries of that time spoke of James Otis in terms of highest praise, recognizing in the worth of his work in the glorious movement for independence. President John Adams said of him : "I know of no man whose services were so important and essential to the cause of his country and whose love for it was more ardent and sincere than that of Mr. Otis." Speaking of him, Justice Dana said : "Mr. Otis was looked upon as the safeguard and ornament of our cause. The splendor of his intellect threw into shade all the great contemporary lights ; the cause of American independence was identified at home and abroad with his name." HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 1029 William A. Otis was a direct descendant of this distinguished statesman, who may well be numbered among the men who made the nation. In another way William A. Otis also performed a most important service for his country in opening up the west to civilization and promoting its trade and commercial interests. Leaving Massachusetts about 1818, he traveled on foot to Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, where he secured employment in an iron establishment, doing any task that was entrusted to him. His ability, however, was soon recognized by his employers, who promoted him and gave him a generous increase in salary. For two years he remained with that house, depositing his savings with the firm, they agreeing to pay interest on the same ; but the company failed and Mr. Otis thereby lost not only the interest but all that he had managed to save. With a resolute spirit that could not be overcome by disadvantages, he again turned his face westward and walked the entire distance to Bloomfield, Trumbull county, Ohio. With a vigorous constitution he set to work to make for himself a home and, if possible, a fortune in the new world. He was well qualified to meet the onerous demands of pioneer life and from the outset was an important factor in the actual work of development and improvement in this part of Ohio. He cleared land and also established a primitive mercantile business by furnishing the settlers with goods in exchange for ashes, wheat or other produce. He also conducted a tavern wherein he entertained the traveling public. Ashes were at that time used in the manufacture of black salts or impure potash, which was the only strict cash article in the country. It was difficult, however, to get this commodity to the eastern market. The casks of potash were hauled to the mouth of the Beaver river or to Pittsburg, whence they drifted on flat boats down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to New Orleans and from that point were transported to New York. Mr. Otis did much of his own teaming and in Pittsburg exchanged the potash for goods with which he returned to Bloomfield. All trade in those days was largely a matter of barter rather than of cash, for there was scarcely money enough in the country with which to pay the taxes and indeed Mr. Otis was frequently obliged to furnish his customers with cash for that purpose. When the Erie canal was completed to Buffalo, Mr. Otis, with keen prescience, realized the opportunity for making wheat a cash product by shipping it to that point. The settlers here raised an abundance of grain, which they gladly disposed of for twenty-five cents a bushel, taking their pay largely in merchandise. Mr. Otis determined to see what might be done with Ohio flour on the New York market and shipped the first lot that was sent from the Western Reserve. As there had previously been no demand for flour barrels, there was no coopers .at Bloomfield but a few miles north, toward the lake, there was a good custom gristmill. The old saying that necessity is the mother of invention has been again and again demonstrated by the pioneer and found exemplification in the work of Mr. Otis, who, unable to purchase barrels from a cooper, went into the woods, selected an oak tree and set his men to cut and saw it into suitable blocks for the barrels. From these blocks the rough staves were split. When the cooper's stuff was seasoned the barrels were made and although they were somewhat rough in construction, they were capable of being used in transporting flour and potash. The wheat which he secured from his customers Mr. Otis stored in the mill until it could be ground and packed in the barrels. He then hauled his flour and potash thirty-five miles to Ashtabula creek, where it was loaded on to a schooner and then taken to Buffalo and by canal to New York. The quality of the flour by New York merchants was regarded as in no way inferior to that of the Genesee country, which was then thought to produce the finest flour manufactured. The eastern merchants at once recognized the significance of trade with this new country on the shores of Lake Erie and offered every encouragement for the manufacture and shipment of flour and other commodities that might be produced in that section. In time Mr. Otis also took up the shipment of wool and pork and for nearly twenty years remained one of the 1030 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND leading shippers of this part of the country, conducting a constantly growing business which was characterized by none of the methods of modern speculation but brought a sure and steady return. While still living in Bloomfield Mr. Otis was elected to represent his district in the legislature in 1834, capably serving for two terms. Recognizing now that the growing city of Cleveland offered a wider field for commercial enterprise, he took up his abode here in 1836 and at once was given rank with the foremost business men here. He continued to deal in pork, flour and potash and also became actively connected with the iron trade. Business development in one line always necessitates a corresponding growth in some other field of activity. The increasing shipping interests of this section called attention to the question of transportation, as it was necessary to have good roads and other means whereby the commodities might be easily taken to market. One of the earliest turnpikes in northeastern Ohio was made through Bloomfield, from Warren to Ashtabula, and steamers were placed upon Lake Erie and the Ohio canal, thus extending navigation into the interior. Mr. Otis favored, protected and cooperated in many of these interests and was later an advocate of railway building, recognizing the great advantage which such a course would prove to this section of the country. He was therefore influential in securing the building of the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati, the Cleveland & Pittsburg and the Bellefontaine & Indianapolis Railroads. He spent much time in discussing the matter with the farmers, presenting to them the benefits of railroad enterprises and largely securing their cooperation and endorsement. For a long period he was a director of the first two railroads mentioned in a day when railroad interests were carefully managed for the benefit of the stockholders and the development of the country through which they passed. With the settlement of Ohio and the gradual transformation of its business Mr. Otis concluded to concentrate his energies upon iron manufacture and became the pioneer iron master of Cleveland. Again his keen foresight was demonstrated in the splendid results which attended his labors in this connection. Others followed his example until Cleveland became one of the important iron centers of the country. Still his resourcefulness in business was not exhausted, for he became as well a factor in banking circles and was prominent in the organization of the State Bank of Ohio and served as a member of the state board of control during its entire existence. He was the originator of the Society for Savings in Cleveland, acted as its president for thirteen years, was also president of the Commercial National Bank and connected with the banking firm of Wick, Otis & Brownell. No movement for the benefit of Cleveland failed to receive his endorsement and of many of these he was the originator and promoter. The Board of Trade was largely founded through his efforts and he was one of the commissioners representing Cleveland in the negotiations that culminated in the merging of Ohio City and Cleveland into one great corporate body, the result being greatly promoted through his quiet influence and diplomacy in handling any measure entrusted to his care. It was in 1824 that Mr. Otis was married to Miss Eliza Proctor, of Manchester, Massachusetts, and unto them were born two sons and a daughter : Hon. Charles A. Otis, president of the Otis Iron & Steel Company, of Cleveland; Eliza P., the wife of Hon. T. D. Crocker, of Cleveland; and William H., late of Indianapolis, Indiana. Mr. Otis was an earnest Christian man and with the increase of his wealth he did not attempt to live in luxurious style or to hoard his earnings but gave with constantly increasing generosity wherever his money might be of practical service and benefit to his fellowmen. His gifts to public charities were many, especially to those connected with religious bodies. Kindliness, helpfulness and benevolence ever remained salient features in his life. He held friendship inviolable and true worth could always win his regard. He was extremely cautious and conservative in condemnation of an act of another, viewing all with HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 1031 charity, preferring always to speak a word of encouragement rather than of criticism. Coming on foot to the great west in the second decade of the nineteenth century, he remained through more than fifty years an essential factor in its development in business, political, intellectual and moral lines. While his activities were largely concentrated upon his commercial, manufacturing and other enterprises, his influence remained ever as a steady, moving force for those other interests which are vital to the best development of the individual and the country at large. FRANK CARL FRIEND. Frank Carl Friend was born in Austria, November 17, 1862, and in 1865 was brought to the United States by his parents, Anton and Petronila Friend. The father was born in Austria in May, 1830, and the mother's birth occurred March 31, 1825. He was a merchant tailor by trade and on coming to the United States made his way direct to Cleveland, where in 1870 he opened a tailoring establishment, continuing as one of the leading representatives of his line of business up to the time of his death, which occurred August 6, 1881. His widow survived him for almost a quarter of a century, passing away March 9, 1906. In the family were only two sons, Joseph A., a merchant tailor, and Frank C. The latter was educated in the public schools of Cleveland and in the Central high school, from which he was graduated with the class of 1881. He studied law in the office of E. K. Wilcox and was admitted to the bar on the 7th of October, 1884. He began practice in the office of Mr. Wilcox, although there was no partnership relation between them until 1893, when the firm of Wilcox & Friend was organized and had an existence of eleven years. In 1904 this relation was dissolved and Mr. Friend has since been alone in practice. He now devotes his attention to general law practice but while a member of the firm of Wilcox & Friend made a specialty of personal injury cases, always acting as attorney for the defense, representing various corporations in this way. The zeal with which he has devoted his energies to the profession, the careful regard evinced for the interests of his clients and an assiduous and unrelaxing attention to all of the details of his cases, have brought him a large business and given him rank with the strong lawyers of the Cleveland bar. He holds membership with the Cuyahoga Bar Association. On the 26th of November, 1890, Mr. Friend was married to Miss Lilly D. Davies. Mr. Friend is a Chapter Mason and in politics is a republican. In 1885 he was elected to the city council for a term of two years, was a member of the board of education in 1889 and 1890 and a member of the board of health in 1906 and 7. He has a very fine private library of reference books and the leading authors of ancient and modern days, his favorite writers of fiction being Dickens and Thackery. His library also contains many works on travel with several sets of encyclopedias and many other reference books which place the wisdom of the ages at hand. ARTHUR JONES. Among the younger men who, through their energy, industry and close application to business reenforced by natural ability, have become prominent in the commercial and financial circles of this city is Arthur Jones, who was born here, June 12, 1875, and who officiates in the responsible position of secretary and sales manager of the W. M. Pattison Supply Company. His father, Thomas M. Jones, a native of Wales, was born March 10, 1845, and came to this locality about the year 1868. For many years he worked in a rolling mill, being an expert artisan 1032 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND in the various departments of the steel and iron industry, and is now living in retirement in this city. His wife, Ann Jones, was also a native of Wales, where her nativity occurred in 1850. She came to America when a girl, settling in Cleveland, where they were married in 1872. Her final summons came December 11, 1899. To the public schools of this city Arthur Jones is indebted for his education and upon completing his studies, being ambitious to enter the business world for himself and become self-supporting, he entered the employ of the Newburg Wire Mill as timekeeper and continued in the employ of the company for eighteen months, when he resigned his position. He was engaged with the George Worthington Company, with which he remained until December, 1897, when in company with W. M. Pattison and W. H. Smith he established the business in which he is now engaged and which under his careful and judicious management is steadily growing. It is numbered among the important industries of the city. The firm manufactures railroad, mill and factory supplies, together with heavy hardware and machinery, and transacts a large shipping business with the cities of this and other states. Mr. Jones' commercial relations have been so favorable as to enable him to launch out in the industrial world and he is financially interested in a number of business enterprises, in which he has invested considerable capital. On June 17, 1903, Mr. Jones was united in marriage to Jean Graham, a native of Niles, Ohio, and the couple have one daughter, Elizabeth Jean, whose birth occurred February 20, 1906. He is prominent in Masonic circles, being a thirty- second degree Mason and also a Shriner, and is a member of the Chamber of Commerce, the Euclid Club and the Cleveland Athletic Club, in the affairs of which he takes an active interest. Mr. Jones' business ability is recognized throughout the city and his career thus far has been eminently useful and successful. He deserves great credit for the strides he has made, inasmuch as he began life practically without means or influence, and on the strength of his own resources has gradually ascended in the commercial world until at present he is numbered among the city's most enterprising and substantial business men. CHARLES A. OTIS, SR. The death of Charles A. Otis, Sr., which occurred in Cleveland, June 28, 1905, removed an influential citizen, whose life was rich in its benefits for the city's growth. He was a son of William A. Otis, whose life history appears elsewhere on these pages, and his birth occurred in Bloomfield, Ohio, June 26, 1835. He was nine years of age when his parents removed to Cleveland and as a youth and young man he worked in his father's general store and bank, being thus employed until nearly twenty-one years of age, when he became purser on one of the old Winslow boats. This life keeping him too much away from home, he returned to Cleveland. His father in the meantime had developed the iron trade here and the son followed in his footsteps. In 1853 he organized the firm of Ford & Otis and set up the first forge in Cleveland, beginning the manufacture of axles and bar iron. This factory was the first and only one of its kind west of Syracuse, New York. Shortly after the war Mr. Otis went abroad and at Berlin learned a new process of making steel. On his return to America he arranged to work the process on a royalty basis and thus instituted new methods in America. He was singularly successful and in a short time became one of the leading business men of the city. It was at this period of his life that he formed the Otis Iron & Steel Company, now operating tinder the name of the Otis Steel Company, and built the largest open hearth steel plant in the country. Associated with him in this enterprise were E. B. Thomas, Thomas Jopling, J. K. Bole and S. T. Wellman. Mr. Otis became the first president of the organization and so continued until 1899, when the property was sold to an HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 1035 English syndicate. He held the chairmanship of the board of directors for two or three years, after which he gradually retired from active business life. During his last fifteen years he lived in New York but spent a great deal of his time in traveling through Europe and America, visiting many places of interest in this country as well as in foreign lands. While residing in the Empire state he became a member of the Ohio Society of New York. During his residence in Cleveland Mr. Otis was not only prominent in the industrial development of the city but was also a factor in its municipal progress and public life. In 1872 he was elected mayor of Cleveland on the democratic ticket and filled a very successful term in that office. He was importuned to again accept the nomination of his party but found that his business, which was at its height at that time, was demanding too much of his attention, so he declined further political honors. It was said of him that his wish to serve the people of the city was strong and he could have risen much higher in public office had not his business required his attention. In 1894 he became the president of the Commercial National Bank and was at the head of this institution for ten years, resigning the office and retiring from active business in 1904, at which time the Commercial Bank was merged with the Mercantile National Bank, forming the present National Commercial Bank. Mr. Otis was also one of the founders of the American Wire Company, which later became the American Steel & Wire Company, and was connected with the Standard Sewing Machine Company, the American Steel Screw Company, the Cleveland Electric Railway Company and the Society for Savings, being a director of the last named. At one time he was associated with Dr. Everett in the old East Cleveland line. Among the business men of Cleveland Mr. Otis was held in very high regard. He always took a personal interest in his employes, whose esteem for him was marked and there never occurred a strike in the history of his firm. Mr. Otis had no early education beyond the meager facilities of the country schools but by indomitable energy he became a man of broad knowledge and large capability. His manner was one of simplicity and this, combined with his irreproachable integrity, gained him the confidence and good will of all who knew him and in fact he enjoyed the respect of the entire city. His foresight and business ability, aided by his public spirit, contributed in no small way to the substantial growth and progress of Cleveland. Mr. Otis was first married to Miss Mary Shepard, who died leaving two daughters: Mrs. Judge William B. Sanders ; and Mrs. Dr. J. Kent Sanders, now deceased. For his second wife Mr. Otis chose Miss Ann Eliza Shepard, a sister of his first wife, and she died some twenty-three years previous to her husband. The children of. the second marriage were three sons : William A., Charles A. and Harrison G. A Cleveland paper referring to the death of Mr. Otis said editorially: "In the death of Charles A. Otis the city loses one of the builders of Cleveland. Charles A. Otis, Sr., was a pioneer in the creative industrial enterprises which made this city, as it is today, a possibility. He ran risks and reaped the rewards of the pathbreaker, whose ventures into new fields are followed by less daring and able men. In the making of iron and steel, in banking, in varied manufacturing interests, Charles A. Otis was one of the most active forces in the growth of Cleveland. He promoted progress in all directions. The whole world of industry, finance and trade felt the stimulating effects of his many-sided enterprises. He was an inspiration and example for a goodly number of younger men who came within the scope of his personal influence Great popularity bore witness that in this strong man's career success did not blunt humanity. He was loved and trusted by his employes as well as by his business associates, His judgment was as sound as his impulses were kindly. Enterprises which he founded went forward to great success. He was a stranger to defeat. The loss of such a citizen is a blow to Cleveland, which would be more felt if Charles A. Otis had not retired from active business and put his affairs in order some 1036 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND time before his death. Age and leisure had withdrawn him from the broad field of the city's productive interests before his long and useful life came to its end. A maker of Cleveland is missed from the scene of his labors and triumphs." Another paper said of him : "The death of Charles A. Otis removes one who was for many years a leading figure in the city's manufacturing and financial life. Moreover, he served a term as mayor of Cleveland, having been nominated in his absence and without his knowledge, a fact which enabled him to display admirable and unusual independence while in office. He was one of the pioneers in the city's iron and steel industry and was identified with various other large interests. He was a leading citizen in every sense of that much abused term and will be widely missed in spite of retirement from active life which several years ago withdrew him largely from public notice." CHARLES HICKOX. Charles Hickox was born in Washington township, Litchfield county, Connecticut, in 1810 and was the youngest of four brothers. His parents, who were natives of Connecticut, moved to the west in 1815 and settled in Canfield, Mahoning county, Ohio. Charles Hickox remained here until he was seventeen, when he moved to Rochester, joining two brothers who had already preceded him there. In Canfield he attended the village schools during the winters, acquiring a fair education, his summers being spent on the farm. He remained in Rochester until 1837, when, realizing that there were greater opportunities for a young man in the west, he came to Cleveland. The city at that time had a population of about five thousand, and as it was the year of the great panic, the business outlook was not encouraging. Mr. Hickox was fortunate in securing employment as clerk in a commission and forwarding house, where he remained for two years, at the end of that time engaging in the same business on his own account. He soon became identified with other business enterprises, the most important resulting in the founding of the large flour mills, with which he, or members of his family, were connected for nearly thirty years. In 1872 Mr. Hickox turned his attention to other lines of investment, among them the iron ore mines of Lake Superior and coal lands in central Ohio. By the sale of these latter to the Hocking Valley Railroad, he became identified with that company, and later with the Ohio Central Railway, being active in the general management of both corporations. Mr. Hickox was one of the founders of the Society for Savings, a member of the Board of Sinking Fund Commissioners, President of the Republic Iron Company, and was a director in a number of other corporations. At various periods he had owned considerable real estate in Cleveland, and at the time of his death, was constructing the Hickox Building, at the corner of Euclid Avenue and East Ninth Street. In politics Mr. Hickox was a republican, his early training having aroused in him a hatred of all oppression, and influenced him to cast his political fortunes with the abolitionists, free-soilers and republicans successively. He never filled any public office, but his influence was always felt, and he spared neither time nor money in promoting the good of the city, the state and the nation. He had traveled extensively here and abroad, and was an indefatigable newspaper reader, keeping himself fully abreast of the times. Mr. Hickox married, in 1843, Miss Laura A. Freeman, daughter of Judge Francis Freeman, of Warren, Ohio. Four children were born to them, Frank F., Charles G., Ralph W., and Mrs. Harvey H. Brown, all living in Cleveland. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 1039 The fine residence of Mr. Hickox, with its ample grounds, on Euclid avenue, was his home for over thirty years, and here he found the true happiness of his life. In person he was over six feet in height, of spare form and strong, rugged cast of features. He had a marked head, with perceptive qualities largely developed, a broad open forehead, blue eyes and a pleasing voice. He was much in sympathy with deserving young men, and many owe their success to his timely aid and cheerful advice. He met death peacefully on the 17th of April, 1890, surrounded by all the members of his family. EDWIN ARTHUR KRAFT. Edwin Arthur Kraft, organist of Trinity cathedral, has already gained notable distinction in musical circles and his youth and ability give ample promise of continuous progress in the future. That education which comes through listening to the compositions and harmony of the greatest masters is being promoted through the recitals and instruction of Professor Kraft, who on the installation in the cathedral of one of the finest organs of the country was called to preside thereafter at the regular services of the church. He was born in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1883, and began his musical study at the age of nine years. In 1898, while yet a lad in the high school, he heard of a vacancy in Grace Methodist Episcopal church of New Haven and on making application was accepted for the position of organist. The following year he became organist in the Church of the Ascension in the same city, where he organized a boys' choir. Later he won the scholarship for organ playing at Yale University and was graduated from the music department, where he studied under Dr. Horatio Parker and Harry Jepson, two of the most eminent American artists. In 1901 Mr. Kraft became organist of St. Thomas' church in Brooklyn, New York, where the Rev. James Townsend Russell, now archdeacon of Brooklyn, was then rector. Mr. Russell became greatly interested in Mr. Kraft, recognizing that he was by temperament and equipment a genius. At the suggestion of the rector Mr. Kraft went to Europe, where he remained for three years, dividing his time between Berlin and Paris. In the former city he studied the German organ classics under Franz Grunicke, the famous organ instructor of the Klindworth-Scharwenka Conservatory. He also studied composition under Edgar Stillman Kelley, a distinguished American professor residing in Berlin. While in that city he appeared frequently in recitals, winning the favorable comment of both musicians and critics. After going to Paris he continued his work under the instruction of the eminent Alexandre Guilmant and Charles M. Widor, two of the world's greatest organ authorities. Returning to America Mr. Kraft located in Wheeling, where his success was immediate and brilliant, and his present activity in Cleveland promises even greater things for the talented young artist. While abroad Mr. Kraft not only absorbed and assimilated the best in music but also in art and literature, acquiring thereby a broad intellectual culture which is so absolutely necessary to an artist. In Wheeling he most capably and conscientiously fulfilled his duties as organist and choir master. St. Matthew's church of that city has a volunteer choir and though, under such conditions, it is difficult to train, Professor Kraft produced marvelous results, succeeding in developing fine tone quality and artistic delivery. During the years spent in Wheeling he also gave numerous organ recitals in that city and in other West Virginia towns. He likewise organized the Oratorio Society, which under his direction successfully presented Haydn's masterpiece "The Creation," securing the services of the Pittsburg Symphony Orchestra on that occasion. On his leaving Wheeling one of the local papers said : "The acceptance of Professor Edwin Arthur Kraft of the position in the magnificent new Trinity cathedral of Cleveland takes from Wheeling a most gifted musician, who has become a great factor in the advancement of musical culture here. His work and life have been 1040 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND an inspiration. He has not only endeared himself to the choir but to rector, congregation and many friends as well. His remarkable success is the direct result of genius, personality and intelligent application." When Trinity cathedral was erected there was installed therein a magnificent organ of thoroughly modern equipment. This necessitated the engagement of an organist of virtuoso and ability to handle it, together with the large vested choir employed in the elaborate cathedral services. Out of some ninety applicants Mr. Kraft was selected as the one best qualified to meet the varied requirements of the position and for the past year has been an important factor in Cleveland's musical circles. He has given more than fifty public recitals upon the great organ and his audiences have been enthusiastic over his masterful playing. His programs have been of a broad catholicity, ranging from the polpyphony of Bach to the orchestral tone paintings of the ultra-moderns. In all these varied compositions he has displayed an exceptional versatility both technically and interpretatively and his recitals have been among the most important musical events ever given in Cleveland. After one of the series of recitals which he has given the Cleveland Press said: "The tones of Trinity's grand organ ebbed and flowed through the vast cathedral under Professor Kraft's deft manipulation like the recurrent waves of some mighty sea. The program comprised transcriptions of the Tannhauser Overture, Tristan and Isolde, Siegfried Idyl, Lohengrin and others, which were presented in a masterly fashion and with a keen appreciation of effective registration." The Musical Courier of May 12, 1908, said : "It is as a concert organist that Kraft seems preeminently qualified, and the probabilities are that in the near future his reputation as such will become nationally extended. Such talent as his cannot long remain circumscribed by local limitations. To hear him once is to recognize his mastery of his chosen instrument. To endow a thing of mechanism with a pulsating and living voice is not given to everyone who can press keys, pull stops and perambulate pedals. Edwin Arthur Kraft is one of the few who can make the organ speak in tones to command admiration and enthusiasm." In May, 1909 Mr. Kraft successfully passed the necessary examination which entitled him to the degree of F. A. G. O. (Fellow of the American Guild of Organists), which is the highest degree or tribute an organist can receive. He was married in December, 1909, to Miss Nancy Irwin Lovis, of Cleveland, a daughter of Samuel C. Lovis. LIBERTY E. HOLDEN. In his tastes a man of letters, in his study a statesman without being a politician, Liberty E. Holden has devoted his life to business interests, managing affairs of great breadth and yet throughout the years he has been keenly interested in education, literature, in scientific investigation and in the great questions which the country faces. A combination of qualities such as Mr. Holden possesses is somewhat rare for it is seldom that the successful business man possesses the literary tastes and studious habits which have always been numbered among his characteristics. Mr. Holden was born in Raymond, Cumberland county, Maine, June 20, 1834, and is descended from Puritan ancestry. His maternal line is traced back directly to John Alden and Priscilla and Isaac Stern, who was of the party that accompanied Governor Winthrop to Boston in May, 1630. The Holden family, of English origin, was established in Massachusetts in 1634 by Richard and Justinian Holden. Physical and mental strength were inherent in his ancestors. His youthful days were passed in New England in a period when the Revolutionary soldiers were living and memories of the Revolution were recited at the fireside thus teaching patriotism. From early boyhood, manifesting a studious nature and special aptitude in his studies, he eagerly availed himself of every opportunity for intellectual HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 1043 progress. Although the duties of the home farm claimed much of his time and attention he eagerly read every book that he could buy or borrow and moreover had the faculty of assimilating the works which he perused. He had such advancement in intellectual lines that when but sixteen years of age, he was qualified for and became a teacher in the public schools and at eighteen years taught select schools in the neighboring village. At twenty years of age he taught district schools in Massachusetts and at twenty-one was prepared for college. His labors enabled him to pay a year's tuition in college but he decided to spend that year in teaching and during the period he taught select schools at Denmark and at Lovell, and the high school at Bridgeton Center, Maine. He was, by this means, enabled to pay for a two years' college course at Waterville College, Maine. He ranked as one of the best students in his class and was elected class poet. When he had completed his sophomore year he decided to continue his college work in the University of Michigan. Thus he allied himself with the west. He had determined to make his home in that part of the country, believing that its opportunities were superior to those of the older and more thickly settled east. Presenting a certificate of standing from the Waterville College in the fall of 1856, he was at once admitted to the University of Michigan. He completed the last two years of his college life and also taught one of the Union schools of Ann Arbor in 1857. After his graduation in 1858 and upon the recommendation of the University faculty, he was given the professorship of rhetoric and English literature in Kalamazoo College, Michigan. Three years were passed there most happily for he found literary work entirely congenial to his tastes. In August, 1860, Mr. Holden married Miss Delia E. Bulkley, of Kalamazoo, and the following year he was elected superintendent of the public schools of Tiffin, Ohio, where he remained about two years. During his residence in Kalamazoo and in Tiffin he studied law, and in order to complete his law studies, he came to Cleveland in 1862 and entered the office of Judge J. P. Bishop, who directed his reading until his admission to the bar in 1863. He thought at that time to devote his entire life to law practice but a well developed business sense led him to recognize the excellent opportunities for real-estate investments, as Cleveland was then entering upon an era of rapid and substantial growth. Accordingly Mr. Holden made purchases of property and his judgment in this direction was soon confirmed. He was one of the first to see the advantages of East Cleveland and to realize its importance as a location for homes of the business men of Cleveland. Removing to that district he became closely associated with its interests and not only dealt largely in real estate and in that manner contributed to the growth and development of the city, but also was connected with many movements to meet the specific needs of a growing modern city. He was among the first to advocate the introduction of water and gas and the general improvement of the streets and was a stalwart champion of public education, acting for nine years as a member of the board of education, serving throughout that entire time, with the exception of one year, as president of the board. Under his administration the schools were classified, the high school building was erected, competent teachers were employed and the schools of the village were placed upon a most substantial basis. He was also the prime mover in the annexation of East Cleveland to the city of Cleveland. While thus active in public affairs, Mr. Holden was also managing important business concerns, extending his efforts into various fields of endeavor while substantial results attest his efforts. In 1873 Mr. Holden became interested in iron mines in the Lake Superior region and was manager of the Pittsburg and Lake Angeline in 1873-4. His executive force and capable control made this one of the productive mines in that locality. His investments also extended to mining property near Salt Lake City, Utah, which he purchased in 1874. Thoroughness has always been one of his marked characteristics and in enter- 1044 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND ing the field of mining investment and operation he determined to understand the subject and to this end gave close study to metallurgy, mining and geology. Added to his scientific knowledge was his keen business discernment resulting in the developing of a group of mines known as the Old Telegraph. He built large furnaces, concentrating and leaching works, and became one of the largest operators in that section of the country. It was through his mining operations in Utah that he attained the greater part of his wealth, although his mining interests in Lake Superior and his real-estate investments in Cleveland were also sources of substantial profit. His comprehensive knowledge of practical and scientific mining made him the logical delegate of the Utah Mine Protective Association when it became necessary to send someone to Washington in 1882 to represent their interests before congress. His clear and cogent presentation of the situation, his comprehensive knowledge of the business, its conditions and its possibilities brought the matter so forcibly before the national legislators that the mining interests of the west were saved from ruin which would have inevitably followed the reduction of the tariff as then proposed. In 1885, serving as delegate to the National Bimetallic Association in Washington, he was made chairman of its executive committee. His extensive business interests in Utah have necessitated him spending much time there since 1874. Always interested in the subject of education, he became president of the Salt Lake Academy, which was organized in his home and established by himself and friends, its work proving a most potent element for reformation in that country. Since 1862, however, Mr. Holden has regarded Cleveland as his home and aside from his real-estate interests here, he is connected with substantial business affairs of the city. He owns the Cleveland Plain Dealer by owning the stock of the Plain Dealer Publishing Company. In his position as president of the company, he has done not a little to make it the leading democratic paper of the state and one of the best journals of America. Mr. Holden is also well known as the builder and owner of the Hollenden Hotel, one of the highest types of hotel construction and equipment in the United States. The name of this hostelry is the name of his father's family as it stood in the old Saxon times and in the record of estates made by William the Conqueror in Domesday book. In other movements pertaining to the welfare of the city, Mr. Holden is deeply interested and his continued interest in his early profession and the work that has been accomplished thereby is manifested in his services as trustee of Adelbert College and the Western Reserve University. He is a member of the Unitarian church and is liberal in his support of charity, education and religion. He does not believe in that indiscriminate giving which fosters vagrancy and idleness, but helping self-reliance and self-support in the making of a progressive and valuable citizenship. As evidence of Mr. Holden's civic life, we attach a list herewith of the offices he holds. Liberty Emery Holden, owner and publisher of the Cleveland Plain Dealer, was born in Raymond, Maine, June 20, 1833, a son of Liberty Holden and Sally (Cox) Holden. He was graduated, from the University of Michigan as A. B. in 1858 and A. M. in 1861. He was admitted to the bar in 1862, moved to East Cleveland in 1866 ; was manager of the Pittsburg and Lake Angeline mines, 1872 ; interested in silver mines in Utah from 1876 to 1893 ; is now proprietor of the Hollenden Hotel and president of the Hollenden Hotel Company, the Plain Dealer Publishing Company, Maple Leaf Land Company, Hub Transfer & Storage Company; and director of the First National Bank of Cleveland, Cleveland Transfer & Carriage Company, Western Reserve Insurance Company, Haskins Realty Company and Lennox Realty Company. Mr. Holden is vice president of the Western Reserve Historical Society, trustee of Western Reserve University, Adelbert College and Lake View Cemetery Association ; chairman of the building committee of the Cleveland Museum of Art ; member of the National Municipal League, Municipal Association of Cleveland, and American Institute of HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 1045 Mining Engineers ; he is a member of the Row f ant, University, Union and Country Clubs of Cleveland, the Alta Club of Salt Lake City, and the University Club of New York. He is mayor of Bratenahl village, Ohio. Mr. Holden was married in Kalamazoo, Michigan, August 14, 1860, to Delia E. Bulkley. Residence: Loch Hame, Lake Shore Boulevard, Bratenahl, Ohio. Office Address, Room 2, Plain Dealer Building, Cleveland, Ohio. L. AUSTIN. The business development of Cleveland found an active representative in L. Austin, who arrived in this city in 1859, removing from Akron, Ohio. He was a native of the town of Wilmington, Vermont, born in 1817, and in 1835 arrived in Ohio. His father, Linus Austin, was a Baptist minister and he was reared amid the refining influences of a home of culture. He spent the first eighteen years of his life in New England and then became a resident of Ohio, where he continued to live until called to the home beyond. For a long period he resided in Akron and in 1859 removed to Cleveland, where he lived for almost three decades. Here he established the Austin Powder Company and devoted his life from that time forward to building up an extensive business in that line. He was also connected with a similar enterprise in Akron and was very active in the management of his affairs, establishing his business upon a safe foundation and developing it to extensive proportions. His trade became a very large one and brought to him substantial success. As his financial interests increased he extended his efforts to other lines and was well known in financial circles as one of the directors of the Society for Savings. Mr. Austin was united in marriage January 21, 1852, to Miss Louisa C. Avery, who was born near Akron in Summit county, Ohio, a daughter of Amos and Mary A. (Collins) Avery. He was devoted to his home, being a man of domestic taste who found his greatest happiness at his own fireside while his greatest pleasure came in providing attractive surroundings and all of the comforts of life for his wife. In 1876 he erected his residence at 3625 Prospect street, where his widow still resides. The life of Mr. Austin was a most honorable and upright one, actuated at all times by the highest principles and never did he swerve from any course which he believed to be right. His many sterling qualities gained him the good-will and genuine friendship of those with whom he came in contact. He possessed a most charitable heart which was manifest in his many benevolences, for when the call of the needy was heard he never failed to respond. As the years passed on he intrenched himself more and more deeply upon the affection of those with whom he came in contact, so that at his death, which occurred on the 19th of April, 1887, he was deeply mourned by those who knew him. WOODSON T. CAMPBELL Woodson T. Campbell, who is known to the theater-going public of Cleveland as one of the proprietors of the Star Theater, has been connected with the life of this city for the greater part of fifteen years. He was born in Fairview, Rush county, Indiana, November 11, 1851, and is a son of George and Sarah A. Campbell. The parents were both native born Americans, and the father was for many years a preacher in Indiana. He died in Illinois in 1872, while his wife survived about six years, passing away in Rushville, Indiana. Woodson T. Campbell received his early education in the public schools of Rushville, Indiana, but did not devote himself to his lessons for very many years. 1046 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND When he started out to make his own way in the world he became a sewing machine agent. Later he clerked in a hotel at Connersville, Indiana, for about three years. In 1873 he engaged first in the circus business, with which he was associated for upward of twenty years. In that period he was connected with Barnum, Forepaugh and W. C. Coup, men prominent in that field of entertainment. In 1883, he opened a dime museum in Philadelphia, although he continued to travel with Barnum at the same time. It was about 1895 that Mr. Campbell came to Cleveland and entered at once into partnership with Mr. Drew, of the Star Theater, which the firm has conducted since. They have also play houses in Detroit, Michigan, and Winnipeg, Canada, which, like that in Cleveland, are profitable investments. At the time of his marriage Mr. Campbell gave up active participation in circus performances and has since devoted a great deal of time and energy to the breeding of horses in Rushville, Indiana, and for a number of years was given the management of privileges with different circuses. He has evinced a notable degree of business acumen in the years of his work, is endowed with real executive ability, and those qualities of good management which assure a prosperous outcome for his undertakings. In January, 1887, Mr. Campbell was united in marriage to Miss Lura Hollister, of Wauseon, Ohio, and the couple now resides at 2041 East Ninety-sixth street. Mr. Campbell holds membership in the fraternal organizations of the Masons and the Elks, with whose interests he has always identified himself, while as a member of the Gentleman's Driving Club, of Cleveland, he has opportunity to enjoy the sport of which he is especially fond. A man of keenness and discrimination in forecasting the public taste, he is also possessed of a strong character, whose worth has obtained for him the respect of all who have come in contact with him. WILLIAM BARRISS McALLISTER. William Barriss McAllister, prominent as a contractor of Cleveland, is the president of the W. B. McAllister Company. His birth occurred in Cleveland on the 5th of March, 1877, his parents being Arthur and Emma (Barriss) McAllister, the former having been born at Darby, Pennsylvania, in August, 1830, while the latter's birth occurred in Ohio in 1844. Arthur McAllister was successfully engaged in business as a contractor of New York until the outbreak of the Civil war, when he joined the Union army as a member of the Tenth New York Heavy Artillery. He was appointed captain of his company and in that capacity served under different commands until 1867, when he was mustered out with the rank of lieutenant colonel by brevet. After the war he made his way to St. Louis and in that city was actively engaged in the contracting business for a time. The year 1875 witnessed his arrival in Cleveland and here he remained as a successful representative of building interests until the time of his demise in 1898. His wife had passed away in 1879. William B. McAllister supplemented his preliminary education, obtained in the public schools of Cleveland, by a course in the military school at Ossining, New York, where he pursued his studies from 1886 until 1892. During the following four years he attended the Case School of Applied Science and after leaving that institution became associated with his father in the contracting business. Following the latter's death he bought the interests of the other heirs in the business and in January, 1899, reorganized the concern under the name of the W. B. McAllister Company. On the 14th of December, 1903, the company was incorporated. As the president of this concern Mr. McAllister now occupies a prominent position in building circles and he is widely recognized as a man of untiring energy, keen foresight and excellent business ability. He belongs to the Carpenter Contractors Association, the Builders Exchange and the Employers Associa- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 1049 tion of Cleveland, and is a member of the executive board of the Building Trades Employers. He likewise has membership relations with the Chamber of Commerce, the Hermit Club, the Tavern Club and the Phi Kappa Psi. Throughout his business career he has always faithfully executed the terms of a contract and met the obligations devolving upon him and the enviable reputation which he enjoys as a representative of industrial interests is therefore well merited. COLONEL ARTHUR McALLISTER. While almost twelve years have passed away since Colonel McAllister was called to his final rest, he lives in the memory of his many friends as the higher type of the loyal citizen and progressive, reliable business man. Such a history is a source of inspiration and may well serve as an example for others. Never faltering in the performance of any task which was rightfully his, never neglecting any duty, never betraying any trust, he stood as one of whom his fellowmen had only words of praise, respect and good will. Moreover, he attained a notable position in business circles as one of the most prominent contractors and builders of northern Ohio, and to this position of eminence he worked his way steadily upward by his own efforts from the early age of eight years, when he began providing for his own support by picking the seeds from the cotton in the cotton mills of Darby, Pennsylvania. It was in that city that he was born, September 30, 1830, a son of Christopher and Margaret (Morton) McAllister. The latter was a representative of a very prominent family residing near Belfast, Ireland. In the same locality lived the McAllister family but Christopher McAllister and Margaret Morton did not become acquainted until after they had crossed the Atlantic and were residents of Baltimore, Maryland. Their acquaintance, however, soon ripened into love and in that city they were married. It was in the year of 1800 that the father made the voyage to the new world. Later he served m the United States navy and was on board the ship Philadelphia when it was grounded at Tripoli. In his youthful days Colonel McAllister entered the public schools of his native city but when a youth of eight secured a position in the cotton mills of Darby and it was only by reading and study in his leisure hours that he improved his mind and further promoted his education. He continued to work in the mills until fifteen years of age, when, thinking that he might find other pursuits more congenial and profitable, he decided to learn the carpenter's trade and spent the succeeding five years as an apprentice to one of the prominent carpenters of New York city. He mastered the business in principle and detail, becoming a thorough and expert workman. In fact his progress in his chosen calling was such that at the end of two years he was placed, as foreman, in charge of a number of workmen and at the age of seventeen years took charge of the contract to construct a bandstand in Central Park, New York, carrying forward the work to successful completion and receiving complimentary mention therefor from both the contractor and the park officials. At the end of his apprenticeship, when he was about twenty years of age, he engaged in business as a stage carpenter, becoming connected with several of the best theaters of New York city, where he remained until after the outbreak of the Civil war. While thus engaged he came in contact with many of the celebrated actors of the day and his reminiscences of stage celebrities were most interesting not only to his family but to a large circle of friends. He continued in business in New York until 1862, when his patriotism was aroused by the continued attempt of the south to overthrow the Union and he offered his services to the government, becoming a private of the Fourth New York Battery. He not only continued in the military service of his country throughout the war but also for two years after its close and was mustered out with the brevet of lieutenant colonel. He served in the Army of the