(RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE) 550 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND Dr. Haydn interested Mr. Amasa Stone in his plan, secured from the college authorities a statement of the necessary financial provision to make advisable a removal to a more costly location and to meet the enlarged work, and induced Mr. Stone to meet these terms. All this took many conferences of the several parties interested. Dr. Haydn's service to the college in this one respect alone was of incalculable value. The first steps in the removal to Cleveland were made early in 1878, the final agreement with Mt. Stone was concluded September 20, 1880. (12) Mr. Stone gave the college five hundred thousand dollars ; one hundred and fifty thousand dollars for buildings and for the improvement of grounds, and three hundred and fifty thousand dollars to the permanent endowment. Prominent Cleveland citizens provided the site. Mr. Leonard Case had set apart certain property in February, 1877, to endow and establish a scientific school in Cleveland and on his death January 6, 188o, the organization of the school was undertaken. This magnificent foundation aroused enthusiasm for Dr. Haydn's project for a larger university of Cleveland which should supplement the proposed technical establishment, and quickened the ambition of the Hudson college to play the new role. A plan to locate the two institutions in proximity and bring them into some sort of working relation naturally commended itself to the founders on both sides. The L. E. Holden homestead of forty-three acres was obtained by the subscriptions of a committee of citizens and divided between the Case School of Applied Science and Adelbert College of Western Reserve university, which had been rechristened in accordance with the wish of Mr. Stone. (13) Adelbert college opened its halls on the new campus September, 1881, and Western Reserve college at Hudson passed away. Its buildings remained for a few years occupied by the Western Reserve Preparatory school, but even this was abandoned in 1903 and the Hudson property at present lies idle. THE ELIMINATION OF COEDUCATION. When Western Reserve college was founded, a college education was regarded as the exclusive privilege of man. Neither the charter nor the laws of the college presented in themselves any obstacles to the admission of women, but the gates were left open, not because the trustees had consciously left their fold unguarded, but because in accord with the spirit of the times they had never thought that there might be intellectual cooperation between the sexes in the higher concerns of life. Inasmuch as they had not thought out the possibility, not to speak of the more practical advisibility of such a course, no censure falls on them for making no provision in Western Reserve college. Oberlin college founded in 1834, was at the outset committed to the "elevation of female character" and extending the higher education to both sexes. Other western colleges followed the example of Oberlin. Many state universities opened their doors to women. Such institutions established out of public funds were quite logically forced to offer their instruction to all citizens re- 12 - Records of the Trustees, p. 436; Haydn, "From Hudson to Cleveland," pp. 48-49. 13 - Records of the Trustees, p. 443; Haydn, "From Hudson to Cleveland," pp. 52-53. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 551 gardless of sex. Iowa admitted women from 1856; Kansas, 1866; Minnesota, 1868; Nebraska, 1871 ; Indiana, 1871; Michigan, Illinois, California and Missouri in 1870; University of Ohio in 1874; Wisconsin, 1874. The prevalence of coeducation in the west carried Western Reserve college along. President Cutler after gaining the consent of his faculty, announced at his own inauguration in 1872 that women would be admitted to all the privileges of the college on the same conditions as men. In the autumn of 1872, several girls entered the preparatory school, and in 1874, one young woman entered the freshman class of the college. Others followed in successive years. Coeducation seems to have come in as an apparently harmless expansion when a need of more students was felt, and when most other colleges of the west were following the same course. The spirit of the time demanded that existing institutions make provision for the education of the daughters, and the foundation at Hudson could easily care for a larger student body. There was a decided decrease in the number of students at this period: 1870, fifty-six ; 1871, fifty-two; 1872, forty-eight. For many years the admission of women had very little perceptible effect on the college. A very few, three or four at most at one time, availed themselves of the new privilege. But after the removal to Cleveland, the number increased until about twenty per cent were women with no such corresponding proportionate increase in men for many years. The Adelbert undergraduate men opposed the presence of women—jealousy, fear, traditions combined to arouse a spirit against coeducation. Most loyal and wise friends of the college were alarmed with fears that the student body would become "over feminized," and that a new student class would exhaust resources piously provided for the boys' good. After a long conflict within the college and outside, a struggle which weakened the college in its new environments unfortunately, the faculty voted to abandon coeducation, and the trustees upheld their action, January 24, 1888. Dr. Haydn became president in 1887, largely to untangle the coeducational snarl, eliminate it and initiate a new policy." The resolution of the trustees called the college back to the original purpose to educate men only without expressing an opinion on the merits of coeducation. At the same time they suggested the establishment of a college of equal grade for women. (15) The establishment of a separate college for women was made easy by a pledge from the Adelbert faculty to duplicate their instruction in such a college for three years. This was the first great gift providing one prime agent of a college for women—a faculty for a period of three years. Mr. John Hay and Mrs. Amasa Stone promptly added five thousand dollars and three thousand dollars for immediate use. With these provisions, to be sure an uncertain foundation for a college, the Ford home at the corner of Euclid avenue and Adelbert road was rented. The college for women was opened in September, 1888, with eleven students in regular courses and twenty-seven special students. In March, 1889, Mrs. James F. Clark gave one hundred thousand dollars to be divided, part for a building and part for the endowment of a professorship. Mr. Wade gave the site and in 1892, the Cleveland college for women moved onto its present site. After the expiration of the three year arrangement with 14 - Haydn, From Hudson to Cleveland, p. 97. 15 - Records of Trustees, p. 550; Haydn, From Hudson to Cleveland, pp. 106, 552 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND the Adelbert faculty, it acquired a separate corps of instructors, though in a number of the departments a system of exchange of work prevails by which the instructor offers his courses in both colleges, economizing the effort of the instructor, and giving both colleges the benefit of particular strength in any department. Graduates of the college for women receive their degrees from the university, of which the college is a part. The system is not one of coeducation of the sexes as prevails in the state universities, nor of complete separation which has been the method generally adopted in New England and the east, but one of coordination. Here again it differs from the system of coordination adopted at Radcliffe, Barnard and other colleges of eastern universities which depend entirely upon the faculty of the colleges for men for instruction. At Western Reserve, the laboratories for biology, chemistry, geology and physics, are situated on the campus of Adelbert college and are used in common with the students of that college, though in distinct rooms of each building. FOUNDING A UNIVERSITY. Two or three generations ago all higher education worth the while was thought to start with the preparatory sch00l, continue through the college and terminate with a theological seminary, in a sort of a longitudinal course. The subject matter of the curriculum was narrow and dominated by the ancient languages and literatures. This was the American type. It was the University in embryo, but it was not the European university in the sense of including in its scope universal knowledge, the universitas. The Theological Department of Western Reserve college died in 1852, from undernourishment and overcompetition. The preparatory school, a necessary adjunct to the colleges throughout the United States, was maintained at Hudson, until 1903 and at Greensprings where another was maintained from 1884 until 1894. The growth of public high schools had taken the place of such so-called feeders. They are now rarely found necessary by the better institutions. Students are received directly on certificate from the high schools without any examinations. This system prevails throughout the United States except for a few of the older eastern colleges. In the meantime another tendency had set in, to attach other professional sch00ls than Theological seminaries. The Cleveland Medical college had been organized in 1843. Its faculity petitioned to be taken over by the trustees of Western Reserve college, and accordingly after the charter of incorporation had been amended to empower such action, the trustees adopted the new medical college as the medical department and located it in Cleveland. Like all medical schools of that time, it depended wholly on tuition fees for support. The fees were divided equally between the professors and lecturers, "it being understood that all apparatus necessary for illustrating the various departments of instruction shall be furnished by the professors and lecturers filling the same, until provisions for such apparatus be made by the board of agency." (16) The faculty was the board of agency. It erected a building on the corner of St. Clair avenue and Ninth street in 1844, which appears to have been paid for 16 - Records of Trustees, pp. in, 182, 186; Haydn, "From Hudson to Cleveland," p. 154. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 553 partly out of matriculating and graduating fees and out of subscriptions made by the members of the faculty. "In 1847 the faculty was authorized to mortgage the property of the professors who had advanced funds for the department." (17) The authorities of Western Reserve college were wide awake to the needs of the community and eager to serve it, especially when the creation of a new department would increase the patronage or the student body. A teachers' seminary was proposed in 1839, and a committee appointed by the trustees to petition the legislature for a grant of five thousand dollars to carry out the plan. The department was never established. A department of natural science was announced in 1840 and students received for a few years ; the late Senator M. A. Hanna attended as one of these for a few months. An effort was made to establish a law department in Cleveland in 1843, and again in 1851, but without the success that attended the effort to organize a medical department in 1844. A course of instruction for graduates was announced in 1847, and continuously published in the catalogue for many years thereafter. It was however, a premature effort to establish the Graduate school. Resident graduates do not seem to have come forward. Another significant innovation was made when Professor Forest Shephard was elected in 1847 professor of agricultural chemistry and economic geology to promote "practical agricultural science." The curriculum has been gradually broadened from the classical type limited to the staples of Greek and Latin and mathematics and senior lectures on mental and moral science to keep pace with progress in education. A professor of chemistry, mineralogy and geology was added in 1839, though with meager provision for apparatus, and none for class laboratory practice. An instructor in modern languages first appeared at the college in 1843, but such instruction was a by-product at that time and was soon dropped, not to appear again until 1876, shortly before the removal to Cleveland. In 1877 the trustees authorized the establishment of courses in engineering in order to meet the pressing demands for technical training in the west, but the removal to Cleveland and the organization there of Case School of Applied Science, made inexpedient such a development. (18) The refoundation in Cleveland, in a city community, with a diverse population, with vast opportunities for growth, and greater promise of patronage, had the effect of raising on the horizon visions of a great city university. In pursuit of this new ideal the trustees secured in 1884 a new charter with a definite statement of a purpose to establish in Cleveland a university to promote learning with a broader scope so as to include departments of medicine, law, philosophy, art, music, and such other means of education as the trustees should deem advisable. This was a final legal step in the transformation from a college to a university basis. In the year 1888 at the same time that a college for women was established, two other departments rather adjunct to the special foundation for women, a school of art and one of music, both formerly private 17 - Haydn, "From Hudson to Cleveland," p. 156. 18 - Records of the Trustees, p. 416. 554 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND schools, were grafted onto the university. In 1890 a site was bought on Euclid avenue just west of Doan Brook, near the university campus, and preliminary plans were made for a building to accommodate both schools and furnish a large auditorium for all university functions appealing to the public, but a quarrel in the art school came to a climax in 1891, when it severed its relations with the university. The school of music feeble, crippled by the fall of the school of art was separated from the university in 1892 by mutual consent. (19) In 1892 a dental school was established. This is housed in rented quarters in the Bangor building. A law school was organized at the same time. The following year on the promise of Mrs. Backus to endow the school with fifty thousand dollars the name was changed to the "Franklin T. Backus Law School of Western Reserve university," in honor of her husband who was during his life one of the leaders of the Ohio bar. After some years in temporary quarters in the Ford house at the corner of Euclid avenue and Adelbert road and in Adelbert hall it was removed in 1896 to the present building on Adelbert road. A graduate school which had been so long in contemplation was finally realized in 1892. The faculties of Adelbert college and the college for Women were associated together to give advanced instruction of a graduate character leading to the degrees of A. M. and Ph. D. This department has no endowment, no distinct faculty, no buildings or other equipment aside from that available from that provided for the undergraduate colleges, and no income except the small amount coming from fees. It depends wholly upon the gratuitous service of the hard worked members of the colleges. Mr. Carnegie gave one hundred thousand dollars in 1903 to endow a Library school. This was opened in 1904 in Adelbert hall on the Adelbert college campus where it is still located. The latest expansion came with the addition of the school of Pharmacy in 1908. These professional schools are not closely articulated one with another. They constitute a mere confederation under the centralizing control of the trustees and president. Each manages its internal scholastic affairs with the utmost freedom subject only to a general supervision by the president and to the limitations of finances which are wholly administered by the trustees. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS. An era of utilitarian policies has begun in higher education throughout the United States. This movement began in Germany where it has gone the farthest, and has developed in the United States under the lead of the state universities, particularly the university of Wisconsin, which is easily in the van. Such universities aim to serve the people in a wider sense, reaching the mature as well as the youth, offering practical courses as well as those in pure culture. The object is coming to be to serve all the people all the time. The practical application of this principle takes many forms, sometimes in loaning professors as expert,, in city and state government and in industrial problems, sometimes in sending advanced students out to apply class room theories, and at others in extension lectures and 19 - Haydn, "From Hudson to Cleveland," pp. 189-194. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 555 correspondence courses. The result is a radical change in the attitude of the community, and an impetus to civic and industrial development. A university in a city like Cleveland becomes at once an organized body of expert workers for the common good, training the community in the class laboratories and libraries for the larger laboratories of the office, the shop and the factory. The Western Reserve university has been able to gradually grow into such service as its endowment has permitted. Several recent gifts have emphasized this tendency. In 1897 Mr. H. M. Hanna gave twelve thousand dollars, to establish the Hanna Research Fellowship at the Medical school, and three years later gave also forty thousand dollars to endow a chair of Clinical Microscopy. Of the same character was the gift of Mr. Andrew Carnegie of one hundred thousand dollars, toward endowing a Library school, which is now actively preparing trained assistants for the libraries of Cleveland. A more striking illustration is represented by the gift of two hundred thousand dollars by Mr. H. M. Hanna and Colonel Oliver H. Payne in 1906, to endow a chair of Experimental Medicine at the Medical school, a chair which is full of promise for the general welfare of the city; or by the gift of seventy-five thousand dollars by the three children of Mr. Selah Chamberlain to endow a department of Sociology, which has by the very force of circumstances been pressed into practical sociology with its faculty members cooperating with the several social settlements and boards of charities, and its students prepared for active duty by practice in these ready-at-hand laboratories; or by the gift of one hundred thousand dollars by many friends of the university to endow a department of political science with the same practical purpose. The same larger field for university activity was invaded in 1908. and 1909 when several departments at Adelbert college and the college for Women repeated their college courses to evening classes of teachers, office clerks and professional men and women. This was an attempt to carry the college to the people. The department of Sociology is offering afternoon courses in various practical aspects of the subject at Goodrich house during the current year, 1909-1910. Members of the faculties are constantly appearing before clubs, societies and labor organizations for public lectures along special lines. The university has grown rapidly in buildings and laboratory facilities, but the funds to maintain the libraries and to support an adequate body of instructors to keep pace with the newer tendencies in higher education have lagged behind. Adelbert college has at present a productive endowment of one million, thirty-four thousand, three hundred and eighty-two dollars and thirty-nine cents ; the college for Women, four hundred and fifty-one thousand, eight hundred and twenty-six dollars and fifty-nine cents ; the Medical school, four hundred and forty-two thousand, three hundred and twenty-five dollars and fifty-three cents ; the Law school, sixty thousand dollars ; and the Library school has one hundred thousand dollars, or a total for the entire university of two million, eighty-eight thousand, five hundred and thirty-four dollars and fifty-one cents. The university publishes a quarterly bulletin wherein appear reports of the president, accounts of research work of the faculty and news- notes bearing on University affairs. 556 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND CHAPTER LIX. CASE SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE. By Eckstein Case, Secretary and Treasurer. Less than thirty years have elapsed since the establishment of Case School of Applied Science upon the foundation provided by Leonard Case, Jr. In America at that time there were a number of schools which might have been classed as first rate high schools, but there were only three institutions devoted exclusively to technical education of a higher grade. These were the Rensalaer Polytechnic mstitute of Troy, New York, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology of Boston, and Stevens institute of Hoboken, New Jersey. It is true that a number of the stronger colleges had technical departments, but these were mainly subordinated to the classical and had made but little progress toward the ends intended by their foundations. Culture was still suspicious of its new neighbor, and it was not until the industrial development of the continent created the demand for the services of technically trained men that these departments were given the recognition which led to their present high efficiency. Although so young, Case school has made an enviable reputation for itself, but, aside from the interest which obtains from its foundation and organization, there are few annals to record in which the reader of history would be interested. However, the promptness with which the mtentions of its founder were carried into effect, the loyalty and devotion of his friends to his memory and the high standard maintained from the beginning, are worthy of the highest praise. For a proper appreciation of this disinterestedness and devotion, it is necessary to know and understand the character of Leonard Case and his immediate ancestors. In 1891, Judge James D. Cleveland, a native of New York state, but a resident of Cleveland since boyhood, and a lifelong friend of the "Case boys," delivered the commencement address at Case school, which was entitled "A Biographical Sketch of the Founder of Case School of Applied Science, and His' Kinsmen." This sketch is replete with facts and personal reminiscences of Leonard Case, Jr., his father and brother William and their early struggles and efforts for the up- building of Cleveland. This was a labor of love on the part of Judge Cleveland, and has not been published excepting the printing of a few copies in pamphlet form for distribution among his friends. The facts concerning the elder Case are drawn mainly from an unpublished manuscript autobiography of the latter. As a whole, this sketch written in Judge Cleveland's best style is well worthy of a place in a general history of the city and Western Reserve and the best evidence extant for the proper conception of the motives which inspired Leonard Case, Jr., to devote a portion of the fortune acquired by his father to the founding of an institution to further the needs of a community which he foresaw would develop into one of the nation's greatest manufacturing and industrial centers. Most of what follows is from Judge Cleveland's sketch and when the pronoun in the first person is found it is he who speaks. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 557 This sketch is intended to contribute some impressions of the personal characteristics of Leonard Case as he appeared to one who was a schoolmate in his boyhood, and although knowing him less intimately than some others did in his after life, always enjoyed his warm friendship and intercourse as a neighbor and fellow townsman. It is the impression made by a man who dwelt in Cleveland from the beginning to the end of his career, leading an intense and thoughtful life, warmly attached to a few chosen friends ; unobtrusive, undemonstrative, avoiding publicity, denying himself participation in public affairs, yet concealing nothing of his pursuits, his studies, his work in mathematics and in literature ; with declared and open convictions on all political and social questions. All was patent to those who knew him. He tried to conceal nothing but his benefactions and his charities. The union of the peculiarities of a studious life with the qualities of a man of wide travel and a thorough and broad education, gave him many sides. Possibly the opinions of his contemporaries will be as varied as the sides he presented, and the different points from which they made the observation. With these reminiscences, mingled with facts derived from authentic sources, it is hoped that those who come after us will be better able to understand what manner of man he was, who founded a school of science for the training of the youth of his native city, and what led him to devote so generous a portion of his estate to that object. Those who did not know the elder Leonard Case can with difficulty understand the unusual closeness of the bond which united the father and sons in certain views and objects of their lives. And no one can correctly estimate the mind and character of Leonard Case the younger—our Leonard Case—without some knowledge of the father and elder brother. An outline, therefore, of the career and character of these, his kinsmen, seems pertinent to our subject, and ought to be of interest to all who would know the beginnings of a great city, and of some of its noblest institutions. You know the old saying that, "You can make anything of a boy that you wish, but-to do this, you must begin with his grandfather." This quaint and somewhat complex way of stating what runs in an old man's head when he has known and survived several generations of a family stock, only expresses what the laws of heredity teach, that a man is really the sum of his ancestors with all the modifications of his education and surrounding circumstances. The lines of the Case family take us, on the paternal side, back to Holland, from which four brothers, Christopher, Theophilus, Reuben and Butler, migrated early in the last century. We know little of them as individuals—only that they came from a nation which had fought the longest and bloodiest wars for religious and civil liberty against Spanish domination and the Spanish Inquisition, and had become the rival of Great Britain for the supremacy of the high seas, and in the planting of colonies in America, Africa and the East Indies. The Hollanders who came to our shores, both in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, were men of the strongest fiber, and left tokens of their superior quality. 558 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND They were well educated, very practical, and strongly protestant, and have left indelible marks on the institutions of our common country. These Holland Cases settled on Long Island and in Morris county, New Jersey-and one of them, Butler, moved into Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, in 1778, where his son Meshach Case, a young farmer, settled, and married Magdalene Eckstein in 1780. On the maternal side there is more knowledge of its history. Leonard Eckstein, the grandfather of the elder Leonard Case, was a native of Bavaria and born near the ancient city of Nuremburg, that old walled and castellated city of medieval times, about ninety miles north of Munich on the river Pegnitz. Melancthon founded a college there, and the people were of old, among the most ingenious in Europe. It was the place where watches were first made, and known in all the marts of Europe as "Nuremburg Eggs." Some of the brothers of Leonard Eckstein were sculptors and carvers, and Johannes worked for Frederick the Great in Berlin and Potsdam, and others at The Hague in the Netherlands. In 1750 this Leonard Eckstein was a fiery and disputatious youth of nineteen, and had a quarrel with the Catholic clergy of Nuremburg. He and all his family were protestant. The quarrel resulted in his being thrown into prison, where, shut up in a high tower, he was treated with severity, and nearly starved. Fortunately his jailers allowed his sister to visit him and to carry him food and other comforts. These two conspired for his escape. One day she brought to him a cake in which she had baked a long and slender silken cord. They had discovered that the small window in his cell gave out upon a perpendicular wall eighty feet above the ground. Upon a dark night agreed upon, the silken cord was let down from the window, and a confederate below fastened to it a larger cord or rope which Eckstein drew up to the aperture, fastened, and slid down upon, to the earth below. His father and family, fearing that this escape and his independent disposition would bring him into greater trouble, furnished him with a little money and he fled toward Holland, where he took ship for America. He landed in Philadelphia about 175o, a youth of nineteen, without a cent or an acquaintance in the country. The story has a flavor of romance ; but he bravely pushed his way into Virginia, married in Winchester, and moved again into western Pennsylvania, where his daughter Magdalene married Meshach Case. There he told the story to his grandchildren and showed his hands, scarred by the blisters which the cord had made as he slid down from the old Nuremburg tower window. He lived till about 1799, and his grandson, Leonard Case, Sr., to whom he related the story, has left us his testimony of it in his own narrative of early memories. Mr. Case, in his narrative says of Leonard Eckstein, his grandfather: "He was a man of more than ordinary mind ; of strong convictions and fearless in his expression of his opinions. He had had a good education, was a good Latin scholar, and spoke English so perfectly that no one would have suspected his being a German. His difficulty with the Catholic priesthood made a deep and HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 559 bitter impression on his mind, and it lasted as long as he lived. He had read the scriptures so much that he seemed to have them committed to memory. He was always ready for religious discussion when he met an antagonist of sufficient caliber, otherwise he would not engage." As the fruit of this union of the German and Holland stocks, Leonard Case, Sr., was born July 29, 1786, in Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, near the Monongahela river, and was the oldest son in a family of eight children. For many years his father, Meshach Case, suffered from asthma to the extent of making him a partial invalid. He attributed this to the hardships he had suffered as a soldier in the revolutionary army. Hence, much of the management of his affairs devolved upon his wife, a woman of superior character, educated beyond the average of those days, energetic, having a good executive faculty, and blessed with robust health. The oldest son had little opportunity for school learning. In the settlements only an occasional school was opened by an itinerant schoolmaster, and in one of these log schoolhouses, from his fourth to his eleventh year, the boy learned to read and the simplest beginnings of writing and arithmetic. He was a robust and active boy, for at seven years he was cutting the wood for the fires, thrashing grain at ten years, and reaping in the harvest field at twelve. And he must have been equally strong in self-control, for at that time he made a solemn vow never again to drink spirituous liquor, and kept the pledge through life. In 1799 his father and mother went on an exploring expedition into Ohio, and on horseback came into the Connecticut Western Reserve, buying two hundred acres of land in the township of Warren, Trumbull county. It had fifteen acres of Indian clearing, and before they returned they had raised a log cabin and cut away an acre of timber around it. The family arrived on the spot the next spring, on April 26, 1800, and with them several of their Pennsylvania neighbors. On the Fourth of July they celebrated the birth of independence when there were not fifty people besides them on the whole domain of the Connecticut Land Company. Mr. Case in his narrative gives a particular account of the celebration, when even the musical instruments were made on the spot ; the drum from the trunk of a hollow pepperidge tree with a fawn's skin stretched across the ends, and a fife from a large strong stem of elder. Every settler, man and boy, had a gun. From April, 1800, to October, 1801, this lad of fourteen, upon whom the whole family leaned for the heaviest work, the ploughing, harvesting, hunting the cattle through forest and stream, ranging the woods for game, deer and bear, exulted in robust and untiring strength. Suddenly, with no premonition, he was prostrated with a fever in consequence of crossing the Mahoning river when overheated, in pursuit of the cattle, resulting in ulcers which made him a cripple for life, and oppressed with pains which never for a day, gave him relief, as long as he lived. This sickness was prolonged, and it was not till the end of two years that he was so far convalescent as to be able to sit up. It is a story which awakes our pity and admiration. How he determined not to be dependent upon charity or the labor of the others ; schooled himself in reading 560 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND and writing; invented and made instruments for drafting, and in order to get books and clothes, bottomed all the chairs in the neighborhood, made riddles and sieves for the grain of the farmers, and finally found himself necessary to those around him. Then his handwriting attracted the attention of the clerk of the court at Warren, and in 1806 he was absorbmg all that there was to know in the laws and land titles of the country. He was appointed clerk of the Supreme court for Trumbull county in 1806, and had an opportunity to study and copy the records of the Connecticut Land Company in the recorder's office, and when he was employed by General Simon Perkins, who was the land agent of the company in 1807, he was made his confidential clerk. From that time till 1844, when General Perkins died, they were bound together in strong and true friendship. John D. Edwards, a lawyer holding the office of recorder of Trumbull county, then comprising all the Western Reserve, also proved a fast friend; advised him to study law and furnished him with books to prosecute his studies. At this time he made an abstract of the drafts of the Connecticut Land Company, showing from the records of that company all the original proprietors of the Reserve and the lands purchased by them, an abstract which was so correct that it became the standard beginning of all searches of land titles, and is still copied and used by all the abstracters and examiners of titles in all the counties of the Reserve. The War of 1812 found Mr. Case at Warren, having among his other duties that of the collection of non-resident taxes on the Western Reserve. Having to go to Chillicothe to make his settlement, he prepared for his journey to the state capital by making a careful disposition of all official matters, so that in case of misfortune to him there would be no difficulty in settling his affairs and no loss to his bail. The money belonging to the several townships was parceled out, enveloped and marked in readiness to hand over to the several trustees. The parcels were then deposited with his friend Mr. Edwards, with directions to pay over to the proper parties should he not return in time. The journey was made without mishap, but on his return he found that his friend had set out to join the army on the Maumee and had died suddenly on the way. To the gratification of Mr. Case, however, the money was found where he had left it, untouched. In 1816 Mr. Case received the appointment of cashier of the Commercial Bank of Lake Erie, just organized in Cleveland. He immediately removed to Cleveland and entered on the discharge of his duties. These did not occupy the whole of his time, so to the avocations of a banker he coupled the practice of law and also the business of a land agent. The bank, in common with most institutions of the kind, was compelled to suspend operations, but was revived in after years with Mr. Case as president. With the close of active duty in the bank, he devoted himself more earnestly to the practice of law and the prosecution of his business as land agent. He had a natural taste for the investigations of land titles, and the history of the earlier land transactions. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 561 His business as land agent gave him scope for the gratification of this taste, and his agency for the Connecticut Land Company from 1827 to 1855, enabled him still further to prosecute his researches. His strong memory retained the facts acquired until he became complete master of the whole history of titles derived from the Connecticut Land Company. From his earliest connections with Cleveland, Mr. Case took a lively interest in the affairs of the village, the improvement of the streets, maintenance and enlargement of the schools, and the extension of religious influences. For all these he contributed liberally and spent much time and labor. To his thoughtfulness and public spirit are due the commencement of the work of planting shade trees on the streets, which has added so much to the beauty of the city, and has won for it the cognomen of the Forest City. From 1821 to 1825 he was president of the village. On the erection of Cuyahoga county he was its first auditor. He was subsequently (1824 to 1827) sent to the legislature, where he distinguished himself by his persistent labors in behalf of the Ohio canals. He originated and drafted the first bill providing for raising taxes on lands according to their value. They had been before that time taxed so much per acre without regard to value, and this change in the mode of raising taxes has been continued. His great experience and practical sense enabled him to furnish a system of checks and guards against carelessness and peculation, and his plan for systematic estimates and auditing of accounts on the great public works then set on foot, was adopted, and was a successful safeguard against frauds, jobbery and defalcations, He headed the subscription to the stock of the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad Company with the sum of five thousand dollars, and was influential in the organization and direction of this first railway project in the interest of the city. One of the rules from which he never deviated was never to contract a debt beyond his ability to pay within two years, without depending on a sale of property. His opportunities of buying in the early days were, of course, unlimited. He never refused to sell lands, nor place any obstacle to settlement and improvement by keeping large tracts out of market. He was thus enabled to accumulate acre after acre in what has since proved to be valuable portions of the city, and to acquire a large estate, which, in his later years became steadily remunerative. He married at Stow, Portage county, September 28, 1817, Miss Elizabeth Gaylord, a native of Middletown, Connecticut. Soon after this he bought a small house and lot on Superior east of Bank street, where a block of stores belonging to Joseph Perkins' estate now stands, and resided there till 1819. Here his son William was born August 10, 1818. From 1819 to 1826 the family lived at thd corner of Bank and Superior streets, in a frame house, which accommodated, also, the Commercial Bank, of which he was president, on the lot now occupied by the block of the Mercantile National Bank. 562 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND Leonard Case, the second son, was born there June 27, 1820. In 1826 Mr. Case had moved to the beautiful homestead on the east side of the public square, now occupied by the postoffice and Case library. The dwelling faced the west and the business office fronted the square nearer Rockwell street. Mr. Case had a broad German cast of features ; a lofty head, covered with an abundance of light brown or sandy Saxon hair, and his kindly eyes looked out through half opened blinds, never forbidding, but always uniform in their welcome to all without respect of person. In those days, of the most conspicuous men in Cleveland, he seemed to stand for the solid landed interests of the Connecticut Land Company, of which he had so long been the resident agent. There were other grand men, like Richard Winslow, from Maine and the Carolinas, owner of great square rigged vessels like the brig "Rock Mountain" and the steamer Bunker Hill—pioneer of the lake merchant marine, born to large enterprises and capable of command ; and Richard Hilliard, the most important merchant west of New York, the soul of honor and integrity, with over six feet of stature and the complexion of an East Indian, full of public spirit and father of the first railway projects, a Corinthian column of grace and elegance; and Harvey Rice, the tall clerk of the courts, graduate of Williams college, advocate of culture, poetry, education, father of our present public school system. But Leonard Case, the senior, among these, appeared like a pyramid, for, although feeble physically, he was a tower of strength, broad, square and lofty in wisdom, character and financial stability. He was looked up to as the source of all wisdom on all Ohio land laws, most of which he had helped to mold, and all history of his state, of which he had been a part ; and there was not, probably, a man, woman or child in the town who did not feel at liberty to approach and shake his friendly hand as he sat m the carriage or in the arm chair of his office. There was a respect for his position as a broad based landed proprietor, but there was a profound regard for his wisdom which was freely given to all men, high and low; and there must have been a touch of sympathy for one who was seen to suffer daily ; had always from his boyhood suffered physical pain, but was never known to complain of his affliction, except to his medical man and his family. Both of the sons, William and Leonard, were quick and diligent in study, excelled in Greek, Latin and mathematics, and both were remarkable for their cheerful disposition and fondness for athletic sports. They attached to themselves fellows of every class, and it was enough ever after to excuse either of them for any preference or generous kindness to any of the old school fellows, that they had "ploughed Greek together." They attended such schools as the town afforded, among them the academic school of the Rev. Colley Foster at the corner of Ontario and St. Clair streets, and afterward, 1836 to 1838, the preparatory school of Franklin T. Backus, who was a graduate of Yale college and preparing for the profession of the law. He was fresh from the class studies, most thorough in his methods, and exacting in his requirements of students. He had also a talent for stimulating and elevating the efforts and aims of young men, and I do not believe that one of his HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 563 pupils was not indebted to him for hints and training calculated to form and fortify high and manly character. His subsequent career at the bar of Cuyahoga county evidenced great abilities, and its record is not marred by a single act unbecoming a man of the most scrupulous integrity. Among the students, beside the Cases, were Rufus K. Winslow, John Williamson, Captain John Klasgye, Horace and George Kelley, George Hoadley (since governor of the state), Nicholas Bartlett (treasurer of the Lake Shore railway), Benjamin Bartlett, Steven Whitaker, Henry C. Gaylord, Horace Weddell, the Cutters, Herman Canfield, William Sholl, John Coon, Edward McGaughy, Al. Norton, Jabez W. Fitch, H. Kirk Cushing, James D. and Thomas G. Cleveland, William and John Walworth. In the fall of 1838 Mr. Backus used all his powers to encourage both William and Leonard Case to enter Yale. It was finally determined that William must supplement his father's strength and devote himself to active business duties, and on account of slender health avail himself of an outdoor nonsedentary life ; but Leonard, who disliked business, entered Yale and was of the class which graduated in 1842. William Case possessed qualities of mind of the highest order. He was remarkable for his activity, energy, elasticity, and grace of carriage. His fondness for hunting and natural history attached to him all the hunters of the town and of the west. This coterie of naturalists included Professor Jared P. Kirtland, of Rockport, Captain Ben Stanard, Oliver H. Perry, William D. Cushing, son of Dr. Erastus Cushing, Rufus K. Winslow, L. M. Hubby, D. W. Cross, John Wills, Fayette Brown, Stoughton Bliss, Dr. Elisha Sterling and many others, all ardent lovers of natural history and the sports incident to it. There were no birds or animals in Ohio or Michigan unknown to these men, and John J. Audubon, the great naturalist, gladly acknowledged his obligations to William Case for original contributions to his list of newly named and discovered birds, and for valuable knowledge of their habits and homes. The office on the square was abandoned to the sportmen, and a wing built to accommodate a thousand specimens of birds and beasts which they had collected, stuffed and mounted. This collection, in time, gave origin to the names "The Ark," and the "Arkites," by which the place and its coterie became known. Among the excursions he made in 1842 or 1843, with guides and comrades, was a voyage to and through Lake Superior, Lake of the Woods and the Red River of the North, thence down the Upper Mississippi in pursuit of new and undescribed birds and animals; thence he returned home by St. Louis and Cincinnati. In 1844 I met William Case in Philadelphia, and spent the day with him in the splendid collection of natural history in the galleries of the Franklin Institute. You can easily appreciate the delight he evinced as he examined the grand exhibits in a field in which he was enthusiastic. "One day," said he, "Cleveland must have something like this; we will have an Academy of Natural Science, and a Library 564 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND Association which shall be grand and worthy of the city ; Cleveland is a chrysalis now ; one of these days she shall be a butterfly !" He had refined taste, cultivated the fine arts, indulged in pictures, and with his friend and schoolmate Rufus K. Winslow, executed very excellent specimens of watercolor painting, in which branch they were pupils of Stevenson, the artist. This facility of drawing and painting enabled him to convey to Audubon and others the colors and forms of newly discovered birds and other specimens of natural history. In 1850 to 1852 he was mayor of the city, having been councilman with Henry B. Payne, L. M. Hubby and others for several years. His efforts were most successful in placing the municipality on a firm and sound financial basis, and in maintaining the city's safety through the most serious popular riot which ever menaced its peace, the Homeopathic College riot in 1851. He was most ambitious for the prosperity of the city and gave years of his most valuable energies to the purchase of the right of way for the Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula Railroad (afterward consolidated with other corporations into the Lake Shore Railway Co.), and in securing in spite of the Erie city war and Pennsylvania selfishness, the uniform railway gauge and passage through to Buffalo, and his services and ability led to his being selected as the president of the Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula Railroad Co., which office he filled with eminent success. When it is considered that in that early day the president of this road was an active organizer and manager, it will be easily understood how much a man of zeal, ambitious for the welfare and prosperity of his road and the city of which it was a great promoter, could and must do. He was untiring in his advocacy of new improvements and new methods ; of the introduction of accommodation and suburban trains, and in making successful the only great rival which the lake steamers, then the largest and finest on this continent, had ever had for the traffic between Cleveland and the west, and Buffalo and the seaboard cities. He was never suspected of taking a step for personal aggrandizement. His public spirit was his ruling passion. He promoted and engineered the opening of Case and Willson avenues, and contributed to the beauty of the streets by tree planting. He also planted twenty or thirty acres of land on the lake shore with ornamental and fruit trees imported from England and France to assist and stimulate their cultivation in the city. He began in 1859 to erect a building which should accommodate the Young Men's Library Association, and the Kirtland Society of Natural History, which he had not lost sight of since I met him in Philadelphia, and of which he had been an active promoter and officer. He had traveled with his architect, C. W. Heard, and studied all that could aid in making the construction perfect, but, unfortunately for his townsmen, his kinsmen and all who relied upon his bright promise of public usefulness, he died of consumption in 1862, leaving the building unfinished, to be completed and devoted sacredly to the purposes he had intended, by a father and brother who shared his public spirit and approved of all his intentions. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 565 His mother, Mrs. Case, had died August 30, 1857, soon after the removal of the family into the brick residence on Rockwell street, after the sale of the old homestead to the government. Leonard Case, Sr., survived his son William only till December 7, 1864. His contemporaries at the bar, at a public meeting alluded to one trait which was regarded as one of his crowning characteristics. After speaking with unstinted praise of his fostering influence upon the growth, beauty and institutions of our Forest City they said : "To no other man is due a greater debt of gratitude from the inhabitants of the Western Reserve. "For many years he stood as the agent and friend between the original proprietors of the soil and the emigrants who settled upon it; faithful and just to the former, he was kind and lenient to the latter. From his position made more familiar with titles than any one else, his knowledge and assistance were always proffered to .the innocent holder and sternly refused to the unjust disturber." In spite of his bodily pain which never left him for a day since he was a boy, his industry was incessant, and the volumes of his records of transactions, of maps, accounts and correspondence were marvels of beautiful workmanship and accuracy. But what will be found most interesting and valuable is his history of his whole career, which had been so intimate a part of the history of the Connecticut Western Reserve, which he wrote for his OWn inspection only, during the last decade of his life, to dispel the tedium of unoccupied hours. I have used it for authentic data in this brief sketch. Its publication some day will add vivid pictures of pioneer life, and much material for the historian of the Reserve. The survivor, our Leonard Case, had graduated at Yale in 1842. His career at college had been creditable to him in every respect. He wrote frequent and lively letters to his mother, and those which have been preserved give evidence of his desire to cheer and divert her in her feeble health, and a degree of filial affection which would not have been expected from his undemonstrative nature. He boarded in commons, and participated in Freshman fights with the Sophomores, and in riots of the students with the town firemen, in which he acknowledges getting thrashed, but, under the hammering of four opponents, considers it no disgrace. He was thoroughly studious and devoured whole libraries of historical and general literature, and though he did not carry off honors and prizes, his classmates unite in saying that it was not because he could not have done so if he had chosen. They could only attribute his indifference to the final victory to a wish that his closest competitor should carry off a prize which would ensure a favorable start upon a career ; but this is mere conjecture. It is certain that he did not neglect his opportunities, and that he excelled in mathematics and the languages; that he was most industrious and devoted to his studies, as he continued to be in after life. From 1842 to 1844 he devoted his attention to the study of law and lectures in the Cincinnati Law School, and was admitted to the bar after the required examination. 566 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND He opened a law office, but his endeavor probably never aimed at general practice, but rather to fit himself to be useful to his father and to the estate which must at all times demand his attention. He also largely devoted himself to literary pursuits ; wrote full and racy letters when on travels, and poetry of a humorous tone on the slightest provocation and with the greatest facility. His travels included a journey to Washington with Jacob Perkins in 1845, when they paid their respects to President Polk ; a trip to Germany, Italy and Switzerland, with Prof. St. John of Western Reserve College and Prof. Loomis of Columbia College, from which he was brought home prostrated with sickness. He had always been confident of his atheletic powers, and had participated in all the games of college life. Now he challenged his guide to a pedestrian race through the mountains and valleys of Switzerland. It was a hard contest against a hardy mountaineer, but youth and an extraordinary activity won the race. It was at a great cost. He was desperately sick with fever after it, and his courier carried him in his arms to the steamer in which he sailed from Havre, and nursed him till he delivered him safely to his friends in New York. He made, in 1863, during the war, an excursion with a party of comrades to Knoxville while the contending forces under Burnside and Longstreet were battling and countermarching for the possession of East Tennessee. He afterward, in 1873, made, with friends, a journey to California, Mount Shasta and the Modoc lava beds in that vicinity, and was a guest of the United States post having in custody and charged with the execution of the Modoc chiefs condemned to be hanged for the murder of General Canby and others under a flag of truce. He had assisted his father in many ways, especially in office work and matters of account ; but while he was most expert in all map making, letter writing, record making, calculations, prolonged and persistent labor with pen and pencil, he disliked the conducting of business generally, and upon the death of his father, in 1866, he called to his assistance Henry G. Abbey, as his general business manager and confidential agent. From that time to his death, in 1880, Mr. Case was enabled to devote himself to studies, literary and mathematical, to the care of his precarious health, and to the chosen friends whose society he enjoyed with keenest relish. Mr. Abbey relieved him of all business cares and was most eminently qualified for the duties which he had been called to undertake. We must not suppose Leonard Case to be for a moment idle. From his earliest boyhood he was noted for his industry. He never went from home without making most elaborate histories of the incidents and accidents of his journeys ; and to these are added full statistics and descriptions of all the places and persons he became acquainted with. Many volumes of hundreds of pages each were filled with these writings, and other volumes with solutions of complicated and difficult problems which had been given out in astronomical and other journals for solution by any whoa could cope with the subject. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 567 Besides these were the poetic works ; among them that most admirable and witty poem, "Treasure Trove," the racy and charming mixture of comedy, tragedy and satire, written about 186o and published in the Atlantic Monthly, and afterward by Osgood & Company, of Boston, with spirited illustrations by Eytinge. Also a great many other shorter poems ; paraphrases of Italian poesy—of which "The Swallow," a translation from Tomasso Grossi's novel "Marco Visconti" seems to show the highest poetic merit, and is by many thought to be a more successful rendering of the exquisite sentiments of the original than any of the translations made by William Cullen Bryant, and other poets. Both of these translations, together with the original poem, were published in the Cleveland Herald after Mr. Case's death. There were some traits by which Leonard Case was distinguished from many other men of wealth whom we have known. Before he left school to go to college, his fellow students began to know him as one who hadn't a selfish thought. He loved to win in any athletic sport, and he generally did in any feat of running, jumping, or test of active energy. He loved to win, too, by the excellence of his standing in recitation; but there were instances when he was known to have failed in this contest when no reason could be suspected except that he was not willing to win at the expense of another fellow's feelings and ambition—but that was only a suspicion; no one knew it from Leonard. There is no doubt, however, about his generosity. Books were expensive in those days, and when he gave away a Greek Reader, or Cicero, or Virgil to the boys of the lower classes whose fathers were in poor circumstances, and wouldn't wait to be thanked, it was a surprise of which they were in after years reminded by his greater generosities. He was never known, I think, to make a gift without care being taken that it should not have unnecessary publicity. If there was anything he hated and despised it was public mention of his gifts, and he disliked to have any expression of gratitude from those upon whom he conferred benefactions. He studied concealment of these, and his stratagems to secretly convey gifts to deserving objects were most ingenious. When the great forest fires destroyed the settlers' cabins, barns, crops and cattle in the Saginaw bay counties of eastern Michigan in 187o, and the sympathies of all the lake cities were aroused, Woods, Perry & Company, lumber merchants in this city, offered to transport and distribute the contributions of the citizens free. A steam barge took a cargo of provisions, building materials, household goods, tools and bedding, gifts of the people. When the barge was loading, one of the partners was approached by Mr. Case, who was, to him, a stranger, and after a few questions to ascertain whether money could be distributed, he said he had hunted in that country and had been hospitably entertained at many of the cabins of the settlers. He did not wish to send aid to any particular one, but to those most in distress, and he laid on the desk his check for a handsome sum-the largest that had been given. Mr. Perry told him that his wishes should be carried out carefully, and that the contribution would appear in the Leader on the next day, with others. Mr. Case took back the check at once and said 568 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND very firmly : "This can go only on the condition that it be kept from any publicity in the newspapers." Of course it went. When Mr. Andrew Freese, the first superintendent of the high school, whom Mr. Case held in high regard, came to him to ask him to send a lad to college, a lad who was poor but burned with a thirst for a better education, Mr. Case told him he would not give the boy the amount necessary, but he would lend it, 'and it must never be spoken of except as a loan ; and the terms had but one other condition—that the lad should loan an equal amount to some other boy for the same purpose, when he should come to such success in life as would allow him to do it. Mr. Freese told me that the boy went to college on these terms. So skillfully and ingeniously did he sometimes manage the giving, that his gifts seemed to the recipients to come from the sky, and there seems to be an indelicacy in our now speaking aloud of some which raised clouds of sadness from whole families, and brightened lives that, otherwise, would have known no sunshine. There were surprises given to the worn out minister which told him to go and take a rest in the Green Mountains ; and checks to the chaplain of the Bethel that gave him a vacation on the seaboard, and their surprise and enjoyment was his benediction. His confidence and regard for the wisdom and goodness of Dr. Goodrich, pastor of the Old Stone church, was such that he gave the doctor liberty to draw on him at any time for such amounts as he thought Mr. Case ought to contribute to any case of distress within his parish. He never made any demonstration of religion, but these things speak louder than words, that he had respect for religious teachers and charitable women, and a full estimation of the work they do m elevating mankind. Nor did he allowd any display of hard conditions in his most important gifts ; for instance, the endowment of the Case Library association of twenty thousand dollars, which was done by Mr. Abbey's simple act of laying down twenty United States bonds of one thousand dollars each on the table of the society's treasurer, without a condition or a receipt, marginal note or practical observation to mark so important a benefaction. In 1876 he conveyed the library building and Case hall to the library association, with no reservation' except the rights of existing leases, one of which was to his chosen friends the "Arkites ;" and it need hardly be mentioned here, for it can never be forgotten that he gave to the Cleveland Orphan asylum the ground on St. Clair street on which its present elegant home is situated; and large additions to the acreage occupied by the home of the Industrial Aid society on Detroit street. It has always seemed singularly interesting, the beginning of another phase in his life. At the book store of Cobb Brothers there appeared one day in 1865, a plain young man with a rustic air who enquired of the senior brother if they had that work of the great astronomer La Place of France, the "Mechanique Celeste." Mr. Cobb was astounded. It was the first time he had ever had such a call for a work he had himself only read of in the scientific catalogues. When he had taken in the seriousness of the young man's enquiry he told him that they not only had not the work, but it was doubtful if there was a copy on the continent outside of HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 569 the college libraries, or in the observatories where astronomers were found who could use it. The young man said he wished he would ascertain. Mr. Cobb promised, and the youth left his name and his residence on a Brecksville farm. Mr. Case coming in soon after, Mr. Cobb told him of the unusual enquiry. Mr. Case said he had the Work and wondered what manner of man was he who sought a book only known to the astronomers and mathematicians. He rode fifteen miles the next morning and made the most gratifying discovery of his life. It is said that the greatest discovery that Sir Humphrey Davy made was the discovery of Farraday; so the happiest discovery that Leonard Case made was that of John N. Stockwell, and what came of it should be told by one who knows the results of the close friendship of these two men. Months and years were occupied in associated study, and in calculations of problems incident to the movements of the heavenly bodies ; measuring planetary influences, and striving to give greater accuracy to the predictions of the celestial phenomena. These results were published at great cost by Mr. Case. They can only be read and tested by a few men—astronomers who are able to cope with the subjects; but they have added to the common stock of knowledge in America and Europe, and reflected credit upon the authors and the city from which they were sent forth. In 1876 the project of devoting a share of his estate to the founding of a scientific school seems to have been fully perfected. It is not necessary to enquire whether the idea was entirely original with him. It was foreshadowed by his father's expressions of a desire to do something for the education of indigent youth, having been taught by the struggles of his early life how bitter is the lot of men who, born with a divine thirst for knowledge, are unable to attain it; and it was foreshadowed by the half formed projects of Wm. Case, who lived, moved, and had his highest enjoyment in anticipations of libraries, galleries and museums of art and natural history; projects unrealized, but never forgotten by the surviving brother. It remained for Leonard, the last one of his family, to fully and carefully devise a plan by which he would benefit the youth of his native city. It was a work to which he brought the most generous spirit, a long foresight of the future wants of a country expanding and developing untold resources of mines and manufactures, and a religious regard for the honor and wishes of his father and the enthusiastic projects of his brother. He sought every aid for the development of his thought by consulting others who had wisdom, experience, and love of learning. He corresponded with Dr. John S. Newberry of the School of Mines, Columbia college, and other eminent educators in this country, all of whom confirmed him in his determination to found a School of Applied Science. He believed that he could do most to express the debt of gratitude which his father always acknowledged to be owing to the city in which he had prospered, by extending a helping hand to those who were making a start in life. He had begun to do this in occasional instances; now he would put the business upon a broad and well founded basis, equipped and fortified for all future time. He believed that he could devise nothing better for the youth of Cleveland and his 570 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND state than to provide them with the means of obtaining at their very doors, a sound, extensive and practical scientific knowledge. He thought that colleges which only aimed at the culture of men by long years of devotion to the ancient Greek and Latin literature and mathematics, ought to be supplemented by schools where the application of pure science to particular classes of problems would meet the demand of an age of progress in manufactures, arts, mining, railroads, and electrical engineering, and enable men to unlock the secrets of nature and our country's hidden resources. He hoped to enable every lad whose capacity, ambition and strength of fiber were sufficient to pull him through the grammar and high schools of the city, and to profit by the opportunities offered him by a scientific school, to step at once into the practical application of all his knowledge and culture to the problems with which a daring, aggressive, energetic people were already wrestling. The country was full of minerals and coals, and all the incidents of transportation and manufactures required engineering, chemistry, science, to give perfection and success to the forces and processes to be used. Men must be thoroughly trained to do good work, and good work is alone of any value. Others must be trained for original investigations; to carry the light into the darkest and remotest secret of the natural world, which gives up its best and most valuable things only to the hardest fighter, the most persistent brain, the most untiring searcher after truth. He had faith in the theory that it was better to build up strong, intellectual, practical men than to pile marble monuments to the skies. It was godlike to endow a man for time and eternity ; the monument was but the perishable plaything of mortal man. More than this—that the work of such men, ambitious to discover and explore, to spread abroad the knowledge of their conquests over material things, and their crucial tests of truths, was only excelled in value by another result—the elevating, purifying influence which highly educated men, loyal to truth and superior to mere mercenary motives—always radiate over and through the community in which they live. Who can estimate the influence of the life of such a man as Agassiz, or of the sentiments he illustrated when he replied to the tempting offers of men who told him he could make a fortune by a lecturing tour through the country—by saying, simply, "I cannot afford to waste time in making money." To the foundation of a school of applied science, then, Leonard Case resolved to devote a handsome share of his fortune, leaving another large share for the law to distribute among his father's kinsmen. He availed himself of the counsel of the Honorable Judge Rufus P. Rannev and his careful drafting of the legal papers to ensure the proper limitations of the trust, and perpetuity of the benefaction. On February 24, 1877, he delivered the trust deed to Mr. Henry G. Abbey which invested him with the title of lands to endow "The Case School of Applied Science" in the city of Cleveland, in which should be taught by competent teachers, mathematics, physics, engineering, mechanical and civil, chemistry, economic geology, mining and metallurgy, natural history, drawing and modern languages, and such other kindred branches of learning as the trustees of said institution might deem advisable. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 571 As there was nothing he disliked more than notoriety, and especially such notoriety as is won by apparently ostentatious deeds of benevolence, the course he took in this matter effectually prevented any public knowledge of his purpose until he was beyond the reach of any public or individual gratitude. His death occurred January 6, 1880. By an unremitting battle with disease he succeeded in reaching nearly his sixtieth year. For the last six or eight years, however, it had been a struggle for mere existence, his broken health gradually but surely declining in spite of the best care and highest medical skill. That day one of his oldest friends paid this tribute to his character : "Those who knew him well must say that no kinder-hearted, no truer friend had lived than Leonard Case ; and nowhere could be found a man more worthy of the name of gentleman, in its highest sense." Immediately after the death of Leonard Case, Jr., Mr. Abbey, to whom the trust deeds, constituting the foundation of Case sch00l were executed, filed the deeds for record and proceeded to form a corporation to receive the trust. The first deed was dated February 24, 1877. Subsequently Mr. Case was compelled to encumber the properties for a large amount, and on October 16, 1879, he executed the second deed, making the encumbrance a charge upon the balance of his estate. The lands conveyed by the deeds were parts of original ten acre lots 45, 46 and 47, and of original two acre lots 63, 64, 65, 66 and 67, upon part of which was situated the present city hall building, then under lease to the city, and the double house built for renting purposes in 1837, which was subsequently, upon the purchase by the United States government of the postoffice site in 1856, remodeled and occupied by the family as a homestead until the death of Mr. Case in 1880. The articles of incorporation were filed with the secretary of state in April, 188o, and were as follows : ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION. Whereas, Leonard Case, late of the city of Cleveland, now deceased, in his lifetime conveyed and assured to Henry G. Abbey, by deeds dated February 24, 1877, and October 16, 1879, certain real estate therein described, and upon the limitations, conditions and trusts therein fully expressed, and thereby directed the said Henry G. Abbey, immediately upon his death, to cause to be formed and regularly incorporated under the laws of Ohio, an institution of learning, to be called "The Case School of Applied Science," located in said city of Cleveland, in which should be taught, by competent professors and teachers, mathematics, physics, engineering—mechanical and civil—economic geology, mining and metallurgy, natural history, drawing, and modern languages ; and immediately upon the regular organization of such corporation to convey by sufficient deed in fee simple, and free and clear of all encumbrances whatever, the said premises to such corporation, to be held and enjoyed by it in perpetuity for the sole and only purpose of collecting and receiving the rents, issues, and profits thereof, and applying the same, or the proceeds of said property, to the 572 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND necessary cost and expenses of providing for and carrying forward in a thorough and efficient manner the teaching above named; and such other kindred branches of learning as the trustees of said institution should deem advisable, and to the payment of such other cost and expenses as might be necessary for the general uses and purposes of such an institution; and, Whereas, the said Henry G. Abbey duly accepted the said trust so confided to him, and has, in conformity with his own obligations thereunder, caused this instrument and act to be prepared for execution by himself and his associates therein. Now, therefore, we, J. H. Wade, Joseph Perkins, R. P. Ranney, H. B. Payne, Alva Bradley, Samuel Williamson, James J. Tracy, T. P. Handy, J. H. Devereux, Levi Kerr, W. S. Streator, James D. Cleveland, Reuben Hitchcock, E. B. Hale, and Henry G. Abbey, citizens of the State of Ohio, whose names are hereto subscribed and acknowledged, being desirous of becoming a body corporate under the laws of the State of Ohio, for the purposes herein stated, do make, enter into, and adopt the following ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION : Article 1. The name of this corporation shall be "The Case School of Applied Science." Art. 2. The said corporation shall be located in the city of Cleveland, in the county of Cuyahoga and state of Ohio. Art. 3. The purpose for which said corporation is formed is to receive a conveyance of the property described in the above-mentioned deeds ; and by the use of the rents, issues, profits and proceeds thereof, organize, establish and maintain in said city of Cleveland, an institution of learning in conformity with the terms of the above-mentioned and recited trust, and to hold and apply for the same uses and purposes any other funds or property lawfully acquired by the corporation. In witness whereof, we hereto affix our personal seals at Cleveland, Ohio, this 29th day of March, A. D. 1880. JAMES D. CLEVELAND, [ Seal.] R. P. RANNEY, [Seal.] LEV1 KERR, [Seal.] REUBEN HITCHCOCK, [Seal.] J. H. DEVEREUX, [ Seal.] A. BRADLEY, [Seal.] HENRY G. ABBEY, [Seal.] W. S. STREATOR, [Seal.] SAMUEL WILLIAMSON, [Seal.] T. P. HANDY, [Seal.] J. H. WADE, [Seal.] E. B. HALE, [ Seal.] H. B. PAYNE, [ Seal.] JAMES J. TRACY, [ Seal.] JOSEPH PERKINS, [Seal.] HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 573 THE STATE OF OHIO, CUYAHOGA COUNTY, SS. Before me, a Notary Public, in and for said county, personally appeared the above named J, H, Wade, Joseph Perkins, R. P. Ranney, H. B. Payne, Samuel Williamson, James J. Tracy, Alva Bradley, T. P. Handy, Levi Kerr, J. H. Devereux, W. S. Streator, J. D. Cleveland, Reuben Hitchcock, E. B. Hale and Henry G. Abbey, to me personally known to be the indentical persons who signed the above instrument, and each of them did thereupon acknowledge that he did sign and seal said instrument for the purposes therein expressed, and that the same is his free act and deed. Witness my hand and official seal, at Cleveland, in said county, this 2d day of April, A. D. 1880. DAMES PARMALEE, [NOTARIAL SEAL. Notary Public within and for said county. THE STATE OF OHIO, CUYAHOGA COUNTY, Ss. I, William F. Hinman, clerk of the court of Common Pleas, a court of record of Cuyahoga county, aforesaid, do hereby certify that James Parmalee, before whom the annexed acknowledgments were taken, was, at the date thereof, a Notary Public in and for said county, duly authorized by the laws of Ohio to take the same, and that I am well acquainted with his handwriting, and believe his signature thereto is genuine. In testimony whereof, I hereunto subscribe my name, and affix the seal of said court, at Cleveland, this 2d day of 'April, A. D. 1880. [SEAL.] WILBUR F. HINMAN, Clerk. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, OHIO, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE. I, Milton Barnes, secretary of state of the state of Ohio, do hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the certificate of Incorporation of "The Case School of Applied Science," filed in this office on the 6th day of April, A. D. 1880, and recorded in volume 19, pages 345, etc., of the Records of Incorporations, In testimony whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name, and affixed the seal of the secretary of state of the state of Ohio, at Columbus, the 7th day of April, A. D. 1880. MILTON BARNES, [SEAL.] Secretary of State. In 1881, instruction was commenced in the Case homestead on Rockwell street. and continued there until 1885. May 16, 1881, J. H. Wade, D. P. Eells and W. S. Streator, acting as trustees for a public fund with which to purchase a site for Case school and Adelbert college, conveyed to the former about twenty-five acres of original one hundred acre lot 402 on Euclid avenue, and the trustees of the school immediately began the erection of a building suitable for instruction and laboratories. The school was removed to it in September, 1885, when one half of the building was completed. In October, 1886, the new building, together with most of the apparatus, was totally destroyed by fire. Through the generosity of the trustees of Adel- 574 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND bert college, instruction was continued in their dormitory until September, 1888, at which time the main building was again ready for occupancy. In 1892, the chemical and mechanical laboratories were completed and occupied, and in 1895, the electrical laboratory was commenced and was finished and occupied in 1896. On May 13, 1895, Mrs. Laura Kerr Axtell, of Painesville, Ohio, deeded to the school a one-half interest in the lands which she and her brother, Levi Kerr, then recently deceased, inherited as part of the estate of Leonard Case, amounting in value at that time to over one hundred thousand dollars, upon the condition that "the said Grantee, the Case School of Applied Science, by the acceptance of this deed, hereby undertakes and binds itself and its successors forever to maintain in an efficient and customary manner in said institution and as a part of its regular course of education, a Professorship of Mathematics, to be called and designated as the Kerr Professorship of Mathematics, and always to be supplied with one or more competent instructors in that branch of learning." In her will, probated in Lake county in 1890, Mrs. Axtell bequeathed the school the sum of fifty thousand dollars unconditionally, and the sum of one thousand dollars to be used in restoring the marble bust of Leonard Case, Sr., which was destroyed in the fire of the main building in 1886. The first meeting of the incorporators was held in the old homestead, No. 7, Rockwell street, on April 22, 188o, with Mr. Reuben Hitchcock as chairman and Mr. James J. Tracy as secretary. The first board of trustees, consisting of Judge Rufus P. Ranney, Edwin B. Hale, Levi Kerr, James J. Tracy and Henry G. Abbey, was elected, and the following day the latter met and elected Judge Ranney president and Henry G. Abbey secretary and treasurer. As soon thereafter as practicable, a corps of professors was engaged and, acting under the advice of Dr. Benjamin A. Gould, of Harvard college, instruction was begun in the old homestead in April, 1881, and continued there until quarters in the partially completed Main building could be provided in 1885. Dr. John N. Stockwell, the well known mathematical astronomer, and close associate of Leonard Case was appointed professor of mathematics ; Dr. Albert A. Michelson, of the Naval academy, and already eminent in his profession, was appointed professor of physics ; Arthur F. Taylor, a young man of fine promise, was made instructor in chemistry ; Dr. A. Vaillant, a well known French scholar, was given charge of instruction in French ; J. W. C. Duerr was made instructor in German ; and John Eisenman was made instructor in civil engineering. These gentlemen were soon organized into a faculty, with Dr. Stockwell as the nominal head. In 1886 it was deemed wise to appoint a president of the faculty who would be responsible to the trustees in all matters pertaining to the government of the faculty and students, and accordingly on July 3, 1886, Dr. Cady Staley, professor of civil engineering at Union college, Schenectady, New York, was called to the presidency. He was forty-six years of age and was possessed with force and energy and already had established a record for efficiency as an educator. Dr. Staley's character was soon put to the severest test, for upon the morning of October 27, 1886, the new building, with most of its equipment of apparatus, besides the personal equipment of the faculty, such as books and lectures, were destroyed by fire. This necessitated prompt action by the trustees, and the strong HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 575 cooperation of the faculty. Adelbert college magnanimously offered the use of its buildings until new facilities could be provided. The use of their dormitory was accepted, and on Monday following the fire classes were resumed, steps taken to rebuild the Main building and to erect a temporary building for use as a chemical laboratory. The spirit which animated the trustees, faculty and students is best described by a few extracts from a report of Dr. Staley's, made shortly after the loss. President Staley says :-"The prompt action of the trustees in ordering the restoration of the burned structure, in building a laboratory for immediate use, and in procuring new apparatus and appliances for carrying on the work of instruction, gave tone to all the affairs of the school. It left little uncertainty as to present policy or future results. It gave unmistakable evidence of the line of action which the trustees had adopted, and of their determination to push vigorously the interests of the school. It assured the community, which was so deeply interested, that no effort would be spared to make good the loss which had been sustained, and it encouraged the faculty to renewed effort to maintain the high standard of scholarship in the school. "The losses sustained by several of the faculty were not only considerable in amount, but irreparable. With libraries, collected with much pains, and at a cost of many years' saving, went the lectures and notes representing years of work which can never be entirely replaced. "Besides the direct pecuniary loss which this involved, there came the greatly increased labor of carrying on the work of instruction without the accustomed helps and appliances, and under less favorable circumstances in every way. "I need only say that the course pursued by the professors was worthy of the men, and justified the choice which the trustees had made in selecting them for their important trusts. They took up their increased burdens with cheerfulness and enthusiasm and in the face of opposing circumstances carried the work of the school with energy and success. "The spirit in which the students met the common calamity deserves special recognition, Many of them lost books, instruments and notes, and all lost opportunities for work and improvement. Our temporary quarters, good as they were, were not equal to what we had lost. A change in instruction was necessary, involving for a time more recitations and less practical work. In short, some inconvenience and even discomfort was unavoidable. All this was met by the students with a spirit of self-sacrifice, and with a disposition to make the best of the situation." The temporary chemical laboratory was ready for occupancy in February, 1887, and the basement and one story of the main building were finished in time for the opening of school in September, 1888. In the meantime several changes and additions had been made in the faculty and the curriculum broadened and strengthened. Levi Kerr, one of the trustees and a cousin of the founder and administrator of his estate, was drowned in the St. John's river, near Palatka, Florida, in March, 1885, and his place was filled by the appointment of Judge James D. Cleveland, In April, 1887, the board was increased to seven by the election of George H. 576 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND Warmington, of Cleveland, and the Hon. J. Twing Brooks, of Salem, Ohio. In June, 1887, Mr. Abbey died, and the vacancy was filled by the appointment of Dr. Worthy S. Streator. The position of secretary and treasurer made vacant was filled by the appointment of Mr. Eckstein Case, not a member of the board. With the above gentlemen as trustees, all men of wide business experience, intimate friends and acquaintances of Leonard Case, the success of the school was assured. On May 6, 1889, Judge Ranney resigned as trustee and Judge Cleveland was elected president of the board in his stead. For ten years, until his death in June, 1899, he presided over its sessions with the conscientious wisdom characteristic of his life. To Judge Ranney and Judge Cleveland, both wisely conservative, the school owes a deep debt of gratitude for their great work in leading it safely through the trials and errors which must necessarily arise in the plaicng of such an institution upon a firm foundation. Their's was no perfunctory attention to the duties incumbent upon them. They gave themselves and their time freely to the supervision of details and in cooperating with President Staley in strengthening the courses of study and in increasing their number, and to this conscientiousness may largely be attributed the rapid growth of the school, both in efficiency and in the numbers of its students. In 1891 the crowded condition of the main building, then entirely finished, and the temporary chemical laboratory, necessitated the erection of a new chemical laboratory and a building for the mechanical engineering. In 1895 the advance made in the use of electricity compelled the erection of a separate building for electrical engineering. In 1904 Mr. John D. Rockefeller generously donated two hundred thousand dollars for physics and mining engineering laboratories, respectively. These were ready and equipped for occupancy by 1906. This growth from one old fashioned dwelling house, as a beginning, to six large and finely equipped separate buildings without impairment of the original endowment or the making of other than merely temporary loans, tells the story of the financial management of the school under the direction of its board of trustees. The changes in the personnel of the board have been few, and these have been occasioned mainly by death. This is an indication of the personal interest taken in the affairs of the school unusual in boards of trustees. In 1899, upon the death of Judge Cleveland, Mr. James J. Tracy, the close friend and associate of Leonard Case and of his brother William, was elected president of the board. Owing, however, to advancing years, he resigned after a few months and Mr. John M. Henderson, the present incumbent, was elected in his place. Mr. Tracy is still a member of the board and occasionally attends its meetings although in his ninetieth year.* Of the original members of the faculty, six in number, not one remains. In 1902 Dr. Staley resigned the presidency to devote his time to study and travel. Dr. Charles S. Howe, of the department of mathematics, was appointed, and under his able management the school has continued to progress. The faculty and instructors now number thirty-seven. The graduates, nearly one thousand in number, all occupy, lucrative positions and many of them positions of trust and great responsibility, and are scattered pretty much over the civilized world. * - Died January 4, 1910, aged ninety years, one month. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 577 Thus, this institution, well within the limits of a generation, through the wise and conservative course pursued by its board of trustees and the high efficiency maintained by its faculty, has established a name and reputation in the educational world which could not be otherwise than gratifying to the modest and retiring scholar who founded it. CHAPTER LX. THE PUBLIC LIBRARY. By John H. Clarke. The beginning of the Public Library of Cleveland and its growth to its present large community usefulness, have been strikingly coincident with the development and growth of the great wave of library expansion which in the last half century swept over the world but over the United States in an intensified degree owing to the large and discriminating philanthropy of Mr. Andrew Carnegie. The American Library Association was organized in 1876 and better than any other single event may be taken as the starting point of the turning of popular interest in a large way, to the establishing of public libraries, and as the beginning of the introduction of the many and wise new methods of library administration which in the few years that have passed have placed beyond discussion the duty of the community to provide and maintain free libraries at the public expense as a part of the community educational system. The evolution of our local library and of the influence which it exerts upon the community are so typical of the recent country-wide, if not world-wide, library development by which the influence of the judiciously written book penetrates into every household that I hope it may prove of interest to follow this local history briefly told as a part of this larger growth of one of the most important influences of our time making for the spread of intelligence among the people and thereby for the security and uplift of the nation. The Cleveland Public Library, designated by law as the Cleveland Public School Library until 1883, was established by the Board of Education under the provision of a state law passed by the General Assembly in March, 1867, and was formally dedicated to the public on the evening of February 17, 1869. Appropriate addresses delivered by Mr. Edwin R. Perkins, president of the Board of Education, by Rev. Anson Smythe who had been instrumental in procuring the enactment of the law under which the library was established and by Hon. Stephen Buhrer, the mayor of the city, serve to show that the opening of the library was fully recognized by the leading men of the community as the important event, which time has proved it to have been, in the life of the city. A rented room twenty by eighty feet in size on the third floor of the Northrop and Harrington block on the south side of Superior street just west of Seneca, now West Third street Northwest, served as the first home of the library for four years until in 1873 when it was removed to larger rooms in the Clark build- 578 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND ing on Superior avenue, a short distance west of its original location. Here it remained until, like the renter that it was, in 1875 the library was again moved, this time into much more commodious quarters in the City Hall on Superior avenue between East Third street, Northeast, and East Sixth street, Northeast, where it occupied a series of connecting rooms on the second floor for the circulating department and offices, with a room on the third floor for the reference department, and a newspaper reading room on the first floor. This distribution on three floors shows that as yet the value of the library to the community was not fully appreciated or it would not have been thus pushed into otherwise unoccupied .corners. Here the library remained only four years until, upon the completion of the new Central High School building, it was again moved in April, 1879, into the old high school building, which occupied the site on the south side of Euclid avenue, a short distance west of East Ninth street, Northeast, which is now occupied by the building of the Citizens Savings and Trust Company. The Board of Education furnished the second floor of this building for the circulating department, and the librarian's office, and the third floor for the reference library, reading room, assembly room and offices of the library board. In these rooms the library continued for twenty-two years and here we shall see later on, it entered fully upon those progressive methods of administration which have made it the indispensable influence that it now is in the educational life of this community. The sale of the old High School Building made a fourth removal necessary and in March, 1901, the books were stored until the following July when they were placed upon the shelves of the temporary library building at the corner of Rockwell and East Third street, Northeast, which has since been occupied and on August 1st the library was again opened to the public. In 1896 a law was passed authorizing the issue of bonds to the amount of $250,000. The constitutionality of this law was questioned and a suit was brought causing delay until in 1898 a decision of the supreme court established the validity of the act and in October of that year the bonds were sold for $295,250.00. The board of library trustees thereupon set actively about the selection of a site for the new library building, but before a decision was reached the suggestion of a comprehensive plan for grouping all of the important public buildings of the city met with such cordial favor by the community in general that in January, 1899, the Board by unanimous vote expressed its approval of the plan and its desire to so cooperate with other boards and commissions of the city that the Central Library building should become one of the group. Owing to the pressing need of money for other municipal purposes this decision, wise though it was, involved a long and indefinite delay in securing a permanent building adequate to the library needs of the city. To meet this unfortunate condition, as best it could, the Board of Trustees decided to build the temporary building before mentioned upon land furnished by the city, at the corner of Rockwell and East Third streets, Northeast, and it was in this building that the library was opened again for public use as we have stated on August 1, 1901. This building is of brick and stone and has two stories and a basement. It has eighty-two feet front on East Third street, Northeast, and one hundred and twenty-five feet on Rockwell street. The children's and newspaper reading room were placed in the basement, the circulating department HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 579 and administrative offices on the main floor and the reference department and catalogue room on the second floor. It was thought that within five years as an extreme limit the new, permanent, building would be ready for occupancy and the temporary building was planned and erected with that limit in mind. It is now nine years since the building was first occupied with the result that it has long been hopelessly insufficient for pressing library needs. With the newspaper reading room and Library for the Blind in the Goodrich House two squares away, the repair department and bindery in a business block about the same distance in another direction, the accounting department occupying offices and the John G. White collection of Folklore now numbering over 10,000 volumes and rapidly growing with other valuable parts of the reference collection stored in the Society for Savings building, the patrons and employes are still so inadequately provided with room that anything approaching full usefulness and efficient administration of the library is impossible and many of its resources are only partially valuable. The appeals for more room made year after year in their published reports, by the Librarian and his assistants, become all but pathetic, when the further delay which is inevitable before an adequate building can be provided, is considered, for as yet the only progress toward a new and permanent building consists in a resolution of the City Council dated April 8, 1907, determining that it shall be erected on the site now occupied by the City Hall on Superior avenue, Northeast, immediately east of the Federal building. By this action the Library Board is authorized to prepare plans such that the northerly part of the building may be erected first and the southerly or Superior avenue front when the completing of a new City Hall shall enable the city to vacate the present City Hall building. Unfortunately the legal limit of municipal indebtedness being reached it has not been possible to carry out even this provisional arrangement. The aesthetic and other values of the grouping of the public buildings must needs be very great if only to compensate for the restriction upon the work and usefulness of the library which has thus necessarily been caused by plans so far in excess of the present financial resources of the city. No richer opportunity could be offered a large philanthropy to render useful service to a city than is presented in the opportunity to provide this central library building without which the usefulness of the library must be severely restricted for many years to come. The public library as administered under modern methods has become such an aid and supplement to the schools of the country, from the kindergarten to the university, that the appeal it now makes is and has been widely recognized to be as distinctly educational as that of the school or college, but save for the gifts of Mr. Carnegie for branch library uses, the public library of Cleveland has not received any but public aid other than in the form of gifts of books. It is pleasant to be able to record that if the library has suffered from want of a central library building, it has been unusually fortunate in the provision that has been made for branch library buildings through the munificence of Mr. Carnegie. The library was struggling along with the inadequate central facilities which have been described and with meager accommodations for branches located as opportunity presented for renting rooms, when in 1903, Mr. W. H. Brett, the librarian, to whom the city owes so much, obtained an interview with 580 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND Mr. Carnegie and presented to him the branch library needs of the city so persuasively, that though he had before declined to aid the Cleveland library, for the reason that he thought so rich a city should provide for its own needs, he repented and donated two hundred and fifty thousand dollars for the erection of seven branch libraries upon the sole condition that the city should provide the sites for the buildings and should pledge itself to maintain them at a total cost of not less than twenty-five thousand dollars a year. This generous proposal was promptly accepted and the required pledge given by the library trustees and the City Council, and thereupon the fund was made subject to the call of the Library Board. The procuring of sites and erecting of buildings was pushed so energetically forward that on July 18, 1904, the Woodland branch building was opened to the public. This building is located on the south side of Woodland avenue, a short distance east of its intersection with East Fifty-fifth street, Northeast, is of brick with stone trimmings, colonial in style with a frontage of eighty-two feet and a depth of one hundred and sixty-three feet, and is built upon a lot—as all library buildings should be—of sufficient size to provide a setting of lawn and trees. A wide corridor leads from the entrance to the office and the large room of the circulating department. On the one side of the corridor is the children's room and on the other is the reference room both separated from the corridor and the circulating department by plate glass partitions making supervision from a central point possible and practical. The building has a capacity for 25,000 volumes, there are three club rooms and ample provision is made for the comfort of attendants. Immediately in the rear of the circulating department is an auditorium with a seating capacity of more than six hundred. The building is in every respect admirably adapted to the purpose intended and of capacity sufficient to serve the section of the city to which it is devoted for many years to come. On April 14 aid 15, 1905, the St. Clair branch library building was opened to the public. It is a two story Colonial structure of red brick with terra cotta trimmings, and is triangular in shape, with a frontage of one hundred and forty-six feet on East Fifty-fifth street, Northeast, and one hundred and twenty-four feet on Marquette street, and has capacity for 16,000 volumes. The lower floor is occupied by the circulating department, the reference and children's rooms and the upper story is an auditorium with seating capacity for over four hundred. The Broadway Branch building was opened to the public on January 15, 1906. It is located at the intersection of Broadway and East Fifty-fifth street, Northeast, is decagonal shape, of red brick and stone and is modern French renaissance in style, with a capacity to shelve conveniently 25,000 volumes. In addition to providing for the circulating department there is a children's room, a reference room, a club room, a work room and an auditorium with seating capacity for 45o persons. The Miles Park branch building was opened for use on March 23, 1906. This building stands in a small park furnishing abundant light and pure air with an appropriate setting of grass and trees. It is sixty-nine by one hundred and three feet in size, is of buff pressed brick and is provided with the same rooms for the HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 581 library work as the other branch libraries, will shelve 22,000 volumes and has an auditorium having a seating capacity of a little more than four hundred. On January 28, 1907, the Hough Avenue branch library building was opened to the public with appropriate public exercises. The building is located on the easterly side of Crawford road a short distance southerly from its junction with Hough avenue, is of red brick and stone trimmings, is one story in height and is a fine example of renaissance architecture. It is provided with large and attractive rooms for circulating, reference and children's departments, will easily contain 25,000 volumes, but is without an auditorium, although the lot is large enough to add a commodious one when the funds are available. On February 22, 1897, the South Side branch was opened in a building built for library purposes according to plans approved by the board and leased to them on liberal terms by Mr. Frank Seither. This building is located on the corner of Clark avenue and Joseph street, is seventy-five feet in length by thirty-six in width and is of yellow brick with stone trimmings. It is not entirely suited to present day methods of library administration and is soon to give place to a larger one to be erected from the Carnegie donations. On March 12, 1892, the first branch of the public library was opened and from its location on the west side of the river it has been known as the West Side branch. The description of this branch in the librarian's report for the year 1892, published with evident pride, shows better than pages I might write could do, the progress of our library and of library work in the eighteen years that have intervened. He says "The library occupies the entire second floor of the building No. 562 Pearl street ; is ninety-eight by thirty-eight feet in size; is well lighted and has convenient study, toilet and janitor's rooms. The cases are placed against the wall on each side of the room. The reference books are placed in the cases at the east end and separated by a light railing." Thus one, not very large room, upstairs, without provision for the children, or clubs or for quiet for the reference reader, constituted the sole library provision for what was even then the great city on the west side of the river. But the local library development was moving fast and only six years later, in 1898, a really commodious and handsome building on Franklin avenue near Pearl street was provided for this same west side branch. This was built by the Peoples Savings Bank Company and leased to the library. This in turn is soon to give way to a building adequate to the needs of the great city beyond the river for many years to come. This building now in process of construction is located at the junction of Fulton road, Bridge avenue and Kentucky street on grounds so ample as to constitute a small park which the city under special contract is to beautify and permanently care for. A second donation of $123,000 by Mr. Carnegie, made in 1907, has made it possible to build this west side library, and this west side library which in size and equipment exceeds many independent and important libraries and which will be the center of library work on the west side and also a handsome stone building of collegiate gothic architecture now nearing completion intended to replace the south branch before mentioned. How in the years we have been describing the rising wave of enthusiasm for library work has taken hold upon Cleveland is best shown by this single sentence from the letter of Mr. Carnegie transmitting his latest gift for branch libraries : "Mr. Carnegie 582 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND congratulates Cleveland upon exceeding even Pittsburg in proportion to the amount of population in library apropriation, placing Cleveland first of all." In 1909 Mr. Carnegie added to his former gifts the sum of $83,000 and had built for South Brooklyn a library at a cost of about $10,000, afterward annexed, making a total of $466,000 given to the Cleveland public and including $100,000 given to the Library School of Western Reserve University, makes a total of $566,000 given to Cleveland for library purposes. Each of these branch libraries is equipped with circulating, periodical, reading and study rooms ; each has its own collection of books ; each is open full library hours and is in charge of a branch librarian and assistants. With the extension of the work through branches thus satisfactorily progressing through the fostering munificence of Mr. Carnegie there still remains the most pressing need of an adequate central library. The most satisfactory development of the branch system will not obviate this need. A dignified and spacious building to house the valuable and growing reference library and the central circulating library many times larger than that in any of the branches, and the reservoir from which all draw, and also as a center for administration for book-buying and cataloguing becomes each year a more imperative necessity. Three sub-branches were opened in the year 1900 and others have been established from time to time as the demands of population required until there are now open twelve of these centers for book distribution in various locations throughout the city. Five of these sub-branches are maintained in rented rooms ; five occupy rooms in various religious and charitable institutions and six in high schools ; one, the South Brooklyn, in a building provided by Mr. Carnegie before that village was taken into the city, and one at the Perkins children's library on St. Clair avenue. These are equipped with much smaller collections of books ; with smaller staff, and are open from six to eight hours a day for the most part in the afternoon and evening, yet from these sub-branches there were issued in the year 1908, 541,099 volumes, being about one-fifth of the entire circulation of the library system—and of these nearly one half were for children. The library board also maintains six high school libraries consisting of reference books, school duplicate volumes and periodicals furnished by the school authorities and a deposit of books from the main library adapted to the use of teachers and scholars—in the East and West high schools the libraries are open to neighborhood use as well as to school use. These school libraries are open only during school hours. There are also twelve libraries maintained in schools of the grammar grade. Next below these school libraries in extent of equipment and service are the deposit stations, eleven in number, at each of which a limited number of books from the main library is kept for circulation. They are kept open from two to nine hours on from two to six days in the week, depending on the demand for books. Twenty-eight delivery stations are also maintained in various parts of the city. At these no collection of books is maintained but books are sent to them upon request made to the librarian in charge or to the central library. Three small collections are maintained at stations in factories ; these collections range from fifty to two hundred and fifty volumes. The number of volumes circulated from the stations in 1909 was 32,575. Two HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 583 hundred and fourteen class-room libraries are maintained in the public schools and eleven in special parochial and Sunday schools. In addition to all these sources of book distribution there are maintained fifty-five home libraries. These are small collections of books, which are sent to homes remote from other sources of book supply and are there distributed under the direction of a library representative. There were circulated in this manner last year 16,915 volumes, but this is no full measure of their usefulness as may be seen from the fact that in the registering and grouping of the persons using these libraries last year it was found that of the groups nine were German, eight Hungarian, seven Italian, four Bohemian, and three Russian, thus showing that through this agency more than through any other we are reaching and educating to the use of good books the newly arriving immigrants from foreign shores—a work than which it is difficult to imagine one more useful to the state and nation. With the central library and the collection of books for the blind added to these various agencies which we have described, it results that the public library of Cleveland is today maintaining three hundred and fifty-five agencies for the distribution of books for home reading, and twenty-seven of these have comfortable reading rooms and are provided with facilities for reference work such as the exigencies of each locality seem to require. All these taken together constitute what may best be called the physical equipment of the Public Library of the city. THE BOOKS. The nucleus of the Cleveland Public Library was the collection of books forming the hbrary of the public schools established by state law. As a school library the books were little used, probably because they were, as has been said "too abstruse and finically didactic to interest the young people for whom they were intended." Twenty-two hundred volumes from this school library were transferred to the public library when it was established in 1869 and to these were added at the time 3,80o volumes purchased with the proceeds of the tax of one- tenth of a mill authorized by the Act of the General Assembly of the State passed in 1867, thus making a total of 6,000 volumes with which the public library work of the city was commenced. The growth of the library while not rapid in its earlier years was steady and sustained, as may be sufficiently seen by the growth in ten year periods as follows : In 1879 there were 26,000 volumes in the library ; in 1889, 57,000 volumes; in 1899, 150,446 volumes, and in 1910, 385,53o volumes. This collection of books gives the library a place among the comparatively few large libraries of the country, and while it is not fully rounded out and complete in its various branches, yet it has been built up slowly and in a practical way year by year to meet the various social, industrial, educational and artistic needs of this community for the benefit of which it is maintained and this it is believed that it does in an efficient and satisfactory manner. The collection of German books alone is now greater by five thousand volumes than the total number of volumes with which the library opened, forty years ago and there are smaller collections in the French, Spanish, Bohemian, Finnish, Hungarian, Italian, Krajner, Polish, Hebrew, Yiddish, and Slavic languages. 584 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND There are in English very ample, though of course not complete collections, in Fine Arts, Biography, Philosophy, Religion, Sociology, Education, History, Science, Poetry, Literature, Useful Arts, Travel and adult and juvenile Fiction. In recent years a small collection of books in raised letters for the blind has been added. Little attempt has been made both from lack of room and money to make the collection complete for special departments of study, but this will come as a later step of library growth and development. The only really notable collection of books which the library owns, are the books on folk lore, which are the gift of Mr. John G. White, whose long sustained interest in the library finds expression in these rare volumes, which have been gathered together literally from the four corners of the world and with a very great and judicious expenditure of valuable time and money. The collection numbers over 10,000 and Mr. White is continuing the work of building it, having added during the past year more than 2,000 volumes. THE LIBRARIANS. In the forty years since the public library was established it has had but three librarians. Mr: Luther M. Oviatt served from the opening in 1869 until 1875 when failing health compelled him to resign his office. He was succeeded by Mr. I. L. Beardsley, who continued in charge until 1884 when he resigned to accept employment in New York, and Mr. W. H. Brett was chosen to fill his place. Mr. Oviatt had long been connected with the public schools 0f the city as teacher and principal before he became librarian. He was a graduate of Western Reserve College and brought to the work a thoroughly trained and well stored mind and a great love for reading and books. He rendered great service to the library in its early years both in management and in the selection of books during the years that he was in charge. Mr. Beardsley was a man of extensive knowledge of books and wide business experience when he came to the library and the service he rendered during the nine years he was librarian was of great value. The name of Mr. Brett we shall see is written large in the history of the library, to which he has given service of high intelligence and unsparing devotion for more than twenty-five years. THE DEVELOPMENT. The modern methods of library administration had not yet won their way to general acceptance when Mr. Brett was placed in charge of the library, and it was only far-seeing men, Capable of understanding mankind in the mass and what would appeal to them, who then had sufficient of the pioneer spirit to introduce as they were proposed and developed, the novel methods which have since been so widely adopted and have accomplished so much. While the library was small and the users of the books were few, access to the shelves was permitted, but when the collection of books grew larger and more valuable, and the users so many that the librarians could not know them personally it was thought no longer advisable or safe to permit this freedom, it HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 585 being assumed, as we shall see mistakenly, that under such conditions many books would be lost and many others displaced upon the shelves, and for these reasons in 1877 access to the books was denied the public. His annual reports for several years following the imposing of this restriction show Mr. Brett to have been restless under it, until in 1890 he announced, with evident satisfaction, that during the preceeding year the books of the circulating department, except fiction, had been arranged in alcoves and access to them by the public permitted. The next year he reports this plan of the "open shelf" as successful beyond anticipation; and he attributes an increase of more than forty-four per cent in the use of the books, very largely to the introduction of this privilege and enthusiastically adds that while it has met with great public approval, the loss of books has been less proportionally to their use than in past years when general access to them was denied. For half a dozen years after the introduction of this privilege there is constant reference to its working in the reports of the President of the Board and always with enthusiastic praise. In 1893 the librarian says that it continues to give increased satisfaction to those using the library, and that while it was at first looked upon as a radical departure from accepted library methods as applicable to large libraries in large cities, its workings had resulted so satisfactorily here in Cleveland in the increased use of the books, and in economy of administration that other large libraries were adopting it. The last specific praise of the innovation is in 1897 when the President reports that it still continues to work satisfactorily and commands the cordial approval of users of the library. Here it drops out of special notice because it had become an established and approved method of library administration. Surely it must be gratifying to the citizens of Cleveland, that in their home city this great advance in democracy, of justified confidence in our fellow men, should have been here first tried and should have succeeded so signally as to establish a permanent advance in the method of carrying good books into the lives and homes of the masses of the people. Striking though this innovation was, it by no means monopolized the atten- tion of the library authorities during the years they were testing its merits, for in the year 1890 also, the first small collections of books were deposited in seven of the grammar grade schools, to be issued by teachers to their pupils. These books were carefully selected and were so much sought for that as early as 1893, the use of "these little branch libraries," proved to the progressive management the pressing need of a system of branch libraries and delivery stations, in this city so widely extended that a large portion of its residents are practically out of reach of the main library. The slight hint thus given of the value in library development of carrying the book to the reader, instead of insisting as the old way was, that the reader must come for the book or not use it at all, was promptly seized upon at its full value, and the Library Board again under the lead of Mr. Brett promptly began the development of a system of branch libraries, which through the endowments of Mr. Carnegie, now covers, in manner already described, the entire city with convenient branch library facilities. In the year 1891 the library administration became so deeply impressed with the possibility of book distribution through the public schools that in that year 586 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND 3,000 volumes were placed with the teachers of 61 schools, chiefly of the grammar grades for distribution to their pupils. This manner of reaching both the pupils and the families from which they come has proved so valuable that the number of these "Class Room Libraries" has been steadily increased until now there are 214 of them, and from them there were distributed last year 66,600 volumes. While in this way the children of the community were being brought in contact with the books the feeling was growing from year to year that for largest usefulness this association was too close to the school with its tasks and that more provision should be made for making the children welcome at the library building by giving them rooms to themselves in which they would feel at home and be free to read books and look at pictures without disturbing older persons or feeling the restraint which their presence inevitably imposes. This feeling led to more and more effort being made to attract the children to the library buildings and with such success that in 1899, after describing how interest in the children is created and maintained by special exhibits of pictures and books the Librarian says : "The purpose is to give all children a cordial welcome, to make them feel at home, to give them all possible liberty consistent with the rights of others, and to lead them by gentle ways to the use of better books as they grow older," and then he significantly adds, "No part of the work is more interesting or hopeful." This was the spirit in which was inaugurated in Cleveland the appeal of the library to the children, and it has been carried so enthusiastically and resolutely forward that now the central and every branch library building has its special "Children's Room" and the circulation of books among children is over forty per cent of the total circulation of the library. This great accomplishment has been effected by cultivating in various ways the interest of the children in the books. Low tables and chairs are provided for the little ones, supplies of photographs and picture books are placed at their disposal and the younger children are gathered about a trained and sympathetic librarian once or twice a week in what is called the "Story Hour," to hear told a story from some good book of history, biography, adventure, poetry or fiction. By these story hours the door of opportunity was opened last year to over 80,000 of the children of Cleveland and they were started encouragingly on the way to become reading men and women. It is interesting to learn that we must have more chairs and tables for children in the branch library buildings located in the district of the city where the homes are poor than where they are of the better class ;—how pathetic it is thus to discover that in the children's rooms of our library these little ones find their only experience of the comfort of home enlightened by sympathy and intelligence which we are apt to think is the possession of every child in America. So successful has this work with the children proved t0 be that based upon the Board of Education census of all of the children of the city we have an average for last year of ten juvenile books circulated for every child in the city between the ages of six and sixteen years, and thirty librarians trained for this work with the children are necessary to conduct this branch of the service. Made complete by this latest phase of library development, the public library by this appeal to the children parallels the work of our schools from the kindergarten to the university, and then supplies a workshop fully equipped for the HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 587 advanced student in every walk of life, mechanical, technical or professional, and even more than the school it creates in the children of the city the taste for interesting and improving reading which has so sagely been said to be the first great object of training during childhood Years, and without which any schooling, however systematic, is a failure. Any history of the public library of Cleveland would be far from complete which failed to record the consistent and long continued effort which has been made to bring the administration of the affairs of the library into the charge of persons specially trained for the work and at the same time to dignify that work by thereby giving it a place comparable to that of teaching and the other learned professions. It was formerly thought that a high school training or at most a college degree amply fitted any man or woman to enter library employment, but recent years have proved beyond discussion that a special training for library work multiplies many fold the efficiency of any person for library service nc difference what his or her previous training may have been. Thus a trainer librarian is as much a necessity today as a trained teacher for our schools. Lon before this now accepted fact was established, Mr. Brett urged the need anc secured the introduction of preliminary examinations for entrance to the library in any capacity and seeing the value of training, called together in 1900 a small committee in which the library was represented by himself and the vice-librarian Miss L. A. Eastman and in Western Reserve University by the librarian, E. C Williams and Prof. A. 0. Severance. This committee formulated a plan for library school which being clearly presented to Mr. Carnegie by President Thwing led to the gift of $100,000, as an endowment for a school in connection with the University. To the control of this school, Mr. Brett was called as Dean, and the library board wisely consented that he should devote whatever of his time was: necessary to the management of its affairs. The result has been highly profitable to the City of Cleveland for almost every person now aiming to enter library employment takes a course, complete if possible, at the library school, and many of the employes who were engaged in the library before the establishment of the school have taken the special training which it affords, convinced as they are of the superior equipment which it furnishes. The establishment of this library school is a debt which the City of Cleveland, not less than the public library a: an institution, owes largely to Mr. Brett, and the undivided purpose with whirl he has given his life to the profession which he adorns. The affairs of the library were administered first directly by the Board of Education of the city through a committee of its own members, but in 1886 wise provision of law transferred the administration to a public library boar( which is chosen by the board of education. The members of the. library board however, when once chosen are entirely independent of the control of the boars of education, the only relation maintained between the two boards being an an nual report in general terms made to the board of education. This method of choosing the controlling authority of the library has prove( an entirely satisfactory one for now the life of a generation. The men selectee have for the most part been prominent in the professional and business life o the city and while few of them have had special knowledge of libraries or library work before their selection they have almost without exception given their 588 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND best efforts and of their time freely to the duties going with the position and for their selection much credit is due to the B0ard of Educati0n. Above and better than all else these practical men of affairs have understood fully the value of obtaining and acting upon expert advice where their own training and experience were lacking and have therefore followed with wise judgment the plans matured and proposed by Mr. Brett. To this disposition is to be attributed in large measure the success that has come to the library work of the city, and it is another illustration of the wisdom of what Burke calls "A salutary neglect." I have now described the physical equipment of the public library and the methods now used to bring the reader t0 the books and to carry the books to the reader, and I can imagine the question arising, What are the results achieved by all this expenditure of money and effort and organization ? In 1889 the limit of usefulness of the public library under the old methods of administering it, seemed to have been reached. An annual circulation of 200,000 volumes seemed to be the limit that could be achieved; one year it would be a little greater and the next some less, but close observers had settled down to that circulation as the limit. Then came the open shelf, the branch library, the sub-branch and the deposit stations, then the school libraries and the great movement to interest the children, and then the home libraries, with the result that last year the circulation of books in this city was 2,198,499 volumes. To all this we must add that 1,315,535 reference workers visited our various libraries last year to consult books which could not be taken to their homes. Experience here and elsewhere proves that upon an average each of such persons uses at least two books during each visit, so that this attendance shows the use of certainly 2,631,070 volumes. This added to the circulation of the books brings the grand total of books used last year to 4,829,569 volumes ; which represents in the aggregate the use of each of the volumes in the library more than twelve and one-half times within the year. The efficiency of this administration will be yet more fully realized when it is remembered that Boston with nearly three times as many volumes in its public library as are in ours, and with a considerably greater population circulated only 1,647,846 volumes during last year, and it is interesting to add that this city, now eighth in population is third in circulation of its public library books, the circulation in New York and Brooklyn alone exceeding that of Cleveland, and having regard to the size of our library and the population of the city its circulation is easily first in the country. Surely this is an achievement in which every citizen of Cleveland may take a just pride. CHAPTER LXI. THE WESTERN RESERVE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. By Albion Morris Dyer, Curat0r of the Society. The Western Reserve Historical society had its origin in the Cleveland Library association, an organization incorporated under laws of the state of Ohio about the middle of the last century. This ass0ciation was the first per- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 589 manent institution of a literary or scientific educational nature in the city, although there are traces of earlier societies which may properly be regarded as the antecedents of the present organization. The first of these is found in the year 1811 when Cleveland was a pioneer settlement of twenty houses. This one had a short existence, but others succeeded it, one after the other, in various forms and under different names, the object being always the same, to provide literary entertainment for the community in the form of reading rooms and annual lecture programs, after the manner of the times. The reading rooms developed into a library and in the year 1845 a new society was formed which cared for this and other remnants of the earlier efforts. The new organization met with public approval and for a number of years it was the only public library in the community. To this association now widely and favorably known as Case library, the Western Reserve Historical society 0wes its legal and corporate existence. The organization of the Historical society as a branch of the Cleveland Library association was the conception 0f Charles Candee Baldwin, perhaps the most distinguished man in public life known to this city. Amid the arduous duties attending his professional career Judge Baldwin found time for the pleasures and refinements of literary and scientific study. His interest in the discovery, exploration, and development of the Ohio and Erie region was especially keen. He saw the effects of the great struggle of natural forces which had been wrought here and he understood the nature of the human struggles that followed. His mind appreciated the interest and value of local details and circumstances which are easily overlooked or are so0n lost and quickly forgotten. While an officer and trustee of the Cleveland Library association he formed a plan of having departments devoted to these studies with especial charge of searching out, collecting and preserving relics, documents, and other materials associated with these great changes in the nature and order of things about him. Pioneer associations were well known in Ohio. Annual local gatherings occurred in almost every county. No farmhouse could be found without its New England relics. Every farmer had his story of adventure in the wilderness. But these memories were passing away and the relics were being destroyed. Pioneer associations lacked elements of permanency and stability, and they were not well qualified to accumulate and preserve. Conditions of life were changing, and an organizati0n of higher purposes, broader scope and more enduring character was needed. Such societies were successful in the New England states, and there was a place and work for one in the Western Reserve. During the year 1866 Judge Baldwin began to perfect plans for the organization of the Historical society, and at the next annual meeting of the Cleveland Library association, of which he was an officer and trustee, the necessary changes in the constitution and by-laws of the association were made. He had already enlisted the enthusiasm of Col. Charles Whittlesey, a man of great energy and ability, in the support of the society. Colonel Whittlesey entered the directorate of the Library associati0n. The amendments made in the constitution of the association authorized the formation of departments for special lines of study. Each department was to be quite distinct and independent, but all 590 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND were to remain under the auspices of the parent library. Thus the younger organizations would have the benefit of the prestige of the older society and nothing would be lost in case of suspension. The preliminary meeting of the new society was held Thursday evening, April I1, 1867, at which Judge Baldwin unfolded his plans to his special friends, Colonel Whittlesey, Joseph Perkins, noted for his public benefactions, Judge John Barr, Henry A. Smith and A. T. Goodman, a writer and attorney-at-law, all members of the larger association. As a result of this meeting, a formal application was drawn up and signed with the requisite number of signatures to lay before the Library association for the formation of a department of history in accordance with the amended constitution. The petition was received at the 1867 annual meeting of the Cleveland Library association, approved by the association and the necessary authority was given to carry out the plan. By a vote of the association the third story of the Society for Savings building on the public square was ordered to be engaged as a home for the historical department and authority issued to place certain historical books, papers, war relics and objects of interest in order to start a museum of local history in the new quarters. Officers were elected, and arrangements made for funds, and plans laid for furnishing and opening the rooms to members and to the public. By-laws were adopted, the first rule fixing the name, The Western Reserve Historical society, and defining the object of the society : "to discover, procure and preserve whatever relates to the history, biography, genealogy, antiquities and statistics connected with the city of Cleveland and the Western Reserve, and generally what relates to the history of Ohio and the great west." The books of the society were formally opened for signatures of members who desired to aid in this laudable enterprise and public spirited citizens were invited to contribute to the support and success by donations of books, papers, heirlooms, curios, etc., as well as money. With this fair beginning the Western Reserve Historical society entered upon its career. A number of men prominent in the affairs of the city, business and professional, joined the society at once. They represented the best elements of the community socially and financially. Their names are an earnest of the high public approval which the society enjoyed at its origin : P. H. Babcock, F. M. Backus, C. C. Baldwin, D. H. Beardsley, J. H. A. Bone, J. C. Buell, H. M. Chapin, T. R. Chase, J. D. Cleveland, John D. Crehore, W. P. Fogg, A.' T. Goodman, G. C. F. Hayne, L. E. Holden, W. N. Hudson, Joseph Ireland, J. S. Kingsland, George Mygatt, E. R. Perkins, Joseph Perkins, Harvey Rice, C. W. Sackrider, John H. Sargent, M. B. Scott, C. T. Sherman, Jacob H. Smies, Henry A. Smith, A. K. Spencer, Samuel Starkweather, Peter Thatcher, George R. Tuttle, H. B. Tuttle, Charles Whittlesey, Samuel Williamson, George Willey, S. V. Willson. Judge Baldwin's idea was to place the work of the Historical society in the control of his friends ; accordingly, Colonel Whittlesey was chosen its first president, and he continued in that office until his death, in 1886. Colonel Whittlesey spent his life in a wide circle of action. He was a man of great energy and public spirit, with wonderful capacity of combining these qualities for the production of results in his work. By nature he was a student and a HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 591 writer. He had the tastes of an antiquarian and the training of an engineer. He was a scientist with a West Point education and military experience. His especial equipment carried him into the profession of mineralogy and mining and his career was as a prospector for the investments of large capital. But his private enthusiasm was entirely for local archaeology and history. He had more influence than any other man in the economic development of the lake mines. He made a geological survey of Ohio and the lake region, and projected most of the early railroads of the state. He was in every public enterprise. And wherever he went and in whatever he was engaged, he carried as a constant presence a cordial devotion to the interests of the Western Reserve Historical society. These two men developed the society. They br0ught friends to its support. They enriched it with the results of their own collections. They made studies and researches and wrote of the results. They gave the society the benefit of their best thought and attention until their last day, and their association with the society still lives as its greatest possession. Judge Baldwin followed Colonel Whittlesey as president, remaining until his death in 1896, and both men bestowed upon the society the valuable literary accumulations of their lifetime. Through the influence of the founders, many generous friends came to the support of the society. They were most fortunate in securing the cooperation of Leonard Case, a man of great wealth and civic pride. He furnished means for many important purchases and assisted otherwise in the advancement of the society. Some of the rarest treasures of the museum and library were secured through his help, most important being the special historical collections of the Cleveland Library association. Other friends joined in benefactions, and their names are recorded in the society's list of patrons. Henry Clay Ranney, patriarch of the Cleveland bar, was the third president, and following him Liberty Emery Holden, active leader in every public enterprise for the betterment of Cleveland. Mr. Holden was one of the first to sign the roll of membership, and he is the last surviving member of the original organization. To his constant attention and frequent favors is largely due the present honorable position of the Western Reserve Historical society. It so happens that all of the presidents, and nearly all the founders of the society were men of New England ancestry. Colonel Whittlesey was born in Connecticut and he came west with the pioneers in his infancy. Judge Baldwin's ancestors were the founders of Connecticut. The Ranney family were original proprietors of Middletown, Connecticut, and the name of Holden is among the first in the pioneer history of Connecticut as it is also in the first settlement of Ohio. The Western Reserve Historical society was founded by New Englanders to preserve and pass on to posterity the memories of New England. Mr. Holden retired from the presidency a few years ago, but his interest is still with the society, which still enjoys the benefits of his counsel and financial help. Quoting from a manual, it may be said that "The work of the Historical society from the beginning took the form of searching out, and collecting material, and of preserving, arranging, displaying, and publishing the fruits of its research. In all these activities it has been signally successful. Its men went forth 592 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND on the strength of its resources and in the power of its prestige and gathered up great treasure of relics, records, manuscripts, books and papers at a time when these things were obtainable at first hand, and which otherwise might have been lost." The special function of the society has been to hold these treasures in trust as conservator for the future. While the society is private, supported entirely by private generosity, its ministrations are public. It is free for the use of students without restrictions or reservation except such as are required for safety and general convenience of the public. The first efforts of the founders of the s0ciety was to collect a library for historical study. At first this was general in character but as other means of meeting this requirement developed in the city the Hist0rical Society library became specialized. It consists of source books of informati0n relating to the Ohio valley and lake region and of the Western Reserve. Exploration, travel, Indian history, archaeology, political growth, town and county histories, local activities, churches, schools and societies, family histories, genealogies, heraldry, English ancestry and geography. The source books of pioneer life are almost complete. French and English works of exploration and discovery, travel through the Ohio valley, Indian atrocities, etc., are all well filled. These books have all been carefully examined and identified and they are now being classified and catalogued according to expert modern methods of library administration. Special efforts of the management in recent years has been directed to filling up sets of Ohio state and municipal documents and in supplying wants in the sets of northern Ohio newspapers. In this the society has been singularly successful, owing to the intelligence and activity of its present president, Wallace Hugh Cathcart. Under his direction, lists of all such publications have been carefully prepared and efforts unremitting have been made to locate and secure from every quarter what was needed to make these features complete. The society now has on its shelves complete files, or nearly complete, of all the departmental reports and annual publications of the state of Ohio, the city of Cleveland and other cities and these are open to examination of students of economics and political economy. The society plans to continue this work and to erect, in the future, a roomy fireproof stack to accommodate the issues in these lines for many years to come. The collection of Ohio newspapers is the largest and most complete in America. President Cathcart's expert interest in this subject and his training as a bibliographer and collector has assisted materially in these accumulations. All the newspaper publications of the Western Reserve are represented by practically complete or partial sets. The Cleveland files are complete from the beginning. The newspapers are bound and arranged in stacks for convenient access and they are of great service to students of Ohio history. This collection also will be extended as time passes as it is the intention to keep alive this interest in the early newspapers of northern Ohi0. The collection of historical maps and atlases given to the Historical society by its founder, Charles Candee Baldwin, consisting of a large number of rare and valuable maps relating to North American discovery and explorati0n, has never been displayed to the public owing to certain conditions in the will of the donor. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 593 It is believed that these conditions will soon be fulfilled and this rich collection of cartography made accessible to students of history. The maps were collected by Judge Baldwin in his studies of the geography of the great lakes and its importance is fully recognized. Besides there is a large and interesting collection of maps of the lake region which has been open to examination for several years. The society has a large collection of books and periodicals useful to workers in genealogy. These are so arranged as to be of service to all who seek, even without experience in such work, for information of their ancestors. The richest treasures of the society are its manuscripts. Most important of these are the records of the Connecticut Land company and its instructions to agents and surveyors. Next are the field books and daily records and sketches made by the surveyors at work on the reserve. Then the finished manuscript plats and finally the official survey maps. Almost of equal importance are the papers and records left by the original holders of lands who settled at the various centers. These have been turned over to the society for preservation. They are replete with material information of the early days and early settlements of the Reserve. There are also many letters and documents relating to the Indian troubles on the border and the war of 1812. Some of these have been published by the society; others have been mounted and listed and the lists published, but there are large deposits of papers, etc., which are still to be examined and published when time and means will allow. Among the most important collections of the Historical society are the economic pamphlets left by Colonel Whittlesey. These consist of several thousand reports and prospectuses of early railroad and mining projects of Ohio collected by Colonel Whittlesey in his work as an engineer. These pamphlets will prove of inestimable service to investigators of the commercial growth in the west. The museum of the society contains a large quantity of material left by early settlers of the Western Reserve and by special workers in various fields of interest, more or less closely related to the objects of the society. Relics of pioneer period and remains of the aborigines and Indian inhabitants are the most interesting features. There are besides mementoes of the wars, tools, implements and curios displayed in cases and cabinets. The publications of the society have been issued in the form of tracts which are highly esteemed among libraries as sources of local history and archaeology. These deal with Indian life, war of 1812, geology, and matters of local importance. A list of these publications, numbering nearly one hundred titles, is published in the society manual. For many years the society remained at its home on the square, securing title to the property through a generous public subscription headed by John D. Rockefeller. Later the property was sold to the Chamber of Commerce and through the liberality of the Society for Savings the present commanding site on the University Circle was secured. A handsome fireproof building was erected and the society was installed in its new home in the winter of 1897-8. The building is well lighted and admirably adapted for the display of collections and for social functions of the society, while in the rear there is space for a modern book stack which may be erected for the document collections. There is a pleasant auditorium, and 594 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND a number of small rooms suitable for special collections, and in the basement a roomy vault for storing books and material that needs special care. Owing to engrossing public interest, chief of which was the management of the affairs of the Monumental Art gallery in Wade park, with which he was closely identified. Mr. Holden withdrew from the presidency of the Historical society and President Cathcart was his successor. Mr. Cathcart is also of New England ancestry, his forefathers being first corners to Martha's Vineyard. He was born at Elyria and was educated at Granville. He is a trustee of Denison university, and is actively associated with the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce and other public matters. He is engaged in business as the managing director of the Burrows Brothers Company but finds time to devote to many of the important details of the Western Reserve Historical society. ROSTER. Officers of the society have served as follows: Presidents—Charles Whittlesey, 1867 to 1886; Charles Candee Baldwin, 1886 to 1895; Henry Clay Ranney, 1895 to i9o1; Liberty Emery Holden, 19o1 to 1907; Wallace Hugh Cathcart, 1907 to —. Vice presidents—M. B. Scott, 1867 to 1872; J. H. Salisbury, 187o to 188o; Elisha Sterling, 1873 to 1883; William Perry Fogg, 1878 to 1896; D. W. Cross, 188o to 1891; John Harris Sargent, 1883 to 1893; D. P. Eells, 1884; Sam Briggs, 1886 to 1892; W. J. Gordon, 189i to 1892; R. B. Hayes, 1892; William Bingham, 1894 to 1904; John D. Rockefeller, 1892 to —; Henry B. Perkins, 1896 to 1902; C. A. Grasselli, 1902 to 1907; D. C. Baldwin, 1904 to —; H. A. Garfield, 1904 to 1905; Jacob B. Perkins, 1905 to —; O. J. Hodge, 1907 to —. Recording secretaries—J. C. Buell, 1867 to 1868; Alfred T. Goodman, 1868 to 1871 ; T. R. Chase, 187i to 1872; C. C. Baldwin, 1873 to 1884; D. W. Manchester, 1884 to 1892; J. B. French, 1892 to 1893; S. H. Curtiss, 1893 to 1894; Wallace H. Cathcart, 1894 to 1907; W. S. Hayden, 1907 to —. Treasurers—A. K. Spencer, 1868 to 1869; George A. Stanley, 1869 to 187o; Samuel Williamson, 1870 to 1880; C. C. Baldwin, 1880 to 1883; Douglas Perkins, 1883 to 1886; John B. French, 1886 to 1893; C. C. Baldwin, 1893 to 1894; Moses G. Watterson, 1894 to 1895; Horace B. Corner, 1895 to 1907; E. V. Hale, 1907 to —. Corresponding secretaries—C. C. Baldwin, 1868, 1883-86, 1891; D. W. Manchester, 1887; A. L. Withington, 1894. OFFICERS FOR 1909-10. President, Wallace Hugh Cathcart. Vice presidents, John D. Rockefeller; David C. Baldwin; Jacob Perkins ; Orlando J. Hodge. Corresponding secretary, George H. Kelly. Treasurer, Edwin V. Hale. Recording secretary, Warren S. Hayden. Curator, Albion Morris Dyer. Assistant librarian, Annette P. Ward. Finance committee, David Z. Norton, S. Prentiss Baldwin, Warren S. Hayden, C. W. Bingham, Ambrose Swasey, William G. Dietz. Trustees, term expiring May, 1910, F. F. Prentiss, Ambrose Swasey, Elroy M. Avery, William P. Palmer HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 595 term expiring May, 1911, Charles W. Bingham, James Barnett, Henry C. Ranney, Edmund S. Burke, Jr.; term expiring May, 1912, S. Prentiss Baldwin, Liberty E. Holden, Webb C. Hayes, James R. Garfield ; term expiring May, 1913, A. T. Brewer, William G. Dietz, Jeptha Homer Wade, C. A. Grasselli, W. G. Mather ; term expiring May, 1914, Ralph King, David Z. Norton, Douglas Perkins, Price McKinney. THE EARLY SETTLERS' ASSOCIATION (1) This important organization was formed in 1879, largely through the personal efforts of "Father" H. M. Addison, who had urged in numerous articles in the newspapers the bringing together of the early settlers to bring about "an intimate acquaintance with each other * * * and to secure the preservation of much unwritten history of our county and vicinity." On November 19, 1879, a meeting was held in the probate courtroom, and the association organized with Harvey Rice, president ; Sherlock J. Andrews and J0hn W. Allen, vice presidents ; secretary and treasurer, George C. Dodge ; and executive committee, R. T. Lyon, Thomas Jones, S. S. Coe, W. J. Warner, David L. Wightman. Its first annual meeting was held May 20, 1880, in the Euclid Avenue Presbyterian church. Meetings have been held annually since that date. In 1883 the association began the collection of a fund for securing a monument to Moses Cleaveland. The statue now standing in the square was unveiled by the early settlers July 23, 1888. In 1896, during the Centennial celebration, the association bore a leading part. The old log cabin in the square that was the center of greatest interest, was the suggestion of "Father" Addison and the work of his colleagues in the association. It was dedicated July 21, by an appropriate "house warming." July 29 was "Early Settlers' Day." The association met in Army and Navy hall and listened to reminiscences of the pioneer days. Of the charter members of this association, only the following are living today : J. M. Ackley, born in 1835, Dr. E. D. Burton, born 1825, Wm. J. Miller, born 1829, W. S. Dodge, born 1839. Its membership comprises an honor roll of those who laid the foundations of our city's prosperity. Harvey Rice served as president until 1892, when R. C. Parsons succeeded him. Col. 0. J. Hodge has been president the past seven years. The "annals" of the association contains invaluable historical material. The earlier numbers especially, contain the narratives of the pioneers who relate, in their own forcible manner, the story of the beginnings of the county. The "annals" also contain valuable biographical notices of the early settlers ; and the later numbers are a valuable record of the early marriages in the county. "Father" H. M. Addison, who was so active in starting this worthy organization, was born in Euclid township in 1818. In 1856 he came to Cleveland, where he engaged in journalism. He was one of the founders of the fresh air camp for children, and was active in many other fine enterprises. He died January 14, 1898. 1 - See "Early Settlers Association of Cuyahoga County, Ohio," by H. M. Addison, "Magazine of Western History," Vol. VIII, p. 281. 596 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND CHAPTER LXII. CLEVELAND AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS.* Adams, Mrs. E. H.—Digging the Top Off and Other Stories; Jottings from the Pacific; To and Fro in Southern California. Adams, Miss May E.—School Edition of Marmion ; and other text-books in English. Aikins, Prof. H. A.—Principles of Logic. Akers, W. J.—History of the Cleveland Public Schools. Allen, Florence Ellinwood.—Patris. Ambler, H. L.-Facts, Fads and Fancies about Teeth. Arey, Mrs. H. E. G.—Elements of Natural Philosophy ; Home and School Training. Avery, E. M.-First Principles 0f Natural Philosophy; Elements of Natural Philosophy ; Teachers' Handbook of Natural Philosophy ; School Chemistry; Elements of Chemistry ; Complete Chemistry ; School Physics ; Elementary Physics; Physical Technics ; First Lessons in Physical Science; History of the United States and its People; Cleveland in a Nut Shell. Bainbridge, Mrs. L. S.—Round the World Letters. Baldwin, Judge C. C.—Baldwin Genealogy; Western Reserve Historical Society Tracts ; Contributions to Scientific Journals. For complete list of writings, see Tract 88, Western Reserve Historical society. Banks, Rev. L. H.—Sermons. Barnitz, Albert, 1835.—Mystic Delvings. Bauder, L. F.—Passing Fancies. Becker, Rev. William.—Sermons. Beecher, E. N.—Lost Atlantis. Bell, Archie.—Serahno. Benedict, Clare.—Resemblance. Benjamin, Prof C. H.—Modern American Machine Tools ; Notes on Heat and Steam Machine Designs. Bierce, Ambrose.—Black Beetles in Amber ; Can Such Things Be? ; Cobwebs from an Empty Skull; Cynic's Word Book ; Fantastic Fables ; In the Midst of Life (Tales of Soldiers and Civilians) ; Monk and Hangman's Daughter (with Dr. A. Danziger) ; Shapes of Clay. Biggar, Dr. H. F.—Medical Text Books ; Contributions to Medical Journals. Bolles, Rev. J. A.—Family Altar ; Holy Matrimony. Bolton, C. E.—Civic Problems of Greater Cleveland. Bolton, C. K.—From Heart and Nature ; Saskia, Wife of Rembrandt; Love Story of Ursula Wolcott ; On Wooing of Martha Pitkin; Bro0kline, History of a Favored Town; Private Soldier under Washington. Bolton, Sarah K.—Orlean Lamar and Other Poems ; The Present Problem ; How Success is Won ; Poor Boys Who Became Famous ; Girls Who Became Famous; Social Studies in England; Stories from Life; Famous American Au- * - This list was prepared substantially as it here appears by the direction of Mr. Brett of the Public Library. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 597 thors ; From Heart and Nature Poems ; Some Successful Women ; Famous American Statesmen ; Famous Men of Science ; Famous English Authors ; Famous European Artists ; Famous English Statesmen ; Famus Types of Womanhood ; Famous Voyagers and Explorers ; Famous Leaders Among Men ; Famous Leaders Among Women ; The Inevitable and Other Poems ; Famous Givers and Their Gifts ; A Country Idyl and Other Stories ; Every Day Living ; Our Devoted Friend, the Dog; European Artists ; Emerson ; Raphael; Travels m Europe and America (by C. E. Bolton, half completed at his death) ; The Harris-Ingram Experiment ; Famous American Authors ; Memorial Sketch of Chas. E. Bolton. Bone, J. H. A.-Petroleum and Petroleum Wells ; Contributions to Literary Journals. Booth, Mrs. E. S.—Family of Three, and Other Poems ; Karan Kringle's Journal; Wilful Heiress. Bourne, Prof. H. E.-History of Mediaeval and Modern Europe ; Teaching of History and Civics. Brennan, Rev. J. P.-Book of Prayer and Devotion. Brett, Allen,—Reinforced Concrete Field Handbook. Brett, W. H.-Relations of Public Library to Public Schools. Brewer, A. T.—How to Make the Sunday School Go; True War Stories. Brigham, Louise.—Book on Furniture. Brooks, W. K.-Foundations of Zoology ; Handbook of Invertebrate Zoology ; Oyster. Brown, Right Rev. W. M.—Church for Americans. Browne, C. F. (Artemus Ward).—Business Letters ; Shakers ; Lectures. Brudno, E. S,—Fugitive ; Little Conscript ; Tether. Buell, Walter.-Life of J. R. Giddings. Burnett, C. C.—Land of the O-O. Burton, C. M.-Cadillac's Village ; Chapter in History of Cleveland ; In Footsteps of Cadillac ; Sketch of Life of Antoine Cadillac. Burton, T. E.-Financial Crises and Periods of Industrial and Commercial Depression ; Life of John Sherman. Cadwell, C. G.-DeBarr's Friends. Carpenter, Frank G.—Geographical Readers : Africa ; Asia ; Australia; Europe; North and South America ; Foods or How the World is Fed. Carr, M. W.—History of Catholicism in Northern Ohio. Case, Leonard.—Tables Showing Velocity or Effect of Shot, etc. ; Treasure Trove. Chesnutt, C. W.-Colonel's Dream ; Conjure Woman ; House Behind the Cedars ; Marrow of Tradition ; Wife of His Youth and Other Stories. Cooke, Edmund Vance.-Chronicles of Little Tots ; Impertinent Poems ; Patch of Pansies ; Rimes to be Read ; Told to the Little Tots. Corlett, Dr. W. T.—American Tropics ; Scaly Diseases of the Skin ; Vegetable Parasitic Diseases of the Skin ; Text Book of Genito-Urinary Diseases. Cottingham, W. H.—Business Success. Covert, John C.-Treatise on the Silver Question. Cracraft, L. D.—Between Me and Thee. 598 - HISTORY OF CLEVELAND Crile, Dr. G. W.—Experimental Research into Surgical Shock ; and numerous works on medicine. Cristy, Rev. A. B.—Twenty-five Churches. Curtis, Prof. M. M.—Kant and Edwards ; Locke's Ethics; Philosophy and Physical Science; Philosophy in America. Cutler, Prof. J. E.—Investigation into History of Lynching in the United States; Lynch Law. Cutter, O. P.—Our Battery. Daulton, Mrs. A. McC.—Wings and Stings. Devereaux, Mary—Betty Peach ; From Kingdom to Colony ; Lafitte of Louisiana ; Up and Down the Sands of Gold. Doggett, L. L.—History of Y. M. C. A.; Life of Robert McBurney. Donahey, Mrs. J. H. (Dickerson).—Wonderful Wishes of Jackey and Jean. Dowling, Rev. G. T.—Ethics of Property and Rights of Man; Romanizing Tendency in Episcopal Church; Saturday Night Sermons ; Wreckers. Dutcher, A. P.—Sparks from the Forge of a Rough Thinker ; Two Voyages to Europe. Elliott, H. W.—Condition of Affairs in Alaska ; Seal Islands of Alaska ; Our Arctic Province. Emerson, Prof. C. F.—History of the English Language; Middle English Reader ; Outline History of English Language; Brief History of English Language. Farmer, J. E.—Brinton Eliot; Essays on French History ; Grand Mademoiselle; Grenadier ; Versailles and Court of Louis XIV. Farmer, Lydia Hoyt.—Aunt Belindy's Point of View ; Christ and Cxsar; Doom of the Holy City ; Boys' Book of Famous Rulers ; Girls' Book of Famous Queens ; Life of Lafayette; Knight of Faith; Moral Inheritance; Prince of the Flaming Star ; Short History of French Revolution; Story Book of Science ; What America Owes to Women. Fogg, W. P.—Arabistan Round the World. Foran, Martin A.—Other Side. Foster, H. A.—Hilda ; Zululu, Maid of Anahuac. Foster, L. G.—Whisperings of Nature. Fowler, Prof. H. N.—History of Ancient Greek Literature; History of Roman Literature. Freese, Andrew.—Early History of Cleveland Public Schools. Fuller, Hubert B.—Purchase of Florida ; Tax Returns in Ohio; The Speakers of the House. Garfield, James A.—Works, Addresses, etc.; Northwest Territory. Gehring, Albert.—Racial Contrasts. Gilchrist, R. L.—Apples of Sodom. Gilmour, Bishop Richard.—School Readers' Series. Glasier, Miss Jessie C.—Gaining the Heights. Gleason, W. J.—Historical Sketch of One Hundred and Fiftieth Regiment; History of Cuyahoga County ; Ohio Volunteer Infantry ; Soldiers and Sailors Monument. Goodman, John.—Mechanics Applied to Engineering; Poems and Selections. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND - 599 Gordon, W. I.-Suggestion and Osteopathy. Guilford, Miss Linda T.—Margaret's Plighted Troth; Story of a Cleveland School; Use of a Life. Gundry, J. M.—Transplanted Nursery. Handerson, Dr. H. E.-Baas' History of Medicine; contributions to medical journals. Hanna, M. A.—Socialism and Labor Unions. Hanscom, Miss Alice E.—Perennia. Harris, Prof. Charles.-German Lessons. Hart, Prof. Albert Bushnell.-Introduction to Study of Federal Government; Epoch Maps ; Formation of the Union; Practical Essays on American Government ; Studies in American Education; Guide to Study of American History (with E. Channing) ; Salmon Portland Chase; Handbook 0f Historical Diplomacy and Government of United States ; Foundations of American Foreign Policy; Actual Government ; Essentials of American History ; Era of Colonization. Hatch, Mrs. A. E.—Choice Receipts from Cleveland Health Protective Association. Haworth, Paul L.-Hayes-Tilden Disputed Presidential Election; Frederick the Great and the American Revolution; Contributions to Magazines; Nelson's Encyclopedia; New International Encyclopedia; Historians' History, and History of the United States and Its People. Hay, John Addresses ; Castilian Days ; William McKinley; Abraham Lincoln (with Nicolay, J. G.) ; Pike County Ballads, etc. Haydn, Rev. H. C.-Sermons ; History of the Old Stone Church. Hense, Wilhelm.-Mufftie Kalendar. Herrick, Prof. F. H.—American Lobster ; Home Life of Wild Birds. Hill, Emily, tr.-Picture Rocks of Lake Superior. Hill, Mrs. Marion.-Pettison Twins. Hinman, W. F.—Corporal Si Klegg; Story of Sherman Brigade. Hinsdale, Prof. B. A.—American Government ; Art of Study ; Horace Mann and Common School Revival in United States ; History of Civil Government of Ohio; Genuineness and Authenticity of Gospels ; Old Northwest ; President Garfield and Education; Schools and Studies; How to Study and Teach History. Hodge, O. J.-Reminiscences. Hopkins, W. R.—Street Railway Problem in Cleveland. Hopwood, Avery.—Playwright. "Clothes," etc. Horn, Bishop Wm.—Sermons; Many Short Stories (in German). Hotze, C. L.-Lessons in Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene; Natural Philosophy; First Lessons in Physics. Houck, Rt. Rev. G. F. Msgr.-History of the Cleveland Diocese; Memoirs of and Labors of Amadeus Rappe, First Bishop of England. Howe, Fredrick C.—British City ; City, the Hope of Democracy ; Confessions of a Monopolist ; Municipal Ownership in Great Britain ; Taxation and Taxes in United States. Hunt, Mrs. A. W.—Leaden Casket. Ingham, Mrs. W. A.—Women of Cleveland and Their Work.