1833] - ANTI-SLAVERY SENTIMENT - 151 treasurer, and James S. Clark was secretary. Mordecai Bartley was chosen as delegate to the national society. The Clevelanders of that day who had given any serious thought to the question of American slavery seem to have been divided in opinion. The " Colonizationists" looked to state compensation as a supplement to voluntary manumission; between them and the out-and-out "Abolitionists" there was often heated controversy. The abolitionists gained in numbers and the Colonization Society soon died out. In 1833, the Cleveland Antislavery Society was organized with Dr. David Long as its president and his son-in-law, Solomon L. Severance, as its secretary, as already recorded. J. H. Harding was vice-president and John A. Foote was treasurer. In 1835, Josiah Barber of the " Colonizationists" presided at a public meeting at which the "Abolitionists" were hotly denounced. But the on-coming tide could not be turned back and, on the Fourth of July, 1837, the Cuyahoga County Antislavery Society was formed at a meeting in the Old Stone Church, presided over by John A. Foote. A committee on constitution, consisting of J. M. Sterling, J. F. Hawks, and Solomon L. Severance, reported that "the object of this society shall be the entire abolition of slavery throughout the United States and the elevation of our colored brethren to their proper rank as men." Edward Wade was elected president; Samuel Freeman of Parma, Asa Cody of Euclid, J. A. Foote of Cleveland, J. L. Tomlinson of Rockport, and Samuel Williamson of Willoughby were vice-presidents; L. L. Rice was corresponding secretary; H. F. Brayton was recording secretary; and Solomon L. Severance was treasurer. Among the arrivals of 1833 was John A. Foote, a son of Governor Samuel A. Foote of Connecticut, and a graduate of Yale. He entered into partnership with Sherlock J. Andrews. In addition to practising his profession, he took an active part in reformatory, educational, and philanthropic work and held many public offices. He died in 1891. Another notable accession of that year was Thomas Burnham who had been master of a freight boat running on the Champlain canal from Whitehall to Albany. He and his newly married wife came by team from Glens Falls to Saratoga where they took the cars for Schenectady. The cars on that line at that time were fashioned like stage coaches, ran on strap rails, and were drawn by three horses driven tandem. From Schenectady to Buffalo they came by boat on the Erie canal and from Buffalo to Cleveland by the steamer "Pennsylvania" which stopped at all the way stations and took four days and nights to make the trip. Mr. Burnham soon took charge of a school on the west side of the river (in what was still 1833] - CHEERFUL GIVERS - 153 Brooklyn township), subsequently entered business, and became mayor of Ohio City after its incorporation in 1836. FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH The First Baptist Church of Cleveland was organized in February, 1833, with the Rev. Richmond Taggart as pastor ; it became affiliated with the Rocky River Baptist Association in the following September. Dr. H. C. Applegarth tells us that, in 1833, Cleveland had a population of one thousand three hundred of whom only six or seven were Baptists, and that deplorable darkness pervaded the settlement. "The first meetings were held in either that universally useful place of gatherings, the old Academy on St. Clair Street, or the Court-house, until the erection of their own place of worship on the corner of Seneca [West Third] and Champlain streets. This was a brick structure, the foundations of which were laid in 1834, the dedication occurring on February 25th, 1836. The church cost thirteen thousand dollars, and was, at that time, considered one of the largest and most attractive in that section of the west." Dr. Applegarth further tells us that by 1834, the population of the town had increased to about five thousand, and that the faithful few "prepared a subscription paper and set about soliciting pledges for a building. The people gave liberally and cheerfully. Many made great sacrifices in order to be able to help. Deacon Pelton, then living at Euclid, mortgaged his farm for 154 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. X two thousand dollars that he might contribute that amount to the project. His neighbors thought him to be demented, so completely astounded were they at his action. But in the end the Lord blessed him and restored the money many fold. Nor was he alone in his devotion to the work of the Lord. It was said of John Seaman that he gave more thought to the finances of the church than to his own business. One morning, coming into his store, he said to his partner, Mr. William T. Smith : 'Smith, you go to the meeting tonight and put me down for a thousand, and you put down a thousand, and go to Sylvester Ranney and tell him to put down a thousand.' . The thousands were put down and paid. Soon a suitable location was found, on the corner of Seneca and Champlain streets, and there, finally, was finished the meeting house of the First Baptist church." The society gained steadily in strength and usefulness, and, in 1855, purchased of the Plymouth Congregational Church a brick building, on the corner of Euclid Avenue and Erie (East Ninth) Street, where services were first held on the eighth of April. This building gave way for the Hickox building of today. The church now has a beautiful building on the corner of Prospect Avenue and East Forty-sixth Street. BLACK HAWK AND JOHN STAIR Among the " transients" of that year were a famous Red man and an observant Englishman. Harvey Rice tells us that "at the close of the Black Hawk War in 1833, the chieftain, Black Hawk, and several of his band were taken, in the custody of a government officer, to Washington as captives, to be dealt with as the authorities might decide. The captives, instead of being shot as they expected, were kindly received, and lionized by being taken about town, shown its wonders, and then sent through several eastern cities, with a view to convince them of the invincible power of the white people. They were then returned, under escort, to their homes in the 'far west.' While on their return, the party stopped over a day at Cleveland, as requested by Black Hawk, in order to give him an opportunity to visit the grave of his mother, who, as he said, was buried on the banks of the Cuyahoga." From "Newburg, county of Cuyahoga, August 16, 1833," John Stair of England, then teaching a private school in Newburg, wrote a letter that has been preserved in the Annals of the Early Settlers' Association. Some of Mr. Stair's impressions recorded in this letter were that Cleveland was "an increasing place," and, "for the size of it, the prettiest 1833]- FIRE PROTECTION - 155 town I have seen in America." The postage on a letter to England was twenty-five cents, but large turkeys could be bought for fifty cents each; fowls, a shilling; roasting pigs, twenty-five cents ; mutton, beef, pork, veal, etc., from two to four cents a pound ; butter, nine cents; and cheese, six cents. No wonder that he added : "This is a poor man's country. . . . Many raise all they eat, with few exceptions, such as tea, coffee, etc. They raise their own wool and flax which are spun and woven by the women for clothing, so that a farmer is the most independent person in the country." Chiefly because of its mention of a canal, the following supplementary quotations from a letter said to have been written in 1833, are here given : Few places in the western country are so advantageously situated for commerce or boast greater population and business. Here is the northern termination of the Ohio Canal, 309 miles in length, by which this village will communicate with Columbus and Cincinnati, with Pittsburg, St. Louis and New Orleans, . . . An inspection of the map will show that Cleveland has a position of extraordinary advantage, and it only requires a moderate capital, and the usual enterprise of the American character, to advance its destiny to an equality with the most flourishing cities of the west. Two years ago, it had one thousand inhabitants; it has now two thousand, and is rapidly increasing. The vicinity is a healthy, fertile country, as yet mostly new, but fast filling up. An artificial harbor, safe and commodious, constructed by the United States, often presents twenty to thirty sloops, schooners, and steamboats. FIRE AND WATER The primitive water supply for fire protection at the beginning of the second decade of the century was described in the sixth chapter of this volume. By 1833, the villagers recognized the necessity for something more ample and efficient. In June of that year, the legislature incorporated the Cleveland Water Company for furnishing water for the village—it seems that the company did not get much if anything beyond the charter era of development. But the yeai. 1833 saw the beginning of Cleveland's volunteer fire department in the loosely organized company called "Live Oak, No. 1." In the following year, the "Live Oak" was reorganized as "Eagle, No. 1." Captain McCurdy was chosen foreman and a new engine was bought. "The organization of a regular department soon followed, and Neptune No. 2, Phoenix No. 4, Forest City Hook and Ladder Company No. 1, and Hope Hose Company No. 1, were the component parts thereof ; there was a No. 3, but it was composed of boys and had 156 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. X no official recognition. In April, 1836,, CataraCt No. 5 was added. The first chief of the department was Samuel Cook, with Sylvester Pease as first assistant, and Erastus Smith as second assistant." On the seventeenth of May, 1836, the newly constituted city council passed an ordinance providing that "the fire department of the city of Cleveland, shall consist of a chief engineer, two assistant engineers, two fire wardens, in addition to aldermen and councilmen (who are ex officio firewardens), and such fire engine men, hose men, hook and axe men as are, or may be, from time to time, appointed by the city council." The ordinance then determined the duties of each of these officers and prescribed penalties for injuring the property of the department or for obstructing the firemen at their work. All members of the fire companies were exempted from the payment of poll-tax-----an institution now obsolete in this part of the country. A few days before this, the council had established the fire limits for the city as follows: "Following the center of Cuyahoga River from the lake to the center of Huron Road, thence easterly along the center of Huron Road to the center of Erie [East Ninth] Street, thence northerly. in Erie Street to Lake Erie, thence westerly along the shore of Lake Erie to the Cuyahoga River." This virtually embraced the whole town. The several companies were housed in buildings rented for the purpose ; No. 1 on what is now Superior Avenue just west of West Ninth Street ; No. 2, where the Blackstone building now is (No. 1426 West Third Street) ; No. 4 and the Hook and Ladder Company, on St. Clair Avenue at the corner 1833] - LAND SPECULATION - 157 of West Fourth Street, where a steam engine company and a hook and ladder company still stand semper parati. The growth of the department and the splendid record of those unpaid firemen until the reorganization of the department in 1863 will receive further attention in a later chapter. As will soon be told in fuller detail, a canal from Cleveland to the Ohio River had been opened and was doing not a little to advertise the village at the mouth of the Cuyahoga, the inhabitants of which were dreaming of the dignity and getting ready for the responsibilities of an incorporated city. Young men and old were moving from the East into the already-opened but undeveloped sections of the West. Early in 1833, Alfred Kelley made an allotment of land west of Water Street and south of Bath Street (see map on page 160) and, later in the year, James S. Clarke, Edmund Clark, and Richard Hilliard allotted all the land in the first bend of the river, Cleveland Center it was called, laid out Columbus Street from the north line thereof to the river, and offered town lots at immoderately high prices. In 1834, Leonard Case laid out a 10-acre lot at the southeast corner of the old city plat and widened the Newburg Road (Pittsburgh Street) now called Broadway. In the same year, John M. Woolsey allotted the 2-acre lots south of Superior Street and west of Erie (East Ninth) Street. In 1835, Lee Canfield, Sheldon Pease, and others allotted the 2-acre lots at the northeast corner of the old city plat and dedicated Clinton Park to the public. In January, 1836,.Thomas Kelley and Ashbel W. Walworth laid out the 2-acre lots south of Ohio Street (Central Avenue) and an adjoining tract of land that extended to the river. In short, the fever of land speculation followed close upon the heels of the cholera. THOMAS BOLTON Thomas Bolton was born at Scipio, Cayuga County, New York, in 1809, and was graduated at Harvard in 1833. In September, 1834, he came to Cleveland where' he studied law for a year in the office of James L. Conger. He was admitted to the bar in 1835 and went into partnership with his mentor. In 1836, he bought the interest of Mr. Conger in the firm and sent for his college classmate, Moses Kelley and, with him, formed the law firm of Bolton and Kelley. In 1851, Seneca O. Griswold, who had been a student in their office and from whom I have already quoted, was admitted to the firm which then took the name of Bolton, Kelley and Griswold. Mr. Bolton was one of the committee appointed to draft the coming city charter of 158 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. X 1836, was elected to the city council, and, in 1839, was elected prosecuting attorney of the county. In 1841, he declined a renomination on account of the inadequacy of the salary of the county prosecutor and renewed. his connection with the city government as alderman. Dissatisfied with the Democratic national platform of 1848, he left that party and served as a delegate to the Buffalo convention of the Free Soil party. He was active in the organization of the Republican party in 1856 and was a delegate to the convention that nominated Fremont and Dayton. In this year, 1856, he was elected judge of the court of common pleas and retired from the law firm of Bolton, Kelley and Griswold. At the end of his second term as judge in 1866, he retired from the bench and bar. He died in February, 1871. 1834-35] - A MANUFACTURING CORPORATION - 159 FIRST WESTERN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS As recorded by Mr. Orth in his History of Cleveland, the first manufacturing corporation organized in Cleveland under a state charter was the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace Company (March 3, 1834), with an authorized capital of $100,000, a very large sum for those years. The incorporators were : Charles Hoyt, Luke Risley, Richard Lord and Josiah Barber. The plant was located on the corner of Detroit and Center streets. It was prosperous from the beginning. It was the first furnace in this vicinity to utilize steam power instead of horse power for "blowing" the furnaces. It not only did a general foundry business, but early manufactured a patent horsepower device. In 1841, it made cannon for the government. In 1842, Ethan Rogers entered its employ and developed the manufacture of construction machinery to be used in building railroads, and later, the manufacture of locomotives. At this plant was built the first locomotive west of the Alleghenies. Here were made the first locomotives used by the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati, and the Cleveland and Painesville railways. The first successful lake screw propeller was the "Emigrant," and its machinery was made in this establishment. Thus, Cleveland's first manufacturing corporation abundantly kept pace with the rapid expansion of machine development. James D. Cleveland, "then a sturdy boy," came in 1835. In 1896, he pictured for us "The City of Cleveland Sixty Years Ago." The judge tells us that : As the steamer came up the river, the boy read the signs on the warehouses—Richard Winslow, Blair & Smith, Foster & Dennison, W. V. Craw, Robert H. Backus, Gillett & Hickox, C. M. Giddings, N. M. Standart, M. B. Scott. Griffith & Standart, Noble H. Merwin—and passed scores of steamers, schooners and canal boats, exchanging wheat and flour from interior Ohio for goods and salt to be carried to the canal towns all the way to the Ohio River. Walking up Superior lane, a steep, unpaved road, you passed the stores of Denker & Borges ; Deacon Whitaker's, full of stoves ; George Worthington, hardware ; at the corner of Union lane, where Captain McCurdy had lately retired from the dry goods business; Strickland & Gaylord, drugs, etc.; Sanford & Lott, printing and book-store ; and T. W. Morse, tailor. On reaching the top, Superior street, 132 feet wide, spread before you—the widest of unpaved streets, with not a foot of flagged sidewalk except at the corner of Bank [West Sixth] street, in front of a bank. It was lined with a few brick, 'two and three-story buildings. A town pump stood at the corner of Bank street, near the old Commercial Bank of Lake Erie, on the corner, of which, Leonard Case was president, and Truman P. Handy cashier. There were three or 1835] - AS IT WAS THEN - 161 four hotels. Pigs ran in the street, and many a cow browsed on all the approaches to it. Dr. Long had a fine two-story residence on the corner of Seneca [West Third] street. Mr. Case, C. M. Giddings, Elijah Bingham, William Lemon, John W. Allen, and a few others, had residences dotted around the Public Square, upon which the old Stone Church occupied its present site, and in the southwest corner stood the court-house. The post:office occupied a little ten by fifty feet store-room in Levi Johnson's building, below Bank street, and you received your letters from the hands of Postmaster Daniel Worley, and paid him the eighteen pence, or twenty-five cents postage, to which it was subject, according to the distance it had traveled. The great majority of the best residences were on Water [West Ninth], St. Clair and Lake [Lakeside Avenue] streets. A few good houses had been built on Euclid avenue, but the( Virginia rail fence still lined it on the north side, from where Bond street now is to the Jones residence, near Erie street, where Judge Jones and the Senator (John P. Jones) lived in their boyhood. There were groves of fine black oaks and chestnuts on Erie street between Superior and Prospect streets, and a good many on the northeast part of the Public Square, and between St. Clair street and the lake. With its scattered houses, its numerous groves, its lofty outlook upon the lake, its clear atmosphere, as yet unpolluted by smoke, Cleveland was as beautiful a village as could be found west of New Haven. Vol. I-11 CHAPTER XI THE CANAL AND THE CHARTER One of the histories of. Cleveland tells us that "the population of the city had grown in 1835 to 5,080, having more than doubled in two years. There was at this time an immense rush of people to the West. Steamers ran from Buffalo to Detroit crowded with passengers at a fare of eight dollars, the number on board what would now be called small boats, sometimes reaching from five hundred to six hun- - 162 - 1835-36] - DESIRABLE RECRUITS - 163 dred persons. The line hired steamers and fined them one hundred dollars if the round trip was not made in eight days. The slower boats, not being able to make that time with any certainty, frequently stopped at Cleveland, discharged their passengers, and put back to Buffalo. It sometimes chanced that the shore accommodations were insufficient for the great crowd of emigrants stopping over at this port, and the steamers were bred to lie off the port all night, that the passengers might have sleeping accommodations. In that year fire destroyed a large part of the business portion of Cleveland." The first dentist to open an office in Cleveland was Benjamin Strickland who came in 1835. In 1836, came Franklin T. Backus, William Bingham, William A. Otis, and Moses Kelley. Mr. Backus was a lawyer and is remembered as one who won an enviable position among the leading lawyers of Ohio ; he took an active part in the consolidation of Cleveland and Ohio City in 1854, and was one of 164 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XI the counsel for the defense in the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue case in 1859, probably the most famous trial in the history of Cleveland. WILLIAM BINGHAM Mr. Bingham, when :twenty years of age, "bade, adieu to the home and scenes of his youth [in Massachusetts] traveling westward over the old pioneer railroad from Albany to Schenectady," thence by canal packet to Rochester, and then by stage and canal to Buffalo, where he became a passenger on the steamboat, "Robert Fulton," bound for Cleveland. Soon after his arrival in this city, he secured a position as salesman in the hardware store of George Worthington ; that his ability and enterprise were soon recognized is indicated in the fact that after two years he was admitted to partnership. He remained in that connection for another two years, after which he disposed of his interest in the firm and, in 1841, bought the hardware stock of Clark and Murphy, and organized the firm of William Bingham and Company. From the outset the business prospered and its trade constantly expanded with the growth and development of the city. Mr. Bingham was prominent in financial circles, serving for years as director of the Merchants National Bank and of its successor, the Mercantile National Bank, of the Society for Savings, etc. He was one of the earliest and most active of the promoters of our municipal waterworks system, a member of the city council and the state senate, and for many years a member of the city sinking fund commission. In short, he neglected no opportunity for. the promotion of the city's welfare; "in commercial and political life his record alike remained unsullied." He died in 1904. WILLIAM A. OTIS Mr. Otis was a native of Massachusetts and the direct descendant of James Otis of Revolutionary fame.* About 1818, he traveled on foot to Pittsburgh where he was employed for two years in an "iron establishment" which he made the depositary of his savings. When * This William Augustus Otis was born at Cummington, Massachusetts, in 1794. His father's name was William, and he seems to have liked it very well, for he gave it to each of his six sons, William Augustus, William Cushing, William Harrison, William Shaw, William Francis, and William Lucius. William Francis was the father of Waldemar Otis. 1836] - THE PIONEER IRON MASTER - 165 the company failed and his wealth was thus wiped out, Mr. Otis walked westward to Bloomfield, Trumbull County, Ohio, where he cleared land, kept a tavern, and established a primitive mercantile establishment, furnishing the settlers with goods in exchange for ashes, wheat and other produce. The ashes were used in the manufacture of a crude potash "which was the only strict cash article in the country." But it was difficult to get wheat, flour, or potash to the eastern market. Mr. Otis, therefore, selected an oak tree and had it cut, sawed, and split into staves from which barrels were made. A few miles from Bloomfield was a custom grist mill. Mr. Otis bought wheat for twenty-five cents a bushel, had it ground into flour, teamed the barreled flour and potash thirty-five miles to Ashtabula Creek whence it was carried by schooner to Buffalo and thence by canal and river to New York—the first such shipment of flour from 166 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XI the Western Reserve. Re later added pork and wool to his shipments; his business prospered and he served two years in the state legislature. In 1836, he moved to Cleveland where "he was at once given rank with the foremost business men." He still dealt in flour, pork, and potash, but gradually concentrated his energies upon iron manufacture and thus became the pioneer iron-master of Cleveland. His increasing shipping interests naturally turned his attention to transportation facilities and he became an active advocate of railway building. He was also active in banking enterprises and served. as president of the Commercial National Bank. He was a member of the State Board of Control, was one of the founders of the Cleveland Society for Savings and acted as its president for thirteen years. He was one of the commissioners that negotiated the union of Cleveland and Ohio City. He was one of the originators of the Board of Trade from which was evolved the present Cleveland Chamber of Commerce. He died in 1868. MOSES KELLEY Moses Kelley was born in what is now Livingston County, New York, in 1809. He was of Scotch-Irish descent in the paternal line and of German descent in the maternal line. He was graduated at Harvard in the class of 1833 and, in 1836, was admitted to the bar at Rochester. As already recorded, he was then called to Cleveland by his college classmate and became a member of the law firm of Bolton and Kelley. He devoted himself somewhat closely to the practice of his profession, although he was city attorney in 1839, a member of the city council in 1841, and served as a member of the state senate in 1844 and 1845. In 1849, the state legislature selected him as one of the commissioners to represent the interests of the city in the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad Company, of which corporation he was one of the directors for several years until the city disposed of the stock that it held. In 1850, he bought about thirty acres of the "Giddings Farm," fronting on Euclid Avenue east of Willson Avenue (East Fifty-fifth Street) and there built the home in which he lived for many years. His professional earnings and the great increase in the market value of real estate made him a comparatively rich man. He died in August, 1870. THE CANAL ERA One of our historians has told us that, prior to 1800, the world had made little or no improvement in the means of travel and trans- 1825-50] - THE CANAL ERA - 167 portation, but that the nineteenth century brought changes that wrought nothing short of revolution in the commercial and industrial domains and changed the face of the civilized world. In the first half of that century, there were three marked stages of improvement ; the era of turnpike construction, then the era of canal digging, and then the era of railways and steam navigation. At an early day congress had provided that five per cent of the net proceeds of the sale of public lands in Ohio should be devoted to "the laying out and making public roads leading from the navigable waters emptying into the Atlantic to the Ohio." In 1805, a senate committee reported in favor of a road from Cumberland, Maryland, to the mouth of Grave Creek, a little below Wheeling on the Ohio River. In 1810, congress appropriated $60,000 for the work and, in 1818, mail coaches were running over the road from Cumberland to Wheeling. As the Cumberland road was the child of congress so it was the especial 168 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XI object of its care. The original object was to open a way from the Potomac to the Ohio, but the road was extended through Ohio and Indiana by way of Zanesville, Columbus, and Indianapolis to Vandalia in Illinois. The aggregate of appropriations for this road was nearly $7,000,000 and the number of congressional acts was about sixty; the last act was passed in 1838, about which time, and chiefly because of the advent of the railway, the general government turned from turnpikes to the improvement of rivers and harbors—a policy that still persists as a perennial spring of scandal. When the Cumberland road was abandoned by the national government, it was given over to the several states in which it lies. But the principle of governmental aid for internal improvements had been well established. The first canal in America was built around the falls of the Connecticut River at South Hadley, Massachusetts, in 1793. Similar enterprises followed in quick succession and, in a few decades, canal building became almost epidemic.. By far, the most important of these early waterways was the Erie Canal, the great advocate and promoter of which was DeWitt Clinton. The first spadeful of earth was turned in 1817. The work was finished in 1825 and, on the twenty-sixth of October, the waters of Lake Erie were admitted to the ditch that linked Buffalo and Albany and grafted the Empire State upon the American metropolis. Costly as the canal was, it paid by greatly enhancing the value of land along its route and lessening the price of everything else; freight rates dropped to a tenth of what they had been, and Rochester, Syracuse, and Utica rapidly grew from small towns to prosperous cities, and New York City began the wonderful growth that made it the second city in the world. The great success of the Erie Canal produced a sort of mania for canal building and other states followed in the way that New York had opened. Even prior to this, canal projects had become political issues in Ohio where the struggle for a canal to connect Lake Erie with the Ohio River had begun as early as 1819. In 1814, Alfred Kelley had been elected to the Ohio legislature—and, from that time to 1823, he was almost continuously a member of the house of representatives or of the senate. He was an enthusiastic believer in the practicability and the importance of canals and threw himself heart and soul into the proposition to construct a waterway that should do for Ohio what the Erie 'Canal has done for New York. He was appointed one of the first canal commissioners of the state. After some study and much discussion, largely concerning the relative merits of rival routes, the legislature took decisive action and contracts for digging the Erie and Ohio Canal were let. As he had been the 1825-32] - THE DAWN OF A CITY - 169 foremost advocate of the work, so he was the leading member of the board of canal commissioners. "During the construction of the canal, every part of the work was subjected to his supervision. Contractors soon learned that no fraud or artifice could escape his vigilance. He was inflexibly true to the interests of the state and sacrificed both his health and his private interests in his untiring devotion to the public." In short, the Erie and Ohio Canal was a monument to the enterprise, energy, integrity, and sagacity of Alfred Kelley.* While the work was in progress, Mr. Kelley moved from Cleveland, first to Akron, and in 1830 to Columbus where he resided until his death in December, 1859. "Boom" FOLLOWING THE BUILDING OF THE CANAL On the Fourth of July, 1825, the year that saw the completion of the Erie Canal, the digging of the Erie and Ohio Canal, to extend from Cleveland to Portsmouth, was begun, the first spadeful of earth being lifted by DeWitt Clinton, the lion of the day, and the second by Governor Morrow, at Licking Summit, about three miles west of Newark. The Akron-Cleveland section was completed in two years and, on the Fourth of July, 1827, with much display, the first canal boat arrived at Cleveland, having traversed thirty-seven miles of waterway and having passed through forty-one locks. In July, 1830, the first boat passed from Cleveland to Newark and, in 1832, the route was open from Cleveland to Portsmouth. The village at the mouth of the Cuyahoga quickly felt the powerful influence of the new traffic, a veritable "boom" began, "and the impression suddenly came into the minds of Clevelanders that their village had been touched by the wand of destiny." Log houses still lingered, frame structures were common, and brick buildings had begun to break the wooden monotony. Euclid Street had entered upon its career of splendor (now vanishing) and had one of these brick dwellings near the site subsequently occupied by the Union Club, west of East Ninth Street. But the magnificent succession of lawn and mansion on "the avenue" was still a dream ; in the prosaic waking moments of even the most enthusiastic dreamer, it was still unbroken forest in which deer and bear were caught—as they are unto this day. Fuller details of the cause and of the effect of the boom will be given in a later chapter. Suffice it now to say that the village was ready to become a city. In the language of the first directory of Cleveland, "some * See Biographical Sketch. 170 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XI 6 to 8 thousands of inhabitants had come together from the four winds—some wished to do more things, and some wished to do things better; and to effect all these objects, and a variety of others, no means seemed so proper as a City Charter in due form and style, which was petitioned for and obtained." On the third of March, 1836, the Ohio legislature passed a bill incorporating the City of Ohio, on the western side of the Cuyahoga and, two days later, passed another bill incorporating the more important "City of Cleveland." The limits of the city thus incorporated on the fifth of March, 1836, were thus described (See Ahaz Merchant map on page 160) : "Beginning at low water mark on the shore of Lake Erie at the most northeastwardly corner of.Cleveland, ten-acre lot number one hundred and thirty-nine, and running thence on the dividing line between lots number one hundred and thirty-nine and one hundred and forty, numbers one hundred and seven and one hundred and eight, numbers eighty and eighty-one, numbers fifty-five and fifty-six, numbers thirty-one and thirty-two, and numbers six and seven of the ten-acre lots to the south line of the ten-acre lots, thence on the south line of the ten-acre lots to the Cuyahoga River, thence down the same to the extreme point of the west pier of the harbor, thence to the township line between Brooklyn and Cleveland, thence on that line northwardly to the county line, thence eastwardly with said line to a point due north of the place of beginning, thence south to the place of beginning." The trustees of the village held their final meeting on the twenty-first of March and ordered that the election for city officers under the charter should be held in the several wards (of which there were three) on the second Monday of the following April. It was also ordered that the election in the first ward should be held in the court-house ; in the second ward, in the lower room of the Stone Church ; and in the third ward, at the Academy. Mr. Kennedy notes that "the new-born city started off well, holding its first election, as it were, within the visible portals of the law, the gospel, and education." CHAPTER XII THE CITY OF CLEVELAND AND THE CITY OF OHIO As already recorded, General Cleaveland, in 1796, bought the Indian claims to the lands of the Reserve east of the Cuyahoga River and, on the Fourth of July, 1805, a treaty was signed by the terms of which the Indians surrendered all claims to all the lands of the Reserve. The last division of the lands by the Connecticut Land Company was held in 1807 at which time Samuel P. Lord and others drew township No. 7 in Range 13, i, e., Brooklyn ; the lands were surveyed in 1809. At that time, as Colonel Whittlesey tells us, "on the west side of the river, opposite St. Clair street, where the Indians had a ferry, a trail led out across the marshy ground, up the hill past the old log trading house where there were springs of water, to an opening in the forest, near the crossing of Pearl and Detroit streets. In this pleasant space the savages practiced their games, held their pow-wows, and when whiskey could be procured, enjoyed themselves while it lasted. The trail continued thence westerly to Rocky River and Sandusky. Another one, less frequented, led off southerly up the river to the old French trading post, where Magenis was found in 1786, near Brighton ; and thence, near the river bank, to Tinker's Creek, and probably to the old Portage path. A less frequented trail existed from the Indian villages of Tawas or Ottawas and Mingoes, at Tinker's Creek, by a shorter route, direct to the crossing of the Cuyahoga at the 'Standing Stone,' near Kent. The packhorsemen, who transported goods and flour to the northwest from 1786 to 1795, followed this trail, crossing the Cuyahoga at Tinker 's Creek." Soon after the survey of the west side lands, the irrepressible Major Lorenzo Carter, who now was "well to do," and his son, Alonzo, bought land over there near the mouth of the river; the son occupied the land and there kept the Red House tavern opposite Superior Lane. Most of the settlers on the west side lived near the lake in the vicinity of Main and Detroit avenues, but a "squatter" from Canada by the name of Granger had, prior to 1812, found a grassy slope running up from the river near the present Riverside Cemetery. This slope was long known as "Granger's Hill ;" when the squatter came I can not tell because I do not know, but, in  - 171 - 1812-18] - EARLY WEST SIDERS - 173 1815, he moved on to the Maumee country. In May, 1812, James Fish came from Groton, just across the Thames River from New London, Connecticut, the first permanent settler of Brooklyn township. According to the record made by Mr. Kennedy, he had purchased land from Mr. Lord and his partners, the owners of the township, and, in the summer of 1811, left the old Nutmeg State "with his family stored away in a wagon drawn by oxen. He was accompanied by quite a company of pioneers, and spent forty-seven days upon the road. He passed the winter in Newburg; early in the spring of 1812, he crossed over to Brooklyn, erected a log-house at a cost of eighteen dollars, and in May took his family over and commenced house-keeping. In the same year came Moses and Ebenezer Fish, the last named serving as one of the militiamen guarding the Indian murderer, whose execution in 1812 has been elsewhere recorded. In 1813, came Ozias Brainard, of Connecticut, wiih his family ; while in 1814, six families arrived as settlers within one week—those of Isaac Hinckley, Asa Brainard, Elijah Young, Stephen Brainard, Enos Brainard, and Warren Brainard, all of whom had been residents of Chatham, Middlesex County, Connecticut. They had all exchanged their farm lands at home for those placed upon the market in this section of the New West." In his History of Cuyahoga County, Crisfield. Johnson tells a story of their reception which, whether wholly authentic or not, is interesting. Thus we are told that they set out from Chatham on the same day. "The train consisted of six wagons, drawn by ten horses and six oxen, and all journeyed together until Euclid was reached (forty days after leaving Chatham), where Isaac Hinckley and his family rested, leaving the others to push on to Brooklyn, whither he followed them within a week. It appears that the trustees of the township of Cleveland, to which the territory of Brooklyn then belonged, became alarmed at the avalanche of emigrants just described, and concluding that they were a band of paupers, for whose support the township would be taxed, started a constable across the river to warn the invaders out of town. Alonzo Carter, a resident of Cleveland, heard of the move, and stopped it by endorsing the good standing of the new-comers,—adding that the alleged paupers were worth more than all the trustees of Cleveland combined." IMPROVEMENTS IN CLEVELAND AND OHIO CITY Samuel Lord, his son, Richard, and Josiah Barber removed to what is now the "West Side" of Cleveland as early as 1818 and, in June of that year, Brooklyn was organized as a township separate from Cleve- 174 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XII land. In 1831, an organization known as the Buffalo Company bought the Carter farm and the boom of Brooklyn was begun. There were expectations of a thriving city there with warehouses on the low lands and stores and residences covering the bluffs. In 1834-35, water lots on the old river bed had a higher market value than they had three decades later. "In the flush times of 1836-37, land contracts on long ime, became a kind of circulating medium,' on both sides of the river, daily passing from hand to hand, by indorsement; the speculation accruing to each successive holder, being realized in cash ; or in promises to pay. The company excavated a short ship canal from the Cuyahoga to the old river bed, at the east end, and the waters being high, a steamboat passed into the lake, through a natural channel at the west end." Early in March, 1836, the City of Ohio was incorporated, two days ahead of the incorporation of the City of Cleveland, as recorded in the preceding chapter. From the beginning, the City of Ohio was commonly called Ohio City. A few years after its incorporation, Ohio City made a canal from the Cuyahoga River opposite the end of the Ohio Canal, through the marsh, into the old river bed, above the ship channel. This canal was thus to be made the terminus of the Ohio Canal, and Ohio City was to have a harbor of its own entirely independent of Cleveland's and to the advantages of which that city could lay no claim. THE BRIDGE WAR In 1833, James S. Clark and others had allotted the land in the first bend of the .Cuyahoga, "the Ox Bow" alias "The Flats," and laid out Columbus Street through it to the bank of the river, as related in an earlier chapter. In 1837, they laid out a large allotment in the Ohio City ; "Willeyville," they called it, in honor of Mayor Willey of Cleveland. Through this Willeyville they laid out an extension of Columbus Street to connect with the Wooster and Medina turnpike at the south line of the older and smaller city. The northern end of the COlumbus Street in Ohio City was directly opposite the southern end of the Columbus Street in Cleveland. Mr. Clark and his partners spent considerable money in grading the hill to bring their new street down to the river and then spent fifteen thousand dollars more to build a bridge across the stream at that point, thus completing a short route to Cleveland for travel and traffic from the south and west with a comparatively easy grade up Michigan Street to Ontario Street. As far as such travel and traffic were concerned, the bridge and the two sections of Columbus Street practically side-tracked Ohio City which 1833-37] - THE BATTLE OF THE BRIDGE - 175 lay nearer the mouth of the river, as may be seen by reference to the map on page 160. The first city directory (of which further mention will be made) was printed in. that year ; as therein described, the bridge was "supported by a stone abutment on either shore and piers of solid masonry erected in the center of the river. Between the piers, there is a draw sufficient to allow a vessel of forty-nine feet beam to pass through. The length is two hundred feet, the breadth, including the sidewalks, thirty-three feet, and the height of the piers, above the surface of the water, may be estimated at twenty-four feet. The whole, with the exception of the draw, is roofed and enclosed, presents an imposing appearance, and reflects much credit on the architect, Nathan Hunt. This splendid bridge was presented to the corporation of Cleveland by the owners, with the express stipulation that it should forever remain free for the accommodation of the public, although the Legislature had previously chartered it as a toll bridge." The bridge soon bred trouble between cities that were sisters and almost twins. As reported by Colonel Whittlesey, "city rivalry ran so high, that a regular battle occurred on this bridge in 1837, between. the citizens and the city authorities on the west side, and those on the east. A field piece was posted on the low ground, on the Cleveland side, to rake the bridge, very much as the Austrians did at Lodi, and crowbars, clubs, stones, pistols, and guns were freely used on both. sides. Men were wounded of both parties, three of them seriously. The draw was cut away, the middle pier and the western abutment partially blown down, and the field piece spiked, by the west skiers. But the sheriff, and the city marshal of Cleveland, soon obtained possession of the dilapidated bridge, which had been donated to the city. Some of the actors were confined in the county jail. The bridge question thus got into court, and was finally settled by the civil tribunals." The story of this moreor-less dramatic incident, famous in local history as "The Bridge War," is thus told by Mr. Orth : "The people of Ohio City saw the traffic from Elyria, Brooklyn, and the intervening farming country avoid their town and pass over the new bridge -to their rivals on the east side. Meanwhile, the Cleveland city council directed the removal of one half of the old float bridge at Main Street, one half of this bridge belonging to each town. The mandate of the council was obeyed at night, and when the people of Ohio City realized that they were the victims of strategy, they held an indignation meeting and declared the new bridge a public nuisance. Their marshal organized a posse of deputies and the bridge was damaged by a charge of powder, exploded under the Ohio City end. Two deep ditches were dug near the approaches, on either side, and the bridge virtually rend- 1836-37] - IN OHIO CITY - 177 ered useless. Then a mob of west siders with evil intent marched down on the bridge, led by C. L. Russell, one of their leading attorneys. But they were met by the mayor of Cleveland, who was backed by some militiamen, a crowd of his constituents, and an old field piece that had been used in Fourth of July celebrations. There was a mixup ; planks, stones and fists were freely used. But the old cannon remained silent because benevolent Deacon House, of the west side, had spiked it with an old file. The fight was stopped by the county sheriff and the Cleveland marshal. The city council, October 29, 1837, ordered the marshal to keep an armed guard near the bridge. But the courts soon put a stop to the petty quarrel between the two villages. In ten years the old bridge had grown too small, and in 1846 agitation was begun to build a larger one. The towns could not agree an a plan, Ohio City maintaining that Cleveland owned only to the middle of the river. The county promptly settled the dispute and built the bridge. In 1870, Columbus street was still 'one of the leading thoroughfares,' and an iron bridge was built, which was replaced in 1898 by a new bridge at a cost of eighty thousand dollars." OHIO CITY'S FIRST ELECTION The first election held in Ohio City took place in March, 1836, some time before the first election was held in Cleveland, and Josiah Barber was elected mayor. From the old first book of records of the City of Ohio, now carefully preserved in the office of the city clerk of Cleveland, I copy the minutes of the first meeting of the first council of the newly incorporated city on the west side of the river : The Mayor and members elect of the City Council of the City of Ohio assembled at the office of E. Folsom in said city on the evening of March thirtieth, 1836. The Hon. Josiah Barber, mayor. Messrs. E. Folsom, C. Williams, N. C. Baldwin and B. F. Tyler from the First ward; F. A. Burrows, C. E. Hill, L. Risley and E. Slaght from the Second ward ; R. Lord, William Benton, H. N. Ward and E. Conklin from the Third ward were present. The oath of office having been duly administered, on motion F. A. Burrows was elected clerk of the Council pro tem. The members from the several wards produced their certificates setting forth that they had met in their several wards and determined • by lot their respective periods of service, viz.—in the First ward, Cyrus Williams and E. Folsom each drew the term of two years and B. F. Tyler and N. C. Baldwin each drew the term of one year. In the second ward, C. E. Hill and Luke Risley each drew the term of two years and F. A. Burrows and Edgar Slaght each drew the term of one year. Vol. I-12 178 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XII In the Third ward, H. N. Ward and E. Conklin each drew the term of two years and Rich. Lord and L. W. Benton each drew the term of one year. On motion the Council proceeded to elect by ballot a president of the Council, City Recorder, City Treasurer, and City Marshal. On the first ballot for president, Richard Lord received a majority of all the votes and was duly elected president of the Council for one year. On the ballot for City Treasurer, Asa Foote received eleven votes and was duly elected Treasurer for one year. On the ballot for City Marshal, George L. Chapman received eleven votes and was duly elected Marshal. On the ballot for City Recorder, Thomas Whelpley received twelve votes and was unanimously elected. On motion of N. C. Baldwin, Messrs. Benton, Folsom and Burrows were appointed a Committee on By Laws and Ordinances with instructions to report at the next stated meeting such ordinances as in their opinion the interests of the city require. E. Folsom offered the Council a chamber in the Columbus Block for the use of the city at an annual rent of eighty dollars, whereupon the following resolution was adopted : Resolved that the City Council accept the offer of E. Folsom of a room in the Columbus Block to be used as a Council Chamber; Messrs. Benton, Burrows, Conklin, Hill, Lord, Risley, Slaght, Williams, Tyler and Ward voting in the affirmative, and N. C. Baldwin, negative. On motion of L. Risley, N. C. Baldwin was appointed a committee to procure the necessary furniture and fixtures for the Council Chamber and provide stationery for the use of the Council. On motion of E. Folsom, the City Recorder was added to the Committee on By Laws and Ordinances. On motion the City Council then adjourned to the second Friday in April at six o'clock in the afternoon, to meet in the Council Chamber. F. A. Burrows Clerk pro tem. of City Council At the next election, as recorded in the "Directory of the Cities of Cleveland and Ohio, for the Years 1837-38," the municipal government of Ohio City was vested in the following officers: Hon. Francis A. Burrows, Mayor. COUNCILMEN Ezekiel Folsom, S. W. Sayles, H. N. Barstow, Josiah Barber, Edward Bronson, Cyrus Williams, H. N. Ward, Norman C. Baldwin, William Burton, Edward Conklin, C. E. Hill, Luke Risley. D. C. Van Tine, Treasurer. C. L. Russell, Recorder. Geo. L. Chapman, Marshal. J. Freeman, Inspector. 1836-54] - THE SUCCESSION OF MAYORS - 179 MAYORS OF THE TWO CITIES In 1855, the rival cities of Ohio and Cleveland were united under the name of the latter. From the beginning to the end, the list of mayors of Ohio City is as follows : 1836—Josiah Barber, 1837—Francis A. Burrows, 1838-39—Norman C. Baldwin, 1840-41—Needham M. Standart, 1842—Francis A. Burrows, 1843—Richard Lord, 1844-45-46—Daniel H. Lamb, 1847—David Griffith, 1848—John Beverlin, 1849—Thomas Burnham, 1850-51-52—Benjamin Sheldon, 1853-54—William B. Castle. From the incorporation of the City of Cleveland to the annexation of the City of Ohio, the list of Cleveland mayors is as follows: 1836-37—John W. Willey, 1838-39—Joshua Mills, 1840—Nicholas Dockstader, 1841—John W. Allen, 1842—Joshua Mills, 1843—Nelson Hayward, 1844-45—Samuel Starkweather, 1846—George Hoadley, 1847—Josiah A. Harris, 1848—Lorenzo A. Kelsey, 1849—Flavel W. Bingham, 1850-51—William Case, 1852-53-54—Abner C. Brownell. At the first election after the annexation, the choice fell, as by previous informal agreement, upon a "West Sider," and so William B. Castle, the last mayor of Ohio City, become the first mayor of the consolidated Cleveland. IN THE CITY OF CLEVELAND The new charter of Cleveland provided : Sec. II. That the government of said city, and the exercise of its corporate powers, and management of its fiscal, prudential and municipal concerns, shall be vested in a mayor and council, which council shall consist of three members from each ward, actually residing therein, and as many aldermen as there may be wards, to be 180 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XII chosen from the city at large, no two of which shall reside in any one ward, and shall be denominated the City Council ; and also such other officers as are hereinafter mentioned and provided for. Sec. III. That the said city, until the city council see fit to increase, alter or change the same, be divided into three wards, in the manner following, to wit : The first ward shall comprise all the territory lying easterly of the centre of the Cuyahoga river, and southerly of the centre of Superior lane, and Superior street to Ontario street, and of a line thence to the centre of Euclid street and of said last mentioned centre. The second ward shall .comprise all the territory, not included in the first ward, lying easterly of the centre of Seneca street. The third ward shall include all the territory westerly of the centre of Seneca street, easterly of the westerly boundary of the city, and northerly of the centre of Superior street and Superior lane. On the day fixed for that purpose by the village trustees at their last meeting, the first annual election of the City of Cleveland was held (April 11, 1836) in the several wards as ordered. The charter provided that the election should "be held on the first Monday in March," but as the act of incorporation did not become a law until the fifth day of that month, the election had to be postponed until a practicable date. In succeeding years, the annual election was held in March. The clerks of the said first election were : First Ward: Judges, Richard Winslow, Seth A. Abbey, Edward Clark. Clerks, Thomas Bolton, Henry H. Dodge. Second Ward: Judges, Gurdon Fitch, Henry L. Noble, Benjamin Rouse. Clerks, Samuel Williamson, George C. Dodge. Third Ward: Judges, John Blair, Silas Belden, Daniel Worley. Clerks, John A. Vincent, Dudley Baldwin. The officers elected were : Mayor, John W. Willey. Aldermen, Richard Hilliard, Nicholas Dockstader, Joshua Mills. Marshal, George Kirk. Treasurer, Daniel Worley. Councilmen: First Ward, Morris Hepburn, John R. St. John, William V. Craw. Second Ward, Sherlock J. Andrews, Henry L. Noble, Edward Baldwin. Third Ward, Aaron T. Strickland, Archibald M. C. Smith, Horace Canfield. CITY COUNCIL FIRST MEETS The first meeting of the city council was held on the fifteenth of April, 1836. The recently elected officers took their official oaths and 1836] - IN THE CITY OF CLEVELAND - 181 George Hoadley was sworn in as "a justice of the peace for said county." By unanimous vote, Sherlock J. Andrews was elected president of the council and Henry B. Payne as city clerk and city attorney. In the following August, the president of the council and the city clerk resigned and the vacancies were filled by the election of Dr. Joshua A. Mills vice Andrews and of George B. Merwin' vice Payne. The gift of the now famous Columbus Street bridge to the city was accepted and a councilmanic committee was appointed to confer with the Philadelphia councils concerning "the mutual advantages to be derived from the building of the proposed Cleveland and Warren Railroad to Pittsburgh." Stephen Woolverton and Samuel Brown were appointed wood inspectors. One public stand for the sale of wood was established at the intersection of Water (West Ninth) and Superior streets with Woolverton on duty there or near by, and 'another at the Public Square with Brown in office not far away ; they were to enforce the just decree that "each cord shall contain one hundred and twenty-eight cubic feet," as prescribed by one of the tables of weights and measures printed in the old arithmetics. Fire limits were fixed and an ordinance was passed establishing a fire department as recorded in an earlier chapter. The fee for a theater license was fixed at seventy-five dollars and the first one issued was granted to Messrs. Dean and McKinney. John Shier was appointed city surveyor and engineer, the street commissioner was authorized and instructed to procure a ferryboat suitable for carrying persons and property across the river at such point as the council should direct, and the marshal was directed "to 182 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XII prosecute every person retailing ardent spirits contrary to the provisions of the ordinance regulating licenses, after giving such person six days' notice to procure a license, and also to prosecute every person who fails to take out a license within one week after the same has been granted by the council." In this year, charters were issued to the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati Railroad Company and to the Cleveland, Warren, and Pittsburgh Railroad Company, but the quick coming of the panic of 1837 laid them on the shelf until a later decade, although, as we soon shall see, the city voted liberal aid to the latter in 1838. FIRST BOARD OF SCHOOL MANAGERS The record of a meeting of the council held in May says : "A communication was received from the Mayor in relation to common schools." Just what the mayor said on this subject does not appear but on the ninth of June, Mr. Craw introduced the following resolution which was adopted : "Resolved—That a committee be and is hereby appointed to employ a teacher and an assistant, to continue the Free School to the end of the quarter, or until a school system for the city shall be organized, at the expense of the city." The story of this "Free School," as told by Samuel H. Mather, is that "a Sunday School was organized in the old Bethel Church, probably in 1833 or 1834, a kind of mission or ragged school. The children, however, were found so ignorant that Sunday School teaching, as such, was out of the question. The time of the teacher was obliged to be spent in teaching the children how to read. To remedy this difficulty and make the Sunday School available, a day school was started. It was supported by voluntary contributions, and was a charity school, in fact, to which none sent but the very poorest people." As above stated, the management and expense of this previously "missionary enterprise" were assumed by the city—the first public school of Cleveland. In June, Mr. Dockstader presented an ordinance for the levy and collection of a school tax and, in September, Mr. R. L. Gazlay, the principal of the school, reported that 229 children had received instruction during the last quarter and that the expense of maintaining the school had been $131.12. In the following month (October, 1836), the council appointed the first board of school managers, the members of which were John W. Willey, Anson Hayden, and Daniel Worley. In November, 111r. Baldwin introduced a resolution ordering an enumeration of the youth of the city between the ages of four and twenty-one years. In 1836] - SCHOOL MANAGERS - 183 the following March, 1837, the school managers reported that they had continued the "Common Free School" and that its cost for the quarter then ending had been $185.77, and urged a more liberal outlay for schools and school-houses. Then Mr. Noble introduced a resolution requesting the committee on schools "to ascertain and report, as soon as convenient, what lots may be purchased, the price and terms of payment, to be used for school purposes—two in the First Ward, one in the Second Ward and one in the Third Ward." The council had not yet passed an ordinance for establishing a system of schools, but, in that month (March, 1837) about the end of the fiscal year, the mayor was allowed five hundred dollars for his services during the year while each member of the council was awarded one dollar for each session of the municipal legislature that he had attended, a "salary-grab" that seems to have been condoned by the public. CHAPTER XIII THE YEAR OF THE FIRST DIRECTORY The election of 1837 in Cleveland resulted as follows : Mayor, John W. Willey. Treasurer, Daniel Worley. Marshal, George Kirk. Aldermen, Joshua A. Mills, Nicholas Dockstader, Jonathan Williams. Councilmen: First Ward, George B. Merwin, Alfred Hall, Horace Canfield. Second Ward, Henry L. Noble, Edward Baldwin, Samuel Cook. Third Ward, Samuel Starkweather, Joseph K. Miller, Thomas Colahan. COUNCIL APPROVES CITY DIRECTORY On the twentieth of March, the second council of the City of Cleveland was organized with Dr. Joshua A. Mills as president and Oliver P. Baldwin as city clerk. This council created a special committee "to inquire into the expediency of lighting Superior street from the river to the Public Square, and how many lamps will be necessary, and the expense of lamps, lamp-posts, oil, etc., and the best method of defraying the expense satisfactorily to the citizens.", The council also gave its approval to the proposal to publish a city directory. Before the end of the year, Sanford & Lott, book and job printers and bookbinders, "17 Superior Street, three doors west of the Franklin House," issued a directory for Cleveland and Ohio City, a small book of 144 pages, each full typepage of which measured about 3x5% inches. There were forty-two additional pages of advertisements, some of which have real historical value as will appear from the facsimiles of some of them given in this chapter. As this publication opens wide the front door of Cleveland's municipal life, it seems worth while to enter and to spend a while in taking account of the stock then on hand. This directory names and locates eighty-eight streets, lanes, and alleys in Cleveland and explains the system of numbering the houses thereon. It contains a brief history of Cleveland (eleven of the small pages) and - 184 - 186 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIII a copy of the charter of that city. It gives the names and residences of 1,086 firms and persons, "heads of families, householders, etc., in the city of Cleveland, July, 1837," and of 290 in Ohio City in August, 1837, with addenda for both cities, a total of about 1,400. The Cleveland directory for 1918 is made 11D as follows