600 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

societies organized as Presbyterian became Congregational, and vice versa. In the latter class was the society organized at the village of Euclid (afterward East Cleveland ) by the Connecticut Congregational Missionary Society in 1807. The first Presbyterian, known as the Old Stone church,* was the outgrowth of a Union Sunday school established in 1820 with Elisha Taylor as superintendent. It was incorporated in 1827. After occupying rented quarters for more than a dozen years, the society erected its house of worship on the square. It was opened in 1833 and in the following year came its first resident pastor, the Rev. Samuel C. Aiken.

The Second Presbyterian church was an offshoot of the Old Stone society and was founded in 1844. The only Presbyterian church of substance which did not spring from the Old Stone organization was the Miles Park church, which was founded in 1832 in what was then the village of Newburg.

Dr. Hiram C. Haydn was for many years foremost in Presbyterian activities in Cleveland and northern Ohio. He assumed the pastorate of the Old Stone church in 1872, became secretary of a Congregational missionary society in 1880, and returned to the pastorate of the church in 1884, which he continued to serve for more than a score of years. Dr. Haydn's death occurred in July, 1913. It was mainly through his work and influence that the Presbyterian Union was formed for the extension of denominational activities in Cleveland.

* See picture on page 128.

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THE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES

The Archwood church was organized in the Brooklyn district by the Presbyterians in 1819. This afterward joined the Congregationalists. But what is known as the First Congregational church was an offshoot of the First Presbyterian, or Old Stone church, which occurred in 1834, to accommodate the people of the West Side. In November, 1917, the vigorous First church, over four score years of age, laid the cornerstone of a magnificent home soon now to be occupied. The Euclid Avenue Congregational church* sprung from a Sunday school held in a schoolhouse on Euclid road ; and Plymouth church, of 1850, had its origin in a revival held by Rev. Edwin H. Nevin in the Old Stone church. The Irving Street Society was organized in 1852, also as a Presbyterian body.

Of the existing Congregational churches the first to step forth as a member of that denomination was the Jones Avenue, or Welsh church of Newburg. The nucleus of the organization, which was effected in 1858, was the Cleveland rolling mills.

About 1854, a Sunday school was started as a mission to the little brick schoolhouse on the site of the present Tremont public school. Two years later, it blossomed forth as the University Heights Union Sabbath school. Gradually the adult element strengthened and the Pilgrim Congregational church was the evolution. In 1892, under the leadership of Dr. Charles A. Mills, a beautiful and massive edifice was completed at a cost of $150,000. In that year was also organized the Cleveland Congregational City Missionary Society, which under the long and energetic presidency of H. Clark Ford, the lawyer and banker, accomplished much in Congregational extension work.

Largely through the labors of the Slavic missionary, the Rev. H. A. Shauffler, in 1882-94, the Congregationalists have also accomplished much educational and relief work among the Bohemians and allied people of Cleveland. Bethlehem church was founded in the Bohemian colony on Broadway, a missionary school was established among the young women, and a department organized at Oberlin college, of which Mr. Ford is a trustee, for the training of ministers designed to serve as missionaries among the Slavic people in America.

METHODIST ORGANIZATIONS

There are tales of Methodist circuit riders having appeared in Brooklyn, Newburg and other localities now in Cleveland city prior

* See page 126.

602 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

to 1818, in which year the church at Brooklyn was organized, as explained more fully on pages 602 and 603. In that year was established the first official organization of the Methodist church in old Cleveland and in the summer of 1827, about the time its log meeting house was completed, the society organized a Sunday school, with Ebenezer Fish as its first superintendent. But these, as well as other interesting and well authenticated facts, in connection with the pioneer Methodism of Cleveland, may be read by a perusal of John E. Heene's

Summary."

The Miles Park church, Newburg, originated in a Methodist class of nine members formed in 1832, and in the following year the Franklin Avenue church was modestly born at a residence on Pearl Street.

Epworth Memorial church represents a long series of transformations. Originally Erie Street church, it split off from the First in 1850. When its house of worship was transferred to the corner of Prospect and Huntington, in 1875, the organization became Christ M. E. church, and in 1883, after its consolidation with Cottage mission, it was rechristened Central church. Finally, in May, 1889, to commemorate the founding of the Epworth League within the walls of its building, it assumed its present title; but the plain structure of the Central church gave place to an impressive and beautiful modern edifice at the corner of Prospect Avenue and East Fifty-fifth Street.

On the fifteenth of September, 1918, the Methodists of Cleveland to the number of seven thousand celebrated the centenary of the founding of their church in the Forest City. The parade formed at the First M. E. church, Euclid Avenue and East Thirtieth Street, marched down the former thoroughfare to the Public Square and assembled for the formal exercises at the Opera House and the Hippodrome. Fifty-three Methodist churches were represented in the procession, which marched in a rain storm, its members gathering at their rendezvous with unabated ardor. Representatives of the Brooklyn Memorial church, at the corner of West Twenty-fifth Street and Archwood Avenue, S. W., founded a century previous, held the place of honor in the line, and the First Methodist church, organized in 1827, was second. Most of the marchers, who included many Sunday school children, carried American flags. There were six bands and a number of placards bearing facts of local Methodist history. Bishop Wilson S. Lewis, residential bishop of Foochow, China, and former Judge Warren W. Hole, president of the Methodist Union of Cleveland, were the principal speakers at both the Hippodrome and Opera House. The Rev. Dr. Frank W. Luce, superintendent of the Cleveland district, Northeast Ohio Conference, presided at the Hippodrome meeting and John F. Fisher, head of the Children's Aid So-

1818-1918] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 603

ciety, was the Opera House chairman. Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels was to have been the chief speaker, but his imperative official duties bound him to Washington. Hundreds of American flags were in evidence at both meetings, and the overwhelming spirit of the entire centennial celebration was a rousing pledge by Cleveland Methodists to uphold the Holy War.

A SUMMARY Of METHODISM

The following, written by John E. Heene, historian of the Brooklyn Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church and superintendent of its Sunday school, is an authoritative summary of local ,Methodism, or, as Mr. Heene states, comprises "notes which are accepted as authentic by Cleveland Methodism":

In 1811, James Fish, Moses Fish, and Ebenezer Fish and families came to Brooklyn from Groton, Connecticut.

In 1814-15, the Brainards came to Brooklyn from Haddam, Connecticut. They were Demas, Stephen, Warren, William, Asa, Enos and Seth Brainard.

The Fish and Brainard families were Methodists and held religious services in their homes previous to the organization of a church society.

In May, 1818, a Methodist circuit rider organized the first official Methodist Episcopal Church society consisting of the following eight persons: Seth Brainard and wife; Moses Fish and wife; William Brainard and wife, and Ebenezer Fish and wife. This society increased in numbers year by year and, in January, 1827, had a membership of fifty-seven. They built and finished the first log church in June, 1827. This log church was located on the northeast corner of what. is now West Twenty-fifth Street and Denison Avenue. A Sunday school was also organized in June, 1827, with twenty-one members, with Ebenezer Fish as the first superintendent. This log church was built by Joseph Storer and George Storer, who were carpenters and came to Brooklyn and joined the church in January, 1827.

In 1849, the second church building was erected by Ozias Fish, a frame building 35 by 50 feet. The location was the same as that of the log church.

The corner stone for the third church building, the old two-story brick structure, was laid in September, 1881, Rev. Samuel Mower, preacher in charge. Dedicated in the fall of 1882. Rev. W. H. Painter, pastor, and Rev. F. M. Searles, presiding elder. Dr. George B. Farnsworth, Sunday school superintendent. Bishop Simpson dedicated the church. Ground for the fourth home of the Brooklyn Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church was broken on the fifth of September, 1911, and the corner stone was laid on Sunday, the twenty-sixth of November, of that year. Rev. W. Arthur Smith was the pastor ; John E. Heene, Sunday school superintendent.

604 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap, XXXIII

BAPTIST ACTIVITIES

The Rev. Joseph Badger, a Baptist missionary, preached the first sermon on Cleveland soil, in 1800, but as far as denominational work was concerned he was many years ahead of the times, for it was not until 1833 that half a dozen Baptist families got together and organized a society. Through what, at the time, was considered the astounding liberality of Brewster Pelton, John Seaman and William T. Smith, a church building* was erected at the corner of Seneca and Champlain streets and fully occupied in 1835. A Sunday school mission was begun on Erie Street in 1846. In 1871, the present edifice on Euclid Avenue and East Eighteenth Street was built and the society adopted the name by which it has since been known, the Euclid Avenue Baptist church. In 1883, one of the trustees of the church was John D. Rockefeller; he and various members of the family have been useful and prominent in both its immediate and missionary work. Since its establishment, it has been the acknowledged center of the strongest of Baptist influences.

The score or more of Baptist churches also do much active extension work among the foreign industrial classes, such as the Poles, Hungarians and Bohemians.

DISCIPLES of CHRIST, OR CHRISTIANS

The Disciples of Christ, or Primitive Christians, as they are often called, are strong in Cleveland and established themselves early, but not without determined struggles. Newburg was the center of their work in the pioneer period, and William Hayden is said to have gained the first convert to the faith in 1832. But the pillar of the local church from that year until his death in 1874 was John Hopkinson. After many efforts and discouragements the Miles Avenue Church of Christ was organized under Brother Jonas Hartzell, in 1842, with twenty-one charter members. John Hopkinson and Theodore Stafford were elected elders and David L. Wightman and John Healy, deacons. In 1851, the little frame church, which was built into the later structure, was completed under the direction of Thomas Garfield, John Hopkinson and Y. L. Morgan and, in 1859, the society was under the ministry of James A. Garfield.

The Franklin Circle Church of Christ was organized in 1842, and its first house of worship was built four years later at Franklin Avenue and the Circle. From this trunk church subsequently branched

* See picture on page 153.

1835-95] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 605

out the Euclid Avenue, West Madison Avenue, Jennings Avenue churches and other Christian organizations. The Euclid Avenue Church of Christ was established in 1843 and soon afterwards a number of its members withdrew to organize a society at Doan's Corners. The Euclid Avenue society held its earlier meetings in private residences and the old stone schoolhouse, and in 1849 a little frame chapel was completed on the north side of Euclid between Doan (East One Hundred and Fifth) and Republic streets. Sixty years afterwards the handsome church edifice now occupied was built on the corner of Euclid Avenue and East One Hundredth Street. The Disciple churches of Cleveland are formed into a union for church extension, one prominent feature of its work being the development of its Bible classes organized for the special training of Sunday school teachers.

UNITED PRESBYTERIANS

The first United Presbyterian church was organized in 1843, and the society, composed largely of Scotch people, erected a small building for worship on Erie Street near Bolivar. The money for it was raised through small cash subscriptions; others 'gave their labor, or lumber, stone and other building materials. In these days, it was said by one of the pioneers, "Not a man in East Cleveland had a bank account." There are now five churches of this denomination in the city.

LUTHERAN CHURCHES

The first independent Lutheran church was organized by the Germans of Cleveland in 1835, and was known as the congregation "Zum Schifflein Christi," The Ship of Christ. Its meeting house was originally on the corner of Hamilton and Erie, being completed in 1842. In 1875, a large church was built on Superior Street. In 1875, the Case Avenue Independent Lutheran church was organized and in 1879, the Independent Protestant Evangelical church.

Nearly all the Evangelical Lutheran churches in Cleveland are outgrowths of Zion church, founded in 1843, and still growing. The Rev. David Schuh was its first pastor. This society was formed by families who seceded from "Schifflein Christi." The first organization on the West Side, the Evangelical Lutheran Trinity, was founded in 1853, with the Rev. J. C. W. Linderman as its pastor. In 1873, St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran church was founded ; in 1880, the English Evangelical Lutheran Emmanuel church ; St. Peter's, in 1883; St. Matthew's, in 1884 ; Christ church, 1889, and St. Luke's, in 1895.

606 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

EVANGELICAL ORGANIZATIONS

The pioneer Evangelical Protestant churches were the First, organized under the name of the "United German Evangelical Protestant Church of the West Side," and founded in 1853 ; St. Paul's church, 1858, and Zion, 1867.

The mother church of the German Evangelical Reformed societies was called the Brethren Congregation, a number of families commencing to meet for prayer in a small chapel on Tracy Street in 1848. This congregation was incorporated in 1858, Dr. H. J. Ruetenik was engaged as pastor and a new church was soon afterward erected on the corner of Penn and Carroll streets.

The oldest church of the Evangelical Association in Cleveland is the Salem church on Linden (East Thirty-third) Street, founded as a mission in 1841. The Superior Street church was organized in 1854 and the Jennings Avenue, in 1863. Cleveland was chosen as the denominational headquarters in 1876 and a large publishing house organized for the dissemination of church literature. Both in ministerial and literary works Bishop William Horn, a Clevelander, was, for many years, both tireless and widely influential.

GERMAN BAPTISTS AND METHODISTS

The pioneer of the German Baptist churches was the First, organized in 1866, when a house of worship was built on the corner of Front Street and Scovill Avenue. Other bodies have been since created, and since 1877 Cleveland has been the recognized headquarters of the denomination. Since that year its official house of publication has been located in the Forest City.

The German Methodists have also organized a number of societies since 1846.

THE UNITARIANS AND CHRISTIAN SCIENTISTS

Of later origin than the Protestant organizations already specified are the establishment of the Unitarian and the Christian Science churches, which have drawn their membership from some of the most intelligent and cultured circles in Cleveland. The first Unitarian organization, the Church of the Unity, worshiped in various. halls for twenty years before a home edifice was erected. During that period, the Rev. F. L. Hosmer, wile was pastor from 1878 to 1892, became a notable figure in Unitarianism. Even many years previous to the assembling of the small band of Unitarians in Case hall during the '60s, there had been preaching by the ministers of the denomination. It is recorded that as early as 1836, the Rev. George W. Hosmer, then of Buffalo, visited and preached to several of the New England fami-

1826-1918] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 607

lies then settled in Cleveland who were adherents to Unitarianism. The Rev. F. L. Hosmer commenced his ministry in 1878. In 1880, the Church of the Unity dedicated its first house of worship on Prospect Street near Erie. For several years it had, as ministers, two women, the Rev. Miss Marion Murdock and the Rev. Miss Florence Buck. In 1904, was completed the handsome church building on Euclid Avenue and East Eighty-third Street.

The Christian Scientists, who have six distinct organizations, established themselves in Cleveland by the organization of the First Church of Christ, Scientist. They are progressive, both in numbers, good works, high character, and influence.

CATHOLICISM IN CLEVELAND

The earliest records of the Catholic Church in northern Ohio were made by the Jesuit fathers among the Hurons and other Indian tribes, Sandusky being long the center of their work. Then the whites commenced to occupy the land and missionaries were sent to them from the diocese of Quebec. The Rev. Edmund Burke, who left his charge in 1796 and afterward was sent to Halifax, was the last priest to be sent from that diocese and the first English speaking Catholic father in northern Ohio. From his departure until 1817, that part of the state was without Catholic ministrations. Father Edward Fenwick, the Dominican, commenced to make visits to northeastern Ohio in the year named, and in 1820, at Dungannon, was built the first Catholic church in the northern part of the state.

The first secular priest to do missionary work in northern Ohio was the Rev. Ignatius Mullon, who, in 1824-34, was stationed at the cathedral in Cincinnati.

THE DIOCESE OF CLEVELAND

In 1826, many Catholic Irish were induced to come to Cleveland to labor in the construction work of the Ohio canal, and the Rt. Rev. Edward Fenwick, bishop of Cincinnati, was informed that they were without the ministrations of a priest. That fact became the germ of the diocese of Cleveland, as narrated by William A. McKearney, of the Catholic Universe. As Mr. MeKearney writes: "He (Bishop Fenwick) therefore directed the Dominican Fathers, stationed in Perry county, to send a priest to Cleveland, whose duty it should be to visit them at stated intervals and attend to their spiritual wants. The Rev. Thomas Martin, a member of the Dominican order, was sent, his first visit being made during the autumn of 1826. Later on he was succeeded by the Very Rev. Stephen Badin (the first priest ordained in the United States).

608 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

"The first resident pastor sent to Cleveland was Rev. John Dillon, who assumed his duties in the early part of 1835. He, as his predecessors, said Mass in private houses, as there was no other place to be had then. Shortly after his arrival, however, he succeeded in securing a large room, known as Shakespeare hall. Father Dillon died October 16, 1836, at the age of 29 years. His death was a severe blow to his little flock.

"For eleven months the Catholics of Cleveland were without a resident pastor. Rev. H. D. Juneker came occasionally from Canton. In September, 1837, Rev. Patrick O'Dwyer, a recent arrival from Quebec, was sent as Father Dillon's successor. Father O'Dwyer at. once set to work to increase the building fund secured by the lamented Father Dillon, and to begin the much needed and long looked for church. In a few months a building was erected at the corner of Columbus and Girard streets. This building remained uncompleted for lack of means. Meanwhile, Father O'Dwyer left Cleveland. The church stood unfinished for months, until Bishop Purcell, coming to Cleveland during September, 1839, remained three weeks and had it so far pushed to completion that Mass was said in it for the first time in October, 1839.*

"The church was dedicated to Our Lady of the Lake,' but by popular usage the name was soon changed to St. Mary's on the 'Plats,' that part of the city being so called. In October, 1840, Rev. Peter McLaughlin was appointed to succeed Father Dillon. With a sharp eye for the future growth of Catholicity in Cleveland, and with a view to locating a church in the upper and better portion of the city, Father McLaughlin purchased four lots, fronting on Superior and Erie streets, the site of the present cathedral.

FIRST BISHOP OF CLEVELAND

"With the constant and rapid growth of Catholicity in his large diocese, comprising the entire state of Ohio, Bishop Purcell found the territory too large and the burden of his episcopal duties too great for his personal attention. Bishop Purcell therefore petitioned the Holy See for a division of his jurisdiction. Cleveland was considered as the most fit city in the northern part of the state for an episcopal see, and hence was so designated. Father. Amadeus Rappe, the zealous missionary of the Maumee, was chosen as the first bishop of this new diocese. Although the Papal Bulls to this effect were issued April 23, 1847, they did not reach Cincinnati until the following August. The territory assigned to the new diocese was `all that part of the state of Ohio lying north of forty degrees and forty minutes.' Father Rappe

* See picture on page 187.

1847-51] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 609

was consecrated at Cincinnati, October 10, 1847, by Bishop Purcell, assisted by Bishop Whelan of Richmond, Va.

"The Right Reverend Bishop took possession of the diocese of Cleveland as its first bishop a few days after his consecration. The Catholic population of the diocese was then estimated at about 10,000. For some months the bishop resided in a rented house near the Haymarket. In 1848 he bought several lots on Bond Street, corner of St. Clair, on which were located a large brick building and several frame houses. The brick building was fitted up as his residence.

"In September, 1848, Bishop Rappe opened a small seminary in a one-story frame building back of his residence. Father DeGoesbriand was its first superior. Among the young men first to apply for admission as seminarists were Messrs. James Monahan, August Berger, Peter Kreusch, Thomas J. Walsh, Michael O'Sullivan, E. W. J. Lindesmith, Francis McGann, Nicholas Roupp, William O'Connor, and Felix M. Boff. In 1849 Rev. Alexis Caron succeeded Father DeGoesbriand as superior of this humble seminary.

"Shortly after the establishment of the diocese the Catholic population of Cleveland rapidly increased. The bishop therefore found it necessary to build a second church for the accommodation of his growing flock. He determined tc make the new church his cathedral, to locate it at the corner of Erie and Superior streets, and after its completion to assign St. Mary's on the Flats to the Germans. Sunday, October 29, 1848, the cornerstone of the present cathedral was laid. It was consecrated and opened for divine service November 7, 1852.

"Between 1848 and 1857 twenty-six churches were built within the limit of the diocese of Cleveland. While directing and encouraging the organization of missions and congregations, Bishop Rappe also provided for the care of orphans and the education of the young, all under charge of devoted Sisters.

HOMES AND CONVENTS

"To this end he authorized the founding of a convent of Sanquinist Sisters at Glandorf, in 1848. During the bishop's absence in Europe in 1850, Judge Cowles' home on Euclid Avenue was bought for the Ursuline Sisters. For over forty years it was the mother house of the Ursulines. The Sisters took possession of their new home on their arrival in Cleveland, and almost immediately opened a select school and academy.

"In 1851 the Ladies of the Sacred Heart of Mary established St. Mary's Orphan Asylum for girls. The first building used for the purpose was located on St. Clair Avenue, near Bond Street.

"In the same year Bishop Rappe opened St. Vincent's Orphan

Vol. I-39

610 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

Asylum for boys on Monroe Street and placed it in charge of the Sisters of Charity of St. Augustine, a community he had established, with the assistance of Mother M. Ursula, of sainted memory. He also established an Ursuline community and academy at Toledo in 1854. Thus the most pressing needs of the diocese were supplied.

"In September, 1850, the bishop purchased a property on Lake Street known as 'Spring Cottage.' The building was fitted up as a seminary, which was opened in November of the same year, with Father Caron in charge. During the summer of 1853 the north wing of the present building was erected, and in 1859, owing to the rapidly increasing number of seminarists, the central portion of the seminary was built.

"In 1862 St. Joseph 's Asylum for orphan girls was opened on Woodland Avenue to relieve the crowded condition of St. Mary's Asylum on Harmon Street.

"Bishop Rappe introduced into the diocese in 1864 the Sisters of the Humility of Mary, and by special agreement with Bishop O'Connor of Pittsburgh, located them on a large tract of land near New Bedford (Villa Maria), Pa., where they founded a convent and an orphan asylum.

"St. Francis' Orphan Asylum and Home for the Aged was established at Tiffin in 1867, under the direction of Rev. Joseph Bihn.

"The bishop established St. Louis' College at Louisville, Stark county, in 1866, to replace St. Mary's College and preparatory seminary in Cleveland. The following year its management was transferred to the Basilian Fathers of Sandwich, Canada, but the college was closed in 1873 for want of support.

"Bishop Rappe invited the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, of Cincinnati, to establish a house of their order in Cleveland. The invitation was accepted in 1869. Their convent was a frame building on Lake Street. Their silent, saving work in behalf of fallen, erring woman has resulted in untold good.

"The paternal heart of good Bishop Rappe next prompted him to provide for a class of unfortunates—the aged poor. To give them shelter and needed care he had the Little Sisters of the Poor establish a Home for them on Perry Street, in 1870.

BISHOP GILMOUR'S ADMINISTRATION

"The Rt. Rev. Richard Gilmour, second bishop of the diocese of Cleveland, was consecrated at Cincinnati on April 14, 1872. Within two weeks after his consecration he took possession of his episcopal see. His first pastoral letter, published February 26, 1873, caused

1872-87] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 611

much furore among non-Catholics and he was attacked by pulpit and press. He answered these attacks through the papers.

"Bishop Gilmour was a stanch supporter of the Catholic press and as a result of his efforts the Catholic Universe was established, its first number appearing July 4, 1874, with Rev. Thomas P. Thorpe as its editor.

"Between 1877 and 1887 the following institutions were established in the diocese : 1877, Convent of the Poor Clares, Cleveland, and the Ursuline Academy, at Villa Angela ; 1884, St. Alexis' Hospital, Protectory for Girls, in charge of the Sisters of Notre Dame, Cleveland ; Louisville, St. Louis' Orphan Asylum for boys ; 1885, Toledo, Little Sisters of the Poor. The Jesuit Fathers, to whom had been entrusted, in 1880, the pastorate of St. Mary's church, Cleveland, opened St. Ignatius' College in a frame building opposite their church, at the corner of Carroll and Jersey streets, September, 1886. At this time, also, the Ursulines opened an institution at Nottingham for the education of boys under twelve years of age. It is known as St. Joseph's Seminary.

"Between 1877 and 1891 thirty-five churches were built and as many new congregations established, which fact showed that generosity and activity were as strong as ever in the diocese, in spite of the financial panic which for over five years during this period had depressed the country at large.

"Bishop Gilmour began in 1887 to systematize the routine and business affairs of his diocese by establishing a chancery office. In 1878 the collecting of historical data of every congregation and institution in the diocese was begun.

"At the Diocesan Synod, held in 1882, the following statute was published : 'Cities, where there is more than one church, shall, after the present cemeteries are tilled, have but one common cemetery.' A few years later it was found necessary by some of the Toledo parishes to secure additional land for burial purposes, as their parish cemeteries had been nearly filled and the supply of burial lots was exhausted, Bishop Gilmour felt that now the time had come to put into effect in Toledo the above quoted statute. In this he was seconded by all of the local pastors. Accordingly, in 1887, he bought several adjoining parcels of land fronting on Dorr Street, quite near the city limits and easy of access. During at least three years he made frequent trips to Toledo, whenever his duties permitted, to superintend the laying out and beautifying of the new cemetery. Today, thanks to Bishop Gilmour's untiring efforts, the Catholics of Toledo have in Calvary cemetery a convenient and attractive burial ground.

612 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

LAST ADMINISTRATIVE ACTS

"On September 12, 1890, Bishop Gilmour purchased a parcel of land on Detroit Avenue for a much needed hospital, to serve the Catholic population on the west side. This purchase was made possible by the gift of $5,000 from W. J. Gordon, now deceased.

"For nearly two years, prior to 1891, Bishop Gilmour had been a sufferer from intestinal troubles. In March, 1891, his physician urged him for a while to go to the milder climate of Florida. Before leaving he approved the plans for St. John's Hospital and for the mother house of the Sisters of Charity, at Lakewood. These were his last administrative acts as Bishop of Cleveland. On April 13, 1891, he died. His remains were brought to Cleveland, where an immense concourse of people awaited them at the union station and accompanied them to the cathedral. Funeral services were held April 21st.

APPOINTMENT OF REV. IGNATIUS HORSTMANN

"The appointment of Rev. Ignatius F. Horstmann, chancellor of the diocese of Philadelphia, was made November 29, 1891, and published December 14, 1891. The consecration took place in the cathedral at Philadelphia, February 25, 1892. Bishop Horstmann arrived in Cleveland on the evening of March 8 and on the following morning his installation as the third Bishop of Cleveland took place in the cathedral.

"Familiar as Bishop Horstmann was with the routine work of governing a diocese while chancellor of the Philadelphia diocese, he very soon familiarized himself with his new surroundings. Churches were established, others dedicated, confirmation administered and the large and varied interests of the diocese, both spiritual and temporal, admin. istered by him with the greatest zeal and self-sacrifice.

"It was found in 1892 that St. Joseph's and St. John's cemeteries in Cleveland were filling rapidly and Bishop Horstmann sought with a committee of city pastors a new tract of land for a cemetery. Finally the Leand farm in Newburg township was considered the best possible site, because located equi-distant between East and West Cleveland.

APOSTOLIC MISSION ORGANIZED

"One of the wishes expressed by Bishop Gilmour before his death was to inaugurate in this diocese the evangelization of non-Catholics. Owing to his long illness nothing could be done and it was reserved for his successor, Bishop Horstmann, to put into effect this movement. As

1894-1908] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 613

the celebrated Paulist missionary, Father Elliott, was engaged in similar work, and therefore had experience, perhaps such as no other priest in the country had, Bishop Horstmann invited him to come to Cleveland and train one or more priests for that purpose. This he readily did. He came in September, 1894, and associated with himself the Revs. William S. Kress, John H. Muehlenbeck, E. P. Graham, and I. J. Wonderly. Missions were given to non-Catholics in various parts of the diocese with much success. A special feature of the missions was the 'question box,' which soon became very popular. In September, 1895, the present Cleveland Apostolate was organized and is continuing the great work so well begun by Father Elliott.

GOLDEN JUBILEE OBSERVED

"The year 1897 marked an epoch in the annals of the diocese of Cleveland—its golden jubilee as a diocese. Toledo having been Bishop Rappe's first field of missionary labor, and St. Francis de Sales' his first parish, the golden jubilee services, ordered by Bishop Horstmann, had special significance there. The occasion was one of grand and inspiring solemnity: Splendid as was Toledo's tribute to Bishop Rappe, and its observance of the golden jubilee of the diocese, they were eclipsed by Cleveland, for twenty-two years the official home of the prelate. Wednesday, October 13, 1897, will ever be a red-letter day in the Catholic annals of Cleveland, for on that day merited honor and due praise were given him, whose unselfish labors and apostolic zeal had made it possible for the diocese of Cleveland to take front rank with the dioceses of the country in point of Catholic life and vigor, in matters spiritual as well as temporal. The religious celebration of the jubilee took place in St. John's Cathedral, which was packed to overflowing. The Rt. Rev. Bishop Horstmann pontificated, and the Rt. Rev. Msgr. T. P. Thorpe preached the sermon, which was eloquent and impressive.

DEATH OP BISHOP HORSTMANN

"On the morning of May 13, 1908, the diocese of Cleveland was stunned by the announcement of the sudden death of Rt. Rev. Bishop Horstmann, which occurred at Canton, where he had gone to confirm a number of classes. Without warning the diocese was shepherdless, and its first sensation was a kind of paralysis which left feeling numb and sorrow voiceless.

"The funeral services of Bishop Horstmann were attended by officials of the city for which he had done so much. Two archbishops, eighteen bishops and over 400 priests were also in attendance.

614 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

BISHOP HORSTMANN 'S SUCCESSOR AND ASSOCIATES

"On Sunday morning, June 13, 1909, Rt. Rev. John P. Farrelly, fourth Bishop of Cleveland, was installed at St. John's Cathedral. The address of welcome was delivered by Rev. J. T. O'Connell, LL. D. In the afternoon the Right Reverend Bishop reviewed a parade in which every parish in the city was represented. One-third of Cleveland's population witnessed the celebration."

GERMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES OF EAST AND WEST SIDES

From October, 1847, until the seventh of November, 1852, St. Mary's Church on the Flats served as the first cathedral of the diocese and as the only Catholic church in Cleveland. On the latter date, the cathedral at the corner of Superior and Erie streets was consecrated. St. Mary's was then assigned to the Germans, who were placed in charge of the Rev. N. Roupp, until the advent of the Rev. John H. Luhr in February, 1853. He was their first resident pastor. In November, 1854, the Germans living west of the river were organized into a church under the title St. Mary's of the Assumption and those east of the river established St. Peter's congregation. The West Side German Catholics occupied the "church on the flats" until the dedication of their new house of worship, corner of Carroll and Jersey streets, in 1865.

From 1865 to 1879, old St. Mary's gave birth to the following Catholic churches: St. Malachy's, 1865; St. Wencelas (Bohemian), 1867; Annunciation (French), 1870. The Poles of Cleveland were the last to occupy St. Mary 's on the Flats, from 1872 to 1879; in the latter year, they organized St. Stanislaus parish, which is now the strongest in membership of any Catholic church in the city. They completed their present massive house of worship in 1881.

The last services held in the historic edifice known as St. Mary's on the Flats were conducted by the Rt. Rev. Mons. F. M. Boff, vicar general of the diocese, on the feast of the Epiphany, the sixth of January, 1886.

IRISH CATHOLICS

In 1854, Bishop Rappe established St. Patrick's Church, for the accommodation of the Irish Catholics residing in Ohio City, and two years later another Irish congregation was organized in the eastern section of the city known as the Church of the Immaculate Conception. St. Bridget's Church was established in 1858; St. Augustine's in 1860 and Holy Name in 1862. The last named was founded for the English speaking Catholics of Newburg.

1839-1900] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 615

OTHER CATHOLIC CHURCHES IN CLEVELAND

The Catholic churches of Cleveland multiplied so rapidly from the early '60s, especially in the foreign sections of the city, that it is possible only to mention some of the leading organizations now included in the list of seventy-five or more Catholic congregations which are found in every section of the Forest City.

In 1862, from old St. Peter's Church, developed St. Joseph's; in 1865, St. Malachi's was formed by the English speaking Catholics of the West Side; the Bohemians founded St. Wencelas in the same year ; St. Stephen's, by the Germans west of the river, in 1869 ; St. Procop's, by the Bohemians, 1875; Holy Trinity and St. Michael's, both German Catholic churches, in 1880 and 1882, respectively ; Italian Catholics organized in 1887 and the Slovaks in 1888, while within the following three years the Poles formed three congregations ; in 1893, the Slovaks organized a second parish, St. Martin's and in the same year the Catholic Hungarians formed St. Elizabeth parish. The United Greek Catholics first organized in 1894, and since then the multiplication of churches and Catholic institutions engaged in religious and benevolent work has progressed without intermission. Besides the American born, at least thirteen nationalities are represented in the Catholic parishes of Cleveland—German, Slovak, Polish, Bohemian, Magyar, Slovenian, Greek, Italian, Lithuanian, Croatian, Roumanian, Ruthenian and Syrian.

JEWISH CONGREGATIONS

Like other members of the religious faiths in Cleveland, the Jews made numerous faithful efforts in the community before they established a permanent congregation. In 1839, when there were probably not a dozen Hebrew families in the city, the Israelitic Society was formed. In the following year, it purchased a burial ground in Ohio City, but in 1842 the Anshe Chesed congregation was formed from it. After worshiping separately until 1846 they were reunited under the name of the Israelitic Anshe Chesed Society of the City of Cleveland. This marks the beginning of the oldest Jewish Congregation in the city. Although Leonard Case presented a building lot on Ohio Street to the congregation, the synagogue, the first in Cleveland, was erected on Eagle Street at a cost of $1,500. This was enlarged and rededicated in 1860, and the congregation has since erected two new and attractive temples at different periods, the first completed in 1887 on Scovill Avenue and Henry (East Twenty-fifth) Street, and the second, more than twenty years later, at Euclid Avenue and East Eighty-second Street.

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The Tifereth Israel congregation first worshiped in a house on Lake Street. Other temporary quarters were occupied until December, 1855, when, through the bequest of Judah Touro, the temple on Huron Street was completed. The original house of worship was repeatedly enlarged until the dedication of the handsome new temple, at Willson (East Fifty-fifth Street) and Central avenues, in 1894. This is pronounced the first "open temple," or institutional church, ever established by the Jewish people in the history of the world. Among its other democratic institutions is a free public library, opened in 1898.

The oldest of the Orthodox Jewish congregations is that known as the Hungarian Bene Jeshurum, organized in 1865 and reorganized in 1886. In 1905, it completed its new temple at the corner of Willson and Scovill avenues. Altogether there are a score of Hebrew congregations of the Orthodox type, mainly Hungarian, Russian and Polish. Strictly speaking, the Jewish community has no parochial schools, the secular instruction of its children being supplementary to the public school system.

The Jewish charities are numerous and well organized, and comprise the Hebrew Relief Association, organized in 1875; the Independent Montefiore Shelter Home, founded in the '80s, for the special care of Russian Jewish immigrants and now housed in a large building on Orange Street; the Jewish Orphan Asylum, founded in 1868 and now one of the great benevolencies of Cleveland, with its magnificent property fronting on Woodland Avenue; the Sir Moses Montefiore Kosher Home for Aged and Infirm Israelites, established in 1881 and the Mount Sinai Hospital, opened by the Jewish Women's Hospital Society in 1903.

MAKING CHRISTIAN AMERICAN CITIZENS

Both the Catholic and Protestant churches are doing their utmost both to Christianize and to Americanize the large foreign elements which have filtered into Cleveland, especially during the four years of war activities and industries which have evinced remarkable local expansion. In this work, the organization known as the Federated Churches of Cleveland has been very active, and has made the most complete survey of the situation which has been accomplished, or, at least, which is accessible. Its Comity Committee was designated to study the foreign speaking population of the city, its composition and distribution; to ascertain the established methods of religious and social work carried on in foreign speaking communities, and to propose a program which should enable the churches more adequately to meet

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the situation in greater Cleveland. The committee appointed several commissions to carry out these objects, and they made careful investigations accordingly in all the foreign districts of the city, compiling invaluable figures and also platting the results of their work on a large map. Such statistics and plattings constitute an absolutely unique presentation of the belts and patches of the diverse nationalities which are included in Cleveland's limits, with a statement of the churches and missions, whether Protestant or Catholic, which are ministering to these foreign groups. Examination and report have also been made of the service rendered by foreign speaking enterprises and community work carried on by Christian associations, community houses and social settlements.

INSTITUTIONAL OR COMMUNITY CHURCHES

While recognizing the need, for some time to come, of church services and society transactions being conducted in the foreign languages, best understood by the various nationalities, the Federated Churches hold that there should be no relaxation in the determination to educate the foreign young in the English language and to Americanize both young and adults. For this purpose the members of that body would use as their prime agency the Institutional Church. This feature of the situation is so vital that an extract is here made from a "report of the commission appointed to propose a program for work among the foreign speaking people of Cleveland." It reads

The second form of church service upon which we lay especial emphasis is the Institutional Church. We believe there can be no better investment for the churches of Cleveland than to maintain large institutions in strategic centers with a view to carrying on all the ministrations of the church in the English language and supplementing this work by such foreign speaking services as are necessary to reach the adult population. The war has emphasized with appalling intensity that any organization which tends to continue the foreign spirit and foreign allegiance is detrimental to the Kingdom of God in America. Patriotism and Christianity must not be separated. To perpetuate alien ideals, as the perpetuation of a foreign speech necessarily tends to do, is, of course, not to be approved any longer. We must, so far as possible, prevent the foreign group from holding its integrity as such, and we must seek to have it absorbed as rapidly as possible in an American public.

We use this term, the Institutional Church, in a very general sense. By it we do not mean that any particular existing form of church organization should be rigidly followed. We have in mind an enterprise with a large, attractive, well-equipped building, adapted for any ministry which the particular needs of the neighborhood challenge the church to render, with a capable staff of workers, and

618 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII

with a spirit that is willing not only to hold to the abiding principles of the ministry of the church, but is perfectly ready to adapt methods to any conditions.

The first community to be considered is the district bounded by Kingsbury run, East Fifty-fifth Street and north and south of Broadway. In this large territory is a population of 80,000 persons, eighty-five per cent of whom are Bohemians, with a few representatives from other Slavic nations. This is the oldest and largest Bohemian community in the city, and it is interesting to note that the Bohemian language is being perpetuated through five private schools and four Bohemian newspapers. The Broadway Methodist Episcopal Church is about to erect a large institution in the center of this Bohemian community, and it is planned to invest between $200,000 and $300,000 in the enterprise. Three units are projected : (1) The auditorium for worship and Sunday school purposes; (2) a social hall to minister to the needs of the young people ; (3) a lodging house where comfortable rooms may be secured at a nominal rental. When these three units are erected and equipped, Cleveland will have one of the strongest Americanizing, Christianizing and socializing institutions in the country.

Altogether this district embraces six Catholic and five Protestant missions. The leading Bohemian Catholic church is the Mizpah congregation.

Another foreign section is that bounded by East Thirtieth Street, East Seventieth Street, Scovill Avenue and the Nickel Plate Railroad. About 70 per cent of its population is Jewish, although the Italians and negroes are pressing the Hebrews eastward. Woodland Avenue Presbyterian Church is the natural institutional center of this community. Within this district are also the Willson Avenue Baptist Church and a number of Jewish temples.

The third pronounced foreign district may be described as a parish extending from just east of East Fifty-fifth Street to the boulevard and from Superior Avenue to the lake. Fully 85 per cent of the people in this section are foreign, including 19,000 Slovenians, 6,000 Croatians, 10,000 Poles and a number of Lithuanians and Slovaks. It is one of the most densely populated portions of the city. There are half a dozen Catholic churches established in the district named, the North Congregational being the proposed Protestant community center.

There are 50,000 Poles in Cleveland from Union Street south to the city limits, and within that district are eleven Catholic churches

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and Baptist and Episcopalian missions. These figures may be too high on account of the recent drains of fighting man power.

In the district bounded by East Fifty-fourth Street, the C. & P. Railroad, Union Avenue and the city limits, are some 25,000 Poles, among whom very little Protestant work is being carried on. In fact, the mission in connection with Trinity Baptist Church, at Broadway and Fullerton Road is the only Protestant center. The Poles, like many other foreign groups, have a special fondness for their own language and customs. Their fraternal, religious, musical athletic and military organizations perpetuate their language, literature, traditions and ideals. Therefore, it is that this Polish district is considered fine soil in which to sow the seed of sturdy Americanism and faithfully to cultivate the growing plants.

Another extensive manufacturing district, the future of which is somewhat uncertain, extends from about East Sixtieth Street to Payne Avenue to East Fortieth Street to Superior Avenue to East Twentieth Street to the lake. The population is nearly all foreign and is composed largely of Slovaks, Croatians, Slovenians and Roumanians, with the first named predominating and numbering nearly 20,000. Within this area are the North Presbyterian Church, which is the natural Protestant institution, a Lutheran church and several Catholic congregations. The Martin Luther National Slovak Church is very strong.

The Pilgrim Congregational Church, corner of West Fourteenth Street and Starkweather Avenue, is the community center of much active work among the Slovaks, Poles and Lithuanians of the South Side.

Fully 85 per cent of the district bounded by East Seventieth and East One Hundred and Thirtieth streets, and Quincy Avenue and Kinsman Road are foreigners, mostly Hungarians, Bohemians and Slovaks. Among all the foreign communities the Protestant churches seem to be strongest in this district. Three Catholic churches are active also. The Hungarian Baptist, the Lutheran, the Presbyterian and Congregational churches are all represented in the Protestant work, as well as the East End Community House. The Calvary Evangelical Church, at the corner of Woodhill Road and the Shaker Boulevard, is the community center of the Federated Churches.

Some of the methods suggested by the Federated Churches by which this transformation may be best accomplished have been thus formulated :

1. That in every foreign speaking church in the city an opportunity shall be given in the Sunday school for English speaking

620 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

classes and that, as soon as conditions shape themselves, an increasing number of English classes shall be added.

2. That the foreign speaking pastors themselves consider it a privilege and an opportunity to become naturalized American citizens; that they encourage the members of their congregations to take out naturalization papers ; and that they deliver addresses from time to time upon the requirements, duties and privileges of American citizenship.

3. That the editors of the foreign speaking newspapers of the city and the editors of foreign religious papers, be requested to publish from time to time biographical sketches of American statesmen and a history of the development of democracy in this country.

4. That all the national holidays of this country be fittingly observed by patriotic meetings in the churches; that addresses be given by the pastors or by some visiting speaker, either layman or clergyman, .upon some phase of American life. Among the holidays proposed for special observance are: Memorial Day, Fourth of July, Thanksgiving Day, Lincoln's birthday and Washington's birthday.

5. That the committee prepare a list of topics for addresses upon the fundamental principles of democracy as it has been developed in this country, and secure the names of outstanding laymen in Cleveland who, upon call, will respond to an invitation from any one of the foreign speaking churches to speak upon these subjects.

6. That community conferences, attended by the pastors of both English and foreign speaking churches, be held from time to time with a view to talking over the social conditions in that part of the city, such as : housing, amusements, Sabbath observance, recreational opportunities, poverty, labor and charity.

CLEVELAND'S FOREIGN GROUPS IN FIGURES

A resume of the census taken by the Federated Church as to the foreign groups in Cleveland is suggestive of the magnitude of the work to be accomplished in this matter of Americanization alone. The figures are :

THE WORK OF THE FEDERATED CHURCHES

The union known as the Federated Churches of Cleveland represents fully 95 per cent of the 225 Protestant churches within the limits of the city, and since it was organized in 1911 has been the most pronounced general force in the work of unifying Christian activities in the Forest City. In other words, since its creation the municipal territory has been divided with a view to systematic extension of social, benevolent and religious work ; the organization of new churches has been determined by a fraternal consideration of adaptability and the greatest good to the greatest number; friction and jealousies between the various sects have been reduced to a minimum, and long steps have been taken toward real comity and union of the Christian forces thus associated. Early in the work of the Federated Churches, their Comity Committee came to believe that no new church enterprise should be established either in new resident communities, or in foreign speaking districts, without first consulting its members. The principle of comity thus developed into what became known as the Cleveland plan to guide in the selection of sites for new mission enterprises. The plan has resulted not only in harmonizing what otherwise might have become disagreeable differences, but in safeguarding investments in church properties by preventing duplication and overlapping.

As to the Cleveland plan of evangelism, a significant feature of it is the organizing of a group of at least twelve laymen in each church to engage in parish visitation in the community under the direction of the pastor on one or two evenings a month. The religious work in the public institutions and hospitals of the city has been carried on by the ministers of the Federated Churches under the superintendency of the Episcopal City Mission. Several national missionary campaigns have been conducted in Cleveland under the auspices of the Religious Work Committee of the Federated Churches. In 1912, the Woman's Council was organized and, in 1915, the Woman's Missionary Union of Cleveland, which for twenty years had held regular meetings in the interest of home and foreign missions, was merged into the Council. The year 1914 resulted in great steps toward harmony and unity being taken by the Federated Churches,

622 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

since, on the eighth of February of that year, occurred the first annual inter-denominational exchange of pastors who all preached on "The World's Challenge to a United Church," and in November, 1914, the young people's religious societies of Protestant Cleveland met through their delegates, and organized the Young People's Council of the Federated Churches. The Educational Committee of the federation has taken up the work of Bible study in the public schools; the Civic Committee has consistently urged upon citizens their duty to judge at least local measures from a nonpartisan standpoint and has recommended specific measures; and the Social Betterment Committee, in cooperation with the Civic Committee, was one of the strongest agencies which forced the closing of the segregated vice district of Cleveland in 1915. The Social Betterment Committee has also been closely associated with such institutions as the Juvenile Court, Consumers League, The Cleveland Welfare Federation and the Chamber of Commerce, and has accomplished much in the way of regulating dance halls, pool rooms, variety theaters and motion picture shows, so as to bring them into the class of healthful recreations and amusements.

With the spread of the World's war to the United States, the War Relief Committee has also assumed a place among the leading activities of the Federated Churches. It has systematized and promoted Red Cross work, and has been especially active in furnishing relief to the stricken Armenians, Syrians and other far-eastern sufferers.

The Church Women's War Committee of thirty members was selected from all the leading churches in greater Cleveland, and was called into existence to unify and systematize the war work in the churches. It represents an executive committee of a larger group of 300 women who are chairmen of patriotic committees in the individual churches. Each of the patriotic committees named has charge of the Red Cross work, war savings stamps, food conservation, baby saving and child welfare, the collection of books and magazines for the soldiers and sailors in cantonments and overseas and providing hospitality and entertainment for the American boys stationed in Cleveland whenever desired by the local authorities. The Committee of Thirty recommend to the patriotic committees from time to time certain features in the war program that are deemed specially worthy of emphasis so that there may be a unity of interest and concentration of effort in all the churches.

Since the organization of the Federated Churches in 1911, the following have served as presidents: The Very Rev. Frank DuMoulin, the Rev. Worth M. Tippy, D. D., Judge F. A. Henry, the Rev. Dan.

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F. Bradley, D. D., the Rev. J. H. Bomberger, the Rev. Alexander McGaffin, D. D., and Frank M. Gregg. Edward R. Wright has been executive secretary since the organization of the federation.

GROWTH SHOWN IN FIGURES

The growth of church influence and the real spread of Christianity are not truly measured by the increase of the religious bodies of ,Cleveland. Local Christian expansion can thus be gauged only superficially; and yet this is one of the many ways to convey the idea. With only three or four churches in Cleveland in 1830 there were ten times that many twenty years later. The thirty churches of 1850 had doubled in 1870, and a decade later the total had reached to more than 160, Protestant, Catholic and Jewish. By 1900, there were fully 300 churches of all sects and this number is now close to the 400 mark. Of these the Catholic congregations probably comprise 75 or 80, and the most numerous of the Protestant denominations are thus approximately represented: Methodist, 44; Evangelical Lutheran, 36; Presbyterian and Congregational, 30 each ; Protestant Episcopal, 27 ; and Hebrew, 25.

CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS

The private charities of Cleveland have always been active, among their earliest organized manifestations being the Western Seamen's Friend Society founded in 1830. Later came the planting of orphan asylums by Catholic, Protestant and Jew, and often the cooperative support of each by all. The Children's Aid Society of 1858, the aid and charitable organizations which sprung from civil war activities, and the various hospitals of Cleveland, made a benevolent list in the earlier period which called for constant care in the systematizing of charitable work and the conservation of good labors. In fact, that consummation, so devoutedly to be wished, by earnest men and women who had the good of the city deep in their hearts, was not to be accomplished for many years. The Young Men's Christian Association was to be revived after the civil war and, in 1869, the boarding house for young women on Lake Street was to be planted as the kernel of the Young Women's Christian Association. The Jewish Orphan Asylum and the House of the Good Shepherd, both established in 1869, and both Catholic and Jewish homes for the aged, with other charities numerous and worthy, sprung from fertile Cleveland soil and flourished in spite of the lack of coordinated efforts.

624 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

CLEVELAND ASSOCIATED CHARITIES

But in 1881, relief appeared in the form of the organization known as the Society for Organized Charities. In 1884, it was consolidated with the Cleveland Bethel Union under the title of the Bethel Associated Charities. A wayfarer's lodging house and wood yard were established on Spring Street, but the most decided advance in organizing the city charities so that they should not overlap each other, was the founding of a system of registration and investigation by which the cases of those applying for relief or work could be expeditiously investigated and the measure of assistance justly determined. In May, 1900, the society was incorporated as the Cleveland Associated Charities, and purchased the Bethel Union Building for its headquarters. In all of this foundation work of the Associated Charities, as well as in its later development, the influence of the late General James Barnett was strong and constant. Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Rouse, Amasa Stone, Mrs. Flora Stone Mather (daughter of Amasa Stone), John D. Rockefeller, William H. Doan, Lucius F. Mellen and others may also be classed as founders of the Associated Charities. Also, as a body, the Chamber of Commerce was largely influential in formulating a plan by which the unworthy were sifted from the worthy objects of charity and practical regeneration. From the work of United Charities have also grown such organizations of widespread usefulness as the Visiting Nurses' Association, the Workingmen's Loan Association, the Babies' Dispensary and Hospital Association and the Anti-Tuberculosis League.

THE CHILDREN'S FRESH AIR CAMP

In the spring of 1889, "Father" H. M. Addison, the quaint pioneer who was the founder of the Early Settlers' Association and rich in good works, began the Children's Fresh Air Camp on Woodland Hills. The two or three acres that it occupied, practically rent free, belonged to Henry B. Perkins of Warren ; the site is a part of the Luna Park of today. Nominally, he had a board of directors but in practice he was the sole manager, soliciting and spending money without any dictation or interference. In 1895, the camp was incorporated and Elroy M. Avery was elected president. Gradually the camp grew strong in public confidence and support and on the eighth of May, 1902, it received a gift of $100,000 from J. H. Wade. A tract of about twenty acres was bought on Buckeye Road and a model administration and hospital building was erected. Later, Mr. Wade gave $15,000 for a laundry building and equipment. After

1889-1918] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 625

thirteen years of service as president, Mr. Avery declined a re-election and Mr. E. M. Williams was chosen as his successor. Seven years later, Mr. Avery was again called to the presidency and served three years when he again was forced by his literary labors to resign. In this period, Mr. R. R. Rhodes bequeathed $50,000 to the camp. Among the other benefactors of the camp are General James Barnett and John D. Rockefeller. Doctor Avery is now honorary president and has been formally designated by the directors as "the builder," as "Father" Addison was "the founder" of the camp. At the present time, Dr. Avery is the only person who has been a director continuously since the camp was begun in 1889. The president now (1918) is Mrs. R. L. Ireland, under whose able administration The Children's Fresh Air Camp and Hospital (its present corporate name) is continuing, with greatly increased resources, the work inaugurated by "Father" Addison.

OTHER INSTITUTIONS

The work of the Young Men's Christian Association and the Young Women's Christian Association, with their various branches in the city, is probably as well known as that of any of the religious organizations connected with Protestant extension in Cleveland. For that reason more detailed histories of these organizations are given elsewhere.

The Salvation Army and the Volunteers of America also do a good and a practical work in the way of relief and Christianization. The Catholic churches have numerous auxiliary societies both for the spread of their faith and the relief of the suffering in body and estate. If any of these worthy organizations were to be specially mentioned as representative of the broadest Christianity and patriotism of the Catholic church, it is safe to say that no exception would be taken to a commendation of the Knights of Columbus. In all the sturdiest movements for the bulwarking of democracy in America as against autocracy in Central Europe, this organization has been right at the front. A noteworthy feature in this connection is the fact that in the war work, whatever differences of policy there may be between such organizations as the Federated Churches and the Knights of Columbus, when it comes to questions of "winning the war" for the salvation of the people of the world, they have been a unit.

THE HOMES FOR THE DEAD

Modern Christianity, as well as the ancient religions of the world, is characterized by its tender care of the aged, the young and the weak,

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626 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

and by the preservation of sacred and beautiful grounds in which to lay the earthly remains of those, whose souls have passed. Jew and gentile, Catholic and Protestant, the Hindu, the Confucian and the Mohammedan, have almost universally considered burial places as sacred. It is a strange and fearful fact to remember for all time that the most awful desecrations of the tombs of the dead were accomplished by a nation which had theretofore been considered high minded and cultured.

Turning sadly from the ruined burial places and sacred edifices of stricken Belgium and France, the restful and beautiful homes of the dead in Cleveland are all the more to be thankful for. In the earliest days of the local community, when the problem of how best to dispose of the dead came up for solution, the churches were not strong enough to assume the responsibility. So it was left to the village authorities, who, in 1826, secured a tract of about ten acres on Erie (East Ninth) Street for burial purposes. The cemetery was gradually platted, improved and sold, so that by 1860 the entire tract had been disposed of. In 1871, the City or Erie Street Cemetery, as it was called, was surrounded by an iron fence and a Gothic gateway erected as the main entrance. It was there that most of the Cleveland pioneers were buried—Minerva M. White, Lorenzo Carter, Abram Hickox, James Kingsbury, A. W. Walworth, Charles R. Giddings, Daniel Kelley, Seth Doan, Nathan Perry, Samuel Dodge and others. Some of those who were buried before the City Cemetery was established, such as Lorenzo Carter, were moved from a little burial ground at Ontario Street and Prospect Avenue, for which provision had been made many years before. As other cemeteries were established, from time to time, the Erie Street burial grounds were decimated and finally were abandoned, as far as further burials are concerned.

Woodland Cemetery originated in the need of another burial place farther from the downtown district than the Erie Street cemetery, the necessity for it being emphasized by the fatalities accompanying the cholera epidemic of 1849. In 1852, the city purchased sixty acres of the Bomford tract on Edwards Road, beyond Willson Avenue. The former thoroughfare was successively named Kinsman Street and Woodland Avenue, although the burial ground was always known as Woodland Cemetery because of the fine grove of forest trees on it. The grounds were dedicated in June, 1853, the first twenty acres platted having as a prominent landmark an Indian mound sixty feet in diameter. The stone gateway at the main entrance with chapel and waiting room, was built in 1870. Other improvements have made Woodland a beautiful forest home.

628 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

Lake View Cemetery comprises 200 acres on Euclid ridge bordering on Euclid avenue; it was purchased in 1869 by the association for that purpose. Originally the land cost $148,000, and included twenty acres of natural forest and a living stream of water. The surface of the grounds was rolling in places and culminated in a noble rise, upon which was erected the stately Garfield mausoleum and memorial. It is of gray granite and rises 180 feet above the natural elevation, and from the summit of the tower a view of Lake Erie, the City of Cleveland and the surrounding country may be enjoyed of unsurpassed beauty and grandeur. The entire cost of the memorial was $225,000. The remains of the beloved president are deposited in a vault built into the massive foundation of the memorial structure, and beside his catafalque is the waiting coffin of his widow. Many other distinguished men are buried at Lake View, as, bear witness, the impressive Wade, Hanna, Burke and Hay memorials.

The Riverside Cemetery which overlooks the Cuyahoga Valley, near Scranton Avenue and Columbus Street, contains more than 100 acres and was opened with centennial services in November, 1876. Among the distinguished guests present were Governor Rutherford B. Hays who, with others, planted various trees which have since matured into things of beauty and joy to the living, who come thither to commune with the souls of their departed.

Two other general cemeteries may be mentioned—Monroe, at the foot of Thirty-second Street, opened in November, 1841. Harvard Grove Cemetery, at Lansing Avenue and East Fifty-seventh Street. The latter is the outcome of the old Axtell Street Cemetery of Newburg, sometimes called the Eighteenth Ward Cemetery. It is said to have been first opened as early as 1800, about a quarter of a mile north of Broadway, and many of the pioneer families of Newburg were buried in the cemetery during the succeeding seventy or eighty years. In 1880, seven years after the village had been absorbed by Cleveland, the city sold the land comprising the Eighteenth. Ward Cemetery to the Connoton Railroad Company. In the following year that corporation laid out the Harvard Grove Cemetery and more than 3,000 bodies were transferred from the old resting place to the new.

Among the Catholic cemeteries are St. Joseph's on Woodland Avenue, beyond East Fifty-fifth, founded in 1849; St. John's, near Holy Trinity and St. Edward's churches, opened in 1858; St. Mary's, Burton Street and Clark Avenue, platted in 1861, as well as St. Mary's Polish Catholic; and Calvary, on Leland Avenue, established in 1893.

The Hebrew cemeteries are the Anshe Chesed, Fulton Road, corner of Bailey ; Jewish, Fulton Road and Siam Avenue; Obed-Zedeck,

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Ridge Avenue in South Brooklyn, and United Jewish, Mayfield Road east of the city limits.

Besides these are the following: Broadview, Brooklyn Heights, Denison Avenue, East Cleveland, German Lutheran, Highland, Hungarian, beautiful and spacious Knollwood, Mayfield, and.West Park.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN CLEVELAND

By Ruth Agnes Edwards,, of the Associated Charities

Because of her concern for the development of an efficient citizenship, Cleveland has come to be known as a leader in social movements —as a city with a vision of democracy. The history of how that leadership came to be will never and can never be written. Countless persons, through the gift of money, their time and themselves, have helped to make this possible, and are today in every part of Cleveland, as professional and volunteer workers, sharing in many forms of collective undertaking, thus striving toward a goal the location of which is becoming visible as the city is made conscious, as never before, of its problems and possibilities.

Co-operation, the basic element of all community endeavor, has reached a high state of development in Cleveland, the most striking evidence of which was perhaps the inauguration in Cleveland in 1913 of a federation of social agencies, whereby greater efficiency with wider social benefit is sought to meet the problems of human welfare as it presents itself in the acute form incidental to the modern big city.

The Cleveland Federation for Charity and Philanthropy came into being as the result of the adoption by the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce of the recommendations of its committee on Benevolent Associations, which for years had been making an intensive study of local social problems and the way of meeting them. In its earliest period, much emphasis had to be placed on securing funds for carrying forward the work of the agencies united in the Federation. "For the institution, for the donor, and for the citizen the plan is proposed," to quote Chairman Martin A. Marks of the committee. "For the institution, it should mean a larger life because of larger gifts, more givers and broader and deeper public interest; for the donor, a broader social knowledge and larger satisfaction; for the citizen, a better Cleveland because a better informed and a more unified Cleveland."

The years of effort following the inception of the Federation were crowned with success—more funds became available to advance

630 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

social work, the community programme became more unified and more practicable, while the city as a whole came to share more intensively the ideals of social reconstruction. In 1917, the Federation and the Welfare Council merged into the Cleveland Welfare Federation, coming into the larger function as the active clearing house for all kinds of welfare work, public and private, in the city. Sixty-one philanthropies are thus aided in securing funds for their work while the entire social fabric is more firmly knit together and made efficiently to serve the needs of a great city.

In the city every evil of modern society presents itself, while every material and spiritual resource is there available also. The organization of a city's resources to overcome these evils has, in the past, been chiefly the task of private philanthropy, which has been the pioneer in seeking out and ministering to social needs and then presenting them to the community until a full appreciation of their significance should bring about the assumption of these particular burdens by the municipality itself. The social activity of the government has thus been ever widening, while private philanthropy has been freed for further pioneering. Such focusing of a community's intelligence and humanitarianism upon community problems has become perhaps the most dominant note in modern social effort.

As early as 1881, there had appeared an outward expression of Cleveland's spirit of working together toward a common end in the formation of the Society for Organizing Charity. No relief was to be administered by this society which was to be an investigating and co-ordinating agent for all relief societies, to the end that duplication of effort might be prevented. As one of the promoters described it—" this was to bear the same relation to the charitable societies of the city as a clearing house bears to the banks." As an integral part of co-operative effort, the Associated Charities in 1905 established a central registration bureau for all social agencies, which later became the Charities Clearing House, where sixty organizations record names and salient facts, identifying 150,000 Cleveland families and assuring a maximum of accomplishment to all social effort.

General James Barnett, Cleveland's "first citizen," was a leader in social progress as in other civic lines. He was the chairman of the relief committee of the Bethel Mission, the earliest charitable society in Cleveland and an outgrowth of the Western Seamen's Friend Society. In 1884, the Charity Organization Society and the Bethel Mission united in the Bethel Associated Charities, which car-

632 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

ried forward the aims of both societies. This further crystallized in 1900 into the Associated Charities, dedicated to family rehabilitation and the conservation of normal living. All through this period of evolution and until his death in 1908, General Barnett was president.

In so brief a sketch of Cleveland's social development, no adequate mention can be made of even the leaders therein. The trends of social progress originated from certain springs of thought and these only can be named here. Under the leadership of Superintendent James F. Jackson, the efforts of the Associated Charities of Cleveland for the development of normal family life have assumed magnitude and achieved results such as were undreamed of twenty-five years ago. Through its staff of more than sixty highly trained visitors, working from eight district offices, 'located at strategic points throughout the city, the Associated Charities deals annually with thousands of families in distress, aiding each individual to realize the best that lies in him, as life and health are conserved, as childhood is safe-guarded, and character, industry and initiative are developed. Its social treatment involves the securing from the community for all full opportunities for health, education, mental hygiene, home economics, work, play and spiritual influence, accompanying mass reform in seeking large opportunities for all, but realizing that the "essence of justice lies in treating as unequal things which are unequal." Hence, its effort is to secure unusual opportunities for the weakest members of society whose need is for something larger, more personal than an "equal opportunity."

Under George A. Bellamy, Hiram House has become known nationally for its work for neighborhood betterment through the development of the settlement. The local work of both the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. has been noteworthy of late years especially and has not been exceeded anywhere in the United States. Both organizations within the past years obtained fine buildings and excellent equipment for their work. Following the evangelistic work of the earlier years of the Y. M. C. A. and the Y. W. C. A., there has come a renaissance in scope combining with the spiritual emphasis the educational and the recreational.

"Father" Addison, who founded the Children's Fresh Air Camp in 1889, far in advance of his time, appreciated the value of outing and recreation work for children, as a forerunner to the more modern work in playgrounds, vacation camps, and community recreation activities. The camp was incorporated in 1893, and as its work became better known, secured popular support and several wealthy

1918] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 633

benefactors. It now has large and beautiful grounds and constantly increasing equipment and usefulness.

A notable work of child caring and child protection was carried on in Cleveland even in the early days. The Cleveland Protestant Orphanage, founded in 1852, was a pioneer in home finding for orphans and friendless children and in following up the children placed in homes. It inaugurated a progressive move that later was accepted as a standard in America. Through the recent gift of a country estate, the long desired cottage plan for the Home may be realized, approximating as nearly as possible the normal home and providing an opportunity for studying intensively the needs of all types of children.

The Cuyahoga County Juvenile Court was one of the early expressions Of the realization that delinquent children should be dealt with by the state not for punishment but for the purpose of correction, training, and education. Individualization of treatment made possible through the probation system has from the first been carried on. Accompanying this treatment of juvenile delinquency, there have come the suppression of causes and conditions which make for delinquency and the provision of adequate facilities which make for wholesome juvenile life and education.

The development of municipal charities and correction in Cleveland along the lines of institutional care has been noteworthy. The Warrensville Farms of 2,000 acres, including the Tuberculosis Sanatorium, the Infirmary, and the House of Correction, when built were among the most advanced of any similar institutions in the United States. The emphasis on "land and more land" and the results already achieved have given nation-wide publicity to the Rev. Harris R. Cooley, its promoter, and to Cleveland. Outdoor Relief by the municipality and the care of families in their homes has, however, never been attempted with any adequacy but has been left largely to private philanthropy.

Along the lines of disease prevention and health education, the city has achieved perhaps its greatest work, aided however by private agencies. The City Hospital group, with its faculties for general hospital work as well as for the care of tuberculosis, contagious, and venereal diseases, has a progressive program which will be carried on more adequately as the new buildings are completed.

Of the eighteen special or general hospitals in Cleveland, two are municipal, and the remaining sixteen are operated "not for profit." Out-patient hospital social service is carried on in certain of these hospitals meeting the necessity for follow-up work on behalf

634 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

of the patient himself and for its educational value and reaction on the entire community. The City Department of Health and other hospital health agencies, aided by the social service departments, has carried on an aggressive campaign toward the prevention of disease.

A large plot of ground adjacent to the Western Reserve University building has been secured, and on this will be erected a new Lakeside Hospital, a Babies' Hospital, a Maternity Hospital, and a new Medical School Building. The number of hospital beds in Cleveland, now below the number needed, will be increased, and better facilities for teaching and study will be available.

The Visiting Nurses' Association, founded in 1902, in its earlier years provided bedside nursing service to those otherwise unable to secure skilled assistance in time of illness, but it later took on a broader activity in making its services available to all groups of society. As an outgrowth of this work, the assumption by the city of a large public health teaching force illustrates the evolution of private agencies into the activities of the Department of Public Welfare, after quality of service had been attained and a high standard set. The knowledge of the community need as revealed through various social and medical agencies in the home brought about the conception by the city of the public responsibility for the environment of all its citizens.

The great and varied business activities of Cleveland, its rapid growth and cosmopolitan population, with its efficient fabric of social organizations working for the common welfare led to the establishment of a School for Applied. Social Sciences as a graduate school of Western Reserve University to train workers for efficient social service in municipal administration, family welfare, and public health work. This articulation of social work as a science and as a profession, indicates the new value and emphasis put upon training as essential to the solution of our various social problems, numerous, varied and complex. The distinctive feature of this school is that it insists that an appreciable portion of. the training be had in field work under the skilled supervision of local social agencies.

With the entry of the United States into the world war, there has come a quickening of the social consciousness—a more searching analysis of our national life as an expression of the democracy we are seeking to plant throughout the world. How may we best retain and develop this democracy at home we ask and in answer. there comes the remoulding toward higher ideals of all our industrial, social and religious life. And so Cleveland pushes on—a city organized as never before to work toward the solution of its complex problems.

1844-54] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 635

THE CLEVELAND YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION

By Mrs. G. Leonard Fels

Prior to the civil war, there existed a Young Men's Christian Association in Cleveland. Influenced by the work of the London Association, founded in 1844, and of the Boston Association, 1851, a number of Cleveland men started a young men's undenominational prayer meeting in a law office in the Kelly Block on Superior Street. No records of these early meetings have been preserved and what knowledge we have is the result of interviews with a few of the founders who were still living at the beginning of the present century. The participants in these early prayer meetings were: Horace Benton, Dan P. Eells, Joseph B. Merriam, Solon L. Severance, E. F. Young, L. F. Mellen, Loren Prentiss, S. P. Churchill, L. M. H. Battey, E. P. Cook, and Wtn. Gribben. A majority of these men were then clerks and their meetings were held after nine o'clock on Wednesday evenings. The working hours for clerks in those days were from the earliest at which the men could get to the stores until late in the evening, usually until nine o'clock and often until midnight. As a result there was little time for reading and recreation.

After these young men's meetings were fairly well established, the town was divided off among the men for work in the interest of the poor. One of these men was the originator of what was then known as the Ragged School for the benefit of the poor children living in the region of Champlain and South Water streets. Supervision over this school was maintained for a number of years.

In the Evening Herald and in the Plain Dealer of Tuesday, the seventh of February, 1854, we find recorded a meeting, the purpose of which was to organize a Young Men's Christian Association. S. H. Mather, Loren Prentiss, L. M. H. Battey, E. W. Roby and E. F. Young were appointed a committee to draft a plan of operation and a constitution and by-laws. In the Herald of the twenty-eighth of February, of the same year, we find this notice:

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION

The Association will meet on Tuesday evening at 7 o'clock in the lecture room of the First Baptist Church, on Seneca Street, for the election of officers and other business. The young men, and others interested in Cleveland and Ohio City are invited to attend.

S. B. SHAW, Secretary Pro Tem.

The records of the secretaries of this early organization are lost, but a copy of the first constitution is preserved among oId pamphlets

636 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

in the library of the Western Reserve Historical Society. Sixty names are included in the list of officers and committeemen. The first president was Dr. John S. Newberry, although we find that due to the frequent absence of Doctor Newberry, James M. Hoyt acted as president. The regular committees named were : Library and Rooms; Lectures ; Publication ; and Finance. The standing committees were: Relief of Sick ; Boarding Houses ; Employment; Semi-Annual Social Gathering; and the Church Committee.

The first meetings were held in the lecture rooms of various churches. How soon after organization the association rooms were secured is not definitely known. The first available record of a permanent location is contained in the Herald of Monday evening, the tenth of July, 1854:

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION

The monthly meeting of the managers will be held at the rooms of the Association in Spangler and Northrup's Block, on tomorrow, Tuesday, evening, at 7 1/2 o'clock.

The block mentioned stood on the southeast corner of Superior and Seneca (West Third) streets.*

In an issue of the Young Men's Magazine for November, 1858, is recorded :

Our Association is prospering finely. Last week we got into our new rooms, which are fitted up in the most tasteful and attractive manner. They are very accessible, and everything is so inviting that we do not believe the young men will stay away.

These rooms comprised the second floor of the Strickland Block,* the sixth store front west from the Public Square. The rental was $250 per year. A festival was given in the Chapin Block on the corner of Euclid Avenue and the Public Square to defray the expense of furnishing. The last home of the old association was in the Perkins Block on the west side of the Public Square where the American Trust Building now stands. This was in 1861.

During these last years we find that there was some dissatisfaction among members in regard to the amount of outside work being done by the association. The constitution defined the object of the organization to be "the improvement of the religious, moral, intellectual, and social conditions of the young men by means appropriate and in unison with the spirit of the Gospel." An effort, therefore, was put forth to induce the churches to take over the responsibility for

*See pictures on pages 231 and 232.

1861-79] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 637

the "Ragged School" and the Union Missionary Sunday school. The early association maintained a library of 1,000 volumes and supported a course of lectures each year. Among the lecturers we find the names of Bishop Potter, Henry Ward Beecher, Bayard Taylor, Bishop McIlvaine, George W. Curtis, Cassius M. Clay, and Andrew D. White. There are records to show that the men of the association and the women of the Ladies' Christian Union met in these days to pack books and newspapers for the 'soldiers.

1867-1879

After the close of the civil war, the population of Cleveland increased with great rapidity. Young men from all over the country were locating in the city. Among these was C. E. Bolton, who soon formed a circle of acquaintances among the young men of the church with which he was connected. These men became interested in the work of the Young Men's Christian Association of other cities. With the approval of the ministers of the city, they formed a new Young Men's Christian Association in Cleveland. Prominent in this group were C. E. Bolton, J. W. Walton, E. B. Holden, J. W. Clarke, J. J. Wilson, S. P. Fenn, S. H. Stilson, C. J. Dockstader, and E. C. Pope. In May, 1867, a constitution was approved and later rooms were secured in a brick building on the corner of Superior and Seneca (West

638 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

Third) streets. The first meeting was held in October of the same year. In January, 1868, a man was employed to keep one room open daily. In September, constitutional provision was made for an executive board, consisting of officers of the association and chairmen of the standing committees, they to have the general management and supervision. Mr. H. J. Herrick was the first president.

During 1868 and 1869, the advisability of an association building was discussed, and, in 1870, the frame dwelling of J. F. Clarke on the north side of the Public Square east of Ontario Street was secured for that purpose. In 1871, Mr. Lang Sheaff became the first general secretary. The underlying spirit that prompted the activity of the workers in this period of the association, was a great desire to uplift mankind. This missionary spirit prompted the members to broaden their field of activity. The Missionary Labor Committee had as objective points for work: "The County Jail, Wilson Street Hospital, Monumental Park, West Side Market, etc."

As a result of the open air meetings, the National Railroad Men's Christian Association movement was founded in Cleveland. After attending one of these meetings, Henry W. Stager, a Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad train dispatcher, asked that the association conduct a similar program in the Union Depot. These informal meetings thus begun in 1870, were continued for some time and extended to other railway depots and shops. Mr. G. W. Cobb became

1870-89] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 639

the first railroad secretary. During the great railroad strike of a few years later, it is claimed that only the influence of this movement prevented the sacking of Euclid Avenue by a group of strikers. In January, 1875, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern shops were moved to Collinwood. Thereafter, the Sunday afternoon meetings were held there and, in consequence, the Railroad Branch in due time was established in that locality.

The spirit of moral uplift was further carried on in the founding of the Newsboys' and Bootblacks' Home, in the rear of the association headquarters. Objection by the city authorities to the use of the Public Square for missionary meetings led to the opening of the Ontario Street Tabernacle. Successful action against the indecent shows that were menacing the morals of the young men of the city was carried out by the association.

1879-1889

This period differed from the preceding in that its energies were devoted to the formation rather than the reformation of character. The association hOme on the Public Square had become a rendezvous for indolent and dissipated tramps, who sought the building not as a place for character betterment, but simply as a lounging place. The respectable members could find no home there. In order to get away from this disagreeable atmosphere, President J. B. Merriam insisted

640 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

that new headquarters should be sought. The residence of G. A. Stanley, on Euclid Avenue a little above Bond (East Sixth) Street was considered. The property was not purchased because it was thought to be "too far up town." Later option on the Windsor and Waverly blocks on the corner of Euclid Avenue and Sheriff (East Fourth) Street was secured. The purchase was reported at a board meeting in October, 1880. Through the personal efforts of Mr. Merriam, the $25,000 necessary in addition to the $20,000 received from the sale of the old building, were secured; and he advanced from his own pocket the sum necessary to have the remodeling of the building completed for the International Convention in the spring of 1881.

In the spring of 1883, the "Young Men's Christian Association of Cleveland" was incorporated for "the improvement of the spiritual, moral, mental, social, and physical condition of young men by means

1883-1900] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 641

in harmony with the spirit of the Gospel." Other events of this period were the appointment of the first superintendent of gymnasium ; the organization of educational classes; the rental of two rooms on Euclid Avenue for an East Cleveland branch; the formation of the Alabama Street Railroad branch ; the formal organization of a junior department in 1887 ; the beginning of Our Young Men, the association paper; and the organization of the Broadway branch.

1889-1900

At the close of the last period, land was purchased on the corner of Prospect and Erie (East Ninth) streets as the site of a new building. The corner stone of this structure was laid in 1889 by Gov. J. B. Foraker. The building was formally opened in 1891. The addresses were given by Governor Campbell, S. A. Taggart and J. R. Mott. This period was marked by development from a simple organization into specialized organs necessary to satisfy the needs of a rapidly in-

Vol. I-41

1892-1918] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 643

creasing and diversified membership. In 1892, the presidency of Mr. Serano P. Fenn began. Mr. Fenn served in this capacity, generously and wisely, for the next twenty-five years, a period of service and usefulness unparalleled in association history. On retirement, he did not sever his connection with the association, but became the honorary president. The recent period of Cleveland Association history may be considered as dating from the appointment in 1893 of Mr. Glen K. Shurtleff, as general secretary. "A broadness of policy, a lessening conservatism, an earnest liberalism, effort for an attractive presentation of religious interests, and a development of the Association for those who need what it can give," mark this period. In 1899, a Religious Work Secretaryship was established and the selection of the best available man for the office was made. Mr. Augustus Nash began work in the department this same year. In this same year, began the support of a general secretary for the work in Shanghai, China. Mr. Robert E. Lewis held the office at that time. In October, 1899, Mr. Joseph H. Peck was appointed auditor of bookkeeping for all departments to secure a uniform system of accounts. In 1900, Robert Wallace presented the building that made possible a home for the West Side Boys' Branch. A Broadway Branch, a new St. Clair Street building, and a railroad building at Lindale were opened at this time. Due to the efforts of Mr. Shurtleff, greater emphasis was placed upon the better organization of the junior department and a special secretary was appointed.

1900-1918

The social spirit everywhere pervades the association, in every department, in every activity. It predominates in the class rooms, reading rooms, recreational departments, and in the restaurants of all buildings. All sorts of clubs and classes, religious, educational, recreational, indoor and outdoor, are maintained for the social betterment of men and boys. It has always been the policy of the association to connect its members, especially young men coming as strangers to the city, with some church. Every department enters into this important work. Mature business men have been enlisted to hold personal interviews with young men in regard to their life problems. In 1909, Mr. Robert E. Lewis, who had been general secretary in Shanghai, China, for ten years, became general secretary of the Cleveland Association. Under his influence, the expansive policy of the association took on new growth and, as a result of its increased activities, gained a greater hold upon the community than it had ever had in its previous history..

644 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

Among the many lines of community and social service, in which the officers of the association have been called upon to play an important and leading part, have been the following:

(1) Sex Hygiene Campaign.

(2) Dance Hall Ordinance for the control of the 130 public dance halls of the city.

(3) The executive responsibility for organizing the movement which has culminated in the Reserve Mission.

(4) The inauguration of two successful apprenticeship and higher accounting schools.

(5) The executive promotion of the Laymen's Missionary Movement.

(6) Leadership in the unique Boys' Exposition.

(7) Factory Men and Religion Movement.

(8) English for Foreigners.

(9) Co-operative apprentice schools.

(10) Vocational advice.

The years 1910-1912 might be styled the era of new buildings. Early in 1911, ground for the East End Boys' building on East One Hundred and Fifth Street near Euclid Avenue was broken. The building was dedicated in December of the same year.

The new West Side Boys' building on the corner of Franklin Avenue and West Thirty-second Street was begun in the same year and completed in the spring of 1912.

Ground for the new Central building, Prospect Avenue and East Twenty-second Street, Was broken on the twentieth of April, 1911. The building was dedicated on the twenty-ninth of December, 1912.

In 1911, a camp of forty-eight acres and a lake at Centerville Mills were purchased. It is an ideal spot for a boys' camp, well away from the city.

The problem of housing large numbers of men and boys in the Central and the West Side buildings was one of deep concern, but after several years of practice and experience, the result is reassuring. The percentage of rooms filled has reached practically 100 per cent. Preference has been given to young men, particularly to those just coming to the city. The apartments are conducted upon a self-governing basis.

With the erection of the West Side and the East End Boys' buildings, and the establishment of boys' departments at the Central and the Broadway buildings, and under the expert leadership of Mr. M. D. Crackel, the junior work of the association has made great progress. Summer camps and long hikes have afforded opportunity for sharing life with the boys. The secretaries are called upon to serve as foster

1891-1918] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 645

fathers to youths who have not been suitably fathered at home. Neighborhood clubs for street and working boys have been organized. By the promotion of the "Father and Sons" movement, more busy fathers have been persuaded to take greater interest in the problems

of the boys.

In 1891, the student department was established, "at the request of the medical students in reference to a more intimate connection with the Young Men's Christian Association Work." In April, 1900, an inter-collegiate department was organized and a committee of management appointed; in 1913, it was federated as a branch of the City Association. In the following year, the Railway Young Men's Christian Association became a part of the general Association of Cleveland.

THE GREAT WAR

With a program seemingly full to overflowing. she question arises, ."What is the work of the Y. M. C. A. in the Great War?" The answer is, "Boundless and Limitless." The immediate work of the

1918] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 647

local association has been to give more than 2,000 members to the nation's army and still to keep the membership up to the usual number of eight or nine thousand ; to increase the scope of the already fully occupied educational department ; to include subjects valuable to army, navy, and signal service men ; to prove the ability of the well organized physical department in caring for the thousands of soldiers and sailors who eagerly seek its comforts ; and to tax the commissary department of the association to provide meals for the men in service. A soldier's uniform is his membership ticket and secures all privileges. Aside from this, club rooms have been established in local camps. Every train carrying recruits out of Cleveland has been accompanied by Y. M. C. A. secretaries. Business men have been sent to Camp Sherman to interview soldiers. More than 100 volunteer workers have been recruited by the association to aid the district selective service board. Forty-four men have gone from

648 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII

Cleveland into association war work at home and overseas. Invaluable aid has been given to the war fund campaign. At present, the Central building is being used as a recruiting center for men for overseas association work.

In April, 1917, Mr. Ambrose Swasey was chosen as president of the association, and Mr. F. S. McGowan as treasurer.

THE LAST YEAR'S RECORD

I. Membership:

8,203 members, March 31, 1918.

12,493 men and boys have held membership in the association during the year.

282 clubs, groups and teams.

II. Educational:

1,651 students enrolled.

40 different subjects taught.

75 instructors.

III. Employment:

1,479 positions secured.

IV. Restaurants:

968 daily average number of meals served.

355,956 total number of meals served.

V. Apartments:

418 daily average in use.

2,947 different men cared for in year.

VI. Physical:

46 different gymnasium classes.

6,123 men in Central Branch using department.

6,092 class sessions.

238,596 total gymnasium attendance.

VII. Religious:

108 different Bible Classes for Central men.

1,519 boys in Bible Classes.

2,878 Bible Class sessions.

68,818 Bible Class attendance.

454 other religious meetings.

39,148 attendance at other meetings.

115 business and professional men interviewing young men about personal and religious problems.

2,358 religious interviews.

516 referred to churches.

1868-76] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 649

VIII. Miscellaneous:

63 Father and Son's banquets.

115 lectures and popular talks.

104 receptions and social affairs.

7,054 attendance at paid entertainments.

944 used association camps.

141 men on association hikes.

778 other events.

THE YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION

By Margaret C. Weddell

The Young Women's Christian Association of Cleveland was the sixth association of its kind to be organized in the United States and today stands in the front rank among the 261 city associations of the country. The organization had its beginning in Cleveland in 1868 when a group of far-seeing women realized the growing need for a co-operative, democratic organization for women and established the Women's Christian Association which subsequently became the Young Women's Christian Association.

The first undertaking of the new organization was the building and furnishing of a boarding home for working girls of the city. Fifty years ago when women were just beginning to take a place in industry and while the community was not yet alive to the peculiar need created by this move, the establishing of such a home was a progressive and difficult step, but through the generosity of Mr. Stillman Witt a boarding home for girls was opened in 1869, the predecessor of the present Stillman Witt Home at Prospect Avenue and East Eighteenth Street, which accommodates two hundred and thirty-five girls at a time. The second endeavor of the Association was no less important—the founding of a Retreat for unfortunate girls which was opened in 1873 and has given shelter and a friendly hand to thousands of girls. In 1876, by the gift of Mr. Amasa Stone, a third branch was added, the Home for Aged Protestant Women, now the Home for Aged Women, at 2206 East Forty-sixth Street ; in 1887, the Eliza Jennings Home, named for its donor, was dedicated for the comfort of invalid women.

These four homes, ministering to needs among women and girls who had not been provided for before, were established in the first twenty years of the Association's life in Cleveland. Under the fostering of the Association during the same period, The Women's Christian Temperance Union of Cleveland, the Day Nursery and Kinder-