650 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII garten Association, and the Educational and Industrial Union were organized. With the phenomenal demand for women in the business and industrial world and the initiation of every kind of activity for the city girl, the work of this exclusively woman's organization expanded rapidly until today the Association has three Branches with a membership of 5,000 girls and women; incorporates ten depart. ments; administers $176,000 a year; and touches directly an average of 25,000 women yearly. The present building which opened eleven years ago as a boarding home and class center now includes, besides the rooms for guests, 1918] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 651 a gymnasium, hydropathic department, two dining rooms, private parlors, club rooms, library, and offices. The Annex, added in 1917, contains the offices and club rooms of the International Institute, a school for foreign-born and foreign-speaking women of Cleveland, and the studios of the Music-Department. The building has lately proved quite inadequate to the increasing activities and funds are in hand and plans made for an enlargement of the structure at the close of the present war. Two Branch Association buildings, one at 8321 Broadway, and one at 3117 Franklin Avenue on the West Side accommodate the girls in these districts. In 1913, the Association purchased the Mary Eells Vacation Farm, one of its most prized possessions. It is an 80 acre tract of land on the Lake front at Madison, Ohio, and is equipped with bungalow, recreation hall, dining room, shop and sleeping cottages to accommodate 125 girls. At the present time the Association offers clubs with recreational and educational advantages to (1) young business women ; (2) industrial girls ; (3) high school and grade school girls ; it offers to all women day and night classes under expert instructors, in commercial 652 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIII courses, cooking, dressmaking and millinery ; it provides gymnasium training, outdoor athletics, folk dancing and military drilling; it manages a hydropathic department with Turkish and electric-light baths at moderate rates for business women ; it sustains a first class school of music with instruction in piano, voice and stringed instruments; and it provides instruction in English to foreign-speaking women of twelve nationalities. In the planning of these activities, especial thought is given to the limited time of the girl who works eight or nine hours a day, six days in the week. As a result the Association building at East Eighteenth Street and Prospect Avenue is most alive after 5 o'clock at night when gym classes, study groups, millinery and dressmaking clubs, cooking classes, and club meetings are in full swing. A department deserving of special note, because it is rather unique among associations and is a valuable factor in a city of such a large foreign population as Cleveland's, is the International Institute which exists to aid foreign-born women in every possible way. The four secretaries, speaking twelve languages, visit homes in the foreign districts, inviting the working girls to English night classes, the mothers to classes in cooking and nursing and care of the home, directing the families to reliable lawyers in case of legal difficulties, explaining American customs, and giving assistance wherever it is wanted. 1918] - RELIGIOUS, ETC. - 653 This department, since the outbreak of the war, has been called upon by the city authorities to aid in interpreting at the draft boards and in canvassing the homes in the search for available rooms for war workers. In a city of large foreign population, the value of an institute of this sort is patent. The developing of a sense of leadership and responsibility in high-school age girls by the formation of self-governing clubs ; the provision of an attractive and inexpensive home for girls working in the city ; the supplying of wholesome and healthful recreation and fun to girls of all ages and circumstances ; the offering of vocational, educational and religious training to any who seek it—in short the filling of every need that is felt by the young women of our city to-day, is the motive of the Young Women's Christian Association of Cleveland. In the accomplishment of this purpose, great credit is due to the five women who have led the Association through its first fifty years: Miss Sarah Fitch, Mrs. Dan P. Eells, Mrs. Levi T. Schofield, Mrs. William P. Champney and Mrs. Francis F. Prentiss. CHAPTER XXXIV MILITARY AND WAR MATTERS By H. G. Cutler It would almost seem as if Providence since this universe was created has been keeping America in reserve to lead the way to international justice, democracy and eventual brotherhood.; and this small section of it called Cleveland may fitly be advanced to illustrate the text. It was founded by hardy, intelligent, educated men and women, who sought more freedom of movement and more elastic circumstances than they had in their old homes, just as the first New Englanders sought a. freer life and broader acres across the ocean. As a protection against the Red Men, the yeomanry of Britain, and even its gentlemen and gentlewomen, learned the use of firearms, mastered all the wiles of woodcraft, and soon met the Indians on a fearless equality. So a nation of wonderful marksmen and soldiers was raised up, each trained to rely upon his personal ingenuity as well as his hardihood to circumvent any foe whom he should meet who threatened his life or the security of his home. Then there came the time when young America was opposed by a great nation, powerful on sea and land. But the British of those days were not used to fighting in the forests of New England, or the swamps of the South. The American boys were, and they asked nothing better than to have before their trusty rifles the massed redcoats of Great Britain. This advantage, with the invaluable assistance brought by France, preserved America so that in the thirty years to come the nation might develop into a ship-building and a naval power able to cope with Great Britain upon the water. As the states ever stretched westward and the means of the government increased, forts were founded upon the lake frontiers both to occupy military points of strategy, in ease of war, and to protect the settlers from Indian uprisings. The civilian population thus still breathed a military atmosphere, which was intensified in every community by the presence of retired Revolutionary officers, who still preached preparedness for another war with Great Britain. Thus for two hundred years and more, or until the completion of the - 654 - 1796-1812] - MILITARY AFFAIRS - 655 last war with Great Britain, the United States was virtually a nation in arms. CAPTAINS LORENZO CARTER AND NATHANIEL DOAN It was during the later years of that period, when the Cleveland region was a section of the lakes frontier, that the villages at the mouth of the Cuyahoga commenced to get into military training for what might come. In May, 1804, a military company was organized with the doughty Lorenzo Carter captain, and in the following year Nathaniel Doan was elected to head the "Seventh Company of the Second Battalion of the First Regiment of the Fourth Division of the Ohio Militia." Elijah Wadsworth was major-general of this division. The officers of the companies were elected, and some of the campaigns were very heated.* When Captain Carter was elected in 1804 it was charged that he was ineligible because some of the voters had been under age, others were not residents of the town and, moreover, he had given spirituous liquors to the voters previous to the election" and had "frequently threatened to set the savages against the inhabitants." Nathaniel Doan, who was elected lieutenant, was chosen captain in 1805. The organization appears to have remained intact until the war of 1812 when it was absorbed by larger movements. CLEVELAND IN THE WAR OF 1812 During that period of general warfare and military activity, Cleveland was an important military station for the lake region and was a rallying point for northeastern Ohio. General Wadsworth was still in command of the district. A month before war had been declared on Great Britain, Capt. Stanton Sholes, of the United States army, had marched a company of regulars to Cleveland and established Fort Huntington, at the foot of Seneca Street. Major Jessup was afterwards placed in command of the garrison. There were also several local companies of militia, who patroled the shore and the interior on the alert for. either British or Indians. In June, 1812, a part of the British fleet appeared off the harbor, but the ships were first becalmed and then dispersed by a heavy storm. Then in the following month, Gen. William Henry Harrison, commander of the northwestern army, visited Fort Huntington and remained for three * See page 66. 656 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIV days. News of Hull's surrender reached Cleveland in August * and General Wadsworth gathered the troops of his division at Cleveland in anticipation of a British-Indian attack. The local militia companies also anxiously scouted along the lake shore and in the neighborhood of Doan's Corners, and the families were sent further inland, although Mrs. John Wadsworth, Mrs. George Wallace and Mrs. Dr. Long remained at the front to act as nurses, should their services be required. Colonel Lewis Cass had also arrived from Detroit, indignant at Hull's surrender. There were no hostilities at Cleveland, but several resident soldiers came in wounded and one Cleveland soldier, named James S. Hills, was killed near the Huron River in the battle of the Peninsula. In the following year, through Commodore Perry's operations, the war was brought to the very doors of Cleveland. Two of his boats which helped win the battle of Lake Erie were built on the Cuyahoga River, they were fitted out at Cleveland, the commodore anchored his fleet off the Cuyahoga on his way to Put-in-Bay ; Clevelanders heard the cannon boom which heralded the historic victory and, after all was over and the enemy were his, with General Harrison and staff, he was banqueted in what was soon to become the little village at the mouth of the Cuyahoga. So, two centuries and five years after the founding of Jamestown, both the professional soldiers and sailors and the civilian populace were still being fed and electrified by warlike deeds of American prowess. MEXICAN WAR ORGANIZATIONS The more than twenty years of peace which followed covered a period of marvelous western expansion, some of which was visionary and much of which was substantial. But, although dormant, the American military instinct was vital and only awaiting a spark to coax it into flame. Even before the Texas-Mexican quarrels solidified into a national war issue, Cleveland village was organizing her Light Horse Troops, the City Guards, Cleveland Light Artillery, and the Cleveland Grays and, when the war with Mexico became a certainty, they shot up like mushrooms or asparagus—over night. Of the special war crop the Hibernian Guards maintained its organization the longest, and of all the local military bodies established previous to the Mexican war the Cleveland Grays and the Cleveland Light Artillery were the most stable and famous. As organizations they did not serve in the Mexican war, although several of its members did, but not a few leading officers of the civil war received * See page 91. 1848-61] - MILITARY AFFAIRS - 657 their training in them, and they were absorbed as a whole, by other units of the Union army. For the Mexican war, Cleveland and Cincinnati together raised Company H, Fifteenth United States Infantry. It participated in most of the leading engagements on Mexican soil, suffered a number of deaths and was mustered out of service and returned to Ohio in August, 1848. CLEVELAND GRAYS AND CLEVELAND LIGHT ARTILLERY The Cleveland Grays had been organized in 1837, with Timothy Ingraham as their first captain, and in all parades, and banquets, and public occasions of whatever nature, they were in the front. They were presented with flags and other numerous evidences of local admiration, and finally proved their true metal when they became the first Union soldiers to leave Cleveland. But they changed their uniforms, which had become so familiar and so much admired, from gray to blue and were lost as an independent company in the Union ranks. Their gun squad, which was formed in 1839, developed into the Cleveland Light Artillery. Both furnished their own uniforms as long as they were independent companies, and the artillery gladly met the additional expenses of hiring horses and equipment, whenever required. The membership of both was drawn from the best families. Captains A. S. Sanford and T. S. Paddock are recalled as popular ante-civil-war commanders of the Grays, and among the well known members of the Cleveland Light Artillery were James Barnett, E. S. Flint, W. H. Hayward, Amos Townsend, C. J. Merriam and Edward A. Scovill. In 1859, under legislative enactment, the four Cleveland companies of artillery and those formed in Brooklyn and Geneva were organized into a regiment, under the following officers : James Barnett, colonel ; Stephen B. Sturgess, lieutenant-colonel ; Clark S. Gates, major ; Dr. C. E. Ames, surgeon ; Amos Townsend, quartermaster. Of these two noted organizations, the Grays were the first to leave for the front, on the sixteenth of April, 1861, but the Light Artillery were first in battle and in its ranks was killcd the first Cleveland man. FIRST OHIO LIGHT ARTILLERY On the twenty-second of April, 1861, Colonel Barnett with his six companies of artillery reported at Columbus and went into the service as commander of the First Ohio Light Artillery. Its three-months' service was in West Virginia and at the engagement of Laurel Hill, Vol. I-42 658 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIV on the seventh of July, George H. Tillotson was killed, the first soldier from Cleveland thus to offer up his life. It was at Carrick's Ford, a week later, that the First Ohio Light Artillery made the captures of men and materials which enabled Colonel Barnett to present his home city with the Confederate cannon which still is featured on the Public Square. After the regiment was reorganized for three years' service, its former colonel became General Barnett, chief of artillery on the staff of General Rosecrans, a leading figure of the civil war. David L. Wood, sergeant of the old Grays and major and one of the founders of the Cleveland Light Artillery, was quartermaster-general when the civil war broke out. As he requested active service he was soon commissioned captain in the Eighteenth regiment of the regular army, was wounded at Stone River and died at Cleveland in 1881. In the three-years' service the batteries of the regiment, with their captains, were A, Charles W. Scovill ; B, Norman A. Baldwin; C, James Storer ; C, Albert Edwards; E, Albert G. Ransom; G, Joseph Bartlett; K, Louis Heckman; I, John A. Bennett; L, William Walforth, and M, Martin L. Paddock. Independent batteries: Nineteenth Ohio, Captain Joseph C. Shields; Twentieth Ohio, Captain William Backus. Harrison B. York was also captain of the Ninth Battery, Ohio Light Artillery, and James Burdick, captain of the Fifteenth Battery. So the artillery was well represented by men from Cleveland and vicinity. Its service was principally in Kentucky, Tennessee and Georgia. COMPANY D, FIRST OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY (CLEVELAND GRAYS) The Cleveland Grays started for the defense of Washington via Columbus on the sixteenth of April, the day following Lincoln's call for volunteers, and was mustered into the service as Company D, First Ohio Volunteer Infantry. On the seventeenth of June, it repelled a Confederate attack on the train which was carrying them toward Bull Run, in which it participated. Soon afterward, the Grays re-enlisted for three years and became Company E, Thomas S. Paddock, captain. Its members at the front participated in all the bloody engagements in Tennessee and Georgia, and its members at home raised two companies for the Eighty-fourth Ohio Infantry and five companies for the One Hundred and Fiftieth and furnished nearly all the regimental officers. The latter regiment was practically a Cleveland command. The Cleveland Grays, first and last, furnished to the Union armies eighty commissioned officers. 1861-653 - MILITARY AFFAIRS - 659 OTHER COMMANDS IN WHICH CLEVELAND MEN SERVED In the Seventh Ohio Infantry were 610 Cleveland men, with William R. Creighton as colonel. The Twenty-third, with which Rutherford B. Hayes and William McKinley were identified, drew 341 of its soldiers from the Forest City. Company A, Capt. Eugene Clark, was entirely recruited from Cleveland. The Thirty-seventh, a German regiment, of which Edward Siber was colonel, had 152 Cleveland men. More than 400 Clevelanders went into the Forty-first and its officers number many prominent men of the city. Captain William B. Hazen of the regular army was made its colonel, and he afterwards became a notable figure, being one of the standbys of the rugged Thomas, the Rock of Chickamauga. The One Hundred and Third Infantry, Col. Philip C. Hayes, drew 461 Cleveland men, and made one of the brilliant Union charges of the war at Resaca. Oliver H. Payne, colonel of the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth, had 567 Cleveland men under him. It lost heavily at Chickamauga, where its colonel was wounded and won special honors at Missionary Ridge under Phil Sheridan. The One Hundred and Twenty-eighth was a development of the old Hoffman battalion and their main duties were to guard the Confederate prisoners in the camp at Johnson's Island. It contained about 300 men from Cleveland. There were 801 residents of the Forest City who joined the One Hundred and Fiftieth Regiment of veterans, organized as one hundred day men to guard the defenses of Washington. They were in one engagement against Early's troops in July, 1864. The One Hundred and Seventy-seventh Regiment comprised 399 Clevelanders and its commander was Colonel Arthur T. Wilcox. Cleveland was largely represented in the Second Ohio Cavalry, of which Charles Doubleday was colonel. It is a branch of the service which is supposed to be in rapid motion, but the Second had an unusual record for both fighting and traveling. It fought under twenty-three generals, including Custer, Sheridan and Grant. Its horses drank from twenty-five great American rivers. It campaigned through thirteen states, traveled 27,000 miles and fought in ninety-seven battles. The local representatives in the Sixth, Tenth and Twelfth Ohio Cavalry were small in number, although Thomas W. Sanderson was commander of the Tenth and John F. Herrick was lieutenant-colonel of the Twelfth. Numerous Cleveland men were also officers in other regiments. The following were colonels : Charles Whittlesey, of the Twentieth Infantry ; Oscar W. Sterl, of the One Hundred and Fourth, and Robert L. Kimberly, of the One Hundred 660 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIV and Ninety-first.. The lieutenant-colonels from Cleveland were as follows : Frank Lynch and Z. S. Spaulding, Twenty-seventh Infantry; Thomas Clark, Twenty-ninth; Wilbur F. Hinman, Sixty-fifth ; John J. Wiseman, Eighty-fourth ; George L. Hayward, One Hundred and Twenty-ninth ; Mervin Clark, One Hundred and Eighty-third; Llewellyn R. Davis, One Hundred and Eighty-seventh; Eben S. Coe, One Hundred and Ninety-sixth ; Gershom M. Barber, One Hundred and Ninety-seventh Infantry, and George G. Minor, Seventh Ohio Cavalry. The leading staff officers from Cleveland included : Brigadier-general S. H. Devereaux, superintendent of military railroads; Brevet-Brigadier-general J. J. Elwell, A. Q. M.; Brevet-Brigadier-general Anson Stager, A. Q. M., and superintendent military telegraph ; Colonel Calvin Goddard, A. A. G., and Lieutenant-colonel John Dolman, paymaster. TOLL OF DEATH AND MAIMED When the toll of civil war casualties had finally been condensed for this section of the state, it was found that 1,700 men and youth who went from Cuyahoga County had died, either outright on the battlefield, of wounds there suffered or in Confederate prisons, while 2,000 had returned crippled and disabled for life ; which about equaled the ratio of casualties to the total number of Union soldiers in service, 1 to 3. WOMEN'S RELIEF WORK The work of the Ladies' Aid Society, which became a branch of the United States Sanitary Commission before the end of the first year of the war, was but a repetition of what women have always done in an emergency. The Cleveland society was one of the first relief organizations to get into working order, being ready for whatever might be, on the twentieth of April, 1861. Among other noteworthy enterprises which its members established and maintained were the soldiers' home and the military hospital near the Union depot, and at the conclusion of the war they appropriated $5,000 toward the erection of the Ohio State Soldiers' Home at Columbus. ORIGINALITY OF CIVIL WAR CAMPAIGNS The campaigns of the civil war astounded the military leaders of Europe by the brilliancy, dash and originality with which they 1861-65] - MILITARY AFFAIRS - 661 were conducted on both sides, and for years afterward they studied the literature dealing with such movements with care and enthusiasm. A great military nation had been born from the efforts of men and women who had known only peace for more than a dozen years. But the fighting spirit and the military genius were in the blood of the ranks and did not require years of training to make them available. It is said that not a few of the movements in Prussia's wars against Austria and France were founded upon phases of the civil war campaigns. FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE WAR WITH SPAIN But the fearful decimation of man-power in the United States caused by that unhappy war, with the after work of political, commercial and industrial reconstruction, was such a. lesson as to cause a naturally aggressive spirit to recoil from the repetition of such horrors. For many years, the military spirit was almost dormant, and the memories of the war were revived only so far as they tended to relieve and honor those who had fought and often suffered. G. A. R. posts were formed, supplemented by the Women's Relief Corps. Loyal Legions were organized, and the Sons of Veterans came into being. Soldiers' and sailors' monuments, soldiers' and sailors' homes and hundreds of other like evidences that the community mourned its brave dead were on every hand. That the civil war had given birth to the armored ship and the submarine and that, in the after years, American genius and science were taking the first flights toward the mastery of the air, were events which seemed to have little bearing on military prestige or the wars of the future. The Gatling gun had also been invented late enough so that its possibilities were not tested in our civil war. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR Over thirty years of peace gave the country an opportunity not only to heal its own wounds and develop its internal resources enormously, but to become so indispensable to the comfort and prosperity of other countries of both hemispheres, that they said "Come join us." But the United States was fearful of war ; not fearful for its own territorial integrity, but it recoiled before bloodshed, excepting when some great and vital principle was involved. The nation had become the strong brother of South American republics and their protector as against the territorial ambitions of strong 662 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIV European countries. Thus when a weak people were oppressed and many of them enslaved at her very doors by a covetous monarchy overseas, she protested, and might even have gone to war without the sinking of the Maine. With the unparalleled expansion of the national wealth and resources there arose an uneasy sentiment that our small standing army and navy were quite inadequate for their protection in case of foreign wars; for against civil war we had long since closed the door. Ohio, like most of the other states of the Union, revived her old militia laws and organized a state national guard, comprising about a hundred companies of infantry, two batteries of artillery, two troops of cavalry, a corps of engineers and two divisions of naval reserves. The regulars and the national guard, which were sworn into the service of the United States as a national army, were what the United States threw against Spain on the land, a country supposed to be a military nation. We felt that our navy was prepared. This is no place to review the Spanish-American war ; but Cleveland did what it could to give America the victory. About 1,000 volunteers went from the Forest City. The principal officers from Cleveland who served in Cuba were General George A. Garretson, Majors Charles F. Cramer and Arthur K. A. Liebich, Adjutant Fred B. Dodge, and Captains Joseph C. Beardsley, Daniel H. Pond, Charles X. Zimerman, Edwin G. Lane, Edward A. Noll and Walter S. Bauder, of the Fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry ; Captain John C. Fulton, Company D, Ninth Battalion, 0. N. G. ; Major Otto M. Schade, Quartermaster H. W. Morganthaler, and Captains John R. McQuigg, Edward N. Ogram, Henry Frazee, Clifford W. Fuller and Edward D. Shurmer, Tenth Ohio Infantry ; Captain George T. McConnell, First Battalion, Ohio Light Artillery ; Major Webb C. Hayes, Adjutants Arthur C. Rogers and Paul Howland, Surgeon Frank E. Bunts and Captains Russell E. Burdick, Carlyle L. Burridge, Henry W. Corning and William M. Scofield, First Ohio Volunteer Cavalry. The late Brigadier-general George A. Garretson was a native of Ohio, a graduate of West Point (1867), and a civil war veteran. For several years after the War of the Rebellion he served as a lieutenant in the United ,States Artillery and was a captain in the Ohio National Guards. When the Spanish-American war opened, he was president of the Bank of Commerce, Cleveland, and in May, 1898, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, serving thus until his honorable discharge in November. General Garretson died in 1917. The result of the Spanish-American war, especially our acquisi- 1898-1917] - MILITARY AFFAIRS - 663 tion of the Philippines, brought the United States territorially into the international comity. Our shipping interests reviVed, our navy expanded, the Panama Canal commenced to mean more to us than ever, and yet, after Europe had been engulfed in blood for nearly three years, it seems almost inconceivable that the covetousness and cold-bloodedness of a great military nation across the Atlantic could draw the United States into the Vortex. And when long-suffering threatened to become national humiliation, if not suicide, the United States acted as she always had when resolVed upon a course. MILITARY ORGANIZATION WHEN THE WORLD WAR OPENED In 1917, when President -Wilson declared that a state of war existed with Germany, CleVeland had a number of efficient military organizations which had been largely maintained by legislation supporting and developing the National Guard since the conclusion of the Spanish-American war. Two armories had been built and faithfully used. The Grays, which had never died, had their headquarters on BoliVar Road southeast, and the Central Armory, a fine building at East Sixth Street and Lakeside Avenue, northeast, was the grand drilling center and the nucleus of local military actiVities in general. The naval militia had its armory on Carnegie AVenue southeast and Troop A Cavalry on East Fifty-fifth Street. TRAINING SCHOOL FOR CIVILIANS EVen before the war clouds broke, Cleveland had commenced systematically to prepare for the coming storm. In the fall of 1915 664 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIV was organized the Ohio National Guard Military Training School for Civilians, which was conducted by officers of the National Guard. Over 700 responded on the opening night, the second of December. In the spring of 1916, it was stated in the Plan Dealer, regarding this first civilian military school organized in the United States, and military matters in general: "Most of the men have conscientiously remained at their weekly drills. The course of twenty-five lectures and drills will be concluded in June, and the men will be taken to camp early in July. National guard officers all over the state have donated their services and have given lectures to the school. Adjt.-Gen. B. W. Hough has promised state aid, and Governor F. B. Willis, who has inspected the class, enthuses over the project. Out of this school grew several similar schools in many parts of the state, all based on the Cleveland plan. And branches in Cleveland were formed, too, consisting of classes in signal corps work, hospital corps, artillery and engineering. Schools have taken up the work, and hundreds of boys are getting military training. "Later came organization of the Women's Auxiliary of the Ohio National Guard Military Training School. Over 200 appeared for the first night of this school, and women are continuing to prepare to do their part if war should come. This was the first class formed in the country. "Interest in military affairs in Cleveland in the past year ex- 1917-18] - MILITARY AFFAIRS - 665 ceeded records since the Spanish war and here, in time of peace, this city is diligently preparing. Congressional consideration of a preparedness program leads military men of Cleveland to feel Cleveland will have still more militia than at present." RECKLESS AMERICANISM With the coming of the spring of 1917, and the taking of the momentous national step which made the United States the real leader of democracy, republicanism and everything else which stands for universal fair-play, events multiplied in Cleveland with such rapidity that they could not then, and never can be; recorded in every detail. Men, women and children rushed to every known center of organization to recruit for service. No one imagined when war was first mentioned as a certainty that there would be any dangerous number of slackers, but the response was so overpowering and, in some cases, so devoid of a reasonable caution in the protection of the weak, dependent and helpless, that the selective plans were put in force by the government. The situation was much like that of the fresh, intrepid fighting Yanks when they joined their wearied allies overseas to go "over the top" with them. They insisted on leading them "over the top," in recklessly throwing away their lives if they could gain a foot of ground or inspire in any way to victory. Unlike the Germans, they were not driven into battle before the revolvers and sabers of their officers, but often had to be driven back by those in command who valued their properly conserved strength and their eager, hardy young lives more than they did themselves. It has ever been so. America aroused in a good cause is a goddess who must be restrained by wise keepers in order that her strength may be put forth best to accomplish the ends for which she wages war. Many volunteered before the selective drafts were organized and enforced. Not a few men, repeatedly rejected as volunteers, were finally selected and trained. The Regulars, the National Guard, the civilian volunteers, the selected men were soon merged into a grand national army, so uniform in spirit of self-sacrifice that when a year had passed all distinction as to military sources of supply were formally blotted out by the government. So that now all are proud to be simply known as soldiers of the United States army. PEN PICTURE OF CLEVELAND'S MILITARY SERVICE Passing over the details by which Cleveland has accomplished such marvels of war work in the raising of man-power and the organ- 666 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIV ization and application of every material, inspirational, moral and spiritual resource at its command, the writer presents, with thanks, in this late autumn of 1918, a summary of several vital phases of the situation as prepared for him by Harold T. Clark, one of the prominent Cleveland workers in the war activities at home. In some portions of the statement his language is used; in other cases, made to fit the case; but, at all events, the facts and salient features of his well-drawn picture are retained. It is impossible to state at this time (autumn of 1918) the exact number of men who have entered the military or naval service of the United States. The Cleveland War Service is endeavoring to compile such a record and indeed, to have preserved in one place, a permanent card catalog giving the most important facts in regard to each man and his family. Much progress has been made but there have been so many channels through which men and women from Cleveland have entered the service, not only through enlistments at home but elsewhere, that the problem of gathering the scattered information is a tremendous one. The complexities will be somewhat appreciated when it is known that men and women from Cleveland have entered and are constantly entering service through some or all of the following channels: Twenty draft boards in various parts of the city. Ohio National Guard. Ohio Naval Militia—the Dorothea Company. Reserve Officers Training Camps. Regular Army. Navy. Marine Corps. United States Naval Auxiliary Reserve. United States Shipping Board. Military Training Camps Association. Lakeside Unit (hospital). Western Reserve Ambulance Company. Red Cross. Y. M. C. A. Knights of Columbus. Y. M. H. A. Again, the various recruiting stations accept men regardless of their place of residence, so that it is necessary to pick out from their records men coming from Cleveland. Taking into consideration all the facts, one is safe in saying that 1918] - MILITARY AFFAIRS - 667 up to the first of September, 1918, Cleveland sent at least 35,000 men and women into the service of the United States. If one wishes to consider also those who are serving in the ranks of our allies, another 5,000 should be added to cover those who have gone through the following channels: British and Canadian Recruiting mission, Italian reservists, Polish army in France, Czecho-Slovak army, Jugo-Slays (Croats, Serbs, Slovenes), and Jewish legion. The camps to which the largest numbcr of Cleveland men have been sent have been : Camp Sheridan, Montgomery, Alabama, for the Ohio National Guard men. Camp Sherman, Chillicothe, Ohio, for the selective service men. Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indianapolis, Indiana, for the Reserve Officers' Training Corps. Allentown, Pennsylvania, Western Reserve Ambulance Company. Considerable numbers of Cleveland men have also been sent to Camp Upton, Yaphank, Long Island ; Camp. Pike, Little Rock, Arkansas; Camp Nichols, New Orleans, Louisiana.; Camp Stuart, Newport News, Virginia; Columbus Barracks (for regular army recruits) ; Paris Island, South Carolina (for Marine Corps recruits) ; and Great Lakes Training Station, Chicago, for men in the Navy and United States Naval Auxiliary Reserve. In addition to the foregoing, Cleveland men have been sent as individuals or in groups to camps and training stations in every part of the country. The most typically-Cleveland military organizations in existence at the present time are believed to be: (1) The One Hundred and Forty-fifth United States Infantry Regiment of the Thirty-seventh Division. This includes several companies drawn chiefly from the Fifth Regiment Ohio National Guard. (2) One Hundred and Twelfth U. S. Engineers Regiment of the Thirty-seventh Division. This includes several companies drawn chiefly from the First Regiment Ohio National Guard. (3) One Hundred and Thirty-fourth U. S. Field Artillery of the Thirty-seventh Division. This includes Battery A of the First Ohio Artillery. (4) One Hundred and Thirty-fifth U. S. Field Artillery of the Thirty-seventh Division. This includes several companies from the Second Ohio Field Artillery. (5) One Hundred and Forty-eighth U. S. Infantry, Company F. This includes part of the Cleveland Grays. 668 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIV (6) Three Hundred and Thirty-first U. S. Infantry of the Eighty-third Division ; includes a large number of the selective service men who went to Camp Sherman. (7) Three Hundred and Forty-eighth U. S. Infantry of the Eighty-seventh Division, included several hundred Cleveland men. (8) One Hundred and Sixty-sixth U. S. Infantry, "The Rainbow Division," includes fifteen men taken from each company of the Fifth Regiment, Q. N. G. (9) Three Hundred and Seventy-second U. S. Infantry, includes many colored men from Cleveland. (10) U. S. Base Hospital No. 4; the Lakeside Unit. (11) Western Reserve Ambulance Company No. 4. "Your request," writes Mr. Clark, "for the names, present addresses and rank of the most prominent officers who were residents of Cleveland, is a difficult one to answer. The present addresses are in most cases unknown. Take for example the large number of men who received commissions at the first and second officers' training camps ; they have been distributed among many organizations and are constantly being shifted. Again, I hardly know who should be included among 'the most prominent officers,' and I fear that no record is yet available which would make it possible to get a complete list of those holding even the highest ranks. The problem is an extremely complex one because a considerable number of men have been given commissions in order to secure their services in some branch necessary for the prosecution of the war, but not in the strictly fighting line. "The number of captains and even majors among Cleveland men is large. Many of these men attended an officers' training camp and, being men of education and standing, are apt to become prominent before the war is over, but speaking as of the first of September, 1918, I do not see how you could safely pick out part of them. Taking the higher ranks at the present time I can give you a partial, but not a complete list : "Major-general Clarence R. Edwards, who was born in Cleveland, and is a brother of Harry R. Edwards of the Wm. Edwards Company, and of Mrs. Charles A. Otis, is undoubtedly the most prominent Cleveland officer now in the war. He was in command of the Twenty-sixth Division of New England troops that has already made an excellent record in France." As General Edwards was born on New Year's day of 1860, he is a few months older than General Pershing. He has gradually advanced in military rank since he was graduated from the West Point 1918] - MILITARY AFFAIRS - 669 Military Academy in 1883 until he became ,a brigadier-general in the United States Army in 1906 and a major-general in May, 1917. General Edwards was with the brave General Lawton in the Philippines campaign, and when the World war broke out was in command of the United States troops in the Panama Canal Zone. He was one of Pershing's bowers in the wonderful hand now held against the Huns by the American Expeditionary Force. Because of ill-health, he was recalled for service in America, in October, 1918. Brigadier-general Charles X. Zimerman is serving in France as commander of the Seventy-third Infantry Brigade, which includes the old Fifth Regiment of Cleveland, of which he was colonel. Colonel John R. McQuigg, a former Cleveland lawyer, obtained his first military experience in Company A, of the Fifth, and the Cleveland Grays. He was identified with the latter for seven years, organized the engineer battalion for service in the Spanish-American war, of which he was commissioned major. During the first of the war he was a captain in the Tenth Ohio Infantry. Three years before he became identified with the war activities of the present he was named chief engineer officer of the state with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. After organizing an engineer regiment for service abroad he was commissioned its colonel, his command being designated as the One Hundred and Twelfth U. S. Engineers. In July, 1918, after several months of training at Camp Sheridan, Illinois, the engineers under Colonel McQuigg arrived overseas and have since given a fine account of themselves. The Cleveland Grays, Company F, One Hundred and Forty-eighth U. S. Infantry, arrived about the same time. The regiment was in command of Colonel George Wood, former adjutant-general of the state. Among those who have made fine records in the artillery service are Lieutenant-colonel Bascom Little, who is on the staff of Major-general C. C. Williams, chief of the ordnance department of the American army "over there." Among the Clevelanders who have become lieutenant-colonels may be mentioned M. A. Fanning, Chester C. Bolton, F. B. Richards and L. W. Blyth. Captain J. F. Devereaux is in service and is well known as a major of artillery, and Lieutenant Daniel Willard, of the One Hundred and Second Field Artillery, has been decorated with the Croix de Guerre. Captain H. P. Shupe, formerly the commanding officer of the Cleveland Grays, is one of the leading military veterans of Cleveland. For several years he has served as chairman of the military com- 670 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIV mittee of the Chamber of Commerce and has held the same position under the mayor's Advisory War Committee. PROMINENT WAR CIVILIANS Cleveland has furnished many prominent officials and civilians who are specially identified with war work. The name of Newton D. Baker, secretary of war, and formerly mayor of Cleveland, will at once occur. When he reaches his forty-seventh birthday in December of the year 1918, he will have the satisfaction of knowing that what the American army has done on the western front is one answer to those who doubted his abilities at an earlier period of this stupendous game of war. Benedict Crowell, Secretary Baker's assistant, is a native of Cleveland and was long connected with the iron ore business before he became a member of the General Munitions Board of the government which had charge of the work of steel production as it related to the World war. Upon his appointment as assistant secretary of war in November, 1917, he resigned his commission of commanding major of the Engineer Reserve Corps, in charge of the Washington office of the Panama Canal, which he had held since the preceding August. Major Crowell has special charge of industrial matters coming before the war department, and is designated officially as director of munitions. Dr. Frank E. Spaulding, who had been superintendent of schools for various cities, both East and West, for more than twenty years before he assumed a like position in Cleveland, in 1917, assumed in August of that year one of the most important duties in connection with the educational activities of the war period. He was appointed head of the commission organized by the Y. M. C. A. which, In cooperation with General Pershing, is to establish war zone schools for the benefit of American soldiers at the front. Doctor Spaulding is admirably fitted for the great task. BIG WORK IN GENERAL What Cleveland and Clevelanders have been doing at home to win the war is so much and involves so many details that it is ha-possible completely to cover the subject. It is estimated that since 1914 the different war industries have turned out $750,000,000 worth of munitions. Thousands of tons of iron ore and coal have been transported by Cleveland ships, and the old days have been revived when the city was one of the greatest shipbuilding centers in the United States. Large ships are being built in Cleveland to carry the 1918] - MILITARY AFFAIRS - 671 finished product of its iron and steel industries to Berlin by way of Lake Erie and Welland Canal, and freighters, originally built for lake service and too long to pass the canal locks are being sawed in two and put together on the Atlantic coast. At this writing (the fall of 1918) Cleveland is making $300,000,000 worth of munitions of war from shells to gas. Behind its war industries are 175,000 workmen, who are making thousands of motor trucks and tools for munitions; 120,000 uniforms; tractors for artillery, range and position finders, submarine chasers, cannon and shell forgings, shrapnel cases and time fuses, chemicals for explosives and rifles, airplanes, army shoes and hats, tents and farm tractors, bayonets and revolvers. INDIVIDUAL HOME WORKERS As to individual workers among the strong and patriotic men and women of Cleveland, the list is so long as to forbid all but mere mention of some of them, and even, at that, many worthy names will be omitted. Charles A. Otis, the banker, has been a leader in the work of increasing the production of local factories engaged in war industries. Munson Havens, secretary of the Chamber of Commerce and since September, 1918, county fuel administrator, has been a home pillar in war and peace. Christian Girl has done much to aid in the development of the Liberty Motor truck. F. H. Goff, member of the Capital Issues committee; B. W. Housum, of the Food Administration; Malcolm L. McBride, in the movement organizing recreations at army camps; Samuel Scovil, in connection with the local War Industries board; George A. Schneider, as an inspiring speaker at factories, mines and shipyards; J. Robert Crouse, as director of the first great W. S. S. campaign, which ended in December, 1918; John A. Kling, Robert J. Bulkley, Wilford C. Saeger, Parmely W. Herrick and a host of other good Cleveland citizens have put their shoulder to the war wheel, which never had so many spokes in it as has the one of 1917-18. FIRST ARMY UNIT TO GO ABROAD None of the civilians, and certainly none of the professions, have done so much pioneer war work as that accomplished by the local physicians and surgeons. In fact, to Cleveland belongs the proud distinction of sending to France the first unit of the United States army to go into active service after the declaration of war. In a recent statement, Secretary of War Baker says: "The first ship bearing military personnel sailed May 8, 1917, having on board Base Hospital Unit Number Four." Base Hospital No. 4 is more gener- 672 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIV ally known as the Lakeside Base Hospital Unit. It was organized in accordance with a plan conceived by Dr. George W. Crile as a result of his experience and observations in the war zone during three months' service in the American Ambulance in Paris during the first year of the war. Upon his return, he presented the unit plan of organization to the surgeon-general, with certain modifications. The plan presented by Dr. Crile was adopted by the surgeon-general 's department, and all over the country base hospitals were organized from existing civil hospitals. LAKESIDE BASE HOSPITAL In an article by Colonel Jefferson R. Kean, in the Military Surgeon of May, 1916, occurs the following statement : "Nowhere do I recall prior to the appearance of Doctor Crile's article on surgical units, a few months ago, the conception of an organization drawn from an existing civil hospital whose personnel embraces the best medical and surgical talent in the country, and is able from the start to work together by reason of their association in civil life. When we add to this conception a complete standard equipment stored and ready for shipment, so that there will be no delay, the result is an organization of transcendent value such as no army, except perhaps Germany's, has been to my knowledge blessed with at the beginning of a war—certainly no American army." In accordance with this plan, the organization of the Lakeside Base Hospital Unit, the personnel of which for the most part consisted of doctors and nurses connected with the staff of Lakeside Hospital, was started in the early part of 1916. The full personnel of professional, nursing and civilian staff was complete in the summer of that year. Recognition of the inception of this idea by a Cleveland surgeon was given by the surgeon-general when Base Hospital No. 4, the Lakeside Unit, was asked to mobilize on Fairmount Field, Philadelphia, in connection with the Clinical Congress of the Surgeons of North America in session there in October, 1916. Surgeons, nurses and orderlies were ready in a remarkably short time after the request for mobilization was received, and within twenty-four hours from the time they left Cleveland they were on duty at Fairmount Field, and, had there been patients to be received, could have cared for them. This mobilization was viewed by regular army officials, surgeons and Red Cross officials. Criticisms and suggestions were asked for, and crystallized by a special committee appointed for that purpose, in order that the base hospital idea might be perfected 1918] - MILITARY AFFAIRS - 673 in the shortest possible time, since the war clouds were drawing nearer and it became increasingly obVious that war with Germany would not be long delayed and that hospitals might soon be called for. On the twenty-eighth of April, 1917, Dr. Crile, the professional director of Base Hospital No. 4, received instructions from Washington ordering the immediate mobilization of this base hospital for service abroad. Major H. L. Gilchrist of the Medical Corps, United States Army, was appointed commanding officer of the unit, and came at once to Cleveland to assume charge of the mobilization of the hospital, and it is a matter of proud record that on the sixth of April, the eighth day from the receipt of the mobilization orders, the personnel ready for foreign service entrained in CleVeland to sail from New York two days later. In England, this CleVeland unit was welcomed by high officials of the English army, the cordial reception culminating in a reception to the officers and nurses at Buckingham palace, when the king Vol. I-43 674 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIV made the following address: "It is with the utmost pleasure and satisfaction that the queen and I welcome you here to-day. We greet you as the first detachment of the American army which has landed on our shore since the great republic resolved to join in the world-struggle for the ideals of civilization. We deeply appreciate this prompt and generous response to our needs. It is characteristic of the humanity and chivalry which have ever been evinced by the American nation that the first assistance rendered to the allies is in connection with the profession of healing and the work of mercy." This base hospital, with five from other cities which followed it at short intervals, was assigned to service in English base hospitals, thus releasing medical officers and members of the Royal Army Medical Corps for much needed other service. The record of service of members of this unit up to the present time has been cause for great pride. FIRST UNIVERSITY WAR UNIT Even earlier in the war, Cleveland offered service to the allies by sending from Western Reserve University a unit the identification of which with the American Ambulance in Paris was made possible by the generosity of residents who were trustees of Lakeside hospital. This was the first university unit to render such service in the country and was followed by similar organizations. The University unit idea also originated with Dr. Crile, who was requested by Ambassador Herrick to serve for a time at the American Ambulance. He then conceived the idea of the University unit by which such service was greatly extended. Thus was Dr. George W. Crile the pioneer of Cleveland and America in bringing vital assistance from the United States to the hard-pressed allies overseas, going thus abroad, as the personification of the national spirit of humanity and chivalry, on his mission of healing and mercy. CONSOLIDATION OF WAR FUNDS With the progress of the war, after the United States became a party to the conflict, one war fund after another was pressed by various organizations, such as the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., Knights of Columbus and the Jewish War Relief. All presented worthy objects for consideration, but as there was no cooperation between the associations which solicited the support of the patriotic public, the lines of the different interests necessarily crossed and there was 1918] - MILITARY AFFAIRS - 675 much conflicting work. The organizers, promoters and workers connected with the numerous funds which were purely charitable, therefore got together to form a general body of control with a single head and since that time, like the affairs of the allies, the activities connected with the raising of the local war funds have progressed with system, smoothness and increased force. To borrow an athletic sporting term, "the team-work" has been wonderful. In the spring of 1918, sixteen Cleveland organizations agreed to combine and raise a grand war fund which should be apportioned according to a prearranged plan. The War Council of Cleveland and Cuyahoga County was thus formed, and the $6,000,000 originally proposed to be raised, to cover the war contributions of that section for the last seven months of 1918, was duly apportioned according to the following announcement : "Red Cross, $2,500,000—Of this amount, $625,000 will be spent in Cleveland to supply materials to workers on knitted garments and hospital essentials; and to relieve needy families of soldiers and sailors. The balance will be spent in America and Europe to build and maintain hospitals, to carry on ambulance service and to aid distressed families. "Army Y. M. C. A., $1,200,000—To provide facilities for soldiers and sailors in camps and bases and trenches, in the United States and overseas, and in the armies of our Allies. "Knights of Columbus, $300,000—To carry forward activities similar to those of the Army Y. M. C. A. Open to soldiers of all religious denominations. "Y. W. C. A. War Work, $150,000—Much of this money will be spent for the building and maintenance of 'hostess houses' at camps and cantonments. At the 'hostess houses' accommodations for wives and mothers of soldiers are provided and places are afforded where women can meet their soldier sons and brothers. "War Camp Community Service, $150,000—To aid the Fosdick commission in its efforts to provide clean moral conditions in towns and cities near the camps, and to make camp surroundings wholesome. "Jewish War Relief and Soldiers' Welfare—Cleveland's quota of the $10,000,000 National Fund to relieve Jews in devastated war areas of Russia, Poland, Palestine and other sections—$300,000. Welfare work for American soldiers in camps and cantonments, $30,000—total $330.000. "Armenian Relief, $100,000—The city's portion of a national 676 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIV contribution to bring succor to hundreds of thousands of Armenians who, according to former President Taft, are suffering greater agonies than those visited upon the Belgians. "Serbian Aid Fund, $15,000—Cleveland's quota of a national fund, much of which will be used to provide physicians and other professional men vitally needed in Serbia. "Allied Prisoners, $10,000—To be the city's contribution to a national fund which the American commission for the relief of such prisoners who are interned in Switzerland will spend. Many such prisoners are lame and blind and must be fitted for vocations. Salvation Army, $25,000—The city's share of the nation's donation for the regular Salvation Army work among soldiers and sailors. "Camp Libraries, $40,000—To provide transportation and distribution of books to soldiers and sailors; and to purchase for them technical volumes treating of modern warfare methods. "Camp Sherman Community Building, $30,000—To furnish and maintain a camp building for the accommodation of civilian visitors to the camp. "Mayor's War Advisory Board, $250,000—To be expended for various local war relief activities, especially those of an emergency nature, and for co-ordination of the city's war work. "Thrift Stamp Educational Campaign, $100,000—To carry forward the Thrift Stamp campaign in Cleveland and immediate vicinity. "Cleveland Welfare Federation, $150,000—To make good a corresponding deficit created by use of the federation's funds for war relief work, and to enable the federation to carry forward its customary charitable work. "Undesignated War Relief, $650,000—From this sum, to be held in reserve, worthy and approved requirements for unclassified relief funds will be met, as such needs develop during the balance of the year. "The budget of the campaign has been worked out by a very able investigation committee, under the leadership of M. B. Johnson, chairman, and Paul Feiss, vice-chairman. The amount listed for the Cleveland Welfare Federation does not take the place of their regular subscriptions, but is to provide for the deficit in local charities due to war conditions. The public is urged to continue its regular gifts to all local charities and philanthropies and churches. "It is too early to talk about the possibility of oversubscribing the Six Million Dollar Victory Fund, but if by hard work and united 1918] - MILITARY AFFAIRS - 677 co-operation there should be a surplus, it will be held in Cleveland by the War Council to apply upon the next call." SAMUEL MATHER, Chairman. W. H. PRESCOTT, Chairman Campaign Committee. ROBERT E. LEWIS, Campaign Secretary." The campaign headquarters were fixed at the Chamber of Commerce on the twentieth of May and the special "drive" for subscriptions continued for a week. The Cleveland war fund has been popularly christened as the Victory Chest fund, and the War Council which controls it and has raised it, is officered as follows : Samuel Mather, chairman ; Charles E. Adams, vice-chairman ; Myron T. Herrick, treasurer ; John H. Dexter, assistant treasurer, and Henry E. Sheffield, secretary. The several chairmen of the leading committees are: C. E. Adams, Executive committee ; Myron T. Herrick, Budget committee; M. B. Johnson, Investigating committee; W. H. Prescott, Campaign committee. The all-important cooperation of the churches and temples with the work of the War Council was arranged by the Rev. E. R.. Wright, secretary of the Federated Churches; Dr. W. A. Scullen, chancellor of the Catholic diocese, and Rabbi Abba H. Silver, of the Temple. THE Y. M. C. A. WAR WORK All the bodies which had merged their interests to the extent indicated in the War Council of Cleveland and Cuyahoga County retained, of course, their separate organizations for the winning of the war. The following concise statement prepared by Robert E. Lewis, general secretary of the Cleveland Young Men's Christian Association, is complete and to the point: "The Cleveland Y. M. C. A. has, up to September 1st, 1918, sent over 2,000 of its members into the armed forces of the United States. "The Cleveland association is headquarters of the State War Work Treasury, there having been raised in the state Y. M. C. A. campaign of November, 1917, $4,268,915, for the work among the American armed forces. This work was carried on with the complete approval and direct connection of the army and navy. 678 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIV "The Cleveland Y. M. C. A. campaign in November, 1917, raised $1,321,433, $100,000 of which was paid over to the War Camp Community Recreation Association with headquarters at Washington, and $75,000 of which was paid over to the national treasury of the Y. M. C. A. "The Cleveland association is headquarters of the Ohio Recruiting Committee for war service where, during the past year, over 2,000 Ohio candidates have been sifted and several hundred of them recommended for the association's war service in, France, Italy, England, Russia and the home camps. The Central Association building is headquarters of the War Mothers of America, Cleveland Chapter. The West Side branch is the draft board headquarters for that district and the Broadway branch building is the headquarters for the draft board of the south end. "The first preparation for the Victory Chest campaign which took place in May. 1918, was made by joint action of the Cleveland Y. M. C. A. trustees and the Cleveland Red Cross Council, both of whom voted to co-operate in creating the Cleveland War Council and they merged their campaign teams and campaign organizations into one united body. . . . The balance from the previous Red Cross campaign and the War Y. M. C. A. campaign in Cleveland, about equally divided and amounting to over $600,000, was handed over to the Cleveland War Council to be disbursed by it. FACTS ABOUT THE VICTORY CHEST CAMPAIGN "The result of the Victory Chest campaign of May, 1918, was a total of $10,616,032. A phenomenal factor in the campaign was the subscriptions made by the industrial wage earners who pledged $2,671,461 to be collected out of their pay checks and turned over by their various employing offices on each pay day during the seven months to the Cleveland War Council. The house-to-house division collected from the residences and rural districts $280,668. The regular team organization secured from the persons who had been rated upon the 'Grateful Quota' basis, $7,024,902. "A study of the number of subscribers gives an indication of the high patriotism of Cleveland; 99,328 persons who, for the most part, would be said to be in the salaried and employed class, subscribed to the Victory Chest; 30,586 other persons subscribed through the house-to-house visitation. No cash was taken at the residences; only signed pledges were taken. But the wage earners of Cleveland capped the climax. Not counting cash collections on the streets and 1918] - MILITARY AFFAIRS - 679 in various ways, 203,000 wage earners subscribed. In 1,400 factories and other large establishments, every single employee subscribed to the Victory Chest. No factory turned in its pledges unless 100 per cent of its employees participated in the patriotic giving. "In the Victory Chest campaign, Cleveland rose to a high position of leadership. The campaign had a great spiritual effect in binding our people of all classes and occupations and race-stocks together in the great undertaking of winning the war." SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE FOREIGN SECTIONS The Poles of Cleveland have raised over $200,000 for the 500 or 600 men whom they have sent to France; the Czecho-Slovaks have raised a substantial sum to supplement the allowances paid to the wives and children of the 300 men who have gone from Cleveland to fight for liberty, and the Croatians, Serbs and Slovenes have done likewise to support the families of their soldiers (about the same number) who have left the Forest City for service in the Balkan area. INVESTMENTS IN GOVERNMENT SECURITIES In the foregoing, no account has been taken of the enormous sums raised in Cleveland for the support of the war through investments in such golden securities as are represented by the Liberty loans and War Savings stamps. The contributions to the other funds mentioned stand for pure patriotism and benevolence, for sympathy and heartaches, unsoiled by the dollar mark. It is impossible to go into details as to the complex organization of the effective local machinery employed in the four Liberty loan campaigns which have so stirred Cleveland and its tributary territory. The general results were to raise from these sources, for the conduct of the war, the following amounts : First loan, $68,711,350 ; second loan, $101,724,100 ; third loan, $112,106,550. The third loan was especially notable for the number of its subscribers (252,000). A similar statement held true throughout the United States and was an overwhelming indication of the popular confidence in the stability of the government and its current administration. Cleveland's quota for the fourth loan was $113,000,000. The campaign for funds (September 28 to October 19, 1918) was very vigorous and had a whirlwind finish that put the city "over the top" and on schedule time, with a total of about $225,000,000. All of the loans were similarly. over-subscribed in characteristic Cleveland style. 680 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIV MUNICIPAL WAR WORK The municipal work in connection with the war is conducted by the Mayor's Advisory War Committee, of which Myron T. Herrick is chairman and Harry L. Vail executive secretary. It occupies extensive quarters in the city hall and is one of the busiest departments of the municipal government. Its history and its accomplishments cannot be better presented than through Secretary Vail's report presented at the committee's general meeting, held on the fifteenth of July, 1918, as follows : "Three days after war was declared, Mayor Harry L. Davis appointed what is known as the Mayor's Advisory War Committee for the purpose of taking care of any extraordinary matters which might arise during the period of the war. This committee immediately organized and selected an executive committee, of which the Hon. Myron T. Herrick was chairman, and of which Mr. Charles A. Otis, Mr. M. P. Mooney, Mr. Charles E. Adams, Mr. Paul L. Feiss, Mr. Andrew Squire, Mr. Otto Miller, Mr. F. H. Goff, Mr. W. A. Green-lurid, Mr. Munson Havens and Mr. Warren G. Hayden are members. Sub-committees were immediately appointed such as the Women's committee, the Military committee, War Garden committee, Committee on Patriotism and Aliens, the Americanization committee, Fuel Supply committee, Committee on Labor Employees, Committee on Recreation for Training Camps, etc. "In order to effectively carry out the objects for which these committees were appointed, it was agreed that in the Red Cross campaign the sum of $250,000 should be set aside for the purpose of financing the activities that might come naturally to these committees. There immediately arose many demands upon the committee. "When the troops were mobilized here last June and July no arrangements had been made to take care of them. The result was that the Military committee of the war board, at its own expense, installed sewer and water connections and electric lighting and a number of other important features necessary for the care and comfort of the officers and men in the new camps that were established in the parks of this city. They purchased several thousand blankets for the soldiers, as the government was unable to furnish soldiers with this equipment. They financed and managed advertising and publicity campaigns for enlisted men and draft registration. "They purchased 2.700 suits of warm flannelette pajamas for Cleveland boys stationed at Camp Sheridan, which the government had also failed to provide for the soldiers. The committee furnished box 1918 - MILITARY AFFAIRS - 681 lunches for every drafted man going to Camp Sheridan and for many a contingent of volunteers for whom no provisions had been made for food while enroute to cantonments. Forty-five men of military experience disqualified for active service are daily drilling selective service men prior to their departure for cantonments; has committees that attend all funerals of men who have died in service, and furnishes flowers and proper military escort. Committees from the war board investigated, through proper military agencies all situations in camps for the health and comfort of Cleveland soldiers, and secured in every case, proper attention on the part of the authorities. In all $30,000 has been appropriated for this committee. "The war board financed the American Protective League, an essential part of the Department of Justice, in which 1,570 business and professional men reporting at all hours of the day and night are investigating the cases of desertion, slackers, food profiteers, food hoarding, etc. To date, there has been 35,000 of these cases before this Protective League of which 25,000 were slackers, 4,500 pro-German, 1,400 I. W. W. and Socialists, and 875 wireless stations investigated. Six hundred dollars a month has been set aside for this particular work. It established a central draft board for the purpose of assisting not only the drafted men, but the parents, and wives of drafted and enlisted men. For this work $500 a month was set aside. It underwrote the salaries for the clerks of the provost marshal's department. "The war board financed and managed with experts, the war garden campaign which resulted last year in the cultivation of 3,100 acres of city backyards, alone, and it is estimated that the war garden produced $350.000 worth more of food than would have been raised had this committee not been in existence. For this, $10,000 was set aside of which $4,800 still remains in the treasury to help carry on the work this year. "The Women's committee was also organized. This committee, representing 60,000 women in this city, has some fifteen different departments of work and is federated with the different women's clubs and organizations in Cleveland engaged in war work. This committee has sub-committees on food production, food conservation, child welfare, care of infants, women and children in industry, nursing, public health, providing nurses and encouraging young women to engage in the nursing profession and maintaining four social agencies in schools in the city that are located where there are a great many foreigners. "These centers are open, not only to the children, but to the parents, Entertainments are given with a lecture on food conserva- 682 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIV tion, food saving, care of home, and lessons on patriotism. It is estimated that 35,000 women and children have attended these centers. The war board set aside the sum of $3,000 to be used as a summer school for nurses, now being maintained at Western Reserve University, and the further sum of $2,500 for the purpose of establishing scholarships of nursing so that the girls who were unable to attend on account of any expense, could be helped by the War Board. Fifteen thousand dollars has been appropriated for the Women's committee. "The board is financing and managing all the Americanization work in this city and county. This committee has 33 evening schools in English, 24 in factory schools, 4 in churches, 3 in public halls, 1 in foreign schools, 5 in libraries, and 5 in social centers. It conducts two Americanization Information bureaus, one in connection with the County Draft board and the other at the court house for the benefit of foreigners seeking naturalization. The appropriation for this committee is approximately $23,000. "It is financing the Federal Food Administration Bureau, under the supervision of Dr. Robert II. Bishop, Jr.* This committee has entire charge of the food situation in Cleveland, carries out the instruction of the federal government in regard to food substitutes and food conservation, and has also taken charge of cars of perishable food, flour, sugar and cereals that are shipped into Cleveland. "This committee has full governmental authority to move freight, prevent hoarding and to take such action against those violating the food laws, as the head of this department considers necessary. This department in conjunction with the 'Women's committee has divided the city into zones or districts in which food centers have been established where the women of the neighborhoods may take advantage of expert advice on food conservation, canning, preparation of food substitutes, etc. It is teaching the people of these particular centers to appreciate the two most important things that the national administration is now interested in—the elimination of waste and the conservation of food. "This department has recently organized a bureau for fixing the price of all foods and vegetables, a most essential thing for the consumer. Salaried and volunteer inspectors are sent into every section of the city to see that the list of prices are observed by all grocers and dealers. Under the supervision of this committee a milk survey was * Dr. Bishop. at a later date, went to Italy as a member of the Anti-tuberculosis commission. 1918] - MILITARY AFFAIRS - 683 recently taken to determine what justification there was for the raise in price of this very essential product. The appropriation for this committee is $2,000 a month. "It has financed the Committee on Patriotism and Four Minute Men. This committee is under the direction of the authorities at Washington and is the medium for presenting throughout the city in the different picture houses, messages that are being sent out by the president and the members of his cabinet. In the last Liberty Loan, the members of the Four Minute Men's organization spoke to 720,000 people. "It is financing the three boys' camps in the county where city boys are given the benefit of life in the country and the farmers are given the benefit of their service in farm work. These boys live in camps under a director who watches over their health and their comfort, and are sent out to the farms in the immediate neighborhood for the purpose of helping the farmers husband their crops. "It has donated the sum of $5,000 for the purpose of making a housing survey in Cleveland. In some of the congested districts the situation is so appalling that the government is going to be asked to set aside one million dollars for the purpose of providing homes in Cleveland for the people to live in and for the purpose of doing away with this congestion. "It has set aside $15,000 for the purpose of making a 'Save the Rabies' campaign. A census will be taken of all the babies in the city between the ages of one and two months and five years. The mothers of these children will be taught the proper care and protection of their infants. It has been arranged to give proper medical attention to all the mothers and families, who by reason of lack of funds, might neglect their babies. An automobile dispensary, properly equipped with a nurse and physician, will go into these districts where dispensaries have not been established. "Last October the national administration requested this committee to finance a campaign for food conservation. The campaign was immediately organized—food shows and exhibitions held in different sections of the city. This campaign of practical food conservation cost this committee $14,000. It was the first time that the fact had been brought home to our people what conservation of food meant in this war. "This committee also financed the pageant recently held in Wade Park, the great patriotic demonstration held on the Fourth of July, and the most appropriate and beautiful ceremony held yesterday in commemoration of our alliance and lasting obligations to France- 684 - CLEVELAND AND ITS. ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIV Bastille Day, was also financed by this committee. It also provided for the entertainments of the Serbian commission and the Blue Devils, and has agreed to advance the money to purchase 10,000 tons of coal to be stored in Cleveland and disposed of through the city administration the coining winter, to provide for any coal shortage that might occur. It also furnished a fund to Librarian Brett to conduct his campaign, 'Books for Soldiers.' "The Mayor's Advisory War Board has become a center not only for the financing of all those activities that are essential for the health, safety and welfare of our people but is the one great agency of Cleveland that the national administration looks to to carry out its policies and enforce its regulations, a bureau of information which all may come to for advice and information, for the whole support of the organization is one of sympathy and helpfulness. "I was elected executive secretary on the fourteenth of last February. Since that time the work of the office has increased 75 per cent. The office is now on a strictly business basis. All our bills are discounted and the Cleveland Trust Co. allows us 3 per cent on all our daily balances. The books are audited by a firm of expert auditors each month. Among the different sub-committees there is a great harmony and I cannot speak too highly of the services of Drs. Bishop and Roueche, Mrs. Sanford, Mr. Harold Clark, Capt. Shupe, Mr. Archie Klumph; Mr. Geo. Schneider, Mr. Knirk, Mr. Marks, Mr. Cadwallader and all the efficient members of the organization. There is a splendid co-operation between the Mayor's Advisory War Board and other local and governmental agencies in the city, the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., Cleveland War Council, the Army and Navy Recruiting Office, the different offices of the Federal Government, Chamber of Commerce, and Chamber of Industry, many organizations among our foreign born citizens, Mayor Harry L. Davis, and the city administration. All our combined energies are devoted to one single purpose —the winning of the war. "There are one hundred and ten salaried employees and there are twenty-eight hundred and twelve men and women directly connected with a part of your committee, whose services are available at any time and who are giving their services without any compensation, and I take this occasion to thank all these volunteer workers for their efficient and patriotic services." At the meeting where the foregoing report was read, Myron T. Herrick, chairman of the War committee, made the statement, which is worthy of record, that until the fifteenth of February, 1918, that body employed an executive secretary at $4,000 per annum, but that 1918] - MILITARY AFFAIRS - 685 Mr. Vail, his successor, refused to accept the position except upon the condition that he should receive no compensation for his services. Lack only of space, not of inclination, prevents the publication of the very interesting and instructive reports presented by the following chairmen of the sub-committees: Captain Henry P. Shupe, Military Affairs ; George Schneider, War Gardens; Miss Helen Bacon, Americanization ; Mrs. Henry L. Sanford, Women's Committee; Archie Klumph, American Protective League ; Dr. R. C. Roueche, in behalf of chairman of Cuyahoga County Food Administration; Starr Cadwallader, Central Draft Board; J. C. Marks, Patriotism. A HINT OF THE WOMEN'S WAR WORK Mrs. Henry L. Sanford, chairman of the Women's committee of the Mayor's Advisory War Board, represented the presidents of all the women's organizations in the city, fraternal, religious, patriotic and philanthropic, or some 60,000 women of Cleveland. Its campaign of education in food conservation composed the great exhibit; the study on food subjects projected through all the clubs of the Women's Federation and the establishment of bureaus of food facts and classes in various sections of the city ; the publication of a patriotic cook book and demonstrations of various recipes in foreign neighborhoods. The committee co-operated in its work with such existing social agencies as the city division of health, the outdoor relief department and the hospital council and training courses in social service were given at the Western Reserve University. Another important work undertaken by the committee was the stabilizing of individuals, families and neighborhoods which the war had tended to disintegrate. Four community centers were established, under the supervision of the school board, and thousands (nearly 35,000) joined the classes for instruction and fraternization. Among the most interesting results in this experiment was that in a very pro-German community the women became so interested that they canvassed enthusiastically for thrift stamps, liberty loans and the war chest, and that in another neighborhood where there had been great warring of nationalities a complete reconciliation was effected. Says the committee on the subject of "Women in Industry": "This committee aims to enable women to fill the places of men called to war from factories and shops, to see that they fill these places adequately, and to assure them the proper working hours, wholesome working conditions, adequate wages and safeguards for health which will insure their fullest working capacity. Thus the 686 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXIV committee is immediately working for the highest possible war production. The first work of the committee was to discover violations of the existing labor laws, and to work towards their better enforcement. The committee is constantly studying the entrance of women into industry and into new arid unusual occupations. There has been a particular study of women in the messenger service and in elevator work, in the hardware business and as taxi drivers. Detailed studies of women at work in hazardous occupations has been made, and the information so collected will be furnished to the U. S. Public Health Service. The committee has done a great deal of work on the enforcement of the Child Labor Law, and has found that the violations of this have greatly increased during the last year." The speaker's bureau was active, as was the endeavor to supply the demand from Washington for expert stenographers and typists, the calls exceeding the supply 2 to 1. The recruiting of nurses both for war work and in co-operation with the child welfare department has been vigorously prosecuted. In this connection: "The attention of the country is at present focused on the section of nursing of the Women's Committee of the Mayor's Advisory War Board of Cleveland, because of several points in which we are leading at this time. For example, the Mayor's Ward Board Scholarship Fund for pupil nurses has aroused great interest elsewhere, and much favorable comment. Washington has written us for further particulars on our plan by means of which we provide, through co-operation with the board of education, for the necessary training for desirable applicants who are without the required amount of schooling. The chairman of our nursing section was chosen as the chairman of a national committee to secure a hearing before the secretary of war, and to discuss a plan for army nurse schools, at which hearing the plan was approved, and is already being put into effect. The National Council of Defense, by direction of Dr. Franklin Martin, has written to the nursing section of the Cleveland Women's Committee, asking that, under their direction, Cleveland should undertake an experiment in community nursing, with the idea of reducing the amount of unnecessary nursing, care and work now being done by trained nurses, and at the same time provide for all the nursing care really needed in the community. The results of this experiment in Cleveland will be, if found satisfactory, used as a plan throughout the country. The nursing section has gallantly accepted this challenge and has already started a survey to collect accurate information as to the unnecessary nursing by trained and registered nurses in the various fields, and to make plans for the installation of volunteer or paid service to supplant the work 1918] - MILITARY AFFAIRS - 687 of the nurse in those directions that do not require professional skill. Dr. Martin replies as follows to this plan which was presented in Washington: 'Your letter was presented to the Committee on Nursing and was received with great appreciation and gratification. The committee is convinced that Cleveland is again inaugurating an extremely important and forward looking piece of work, which is almost certain to be the basis of a nation-wide effort." But women's activities are so many and complex that they cannot always be distinctly separated from those conducted by the men. As stated by Harold T. Clark: "For several months after our entrance into the war, Miss Belle Sherwin was chairman of the Women's Committee of the Cleveland Branch of the Council of National De- fense. She was succeeded by Mrs. Henry L. Sanford. Miss Ruth F. Stone is secretary of the committee. There have been many activities of women wholly outside of those conducted by the Council of National Defense, and it is impossible to find any one woman who is familiar with more than a portion of the entire field. Mrs. J. N. Fleming, who has been president of the Federation of Women's clubs, is well informed and helpful. Mrs. E. S. Burke is well posted in regard to the Red Cross, although the work of that organization alone is so far-reaching that it is difficult for any one person to have an intimate knowledge of all its departments." CHAPTER XXXV TRADE, COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY By H. G. Cutler The details involved in the material development of Cleveland are so numerous as, in some ways, to defy classification. During the earlier period of its growth in trade, commerce and industry, the record was wholly personal, but as the city increased in business, manufactures and transportation facilities, and secured a broader contact with outside communities, states and countries, the individual was gradually absorbed by the store, the factory and the great movements of commerce. But through all these processes of development, the foundation necessity stood forth of providing adequate means of communication and transportation as a prerequisite of expansion. It was obviously useless to build large stores and factories, wharves and warehouses, unless means were provided to handle the goods which were required both by home and distant communities. At first Cleveland depended on slow and defective transportation by lake and overland. Then came the canal and that was succeeded by the railroad. Therefore, the chronological divisions of this chapter are hot entirely arbitrary. THE ANTE-CANAL PERIOD A period of more than forty years passed from the time local traders erected a small but near the spring at the foot of Alain Street, in 1786, until the Ohio canal was pronounced completed from Cleveland to Akron in 1827. It was a season of struggles in a wilderness by hardy and intelligent Yankees to make it blossom into a fruitful abiding place. Came Edward Paine, the pioneer merchant, the Bryants, as distillers, and others to furnish both the essentials and the non-essentials to the settlement at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. The log distillery utilized the fine living spring at the foot of Superior Street in the manufacture of its fire water for both the red and the white men of the neighborhood. It seemed to attract some local trade in furs and other articles and, without much thought as to other results, was pronounced good. Previous to 1812, the chief trade of - 688 - 1796-1827] - COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY - 689 Cleveland, which could not then be dignified as "commerce," covered salt and furs from the southwest and the upper lakes region, and flour, pork, whiskey and wines from Pittsburgh. Much of the latter was re-shipped to Detroit. Nathan Perry, who located in 1808, was the first Cleveland merchant of broad caliber. He erected a large store at the corner of Superior and Water streets and previous to the canal era his transactions covered the old Western Reserve. In the town itself the business virtually revolved around "Perry's Corners." During the later portion of the ante-canal period, Major Lorenzo Carter commenced to cut a large figure, with his big log warehouse and his Red Tavern, his energy, blunt honesty and practical ability. Still later, in the early '20s came Orlando Cutter, another merchant, with his vast capital of $20,000, and good "Uncle" Abram Hickox, the first blacksmith. In the meantime, several. industries had taken root along Mill Creek, at and near Newburg. The first was the flour mill of W. W. Williams, which he built in that locality in 1799 and which passed to Samuel Huntington a few years afterwards. Other industries were established in that portion of the Cleveland area; and in 1817 Abel R. Garlick commenced to manufacture burr millstones which were quarried from the Mill Creek region. This was the first of the local industries to ship its products abroad in commercial quantities. The only bank yet established was the Commercial Bank of Lake Erie, founded in 1816, but the local transactions were not yet sufficient to maintain it, and the enterprise went under in 1820. It was reorganized in 1832, and the directors offered the position of cashier to a bright young man who was then a teller in the Bank of Buffalo. Truman P. Handy—for such he was—then settled in Cleveland, bringing his young bride with him. When the charter of the bank expired in 1842 he had made the Commercial Bank of Lake Erie a solid institution and entrenched himself in the confidence of all Clevelanders. Mr. Handy carried on a private banking business until 1845 when, under the new state law, he organized the Commercial Branch of the State Bank of Ohio and became its cashier. In 1861 he was elected president of the Merchants' Branch, and continued its head when it was organized as a national bank and, in 1885, as the Mercantile National Bank. Until his death, he was considered one of the great bankers of the middle West. THE DECADE 1827-37 The opening of the canal in 1827, with the famous celebration at Cleveland, has been fully described in preceding pages. For a dozen Vol. I-44 690 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXV years, the local benefits of this imperfect addition to Cleveland's means of communication and transportation were quite evident. Some of the increased facilities were real and some were hoped-for, but the psychological effect was advantageous and spelled advancement in both instances. As time passed, the advantages developing from the canal and the entire scheme of internal improvements did not materialize to the extent anticipated, and this widespread and profound disappointment was largely responsible for the collapse of 1837. During that period, shipbuilding and chandlery made Cleveland a leading lake port. As to local aspects, Superior Street had become the division between the business and the residence districts, and so continued for years afterwards. THE WORTHINGTON INTERESTS The oldest business house in Cleveland, which has been in uninterrupted existence, is represented by the George Worthington Company, dealers in hardware. The founder of the business,* whose name is retained in the corporate title, was a New Yorker who, in 1829, brought $1,000 worth of hardware from Utica and opened a little store at what is now Superior and West Tenth street. The business was a success from the first, for George Worthington always carefully studied the needs of the local community and then supplied them. In 1849, with others, he formed the Cleveland Iron Company, which manufactured bar iron and sold its products through the Worthington store, thus making the house an industrial as well as a selling institution. He also organized the First National Bank of Cleveland, of which he was president until his death in 1871. General James Barnett succeeded Mr. Worthington as president of the company, and served until his own death in 1911, when he was succeeded by W. D. Taylor, its present head. Since the fire of 1874, which destroyed the 1868 building at the corner of St. Clair Avenue and West Ninth Street, eleven warehouses and other buildings have been erected to accommodate the expanding business, and today the Worthington Company occupies in its operations more than twenty acres of floor space, and is a leading factor in making Cleveland one of the greatest hardware centers in the country. This represents an expansion of nearly ninety years. The year 1834 is noted in the industrial and financial annals of Cleveland as marking the incorporation under state laws of the Cuy- * See page 138. 1834-53] - COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY - 691 ahoga Steam Furnace Company and the establishment of the Bank of Cleveland. The latter was flattened by the panic of 1837, but the industry developed and remained stable for many years. It was the first manufactory to be incorporated by the state, was Cleveland's first steam furnace and general foundry, and at its plant, at the corner of Detroit Avenue and Center Street, was fabricated the first locomotive west of the Allegheny mountains as a portion of the rolling stock of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad Company. INDUSTRIAL AND ORNAMENTAL After the panic of 1837, and the business and industrial depression following, another period of activity ensued which continued until the early '50s. At that time the most impressive outward evidence of Cleveland's business prominence was the Atwater block. This era of prosperity also happened to be the period when the foundation was laid to make Cleveland one of the most attractive cities in the United States. What were then the residence streets, including the lower stretches of Euclid Avenue, were planted with elms, oaks and maples, which, added to the natural growths, suggested the name which has clung to her, the Forest City. ORIGIN OF Two GREAT IRON INDUSTRIES Early in this period, Whittaker & Wells established a furnace near the lake pier and, late in it (1853) was organized the Cleveland Iron Mining Company, with W. J. Gordon as president and Samuel L. Mather as vice-president. The latter had been chartered four years previously. With the passing of years, it has developed into the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company. In 1852, two iron industries were established which developed into great enterprises. Henry Chisholm founded the firm of Chisholm, Jones & Co. to manufacture railway and bar iron; the small 1852 plant has expanded into the great works of the American Steel and Wire Company. William A. Otis and J. M. Ford founded the foundry for the manufacture of iron castings on Whiskey Island which has become the two immense establishments of the Otis Steel Company. The father of these great industries, which were born in 1852, was the pioneer railroad which first connected Cleveland with the remainder of the United States in 1851. Five years later there was a general awakening of the leading men of Cleveland over the great possibilities of the city as a center of iron and steel manufactures. Cheap ore and cheap fuel were at its threshold. What more could be asked? 692 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXV THREE GOOD BANKS Three banks were also in operation to finance enterprises in that line. The Commercial Bank of Lake Erie had weathered the financial storms and depressions of 18.37-39, and the City Bank of Cleveland and the Merchants' Bank of Cleveland had been in operation since 1845. The latter was especially prosperous and occupied the finest banking rooms in Cleveland. STABILIZING CLEVELAND'S FINANCES This is a good place and year at which to pause, since they mark events which accomplished much toward stabilizing the finances of Cleveland and logically, all its commercial and industrial interests. No Clevelander did more to bring about this important reform than Alfred Kelley, the city's first permanent lawyer, president of its pioneer bank and grand promoter of everything best for Cleveland. Chiefly through his efforts in the legislature, a comprehensive banking law was passed in 1845, and the banks chartered under it prospered until 1857. Under the law of 1845, the State Bank of Ohio was founded with independent branches in various Ohio cities. The Commercial branch was organized in Cleveland with a capital of $175,000, with Truman P. Handy as cashier. A few years later he was elected president. The Merchants' Bank was also a branch of the state institution, but the City Bank was incorporated as an independent concern. The latter continued in business for twenty years, or until it joined the ranks of the national banks. The Canal Bank, another institution of 1845, suspended within less than a decade. OTHER EARLY BANKS OF STABILITY In 1849, the Society for Savings received a special charter from the legislature, and opened for business in a room twenty feet square at the rear of the Merchants' Bank, corner of Superior and Water streets. In 1867, it occupied new quarters on the Square where the Chamber of Commerce is now located, and twenty years later moved into its present brown-stone palace. The Bank of Commerce was organized in 1853, in 1864 it surrendered its state charter and became the Second National Bank of Cleveland and, when its national charter was renewed in 1884, it assumed the name National Bank of Commerce. 1828-57] - COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY - 693 PANIC OF 1857 "GETS', BUT ONE CLEVELAND BANK In the panic of 1857, banks throughout Ohio, as elsewhere, began to close their doors, and this period of financial and business uncertainty continued for some six years, or until the general government came to the rescue with the passage of the national banking act. In that period there were sixty-five bank failures in Ohio, only one of which occurred in Cleveland. CLEVELAND INDUSTRIES OF 1840 AND 1860 In 1840, which marked the commencement of the industrial revival succeeding the panic of 1837, the leading manufactories of Cleveland included two cast-iron furnaces, four woolen mills, two distilleries, six flour mills and .fifteen grist mills. The panic of 1857 was also followed by several years of business and industrial depression, which was beginning to be fairly overcome by 1860. In that year, there were 27 clothing factories in Cleveland and the value of their product was $621,000 ; 19 boot and shoe plants, with an output of $222,000; 21 flour mills, $1,008,000; 13 furniture factories, $111,000; 6 grindstone plants, $58,000 ; 50 lumber mills, $158,000; 17 shops for the manufacture of machinery and engines, $318,000 and 9 soap. and candle factories, $230,000. IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRIES UP TO THE CIVIL WAR Most of the Cleveland industries of importance have developed since 1860, and a general review of the founding and growth of its iron and steel interests up to the civil war period seems necessary to bring the record to that time. It is supplied, as follows, by the Iron Trade Review, of Cleveland : In 1828, John Ballard & Company started a little iron foundry, and somewhat later Henry Newberry shipped from his land near the canal a few tons of coal. An attempt was made to introduce coal as the fuel of Cleveland. A wagon load was driven from door to door, and its good qualities explained. "No one," says one chronicler, "wanted it. Wood was plenty and cheap and the neat housewives of Cleveland especially objected to the dismal appearance and dirt-creating qualities of the new fuel." Following a period of inflation and financial disaster, Cleveland emerged and looked hopefully to the future in 1840, when her population was about 7,000. In that year, William A. Otis established 694 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXV an iron works, the first of any importance in the city, and thus encouraged local manufacturing. Coal mining had developed somewhat and Cleveland had become something of a market for that product. A more important development in the iron business was inaugurated in 1857, of which Charles A. Otis, son of Wm. A. Otis, long a prominent iron manufacturer of Cleveland, has written : "The first rolling mill at Cleveland was a plate mill, worked on a direct ore process, which was a failure. It went into operation in 1854 or 1855. The mill is now (1884) owned by the Britton Iron & Steel Company. The next mill was built in 1856, by A. J. Smith and others, to reroll rails. It was called the Railroad Rolling Mill, and was later owned by the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company. At the same time, a man named Jones, with several associates, built a mill at Newburg, six miles from Cleveland, also to reroll rails. It was afterward operated by Stone, Chisholm & Jones, and is now owned by the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company. In 1852, I erected a steam forge, to make wrought iron forgings, and in 1859, I added to it a rolling mill, to manufacture merchant bar, etc. The Union Rolling Mills were built in 1861 and 1862, to roll merchant bar iron." The service of Henry Chisholm was indeed very great and he occupies a foremost place in the history of the iron industries of Cleveland. He was a sturdy Scotchman, born in the land of the heather in 1822, and came to America when twenty years of age. He was a carpenter and followed that trade in Montreal. In 1850, he was employed in Cleveland, and soon after settled permanently in this city. His start in the manufacture of iron was made in the old town of Newburg, where he engaged in the manufacture of bar iron and established the foundation of what became the great Cleveland Rolling Mill Company, which in time came to employ a large number of men and to turn out annually 150,000 tons of finished product. The plant is now a part of the property of the American Steel & Wire Company. Speaking of Mr. Chisholm, one who was thoroughly familiar with his career has said: "He was among the early ones to see that steel rails would entirely take the place of iron, and one of the first to make a commercial success of the Bessemer process in this country. But where his signal ability most completely displayed itself was in recognizing the fact that, for the highest prosperity, a steel mill should have more than 'one string to its bow,' and that to run in all times, under all circumstances, Bessemer steel must be adapted to other uses than the making of rails. Holding tenaciously to this idea, he was the first to branch out into the manufacture of wire, 1846-54] - COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY - 695 screws, agricultural and merchant shapes, from steel. To the progress in this direction must be imputed a large share of the success of his company, and it further entitles Mr. Chisholm to be regarded as one of the greatest, if not the greatest man, who has been engaged in the Bessemer steel manufacture in this country. It is rare, indeed, that mechanical skill and business ability are united in one and the same individual and it was to this exceptional combination of talents that Mr. Chisholm owed his more than splendid success. A Scotch-man by birth and nature, and loving the poems of his nation's bard with an ardor that only a Scot can feel, he became as thorough an American citizen as if he had drawn his inspiration from Plymouth Rock, and he performed his civic duties with an ever-serene confidence in the merit of our institutions." Although the auspicious beginning in the manufacture of iron was made under the direction of Mr. Chisholm, it was not until ore shipments were started from the Lake Superior regions that the industry began to assume large proportions. It was in 1846 that Cleveland parties appeared on the scene and opened the way for the immense business that has grown up between that region and this city. Dr. J. Lang Cassels, of Cleveland, visited Lake Superior in 1846, and took "squatter's possession" in the name of the Dead River Silver & Copper Mining Company of Cleveland—an enterprise in which were many of the men afterward found in the Cleveland Iron 696 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXV Company. He was guided to the desired location by an Indian, and made the journey thereto and return, from the nearest settled point, in a birch bark canoe. In the following year, he left that country and returned to Cleveland, where he made a mild prophecy as to the mineral wealth of the Superior region, which was received with general incredulity. The Cleveland Iron Company was formed in 1849, but did little business in the Superior country until 1853. Its first organization was under a special Michigan charter, but on the twenty-ninth of March, 1853, it filed articles of association under the name of the Cleveland Iron Mining Company, with a capital stock of $500,000. The incorporators were John Outhwaite, Morgan L. Hewitt, Selah Chamberlain, Samuel L. Mather, Isaac L. Hewitt, Henry F. Brayton and E. M. Clark. The office was located at Cleveland, and some of the lands of which it became possessed now comprise the principal part of the city of Marquette. In 1854, the Cleveland company mined 4,000 tons of ore, which was made into blooms at the different forges in the vicinity, and sent to the lower lake points, some of it coming to this city. This company, from the day of its origin, was looked upon as one of the most solid and important of the commercial concerns of Cleveland. It had much to do with creating and fostering the iron interests of Ohio and western Pennsylvania. The first cargo of ore to this point was brought in 1856, and sold in small lots to such parties as were willing to give it a trial. It should also be said in this connection that the first ore from that section was shipped to Cleveland in 1852, by the Marquette Iron Company, in a half dozen barrels, aboard the ship "Baltimore." The low estimation in which the ore was held by this 'business community during the experimental stages is illustrated by the following incident related by George H. Ely. He was living in Rochester, N. Y., where he held the position of president of the Lake Superior Iron Company. A small cargo of ore had been shipped to a Cleveland party who was unable to pay the freight and so little commercial value was attached to the iron that the whole cargo was not considered sufficient security for the freight charges and Mr. Ely was drawn on before they could be paid. MINING AND HANDLING IRON ORE For many years, Cleveland' has been noted not only for its iron and steel manufactures, but for its companies which mine and sell the ore. In this connection the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company has 1857-1904] - COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY - 697 been mentioned, and other large interests in this field were also developed, such as Piekards, Mather & Company, E. N. Breitung & Company, Oglebay, Norton & Company, Tod-Stambaugh Company and M. A. Hanna & Company. The last named is especially familiar to residents of Cleveland, because of the great public prominence attained by its senior partner. The details of his public career are reserved for his general 'biography, found on other pages of this work. MARCUS A. HANNA IN BUSINESS In the development of mining and shipping of Lake Superior ore, one of the most conspicuous figures was Marcus Alonzo Hanna. While the political career of Senator Hanna, who died in Washington on the fifteenth of February, 1904, was one of the most remarkable in the history of the country, the story of the development and progress of the great firm of M. A. Hanna & Company, of which he had been the senior member for nearly thirty years, is not less interesting. It is a narration of modest beginning, steady progress and adaptation to new conditions such as have seldom been witnessed in the business world. While the properties and business of the firm have undergone many changes, each change has brought greater strength, until today it is a more important factor in the commercial and industrial affairs of the central west and of the Great Lakes than ever before. Mr. Hanna's business career began in 1857 when he became an employe of the wholesale grocery house of Hanna, Garretson & Company, of which his father was the senior member. In 1867, when the pioneer iron and coal firm of Rhodes & Card retired from business, Mr. Hanna became the senior member of the succeeding firm, Rhodes & Company, dealers in coal and iron. The firm was dissolved in 1885 and was succeeded by that of M. A. Hanna & Company, the members then being M. A. Hanna, L. C. Hanna and A. C. Saunders. In 1872, Mr. Hanna with other capitalists organized the Cleveland Transportation Company, which owned and operated a line of steamers in the iron ore trade. He was for several years general manager as well as a director of the company, and throughout his active business career he was a powerful factor in the lake transportation business. During the last ten years of his life, Mr. Hanna devoted his attention almost exclusively to politics. CLEVELAND CLEARING HOUSE ASSOCIATION The year after Marcus Hanna broke into Cleveland business circles (in 1858), the different local banks organized under the name 698 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - [Chap. XXXV of the Clearing House Association, but for many years that body was little more than a social gathering and had weak financial influence. In fact, until it was reorganized under a new constitution, in 1902, it did not lose its inconsequential character But since then it has been growing in importance, year by year, and is recognized as one of the prime safeguards for local financial stability. In 1907, especially, the cooperation of the local banks, through the Clearing House Association, went far toward averting the embarrassment of the financial situation. THE CLEVELAND FEDERAL RESERVE BANK On the sixteenth of November, 1914, under the new national laws, the Fourth Federal Reserve Bank, with Cleveland as its headquarters, was established by the United States Federal Reserve Board. There are more than 760 banks included in the division of which the Forest City is the center. The territory embraces all of Ohio, parts of western Pennsylvania and eastern Kentucky and six counties in West Virginia. Besides Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Columbus and Toledo are among the larger cities in the district. Supervision of the banks by a local examiner has also added to the safety of the system. It is believed that, with these safeguards thrown around the banks, such currency panics as those of 1893 and 1907 are virtually impossible. COAL MINING AND TRADE The coal industry and trade—the mining and sale of coal—are responsible for many large fortunes made by Cleveland men. It is said that the first coal brought to the city was accorded the chilly reception which is the lot of all unobtrusive but important pioneers. Henry Newberry brought the first coal to Cleveland in 1828 from the Tallmadge banks, just after the completion of the Ohio canal. Newberry tried for a whole day to dispose of the coal to the villagers, but wood was cheap and no one would use the novel fuel. Philo Scovill, at that time proprietor of the Franklin House, was induced to try some of it. The first coal to be offered for sale in Cleveland was displayed at the woodyard of George Fisher in 1829. As late as 1851, "Tallmadge coal" sold for $2.50 a ton. All coal came to Cleveland by way of the canal. The Brier Hill mines were opened in 1845. Mahoning coal later came in great quantities, because the completion of the Cleveland & 1845-65] - COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY - 699 Mahoning Railroad offered cheaper transportation. The completion of the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad in 1852 opened the Columbiana county and other adjacent mines. The Massillon district was opened in 1860, and the coal was brought to Cleveland by canal until the Valley Railroad was opened to traffic. Later, the building of the Wheeling & Lake Erie Railroad opened the fields further south. The history of the coal trade has kept the pace set by the consolidation of big industries and the growth of trade in this section. Three names which stand out with particular prominence in the early coal trade of Cleveland are those of Charles Hickox, Stevenson Burke and James Corrigan. Judge Burke made Cleveland known as a coal center before the iron ore industry came into prominence. Cleveland's position on the lakes makes her a prime factor in the coal industry, it has been said, but this fact cannot be appreciated until the general trend of the coal movement in recent years is shown. The invention by Clevelanders of automatic car dumps has helped to put Cleveland in the center of the coal map of the country. Cleveland's first coal men in the very early days of the expansion of Cleveland capital invested in coal land south of Columbus and formed a company to develop it. As there were no railroad facilities, they consolidated three companies into the Hocking Valley Coal Company and built the Hocking Valley Railroad, the first instance in the history of railroading when the railroad espoused any other interest. OILS AND PAINTS For many years, the interests of Cleveland capitalists in these specialties have given the city a high standing throughout the world. As early as 1865, there were thirty refineries along the banks of Walworth and Kingsbury runs. Cleveland in 1869 received more crude oil for refining than any other city in the country, even surpassing Pittsburgh, up to that time regarded as the natural oil center of the country. Cleveland at that time had about $4,000,000 invested in the refining business and an annual output of petroleum products valued at about $15,000,000. As stated in a more detailed account of the Standard Oil Company given in a later portion of this chapter, John D. Rockefeller entered the oil industry in 1865, selling his share in the commission firm of Clark & Rockefeller to enter the oil refining business with