Cleveland and Its Environs JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER. It was in Cleveland that John D. Rockefeller grew from boyhood to manhood, married and brought up his family, got his first job, had his first cxperience as a business man, and organized the Standard Oil Company along lines that have not only made hint the richest man in the world but have served as the pattern of modern business organization everywhere. It was in Cleveland that he began in boyhood his habit of careful and systematic giving, although earning only sixteen dollars a month, the system whereby he has up to the beginning of 1918 spent nearly $300.000,000 for the lasting good of mankind and seems likely to give many millions more; though it is believed by those most familiar with Mr. Rockefeller's history that his connection with the upbuilding of industrial enterprises in this and other countries has done even more than all his beneficences for the good of humanity, in furnishing steady employment and sure pay to countless numbers of men. During a period of nearly sixty years his relation to business enterprises in Cleveland, including the oil refining, has furnished steady employment to many thousands of Cleveland men. He and his associates have done more perhaps than any other group of men to build up the city. John Davison Rockefeller was born at Rich-ford, Tioga County, New York. July 8. 1839, the second child of William Avery Rockefeller and Eliza, daughter of John Davison, a well-to-do farmer of Niles Township. Cayuga County, New York. The Davisons were an old New Jersey family of English and Scottish stock. William was the eldest son of Godfrey Rockefeller, who had been sheriff at Great Barrington, Massachusetts, but removed to a farm at Hudson, Columbia County, New York and thence to Richford. The Rockefellers have been traced hack to a family of Huguenots, driven out of France by religious persecution. Their name was Rochefeuille, a - 1 - name significant of the power to endure and thrive in spite of adversity. Godfrey Rockefeller was of the fourth or fifth generation of his family in this country. His wife was Lucy Avery, whom he married at Livingston, New York, in 1806, one of the seventh generation of the Groton Avery Clan, of Groton, Connecticut, noted as pioneers, Indian fighters, traders, and stubborn contenders for American liberty. In the Battle of Groton Heights, September 6, 1781. it is recorded that eleven Averys were killed and seven wounded. No Avery was a Tory. Yet Lucy Avery's great-great-grandmother, Susannah Palmes, wife of Samuel Avery of New London. Connecticut, was of royal descent, being the granddaughter of John Hnmfrey, who married in England the Lady Susan. daughter of the third Earl of Lincoln. who was descended from Edmund ironside. of England, and several kings of Scotland. and France and Spain. William A. Rockefeller was an unusually resourceful. active, aggressive, all around man of affairs in Cayuga County, New York near to Moravia. on the beautiful Owasco Lake. Among the first of his activities was the felling of the wonderful pine forests of Tioga County and having these forests converted into lumber when the price of the best pine lumber was, say. *5 or $8 a thousand. In this work he was often up and off with the bobsleds at four o'clock in the winter mornings. He was a pioneer in securing a district school in the country above Moravia, New York, where the children had their early instruction. His wife. was noted for her kindness, her excellent training and management of the children. and her deep interest in religion and benevolence. The girls bad their household tasks, and the boys had to do their daily chores and keep the garden weeded and well cultivated. though they still had time enough for school and play. 2 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS Young John raised a brood of turkeys when ho was eight years old, their keep costing him nothing, and made a nice profit on them. The care of these fowls was a mere incident in the daily routine. He never knew a time when work was strange or a hardship to him, nor was there ever a time since childhood when he was not earning and saving money. The boy, was sent out among the neighboring farms to buy the supply of wood for the winter— and he got full measure of wood, straight and solid. No crooked stuff. The father would often trade with his boys, dicker and bargain with them as he would with grown men, seeking always to instil into them the truth that self-reliance was the best help for anyone. They knew how to milk cows, take care of the chickens and other fowls, how to harness and drive horses, and feed and clean them. Mr. Rockefeller would lend sums of money to his son John, which the boy used to invest ;. yet at times, as a test of resourcefulness, the father would suddenly demand his own, and the boy always managed to pay him back on demand. With all their work and trading the boys still had time enough for a healthy amount of play. They swam and fished in beautiful Owasco Lake, and when the family removed to a home three miles above Owego, New York, they lived near the right bank of the Susquehanna River in its most fascinating windings among the green hills of Tioga County, and the boys had a beautiful country to work and play in. After three years in the Owego Academy, young John D. Rockefeller was enrolled as a pupil in the Cleveland High School, the only one in the small city; it stood in Euclid Avenue, just below what was then called Erie Street, on the site now occupied by the Citzens' Savings and Trust Company. Emerson E. White was the principal, a kind, courteous gentleman, who made it pleasant for the lads and girls to acquire learning. Young Rockefeller was a quiet, hardworking student, rather serious—which is not to be wondered at when it is known that he spent hours every day practising on the piano. He was noted for being always on time. He was not brilliant in any study except mathematics, and even here he got results by unflagging application and his habit of never giving up a problem until he had solved it. He was a member of the Sunday school of the Erie Street Baptist Church, which later became the Euclid Avenue Baptist Church. He was one of the boys in the class of Deacon Sked. In 1854, at the age of fifteen years, he became a member of the church, in which he served as clerk of the church while still a mere boy. He was grave and reserved, with the manner of a grown man. Yet he had his share of fun, too, and was for years a member of a singing school which met every week in the basement of an old church building in the lower end of Euclid Avenue. After leaving high school, young Rockefeller had intended to go through college, but on an intimation received from his father in regard to the expense of doing so he concluded it was best not to be a burden to his father ; hence his decision to enter a commercial school and prepare to earn his own living. He took a course in E. G. Folsom's Commercial College in the Rouse Block, where the Marshall Building now stands, at Superior Avenue and the Public Square. For a fee of $40 in advance the boys were initiated into the arts of fine handwriting, bookkeeping—single and double entry—and commercial work generally. From this school he was graduated in August, 1855, and he began at once to look for work. This was not the casual expedition of a lad who puts in a few days of alleged searching, then goes away to spend the summer with his family and hope for better luck in the fall. Morning after morning young John D. Rockefeller walked downtown—not so far in those days—and made the rounds of the stores and the offices where a lad of sixteen might expect to find work as assistant to the bookkeeper. Turned back again and again, he calmly walked home to Erie Street, had dinner, came downtown and tried again all afternoon until closing time. Hot weather, crusty men who didn't want to be bothered by a youngster hunting a job, the constant succession of might-be employers whose only answer was "no!" seem not to have discouraged young Rockefeller. "I didn't think of the discouragement : what I thought of was getting that job," he told some friends once when he was holding the annual celebration of Job Day. "I simply had to get work; for father had said if I could not find anything to do I might go back to the country, and the mere thought of support by my father gave me a cold chill—it gives me one now to think of it." He did not waste time on retail stores or small shops, but called —always on the head men—at banks, railroad offices, wholesale merchandising establishments, etc. CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 3 From the middle of August until near the end of September the quiet, thoughtful, determined boy plodded on his round, some- times revisiting offices where he had been refused, always politely urgent, never cast down by new refusals. In the forenoon of September 26, 1855, he went into the office of Hewitt and Tuttle, commission merchants, in a three-story brick building in Merwin Street, facing the Cuyahoga River. For the many hundredth time he repeated his request: "1 understand bookkeeping, and I'd like to get work." Mr. Tuttle told him he might come in again after dinner. Returning after dinner, he was overjoyed when Mr, Tuttle said : "I have talked it over with Mr. Hewitt,' and we have decided to give you a trial." That was all the boy wanted—to get a chance. He was willing to stand or fall on his own merits. From that day until the end of the year—three months and four days—the quiet lad worked hard and faithfully, on trial. He did not ask, nor did his employers say, what the pay was to be. On the last day of December he was paid fifty dollars for his services up to date. The first winter after obtaining a situation, though he lacked some necessary warm garments, he did not acquaint his father with the fact, preferring the nip of frost to increasing dependence, and determining thereafter to pay his own way, especially as his father had always been so kind and considerate in providing for all his needs. Young Rockefeller took the place of the bookkeeper who retired from the firm in January, 1857. He served the firm faithfully for three years and six months, yet $1,525 was all the pay he got for all his work during that period. But he got much more than pay out of the job; he got a business training and experience which, extended along the lines in which he had been instructed by his father, were soon to prove invaluable. He kept the books of the firm with scrupulous exactness, scrutinized every bill presented, and never put his 0. K. on one until he was sure every item was correct; collected rents and bills for the house, and settled disputes that arose over shipments of goods by rail and lake. All this gave the boy a grasp on business and on the problems of transportation which later was to prove of the highest value to him. He became an adapt at negotiation, settling in a friendly way all sorts of disputes over goods damaged or delayed in transit, and learning how to deal with men. The work was hard, the hours long; but the boy was preparing for something big, though he did not suspect what it was. He saved his money, too, against the day when he would need capital for his own business. Yet this was no novelty, for he had been saving money that he had earned from the time he was eight years old. He always had a little put away. Besides carefully saving, the boy was constantly giving. The little memorandum book, its brown leather cover shiny from long wear and handling, on which one still can read the title, "Ledger A," inscribed by his boyish hand with the flourishes proper in a young bookkeeper, bears a careful record of his receipts and expenditures. He did not wait until he had made his fortune to begin giving. At a time when he was earning about $16 a month he was recording in "Ledger A" such items as, "For a present to the teacher, 12 cents," "For a poor man in church, 25 cents," and "For a poor woman in church, 50 cents." As his income grew, the size of his gifts increased with it ; but it is significant that his habit of deliberate, careful giving toward causes well worth while was begun early, and has continued throughout all his life since childhood. When Mr. Hewitt could not see his way clear to pay John D. Rockefeller $800 a year, he gave up his job. He had saved his money, he had acquired familiarity with business dealings, had made small but profitable investments, and had already put through one good-sized contract. In 1857, when he was only nineteen, his father had told him to build a house, giving him only the general outlines. Young Rockefeller decided upon the plans, got the material and found a builder. He put up a handsome structure of dark red brick at No. 33 Cheshire Street, which is still standing at the time of this writing, its lines as true as on the day it was finished. Perhaps still more remarkable is the fact that the work was all done within the contract price with a little money left over after all was finished. Into this house the Rockefeller family moved and made their home for years. In coming to Cleveland from the country as a poor boy, Mr. Rockefeller was fortunate in at once finding a good environment in church and schools, where kind friends interested themselves in the young stranger ; and still later, when he began his business career, he had exceptional opportunities in meeting the leading and most influential men in the 4 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS city, who were frequently in the office of his employer. In this way lasting acquaintances and friendships were formed, which were of value to him in after life. M. B. Clark, a young Englishman, some ten years older than John D. Rockefeller, wanted a partner to join him in the commission business. He had $2,000 capital. Young Rockefeller had saved $1,000, and his father who had intended to give him $1,000 when he reached the age of twenty-one, lent him the money at ten per cent. interest, until that time. The firm of Clark and Rockefeller was formed in April, 1859. They at once began to do a large business in their office in River Street, dealing in carload lots and cargoes of produce. Soon they needed more money to take care of their increasing trade. Young Rockefeller, still short of his twentieth birthday, called on T. P. Handy, president of a Cleveland bank. He took the young man's note, with the warehouse receipts of his own firm as collateral, and lent him $2,000. "I believe," said the banker, "that you will conduct your business along conservative and proper lines." His confidence was justified. The junior partner went through the States of Indiana and Ohio, soliciting business from pretty nearly everybody in the commission line. The response was generous. In the first year the young firm's sales amounted to half a million dollars. Both in the produce business and in the oil refining industry, which he entered a few years later, young Rockefeller was a frequent and heavy borrower. From the day that Mr. Handy lent him that first $2,000 his credit was always good, for he was noted for his strict attention to detail and the certainty of keeping his word. He was always a successful money-raiser, a good beggar, as he has since phrased it. When he was only eighteen, but already a trustee of the Erie Street Baptist Church, the minister announced from the pulpit one Sunday morning that $2,000 would have to be raised within a few months, or a mortgage for that amount would be foreclosed and the church left without a home. Young Rockefeller took his stand at the door of the church, buttonholed each member who came by; pleaded, urged, almost threatened, and got a promise from each to help pay the debt. He recorded each promise in his little book. The campaign lasted for months, and although many of the subscriptions were for only twenty-five or fifty cents a week, the entire $2,000 was raised in good time. It is not without significance in viewing his career to note that he worked as hard at eighteen to raise the $2,000 for the imperilled church as he did to raise the $2,000 with which he embarked in his first business at nineteen, and that though he was still at the age when many lads are at school, or, at most, freshmen in college, he was already a grave and settled business man, addressed by those who had dealings with him as "Mr. Rockefeller." Soon after Drake struck oil, near Titusville, Pennsylvania, in 1859, there was a rush for the hills and flats along Oil Creek. Wells were drilled by the hundred when it was found that by the simple process of refining an excellent illuminating oil could be made from the crude petroleum. The gold craze in California ten years before attracted no greater attention nor lured more men from their normal pursuits than did the oil craze of the early '60s. Drilling wells, transporting oil, refining oil, drew thousands of adventurers from humdrum tasks into this great get-rich-quick enterprise. Early in 1862 the copartnership of Andrews, Clark & Company was formed, to engage in oil refining. M. B. Clark and Mr. Rockefeller were the "company" in this concern, while they yet continued in the produce commission business of Clark and Rockefeller, and at the same time took the financial and business management of the new oil firm. In their small refinery on Kingsbury Run, in Cleveland, were laid the foundations of the concern which was soon to supply light to a great part of mankind, in all parts of the world, and whose application of the principles of service, co-operation and economy were to serve as models in the organization of business enterprise among all civilized men. The studious youth who was to do all this had no idea of the vastness of the work he was undertaking nor of the great fortune he was to achieve. "We were simply trying to compass a situation," is the answer he has often given when asked how he came to organize the Standard Oil Company. Born with a predisposition toward method, order, economy and industry,which qualities had been fostered by his parents, he conducted his business with scrupulous care. He knew to a penny what every department in the business was costing and what profit it was showing. Other partners had been taken in, and there was in some quarters a resentment against so much exactness. When it was proposed, in a perfectly friendly way, to put the business up at auction CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 5 and let whichever partner would bid the highest take it, young Mr. Rockefeller assented. After a few bids, he calmly offered a bonus of $72,000 above the actual value as shown by the books, and the concern was knocked down to him. He had no attorney or other adviser present, but conducted alone all the negotiations with a group of men, all of whom were considerably older than he. Thus, on April 1, 1865, Mr. Rockefeller took over the oil business, kept Samuel Andrews with him and formed the firm of Rockefeller & Andrews; at which time also he sold out his interest in the firm of Clark & Rockefeller in the produce commission business. The reorganized business made money very fast at times, and at other times stood still. Though it showed a profit at the end of each year, it felt, as did all oil refining firms throughout the country, the fluctuations due to alternating scarcity and floods of crude oil, as old wells ran dry or new ones gushed in prodigal richness. Speculation in oil ran riot. Men were enriched or beggared in a few days. The wildest romances of the gold fields were paralleled in the oil world. But the twenty-five or thirty firms engaged in refining and selling petroleum in Cleveland were much disturbed by the upward and downward leaps and plunges of the price of their commodity. "I want to tell you," recently said the venerable Manuel Halle, whom all Cleveland business men know and trust; "I want to tell you that until Mr. Rockefeller and his associates came in and organized the business, it was running along haphazard, up today and down tomorrow, with many men failing as the market jumped up or down. You might have a big stock on hand that you could not sell because the market was overstocked ; then you saw a big black smoke in the sky, somebody's refinery was burning, a big stock was destroyed, and oil would jump from fifteen cents a gallon to eighteen or nineteen. Mr. Rockefeller got the best oil refiners of Cleveland into one concern and stabilized the business. We all owe him a debt of gratitude." This combination was not accomplished without long and arduous labors and many hard knocks. The beginning was not difficult. Mr, Rockefeller had a conference with Colonel 0. H. Payne, head of the biggest refinery in Cleveland, pointed out to him the conditions which were threatening the existence of all the oil refining firms, and declared in effect that for them, as for the signers of the Declaration of Independence, the time had come when they must hang together or they'd hang separately. The two came to an agreement at once. The Clark, Payne & Company refinery was appraised and consolidated with the Rockefeller installation. One by one, most of the other refineries in Cleveland came in. Some came in at the first invitation; others held back for one, two, three or five years, or longer. The invitation to come in was extended to all refiners in the country, including those who were weakest and least able to meet the increasing destructive competition, which had already brought loss and failure to many. Mr. Rockefeller's old employer, Mr. Hewitt, was a member of Alexander, Scofield & Company, one of the most important firms in Cleveland, and desired to take stock for his interest in the firm when they came into the Standard Oil Company; but, turning to his former clerk, he said : "John, I cannot take it because, on account of the losses of our business, my equity is wiped out." To which Mr. Rockefeller responded that he would advance him the money and carry the stock for him. To this Mr. Hewitt gladly assented. As the fluctuations of the business grew worse rather than better with the passing months, it was not very long before practically all the oil refiners of Cleveland were joined with Mr. Rockefeller, his brother William, Henry M. Flagler, Samuel Andrews and Stephen V. Harkness in the corporation known as the Standard Oil Company, which was chartered on January 10, 1870, with a capital of one million dollars. The whole venture was more or less uncertain as to its future. Many of the conservative business men liked to characterize it as a "rope of sand." Cleveland merchants assured the young men at the head of the enterprise that a similar organization for mutual advantage had been attempted among the shipping men of Lake Erie,. and that it ended in dismal failure. William Thaw, the power behind the throne in the Pennsylvania Railroad Company-. gravely prophesied that "that young man (Mr. Rockefeller) will make a disastrous failure,"—then, after a pause expressive of doubt—"or a great success." While a few of the old, conservative merchants of Cleveland did not feel so sure that this sober, methodical young man would make a success, William H. Vanderbilt, who began to have business dealings with him in the 6 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS early '70s, remarked of Mr. Rockefeller : "He will become the richest man in the country." Mr. Rockefeller never had any doubt of the ultimate triumph of the principles upon which the Standard Oil Company was based : the greatest good to the greatest number, accomplished by the co-operation of the best men in the oil business in buying, transporting, refining, shipping and marketing petroleum and its products, the whole enterprise being conducted with the most rigid economy. Cleveland now became one of the principal petroleum centres of the world, taking the place hitherto occupied by Pittsburgh. The Standard Oil Company provided its own pipelines for gathering the crude oil, its own tank cars for carrying it in train-load lots, thereby effecting a great saving, and its own depots and warehouses and docks at the shipping points for the European trade. Other companies bought barrels of coopers : the Standard organized its own cooper shops, bought whole forests of timber, built drying houses and seasoned the wood before shipping, thus saving the greater cost of transportation on green wood, made its own glue and paint; in a word, saved money on every process that goes into the gathering, preparation and selling of petroleum products. The Company's corps of scientists toiled incessantly in the laboratories, constantly discovering new ways, of using the by-products of crude petroleum, which hitherto had been wasted. The Standard Oil Company from the first encouraged its employees to become stockholders in the company, and, where necessary, loaned them money to do so. These are numbered among the many who attribute their success in life to their connection with the company. As the business grew, other refiners, in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and elsewhere, joined the successful Standard Oil Company. No other was able to do the work so efficiently and at such low cost. All who came into the new concern prospered. Probably never in the history of the world has such an aggregation of able, loyal, devoted men been gathered together under the name of one organization. They provided light for the uttermost parts of the world and habituated all races of men to its use. Mr. Rockefeller has often expressed his regret that every oil refiner in the country did not come into the Standard Oil Company and enjoy the benefits of co-operation. All who were competing with him had the opportunity to merge their interests with his and get Standard Oil stock in return for their full value. This many of them failed to do, not only because it seemed to them impossible that the business could be restored to a condition of prosperity, but because they really had no equity on which to get a stock representation in the Standard Oil Company, owing to the losses in the refining business in the late '60s, when the competition became severe. Cleveland greatly benefited by the activities of Mr. Rockefeller and his associates. When they began their co-operative organization, the city was forty-third in population and importance in the United States, and they played a large part in helping it to grow up to sixth place. During fifty-six years the Standard Oil Company and its predecessor in Cleveland has furnished steady employment to many thousands of contented men, industrious and well paid, who have been of the most useful and valuable class in the community. Soon after the Standard Oil Company was firmly established, Mr. Rockefeller became interested in various manufacturing and other enterprises, which he conducted along the same general lines, and it was from the sum of the profits of all his ventures that he derived his vast fortune. After the organization of the Standard Oil Company Mr. Rockefeller recommended to his old friend and first banker, Mr. Handy, the purchase of some of its stock. Mr. Handy responded that he would be pleased to make the purchase, but his funds were otherwise invested ; on which Mr. Rockefeller loaned him the money for the purpose, and the transaction resulted to the entire satisfaction of Mr. Handy. Stillman Witt was another Cleveland capitalist who showed kindly interest in Mr. Rockefeller. The oil company had had a large fire, destroying their New York warehouses, and Mr. Rockefeller informed his Cleveland bankers of the loss and stated that the company might desire to borrow some money. It proved, however, that they did not need to borrow money on this account; for the insurance company promptly paid the entire loss, amounting to several hundred thousands of dollars. Some years after, it came to the knowledge of Mr. Rockefeller that, when he indicated that he might want to make this loan, the question arose in the board as to whether the paper should be more closely scrutinized on account of the fire; whereupon Mr. Stillman Witt, who was a member of the CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 7 board, promptly called for his strong box, and, presenting it to the board, remarked: "Gentlemen, these young men are all right. If you want any more security, here it is!" Mr. Rockefeller never forgot the incident, and Mr. Witt never had occasion to regret his kindly interest and confidence in the young man. When Mr. Rockefeller informed his partner, Mr. S. V. Harkness, that he might want to call upon him for some assistance on account of the fire—though, as it proved, he never had occasion to do so —Mr. Harkess responded : "All right, J. D.; you can have everything I've got.” These were some of many acts of confidence and kindness shown to Mr. Rockefeller from the beginning of his business career, and for them he never ceased to be grateful. The confidence of his bankers in him increased with his confidence in requesting assistance, and the Cleveland bankers never had occasion to regard. this bold. persistent borrower as lacking in this particular. While they wondered at his assurance, they did not fail to respond to his requests. On one occasion an aged andconservative bank president said to Mr. Rockefeller: "You are borrowinc, a large amount of borrowing our bank, and our Board may want you to come and have a talk with them." To which Mr. Rockefeller answered : "Mr. Otis, I shall be very pleased to do so; because we have got to have a great deal more." The hank did not request. Mr. Rockefeller to meet the board. The kindly treatment of the Cleveland bankers was very helpful and reassuring to Mr. Rockefeller, and gave him.courage to push forward with business undertakings which in all the early years were so far in excess of his capital. In after years, when Mr. Rockefeller had passed the stress of the borrowing stage, and, in turn, was able to render assistance to others, banks and business concerns as well as individuals, he took pleasure in doing this in every time of financial stress, in some instances amounting to many millions of dollars. In the panic of 1907 a leading New York financier early one morning telephoned him: "Rockefeller, I want forty or fifty millions to help out in this panic." It was a day or two before this that Mr. Rockefeller was called up at midnight and asked if he would meet Melville Stone of the Associated Press, if he would come right up, for the purpose of agreeing upon a dispatch to send out to the public, with a view to reassure them in this time of critical financial stress. To which Mr. Rockefeller answered : "It won't be necessary for you to come up. Let's agree upon the article right here and now, right over the telephone." Mr. Rockefeller gave him a message which was sent out, in which he pledged the half of his fortune, if necessary, to stop the panic. Men came to Mr. Rockefeller afterward from distant cities, and with the tears in their eyes expressed their gratitude for that message, which marked for. them the turning point. Mr. Rockefeller has always had the cordial support of his family in his philanthropic undertakings, and from the earliest recollection of his children these topics were uppermost in the daily conversations in the home. Mr. Rockefeller found, in 1890, that the burden of examining the merits of causes here and there had grown too heavy to be borne. It was driving him toward a nervous breakdown. For years it was the custom to read at table the letters received relating to the various benevolences, but now the task had grown beyond the possibility of accomplishment without trained help. Mr. Rockefeller had to appoint an aid or stop giving—and the latter, of course, was out of the question. The necessity was forced upon him to organize and plan this department of daily duties on as distinct lines of progress as he did his business affairs. His ideal was to contribute all that he could, whether of money or service, to human progress. His great ability and his vast fortune were alike dedicated to that purpose. Though he had contributed for years to many philanthropic objects, one of the first great benevolent enterprises founded by Mr. Rockefeller was the University of Chicago. To combat ignorance, to extend true education, appealed to him as one of the best ways to help men to help themselves. His first gift, $600,000, toward the foundling of the university was made in 1889. In making his last gift, of $10,000,000, in 1910, which brought the total contribution up to $315,000,000, Mr. Rockefeller definitely ended his personal connection with the project. He wrote: "I ant acting on an early and permanent conviction that this great institution, being the property of the people, should be controlled, conducted and supported by the people, in whose generous efforts for its upbuilding I have been permitted simply to co-operate." 8 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS As Mr. Rockefeller's ability increased to enlarge his contributions in the interest of humanity, he began to feel that it would be desirable to crystallize into separate organizations the work which he had been carrying on himself. Beginning with a pledge of $200,000, in 1901, he established the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, to seek the cause and the cure of diseases that afflict mankind. A corps of doctors of the highest ability, provided with proper salaries and thus enabled to give all their time to study, have already discovered in the hospital and laboratories of the Institute the means of curing several obscure and virulent diseases. These discoVeries, given free to all the world, have saved thousands of lives, and will probably save many thousands more. The Institute has thus far used $10,000,000, and has assets of $17,000,000. The General Education Board was established in 1902 for the purpose of promoting "education within the United States of America without distinction of race, sex or creed." The board consists of business men and able educators, who seek to make its benefactions afford the greatest good to the greatest number. It has given aid to public education of white and colored people, in fourteen southern states, has made large gifts to the medical departments in four great universities, and has helped more than one hundred schools and colleges. The board has already thus bestowed nearly $24,000,000. It has remaining a fund of about $35,000,000. The Rockefeller Foundation, chartered in 1913, "to promote the wellbeing of mankind throughout the world," was established in order to provide an agency, not dependent upon the life of any individual, which should deal with the problems of philanthropy in accord with the principles and methods approved in each generation. Mr. Rockefeller has thus far given $132,000,000 to the Foundation. Its most important achievements have been the establishment of the International Health Board, which has already restored hundreds of thousands of sufferers; the appointment of the China Medical Board, to help improve the public health in China, and the formation of a War Relief Commission, which has given first aid to stricken Belgium and already aided in the work of the American Red Cross with many millions of dollars. It is believed that the Rockefeller Foundation will be of benefit and a blessing to countless generations of men. Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Junior, testified before the United States Commission on Industrial Relations, in January, 1915, his belief that his father had given a quarter of a billion dollars for philanthropy, and it is known that in the succeeding three years he gave $50,000,000 more. Mr. Rockefeller married, in 1864, Miss Laura C. Spelman, daughter of Mr. H. B. Spelman, of Cleveland. Five children were born to them. Their home for some years was a spacious house with grounds bounded by Euclid and Case avenues and Prospect Street, whence they removed in 1876 to the Forest Hill estate of 200 acres in what is now the eastern part of the City of Cleveland. Here during the most active years of his career Mr. Rockefeller spent hours of many business days in planting trees and building roads. Here he laid out his private golf course, on which he still loves to play when he visits in the summer his former home; and here he has received from year to year visits of his old neighbors, delegations of the leading citizens of Cleveland, who came to congratulate him on his birthday and to thank him for his great part in building up the prosperity of their city as well as for his munificent gifts to it. Mr. and Mrs. Rockefeller had much to do with the growth and support of the Euclid Avenue Baptist Church not only, but of many other of the benevolent institutions of Cleveland. And though he has spent much of his time in New York, beginning in the late '60s, and has made his home there since the early '80s, Mr. Rockefeller still retains his membership in the old church and his deep, abiding, cordial interest in the welfare of its people, the survivors and the children and grandchildren of his old friends in Cleveland. HORACE KELLEY. Every citizen of Cleveland knows and appreciates the name and services of Horace Kelley, if for no other reason than because his liberality gave the bulk of the fortune which enabled the city to erect and maintain its magnificent museum of art. Nearly all his fortune, estimated of upwards of $600,000, Horace Kelley left to trustees for the purpose of founding a museum of art in Cleveland. This sum, together with subsequent accumulations, was combinedwith funds given by the late John Huntington and made it possible to found in Cleveland a museum of art that is today one of the chief CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 9 sources of civic pride among the people of Cleveland. Horace Kelley was born at Cleveland July 18, 1819, and spent his life in that city, where he died December 4, 1890. He was a member of the Kelley family that from the earliest times in Cleveland have been factors in its history and development. He was a son of Joseph Reynolds and Betsey (Gould) Kelley and was a grandson of Judge Daniel Kelley, who with his sons Datus, Alfred, Irad, Joseph R. and Thomas Moore Kelley inaugurated the Kelley family activities in Cleveland during the years from 1810 to 1814. Horace Kelley spent his active life largely in the management of extensive properties, including lands in the heart of Cleveland, and also the Isle St. George, now North Bass Island. One of the wealthy men of the city, he employed his means not only as a public benefactor but also in following his tastes as a traveler, and altogether he spent a number of years of his life abroad. Horace Kelley married Fanny Miles, of Elyria, Ohio. Mrs. Kelley is now living at Los Angeles, California. They had no children. HERMON A. KELLEY. It would be difficult to find in Ohio or in any other state a group of lawyers with a higher degree of specialization of ability and more thoroughly covering the general branches of jurisprudence than those who are members of or practicing under the firm Hoyt, Dustin, Kelley, McKee- han & Andrews in the Western Reserve Building at Cleveland. Of this firm Hermon A. Kelley has long enjoyed first rank as an admiralty lawyer. Besides his well won distinctions in the profession, his career is interesting in a history of Cleveland because he represents family names of the oldest antiquity and prominence in Northern Ohio. In his paternal line the record goes back to Joseph Kelley, who was born in 1690 and was one of the early settlers at Norwich, Connecticut, where he died in 1716. Of a later generation Daniel Kelley was born in Norwich March 15, 1726, and died in Vermont in 1814. He was the father 'of •Judge Daniel Kelley, the great-grandfather of Hermon A. Judge Daniel Kelley was prominent in Cleveland's early history. He was born at Norwich, Connecticut, November 27, 1755, and died at Cleveland, Ohio, August 7, 1831. Judge Daniel Kelley was the second president or mayor of the Village of Cleveland. The first president of the village upon its incorporation in 1814 was Judge Daniel's son, Alfred Kelley, to whose career a special biography is devoted on other pages. Alfred Kelley resigned his post as village president on March 19, 1816, and was succeeded by his father, Judge Daniel, wivho received a unanimous elhoon. Considering his standing as a man and other qualifications it is not strange that he was the unanimous choice of the twelve voters who then composed the electorate of the village. Thus members of the Kelley family had an active part in shaping the policy of Cleveland when it was in no special way distinguished from other settlements along the Lake Erie shore. Judge Daniel Kelley married Jemima Stow. Her father, Elihu Stow, was a soldier of the American army throughout the period of the Revolutionary war. On account of that service his descendants in the Kelley family have eligibility to membership in the Sons and Daughters of the American Revolution. Joshua Stow, a brother of Jemima, was a member of the Connecticut Land Company which acquired by purchase most of the Western Reserve from the State of Connecticut. Joshua Stow was a member of the surveying party which, under the leadership of Gen. Moses Cleaveland, landed at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River and founded the City of Cleveland in 1796. Datus Kelley, oldest son of Judge Daniel Kelley and grandfather of the Cleveland lawyer, was born at Middlefield, Connecticut, April 24, 1788. For a number of years he lived on his farm near Rocky Run, but in 1833 bought the entire island since known as Kelley's Island in Lake Erie, near the City of Sandusky. That island comprises about 3,000 acres. Datus Kelley moved his family to this island in 1836, and with the aid of his six sons most of the. early development of that island was carried on. Datus Kelley died at Kelley's Island January 24, 1866. Besides his six sons he had three daughters. Of his sons Alfred S. Kelley, father of Hermon A., was the business head of the family. Alfred S. Kelley was born at Rockport. Ohio, December 23, 1826. He planned and into nto execution the cultivation and improvement of Kelley's Island, and the industrial development there even to the present day has been influenced by his work. He was also a prominent business man, was a merchant, banker, owned docks and steamboat lines, and in his time was considered one 10 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS of the most prominent business men of Northern Ohio. Alfred S. Kelley married Hannah Farr. She was born at Rockport, Ohio, August 9, 1837, and died February 4, 1889. Her ancestry is traced back to Stephen Farr of Acton, Massachusetts, who was married May 23, 1674. The line of descent comes down through Joseph Farr, Sr., of Acton, Joseph Farr, Jr., who was born at Acton August 3, 1743, Eliel Farr, who was born at Cummington, Massachusetts, June 16, 1777, and died at Rockport, Ohio, September 6, 1865, and Aurelius Farr, father of Hannah Farr Kelley, who was born September 18, 1798, and died December 11, 1862. Hermon A. Kelley began life with the heritage of a good family name and with all the advantages that considerable wealth and social position can bestow. He was born at Kelley's Island May 15, 1859, was educated in public schools and Buchtel College at Akron, where he graduated A. B. in 1879 and soon afterwards put into execution his plan to study law'. In 1882 he was granted the degree of Bachelor of Laws by Harvard Law School, and he also had the privileges of a student residence abroad, during which time he took special work in Roman law at the University of Goettingen, Germany. In 1897 his alma mater conferred upon him the honorary degree Doctor of Laws. Mr. Kelley began practice in 1884 at Detroit, but a year later removed to Cleveland, where he was a partner with Arthur A. Stearns until 1891. In that year Mr. Kelley became first assistant corporation counsel of Cleveland, and on retiring from that office in 1893 became junior partner of the firm of Hoyt, Dustin & Kelley. During its existence of more than twenty years this partnership has grown in strength and ability until it is reckoned as second to none among the law firms of the state. Later Homer.H. McKeehan and Horace Homer H were admitted to the partnership. Mr. Kelley's specialty, as already noted, is admiralty law. His knowledge of marine law and affairs is so comprehensive and exact that his opinions have come to be accepted as authority by his fellow lawyers and are seldom seriously questioned in courts. While devoted to his profession and strictly a lawyer, Mr. Kelley has taken a commendable interest in public affairs in his home city, and at every opportunity has sought to strengthen the arms of good government and extend the work and prestige of the city. He is an active republican, is a member of the Union Club, University Club, Country Club, Roadside Club and Euclid Club, He also belongs to the Cleveland, Ohio State and American Bar associations. Mr. Kelley is president of the Ohio Society of the Sons of the American Revolution and also of the Western Reserve Society of the same order. He is a trustee and is secretary and treasurer of the Cleveland Museum of Art and was a member of the building committee which had charge of the erection of the beautiful new Art Building. He is also a member of the board of trustees of Buchtel College, now the Municipal University of Cleveland. Mr. Kelley was married September 3, 1889, to Miss Florence A. Kendall. Her father was MAraj. Frederick A. Kendall of ajUnited States Regular Army. Her mother, Virginia (Hutchinson) Kendall, was a daughter of one of the noted Hutchinson family of singers of New Hampshire. Mr. and Mrs. Kelley have three children: Virginia Hutchinson, Alfred Kendall and Hayward Kendall. JUDGE DANIEL KELLEY was one of the most prominent of the early settlers of Cleveland, and numerous references to his name and career are found elsewhere in this publication. To concentrate a few of the more important facts of his personal history the following sketch is given : He was born at Norwich, Connecticut, November 27, 1755. He was a son of Daniel Kelley and Abigail Reynolds Kelley, and a grandson of Joseph and Lydia (Caulkins) Kelley. These grandparents were among the early settlers of Norwich, Connecticut, where they established their home in 1698. Judge Daniel Kelley moved to Middletown, Connecticut, where in 1787 he married Jemima Stow. Her brother, Joshua Stow, was one of the thirty-five original members of the Connecticut Land Company and one of the surveying party which with Moses Cleaveland founded the City of Cleveland in 1796. In 1798 Daniel Kelley removed to Lowville, New York, and while there was elected first judge of Lewis County. In the fall of 1814 he came to Cleveland, whither his previous reputation followed him, so that he was almost at once a man of importance in the community. In March, 1816, he was elected to succeed his son Alfred as president of the Village of CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 11 Cleveland, an office to which he was re-elected in 1817, 1818 and 1819. He was also postmaster of Cleveland until 1817, when he was succeeded by his son, Irad Kelley. In 1816, with his son, Alfred, Datus and Irad, Judge Kelley was among the incorporators of a company for the building of the first pier at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. In many other ways he was a factor in movements of importance in the early life of the city and he lived here until his death on August 7, 1831. ALFRED KELLEY. Local history gives Alfred Kelley the distinction of being the first resident attorney of Cleveland, the first president of its village government, active in the organization of its first bank, and in several other things a priority of action and influence. However, his life is not to be measured by these minor evidences of leadership. It was in connection with the broader, more permanent and significant issues of early Ohio and the City of Cleveland that his life and work were most important. No other man was so vitally identified with that great movement, common to the entire United States at the time, known as the era of internal improvements, which began early in the eighteenth century and came to a somewhat disastrous conclusion in the middle '30s, the great financial panic of 1837 coming as a consequence upon this period of industrial building and inflation rather than a cause of the decline. One notable result of this era of internal improvements was the construction of the old Ohio Canal, a transportation route largely conceived and carried out by the genius of Alfred Kelley. This canal was soon superseded by railroads, but in the meantime Cleveland, at the northern end of the canal, had been fortified against all time as one of the great cities of Ohio. Hardly less important was the service rendered by Alfred Kelley during the hard times that followed the panic of 1837. When state credit was at a low ebb and when citizens everywhere were clamoring for a relief from the burdens of an onerous state debt, Alfred Kelley set himself sternly against repudiation and largely through his own resources and his personal credit he saved the financial honor of Ohio. Alfred Kelley was born in Middlefield, near Middletown, Connecticut, November 7, 1789. He was the second son of Judge Daniel and Jemima (Stow) Kelley. A more complete account of his family connections will be found on other pages. Alfred Kelley was a New En its and had the best characteristics of ts people. From his mother's family inherited intellectual force, tenacity of purpose and a strong will. Through his father he was left with a cool judgment, a disposition for thorough investigation and an evenly balanced temperament. His early associations were with the sturdy and well ordered inhabitants of New England. His early life was also spent in what might might be called the heroic age of America. It was a time when the brilliant success of the independence struggle filled men's hearts and minds and when Americans carried their patriotic zeal almost to excess and were possessed of indomitable energy and enterprise for conquering the obstacles and dangers of environment and the new fields of the West. Alfred Kelley had the advantages of the common schools and of Fairfield Academy. When he was about ten years old his parents moved to Lowville, New York. In 1807 he entered the law offices of Judge Jonas Platt, of the Supreme Court of New York. In 1810, being well qualified by his previous studies, he came out to Cleveland, fourteen years after the first settlement had been planted there. He rode horseback from New York in company with his uncle, Judge Joshua Stow, and with Jared P. Kirtland, who was then a young medical student. When they arrived at Cleveland they found a settlement containing three frame houses and six log houses. Mr. Kelley was the first attorney to become a permanent resident of Cleveland. He was admitted to the bar November 7, 1810, and on the same day the court appointed him prosecuting attorney. By successive appointments he held that office until 1822. His career as a lawyer is obscured by his more important activities as a statesman and financier, but all accounts agree that he was a man of power in the advocacy of the interests entrusted to him professionally, and for a number of years he enjoyed as large and lucrative a practice as an attorney in Northern Ohio. Cleveland was chartered as a village December 23, 1814, and on the first Monday of June, 1815, its first village election was held. There were twelve votes and all of them were cast for Alfred Kelley as president of the village. He filled that office only a few months, resigning March 19, 1816, and being succeeded by his father, Judge Daniel Kelley, who was the second president of the village. 12 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS On August 25, 1817, Alfred Kelley married Mary Seymour Welles, of Lowville, New York. To bring his bride out to the Ohio wilderness and the Village of Cleveland, then containing 100 inhabitants, Mr. Kelley bought a one-horse chaise made in Albany, New York, and some days after the marriage he and his bride drove through the Village of Cleveland, and the villagers not only showed a cordial greeting to the bride and groom, but expressed admiration over the first carriage brought to the town. Mr. and Mrs. Kelley went to live in a brick house on 'Water Street, now West Ninth Street, near Superior Street. It was the best residence district and also the business center of the town. Mr. Kelley's home was the second brick house of the village, and a picture of the old house is still extant. Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Kelley had eleven children. In 1814 Mr. Kelley had been elected a member of the Ohio House of Representatives. He and William H. Harper represented a district then comprising the counties of Cuyahoga, Ashtabula and Geauga. The Legislature was still meeting at ChiMenthe, the first capital of the State of Ohio. In the session following his election Mr. Kelley was the youngest member of the House. He continued at intervals a member of the Legislature, first as representative and then as senator, from Cuyahoga and adjoining counties until 1823. When the Commercial Bank of Erie, the first bank in Cleveland, was organized in 1816, Alfred Kelley was elected its president. In 1818, while a member of the Legislature, he introduced the first bill, either in the United States or Europe, providing for the abolition of imprisonment for debt. This bill failed to pass but was a notable step toward a great reform, which was not long delayed, and sending people to prison for debt is now so obsolete that the custom has passed almost from traditional memory. In 1823 Mr. Kelley became one of the State Canal Commission. This commission accomplished its great task of building the Ohio Canal from Cleveland, its northern terminus, to the Ohio River. In many respects the canal was a monument to the enterprise, energy and sagacity of Alfred Kelley, and as already stated it did more than anything else to fortify Cleveland's position as a great shipping center and commercial city. During the construction of this canal Mr. Kelley removed first to Akron and then to Columbus, and he spent the last years of his life at the state capital. When the canal was completed he resigned from the commission to recuperate his health and look after his private affairs. In October, 1836, Mr. Kelley was again elected a member of the Ohio House of Representatives from Franklin and re-elected for a succeeding term. He was chairman of the Whig State Central Committee in 1840 and did a great deal to arouse support in Ohio for the presidential candidate Harrison, who was the first whig sent to the White House. From the beginning of the great panic of 1837 for a number of years Mr. Kelley worked unceasingly to strengthen and preserve the credit of the state at home and abroad. In 1840 he was appointed state fund commissioner and held that office until 1842. He did everything in his power to combat that growing popular influence in the state which advocated the non-payment of interest on the state debt and even argued for repudiation of the debt itself. Rather than have Ohio face dishonor Mr. Kelley went to New York and to Europe and on his personal credit raised the money to pay the interest, and in later years, when a saner reaction followed, he was designated as the "savior of the honor of the state. In 1844 Mr. Kelley was elected to the State Senate and served two consecutive terms. While in the Senate he originated the bill to organize the State Bank of Ohio and other banking companies. This measure, so carefully drawn up by him, afterwards became the basis of the national banking law pre; pared by Secretary of the Treasury Chase and known as the National Bank Act of 1863. Mr. Kelley closed his public career as a member from Columbus of the State Senate in 1857. His health was gradually declining, yet it was characteristic of his fidelity to his work that he went daily to the Senate and helped carry out a number of important measures. He was especially concerned with financial legislation, and at every opportunity sought to improve the condition of the state treasury and secure the safety of the public funds. He also recognized the heavy burdens borne by the people and was active in remodeling the tax laws so as to relieve land. owners from excessive taxation. He should also be remembered as a constructive factor in the upbuilding of Ohio's system of railways. He was president of the Columbus and Xenia Railroad, and in 1845 he was elected president of the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad, most of which was constructed under his direction. The CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 13 Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati was one of the first two railroads built out of the City of Cleveland. It is now part of the Big Four system. A great celebration occurred in Cleveland on February 21, 1851, attended by Governor Wood and many other prominent officials. This was the occasion of the running of the first train on the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati. It is said that when Alfred Kelley was elected president of the road he assumed tremendous responsibility in the task of raising money for its completion. By his influence the city voted $200,000. Mr. Kelley then called a mass meeting in Empire Hall, had the doors locked, and it was announced that no one should be allowed to leave until enough money had been raised to make a start on construction work. Subscriptions came so rapidly that in a short time the doors were opened. In 1850 Mr. Kelley was elected president of the Cleveland, Painsville & Ashtabula Railroad, now a part of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern of the New York Central lines. This road began operating east from Cleveland in 1851. Mr. Kelley finally resigned his executive offices with these railroad companies, but remained a director until his death. Alfred Kelley died at Columbus December 2, 1859, a few weeks past the age of seventy. He had given nearly half a century of his life to Ohio and its interests. He was a strenuous worker, accomplished big things, and practically wore himself out by faithful attention to his duties as a financier and public official. HON. VIRGIL P. KLINE. One of the most distinctive personalities and for years an eminent lawyer of Ohio was the late Virgil P. Kline, whose sudden death at his home in Cleveland January 18, 1917, brought a long and eventful career to a close. Mr. Kline had been a resident of Cleveland nearly half a century, for many years was personal attorney of John D. Rockefeller, and for thirty years was attorney for the Standard Oil Company of Ohio. The last professional work he did was obtaining an injunction against the collection of taxes on Rockefeller's personal property in East Cleveland. He was noted as being as Powerful and resourceful in intellect as he was vigorous and determined in contesting the interests of his clients .before court or jury. He was a master of many involved and complicated branches of learning aside from the law itself, and had made a close study of financial and economic questions. He served the Standard Oil Company in all its legal fights in Ohio. No lawyer in Ohio was a more ready or powerful advocate, or more industrious as a student of his eases. To a remarkable degree he commanded the confidence of the court and enjoyed many warm friendships among the judges and members of the bar. He possessed an extraordinary talent for effective work and was a genius for quick and comprehensive perception and safe judgment. Wherever he went he was recognized as a man of forceful ability, of decided opinions and distinctive personality. In physique he resembled Napoleon and that resemblance was frequently noted since he possessed the same qualities as a fighter as did the Little Corporal. In his personal relations he was regarded as most approachable and kindly, and many younger members of the Cleveland bar have reason to be grateful for his assistance and advice. Speaking of Mr. Kline's individual traits, one who was a very Close friend says: "I have known many men, but he less than any man of my acquaintance manifested the least jealousy of rivals. He was so big, strong and courageous he did not need to see or fear them. Virgil P. Kline was born at Congress in Wayne County, Ohio, November 3, 1844, and was in his seventy-third year when he died. His parents were Anthony and Eliza Jane (Montgomery) Kline. When he was a boy his parents removed to Conneaut in Ashtabula. County, and he grew up and received his early education in the public schools there. At Conneaut in 1860, when not yet sixteen years of age, young Kline and a boy companion 0. M. Hall, also an Ohioan by birth and who afterwards attained distinction as a congressman from Minnesota, started a little newspaper, publishing it as partners under the firm name Kline & Hall, editors and proprietors. It was a year full of national destiny, when Lincoln and Douglas were the rival candidates of their respective parties in the North. The boys published the paper until the opening of the presidential campaign. Young 'pine was en ardent Douglas democrat and Hall was equally zealous in behalf of the republican party. Differing in politics, the boys determined to break up partnership. Kline told Hall he would pay him two dollars and a half if the latter would publish the remaining two issues of the little paper which they had been issuing monthly. Hall accepted 14 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS the offer and the next two issues were highly colored with his views on politics and with his fervid republican principles. The paper was called "The Yoting American," and was devYoungo literature, news, fun, poetry, etc. While it did not have a large circulation, it was an enterprise of considerable distinction considering the youth of the editors, and was read in many family circles. The paper contained four pages, and was a nine by eleven inch sheet. .Not long afterward Hall moved to Minnesota and became a democrat himself, and he and Mr. Kline were always the best of friends. During the early '60s Mr. Kline pursued preparatory studies in the Eclectic Institute at Hiram, Ohio, and in 1866 was graduated from Williams College. His first important responsibility in life was as a teacher, and for two years he was superintendent of schools at Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. He then came to Cleveland and took up the study of law in the office of Albert T. Slade. Admitted to the bar of Ohio September 15, 1869, he began practice in association with Mr. Slade under the firm name of Slade & Kline, and that partnership continued until the death of the senior partner in 1876. Subsequently Mr. Kline was associated with John M. Henderson, and when S. H. Tolles joined the firm it took the name of Henderson, Kline & Tolles. Mr. Henderson withdrew in 1895, and a year later W. F. Carr and F. H. Goff were admitted, making the firm title, Kline, Carr, Tolles & Goff. This was succeeded by Kline, Tolles & Morley. At the time of his death Mr. Kline was senior member of the firm of Kline, Clevenger, Buss & Holliday. Their offices were in the East Ohio Gas Building. Mr. Kline was a lifelong democrat. He had a reputation as an orator that was not confined entirely to the court room. He always took a lively interest in public questions and affairs, and his addresses on various topics were accorded the closest of attention as expressions of the unusual personality of the or• ator and also because they were full of information and meaning. In 1891 he was mentioned as the democratic candidate for governor of Ohio, and on several occasions was the candidate for his party for the Common Pleas, Circuit and Supreme Benches. Mr. Kline was a member of the Union and University Clubs and the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity; was a member of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce and belonged to the Castalia Fishing Club of Castalia, Ohio, and the University Club of New York. Much of his wide information he gained by reading in his private library, which is said to have been one of the finest in Cleveland. Though a man of wealth, he led the simple life and his tastes ran chiefly to books, bronzes and oriental rugs. He was one of the founders of the Cleveland Bar Association, and at its first meeting in March, 1873, was elected corre,.sponding secretary. Subcorrely he served as president of the Ohio Bar Association. He did much to elevate the courts of Ohio to their present high standards. Mr. Kline was survived by his widow, one son and two daughters. Mrs. Kline was formerly Miss Effie Ober. The son, Virgil P. Kline, Jr., is a resident of Parkersburg, West Virginia. The daughters are Mrs. Charles S. Brooks of New York City and Mrs. Carlyle Pope of Cleveland, wife of Dr. Carlyle Pope. THE WARNER & SWASEY COMPANY. No institution in Cleveland has more of the distinguishing assets and characteristics of age, strength, integrity and tested and proved reliability of status than the Warner & Swasey Company. Employment with that company has always been regarded as a badge of efficiency and of honor. The two men whose names are borne in the company title are subjects of sketches elsewhere, and the following paragraphs represent an effort to give briefly and concisely some idea of the scope and the history of this business. The partnership of Warner and Swasey was established at Cleveland in 1881. The firm were designers and manufacturers of machine tools and special machinery. That was a rather general field and the company did not long remain without important departures in specializations therefrom. The accomplishments of Warner & Swasey in mechanical and engineering lines early brought them commissions for the construction of great telescopes and other scientific instruments for astronomical observatories. That has ever since been one of the distinguishing features of the company's equipment and facilities and output. While the design and construction of astronomical instruments has made the Warner & Swasey Company renowned in the scientific world, the manufacture of machine tools has brought equal reputation in the world of manufacturing, until today machine tools manufactured by this concern are in use in the leading factories of practically every manufacturing country in the universe. CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 15 Among the most noted telescopes designed and constructed by this company are included the great 36-inch Lick Telescope, of the Lick Observatory, University of California. This telescope was completed in 1887. and for years was the largest refractor in the world. In 1893 the 40-inch Yerkes Telescope at Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago, was completed, and this telescope still remains the largest refractor yet constructed. Other large telescopes include the 26-inch telescope of the United States Naval Observatory at Washington, and many others. The Warner & Swasey Company recently completed a 72-inch reflecting telescope for the Dominion of Canada, containing the largest reflector yet completed. It is also manufacturing a 60-inch reflecting telescope recently de.; signed and now under construction for the Argentine Republic. The products of the Warner & Swasey Company have been awarded high honors at every exposition where they have been exhibited, beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1889. Grand prizes for separate exhibits of machine tools and astronomical instruments—outranking the gold medal—were awarded at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco. In 1900 the Warner & Swasey Company was incorporated. With a world reputation as manufacturers of machine tools and optical instruments of precision, the facilities of their great plants have been tested to full capacity in recent years in the production of optical instruments for the army and navy. In addition to the works and main office in Cleveland the Warner & Swasey Company has branch offices in New York, Boston, Buffalo, Detroit and Chicago and sales agencies in the principal foreign countries. WORCESTER REED WARNER, senior member of the old partnership and the present corporation of the Warner & Swasey Company, bears, together with his honored partner, one of the most honored names in American industry. He was born at Cummington, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, May 16, 1846, a son of Franklin J. and Vesta Wales (Reed) Warner. His Americanship is a matter of two centuries of family residence. The first American of the name was Andrew Warner, who settled at Cambridge, Massachusetts, about 1632, and moved to Hadley in 1650. The successive heads of generations with their wives Vol. II - 2 are as follows : Andrew WVoler married Esther Selden ; Daniel, who married Martha. Boltwood ; Daniel, who married Mary Hubbard ; Joseph, who married Mary Whipple ; Joseph, who married Olive Holbrook; Franklin J., who married Vesta Wales Reed; and Worcester Reed Warner, who married at Cleveland June 26, 1890, Cornelia F. Blakemore of Philadelphia. Mr. and Mrs. Warner have one daughter, Helen Blakemore Warner. Mr. Warner was born on a farm, was educated in the district schools of Cummington and left home at the age of nineteen to serve as an apprentice machinist. He learned his trade at Boston, Massachusetts, and Exeter, New Hampshire, where he worked as a mechanical draftsman, and in 1869 went to the shops of the Pratt & Whitney Company as foreman. He was with that company at Hartford, Connecticut, from 1870 to 1880, and while in Exeter, New Hampshire, met Ambrose Swasey, beginning an acquaintance and comradeship which they recently celebrated as forty-eight years of partnership. While at Hartford Mr. Warner pursued studies in astronomy and other scientific branches and experimented in telescope building as a recreation. He and his partner, Mr. Swasey, made their first independent venture together in Chicago with a capital of $10,000, but soon discovered that it was impossible to secure trained workers that far west, and therefore in 1881 they began their partnership as machine tool makers at Cleveland. Mr. Warner, like his partner, has enjoyed many individual distinctions both in Cleveland and elsewhere. In 1897 the Western University of Pennsylvania conferred upon him the degree Doctor of Mechanical Science.. He served as manager from 1890 to 1893 and as president in 1896-97 of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, is past president of the Civil Engineers' Club of Cleveland, is a past president of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, a member of the Association for the Advancement of Science, member of the British Astronomical Society, Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, trustee of Western Reserve University and of the Case School of Applied Science. He is a director of the Guardians Savings and Trust Company, and the Cleveland Society for Savings, member of the Union Club, Country Club, University Club, Sleepy Hollow Country Club of New York and is a republican in polities. Mr. Warner's home is at Tarrytown-on-Hudson, and 16 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS he also maintains offices both in Cleveland and in New York. AMBROSE SWASEY. So much that is strong, lasting and good, so many movements and organizations have proceeded directly from the heart and brain and executive power of Ambrose Swasey in Cleveland that an adequate sketch of his life and influence would cover many pages and it is manifestly impossible to convey even an approximate outline of his achievements in the few brief paragraphs and sentences to which this article is limited. Mr. Swasey is of New England birth and ancestry, was born at Exeter, New Hampshire, December 19, 1846, a son of Nathaniel and Abigail Chesley (Peavey) Swasey. His early education was acquired in the public schools of his native town. There he learned the machinists' trade and while there made the acquaintance of W. R. Warner, thus beginning a partnership which has now endured for forty-eight years, thirty-seven years as an actual firm of Warner & Swasey and since 1900 as the Warner & Swasey Company in Cleveland. Reference has already been made to the history and product of the Warner & Swasey Company of Cleveland. Mr. Swasey 's individual talents have contributed much to the success of this Cleveland industrial institution. He invented the Swasey Range and Position Finder, adopted by the United States Government. He has contributed to various engineering subjects, and particularly to the article published under the title "A New Process for Generating and Cutting the Teeth of Spur Wheels and Some Refinements of Mechanical Science." Many honors have been bestowed upon Mr. Swasey. In 1900 he was decorated by the French government as a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor for his achievements in the design and construction of astronomical instruments. In 1905 Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio, conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering, and in 1910 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Science from Denison University, Granville, Ohio. He was one of the original forty-eight men to organize the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, serving as vice president in 1900-1902, and as president in 19 In 1916 he was made an honorary member of the society. He is past president and honorary member of the Cleveland Engineering Society. His connection with foreign en gineering and scientific societies includes membership in the Institution of Mechanical Engineers of Great Britain, the British Astronomical Society, and he is a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1914 Mr. Swasey made the initial gift towards the establishment of the Engineering Foundation. So far as is known, this is the first instance of a fonndation devoted to engineering purposes, an establishment of a means of promoting the good of mankind through the work of the engineer along the broadest lines. In 1917 the income of the foundation was devoted to the work of the National Research Council. Mr. Swasey served as a member of the jury of awards of the Nashvile, Pan-American and St. Louis expositions, and as vice president of the jury of awards of the Jamestown Exposition. Mr. Swasey has held many positions of trust in the business world, and is deeply interested in civic affairs. In 1905 he served as president of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce. He has traveled extensively at home and abroad, having been twice around the world, and in 1917 for the third time visited China, where for many years he has given special attention to the promotion of education. He was married at Hampton, New Hampshire, October 24, 1871, to Lavinia D., daughter of David and Sarah Ann (Dearborn) Marston. She died in January, 1913. ALEXANDER McINTOSH had an active and honorable part in the life and affairs of Cleveland for forty-five years. His name is one .that can be recalled without apology and deserves to stand in the list of those who maintained progress and stability here during the middle period of the last century. His birth occurred in Scotland, March 10, 1808, and he died at his home on Superior Street, where he had lived continuously for twenty-seven years, November 8, 1883, when past seventy-five years of age. He was reared and educated in his native land and immediately after his marriage in 1833 came to America and in 1842 removed to Cleveland. His first home in this city was an old frame house that still stands on St. Clair street near Perry street. Alexander McIntosh was an expert nurseryman and conducted a business which supplied fruit and ornamental trees throughout Cleveland and a large section of Northern CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 17 Ohio. He was very capable as a gardener and also as a landscape artist and made that his business until 1873, when he retired. Ostentation was no part of his character, but in a quiet effective way, characteristic of the true Scotchman, he did much that may be estimated as of public value. Politically he was a democrat of the old school. Different positions of official responsibility and honor were thrust upon him and he might have held many other offices had he so desired. In 1849 he was elected from the old second ward to the city council. At that time Flavel V. Bingham was mayor, William Case was president of the council, and among his colleagues were such well known old timers as D. W. Cross, Arthur Hughes, Azariah Everett and Abner C. Brownell. At that time Cleveland had a bicameral system of government, with a board of aldermen as well as a council. The city had only three wards. During the second year of Mr. McIntosh's service in the council William Case was mayor and Alexander Seymour president of the council, and other aldermen and councilmen were John Gill, L. M. Hovey, William Given, George Whitelaw, Buckley Stedman, William Bingham, Samuel Williamson, Arthur Hughes, Abner C. Brownell and Levi Johnson. Alexander McIntosh served in the council for three years. Later he was elected street commissioner and for four years was a member of the board of improvements under Mayors Buhrer and Payne. He was for forty years an active member of the Masonic Order, and his fellow Masons had charge of the burial services. In the words of a newspaper editorial at the time of his death Mr. McIntosh "was a man of great force of character, firm in his judgment, but not hasty to form an opinion nor seeking to obtrude his views upon others. His integrity was beyond question and he was possessed of these traits of character which command esteem and inspire respect. Truly a good man has been taken from among us." In May, 1833, in Scotland, he married Miss Agnes Nicol. She was born in Fedden, Scotland, and died at the old home at 1090 Superior Street in Cleveland September 18, 1892, when nearly eighty-three. Hers was a life of usefulness, of sound health and great vitality and was lived peacefully and happily until its close. As a bride she accompanied her husband to America and they lived at Astoria, New York, for five years, removing in 1838 to Twinsburg, Ohio, and to Cleveland in 1842. She is remembered for her charitable deeds as well as for the ability with which she reared a family of capable sons and daughters. For many years she was an active worker in the Dorcas Society and at one time filled the office of vice president. Eight children were born to their marriage. In order of age they are mentioned as follows : Eliza Maria, who died in infancy ; Mrs. J. S. Cleland, who died in Alliance, Ohio, in 1870; Mrs. F. H. Baldwin, deceased ; Mrs. R. W. Teeters, who died in 1916 ; John L. McIntosh, who at one time served as city clerk of Cleveland and died in 1877 ; Alexander McIntosh, Jr., a New York City merchant ; Henry P. McIntosh, president of The Guardian Savings & Trust Company, one of Cleveland's largest banking houses; and George T. McIntosh, secretary of The National One-Cent Letter Postage Association. HENRY PAYNE MCINTOSH. The presidency of such an institution as The Guardian Savings & Trust Company of Cleveland carries with it some of the finest dignities and honors of American financial life. Henry Payne McIntosh, its president, has attained this eminence through a long service. It is a fulfillment of many years of careful and conscientious performance of those duties that lay nearest him at consecutive periods since boyhood. His has not been a spectacular rise to fortune. There is romance attaching to the careers of all successful business men, but with few exceptions it is romance of prosaic, unremitting and undramatic industry and fidelity. Mr. McIntosh, a son of the late Alexander and Agnes (Nicol) McIntosh, whose plain and substantial careers have been noted elsewhere, was horn at Cleveland October 27, 1846. He acquired his education in the Cleveland public schools. He became a telegrapher when that science was in its infancy and from 1860 to 1868 was in the employ of the Cleveland & Erie Railway Company in its telegraphic department. When he resigned from the railway company he was its chief operator. In March, 1868, Mr. McIntosh moved to Alliance, Ohio, in which city he lived for about twelve years. He became bookkeeper for E. Teeters & Sons, bankers, and was also secretary of the Alliance & Lake Erie Railway Company. Mr. McIntosh returned to Cleveland in November, 1876, to take charge of the business interests of Hon. Henry B. Payne, and retained the management of the extensive Payne properties in this city until he resigned to become president of The Guardian Savings & Trust Cora- 18 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS pany in 1898, when its resources were about $1,500,000. At present, July, 1917, its resources are about $53,000,000. This banking institution was only four years old when he took charge. It was established and opened for business on December 10, 1894, its first quarters being in the Wade Building at 108 Superior Street. Mr. McIntosh became president of the institution while it was still in that building, and subsequently it was moved to a more commodious structure which it erected at 322 Euclid Avenue. Since Mr. McIntosh became president The Guardian Savings & Trust Company has become one of the largest financial and fiduciary institutions of Ohio. In 1916 it completed a home appropriate to the strength and resources of the bank. This is known as The Guardian Building, a lofty banking and office structure occupying the former site of the New England Building and acknowledged to be one of the finest banking homes in the United States. In this building The Guardian Savings & Trust Company has had its home since December 11; 1916, the removal having been made just twenty-two years after the opening of the bank for business in the Wade Building. It has complete facilities and resources for every department of general banking and as a trust company. Its officers and directors comprise almost a directory of the foremost business men and capitalists of Cleveland. Mr. McIntosh's position as a financier is directly the result of an ever widening knowledge of business conditions gained during half a century of contact with commercial affairs in the Middle West. Besides his office as president and director of this company he is president and director of the Cleveland & Eastern Traction Company and the Cleveland & Chagrin Falls Railway Company, director of the Chicago, Lake Shore & South Bend Railway Company, the Cleveland Metal Products Company, the Cleveland Railway Company, chairman of the board of directors and director of The Cleveland National Bank ; director Of The Hydraulic Pressed Steel Company, The Interlake Steamship Company, The Standard Parts Company; vice president, treasurer and director of The Standard Tool Company; president and director of The Trumbull & Mahoning Water Company. He is a member of the American Bankers Association, and during 1909-1910 he served as president of the trust company section of that association. Mr. McIntosh is one of the lading Masons of Ohio. He is affiliated with Iris Lodge No. 229, Free and Accepted Masons, Cleveland Chapter No. 148, Royal Arch Masons, Holy-rood Commandery No. 32, Knights Templar, of which he is a past eminent commander, and is also past right eminent grand commander of the Knights Templar of Ohio, is a member of Elidah Lodge of Perfection, Bahurim Council, P. J., Ariel Chapter, Rose Croix, H. R. D. M., Lake Erie Consistory, S. P. R. S., Supreme Council Sovereign Grand Inspectors General and has attained the thirty-third and supreme degree of Scottish Rite Masonry with the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction of the United States. He is also a member of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, the Country, Masonic, Rowfant, Union and Bankers' clubs and the Old Time Telegraphers' Association. The family residence is. at 7341 Euclid Avenue. January 19, 1871, while a bank employee in Alliance, Mr. McIntosh married Miss Olive Manfull, daughter of C. C. and Hannah J. (Shourds)  Manfull. Mrs. McIntosh died March 14, 1915. Mr. and Mrs. McIntosh were active members of the Calvary Presbyterian Church, in which he has long been an official, while Mrs. McIntosh found constant opportunity to exercise her charitable deeds through the church and also through other local organizations, particularly the Dorcas Invalids' Home and the Home for Aged Women. In politics Mr. McIntosh is a democrat, though a voter for the best candidate regardless of party and never an aspirant for public honors. He and his wife were the parents of six children : Ralph, deceased ; Fanny, who married John Sherwin, president of The First National Bank of Cleveland; Alexandrine, who married. Robert D. Beatty, secretary and general manager of The Cleveland & Eastern Traction Company; Olive Marie, wife of Edwin H. Brown, vice president of The General Aluminum & Brass Manufacturing Company ; Henry Payne, Jr., now one of the vice presidents of The Guardian Savings & Trust Company; and John Manfull. HENRY PAYNE MCINTOSH, JR., vice president of The Guardian Savings & Trust Company, is one of Cleveland's young men of college training and prominent social affiliations who have made a notable success in business affairs. Mr. McIntosh is a son of Henry Payne and Olive (Manfull) McIntosh, of whom reference is made on other pages of this work. Mr. McIntosh, Jr., was born at Cleveland November 23, 1884. He was educated in the CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 19 University School of Cleveland and completed his training in the Wharton School of Economics at the University of Pennsylvania. He is a member of Sigma Chapter of the Zeta Psi of Philadelphia. During several vacations and while still in college Mr. McIntosh was employed as a messenger in The Guardian Savings & Trust Company. From college he went directly into the bank, in the real estate department, and for several years served as assistant real estate officer. In April, 1916, he was made assistant secretary of the bank and in July of the same year was promoted to vice president. Besides his active official relations with this bank Mr. McIntosh is vice president and di; rector of The Hydraulic Pressed Steel Company, secretary and director of The General Aluminum & Brass Manufacturing Company, treasurer and director of The Cleveland Brass & Copper Mills Incorporated; and is also a director in the following well known institutions: The Cleveland National Bank, The Standard Parts Company, The Standard Tool Company, The Cleveland & Eastern Railway Company, and The Cleveland & Chagrin Falls Railway Company. For three years Mr. McIntosh was a member of Troop A of the Ohio National Guard. He is a member of the Union Club, the Hermit Club, the Country Club, the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, the Cleveland Bankers Club and Cleveland Automobile Club. February 19, 1908, he married Miss Isabel Strong, daughter of Harry B. and Jennie (Gregory) Strong of Cleveland. Her father is a member of the firm C. H. Strong & Son, general contractors. Mr. and Mrs. McIntosh. have two children, both born in Cleveland, Henry P. McIntosh III, and Gregory Strong McIntosh. CHARLES FRANCIS BRUSH. Cleveland will always take a special pride in the fact that the first successful application of the electric fluid to the illumination of streets, and the first successful application of electric power to the propulsion of street cars was performed in this city. This pride is heightened by the fact that the inventor and scientist responsible for both these achievements was born in the environs of Cleveland and has made this city his home all his life. The early home of the Brush family was in Euclid Township of Cuyahoga County. There Charles Francis Brush was born March 17, 1849. His parents were Col. Isaac Elbert and Delia "Wisner (Phillips) Brush. Mr. Brush is thoroughly an American. His first American ancestor in the paternal line, Thomas Brush, came from England in 1652 and settled near Huntington, Long Island. In the maternal line his lineage goes back to Rev. George Phillips, an Episcopal clergyman who came with Governor Winthrop and settled near Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. Col. Isaac E. Brush was a manufacturer of woolen goods in Orange County; New York, but after he came to Ohio in 1846 followed farming near Cleveland. Charles F. Brush was educated in the pub. lie schools of Cleveland. While in high school he invented a device for automatically turning off the Cleveland street lights. His aptitude for scientific studies was pronounced from early youth. While a student in the University of Michigan, from which he was graduated in 1869, he pursued special courses in scientific and technical lines, and was graduated with the degree of mining engineer. Because of his subsequent distinguished services Mr. Brush has been the recipient of many honorary degrees. His alma mater conferred upon him the degree master of science in 1899 and doctor of science in 1912. He was given the honorary degree doctor of philosophy by Western Reserve University in 1880 and LL.D. in 1900, and has the honorary degree doctor of laws from Kenyon College. After his university degree Mr. Brush located at Cleveland and for three years was an analytical chemist and consulting expert and from 1873 to 1877 was engaged in the iron ore and pig iron industry. He took up the study of electricity from a practical standpoint in 1873. He soon invented a dynamo and from 1877 he devoted his time entirely to the development of electric lighting. The incandescent electric light had already been given to the world, but its practical utility was confined to the illumination of buildings. Mr. Brush sought to improve upon the principle of electric lighting so as to adapt it for street illumination. In 1878 he perfected and gave to the world the Brush electric arc light. The first public demonstration of this new light was given on April 29, 1879, when twelve arc lights, invented and made by Mr. Brush, flashed their dazzling illumination over the public square in Cleveland. It was a wonderful triumph for Mr. Brush, and the arc light's use was rapidly extended, at first in the downtown District of Cleveland, and then to New York and soon all over the world. By 1881 20 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS the light was introduced into England and on the European continent. The essential principle of the Brush arc light is still retained through all the numerous minor modifications and improvements. In 1880 The Brush Electric Company was formed and a large plant established for the manufacture of the arc lights and of Mr. Brush's other electrical inventions. The first electric motor street car was put in operation at Cleveland July 26, 1884. The car itself was only one of the ordinary horse cars of that period, with a box bolted underneath containing a dynamo, the invention of Mr. Brush, and a motor from which the power was communicated to the wheels by pulleys. The Brush system of electric propulsion also grew rapidly in favor, though his lasting fame will rest most securely upon his invention of the electric arc light. Recognition of his achievements was not long delayed. In 1881 the French Government, in recognition of his discoveries in electricity, decorated him as a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. In 1899 the American Academy of Arts and Sciences awarded him the Rumford medal for "the practical development of electric arc lighting." He was awarded the Edison medal in 1913 by the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Mr. Brush largely withdrew from the active management of the technical side of his business in 1891, but has ever since maintained a laboratory at his home and in it he has spent many of his happiest hours. For many years Mr. Brush has been president of The Cleveland Arcade Company and was organizer and first president of The Linde Air Products Company. He has contributed numerous papers to scientific societies and publications embodying the results of his investigations, and he has membership in the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and of the British Association (life member) of the Royal Society of Arts, the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the National Electric Light Association, the Archaeological Institute of America, the American Historical Association, the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, the American Chemical Society, the American Philosophical Society, and the American Physical Society. Mr. Brush is a trustee of the Western Reserve University, the Adelbert College, the University School, Cleveland School of Art, and the Lake View Cemetery. He was one of the incorporators of. the Case School of Applied Science, is a warden of Trinity Cathedral, and a member of the Sinking Fund Commission of Cleveland. He is also a life member and former president of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, a member of the Ohio State Board of Commerce, of the National Board of Trade and of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States. His membership in clubs include the Union Club; of which he was president two terms, the University, Country, and Mayfield clubs of Cleveland ; is a member and president of the Winous Point Shooting Club and a member of the University Club of New York City and the Royal Societies Club of England. Mr. Brush married in 1875 Miss Mary E. Morris, of Cleveland. Their three children are : Edna, Mrs. R. G. Perkins ; Helene; and Charles Francis Brush, Jr., who graduated from Harvard in 1915. WILLIAM S. LOUGEE, one of the best known architects of Cleveland, has practiced his profession in this city for over a quarter of a century. Of the architectural profession more than any other, perhaps it is possible to say, "By their works shall they be known." The work of Mr. Lougee at Cleveland can be estimated by a large number of practical instances, both in public and private architecture. During 1901-05 Mr. Lougee was assistant architect of the Board of Education. On April 4, 1905, he was appointed deputy inspector of buildings and on March 4, 1907, was made chief building inspector. This office he resigned at the close of the Johnson administration on January 1, 1910. Thus he gave nearly ten years of his professional service to the school board and the municipality. Most important of the work which he did in this time was the supervision of the erection and completion of the New City Hall. A more adequate estimate of his professional practice and ideals would be based upon the following partial list of buildings for which he has drawn plans and supervised construction. Of public or semi-public buildings there are Cuyahoga County Criminal Court and Jail Buildings, the Marshall Buildings on the Public Square, West Twenty-fifth and Lorain, West Twenty-fifth and Denison; Cleveland and Buffalo and Detroit and Cleveland Boat Terminals; The William Edwards Company, Warehouse, Factory and Office Building; Wil- CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 21 liam Edwards Canning Factory; Morgan Lithograph Studio ; Royal Motor Car Building; Temple Motor Car Building; the Weideman Company Warehouse and. factory addition ; Cadillac Service Station; Loyal Order of Moose Building; St. John's Hospital; Woodland Avenue Bath House ; Cuyahoga County Detention Home; Colonial Woolen Mills Factory;. Clarke-Kessler Chemical Factory; Towell Building; Viehek Tool Company Factory ; Cleveland Bronze and Brass Factory; D. C. Hurcheroft Factory; Osborn-Crew Factory ; Albert Strauss Warehouse ; Tacoma Garage; Engine House; Luna Park Dancing Pavilion and Luna Park Skating Pavilion; Park Theater at Youngstown; Summit-Cherry Market House at Toledo; St. Philomena's Parish House; and Russell Hall Apartments. William Samuel Lougee was born at Buck-field, Maine, January 29, 1867, son of Samuel C. and Catherine Lougee. He received his early education at Boston, in the common schools and one year in high school, and in 1884 began the study of architecture in the office of Tristram Griffin at 172 Washington Street in Boston. He remained a student and apprentice with Mr. Griffin six years, and in 1890 came to Cleveland and was associated with the well known architect John Eisenmann until 1900. Following that he became connected with the Board of Education and the city government and since resigning his position as chief building inspector has practiced architecture privately at 500 Marshall Building. In his office hangs a large fine picture of the late Tom L. Johnson, showing that Mr. Lougee is one of the many followers and admirers of that notable figure in Cleveland politics. He is a democrat, a member of the Athletic Club, the Gentleman's Driving Club, the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, the Loyal Order of Moose, Cleveland City Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, and Cleveland Chapter, Royal Arch Masons. O. P. AND M. J. VAN SWERINGEN are a firm of Cleveland business men with offices occupying the twelfth floor of the Marshall Building on the Public Square. Their stationery bears this simple combination of names, which contains little hint of the extraordinary activities and energies which emanate from the combination. It is significant, however, that the press and the general public seldom refer to the firm by their exact title but merely as "the Van Sweringens" or the "Van Swerin gen interest." Thus these two young brothers, among the keenest and most resourceful business men and real estate operators in the Middle West, have attained to that dignity where they are referred to somewhat as an institution or a big corporation, which in fact they are. These young men began their operations in the local real estate field in 1907. They possessed not only the aggressive energy and ability associated with the ablest men of their class, but more important they had visions and ideals and the power to translate those visions into practical achievement. It is probably unnecessary to speak here at length of that marvelous transformation and improvement which Clevelanders generally refer to as Shaker Heights Village and its immediate connection with the heart of the Cleveland business district. The site chosen for their big work was a tract of wooded and rugged acreage just outside the city limits of Cleveland. It took its name from being occupied by a colony of Shakers from 1826 to 1889. Its topography was such that it had never been in the direct line of suburban development. The Van Sweringens had a vision that it might be made to become in time the fashionable residence district of the sixth city in the United States. Young men, with only a moderate amount of capital between them, and with no influential financial connections, they took their plans to men of money. Men of money are proverbially conservative and practical. They insisted that Shaker Heights was too far from the city and that the land was practically inaccessible by street car or automobile road. The Van Sweringens brought against this argument their individual faith and enthusiasm and an astonishing number of practical arguments. Capital was won over and in time they had platted more than 4,000 acres as a high grade residence allotment. They built two street car lines into the city, gave Cleveland some hundreds of acres for public parks, built miles of winding boulevards and started the construction work on what has since grown into homes worth millions of dollars. Within four years Shaker Heights Village had begun to assume the concrete expression of the dreams and visions of the Van Sweringen Brothers. The site of this village possessed every ideal of situation and topography for the desired. purpose. The primary obstacle to its development was its comparative inaccessibility to the business center of the city. In overcoming 22 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS this obstacle the Van Sweringens have Overturned all precedence and have achieved their real distinction among real estate operators. The success of the enterprise depended upon real rapid transit connection. The primary route which they desired to utilize was the Nickel Plate Railroad. Unable to get satisfactory terms for the use of this right of way, the Van Sweringens and other associates bought outright the entire railroad. This is probably the only instance in which a group of real estate developers have acquired an entire railroad to serve their purpose. They gradually acquired right of way throughout the distance from Shaker Heights Village to the Public Square of Cleveland, and at the present writing the Van Sweringens are erecting a large interurban passenger station, freight terminal and hotel on one of the costliest downtown sites in Cleveland. Their hotel, to be known as the Hotel Cleveland, is now in process of construction on the site of the old Forest City House at Public Square and Superior Avenue. The ground and building together will cost $5,000,000 and the hotel will contain 1,000 guest rooms and when completed will be one of the most splendid additions to the architecture surrounding the public square. The Van Sweringens may be credited without exaggeration with having done wonders for Cleveland and at the same time accomplished a great deal for themselves. It is their idea that what helps Cleveland will help them, and first and last they stand for a bigger and better city. As one examines the plans as well as the construction work which has already been completed, he is impressed with the remarkable ingenuity and the foresight exhibited in every detail. In laying out the boulevard and car lines the Van Sweringens looked ahead to the time when traffic would be so dense that overhead crossings would be necessary. Already one overhead crossing in the big allotment has been completed and the boulevards and thoroughfares have been so arranged that when overhead crossings are a necessity they can be constructed with the least possible expense and inconvenience. The various streets are laid out in curves and in such way that they cross the car tracks in groups, making the fewest possible number of car stops. These are situated at intervals of about a third of a mile, and it is obvious that this means a great quickening of service over an arrangement which would compel a car to stop at every ordinary city block. From the very beginning Shaker Heights Village has been a high grade, carefully restricted residence district, and those restrictions have been so carefully worked out in all the deeds of title that the high character of the subdivision is safeguarded in perpetuity. At the present time a splendid new grammar school and high school are being built in the village, but before the local school facilities were provided the Van Sweringens used automobiles to take the children of the local residents to the nearest schoolhouses and furnished this transportation free of charge. Concerning the obvious material facts of the development of Shaker Heights Village and the means by which it has been brought, through rapid transit and automobile road building, within easy reach of the Public Square, the people of Cleveland are generally informed. Something should now be said in a brief paragraph or two of the Van Sweringen brothers. O. P. Van Sweringen, the older, is thirty-eight years old, and his brother M. J. is thirty-six years old. Both were born near Wooster, Ohio. They are sons of the late Mr. and Mrs. James Van Sweringen. Their father was a Civil war veteran and was wounded at the battle of Gettysburg. There were three boys and two girls in the family. The only one now married is. H. C. Van Sweringen, the oldest of the brothers, who has offices with his younger brothers in the Marshall Building, but is an independent operator in the real estate field. From Wooster the family moved to Geneva, Ohio, and when 0. P. Van Sweringen was about six years of age the family came to Cleveland. Their father was not a man of wealth and they grew up in a home of simple comforts and high ideals, and were educated in the local public schools. Both of them are Cleveland products, and the city takes a great deal of pride in these young men, who, utilizing the resources of their minds and characters rather than inherited capital or influence, have developed a business which represents millions and which involves easily the most stupendous real estate development in or around the city, Both of them are members of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, the Union Club, Shaker Heights Country Club, Willowick Club and the Hermit Club. O. P. Sweringen at this writing is a, member of the Cleveland City Planning Commission. HON. DAVID COURTNEY WESTENHAVER. After John H. Clarke was called from Cleveland to a place on the United States Supreme Bench CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 23 in the summer of 1915, there existed a vacancy in the United States district judgeship for Northern Ohio for seven or eight months. Finally, acting upon the direct recommendation of Attorney General Gregory, President Wilson in February, 1917, sent the appointment of David C. Westenhaver to the Senate for confirmation. In purely political circles Judge Westenhaver was scarcely known at all until his appointment for the office of district judge. He has been a Cleveland lawyer since 1903, and he grew up and began the practice of law many years ago in that section of West Virginia, where the former Cleveland mayor, Baker, now Secretary of War, was also getting his first distinctions. A very close friendship has existed between Secretary Baker and Judge Westenhaver for many years. Judge Westenhaver in Cleveland has given his time almost solely to the practice of law, and gained an enviable place in his profession. He was born in Berkeley County, West Virginia, January 13, 1865, of Dutch lineage and a son of David Westenhaver, who spent his active life as a farmer. The mother was Harriet (Turner) Westenhaver, of an old Virginia family of English origin. She died July 26, 1886. Fifth in a family of eight children, seven of whom are still living, Judge Westenhaver attended the public and private schools of his native county, and took his higher education in Georgetown College at Georgetown, District Columbia. Before completing his classical course he entered the law department and was graduated with the class of 1885 and the degree LL. B. He was admitted to the bar at Martinsburg, West Virginia, in the same year and at the age Of twenty-one was appointed prosecuting attorney to fill out an unexpired term. He was a candidate for the next term but his ticket met defeat. He also served as a member of the city council of Martinsburg. He soon became known as a hard working, able and skillful lawyer and had a large practice in West Virginia, part of the time being associated with W. H. H. Flick under the firm name Flick & Westenhaver. To Mr. Flick Judge Westenhaver credits a large amount of his practical technical training as a lawyer. On coming to Cleveland in the fall of 1903, Judge Westenhaver became connected with the law firm of Garfield, Howe & Westenhaver. The older members of this firm were Harry A. and James R. Garfield and Frederick C. Howe, all of whom were men of national prominence. The Garfields at that time retired from the partnership and in 1906 Mr. Howe also withdrew. Since then Mr. Westenhaver has practiced as head of the firm of Westenhaver, Boyd & Brooks. His associates are William H. Boyd and James C. Brooks. Westenhaver, Boyd & Brooks stood easily among the strongest law firms of Cleveland and Northern Ohio, and handled a large and important general practice of law. The case of Judge Westenhaver is conspicuous among those who have depended entirely upon devotion to a chosen profession for their advancement in the world. He has seldom allowed outside interests to interfere with his practice, and his friends and associates have not known of any special recreation or hobby. While in West Virginia he was chosen president of the State Bar Association, and had the distinction of being the youngest presiding officer that organization ever had. He is a member of the Ohio State and Cleveland Bar associations. In early life he was what might be termed a philosophic democrat, but for many years has been a political independent. He is the kind of democrat who spells his affiliation with a small "d." He has rather avoided purely partisan politics and the only office he held in Cleveland was as a member of the School Board and for two years was its president. While his law practice has brought him broad and varied knowledge of men and affairs, he has found much of the inspiration for his life in books, and his thorough knowledge and acquaintance with literature covers a broad range, but with emphasis upon sociology and economics. For many years he has been a member of the American Economical Association and the American Academy of Political and Social Science, and was president of the Cleveland Council of Sociology in 1906-07. He is a member of the Nisi Prins Club, the noted legal club of Cleveland and a very exclusive organization. He belongs to the Cleveland Athletic Club and University Club of Cleveland, and the Columbus Club of Columbus, Ohio. Judge Westenhaver has been an occasional contributor to legal and economical publications. Whatever he has written is characterized by a clarity and conciseness, and that quality will prove invaluable in his service as a federal judge. Judge Westenhaver was married at Martinsburg, West Virginia, in June, 1888, to Miss. Mary C. Paull, daughter of Henry W. Paull of that place. They have one son, Edward P., who is a graduate of Princeton University and 24 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS is now an active member of the bar associated with his father's firm. A writer in the Cleveland Plain Dealer, after his appointment to the Federal Bench, told some of the facts of his early career, in which he had to struggle with poverty and adverse conditions during his youth in order to secure an education, and he paid his way for his university training by teaching district school, by farm work and by loans from his friends. Of some of his interests the Plain Dealer said: "Above his desk is a bronze head of Lincoln. He has read practically everything ever printed about the martyred president. There is another picture, showing Tom L. Johnson at work, with intimate glimpses into his life. Their friendship developed when Westenhaver was counsel for the Forest City Railway and Municipal Traction Company from 1905 to 1913. "Law is first and last with him but he has a few other hobbies, chief among them books, real books of history, economics, philosophy and biography. He is a heavy-framed, quiet man. The new judge's face is determined, but there are long smile wrinkles beside the mouth." Owing to the rush of business at the close of Congress in 1917 President Wilson's appointment of Judge Westenhaver was deferred for confirmation until the extra session of the Senate after March 4th. The appointment was confirmed on March 14th. CHARLES E. ADAMS. If Cleveland should strive to seek from among its citizens one individual who best approximated the ideal combination of constructive business energy with disinterested public service there would be none to question a choice that fell upon Charles E. Adams. As president of the Cleveland Hardware Company for more than a quarter of a century he has built up one of the city's largest manufacturing institutions. His public spirit has been as conspicuous as his private business record. Probably not a single important movement has been undertaken during the last twenty-five or thirty years with which his name has not been identified. These services have risen to their supreme exertion in recent months when the entire nation has been subject to the strain of war times. No community in the country with respect to proportionate share based upon population has done more to swell the war funds and resources needed in the different lines of service than Cleveland. Mr. Adams has furnished a boundless amount of enthusiasm, energy and wise judgment in all the various campaigns.. He was head of the local organization which in the closing weeks of 1917 raised nearly $400,000 more than the quota assigned to Cleveland for the Y. M. C. A. fund. This lad hardly been completed when he was called upon to direct much of the policy and the plans for the Red Cross membership drive. These are only very recent instances, and going back only a few years examples might be multiplied by the score of Mr. Adams' contributions individually and through organized movements in behalf of some undertaking for the benefit of Cleveland as a community and for the upbuilding of the prestige of this city as one of the great and progressive centers of America. Mr. Adams was born in Cleveland June 8, 1859, a son of Edgar and Mary Jane Adams. He grew up in the city, obtained a public school education, and early took up a business career. From 1884 to 1891 he was connected with the Chandler & Rudd Company of Cleveland. Since June, 1891, he has' een president of the Cleveland Hardware Company, concerning whose importance as an industrial asset little need be said. The company maintains two plants in Cleveland, its special lines of manufacture being drop forgings. In this respect it is the largest institution of its kind in America. Mr. Adams is also a director of the Cleveland Trust Company, the First National Bank, the Cleveland Life Insurance Company, and has many other financial and business interests. .In 1910-11 he was president of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce. He is a member of the Union Club, the Engineering Club, the Mayfield Country Club, belongs to the Presbyterian Church and is a republican in politics. On June 11, 1884, he married Miss Jennie M. Bowley of Cleveland. HON. THEODORE E. BURTON. Whatever may have been true in the earlier life of the American republic, it is now quite generally recognized that being elected to Congress is a somewhat uncertain and temporary distinction. The names and deeds of congressmen are written in the sand, and the nation has no long memory of them. Only the few and the exceptional, and those endowed with something of the primeval qualities of leadership and power, become really national figures and forces. It is doubtful if even a well informed CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 25 student and observer of public affairs could readily name more than a dozen congressmen and senators since the beginning of this century whose names still have significance and vitality and stand out clearly in the national consciousness. That approximation of political fame has been as nearly attained by Theodore E. Burton of Cleveland as by any of his contemporaries. There was an elemental ruggedness, a definiteness of conviction, and a certain loftiness of purpose in Mr. Burton's career in the House of Representatives and the Senate during the twenty-two years he was a member of those bodies which men do not forget and which they do not choose to forget. In Ohio, of course, and in Cleveland, his home city in particular, hundreds of associations have been built up around his name. But considering him as a national figure, his work as an expert in finance and as a determined enemy of unscientific appropriations for internal improvements, has gained him hundreds of friends and admirers who perhaps do not know and have never known from what state he comes or anything about his private life except his service in Congress. Theodore E. Burton is a native of Ohio. In January, 1917, he was elected president of. the Merchants National Bank of the City of New York. The duties of that position take him much to the national metropolis, but now as for more than forty years past his home is in Cleveland and that is his legal place of residence. He was born at Jefferson, Ohio, December 20, 1851. Jefferson was the old home of Joshua R. Giddings and Senator Ben Wade, while other men of national stature and fame came from the same section. It was a community well calculated to inspire high ideals in a boy. But Theodore Burton did not need to look outside his own family for such inspiration. He was of New England stock. His father, Rev. William Burton, was a high-minded minister of the Presbyterian Church and held many pastorates in Southern and Eastern Ohio. In Southern Ohio, Rev. Mr. Burton was intimately associated with Rev. Thomas Woodrow and Rev. Joseph R. Wilson, grandfather and father, respectively, of Woodrow Wilson. Senator Burton's mother was Elizabeth Grant, a distant cousin of the father of Gen. Ulysses Grant. Senator Burton's people were in moderate circumstances. They could give him just enough advantages away from home to inspire his zeal and ambition to acquire more. As a boy he attended Grand River Institute at Austinburg, Ohio. When he was still only a boy he moved to Grinnell, Iowa, lived on a farm, and from the farm entered Grinnell College. Returning to Ohio, he graduated from Oberlin College in 1872, and owing to his special proficiency in the classics he remained as a tutor at Oberlin. While there he acquired a considerable knowledge of the Hebrew languages and afterwards he familiarized himself with the French language. It is said that Senator Burton even to this day can quote entire pages from some of the Latin authors. He studied law at Chicago with Lyman Trumbull, a contemporary and friend of Lincoln and for eighteen years United States senator from Illinois. It might be mentioned incidentally that William Jennings Bryan was subsequently a student of law in the same office. Mr. Burton was admitted to the bar at Mount Gilead, Ohio, July 1, 1875, and at once began practice at Cleveland with his cash capital of $150, which he had borrowed. Mr. Burton's first public service was as a member of the city council of Cleveland. An associate in the council was Myron T. Herrick, later governor of Ohio and ambassador to France. It was characteristic of Mr. Burton that he did not accept the duties of city councilor lightly. In fact, he gained considerable distinction by his diligent study of municipal problems and a thorough mastery of the questions of city finance. It was some years later, and after he had acquired a secure position in the Cleveland bar that Mr. Burton was first elected to Congress. Ile was elected in 1888, and was associated with William McKinley in framing the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890. In the latter year he was defeated for re-election. He then resumed practice but in 1894 again became a candidate for Congress and defeated the late Tom L. Johnson. From 1895 until March 4, 1909, a period of fourteen years, Theodore E. Burton was continuously a member of the House of Representatives. Frequently no candidate was nominated in opposition to him. During much of this service he was a member and for ten years the chairman of the committee on rivers and harbors. He appointed all the resources of a trained legal mind to the study of the vast and intricate problems that came before this committee for solution. From that study and work was 26 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS evolved his reputation as the leading authority in the United States on waterways and river and harbor development. President Roosevelt appointed him first chairman of the Inland Waterways Commission and subsequently he was chairman of the National Waterways Commission. These commissions under the direction of Mr. Burton published a series of reports which have become the standard library of waterway problems. Another subject to which Mr. Burton gave special attention while in the House was monetary and banking legislation. He was prominent in framing the Aldrieh-Vreeland Emergency Currency Act, and was a member of the Monetary Commission and author of much of its exhaustive report on the subject of financial legislation and conditions throughout the world. His was one of the strongest influences, both in the House and later in the Senate, in shaping and strengthening the Federal Reserve Law. It would be impossible to describe in detail all his work while in the House of Representatives. But at least another point should be mentioned. One of the chief questions before the country at that time was the construction of a canal linking the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. It will be recalled that a powerful contingent, headed by the late Senator Morgan, favored the construction along the Nicaragua route. Mr. Burton had made an exhaustive study of both routes, and his presentation of data on the subject proved such a forceful argument for the Panama route that the House supported his contention by a large majority. In a single speech he afterwards changed the opinion of the House from favoring a sea level canal to one of lock type. On March 4, 1909, Mr. Burton took his seat in the United States Senate. He was elected a member of that body after a spectacular contest with ex-Senator Joseph Foraker and Charles P. Taft. The reputation for sound wisdom he had made in the House preceded him into the Senate, and he at once became a leader in the debates and deliberations of the body. One measure championed by him in Congress, if none other, would make him a proper object of gratitude on the part of the American people. This was the Burton Law, the enactment of which prevents the spoliation of the beauty of Niagara Falls by private corporations. His support to other matters of the conservation of natural resources was always consistently and forcefully given. He fought against the ship purchase program of the democratic administration, and was especially powerful during the consideration of the tariff bills submitted while he was a member of the Senate. But more than all else he gained the approbation of right thinking citizens by his work in connection with waterways and other internal improvements. He took a firm stand for the application of business standards to the treatment of rivers and harbors and fought, both in committee and on the floor of the Senate, against the waste of public money by lavish appropriations for streams which by nature or experience were found unfitted for practical use. Those who have followed the work of recent congresses will recall how by a single-handed filibuster Senator Burton defeated the River and Harbor Bill of 1914. By that act he was credited with saving the Government the sum of more than $30,000,000. It required a speech seventeen hours long, during which he exposed the indefensible items contained in the measure. A prophecy made by him in the course of that speech, while not yet fulfilled, is as applicable today as it was then, and contains a political wisdom the country is slowly realizing. He said : "We must test government projects by the same economic rules as a successful business concern would apply to its enterprise and investments. Unless the whole system is overhauled, it will soon be impossible to pass any kind of a river and harbor bill. A. commission should be created, preferably composed of the Secretaries of War, of the Interior and of Commence, with or without other members from civil and military life, to study the whole question and recommend a proper policy for inland waterway and harbor projects. The time is perhaps not far distant when the making of these appropriations will cease to be a legislative function and will depend on the recommendations of a commission, possibly appointed by the president." Senator Burton declined to become a candidate for re-election and retired from the Senate March 4, 1915. Since then he has been prominent in public life only in his capacity as a private citizen. In 1916 the Ohio republicans gave him their enthusiastic endorsement as a candidate for the republican nomination for President. Mr. Burton has been for many years, whether in public life or as a lawyer, a student of business and monetary affairs. These CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 27 studies have found expression in several books, including "The Life of John Sherman," "Financial Crises and Depressions," and "Corporations and the State." WILLIAM A. OTIS. It would not be possible within the limits of a brief sketch to indicate with proper discrimination the part played and the place occupied by the late William A. Otis in the life and affairs of Cleveland. His was one of the big constructive minds, or rather the forcefulness which is an emanation of both mind and body which organized, planned, and brought to fruition many of those energies and movements which have been most important not alone in Cleveland, but in the history of Ohio and even of the nation. It is the very highest praise to say that a man belongs among "the makers of a nation," but in view of what William A. Otis accomplished, whether individually or as leader of a group of associates, it is not an exaggerated distinction to place him in such a group. While his life belongs so much to the broader issues of Ohio history, his residence in Cleveland for a third of a century is justification for a somewhat detailed account of his career and experiences. He had within him the best blood of New England. His first American ancestor was John Otis, whO was born in Devonshire, England, in 1581, and arrived at Ingham, Massachusetts in 1635. One of his descendants was James Otis, who as an orator and patriot was a remarkable figure in the period of the Revolutionary war. President John Adams said of him : "I know of no man whose services were so important and essential to the cause of his country and whose love for it was more ardent and sincere than that of Mr. Otis." Another eminent contemporary said: "Mr. Otis was looked upon as the safeguard and ornament of our cause. The splendor of his intellect threw into shade all the great contemporary lights; the cause of American inde- rinthdehrlicsenwamase.i'd'entified at home and abroad This orator and statesman was one of the direct ancestors of William A. Otis. The latter was born in Massachusetts, February 2, 1794. About 1818 he started westward, traveling on foot to Pittsburgh. Here he found a humble task of employment with an iron establishment and this employment was an experience which no doubt bore fruit many years later in Cleveland. He was rapidly promoted, but at the end of two years the company failed and he lost all his savings. With resolute spirit he started again on another western quest, walking all the distance to Bloomfield in Trumbull County, Ohio. Here he cleared a tract of land, and established a primitive mercantile business, furnishing the settlers goods in exchange for ashes, wheat and other produce. He also conducted a tavern for the entertainment of the traveling public. Ashes at that time were used in the manufacture of black salts or impure potash, and this was the only strictly cash article in the country. The casks of potash were hauled to the river and sent by flat boats to New Orleans and thence to New York. Mr. Otis, it is said, did much of his own teaming, transporting the goods by wagon to Pittsburgh and returning with merchandise for his store at Bloomfield. The first important revelation of his large mindedness in a business way came about the time the Erie Canal was completed in 1825. The people of Northeastern Ohio were then raising an abundance of grain, which they gladly sold for 25 cents a bushel. It was Mr. Otis who determined to make a new outlet and market for Ohio flour at New York. He is credited with having shipped the first lot of Western Reserve flour to that market. As there had previously been no demand for flour barrels, there were no coopers at Bloomfield, and Mr. Otis sent men into the woods to manufacture at first hand the staves for his rough but serviceable barrels. The flour was ground in a mill a few miles north of Bloomfield, was packed in the barrels, and hauled to Ashtabula Creek, where it was loaded on a schooner and taken to Buffalo and by way of canal to New York. The quality of the flour was regarded by New York merchants as in no way inferior to that of the Genesee country, which was then thought to produce the finest flour manufactured. The eastern merchants at once recognized the significance of trade with this new country on the shores of Lake Erie and offered every encouragement for the manufacture and shipment of flour and other commodities that might be produced in that section. Thus .Mr. Otis was one of the primary factors in ing the Lake Erie waterway for establishing reciprocal relations between the great market centers of the east and, the productive regions of the west. He later took up the shipment of wool and pork, and for nearly twenty years was one of the leading shippers from his section of the Western Reserve. He came to recognize the immense advan- 28 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS tages and possibilities of Cleveland as a coming city, and in 1836 he removed his home to the lake port and tenceforward continued his mercantile operations with this city as his headquarters. He was one of the leading dealers in pork, flour and potash, and also became actively connected with the iron trade. It was his extensive business interests that caused him to give studious attention to the great problems of that day, as at present, transportation. The waterways were open to the eastern markets, but tremendous obstacles had to be overcome in getting the goods down to the docks. First of all he sought good highways, and his was an influence in opening one of the earliest turnpikes of Northeastern Ohio through Bloomfield. from Warren to Ashtabula. By the cooperation of steamers upon Lake Erie and the Ohio Canal the goods of the inland district were thus made more available. He also favored, protected and cooperated many of these interests and also was an early advocate of railway building. His name is associated with the early history of the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati, the Cleveland & Pittsburgh, and the Bellefontaine & Indianapolis railroads. He not only had a commanding position among the powerful business interests of the country, but also moved easily and exerted his tactful influence among the farmers and other individual producers, whose support was hardly less vital to the welfare and success of early railroads. For many years he served as a director of the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati and the Cleveland & Pittsburgh. William A. Otis was one of the pioneer iron-masters of Cleveland, and it was largely under his influence that Cleveland became one of the most important iron centers of the country. When the law was enacted which authorized the State Bank of Ohio, he was among the first to perceive its advantages, and in company with others organized under its provisions the Commercial Branch Bank of Cleveland. He was its first president and save for a short interval continued at the head of the institution throughout the twenty years of its existence. On the expiration of its charter in 1865 the Commercial National Bank was organized and he was elected its president. an office he held until the day of his death. He was otherwise closely identified with financial interests in Cleveland, and was one of the corporators and for a number of years president of the Society for Savings. He was a member of the banking firm of Wick, Otis & Brownell. Finally at the age of seventy-two, wearied with the cares and responsibilities of life, full of years and honor, he was called upon to lay down the implements of. toil and enter into his rest. His death occurred at Cleveland, May 11, 1868. Throughout the whole period of his life he had sustained an irreproachable character and had exemplified the most eminent public and social virtues. While so conspicuous in commercial and economic affairs, one of his chief interests for many years was the promotion of religion and the general public welfare. He was distinguished not alone for his energy, but by a remarkable simplicity of character, and was readily accorded the highest esteem and confidence of all who knew him or were influenced direetly or indirectly by his directly handling of affairs. For a quarter of a century his name was 'associated with all of Cleveland's important commercial, financial and religious interests. A Cleveland paper at the time of his death said: "Scrupulously careful in the administration of the public trusts committed to him, shrewd and prudent as well as highly honorable in the management of his private business, his industry and enterprise have been amply rewarded while his many excellent qualities of head and heart, his kindly and courteous demeanor toward all with whom he associated, has secured for him the universal esteem of the community." He was thoroughly a Christian and soon after coming to Cleveland united with the First Presbyterian Church, then under the pastoral charge of Reverend Doctor Aiken. Hewas soon chosen one of its elders and held that office until the Second Presbyterian Church was organized by a colony from the first church in 1844. Of this church he was one of the corporators and was chosen an elder at its first election. This office he continued to hold until his death. It should also be recalled that he was one of the founders of the original Cleveland Board of Trade, and was one of the commissioners from that body which undertook the negotiations for the merging of Ohio City and Cleveland as one city. The result was largely promoted through his quiet influence and diplomacy. He was a man of great charity and gave liberally of his means to religious bodies and related philanthropies. On December 22, 1825, William A. Otis married Eliza Proctor, of Manchester, Massachusetts. To their marriage were born two sons and a daughter : Charles A. Otis, whose career is sketched on other pages; Eliza P., who became the wife of Hon. T. D. Crocker of Cleveland ; and William H., who became a well known resident of Indianapolis, Indiana. CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 29 CHARLES A. OTIS, Sit While it was to the industrial and financial history of Cleveland that the late Charles A. Otis made his chief contribution, he is remembered not only as a man exceptionally forceful in the handling of large business responsibilities, but also for his genial personal character and the public spirit which made him a guiding power in the city's advancement and progress. He was the strong central link in the family chain which has been one of the greatest sources of power to Cleveland during the last fourscore years. He inherited much from his father, William A. Otis, and his sturdy New England ancestors, and while the task of opening up markets and laying industrial foundations had largely been completed when he came upon the stage of activity, there is much of creative and pioneer work which can be credited to his individual achievements. In the old home of his father at Bloomfield, Ohio, Charles A. Otis, Sr., was born January 30, 1827. A long life was vouchsafed to him, and it was in the fullness of years and the maturity of achievement that he died at the home of his son, Charles, Jr., at Cleveland, on June 28, 1905. His early instruction came chiefly from country schools, limited in curriculum and facilities. While he would have been among the last to assert a claim to scholarship, he was in spite of early disadvantages a man of thorough learning, and of exceeding breadth of knowledge gained from long and intimate contact with men, affairs, and broadened by travel and keen and vitalizing intellect. When he was nine years of age his parents removed to Cleveland and his early experiences were as a worker in his father's store and the bank. At the age of twenty-one he became purser on one of the old Winslow boats. As stated elsewhere his father was the pioneer ironmaster of Cleveland, and it was in the iron and steel industry Charles A. Otis became a dominant figure in Cleveland industrial affairs. In 1853 he organized the firm of Ford & . Otis, and set up the first forge in Cleveland, beginning the manufacture of axles and bar Iron. This factory was an innovation in Cleveland and was the first of its kind west of Syracuse, New York. After the Civil war Mr. Otis Spent some time abroad, and at Berlin learned a new process of making steel, and on returning to America arranged to make use of the process on the royalty basis. About that time he established the Otis Iron & Steel Company, later the Otis Steel Company, and built the largest open hearth steel plant in the country. His associates in that enterprise were E. B. Thomas, Thomas Jopling, J. K. Bole and S. T. Wellman. Mr. Otis was the first president of the company and held that office until 1899, when the property was sold to an English syndicate, but he remained chairman of the board of directors for several years longer. In 1894 Mr. Otis became president of the Commercial National Bank. This bank was the direct outgrowth of the old bank chartered as a branch of the State Bank of Ohio, and of which his honored father had for many years been the active executive head. Charles Otis was president of the Commercial National for ten years, until in 1904 it and the Mercantile National Bank were consolidated as the present National Commercial Bank, at which time Mr. Otis retired. His business interests made him a prominent figure in many sections of the country. He was one of the founders of the American Wire Company, which later became the American Steel and Wire Company, and was connected with The Standard Sewing Machine Company, The American Steel Screw Company, The Cleveland Electric Railway Company, and The Society for Savings. At one time he was associated with Doctor Everett in the old East Cleveland lines. The greater part of the last fifteen years of his life he spent in New York, and enjoyed a peculiar place of esteem and dignity among the financiers and business men of the metropolis. He was a member of the Ohio Society of New York. He also spent much time in travel, and knew all the places of interest both in his home land and in Europe. As a business man he retained many of the characteristics of the old-time industrial leader and • the loyalty that was given ws the direct and personal tribute of themorker to natural born leadthe worker signal proof of his power and influence is that there was never a strike in the history of his iron and steel works. While he always exemplified the spirit of service, he made his life count for most through the industries which he promoted and maintained and which were in the nature of a semi-public institution. Only once did he fill important public office. In 1872 while he was arranging to build the largest open-hearth steel plant in the country he was elected to the office of mayor of Cleveland. He filled a very successful term, but at its end declined to accept renomination since his business interests made it imperative that he devote all his time to them. It is said that he was nominated for 30 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS the office during his absence and without his knowledge, and was thus practically drafted into public service. Concerning his business character perhaps the most succinct statement is found in the editorial columns of one of Cleveland's papers after his death. "In the death of Charles A. Otis the city loses one of the builders of Cleveland. He was a pioneer in the creative industrial enterprises which made this city as it is today a possibility. He ran risks and reached the rewards of the path breaker, whose ventures into new fields are followed by less daring and able men. In the making of iron and steel, in banking, in varied manufacturing interests, Charles A. Otis was one of the most active forces in the growth of Cleveland. He promoted progress in all directions. The whole world of industry, finance and trade felt the stimulating effects of his many sided enterprises. He was an inspiration and example for a goodly number of younger men who came within the scope of his personal influence. His great popularity bore witness that in this strong man's career success did not blunt humanity. He was loved and trusted by his employees as well as by his business associates. His judgment was as sound as his impulses were kindly. Enterprises which he founded went forward to great success. He was a stranger to defeat. The loss of such a citizen is a blow to Cleveland, which would be more felt if Charles A. Otis had not retired from active business and put his affairs in order some time before his death. Age and leisure had withdrawn him from the broad field of the city's productive interests before his long and useful life came to its end. A maker of Cleveland is missed from the scene of his labors and triumphs." Mr. Otis was twice married. His first wife was Miss Mary Shepard, who died leaving two daughters : Mrs. Judge William B. Sanders and Mrs. Dr. J. Kent Sanders. For his second wife he married Miss Ann Eliza Shepard, sister of his first wife. By this marriage there were three sons : William A., Charles A. and Harrison G. Biography inevitably concerns itself largely with the material facts and incidents of life and often leaves the question of personality and of character—that which is above and includes all material achievements—unanswered. For this reason there is special value in the remarks made by Rev. Paul F. Sutphen at the funeral of Mr. Otis. In these remarks he sought to interpret him as the man rather than as the business leader. He said in part : "Probably those who were most intimate with Mr. Otis as they look back over the years in which they have known him, will think of two striking characteristics of his life. One of these undoubtedly was the large and generous sympathy for those who needed the services he could render and especially to those in the humbler walks of life. It has been said of him that of the large number of men with whom he was in a sense in contact in the years of active work, of the large number of men in the employ of the great industries with which he was associated, he knew almost each man by name. The sympathy of a generous heart toward those in need was one of the characteristics of our friend. There are two ways of displaying or of executing the general impulses of life. One toward the great institutions representing public philanthropy ; the other the individual thought for the individual need. It is not easy to discriminate between these two or to speak of one as being of greater advantage than the other, yet doubtless it is a fact that he who feels the cry of another human soul and responds to its necessity, has reflected back in his own soul the sense of gratification and joy which is not attainable where the largest part of one's generosity is bestowed upon the public institutions. It is doubtless true that outside of the innermost circle of his associates and perhaps not even there, is it known how large and how constant were the kindly benefits bestowed upon those to whom they were needful most. Undoubtedly a characteristic of our friend that will never be forgotton in the innermost circle was the personal affectionate devotion to those who were near and dear to him. It is not always that as one creeps up in years to the number of those attained by Mr. Otis that a little child still finds congeniality there and the touch of sympathy. It was always found where this friend of ours came in contact with a little child. "Seventy years I believe it is since Mr. Otis first came to this city; then hardly more than a village. Now it is a great city and it has been by the activity and achievement of such men as he that this is so. I will mention the fact that it was Mr. Otis' father who was one of the founders of the Second Presbyterian church, which for these sixty-six years past has been one of the great religious forces in this community, and during all these years that have gone by there has never been a moment when some member of this family has not been identified with its interests and a part CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 31 of its life. It is a great thing to leave behind one the inheritance of stable worth. Men live in their children and in their children's children. No man liveth to himself—no man dieth to himself. He who fancies that his life concerns none but himself is vastly deceived. We could look back today and think of one unknown doubtless to many of us here—to most of us here—but one who is known by name at least to very many within these walls—the father of our departed friend—and the power and the godliness of that life transmitted by many channels into the life of this city is still living though he long since has passed away." CHARLES A. OTIS, Cleveland capitalist, banker, civic worker, club man, sportsman and stock breeder, was born in Cleveland, July 9, 1868. His father was Charles A. Otis, founder of the Otis Iron & Steel Company, and his grandfather was William A. Otis, pioneer in commerce and banking of the Western Reserve, both of whom are mentioned more at length elsewhere. Mr. Otis was educated in thc public schools and at Brooks Military Academy in Cleveland, at Andover Preparatory School and at Yale University, being graduated from Sheffield School of the last-named institution in 1890 with a scientific degree. His school days ended, he went to Colorado to live the cow puncher life. With D. D. Casement, of Painesville, Ohio, he rode the Unaweep range, the two doing much of their own cattle handling and ranch work. From this experience Mr. Otis brought back a keen interest in horsemanship and cattle breeding which never has waned. Back in Cleveland in 1895, he took a hand in the iron and steel industry, as his father and grandfather had done, joining Addison H. Hough & Company under the new title of Otis, Hough & Company and engaging in the commission and agency business. For some years they represented Jones & Laughlin of Pittsburgh, the Pennsylvania Tube Company, Painter & Sons and other finishing mills. The consolidation of the steel companies and establishment of their own agencies imposed upon Mr. Otis the important work of placing the securities of several big steel corporations and resulted in the transfer of his attention from dealing in iron and steel to dealing in investments. To facilitate the new work he bought a seat on the New York Stock Exchange in 1900 (the first such seat owned in Cleveland) and the firm was reorganized' as Otis & Vol II--3 Hough, bankers and brokers. This firm was largely instrumental in the formation of the Cleveland Stock Exchange, of which both Mr. Otis and Mr. Hough have served as president. In 1912 the firm was again reorganized as Otis & Company, Mr. Hough retiring and Mr. Otis associating with himself Messrs. William A. Otis, M. C. Harvey, George W. York, Cyrus S. Eaton, Richard Inglis, Edward Bower, F. L. Griffith and Raymond Sergeant, several of whom had been connected with the house for some years. Otis & Company retain extensive offices in the Cuyahoga Building, fronting Cleveland's noted public square, have direct wire connection with all important cities in the United. States and Canada and deal largely in municipal bonds and other staple securities, enjoying wide repute for conservative and constructive policies. Though the principal business of Otis & Company is investment banking, the stock department now maintains branch offices in Denver and Colorado Springs, Colorado ; in Casper, Wyoming; and in Columbus, Akron and Youngstown, Ohio. An uptown branch is also Operated in the Statler Hotel, Cleveland. The expansion of his central commercial interest has never absorbed Mr. Otis' attention to the exclusion of other pursuits. He was the founder of The Cleveland News, forming it in 1905 by consolidating the News and Herald and the Evening Plain Dealer with the Cleveland World, already under his ownership. Until 1912, when he disposed of it to Dan R. Hanna, Mr. Otis was publisher of The News and through it exerted a palpable influence on the interesting municipal developments of the period. Though frequently urged to become a candidate, Mr. Otis has never sought political preferment or held an elective public office. The presidency of the chamber of commerce, called the highest non-political honor in Cleveland's gift, has twice been his. Long active in the work of the organization, he was elected vice president in 1916, succeeded to the presidency on the resignation of the incumbent and was re-elected president in 1917, occupying the post during the busy months of America's entrance into the World war. His efforts in. behalf of American arms have been put forth in other capacities as well. Mayor Harry L. Davis appointed him to the municipal war commission early in the conflict. He bore a conspicuous part in the famous Red Cross fund campaign, in which Cleveland 32 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS achieved special distinction. He is known for long and efficient support of various civic and philanthropic enterprises, particularly the Babies' Dispensary and Hospital, an institution nationally famed for the efficacy of its work. In 1917 he was appointed an original member of Cleveland's subway commission, receiving the compliment of the five-year term. He was active in the establishment of the Cleveland Athletic Club and served as its president. He was prominent for years in amateur harness racing, long a fashionable sport in Cleveland under the auspices of the Gentlemen's Driving Club. There is scarcely a social club of standing or a civic organization of repute in the city that has not benefited through his membership. The Otis summer home is at Tannenbaum Farm, near Willoughby, Ohio, a large estate including several once-separate farms and the scene of Mr. Otis' activities as a stock breeder. His interest as a breeder has long centered in the development of milking shorthorn cattle, a hobby that has won for the Otis Herd no little fame of the sort breeders value. The enterprise, however, is more than a hobby. Long before beef conservation and farm development became national problems, made the more pressing by war's necessities, Mr. Otis observed the obsolescence of the great cattle ranges of the West and gave serious thought to the result, seemingly of menace to a nation's food. "To produce a cow that will give large buckets full of milk with heaps of butter in it and then raise a steer that will bring big money at the butcher's," was the problem he set himself. In the milking shorthorn, perfected under his supervision at Tannenbaum Farm, through years of experiment and cooperation with other breeders, he believes the ideal double-purpose breed, the perfect "farmer's cow," has been closely approximated. Though few farmers could hope to own such costly specimens as the handsome animals of the Otis Herd, it is believed the development and popularizing of the breed will go far toward providing the world's future supply of milk and beef. Mr. Otis' efforts toward this end have been recognized by election to office in the American Shorthorn Breeders' Association and similar organizations. Mr. Otis married Miss Lucia Ransom Edwards, July 11, 1895. Mrs. Otis is the daughter of the late William Edwards, himself a conspicuous figure in Cleveland history, and Lucia Ransom Edwards. Mr. and Mrs. Otis have two children, William Edwards Otis and Lucia Eliza Otis. The city home of the family is at 3436 Euclid Avenue. RALPH RANDOLPH ROOT exemplified in every detail the character of the old-time merchant. He began in a humble role, pursued his ends with undeviating ambition and industry, was quick of perception, thorough in his execution, and was always guided by a spirit of integrity that ruled his every act and brought him not only material success but the esteem and admiration of his fellow men. It is not too much to say that his work and his character constitute one of the cornerstones of the Root & McBride Company of today, one of the largest and best known of Cleveland's wholesale institutions. Ralph Randolph Root was born at Cooperstown, New York, February 10, 1823, a son of 'Elias and Nancy (Sabin) Root. He was about fifteen years old when his parents came to Cleveland, and he grew up in the city when it was still struggling in competition with many other thriving inland towns. The education begun in public schools was continued at Oberlin College. As a boy he learned the printer's trade, but did not follow it long as a vocation. About sixty or seventy years ago one of Cleveland's best known mercantile establishments was "the old city mill store," and it was here that the late Mr. Root acquired his first mercantile training as a clerk. Not long afterwards his abilities had counted so rapidly in winning favor that the proprietor of the store, Mr. A. M. Perry, admitted him to a partnership in the new firm of A. M. Perry & Company. Still later this was succeeded by Morgan & Root, the principals being E. P. Morgan and R. R. Root. Lee McBride was the next partner admitted to the firm, and the name was then changed to Morgan, Root & Company. Mr. Morgan retired in 1884, and the business was continued as Root & McBride Brothers, Lee McBride's brother John H. having. entered the firm as junior partner. From that time forward until his death, five years later, Mr. Root was senior partner, and the wisdom with which he directed the business effectively contributed to the wide and prosperous connections the firm had as retail merchants all over the Middle West. CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 33 Mr. Root died in Cleveland in January, 1889. In 1862 he married Miss Anna Y. Tubbs, who is still living in Cleveland. She is a daughter of John M. Tubbs. Mr. and Mrs. Root had four children: Frederic Payn Root, vice president of the Root & McBride Company; Mary Loomis Root, wife of Frank Ely Abbott of Cleveland; Walter S., who is connected with the Root & McBride Company ; and Cornelia W., wife of Frank H. Ginn, of Cleveland. FREDERIC PAYN ROOT, vice president of the wholesale dry goods house of the Root & McBride Company, of which his father, Ralph R. Root, elsewhere mentioned, was one of the founders, has had a typically successful business career and it can be described very briefly, since it is a record of a continuous connection from school days with the Root & McBride Company, with the increasing responsibilities that increasing experience and ability merited. The oldest of his father's children, he was born in Cleveland August 28, 1865. He was educated in private schools and is a graduate of the Brooks Military Academy of Cleveland. From school he went immediately to the wholesale dry goods establishment of his father, and during the next few years there was not a single department or line of the work which escaped his experience. His close and detailed knowledge of dry goods he has since used in many ways to promote the fortunes of the Root & McBride Company, which is the largest importer and jobber of dry goods in the State of Ohio. When the business was incorporated a number of years ago, Mr. Root was made vice president, and has since retained that post, together with the office of a director. He is also a director of the Union Commerce National Bank of Cleveland, and is a trustee of the Society for Savings. He is also a member of the Union Club, Country Club, Mayfield Country Club, Roadside Club, Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, Civic League, City Club and Cleveland Automobile Club. Mr. Root married Mary Randall Crawford, who died March 27, 1905, the mother of two sons. The older is Paul Crawford Root, now assistant general superintendent of the Cleveland-Akron Bag Company. He married Eleanor H. Kingsbury, of Montclair, New Jersey, and they have one son, Paul Crawford Root, Jr. The younger son, Ralph Randall, is now serving with the rank of first lieutenant in the ,aviation section of the United States army in France. He married Anna R. Lincoln, of Cleveland, daughter of Dr. W. R. Lincoln. CHARLES E. ALDEN. Few lawyers at the Cleveland bar are generally acknowledged to have a more ready and sound judgment in the broad and intricate matters pertaining to corporation, commercial and real estate jurisprudence than Charles E. Alden, senior member of the firm of Alden, Knapp & Magee. His education and experience have admirably fitted him for practice in these fields, and by the consideration of the important interests with which he has been identified it will be realized how rapid and substantial has been his professional progress. The Alden family descends from sturdy New England stock, the first of the family in this country having immigrated to Plymouth, Massachusetts, in the year 1620. Enoch Alden, grandfather of Charles E. Alden, came from Williamstown, Massachusetts, and was one of the earliest settlers of Middlefield, Geauga County, Ohio. Charles E. Alden was born at Middlefield, December 18, 1875, and is a son of Edward H. and Hercey M. (Dunham) Alden. Edward H. Alden, who for many years was an agriculturist in Geauga County, served as both a volunteer and a drafted man during the Civil war, the greater part of his service of nearly three years being with Company B, Eighty-Seventh Regiment, and Company. A, One Hundred and Seventy-seventh Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry. In 1892 he moved to Hiram, Ohio, where he died October 25, 1916, his widow now being a resident of that place. They were members of the Methodist Church. Of their nine children, four sons and four daughters grew to maturity, their names being: Dr. A. H., a graduate of Hiram College, and now engaged in the practice of medicine at North Lima, Ohio; Dr. E. H. who is practicing dentistry at Alliance; Charles E.; John, who died at the age of four years; Diantha, who died when thirty-three years of age; Emily, who resides with her mother at Hiram; Mabel, who is the wife of Perry L. Green, of Hiram, secretary .and manager of the Greendale Dairy Farm; David Russell, a graduate of Hiram College, and now a resident of Kent, Ohio; and Hercey May, a professional nurse of Cleveland, 34 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS who was formerly for several years night superintendent of the East Fifty-fifth Street Hospital. Charles E. Alden obtained his early training under greatest difficulties. He worked on his father's farm and attended district school at Middlefield until the age of seventeen. He was then compelled to rely upon his own resources. In spite of disappointments and obstacles that would have disheartened any but a dauntless spirit, he persisted steadfastly in attaining his cherished ambition to secure a college education. His course in college and afterwards in law school were made possible only, by untiring energy and devotion and by the most rigid economy and self-denial. After leaving the farm he taught country schools for about three years in Middlefield and in Livingston County, Illinois. He then attended Hiram College, from which he was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1901. After pursuing special studies during the fall and winter of 1901 and 1902 he entered the office of Edwin Vorhis at Akron, Ohio, where he studied law for six months. Going to Cleveland in the fall of 1902, he secured employment in the office of Bardons & Oliver, and later in the office of the American Steel & Wire Company, performing stenographic and clerical Work during the day and attending law school at night. He spent two years in the Cleveland Law School, and then, dropping his office work, he completed his studies in the law department of Western Reserve University in the spring of 1905, at that time being admitted to the bar. He commenced the practice of law in January, 1906, in partnership with Eldon J. Hopple, who for the past two terms has been speaker of the House of Representatives at Columbus, and the firm of Alden & Hopple continued in existence until January, 1909, when W. C. McCullough became a partner, the style of the combination then being McCullough, Alden & Hopple. In 1910 Mr. Alden withdrew and formed a partnership with H. H. Knapp and C. F. Magee, and the firm of Alden, Knapp and Magee is generally accounted at this time as one of the most formidable organizations in the city. Offices are maintained in the Engineers Building, and a general practice is carried on, although the firm has perhaps obtained its strongest standing in the specialty of corporation, commercial and real estate law. Mr. Alden is a democrat and a member of the Twenty-second Ward Democratic Club, and of the Tom L. Johnson Club. He is also a member of the Christian Church, the Civic League, the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, the City Club, the local and the Ohio State Bar Associations and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Those who know him need not be told that he is a broad-minded citizen of sterling worth, steadfastly interested in all public measures which promise to be of practical good, and those who are not acquainted with him may have the full assurance of his legion of friends to that effect. He is a close student, and is not only interested in the literature of his profession, but also in worth-while works of history and fiction. Mr. Alden was married at Brunswick, Medina County, Ohio, in 1902, to Miss Ina May Gibbs, a daughter of Alexander and Pauline (Green) Gibbs, the latter still living, and the former of whom died at Brunswick, December 26, 1915, aged seventy-three years. Mr. Gibbs was a Civil war veteran with a brilliant military record, and was with General Custer as a cavalryman at the battle of Five Forks and others. During the Civil war he took part in seventeen pitched battles and was with Sheridan at the time of his historic ride to Winchester, and rose to corporal and to a staff officership. Mrs. Alden was born at Brunswick, where she received her early education, subsequently attending Ohio Northern College at Ada, and then. going to Hiram College, where she received the degree of Bachelor of Literature in the same class as that in which Mr. Alden graduated. Prior to that time she had taught school for several years, and later was a teacher in Medina County, Ohio, until her marriage. Mr. and Mrs. Alden are the parents of two Children, both born at Cleveland: Marcella Eugenia and John Butler. ALBERT LEWIS TALCOTT has been a Cleveland lawyer since 1890, for many years connected with the Erie Railroad Company, and now has an extensive law and real estate business, with offices in The Arcade. He was born in the beautiful Village of Jefferson in Ashtabula County, Ohio, February 8, 1859. Mr. Talcott has an interesting lineage from old New England, involving many personages of note in the colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 35 The line of descent is traced from John Talcott and Dorothy Mort, his wife, who came over from Braintree, Essex County, England, to Boston, on the ship Lion, in 1632, two years after the arrival of the colony of Puritans that settled Massachusetts Bay. The father and the paternal grandfather of John Talcott were both named John and lived in Colchester, England. In Vol. 1137, page 148, of the Harlean Manuscript, preserved in the British Museum, containing the Herald's visitation of Essex County in 1558, are found the arms and pedigree of the Talcott family, originally from Warwickshire, England. Samuel Talcott, born in 1635, was the first person of that family name to be born in America. He was graduated from Harvard College in 1658 and resided in Wethersfield, Connecticut, upon land devised to him in 1659 by his father, who had moved to Hartford, Connecticut, in 1636, with other members Of Rev. Mr. Hooker's company. The Hooker company had become dissatisfied with their first location at Newton (now Cambridge) near Boston and had gone to Connecticut to secure more perfect liberty of worship. In anticipation of this removal, John Talcott erected a house in 1635 which. stood on the ground afterwards long occupied by the old "North Church." This was the first house built in Hartford. John Talcott was one of the leading citizens of Hartford and for many years a member of the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut and also of the committee appointed in 1637 to consider the propriety of the war with the Pequot Indians, with whom hostilities broke out during that year. His son, Lieut.-Col. John Talcott, was one of the patentees named in the charter granted. by King Charles II to the Colony of Connecticut in 1662. He was appointed in 1676, when the war with King Philip broke out, to command the "standing army" of the colony. In the various battles with the Indians in Which he was engaged he was always victorious and gained great renown as an Indian fighter. Lieut.-Col. John Talcott was treasurer of the colony from 1660 to 1676. His daughter, Elizabeth, married Capt. Joseph Wadsworth, one of the most familiar heroes of early colonial history. It was this Captain Wadsworth who on the night of October 31, 1687, aided by Lieut.-Col. John Taleott, seized the charter of colony and hid it in an oak tree. Sir Edmund Andros, it will be remembered, was named as governor of New Eng land by King James II and had been directed to take possession of the charters of several colonies. After securing the charters of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, he attempted to take that of Connecticut and was only provented by this forehanded action of Captain Wadsworth. This tree became known as the "Charter Oak" and the story of the event is familiar to every American school child. Mr. A. L. Talcott's great-grandfather, Elizur Talcott, was a Revolutionary soldier. His son, Nelson Talcott, the grandfather, came to Mesopotamia, Ohio, from Norwich, Massachusetts, in or about the year 1826. Elizur Talcott accompanied him. Nelson Taleott finally settled in Nelson Township of Portage County, where in 1828 he established a chair factory. This factory was subsequently relocated in the Village of Garrettsville, where he conducted the largest business of the kind in the state for many years. Henry Talcott, father of the Cleveland lawyer, was long a prominent business man and citizen of Jefferson in Ashtabula County. He was born in Nelson Township of Portage County December 28, 1832, and moved to Jefferson in Ashtabula. County in 1852. There he engaged in the hardware business, and was a hardware merchant 'forty years. His interests also extended to manufacturing, banking and farming, and during the last twenty years of his life those interests became very extensive. His death occurred July 12, 1894. He was a man of prominence and influence politically as a republican, and as a young man had opposed the extension of slavery. In later years his influence was exerted for the adoption of the Interstate Commerce Act by Congress and the Pure Food Laws of Ohio. Governor Foraker appointed him assistant dairy and food commissioner of Ohio when the original pure food law was adopted. December 23, 1855, Henry Talcott married Cordelia J. Pritchard. She was also a native of Nelson Township, Portage County, and was educated in Nelson Academy and at Hiram College. She was a cousin of Gen. B. D. Pritchard, who until his decease a few years ago, was a prominent banker at Allegan, Michigan, and commanded the troop of the Fourth Michigan Cavalry which captured Jefferson Davis while he was fleeing from Richmond at the close of the Civil war. Henry and Cordelia J. Taleott had five sons, all of Talcottached manhood and were given college advantages. Three of them, John C., Albert L., and William E., became lawyers. Ralph 36 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS H. graduated from the Boston Conservatory of Music and is now a teacher of music in Cleveland. The youngest son, George Nelson, has always followed a mercantile career and is also a resident of Cleveland. Albert Lewis Talcott was graduated from the Eastman National Business College at Poughkeepsie in 1874 with the degree Master of Accounts. In 1877 he received the degree Bachelor of Philosophy from Mount Union College, Alliance, Ohio, and then entered Yale University Law School, where he completed his course, ranking fourth in his class and receiving the degree LL. B. in 1880. Admitted to the bar at Columbus in December, 1880, Mr. Talcott began practice at Jefferson, Ohio, in partnership with his older brother, the late John C. Talcott, under the firm name of Taleott Brothers. That partnership continued for ten years, until A. L. Talcott removed to Cleveland in October, 1890. Here he entered the service of the New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad Company, now the Erie Railroad Company, as assistant land, tax and claim agent. To those duties he gave his time and attention for about 18½ years, finally resigning in 1909 to resume the private practice of law and the real estate business. For many years Mr. Talcott has been a recognized leader in the prohibition party of the state and nation. He was affiliated with the republican organization and took an active part in local affairs with that party until 1885. At that date he concluded that prohibition was the most important political question and has since continually supported its nominees, except in 1915, when the prohibition nominees of Ohio withdrew in favor of those of the progressive party after the State Progressive Convention had endorsed prohibition. Mr. Talcott was a delegate to the Prohibition National Convention in 1892 and 1908. He has been nominated by the Ohio State Convention of the party as candidate for judge of the Supreme Court three different times. In 1916 he received 106,273 votes for that office, that being by far the largest vote ever .given a prohibition candidate in Ohio. About forty-five years ago Mr: Talcott joined the Independent Order of Good Templars and retained his active membership therein for over thirty years. At Mount Union College he was a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity. In 1885 he united with the Jefferson Baptist Church and after removing to Cleveland took a letter from that church to the First Baptist Church of Cleveland in 1891 and has been very active in that denomination ever since. He served as president of the Cleveland Baptist City Mission Society for two years and secretary seven years. He has been secretary of the Baptist Home of Northern Ohio for Old People since it was organized in 1907. On August 4, 1881, at Jefferson, Ohio, Mr. Talcott married Elizabeth J. Bailey, daughter of William and Mary A. Bailey, of Jefferson. Her parents were of English descent. Mrs. Talcott was born at Jefferson, February 17, 1860, was educated in the village schools and was a teacher until her marriage. Mr. and Mrs. Talcott have three children : Cora Mabel, born October 5, 1882, was married October 4, 1902, to Bruce W. Huling. They now reside at Akron. John Albert, the only son, was born March 8, 1886. January 29, 1910, he married Harriet I. Finney, of Toronto, Canada. Both are successful teachers and are now connected with Bishop College at Marshall, Texas.. Winifred Bailey, the youngest, was born August 8, 1892, and resides with her parents at 1457 East 116th Street, Cleveland. JOHN CARLOS TALCOTT. The Cleveland bar had one of its ablest thinkers and most successful practitioners in the person of the late John Carlos Talcott,who died at his home in that city December 17, 1904. He had practiced law for over a quarter of a century and the last ten years of his .life were spent in Cleveland. He was the oldest brother of Albert Lewis Talcott and William Ellsworth Talcott, elsewhere referred to, and a son of Henry and Cordelia J. Talcott, a prominent family of Jefferson, Ashtabula County, where John C. was born March 8, 1857. John C. Talcott acquired a liberal education. In 1874 he graduated from the Spencerian Business College of Cleveland, and then took the classical course in Mount Union College at Alliance, where he received his A. B. degree in 1876. He studied law at Yale University, graduating LL. B. in 1878 and Master of Laws in 1881, and always took high rank in his literary and professional studies and was fourth in rank in his class at Yale. He was admitted to the bar of Ohio in the fall of 1879, and was actively engaged in practice at Jefferson until his removal to Cleveland in 1894. Soon after his admission to the bar he was elected justice of the peace for Jefferson CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 37 Township in 1879, and besides his work as a lawyer served from 1878 to 1891 as cashier of Talcott's Deposit Bank of Jefferson. From 1880 to 1890 he and his younger brother, Albert, were in law partnership under the firm name of Talcott Brothers, attorneys at law. From the date of his removal to Cleveland until his death, John C. Talcott had a large general practice. As a lawyer he was characterized by unusual learning and was a clear and logical thinker and speaker. A judge of the Common Pled. Court, before whom he had just argued an important case only a short time before his death, pronounced his argument the best he had ever heard in his court. In politics he was a republican, and was chairman of the Republican County Central Committee of Ashtabula County during his earlier career. He served as a member of the board of education of Glenville as long as his health would permit. He was a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity at Mount Union, and was active in the Tippecanoe Club and the Cleveland Whist Club. He never married and for years had his home with his mother, Mrs. Cordelia J. Talcott. His remains were interred at the old family home at Jefferson. WILLIAM ELLSWORTH TALCOTT, one of the three brothers whose names have long adorned the legal profession in Cleveland, was an active member of the bar of this city for nearly twenty years, 'but is now a resident of New York City. He was born at Jefferson, Ohio, October 25, 1862, being the fourth son of Henry and Cordelia J. Talcott. The record of the family is given elsewhere. Mr. Talcott graduated from Eastman's Business College at Poughkeepsie in 1878, from the Jefferson High School in 1879, and is an alumnus of Mount Union College at Alliance, from which he received the A. B. degree in 1882 and the degree Master of Arts in 1887. Mr. Talcott graduated from the law department of Yale University in 1884 and was given the degree Master of Laws in 1885. He began the practice of law at Akron in 1885, but on November 1, 1886, removed to Cleveland, where he was appointed special claim agent for the New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad Company. In 1897 he was promoted to land, tax and claim agent for the Erie Railroad west of Salamanca. He has made his chief work and has gained his chief fame as a lawyer in this line of activity. On October 1, 1904, he was promoted to general real estate agent for the Erie Railroad system, with headquarters at New York City.. He resigned May 1, 1907, to accept his present office as assistant general land and tax agent for the New York Central Railway Company, also with headquarters in New York City. He is a member of several New York social clubs, including the New York, Pleiades, Whist and Knickerbocker Whist clubs. He has no record as a political worker or candidate, but has supported the republican ticket in national and state affairs and is independent in local elections. In college he became a member of a Delta Tau Delta fraternity and has had membership in the Royal Arcanum and the American Insurance Union. His wife and two daughters are active members of the Disciples Church. November 30, 1882, at Canton, Ohio, Mr. Talcott married Eva May Holl, daughter of Dan R. and Nancy (Mishler) Holl. Mrs. Talcott is of Pennsylvania Dutch stock, her parents having come from the vicinity of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, to Stark County, Ohio, where they were farmers. Mr. and Mrs. Talcott had four children : Homer Leroy, who in 1908 married Bertha Ehser and has one daughter; William Ellsworth, Jr., who died in 1909; Grace' Helen and Maude Eleanor, still single. GEORGE BENNETT SIDDALL is one of Cleveland's foremost lawyers and most helpful and sterling citizens. His abilities have been especially recognized in 'the field of banking and corporation law, where he is probably not excelled by any other member of the Cleveland bar. Mr. Siddall has been in practice at Cleveland for twenty years, and is a member of one of the city's best known law firms, Henderson, Quail, Siddall & Morgan. The Siddall family have been identified with Ohio since pioneer times. Some of his ancestors were soldiers in the War of the Revolution and the War of 1812. George Bennett Siddall was born at Oberlin. Ohio, December 13. 1866. a son of Dr: James F. and Orinda (Candee) Siddall. His father was of Virginia ancestry. and his mother of New England stock. His mother was of Scotch and English origin and her lineage was closely entwined with that of the McAlpine family. Dr. James F. Siddall was born in Ohio, and became a prominent dentist at Oberlin, where he located in 1854. He died at Oberlin October 12, 1909, 38 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS at the age of seventy-seven. His wife, who was born in Michigan, is still living. Five of their six children survive, and one of them is Dr. AV. A. Siddall, a dentist at Cleveland. Fourth in age among his brothers and sisters, George Bennett Siddall grew up in Oberlin, attended the public schools and Oberlin College, and received the A. B. degree from that splendid institution in 1891. He possesses scholarly attainments that would have enabled him to adorn any profession, and for two years after his graduation he continued with. Oberlin College as a teacher of mathematics. Choosing the law, he entered the Western Reserve Law School, where he pursued his studies two years, and on March 12, 1896, was admitted to the bar at Columbus. Beginning practice at Cleveland, he steadily fought his way to success where competition was keenest, and has won a number of notable triumphs in corporation practice. It was Mr. Siddall who organized and furnished both the legal and commercial wisdom for the development of The Peerless Motor Car Company, of which he is a director and secretary. He has various other financial and commercial connections. On January 1, 1904, he became associated with the old firm of Henderson & Quail and Mr. Morgan subsequently became a member of the partnership. Mr. Siddall is a member of the Cleveland and Ohio State Bar associations, is a democrat on issues of national politics, but has been looked upon as somewhat of a leader in independent movements when municipal questions are at stake. Outside of the law he has given much of his time to the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce. For one year he was a director and for three years served as chairman of its committee on education. In the latter capacity he was 'instrumental in formulating the present school code of the state. In the Chamber of Commerce he has also been chairman of the committee on legislation. Among the various other organizations in which he has membership are the Union University, and Mayfield clubs of Cleveland, the Columbus Club of Columbus, and the University Club of Chicago. His principal recreation is golf. He is a member of the Pilgrim Congregational Church of Cleveland. Mr. Siddall was married August 17, 1892, at Calumet, Michigan, to Miss Nettie M. Danielson, daughter of John A. Danielson. Her father was in the continuous employ of the Calumet and Hecla copper mines for nearly sixty years, and during the later years of his life was its superintendent. Mrs. Siddall is a woman of thorough culture and especially well known in musical circles in Cleveland. She is a graduate of the Conservatory of Music at Oberlin with the class of 1891. Mr. and Mrs. Siddall have a beautiful home, and they have the social position which people of culture most desire. ZERAH COSTON MONKS, who died at his home in Cleveland May 25, 1909, at the age of sixty-eight, was for nearly forty years an active resident of this city and for the last ten years of his life had served as inspector of buildings for the board of education and library board, a position which he held until his last illness. He was born at Curlsville, Clarion County, Pennsylvania, in 1841. He came of old American stock. His grandfather, William Monks, came to this country from the north of Ireland in time to participate as a soldier in the Revolutionary war. William Monks married a Scotch woman. The parents of Zerah C. Monks were Rev. William and Harriet (Burns) Monks. Rev. William Monks was born in 1806 and died in 1860, while his wife was born in 1807 and died in 1845. They were married at Curlsville, Clarion County, Pennsylvania. Rev. William Monks was a circuit rider of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and carried on his missionary and pastoral enterprise for years in the vicinity of Akron, Ohio. At the age of twenty-one Zerah C. Monks enlisted as a soldier in the Union army, and was first in Company C of the Fifty-second Regiment and then in the Fifty-fifth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. He held the rank of first sergeant, and was in the great Army of the Potomac. On the second day of the battle of Gettysburg he was captured and spent a number of months in the rebel prison at Belle Isle in the James River. He removed to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1871 and for many years was a leading carpenter contractor on the south side, until he accepted the position of building inspector with the board of education and the library board. His funeral was held at the Jennings Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church, of which he was long a member. His wife, Mrs. Hannah T. Monks, who died at her home in Cleveland January 31, 1912, was born in Venango County, Pennsylvania, in 1842. She had lived on the south side in Cleveland over forty years. She was survived CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 39 by her sister, Mrs. E. Holmden, in Cleveland, and also by a sister in Oklahoma and a sister and brother in Vineland, New Jersey. Zerah C. Monks and wife had four children : William J., now assistant principal of the Lincoln High School at Cleveland ; Thomas E., president of the Cleveland National Bank; Dr. Margaret B., whose offices as a physician are in the Lenox Building; and Hattie E., wife of Claude E. Betts. Mrs. Betts is a teacher in the West Boys School and is actively interested in the Juvenile Court work of Cleveland. THOMAS ELBRIDGE MONKS, president of the Cleveland National Bank, even when a schoolboy was a storehouse of energy and started his career with more business push than many men acquire in a lifetime of experience. It is said that while he was attending high school he carried one of the largest paper routes on the south side of the city, and the spirit of service that actuated the newsboy was a quality that attracted to him even then many warm friends. He sold his paper route at the same time he left school and in the past thirty years has been carving out a career for himself of no inconsiderable magnitude. Mr. Monks was born in Greenwich, Connecticut, August 9, 1869, but has spent practically all his life in Cleveland since he came here in 1871 with his parents, the late Zerah C. and Hannah T. Monks. A sketch of his honored father appears on other pages. Thomas E. Monks was educated in the Cleveland public schools, attending the West High School. From high school he entered upon his first regular position with the Lockwood-Taylor Hardware Company, now a part of the Lockwood-Luetkemeyer-Henry Company. Two years later he left this firm to take a job in the freight department of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway Company under G. W. Andrews, the local freight agent. After one year there he transferred his abilities to the Erie Railway in the freight department under J. M. Booth, freight agent. During his long service with this company the dynamic energy of his nature was given a thorough discipline and Mr. Monks credits the training he received in the freight department of that railroad with much of his later success. He remained with the freight department ten years, being appointed chief clerk of the forwarding department. From the railroad he entered the employ of the city as deputy city treasurer, having been appointed by George P. Kurtz in 1899. He remained in the city treasurer's office for seven years, three years under Mr. Kurtz and four years under Mr. H. D. Coffinberry. All of this was a very fine training for the banker. On January 3, 1906, Mr. Monks became loan clerk in The Guardian Savings and Trust Company, . and after one year was elected assistant secretary of the institution and remained a useful and appreciative factor in that great banking house until he was chosen president of the Cleveland National Bank on August 4, 1916. He has been president of this bank since September 1, 1916. The Cleveland National Bank, which was organized in 1883, has enjoyed a phenomenal increase of business during the years since Mr. Monks became president. The bank is now almost a $10,000,000 institution in point of resources, an itemized report of June, 1917, crediting it with resources of over $9,000,000. From June, 1916, to June, 1917, its deposits increased 116 per cent, the total increase being nearly $3,500,000. Mr. Monks is also on the advisory board of The Guardian Savings & Trust Company, and several of the active officers are connected with both institutions. The chairman of the board of the Cleveland National is Mr. H. P. McIntosh, president of The Guardian Savings & Trust Company. The other executive officers are F. W. Wardwell and T. W. Hill, vice presidents, and R. P. Sears, cashier. Mr. Monks has been more or less active in local Cleveland politics, and at the present writing he would classify himself as a mugwump. In national affairs generally he is a republican. Some years ago he was a candidate for city auditor and also county clerk of Cuyahoga County, but he says there were too many democrats around who did not want him in those positions. Mr. Monks is a member of the Union Club, Bankers Club, Cleveland Athletic Club, Clifton Club, Hermit Club, American Institute of Bankers, Cleveland. Automobile Club, Westwood Country Club, of which he is secretary, Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, and for two years was a director and is still a member of the West Side Chamber of Industry. His recreations are golf and motoring and, chief of all, banking. June 22, 1893, Mr. Monks married Miss Mabel B. Allen, daughter of Rev. J. B. and Sarah (Barnum) Allen. Her father was a Presbyterian minister and died at Cleveland as the clock struck midnight on Thanksgiving, 40 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS November 30, 1893. Mrs. Monks' mother was a member of the Barnum family of Olmsted Falls, and died in Cleveland January 20, 1905. Mrs. Monks was born at what is now known as Rocky River near Cleveland, and received her education in old Calvin College on West Twenty-fifth Street in the Village of Brooklyn. This college was under the management of a board of trustees appointed by the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Mr. and Mrs. Monks have one daughter, Catherine E., who graduated from the Lakewood High School in 1911 and for three years was a student in the Woman's College of Western Reserve University, ill health preventing her completing the course. The Monks family live at 1071 Maplecliff in Lakewood. REV. JOHN B. ALLEN. The memory of Rev. John B. Allen is chiefly preserved in the Village of Brooklyn, now part of the City of Cleveland, where for many years he labored with enthusiasm and a singularly high devotion in the cause of the ministry of the Presbyterian Church. He was of old New England ancestry, born at Sturbridge, Massachusetts, October 12, 1813. Largely by his own efforts he acquired a liberal education, graduating from Union College in the class of 1840, and was honor man in a class of more than 100 students. After leaving college he spent one year in the Union Theological Seminary, and then went to the seminary at East Windsor, Connecticut, where he completed his theological course two years later. He was ordained to the ministry and entered upon his life work as pastor of a small Presbyterian Church at Covington, Pennsylvania. Rev. Mr. Allen was called to the Brooklyn Church near Cleveland in 1856 and served there continuously for eleven years. Though he had other pastorates it is in connection with his work at Brooklyn Village that he will be longest remembered. He was a man of strong character and was remarkably modest of his attainments, and others placed a much higher estimation upon his abilities and services than he did himself. Altogether he lived a busy and unselfish life and the community sustained a severe loss when he was taken away, though he died in the fullness of years. His death occurred at his home at No. 12 Mills Street in Brooklyn Village as the clock struck twelve, midnight, on Thanksgiving night November 30, 1893, when a little past eighty years of age. He was laid to rest in Riverside Cemetery. Rev. Mr. Allen was active in the ministry until about 1887. For about twenty years he had pastorates in churches at Brooklyn and Rockport, and at one time was also pastor of the Archwood Avenue Congregational Church. His last marriage occurred at Rockport, Ohio, October 31, 1867. Sarah Barnum, daughter of John and Eunice Barnum, of the old Barnum family of Olmstead, Ohio, became his wife. She was born September 13, 1831, and died at the home of her only child and daughter, Mrs. Thomas E. Monks, January 20, 1905, at the age of seventy-three. Mrs. Monks, whose maiden name was Mabel Boyd Allen, was born in what is now Rocky River. WILLIAM H. BOYD. That the Cleveland bar contains some of the ablest and brightest minds of the legal procession in America is a statement requiring no special proof. Among so many who have justly earned the laurels of the profession, individual distinctions are mainly based upon special lines of service within the profession. During the twenty-five years he has practiced at Cleveland William H. Boyd has come to rank among the leaders of the bar and in the opinion of men well qualified to judge he ranks with hardly a superior as a trial lawyer between New York and Chicago. It was the possession of thorough natural talent and hard working industry that brought Mr. Boyd to his present place rather than influential connections and bestowed advantages during his youth. He is a native of • Southern Ohio, having been 'born at Fairview in Guernsey County, August 11, 1864. He is a son of George W. and Mary A. Boyd. He grew up in a rural community. attended. district schools and also the public schools of Fairview. Like many professional men he did his time as a teacher. He taught school four years. In 1888 he began the study of law Tinder private instruction at Clairsville. Ohio. He was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1890 and the same year located at Cleveland. Mr. Boyd is. a member of the well known law firm of Westenhaver. Boyd & Brooks, with offices in the Garfield Building. Though he came to Cleveland a comparative stranger, Mr. Boyd soon found himself and after a few preliminary experiences became recognized as one of the most resourceful ad- CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 41 vocates before a jury among the younger generation. He possesses exceptional powers as an orator both in court and in the public forum, and these qualities, combined with a broad knowledge of the law, has given him his numerous important relations with the legal profession of Northern Ohio. By dint of long practice he has acquired the power of swiftly formulating his arguments and is at the same time one of the most concise and powerful pleaders before a court or jury. With him his professional work has always been supreme, and lacking the time to give to outside interests he has always declined to become a director or officer in any corporation and his public record has also been brief. While living in Southern Ohio he was clerk of the Village and Township of Flushing during 1888-89. In 1897-98 he served as assistant director of law of Cleveland. In July and August, 1891, he was acting police prosecutor in Cleveland during the absence of Mr. Fielder, the regular prosecutor. In politics he is a republican and has given invaluable service to his party as an exemplar of fairness and honesty. In 1905 he was republican candidate for mayor of Cleveland against the late Tom L. Johnson. On September 7, 1892, he married Miss Anna Maud Judkins, of Flushing, Ohio. Mrs. Boyd died at Cleveland September 23, 1908. Their daughter Mildred A. died January 22, 1911. There is one surviving daughter, Mary G. Boyd. Mr. Boyd is a member of the Euclid Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church and belongs to the Cleveland Athletic Club, the Tippecanoe Club, the Western Reserve Club, and is a Mason and Knight of Pythias. GEORGE HUMPHREY BURROWS. The achievement of success is usually a matter of performing the duties that lie nearest, persistehtly and faithfully, through a considerable period of years. The individual capacity expands with increasing responsibilities and opportunities, and the chief actor is very often unconscious of being more than ordinarily successful. This has been true in the case of Mr. George H. Burrows, a Cleveland lawyer and business man, whose position, judged by his contemporaries, is securely anchored in success. Mr. Burrows was born at Wakeman, Huron County, Ohio, May 18, ,1863. He is a son of Asa William Burrows, of old Connecticut stock, who moved to Melrose, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, during the eighteenth century, and for several generations the family were well-to-do operators of woolen mills. Mr. Burrows' father was born in Susquehanna County, graduated from Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia in 1848, and afterwards practiced medicine in Ohio, part of the time in Cleveland, until his death in 1877. Doctor Burrows married Nancy Ann Humphrey. She was born in Cleveland March 30, 1837. Her birthplace was a log house standing back of the site now occupied by the Cleveland Trust Bank Building on East Ninth Street. Her grandfather served as postmaster of New York about 1790. Her father married Janette Ball, and for a time lived on Grand Island in Niagara River, where Indians were frequently guests in their log house. George H. Burrows was fourteen years old when his father died. In the meantime he had made the best of the advantages of the Cleveland public schools, but after his father's. death he had to work for a living, and during four successive summer seasons he served as a common seaman on a schooner on the Great Lakes. The winters were spent in school and he entered Riverside Academy at Wellsville, New York. Though he finished the regular course, his money failed and he had to go to work before graduating. After leaving school his first regular occupation was in the office of the A. S. Herenden Furniture Company. He began there in 1885 on a salary of $10 a week. He was getting that modest stipend when he married. In 1887 a better opening came to him as secretary of the Cleveland Coal Exchange, at $50 a month, a position he held for two years. At the same time he became secretary of the Merchants and Manufacturers Exchange Company, an association including nearly all of Cleveland's wholesale houses. He began there at $50 a month, and finally was promoted until he had a salary of $3,000 a year and remained with the Exchange for ten years. While a substantial living was thus assured him and his family, he turned his attention to the study of law under P. H. Kaiser of Cleveland. He was admitted to practice October 5, 1893, but continued his work as secretary of the Merchants and Manufacturers Exchange Company until he entered general practice in 1898. As a lawyer Mr. Burrows has given a large share of his time and attention to business affairs. He is properly classed as a corporation lawyer, and has organized and promoted a number of large enterprises, with which he 42 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS has been officially identified. He is a stockholder in the Vero Beach Development Company, an Ohio corporation owning large property interests on the east coast of Florida and is organizing the Casa-Grande Hotel Company. This company now has under construction a $1,500,000 hostelry, known as the Casa-Grande Hotel at Miami Beach, Dade County, Florida. When completed the Casa-Grande Hotel will be one of the greatest hotel properties in Florida and the company will be incorporated at $1,500,000. It will without doubt be one of the finest properties both as an investment and resort in that section of Florida, and Mr. Burrows has given much of his valuable time to the promotion of this enterprise. He was active in the organization and building and is attorney for, director and stockholder of the Ideal Tire and Rubber Company, manufacturers of automobile tires and tubes. This is a $2,000,000 corporation. He has been similarly identified with the Mason. Tire and Rubber Company, a $3,000,000 organization, and is a director and stockholder in the Portage Packing Company, whose plant is at Akron, a stockholder of the Cleveland Development Company, the Chagrin River Land and Investment Company, and at different times has been identified with, a number of other smaller concerns. A number of years ago Mr. Burrows was a member of the Pennsylvania National Guards. In politics strict party allegiance has never been deemed a virtue by Mr. Burrows, and he has voted for the man and the principles rather than the party, though his leanings are toward the republican organization. Likewise he has never indulged any individual political aspirations. He is a member of the United Commercial Travelers, the Old Colony Club, the Cleveland Commercial Travelers and Accident Association, the Cleveland Automobile Club, and is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. April 8, 1885, at Cleveland he married Miss Ida Bell Folliett, a daughter of Henry C. and Mary Folliett. Her family is of Connecticut stock. They have two children. Ethel Ida Gamble, whose husband is fighting in France. G. Howard Burrows is now a senior in the School of Architecture at Ann Arbor, Michigan. JUDGE THOMAS K. DISSETTE has been one of the most distinguished citizens and lawyers of Cleveland for over half a century. Only recently lie retired from the burdens of active practice and as much as any other Cleveland citizen has deserved the distinction described in the classic phrase "otium cum dignitate." He has a varied and interesting career, and for a number of years was a judge of the Common Pleas Court. To that office he brought an experience and wisdom which made his findings and decisions noted for impartiality and accuracy. Judge Dissette was born at Bradford, Simcoe County, Ontario, Canada, September 22, 1838. He has now attained those years which when associated with so much that is good and worthy in life furnish ample reason for calling him, as many of his younger associates do, the "grand old man of the Cleveland. bar." Judge Dissette had a liberal education. He attended the public and classical schools in Canada, and in 1863 came to the United States and in the following year entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the North Ohio Conference. During 1864 he served in the Christian Commission before Petersburg and Richmond in the Ninth Corps Army of the Potomac. He was active in the ministry until 1875, filling pulpits at Bolivar, Millersburg, Ontario, Ashland, Berea and the Lorain Street Church in Cleveland. In 1874 he entered the Cleveland Law School and was graduated and admitted to the Ohio bar by the Supreme Court in 1875. For the following year he was in partnership with the late Judge W. E. Sherwood under the name Sherwood & Dissette. From June, 1878, to July, 1879, he was a member of the firm of Dissette & Mitchell, his partner being the late William Mitchell. From 1880 to July, 1885, he was associated with M. W. Cope under the title Dissette & Cope. Mr. Dissette in the earlier period of his practice had much to do with the communities of Glenville and Collinwood. For a number of years he was legal adviser to the editor of the Ohio Farmer, and he was author of a legal work known as the Ohio Farmer's Law Book. He also for a time was president of a brick and tile manufacturing company at Collinwood. During 1879-80 he served as captain of Company B in the Fifteenth OhiO National Guard. Judge Dissette was made assistant prosecuting attorney of Cuyahoga County on January 1, 1885, and had charge of the solicitor's department. He held that office for nine CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 43 years. He resigned this position to go on the Common Pleas bench. Judge Dissette was judge of the Court of Common Pleas in Cuyahoga County from December, 1894, until December, 1904. He served two successive terms, ten years m all. After leaving the bench he resumed private practice with his son Edward W. under the name Dissette & Dissettc, but in 1915 he retired from all professional work. Judge Dissette still retains membership in the Cleveland Bar and the Ohio State Bar associations, is a republican in politics, and still retains membership in the Ashland Lodge of Masons. He belongs to the Phi Kappa Phi college fraternity. No citizen of Cleveland has more warm personal friends than Judge Dissette. His friends are a unit in asserting that he never knowingly injured anyone in the world. Ile and his. wifc are active members or the Glenville Methodist Episcopal Church of Cleveland. He is owner of considerable real estate, and his home at the corner of East One Hundred and Twelfth Street and St. Clair Avenue, Northeast, is one of the beauty spots of Cleveland, his home being surrounded by ample grounds and shaded by some magnificent trees. At one time Judge Dissette owned twenty-four acres in this location, but much of it has since been sold for residence and business purposes. Some years ago he and others along the route gave to the city a strip of land in and bordering a gully to provide a course for a boulevard connecting with Euclid Avenue, but this city highway has not yet been completed. It is fitting that a career so prolonged and so filled with worthy achievement should have been shared in throughout by .a wife, companion and counselor. On January 14, 1864, at Bradford, Canada, Judge Dissette married Miss Sarah Jane Fisher. They have traveled through the valleys and over the hills of life now for fifty-three years. When they reached the fiftieth milestone, on January 14, 1914, the occasion was made memorable by the quiet celebration of their fiftieth or golden wedding anniversary. Twenty guests and members of the family gathered to congratulate them, and the tone of decoration was all golden, the dinner table having gold baskets filled with yellow daffodils. Until recently there has been no Cleveland woman more active in the social life and in that part of the civic and philanthropic program which is the especial domain of woman than Mrs. Dissette. She was secretary of the Dorcas Society and was one of the organizers and the first president of the Woman's Club of Cleveland, and continued active in its work up to 1916. She was one of the executive committee of the woman's department having in charge the arrangements and ceremonies connected with the Centennial Commission of Cleveland. She was one of those chiefly responsible for making that occasion one long to be remembered in Cleveland. The Centennial Commission had the responsibility of properly observing the centennial of Cleveland's founding on July 22, 1796. At that date Gen. Moses Cleaveland with his little company of surveyors had landed on the banks of the Cuyahoga River. To the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Dissettc were born seven children, five of whom are still living. Edward W., the oldest, is a successful Cleveland attorney, was long associated with his father, and has offices in the American Trust Building. Charles K. is a director and secretary of the Ajax Manufacturing Company of Cleveland. George C. is also an attorney, with offices in the Illuminating Building. Cora F. is Mrs. Minor Keith Wilson of Cleveland. Blanche is the wife of Herman Matzen, the noted Cleveland sculptor. Mr. Matzen it will be recalled was the creator of the Tom Johnson monument standing on the public square of Cleveland, and his most ambitious work was the soldiers monument at Indianapolis, a memorial which Bob Ingersoll pronounced to be the only real soldiers' monument in America. May D. Dissette married Mr. Englehart of Cleveland and died leaving two children. The other daughter, Maud R., is also deceased. FRED GRABIEN is an attorney at law with offices in the Leader-News Building, and has been rapidly building up a practice and prestige especially in corporation work during the few years since he was admitted to practice. A native of Cleveland, born July 24, 1887, Mr. Grabien is a son of Otto and Mary E. (Kerstine) Grabien. His parents were both born in Cleveland, were married here, and his father has for forty years been connected with The Otis Steel Company of Cleveland. They are the parents of three children : Fred; Mrs. B. S. Handwork, of Chicago; and Thomas A. a member of the class of 1918 in the Lakewood High School and it is his intention to follow his high school work with a course in law. Fred Grabien was educated in the East 44 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS High School, in the Cleveland Law School and subsequently the law department of the Ohio Northern University at Ada, where he was graduated LL. B. with the class of 1914. On the twenty-fifth of June of that year he was admitted to the Ohio bar and in 1917 was qualified to practice in the United States Federal Court. Mr. Grabien began practice at Cleveland in 1914, and has formed some very useful and influential associations with the profession and handles chiefly corporation work. He is a republican in politics and is a member of the college society Theta Lambda Phi and the law fraternity Sigma Kappa Phi. On February 29, 1916, he married Miss Grace Iva Wood, of Cleveland. Mrs. Grabien is a native of Michigan and was reared and educated in that state. Their home is at 2585 Euclid Boulevard in Cleveland Heights. HARVEY DANFORTH GOULDER was born in Cleveland March 7, 1853, a son of Christopher D. and Barbara (Freeland) Goulder. His father was a captain on the Great Lakes. He attended the Cleveland public schools, and at the age of sixteen completed the course in the Cleveland High School. The three summers before he graduated he was employed on lake vessels. After leaving school he sailed on the lakes each season, and gave his winters to further education and the study of law. He concluded his studies in the office of John E. Cary, a prominent marine lawyer, and was admitted to the bar in 1875. The circumstances of his early life required him to be self supporting, and it was that requirement which gave him his practical knowledge of seamanship and the many practical details of lake transportation, which knowledge has proved most valuable to him in his practices. At present Mr. Goulder is head. of the firm of Goulder, White & Garry, with offices in the Rockefeller Building. Early he became a recognized authority in matters growing out of the lake transportation business, so that his professional services have been retained in much of the important litigation in the various courts having jurisdiction on the Great Lakes. Many of the finest legal minds in America have been attracted to the practice of admiralty law, and it is therefore not an empty distinction that Harvey D. Goulder ranks among the first in his profession in this country. He has served as general counsel of the Lake Carriers' Association, which was established in 1891, and has represented many other organizations having to do with lake navigation. Much of his work has been in the field of marine insurance. He is also general counsel of the Great Lakes Protective Association. Mr. Goulder was actively identified with the old Board of Trade and Board of Industry of Cleveland. After the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce was organized he took a prominent part in its affairs, and in 1902 served as president. Considering his comprehensive knowledge of Great Lakes transportation it was very natural that Mr. Goulder should have been sought and that his public spirit led him gladly into enterprises for the improvement. and amplifies, tion of the channels and facilities of the Great Lakes, their connecting rivers and canals, and their harbors. In connection with such matters he appeared with others before various congressional committees 'and other bodies in support of legislation and movements directly dealing with the development of the Great Lakes waterways and harbors. The securing of a twenty-foot channel through the Great Lakes and into the principal. harbors, successful opposition to bridge and piers in Detroit River, obstruction of navigation at Sault Ste. Marie, thc National Water Ways Congress, efforts for American Merchant Marine are movements with which his name will always be associated. These improvements more than anything else permitted the development of lake transportation by the construction of large vessels and increased the volume of traffic while decreasing its cost. Many heads of departments in Washington whose duties are related to the inland navigation of the continent have frequently valued the advice of this Cleveland lawyer. He has gained the reputation of being a forceful and instructive speaker, a man who says what he knows and with a clearness and discrimination that make his addresses occasions of public interest and moment. He is also the author of several articles that have been widely published. Along with his practice Mr. Goulder has been director in various business corporations. He is a member of the Union Club, Country Club, Rowfant Club, Cleveland Yacht Club and Gentleman's Driving Club, all of Cleveland ; of the Detroit Club of Detroit ; and the Ellicott and Transportation clubs of Buffalo. In politics he is a republican. On November 11, 1878, Mr. Goulder married Miss Mary F. Rankin, whose father, -Rev. J. E. Rankin, D. D., was at one time pastor of the First Congregational Church CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 45 at Washington, D. C. Mrs. Goulder died in 1913. In 1915 Mr. Goulder married Mrs. Seabury C. Ford. FRANK W. STANTON is a Cleveland attorney, with offices in the Society for Savings Building, and has practiced law in this city for the past ten years. He is also known for his civic and social interests, and before he became a lawyer was prominent in athletic circles. Mr. Stanton was born at Chinchilla, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, March 22, 1878, a son of Giles and Jane Lydia (White) Stanton. Both parents were natives of Scott Township in Lackawanna County, and Giles Stanton spent his life there as a farmer and died at the old home in Pennsylvania July 5, 1902, at the age of sixty-six. When Lee started his invasion into Pennsylvania in 1863 Giles Stanton was called out for service in Company K of the Thirteenth Pennsylvania Infantry and saw six months of service. He was well known in town politics and for over twenty years served as a school director of Abbington Township. of his home county. The chief intercsts of his life aside from his family and farm was in education, and he supported local schools and was also interested financially in Keystone Academy, a Baptist institution at Factoryville, Pennsylvania. In politics he was a republican and he and his wife were both devout Baptists. The mother is still living in Pennsylvania. In the family were nine children, five sons and four daughters, and sevcn of them grew up, four boys and three girls: Evelyn J., a woman of liberal education, was for seven years dean of the College for Women of Bucknell University at Louisburg, Pennsylvania, where she is now living, the wife of Dr. Charles Gundy ; Dr. Herbert C., a physician and surgeon, is now superintendent of the Burn Brae Sanitarium at Clifton, a suburb of Philadelphia; Frank W.; H. C., a farmer who lives on the old homestead with his mother ; Mary G., wife of John Speicher, of Carlisle, Pennsylvania; while the two deceased members of the family. were Catherine, who died at the age of twenty, and Rutherford, who died at the age of thirty-two. Frank W. Stanton was educated in the public schools of his native locality, and also attended the Keystone Acadcmy above mentioned. While there, at Factoryville, Pennsylvania, he was catcher on a baseball team and composed the "Battery" with a fourteen year old boy named Christy Mathewson, whose later achievements are known to every follower of baseball in America. Stanton and Mathewson were subsequently on the same baseball team at Bucknell University. Mr. Stanton completed his preparatory education in the Peddie Institute at Heights Town, New Jersey, and then entered Bucknell University of Louisburg, Pennsylvania, where he graduated A. B. in 1902. Following his college career at Bucknell his work as an athlete commended him to the position of director of athletics at Denison University in Ohio, where he remained four years. He has also been an athletic coach in the West High School, the University School of Cleveland, and for two years was baseball coach in Western Reserve University. Mr. Stanton came to Cleveland in 1906, entering the law school of Western Reserve University and graduating LL. B. in June, 1908. He was admitted to the Ohio bar in the same month and at once began practice. For a time he was a member of the firm Stanton & Karch, his partner being Walter Karch, and their offices were in the Society for Savings Building, where Mr. Stanton is located. today. Two and a half years later he became an associate in the firm of Morgan & Litzler, and after two years took an associate position with the well known Cleveland law firm of Young, Stocker & Fenner, where he still remains, handling a general practice as a lawyer. He has been admitted to the United States Federal District Court. Mr. Stanton is secretary of the Turner Truck Sales Company of Cleveland. Mr. Stanton is a democrat in national politics, but locally is for the best man regardless of party. He has become widely known in Cleveland as one of the foremost leaders in the dry campaign movement, and has been an organizer and worker in that movement in Ohio for three years and now has charge of the west side of the city. Mr. Stanton is a member of the University Club, Civic League, City Club, Cleveland Bar Association and the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. He has taken ten degrees in Masonry and is a member of Windermere Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, at Cleveland, and Bigelow Chapter, Royal Arch Masons, and the Council, Royal i and Select Masters, of Newark, Ohio. He is also a member of the Masonic Baseball League of Cleveland, and is still active in the sport of his college days and also in tennis. He has been active in social affairs and in directing the outdoor recreation activities of 46 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS Hiram House at Cleveland for the past six years, and his connection with that social welfare center was the beginning of a happy romance. While in charge of a boys club he met at the Hiram House Miss Marie Louise Seelbach, of Cleveland, who has charge of the Camp Fire Girls. Miss Seelbach is a native of Cleveland, a graduate of the East High School and of Hiram College with the class of 1914, and for three years has been prominent in the social affairs of Hiram House. They were married November 10, 1917, and the wedding received much attention from the social pages of Cleveland papers because of its unusual setting. It was a "camp fire wedding," both the bride and groom being attired in camp fire and rustic costumes, surrounded with sylvan scenery and with all the glory of autumn woods. VIRGIL CORYDON TAYLOR came to Cleveland sixty years ago. He was then a very young man, with only such experience in business as had been acquired by clerking in his father's store. He possessed an excellent inheritance, his people having been of the substantial New England sort, and his early life had been such as to stimulate ambition and form good character. Mr. Taylor has accomplished much during the sixty years of his 'Cleveland citizenship. His enterprise has been well rewarded financially, but his position of esteem is due not so much to his wealth as to the influence he has exercised as a constructive factor in the upbuilding and improvement of Cleveland. He has been one of the men upon whom the city could rely in its times of crisis and also in its times of prosperity. Mr. Taylor was born in Twinsburg, Summit County, Ohio, August 4, 1838, a son of Hector and Polly (Carter) Taylor. The Taylor family has been identified with Ohio for eighty-five years, and came out of New England. William Taylor, Jr., the grandfather, spent all his life in Connecticut except the time when he was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. He served in Company A from Simsbury, Connecticut, and fought in the battles of Lexington and Monmouth. Hector Taylor was born in New Hartford, Connecticut, in April, 1799, and came to Ohio in 1832, being one of the early settlers at Twinsburg. He established a general merchandise business and kept it growing in proportion to the community and for many years conducted a profitable business. He finally retired in 1870 and came to Cleveland to live with his son Virgil. He died in Cleveland in November, 1874. In early manhood he married Miss Polly Carter, daughter of Noah Andrew and Lydia Carter, of Bristol, Connecticut. Virgil Corydon Taylor has always considered himself fortunate that he lived in the atmosphere of a small town when a boy. He was educated in the public schools of Twinsburg, and afterwards took advanced studies in Goauga Seminary. Leaving school at an early age, he found a place in his father's store and there received a general training in merchandising. In 1856, at the age of eighteen, he came to Cleveland and was connected with a dry goods business until the outbreak of the war. Mr. Taylor is an honored veteran of the Civil war. He became a member of Company E of the Eighty-fourth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, was commissioned first lieutenant, and was with that regiment in its various campaigns, marches and battles as part of the Army of the Potomac. At the close of the war Mr. Taylor resumed with increased energy and purpose his business career. He became cashier in the Farmers Bank of Cleveland, held that post for eight years, but since 1873 has been primarily engaged in the real estate business. In forty-four years he has made his business a source of constructive improvement in Cleveland. He has worked constantly for the city welfare and deserves credit in connection with the making of this city the sixth in rank and population in the United States. The firm of V. C. Taylor & Son, with offices in the Williamson Building, has been and is today one of Cleveland's most reliable real estate organizations. For over half a century Mr. Taylor has lived at 6620 Euclid Avenue. His is one of the best known residence landmarks in that party of the city. While his work and citizenship have never been sectional in character, he has done much to improve his part of Cleveland, and for a number of years was a member of the old school board of East Cleveland. He was one of the three members of that board who brought Dr. Elroy M. Avery, editor of this publication, to the city in 1870. Mr. Taylor is a member of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce and the Cleveland Real Estate Board. Outside of business and civic affairs his tastes run to literature and to outdoor life. He has a fine private library, and his summers are usually spent CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 47 among the Thirty Thousand Islands in Canada, where he indulges his proclivities as a fisherman and hunter. He is a member of the Union Club and the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. In politics a republican, he has not allowed himself. to be rigidly bound by party ties and has frequently expressed himself independent of party leaders. This is especially so in the selection of candidates for local offices. He is also a member of St. Paul's Episcopal Church. One of the oldest of Cleveland's real estate men, he has long been associated in the work with his son Alexander S. Taylor. Mr. Taylor was married June 23, 1863, to Miss Margaret Minerva Sacket. Her parents were Alexander and Harriet (Johnson) Sacket. She was a granddaughter of Levi Johnson, elsewhere referred to as one of Cleveland's earliest pioneers, the builder of the first courthouse and county jail and in many other ways identified with- the city's founding and early improvement. Levi Johnson died in 1871. Alexander Sacket, father of Mrs. Taylor, was for many years one of Cleveland's merchants. Mrs. Taylor was born May 3, 1838, and died May 6, 1908, after a happy married life of nearly forty-five years. Outside of her home interests she was closely connected with the work of the St. Paul's Episcopal Church of Cleveland and the various charities of that organization. She was a woman of splendid culture and of such character as to cause her memory to be deeply cherished. She was the mother of four children. The oldest is Harriet, now the wife of Dr. Frank E. Bunts; the noted surgeon of Cleveland; Catherine is the wife of R. 0. Carter. Alexander S. is the business associate of his father. Grace, the youngest, is the wife of John B. Cochran, son of the former vice president of the Erie Railroad. JUDGE FRANK E. DELLENBAUGH. Few members of the Cleveland bar have applied themselves with such increasing devotion to the well defined limits of the profession as Judge Dellenbaugh. He has been more than content and satisfied with the rewards and appreciation of the successful lawyer. While he has been active in politics at different times and served a term on the Common Pleas bench; these have all been incidental to his real career. He has been a member of the Cleveland bar forty years, and is not only one of its oldest but most successful members. Vol. II-4 A native of Ohio, Frank Everett Dellenbaugh was born at North Georgetown in Columbiana County October 2, 1856. He comes of a professional family, both his father and grandfather before him having been very capable physicians and surgeons. His grandfather was a native of Switzerland, came to America in the early part of the last century and for many years practiced in Ohio. The father, Dr. C. W. Dellenbaugh, was born in Ohio, expressed his life in skillful service as a physician and surgeon, and was one of the highly respected men of his community. Judge Dellenbaugh's mother was Sarah A. Everett, a native of Ohio and of English ancestry. A year after his birth Judge Dellenbaugh's parents moved tO Cleveland. He attended one of the old district schools of this locality, also attended the Cleveland Academy, and began a student career in Western Reserve University, but owing to ill health was compelled to abandon it. For two years he pursued his studies under a private tutor. In 1875 he entered the law department of the University of Pennsylvania, and kept up his studies for one year. During the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia in 1876 he was appointed an inspector in the department of finance, and filled that post from May 1 to November 29, 1876. In December he returned to Cleveland and resumed his law studies in the office of his uncle, Charles D. Everett In 1877 the Ohio State Union Law College conferred upon him the honorary degree LL. B. and on March 21, 1877, he was admitted to practice in the state courts. On the same day one year later he was admitted to the Federal courts. After one year of professional work on his own account he formed a partnership with Albert H. Weed, under the name Weed & Dellenbaugh. Two years later he withdrew to become a partner of his uncle, Charles D. Everett, under the name Everett & Dellenbaugh. After about two years the firm enlarged by taking into partnership Mr. A. H. Weed, and the triple partnership continued until 1895.. In that year William McKinley, then governor of Ohio, appointed Mr. Dellenbaugh judge of the Court of Common Pleas to fill the unexpired term of Judge John C. Hutchins, who bad resigned to accept the postmastership of Cleveland under appointment from President Cleveland. It was with considerable Dellenbaugh gave up his large private prac- 48 - CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS tice to go on the bench. He felt that duty required him to make this sacrifice and before filling out the unexpired term he was elected in November, 1896, for a full five year term. He was on the republican ticket in that election and defeated Judge Noble, the democratic candidate, by nearly 6,000 majority. In the spring of 1897 he entered upon his official service for the full term. He brought to the judicial office not only his long and varied experience as a lawyer but the dignity and temperament of the true judge, and his term did much to maintain the high standard of the local judiciary. On leaving the bench he resumed private practice as head of the firm Dellenbaugh, Newman & Hintz. This partnership continued until 1916, and since January 1, 1917, Judge Dellenbaugh has been in practice under the firm name of Dellenbaugh & Hosford at 1509 Union National Bank Building. As a lawyer Judge Dellenbaugh has been distinguished by diligence of application, a scholarly mind and a personal integrity that has never been questioned. Judge Dellenbaugh when occasion requires is both a forceful and pleasing speaker. When the St. Louis Convention nominated Governor McKinley for President the judge at once offered his services as a speaker to the Republican National Committee. This offer was gladly accepted, and he did much to influence thousands of the voters in the Northwest, and closed the campaign in his native state. Judge Dellenbaugh is a member of the Masonic Order, the Knights of Pythias, the Moore Club, Fairmount Club, and the Cleveland Automobile Club, and is identified with the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce and The Early Settlers Association of Cuyahoga County. Judge Dellenbaugh has one child, Mary Virginia. He also has one sister, Florence A. Roberts, wife of William M. Roberts. ROLAND T. MEACHAM is a prominent member of the Cleveland Stock Exchange. He has been in the investment and commission stock brokerage business for a number of years, making a specialty. of Public Utility Securities. His judgment on securities has won him a large clientele and has brought him an unassailable position among the most creditable and successful men in that business in Cleveland. He was born at Parma, Ohio, July 21, 1874, son of Levi E. and Lina (Biddulph) Meacham. His father has been a well knoWn and prominent Cleveland citizen. Roland T. Meacham was educated in the district schools and the public schools of Cleveland, graduating from the West High School, and subsequently entered Adelbert College, from which he graduated A. B. in 1899. Since leaving college his work has been in the business field as a broker and investment adviser and his private offices are in the Citizens Building. Mr. Meacham is a republican, a member of the Alpha Delta Phi Club of New York and the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity and of the Cleveland Chamber of Industry. June 12, 1912, he married Miss Evelyn Mae Shipbaugh. JUDGE JOSEPH C. BLOOM is one of the older active members of the Cuyahoga County bar. He has been in the practice of law at Cleveland for about thirty years, the only interruption to his private practice having come during his active service on the bench. Judge Bloch has achieved success in life through the stimulation furnished by his own ambition and in spite of early handicaps and lack of opportunity. He largely educated himself, having been thrown practically on his own resources when a boy. He is a native of Hungary, where he was born October 24, 1860, a son of Edward and Lena (Weiss) Bloch. In November, 1865, when Judge. Bloch was about five years of age, the family came to America and located at Cleveland. Edward Bloch had been an extensive owner of land in Hungary, and after coming to this country engaged in the distilling business. He was a fine business man, commanded the respect of everyone who knew him either personally or in a business way, and his death was widely mourned in Cleveland. While operating a distillery he accidentally fell into one of the hot vats and as a result of injuries his health was impaired and brought about a complication of diseases from which he died some years later. His wife is also deceased. Of their ten children, five sons and four daughters are still living, but Judge Bloch is the only one now residing in Cleveland. Joseph C. Bloch spent his early years in Cleveland, attended the public schools, and later took the complete course of the State University of Iowa, where he was graduated from the law department with the degree LL. B. He was admitted to the practice of law in 1880. For some time Judge Bloch had as his preceptor in law the venerable William CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS - 49 S. Kerruish, who is now one of the oldest if not the oldest attorney still practicing in the Federal and state courts of. Northern Ohio. In his efforts to gain an education and advance himself in the fortunes of the world Judge Bloch did not hesitate to accept any honorable means of earning a livelihood when young. For a time, several years, he worked in the county clerk's office at Cleveland, and still earlier had sold newspapers, had done work in cigar factories, was bookkeeper, and through these various avenues he sought the bigger opportunities of life. After he took up the practice of law a clientage was not long denied him. He has been a careful and conscientious attorney, has shown more than ordinary skill in handling the transactions of a varied and complicated legal business, and at the same time he has been extremely popular as a citizen. He is an active member of the Ohio State and Cuyahoga County Bar associations. In 1892-93 Judge Bloch served as a member of the General Assembly of Ohio in the Nineteenth General Assembly and in the Lower House. In his election to that office he received the largest number of votes given to any candidate on the republican ticket. He was re-elected in 1895 and served during the session of 1896. In November, 1896, Mr. Bloch was elected judge of the Court of Insolvency. He was the first incumbent of that court of Cleveland, and taking his seat on the bench in February, 1897, he served out one term of five years. He had resigned from the State Legislature to enter upon his duties as judge. He devoted himself with singular patience and rare insight to the heavy duties imposed upon the judge of the Court of Insolvency, and made a record for which the bar of Cleveland will always hold him in grateful remembrance. Aside from these offices Judge Bloch has held no other public position. However, he has always been somewhat active in politics, and his belief has usually harmonized with that of the republican party. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias, the National Union and kindred organizations, and has filled chairs in them all. He also belongs to the Excelsior Club' and is a member of The Temple on Euclid Avenue. Judge Bloch was married at Cleveland about thirty years ago to Miss Mollie Feder, a native of Germany. She came to Cleveland with her parents, both of whom are now deceased. Judge and Mrs. Bloch are the parents of two children. Mrs. Juliette C. Barnes was educated in the Cleveland schools, graduated from Washington College at Washington, D. C., and is now living in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Edward J. Bloch, the son, also had the advantages of the Cleveland public schools and was a student in the Michigan Military Academy at Orchard Lake. He is now successfully identified with the real estate business at Cleveland. Judge Bloch as an attorney has his offices in the Williamson Building of Cleveland. COL. JOSEPH KNOWLES WING was for many years a distinguished citizen of Ohio and a resident of Trumbull County. His own life was a continuation of a notable lineage. He was descended from John Wing and his wife, Deborah (Batohelder) Wing, who with their four sons, John, David, Daniel and Matthew, arrived at Boston, Massachusetts, from England in the ship William Francis on June 5, 1632. This first generation of the Wings settled at Saugus, New Lynn, Massachusetts, but later moved to the region known as the Peninsula of Cape Cod. From them the line of descent goes through John Wing, their second son ; Ananias Wing, oldest son of John ; John, son of Ananias; John, son of John ; and Beni, father of Colonel Wing. When Bani Wing was seventeen years of age he enlisted, in 1779, from Conway, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, in Captain. Rice's Company of Colonel Chapin's Regiment, and made a gallant and honorable record as one of the patriots who helped to win independence. He also served under Colonel Watson in the defense of the Hudson River. He was present at one of the notable occasions of the war, when Major Andre was executed for his complicity in the treason of Benedict Arnold. Bani Wing married Lucy Clary, and of their nine children Joseph Knowles was the youngest. Joseph Knowles Wing was born at Wilmington, Vermont, July 27, 1810. He died at his home in Bloomfield, Trumbull County, Ohio. January 1, 1898, when in his eighty-eighth year. A period of 135 years separated his death from his father's birth, and in his later years he was one of the few sons of a Revolutionary soldier in Ohio. On account of that somewhat rare distinction he was made in 1896 a life member of the Ohio Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. At the age of sixteen Colonel. Wing left his