200 - COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. his resistance delayed the advance of General Early and thus saved Washington from capture. General Wallace was a member of the court that tried the assassins of President Lincoln, and also of that before whom Captain Henry Wirtz, who had charge of the Andersonville prison, was tried. In 1881 General Wallace was sent as minister to Turkey. When not in official service he devoted much of his time to literature. Among his better known works are his “Fair, God," '' Ben Hur," " Prince of India," and a " Life of Benjamin Harrison." THOMAS FRANCIS BAYARD, an American statesman and diplomat, was born at Wilmington, Delaware, October 29, 1828. He obtained his education at an Episcopal academy at Flushing, Long Island, and after a short service in a mercantile house in New York, he returned to Wilmington and entered his father's law office to prepare himself for the practice of that profession. He was admitted to the bar in 1851. He was appointed to the office of United States district attorney for the state of Delaware, serving one year. In 1869 he was elected to the United States senate, and continuously represented his state in that body until 1885, and in 1881, when Chester A. Arthur entered the presidential chair, Mr. Bayard was chosen president pro tempore of the senate. He had also served on the famous electoral commission that decided the Hayes-Tilden contest in 1876-7. In 1885 President Cleveland appointed Mr. Bayard secretary of state. At the beginning of Cleveland's second term, in 1893, Mr. Bayard was selected for the post of ambassador at the court of St. James, London, and was the first to hold that rank in American diplomacy, serving until the beginning of the McKinley administration. The questions for adjustment at that time between the two governments were the Behring Sea controversy and the Venezuelan boundary question. He was very popular in England because of his tariff views, and because of his criticism of the protective policy of the United States in his public speeches delivered in London, Edinburgh and other places, he received, in March, 1896, a vote of censure in the lower house of congress. JOHN WORK GARRETT, for so many years at the head of the great Baltimore & Ohio railroad system, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, July 31, 1820. His father, Robert Garrett, an enterprising merchant, had amassed a large fortune from a small beginning. The son entered Lafayette College in 1834, but left the following year and entered his father's counting room, and in 1839 became a partner. John W. Garrett took a great interest in the development of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. He was elected one of the directors in 1857, and was its president from 1858 until his death. When he took charge of the road it was in an embarrassed condition, but Within a year, for the first time in its existence, it paid a dividend, the increase in its net gains being $725,385. After the war, during which the road suffered much damage from the Confederates, numerous branches and connecting roads were built or acquired, until it reached colossal proportions. Mr. Garrett was also active in securing a regular line of steamers between Baltimore and Bremen, and between the same port and Liverpool. He was one of the most active trustees of Johns Hopkins University, and a liberal contributor to the Young Men's Christian Association of Baltimore. He died September 26, 1884. COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY - 201 Robert Garrett, the son of John W. Garrett, was born in Baltimore April 9, 1847, and graduated from Princeton in 1867. He received a business education in the banking house of his father, and in 1871 became president of the Valley Railroad of Virginia. He was made third vice-president of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in 1879, and first vice-president in 1881. He succeeded his father as president in 1884. Robert Garrett died July 29, 1896. CARL SCHURZ, a noted German-American statesman, was born in Liblar, Prussia, March 2, 1829. He studied at the University f Bonn, and in 1849 was engaged in an attempt to excite an insurrection at that place. After the surrender of Rastadt by the revolutionists, in the defense of which Schurz took part, he decided to emigrate to America. He resided in Philadelphia three years, and then settled in Watertown, Wisconsin, and in 1859 removed to Milwaukee, where he practiced law. On the organization of the Republican party he became a leader of the German element and entered the campaign for Lincoln in 1860. He was appointed minister to Spain in 1861, but resigned in December of that year to enter the army. He was appointed brigadier-general in 1862, and participated in the .second battle of Bull Run, and also at Chancellorsville. At Gettysburg he had temporary command of the Eleventh Army Corps, and also took part in the battle of Chattanooga. After the war he located at St. Louis, and in 1869 was elected United States senator from Missouri. He supported Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872, and in the campaign of 1876, having removed to New York, he supported Hayes and the Republican ticket, and was appointed secretary of the interior in 1877. In 1881 he became editor of the "New York Evening Post," and in 1884 was prominent in his opposition to James G. Blaine, and became a leader of the " Mugwumps," thus assist ing in the election of Cleveland. In the presidential campaign of 1896 his forcible speeches in the interest of sound money wielded an immense influence. Mr. Schurz wrote a " Life of Henry Clay," said to be the best biography ever published of that eminent statesman. GEORGE F. EDMUNDS, an American statesman of national reputation, was born in Richmond, Vermont, February 1, 1828. His education was obtained in the public schools and from the instructions of a private tutor. He was admitted to the bar, practiced law, and served in the state legislature from 1854 to 1859, during three years of that time being speaker of the lower house. He was elected to the state senate and acted as president pro tempore of that body in 1861 and 1862. He became prominent for his activity in the impeachment proceedings against President Johnson, and was appointed to the United States senate to fill out the unexpired term of Solomon Foot, entering that body in 1866. He was re-elected to the senate four times, and served on the electoral commission in 1877. He became president pro tempore of the senate after the death of President Garfield, and was the author of the bill which put an end to the practice of polygamy in the territory of Utah. In November, 1891, owing to impaired health, he retired from the senate and again resumed the practice of law, LUCIUS Q. C. LAMAR, a prominent political leader, statesman and jurist, was born in Putnam county, Georgia, Sep- 202 - COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY tember 17, 1825. He graduated from Emory College in 1845, studied law at Macon under Hon. A. H. Chappell, and was admitted to the bar in 1847. He moved to Oxford, Mississippi, in 1849, and was elected to a professorship in the State University. He resigned the next year and returned to Covington, Georgia, and resumed the practice of law. In 1853 he was elected to the Georgia Legislature, and in 1854 he removed to his plantation in Lafayette county, Mississippi, and was elected to represent his district' in the thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth congresses. He resigned in 1860, and was sent as a delegate to the secession convention of the state. He entered the Confederate service in 1861 as lieutenant-colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, and was soon after made colonel. In 1863 President Davis appointed him to an important diplomatic mission to Russia. In 1866 he was elected professor of political economy and social science in the State University, and was soon afterward transferred to the professorship of the law department. He represented his district in the forty-third and forty-fourth congresses, and was elected United States senator from Mississippi in 1877, and re-elected in 1882. In 1885, before the expiration of his term, he was appointed by President Cleveland as secretary of the interior, which position he held until his appointment as associate justice of the United States supreme court, in 1888, in which capacity he served until his death, January 23, 1894. BENJAMIN PENHALLOW SHILLABER won fame in the world of humorists under the name of "Mrs. Partington." He was born in 1841 at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and started out in life as a printer. Mr. Shillaber went to Dover, where he secured employment in a printing office, and from there he went to Demerara, Guiana, where he was employed as a compositor in 1835-37. In 1840 he became-connected with the "Boston Post," and acquired quite a reputation as a humorist by his "Sayings of Mrs. Partington." He. remained as editor of the paper until 185o, when he printed and edited a paper of his. own called the "Pathfinder," which he continued until 1852. Mr. Shillaber became editor and proprietor of the "Carpet. Bag," which he conducted during 1850-52, and then returned to the "Boston Post,” with which he was connected until 1856. During the same time he was one of the editors of the "Saturday Evening Gazette," and continued in this line after he severed his connection with the "Post," for ten years. After 1866 Mr. Shillaber wrote for various newspapers and periodicals, and during his life published the following . books: "Rhymes with Reason and Without," "Poems," "Life and Sayings of Mrs. Partington," "Knitting Work," and others. His death occurred at Chelsea, Massachusetts, November 25, 1890. EASTMAN JOHNSON stands first among- painters of American country life. He was born in Lovell, Maine, in 1824, and began his work in drawing at the age of eighteen years. His first works were portraits, and, as he took up his residence in Wash ington, the most famous men of the nation were his subjects. In 1846 he went to Boston, and there made crayon portraits of Longfellow, Emerson, Sumner, Hawthorne• and other noted men. In 1849 he went to Europe. He studied at Dusseldorf, Germany; spent a year at the Royal Academy, and thence to The Hague, where he spent: four years, producing there his first pictures. COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY - 203 of consequence, “The Card-Players " and "The Savoyard." He then went to Paris, but was called home, after an absence from America of six years. He lived some time in Washington, and then spent two years among the Indians of Lake Superior in 1858 he produced his famous picture, " The Old Kentucky Home." He took up his permanent residence at New York at that time. His " Sunday Morning in Virginia " is a work of equal merit. He was especially successful in coloring, a master of drawing, and the expression conveys with precision the thought of the artist. His portrayal of family life and child life is unequalled. Among his other great works are " The Confab," " Crossing a Stream,” " Chimney Sweep," " Old Stage Coach," " The New Bonnet," " The Drummer Boy," " Childhood of Lincoln," and a great variety of equally familiar subjects. PIERCE GUSTAVE TOUTANT BEAUREGARD, one of the most distinguished generals in the Confederate army, was born near New Orleans, Louisiana, May 28, 1818. He graduated from West Point Military Academy in 1838, and was made second lieutenant of engineers. He was with General Scott in Mexico, and distinguished himself at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, and the battles near the City of Mexico, for which he was twice brevetted. After the Mexican war closed he was placed in charge of defenses about New Orleans, and in 1860 was appointed superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He held this position but a few months, when he resigned February 20, 1861, and accepted a commission of brigadier-general in the Confederate army. He directed the attack on Fort Sumter, the first engagement of the Civil war. He was 12 in command of the Confederates at the first battle of Bull Run, and for this victory was made general. In 1862 he was placed in command of the Army of the Mississippi, and planned the attack upon General Grant at Shiloh, and upon the death of General Johnston he took command of the army and was only defeated by the timely arrival of General Buell with reinforcements. He commanded at Charleston and successfully defended that city against the combined attack by land and sea in 1863. In 1864 he was in command in Virginia, defeating General Butler, and resisting Grant's attack upon Petersburg until reinforced from Richmond. During the long siege which followed he was sent to check General Sherman's march to the sea, and was with General Joseph E. Johnston when that general surrendered in 1865. After the close of the war he was largely interested in railroad management. In 1866 he was offered chief command of the Army of Roumania, and in. 1869, that of the Army Of Egypt. He declined these offers. His death occurred February 20, 1893. HENRY GEORGE, one of America's most celebrated political economists, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September 2, 1839. He received a common-school education and entered the high school in 1853, and then went into a mercantile office. He made several voyages on the sea, and settled in California in 1858. He then worked at the printer's trade for a number of years, which he left to follow the editorial profession. He edited in succession several daily newspapers, and attracted attention by a number of strong essays and speeches on political and social questions. In 1871 he edited a pamphlet. entitled " Our Land and Policy," in which he outlined a 204 - COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY, theory, which has since made him so widely known. This was developed in " Progress and Poverty," a book which soon attained a large circulation on both sides of the Atlantic, which has been extensively translated. In 1880 Jr. N George located in New York, where he made his home, though he frequently addressed audiences in Great Britain, Ireland, Australia, and throughout the United States. In 1886 he was nominated by the labor organizations for mayor of New York, and made a campaign notable for its development of unexpected power. In 1887 he was candidate of the Union Labor party for secretary of state of New York. These campaigns served to formulate the idea of a single tax and popularize the Australian ballot system. Mr. George became a free trader in 1888, and in 1892 supported the election of Grover Cleveland. His political and eco- nomic ideas, known as the " single tax," have a large and growing support, but are not confined to this country alone. He wrote numerous miscellaneous articles in support of his principles, and also published: “The Land Question," " Social Problems," " Protection or Free Trade," "The Condition of Labor, an Open Letter to Pope Leo XIII.," and " Perplexed Philosopher." THOMAS ALEXANDER SCOTT. —This name is indissolubly connected with the history and development of the railway systems of the United States. Mr. Scott was born December 28, 1823, at London, Franklin county, Pennsylvania. He was first regularly employed by Major James Patton, the collector of tolls on the state road between Philadelphia and Columbia, Pennsylvania. He entered into the employ of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in 1850, and went through all the different branches of work until he had mastered all the details of the office work, and in 1858 he was appointed general superintendent. Mr. Scott was the next year chosen vice-president of the road. This position at once brought him before the public, and the enterprise and ability displayed by him in its management marked him as a leader among the railroad men of the country. At the outbreak of the rebellion in 1861, Mr. Scott was selected by Governor Curtin as a member of his staff, and placed in charge of the equipment and forwarding of the state troops to the seat of war. On April 27, 1861, the secretary of war desired to establish a new line of road between the national capital and Philadelphia, for the more expeditious transportation of troops. He called upon Mr. Scott to direct this work, and the road by the way of Annapolis and Perryville was completed in a marvelously short space of time. On May 3, 1861, he was commissioned colonel of volunteers, and on the 23d of the same month the government railroads and telegraph lines were placd in his charge. Mr. Scott was the first assistant secretary of war ever appointed, and he took charge of this new post August 1, 1861. In January, 1862, he was directed to organize transportation in the northwest, and in March he performed the same service on the western rivers. He resigned June 1, 1862, and resumed his direction of affairs on the Pennsylvania Railroad. Colonel Scott directed the policy that secured to his road the control of the western roads, and became the president of the new company to operate these lines in 1871. For one year, from March, 1871, he was president of the Union Pacific Railroad, and in 1874 he succeeded to the presidency of the Pennsylvania Company. He projected the Texas Pacific Railroad and was for many years its president. Colonel Scott's health failed COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY - 205 him and he resigned the presidency of the road June 1, 1880, and died at his home in Darby, Pennsylvania, May 21, 1881. ROBERT TOOMBS, an American statesman of note, was born in Wilkes county, Georgia, July 2, 1810. He attended the University of Georgia, and graduated from Union College, Schenectady, New York, and then took a law course at the University of Virginia. In 1830, before he Lad attained his majority, he was admitted to the bar by special act of the legislature, and rose rapidly in his profession, attracting the attention of the leading statesmen and judges f that time. He raised a volunteer company for the Creek war, and served as captain to the close. He was elected to the state legislature in 1837, re-elected in 1842, and in 1844 was elected to congress. He had been brought up as a Jeffersonian Democrat, but voted for Harrison in 1840 and for Clay in 1844. He made his first speech in congress on the Oregon question, and immediately took rank with the greatest debaters of that body. In 1853 he was elected to the United States senate, and again in 1859, but when his native state seceded he resigned his seat in the senate and was elected to the Confederate congress. It is stated on the best authority that had it not been for a misunderstanding which could not be explained till too late he would have been elected president of the Confederacy. He was appointed secretary of state by President Davis, but resigned. after a few months and was commissioned brigadier-general in the Confederate army. lie won distinction at the second battle of Bull Run and at Sharpsburg, but resigned his commission soon after and returned to Georgia. He organized the militia of Georgia to resist Sherman, and was made brigadier-general of the state troops. He left the country at the close of the war and did not return until 1867. He died December 15, 1885. AUSTIN CORBIN, one of the greatest railway magnates of the United States, was born July I I, 1827, at Newport, New Hampshire. He studied. law with Chief Justice Cushing 'and Governor Ralph Metcalf, and later took a course in the Harvard Law School, where he graduated in 1849. He was admitted to the bar, and practiced law, with Governor Metcalf as his partner, until October 12, 1851. Mr. Corbin them removed to Davenport, Iowa, where he remained until 1865. In 1854 he was a partner in the banking firm of Macklot & Corbin, and later he organized the First National bank of Davenport, Iowa, which commenced business June 29, 1863, and which was the first national bank op n for' business in the United States. Mr. Corbin. sold out his business in the Davenport bank, and removed to New York in 1865 and commenced business with partners under the style of Corbin Banking Company. Soon after his removal to New York he became interested in railroads, and became one of the leading railroad men of the country. The development of the west half of Coney Island as a summer resort first brought him into general prominence. He built a railroad from New York to the island, and built great hotels on its' ocean front. He next turned his attention to Long Island, and secured all the railroads and consolidated them under one management, became president of the system, and under his control Long Island became the great ocean suburb of New York. His latest public achievement was the rehabilitation of the-Reading Railroad, of Pennsylvania, and: 206 - COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. during the same time he and his friends purchased the controlling interest of the New Jersey Central Railroad. He took it out of the hands of the receiver, and in three years had it on a dividend-paying basis. Mr. Corbin's death occurred June 4, 1896. JAMES GORDON BENNETT, SR. , was one of the greatest journalists of America in his day. He was born September 1, 1795, at New Mill, near Keith, Scotland. At the age of fourteen he was sent to Aberdeen to study for the priesthood, but, convinced that he was mistaken in his vocation, he determined to emigrate. He landed at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1819, where he attempted to earn a living by teaching bookkeeping. Failing in this he went to Boston and found employment as a proof reader. Mr. Bennett went to New York about 1822 and wrote for the newspapers. Later on he became assistant editor in the office of the "Charleston Courier," but returned to New York in 1824 and endeavored to start a commercial school, but was unsuccessful in this, and again returned to newspaper work. He continued in newspaper work with varying success until, at his suggestion, the "Enquirer" was consolidated with another paper, and became the "Courier and Enquirer," with James Watson Webb as editor and Mr. Bennett for assistant. At this time this was the leading American newspaper. He, however, severed his connection with this newspaper and tried, without success, other ventures in the line. of journalism until May 6, 1835, when he issued the first number of the "New York Herald." Mr. Bennett wrote the entire paper, and made up for lack of news by his own imagination. The paper became popular, and in 1838 he engaged European journalists as regular correspondents. In 1841 the income derived from his paper was at least one hundred thousand dollars. During the Civil war the " Herald " had on its staff sixty-three war correspondents and the circulation was doubled. Mr. Bennett was interested with John W. Mackay in that great enterprise which is now known as the Mackay-Bennett Cable. He had collected for use in his paper over fifty thousand biographies, sketches and all manner of information regarding every well-known man, which are still kept in the archives of the "Herald" office. He died in the city of New York in 1872, and left to his son, James Gordon, Jr., one of the greatest and most profitable journals in the United States, or even in the world. OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, a noted American, won distinction in the field of literature, in which he attained a world-wide reputation. He was born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 29, 1809. He received a collegiate education and graduated from Harvard in 1829, at the age of twenty, and took up the study of law and later studied medicine. Dr. Holmes attended several years in the hospitals of Europe and received his degree in 1836. He became professor of anatomy and physiology in Dartmouth in 1838, and remained there until 1847, when he was called to the Massachusetts Medical School at Boston to occupy the same chair, which position he resigned in 1882. The first collected edition of his poems appeared in 1836, and his "Phi Beta Kappa Poems," "Poetry," in 1836; "Terpsichore," in 1843; "Urania," in 1846, and "Astra," won for him many fresh laurels. His series of papers in the "Atlantic Monthly," were: COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY - 207 "Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," "Professor at the Breakfast.Table," "Poet at the Breakfast Table," and are a series of masterly wit, humor and pathos. Among his medical papers and addresses, are: 'Currents and Counter-currents in the Medical Science," and "Borderland in Some Provinces f Medical Science." Mr. Holmes edited quite a number of works, of which we quote the following: "Else Venner," "Songs in Many Keys," "Soundings from the Atlantic," "Humorous Poems," "The Guardian Angel," 'Mechanism in Thoughts and Morals," "Songs of Many Seasons," "John L. Motley"—a memoir, "The Iron Gate and Other Poems," "Ralph Waldo Emerson," "A Moral Antipathy." Dr. Holmes visited England for the second time, and while there the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the University of Edinburgh. His death occurred October 7, 1894. RUFUS CHOATE, one of the most eminent of America's great lawyers, was born October I, 1799, at Essex, Massachusetts. He entered Dartmouth in 1815, and after taking his degree he remained as a teacher in the college for one year. He took up the study of law in Cambridge, and subsequently studied under the distinguished lawyer, Mr. Wirt,. who was then United States attorney-general at Washington. Mr. Choate began the practice of law in Danvers, Massachusetts, and from there he went to Salem, and afterwards to Boston, Massachusetts. While living at Salem he was elected to congress in 1832, and later, in 1841, he was chosen United States senator to succeed Daniel Webster, Mr. Webster having been appointed secretary of state under William Henry Harrison. After the death of Webster, Mr. Choate was the acknowledged leader of the Massachusetts bar, and was looked upon by the younger members of the profession with an affection that almost amounted to a reverence. Mr. Choate's powers as an orator were of the rarest order, and his genius made it possible for him to enchant and interest his listeners, even while discussing the most ordinary theme. He was not merely eloquent on the subjects that were calculated to touch the feelings and stir the passions of his audience in themselves, but could at all times command their attention. He retired from active life in 1858, and was on his way to Europe, his physician having ordered a sea voyage for his health, but had only reached Halifax, Nova Scotia, when he died, July 13, 1858. DWIGHT L. MOODY, one of the most noted and effective pulpit orators and evangelists America has produced, was born in Northfield, Franklin county, Massachusetts, February 5, 1837. He received but a meager education and' worked on a farm until seventeen years of age, when he became clerk in a boot and shoe store in Boston. Soon after this he joined the Congregational church and went to Chicago, where he zealously engaged in missionary work among the poor classes. He met with great success, and in less than a year he built up a Sunday-school which numbered over one thousand children. When the war broke out he became connected with what was known as the "Christian Commission," and later became city missionary of the Young Men's Christian Association at Chicago. A church was built there for his converts and he became its unordained pastor. In the Chicago fire of 1871 the church and Mr. Moody's house and furniture, which had been given him, were destroyed. The 208 - COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY church edifice was afterward, replaced by a new church erected on the site pf the old one. In 1873, accompanied by Ira D. Sankey, Mr. Moody went to Europe and excited great religious awakenings throughout England, Ireland and Scotland. In 1875 they. returned to America and held large meetings in various cities. They afterward made another visit to Great Britain for the same purpose, meeting with great success, returning to the United States in 1884. Mr. Moody afterward continued his evangelistic work, meeting everywhere with a warm reception and success. Mr. Moody produced a number of works, some of which had a wide circulation. JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN, a financier of world-wide reputation, and famous as the head of one of the largest banking houses in the world, was born April 17, 1837, at Hartford, Connecticut. He received his early education in the English high school, in Boston, and later supplemented this with a course in the University of Gottingen, Germany. He returned to the United States, in 1857, and entered the banking firm f Duncan, Sherman & Co., of New York, and, in 1860, he became agent and attorney, in the United States, for George Peabody & Co., of London. He became the junior partner in the banking firm of Dabney, Morgan & Co., in 1864, and that of Drexel, Morgan & Co., in 1871. This house was among the chief negotiators of railroad bonds, and was active in the reorganization of the West Shore Railroad, and its absorption by the New York Central Railroad. It was conspicuous in the reorganization of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, in 1887, which a syndicate of capitalists, formed by Mr. Morgan, placed on a sound financial basis. After that time many other lines of railroad and gigantic financial enterprises were brought under Mr. Morgan's control, and in some respects it may be said lie became the foremost financier of the century. THOMAS BRACKETT REED, one of the most eminent of American statesmen, was born October 18, 1839, at Portland, Maine, where he received his early education in the common schools of the city, and prepared himself for college. Mr. Reed graduated from Bowdoin College in 1860, and won one of the highest honors of the college, the prize for excellence in English composition. The following four years were spent by him in teaching and in the study of law. Before his admission to the bar, however, he was acting assistant paymaster in the United States navy, and served on the " tin-clad " Sybil, which patrolled the Tennessee, Cumberland and Mississippi rivers. After his discharge in 1865, he returned to Portland, was admitted to the bar, and began the practice of his profession. He entered into political life, and in 1865 was elected to the legislature of Maine as a Republican, and in 1869 he was re-elected to the house, and in 1870 was made state senator, from which he passed to attorney-general of the state. He retired from this office in 1873, and until 1877 he was solicitor for the city of Portland. In 1876 he was elected to the forty-fifth congress, which assembled in 1877. Mr. Reed sprung into prominence in that body by one of the first speeches which he delivered, and his long service in congress, coupled with his ability, gave him a national reputation. His influence each year became more strongly marked, and the leadership of his party was finally conceded to him, and in the forty-ninth and fiftieth COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY - 209 congresses the complimentary nomination for the speakership was tendered him by the Republicans. That party having obtained the ascendency in the fifty-first congress he was elected speaker on the first ballot, and he was again chosen speaker of the fifty-fourth and fifth-fifth congresses. As a writer, Mr. Reed contributed largely to the magazines and periodicals, and his book upon parliamentary rulcs is generally recognized as authority on that subject. CLARA BARTON is a celebrated character among what might be termed as the highest grade of philanthropists America has produced. She was born on a farm at Oxford, Massachusetts, a daughter of Captain Stephen Barton, and was educated at Clinton, .New York. She engaged in teaching early in life, and founded a free school at Bordentown, the first in New Jersey. She opened with six pupils, but the attendance had grown to six hundred up to 1854, when she went to Washington. She was appointed clerk in the patent department, and remained there until the outbreak of the Civil war, when she resigned her position and devoted herself to the alleviation of the sufferings of the soldiers, serving, not in the hospitals, but on the battle field. She was present at a number of battles, and after the war closed she originated, and for some time carried on at her own expense, the search for missing soldiers. She then for several years devoted her time to lecturing on " Incidents of the War." About 1868 she went to Europe for her health, and settled in Switzerland, but on the outbreak of the Franco-German war she accepted the invitation of the grand duchess of Baden to aid in the establishment of her hospitals, and Miss Barton afterward followed the German army She was decorated with the golden cross by the grand duke of Baden, and with the iron cross by the emperor of Germany.. She also served for many years as president of the famous Red Cross Society and attained a worldwide reputation. CARDINAL JAMES GIBBONS, one of the most eminent Catholic clergymen in America, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, July 23, 1834. He was given a thorough education, graduated at St. Charles College, Maryland, in 1857, and studied theology in St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, Maryland. In 1861 he became pastor of St. Bridget's church in Baltimore, and in 1868 was consecrated vicar apostolic of North Carolina. In 1872 our subject became bishop of Richmond, Virginia, and five years later was made archbishop of Baltimore. On the 30th of June, 1886, he was admitted to the full degree of cardinal and primate of the American Catholic church. He was a fluent writer, and his book, " Faith of Our Fathers," had a Wide circulation. CHAUNCEY MITCHELL DEPEW.--- This name is, without doubt, one of the most widely known in the United States: Mr. Depew was born April 23, 1834, at Peekskill, New York, the home of the Depew family for two hundred years. He attended the common schools of his native place, where he prepared himself to enter college.. He began his collegiate course at Yale at the age of eighteen and graduated in 1856. He early took an active interest in politics and joined the Republican party at its formation. He then took up the study of law and went into the office of the Hon. William Nelson, of Peekskill, for that purpose, and in 1858 he was admitted to the bar., 210 - COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. He was sent as a delegate by the new party to the Republican state convention of that year. He began the practice of his profession in 1839, but though he was a good worker, his attention was detracted by the campaign of 1860, in which he took an active part. During this campaign he gained his first laurels as a public speaker. Mr. Depew was elected assemblyman in 1862 from a Democratic district. In 1863 he secured the nomination for secretary of state, and gained that post by a majority of thirty thousand. In 1866 he left the field of politics and entered into the active practice of his law business as attorney for the New York & Harlem Railroad Company, and in 1869 when this road was consolidated with the New York Central, and called the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, he was appointed the attorney for the new road. His rise in the railroad business was rapid, and ten years after his entrance into the Vanderbilt system as attorney for a single line, he was the general counsel for one of the largest railroad systems in the world. He was also a director in the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, Michigan Central, Chicago & Northwestern, St. Paul & Omaha, West Shore, and Nickel Plate railroad companies. In 1874 Mr. Depew was made regent of the State University, and a member of the commission appointed to superintend the erection of the capitol at Albany. In 1882, on the resignation of W. H. Vanderbilt from the presidency of the New York Central and the accession to that office by James H. Rutter, Mr. Depew was made second vice-president, and held that position until the death of Mr. Rutter in ins. In this year Mr. Depew became the executive head of this great corporation. Mr. Depew's greatest fame grew from his ability and eloquence as an orator and " after-dinner speaker," and it has been said by eminent critics that this country has never produced his equal in wit, fluency and eloquence. PHILIP KEARNEY.—Among the most dashing and brilliant commanders in the United States service, few have outshone the talented officer whose name heads this sketch. He was born in New York City, June 2, 1815 , and was of Irish ancestry and imbued with all the dash and bravery of the Celtic race. He graduated from Columbia College and studied law, but in 1837 accepted a commission as lieutenant in the First United States Dragoons, of which his uncle, Stephen W. Kearney, was then colonel. He was sent by the government, soon after, to Europe to examine and report upon the tactics of the French cavalry. There he attended the Polytechnic School, at Samur, and subsequently served as a volunteer in Algiers, winning the cross of the Legion of Honor. He returned to the United States in 1840, and on the staff of General Scott, in the Mexican war, served with great gallantry. He was made a captain of dragoons in 1846 and made major for services at Contreras and Cherubusco. In the final assault on the City of Mexico, at the San Antonio Gate, Kearney lost an arm. He subsequently served in California and the Pacific coast. In 1851 he resigned his commission and went to Europe, where he resumed his military studies. In the Italian war, in 1859, he served as a volunteer on the staff of General Maurier, of the French army, and took part in the battles of Solferino and Magenta, and for bravery was, for the second time, decorated with the cross of the Legion of Honor. On the opening of the Civil war he hastened home, and, offering his services to the general gov- COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY - 211 ernment, was made brigadier-general of volunteers and placed in command of a brigade f New Jersey troops. In the campaign under McClellan he commanded a division, and at Williamsburg and Fair Oaks his services were valuable and brilliant, as well as in subsequent engagements. At Harrison's Landing he was made major-general of volunteers. In the second battle of Bull Run he was conspicuous, and at the battle of Chantilly, September 1, 1862, while leading in advance of his troops, General Kearney was shot and killed. RUSSELL SAGE, one of the financial giants of the present century and for more than an average generation one of the most conspicuous and celebrated of Americans, was born in a frontier hamlet in central New York in August, 1816. While Russell was still a boy an elder brother, Henry Risley Sage, established a small grocery store at Troy, New York, and here Russell found his first employment, as errand boy. He served a five-years apprenticeship, and then joined another brother, Elisha M. Sage, in a new venture in the same line, which proved profitable, at least for Russell, who soon became its sole owner. Next he formed the partnership of Sage & Bates, and greatly extended his field of operations. At twenty-five he had, by his own exertions, amassed what was, in those days, a considerable fortune, being worth about seventy-five thousand dollars. He had acquired an influence in local politics, and four years later his party, the Whigs, elected him to the aldermanic board of Troy and to the treasuryship of Rensselaer county. In 1848 he was a prominent member of the New York delegation to the Whig convention at Philadelphia, casting his first votes for Henry Clay, but joining the " stampede " which nominated Zachary Taylor. In 1850 the Whigs of Troy nominated him for congress, but he was not elected—a failure which he retrieved two years later, and in 1854 he was re-elected by a sweeping majority. At. Washington he ranked high in influence and ability, Fame as a speaker and as a political leader was within his grasp, when he gave up public life, declined a renomination to congress, and went back to Troy to devote himself to his private business. Six years later, in 1863, he removed to New York and plunged into the arena of Wall street. A man of boundless energy and tireless pertinacity, with wonderful judgment of men and things, he soon took his place as a king in finance, and, it is said, during the latter part of his life he con trolled more ready money than any other single individual on this continent. ROGER QUARLES MILLS, a noted. United States senator and famous as the father of the " Mills tariff bill," was born in Todd county, Kentucky, March 30, 1832. He received a liberal education in the common schools, and removed to Palestine, Texas, in 1849. He took up the study of law, and supported himself by serving as an assistant in the post-office, and in the offices of the court clerks. In 1850 he was elected engrossing clerk of the Texas house of representatives, and in 1852 was admitted to the bar, while still a minor, by special act of the legislature. He then settled at Corsicana, Texas, and began the active practice of his profession: He was elected to the state legislature in 1859, and in 1872 he was elected to congress from the state at large, as a Democrat. After his first election he was continuously returned to congress until he resigned to accept the position of United States senator, to which he. 212 - COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY: was elected March 23, 1892, to succeed Hon. Horace Chilton. He took his seat in the senate March 30, 1892; was afterward re-elected and ranked among the most useful and prominent members of that body. In 1876 he opposed the creation of the electoral commission, and in 1887 canvassed the state of Texas against the adoption of a prohibition amendment to its constitution, which was defeated. He introduced into the house of representatives the bill that was known as the Mills Bill," reducing duties On imports, and extending the free list. The bill passed the house on July 21, 1888, and made the name of " Mills " famous throughout the entire country. HAZEN S. PINGREE, the celebrated Michigan political leader, was born in Maine in 1842. Up to fourteen years of age he worked hard on the stony ground of his father's small farm. Attending school in the Winter, he gained a fair education, and when not laboring on the farm, he found employment in the cotton mills in the vicinity. He resolved to find more steady work, and accordingly went to Hopkinton, Massachusetts, where he entered a shoe factory, but on the outbreak of the war he enlisted at once and was enrolled in the First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. He participated in the battle of Bull Run, which was his initial fight, and served creditably his early term of service, at the expiration of which he re-enlisted. He fought in the battles of Fredricksburg, Harris Farm, Spottsylvania Court House and Cold Harbor. In 1864 he was captured by Mosby, and spent five months at Andersonville, Georgia, as a prisoner, but escaped at the end of that time. He re-entered the service and participated in the battles of Fort Fisher, Boyden, and Sailor's Creek. He was honorably mustered out of service, and in 1866 went to Detroit, Michigan, where he made use of his former experience in a shoe factory, and found work. Later he formed a partnership with another workman and started a small factory, which has since become a large establishment. Mr. Pingree made his entrance into politics in 1889, in which year he was elected by a surprisingly large majority as a Republican to the mayoralty of Detroit, in which office he was the incumbent during four consecutive terms. In November, 1896, he was elected governor of the state of Michigan. While mayor of Detroit, Mr. Pingree originated and put into execution the idea of allowing the poor people of the city the use of vacant city lands and lots for the purpose of raising potatoes. The idea was enthusiastically adopted by thousands of poor families, attracted wide attention, and gave its author a national reputation as "Potato-patch Pingree." THOMAS ANDREW HENDRICKS, an eminent American statesman and a Democratic politician of national fame, was born in Muskingum county, Ohio, September 7, 1819. In 1822 he removed, with his father, to Shelby county, Indiana. He graduated from the South Hanover College in 184 , and two years later was admitted to the bar. In 1851 he was chosen a member of the state constitutional convention, and took a leading part in the deliberations of that body. He was elected to congress in 1851, and after serving two terms was appointed commissioner of the United States general land-office. In 1863 he was elected to the United States senate, where his distinguished services commanded the respect of all parties. He was elected governor of Indiana in 1872, serving four years,. and in COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY - 213 1876 was nominated by the Democrats as candidate for the vice-presidency with Tilden. The returns in a number of states were contested, and resulted in the appointment of the famous electoral commission, which decided in favor of the Republican candidates. In 1884 Mr. Hendricks was again nominated as candidate for the vice-presidency, by the Democratic party, on the ticket with Grover Cleveland, was elected, and served about six months. He died at Indianapolis, November 25, 1885. He was regarded as one of the brainiest men in the party, and his integrity was never questioned, even by his political opponents. GARRETT A. HOBART, one of the many able men who have held the high office of vice-president of the United States, was born June 3, 1844, in Monmouth county, New Jersey, and in 1860 entered the sophomore class at Rutgers College, from which he graduated in 1863 at tile age of nineteen. He then taught school until he entered the law office of Socrates Tuttle, of Paterson, New Jersey, with whom he studied law. and in 1869 was admitted to the bar. He immediately began the active practice of his profession the office of the above named gentleman. He became interested in political life, and espoused the cause of the Republican party, and in 1865 held his first office, serving as clerk for the grand jury. He was also city counsel of Paterson in 1871, and in May, 1872, was elected counsel for the board of chosen freeholders. He entered the state legislature in 1873, and was re-elected to the assembly in 1874. Mr. Hobart was made speaker of the assembly in 1876, and and in 1879 was elected to the state senate. After serving three years in the same, he was elected president of that body in 1881, and the following year was re-elected to that office. He was a delegate-at-large to the Republican national convention in 1876 and 1880, and was elected a member of the national committee in 1884, which position he occupied continuously until 1896. He was then nominated for vice-president by the Republican national convention, and was elected to that office in the fall of 1896 on the ticket with William McKinley. WILLIAM MORRIS STEWART, noted as a political leader and senator, was born in Lyons, Wayne county, New York, August 9, 1827, and removed with his parents while still a small child to Mesopotamia township, Trumbull county, Ohio. He attended the Lyons Union school and Farmington Academy, where he obtained his education. Later he taught mathematics in the former school, while yet a pupil, and with the little money thus earned and the assistance of James C. Smith, one of the judges of the supreme court of New York, he entered Yale College. He remained there until the winter of 1849-50, when, attracted by the gold discoveries in California he wended his way thither. He arrived at San Francisco in May, 1850, and later engaged in mining with pick and shovel in Nevada county. In this way he accumulated some money, and in the spring of 1852 he took up the study of law under John R. McConnell. The following December he was appointed district attorney, to which office he was chosen at the general election of the next year. In 1854 he was appointed attorney-general of California, and in 1860 he removed to Virginia City, Nevada, where he largely engaged in early mining litigation. Mr. Stewart was also interested in the development of the "Comstock lode," and in 1861 was chosen a 214 - COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY member of the territorial council. He was elected a member of the constitutional convention in 1863, and was elected United States senator in 1864, and re-elected in 1869. At the expiration of his term in 1875, he resumed the practice of law in Nevada, California, and the Pacific coast generally. He was thus engaged when he was elected again to the United States senate as a Republican in 1887 to succeed the late James G. Fair, a Democrat, and took his seat March 4, 1887. On the expiration of his term he was again re-elected and became one of the leaders of his party in congress. His ability as an orator, and the prominent part he took in the discussion of public questions, gained him a national reputation. GEORGE GRAHAM VEST, for many years a prominent member of the United States senate, was born in Frankfurt, Kentucky, December 6, 1848. He graduated from Center College in 1868, and from the law department of the Transylvania University of Lexington, Kentucky, in 1853. In the same year he removed to Missouri and began the practice of his profession, In 1860 he was an elector on the Democratic ticket, and was a member of time lower house of the Missouri legislature in 1860-61. He was elected to the Confederate congress, serving two years in the lower house and one in the senate. He then resumed the practice of law, and in 1879 was elected to the senate of the United States to succeed James Shields. He was re-elected in 1885, and again in 1891 and 1897. His many years of service in the National congress, coupled with his ability as a speaker and the active part he took in the discussion of public questions, gave him a wide reputation. HANNIBAL HAMLIN, a noted American statesman, whose name is indissolubly connected with the history of this country, was born in Paris, Maine, August 27, 1809. He learned the printer's trade and followed that calling for several years. He then studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1833. He was elected to the legislature of the state of Maine, where he was several times chosen speaker of the lower house. He was elected to congress by the Democrats in 1843, and re-elected in 1845. In 1848 he was chosen to the United States. senate and served in that body until 1861. He was elected governor of Maine in 1857 on the Republican ticket, but resigned when re-elected to the United States senate the same year. He was elected vice-president of the United States on the ticket with Lincoln in 1860, and inaugurated in March, 1861. In 1865 he was appointed collector of the port of Boston. Beginning with 1869 he served two six-year terms in the United States senate, and was then appointed by President Garfield as minister to Spain in 1881. His death occurred July 4, 1891. ISHAM G. HARRIS, famous as Confederate war governor of Tennessee, and distinguished by his twenty years of service in the senate of the United States, was born in Franklin county, Tennessee, and educated at the Academy of Winchester. He then took up the study of law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice at Paris, Tennessee, in 1841. He was elected to the state legislature in 1847, was a candidate for presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1848, and the next year was elected to congress from his district, and re-elected in 1851. In 1853 he was renominated by the Democrats of his COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY - 215 district, but declined, and removed to Memphis, where he took up the practice of law. fie was a presidential elector-at-large from Tennessee in 1856, and was elected governor of the state the next year, and again in 1859, and in 1861. He was driven from Nashville by the advance of the Union armies, and for the last three years of the war acted as aid upon the staff of the commanding general of the Confederate army of Tennessee. After the war he went to Liverpool, England, where he became a merchant, but returned to Memphis in 1867, and resumed the practice of law. In 1877 he was elected to the United States senate, to which position he was successively reelected until his death in 1897. NELSON DINGLEY, JR., for nearly a quarter of a century one of the leaders in congress and framer of the famous "Dingley tariff bill," was born in Durham, Maine, in 1832. His father as well as all his ancestors, were farmers, merchants and mechanics and of English descent. Young Dingley was given the advantages first of the common schools and in vacations helped his father in the store and on the farm. When twelve years of age he attended high school and at seventeen was teaching in a country school district and preparing himself for college. The following year he entered Waterville Academy and in 1851 entered Colby University. After a year and a half in this institution he entered Dartmouth College and was graduated in 1855 with high rank as a scholar, debater and writer. He next studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1856. But instead of practicing his profession he purchased the " Lewistown (Me.) Journal," which became famous throughout the New England states as a leader in the advocacy of Repub lican principles. About the same time Mr. Dingley began his political career, although ever after continuing at the head of the newspaper. He was soon elected to the state legislature and afterward to the lower house of congress, where he became a prominent national character. He also served two terms as governor of Maine. OLIVER PERRY MORTON, a distinguished American statesman, was born in Wayne county, Indiana, August 4, 1823. His early education was by private teaching and a course at the Wayne County Seminary. At the age of twenty years he entered the Miami University at Oxford, Ohio, and at the end of two years quit the college, began the study of law in the office of John Newman, of Centerville, Indiana, and was admitted to the bar in 1847. Mr. Morton was elected judge on the Democratic ticket, in 1852, but on the passage of the "Kansas-Nebraska Bill" he severed his connection with that party, and soon became a prominent leader of the Republicans. He was elected governor of Indiana in 1861, and as war governor became, well known throughout the country. He received a paralytic stroke in 1865, which partially deprived him of the use of his limbs. He was chosen to the United States senate from Indiana, in 1867, and wielded great influence in that body until the time of his death, November 1, 1877. JOHN B. GORDON, a brilliant Confeder- ate officer and noted senator of the United States, was born in Upson county, Georgia, February 6, 1832. He graduated from the State University, studied law, and took up the practice of his profession. At the beginning of the war he entered the Confederate service as captain of infantry, and rapidly 216 - COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. rose to the rank of lieutenant-general, commanding one wing of the Confederate army at the close of the war. In 1868 he was Democratic candidate for governor of Georgia, and it is said was elected by a large majority, but his opponent was given the office. He was a delegate to the national Democratic conventions in 1868 and 1872, and a presidential elector both years. In 1873 he was elected to the United States senate. In 1886 he was elected governor of Georgia, and re-elected in 1888. He was again elected to the United States senate in 1890, serving until 1897, when he was succeeded by A. S. Clay. He was regarded as a leader of the southern Democracy, and noted for his fiery eloquence. STEPHEN JOHNSON FIELD, an illustrious associate justice of the supreme court of the United States, was born at Haddam, Connecticut, November 4, 1816, being one of the noted sons of Rev. D. D. Field. He graduated from Williams College in 1837, took up the study of law with his brother, David Dudley Field, becoming his partner upon admission to. the bar. He went to California in 1849, and at once began to take an active interest in the political affairs of that state. He was elected alcalde of Marysville, in 1850, and in the autumn of the same year was elected to the state legislature. In 1857 he was elected judge of the supreme court of the state, and two years afterwards became its chief justice. In 1863 he was appointed by President Lincoln as associate justice of the supreme court of the United States. During his incumbency, in 1873, he was appointed by the governor of California one of a commission to examine the codes of the state and for the preparation of amendments to the same for submission to the legislature. In 1877 he was one of the famous electoral commission of fifteen members, and voted as one of the seven favoring the election of Tilden to the presidency: In 1880 a large portion of the Democratic party favored his nomination as candidate for the presidency. He retired in the fall of 1897, having served a greater number of years on the supreme bench than any of his associates or predecessors, Chief Justice Marshall coming next in length of service. JOHN T. MORGAN, whose services in the United States senate brought him into national prominence, was born in Athens, Tennessee, June 20, 1824. At the age of nine years he emigrated to Alabama, where he made his permanent home, and where he received an academic education. He then took up the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1845. He took a leading part in local politics, was a presidential elector in 1860, casting his ballot for Breckenridge and Lane, and in 1861 was a delegate to the state convention which passed the ordinance of secession. In May, of the same year, he joined the Confederate army as a private in Company I, Cahawba Rifles, and was soon after made major and then lieutenant-colonel of the Fifth Regiment. In 1862 he was commissioned colonel, and soon after made brigadier-general and assigned to the command of a brigade in Virginia. He resigned to join his old regiment whose colonel had been killed. He was soon afterward again made brigadier-general and given command of the brigade that included his regiment. After the war he returned to the practice of law, and continued it up to the time of his election to the United States senate, in 1877. He was a presidential elector in 1876, and cast his vote for Tilden and Hendricks. COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY - 217 He was re-elected to the senate in 1883, and again in 1889, and 1895. His speeches and the measures he introduced, marked as they were by an intense Americanism, brought him into national prominence. WILLIAM McKINLEY, the twenty-fifth president of the United States, was born at Niles, Trumbull county, Ohio, January 29, 1844. He was of Scotch-Irish ancestry, and received his early education in a Methodist academy in the small village of Poland, Ohio. At the outbreak of the war Mr. McKinley was teaching school, earning twenty-five dollars per month. As soon as Fort Sumter was fired upon he enlisted in a company that was formed in Poland, which was inspected and mustered in by General John C. Fremont, who at first objected to Mr. McKinley, as being too young, but upon examination he was finally accepted. Mr. McKinley was seventeen when the war broke out but did not look his age. He served in the Twenty-third Ohio Infantry throughout the war, was promoted from sergeant to captain, for good conduct on the field, and at the close of the war, for meritorious services, he was brevetted major. After leaving the army Major McKinley took up the study of law, and was admitted to the bar, and in 1869 he took his initiation into politics, being elected prosecuting attorney of his county as a Republican, although the district was usually Democratic. In 1876 he was elected to congress, and in a call upon the President-elect, Mr. Hayes, to whom he went for advice upon the way he should shape his career, he was told that to achieve fame and success he must take one special line and stick to it. Mr. McKinley chose tariff legislation and he became an authority in regard to import duties. He was a member of congress for many years, became chairman of the ways-and means committee, and later he advocated the famous tariff bill that bore his name, which was passed in 1890. In the next election the Republican party was overwhelmingly defeated through the country, and the Democrats secured more than a two thirds majority in the lower house, and also had control of the senate, Mr. McKinley being defeated in his own district: by a small majority. He was elected gov ernor of Ohio in 1891 by a plurality of twenty-one thousand, five hundred and eleven, and two years later he was re-elected by the still greater plurality of eighty thousand, nine hundred and ninety-five. He was a delegate-at-large to the Minneapolis Re, publican convention in 1892, and was instructed to support the nomination of Mr. Harrison. He was chairman of the con- vention, and was the only man from Ohio to vote for Mr. Harrison upon the roll call. In November, 1892, a number of prominent politicians gathered in New York to discuss the political situation, and decided that the result of the election had put an end to McKinley and McKinleyism. But in less than four years from that date Mr. McKinley was nominated for the presidency against the combined opposition of half a dozen rival candidates. Much of the credit for his success was due to Mark A. Hanna, of Cleveland, afterward chairman of the Republican national committee. At the election which occurred in November, 1896, Mr. McKinley was elected president of the United States by an enormous majority, on a gold standard and protective tariff platform. He was. inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1897, and called a special session of congress, to which was submitted a bill for tariff reform, which was passed in the latter part of July of that year. 218 - COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. CINCINNATUS HEINE MILLER, known in the literary world as JoaquinMiller, " the poet of the Sierras," was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1841. When only about thirteen years of age he ran away from home and went to the mining regions in California and along the Pacific coast. Some time afterward he was taken prisoner by the Modoc Indians and lived with them for five years. He learned their language and gained great influence with them; fighting in their wars, and in all modes of living became as one of them. In 1858 he left the Indians 'and went to San Francisco, where he studied law, and in 1860 was admitted to the bar in Oregon. In 1866 he was elected a county judge in Oregon and served four years. Early in the seventies he began devoting a good deal of time to literary pursuits, and about 1874 he settled in Washington, D. C. He wrote many poems and dramas that attracted considerable attention and won him an extended reputation. Among his productions may be mentioned " Pacific Poems," Songs of the Sierras," " Songs of the Sun Lands," " Ships in the Desert," " Adrianne, a Dream of Italy," " Danites," "Unwritten History," First Families of the Sierras " (a novel), " One Fair Woman " (a novel), " Songs of Italy," " Shadows of Shasta," "The Gold-Seekers of the Sierras, " and a number of others. GEORGE FREDERICK ROOT, a noted music publisher and composer, was born in Sheffield, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, on August 30, 1820. While working on his father's farm he found time to learn, unaided, several musical instruments, and in his eighteenth year he went to Boston, where he soon found employment as a teacher of music. From 1839 until 1844 he gave instructions in music in the public schools of that city, and was also director of music in two churches. Mr. Root then went to New York and taught music in the various educational institutions of the city. He went to Paris in 1850 and spent one year there in study, and on his return he published his first song, "Hazel Dell." It appeared as the work of " Wurzel," which was the German equivalent of his name. He was the originator of the normal musical institutions, and when the first one was started in New York he was one of the faculty. He removed to Chicago, Illinois, in 1860, and established the firm of Root & Cady, and engaged in the publication of music. He received, in 1872, the degree of " Doctor of Music" from the University of Chicago. After the war the firm became George F. Root & Co., of Cincinnati and Chicago. Mr. Root did much to elevate the standard of music in this country by his compositions and work as a teacher. Besides his numerous songs he wrote a great deal of sacred music and published many collections of vocal and instrumental music. For many years he was the most popular song writer in America, and was one of the greatest song writers of the war. He is also well-known as an author, and his work in that line comprises: " Methods for the Piano and Organ," " Handbook on Harmony Teaching," and innumerable articles for the musical press. Among his many and most popular songs of the wartime are: " Rosalie, the Prairie-flower," " Battle Cry of Freedom," " Just Before the Battle," " Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are Marching," " The Old Folks are Gone," "A Hundred Years Ago," "Old Potomac Shore, and " There's Music in the Air." Mr. Root's cantatas include " The Flower Queen" and " The Haymakers." He died in 1896. PART II. A BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF DARKE COUNTY, OHIO. DARKE COUNTY, OHIO. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DECEASED CITIZENS OF DARKE COUNTY, OHIO. BY PROFESSOR J. T. MARTZ. IN preparing a biographical sketch of the prominent dead of Darke county the writer has been compelled to refer to such records. books and newspaper reports as are within his reach ; also the personal knowledge and statements of the friends of the deceased, and to depend upon his own recollection's. These facts then have been gleaned from the most authentic sources which are associated with the early rise and progress of the county, and are continued down to the present time. But few who were contemporary with the settlement of the town or county in their earliest stages of history now live. From them might have been obtained, from personal recollections, the trials and hardships,.. the personal suffering and endurance of the early pioneers and more recent settlers, but they have all passed to the other shore. To the writing and compilation of these events much labor has been given, and the critical reader will perhaps find many imperfections, but tedious and perplexing as the task has been in many of its details, on the whole it has proved a source of gratification to collect into one casket what were like "orient pearls at random Strung;" and we would fain present this sketch to its readers as a variegated bouquet, culled from the many gardens that adorn and diversify the unwritten pages of the history of this county, and its many absent citizens. The lives of many of our distinguished dead are intimately associated with the early history of the northwest, and particularly with the defeat of St. Clair and its mournful results, which occurrence may be stated as follows : On the evening of November 3, 1791, his army encamped on the banks of the Wabash, which location was once a part of Darke county. Indian scouts in large numbers were seen skulking through the woods during the entire march to this place. St. Clair intended to fortify his camp the next clay, but before four o'clock of November 4th, the Indians attacked the American camp with a general discharge of firearms and the most horrid yells. Favored by the darkness, they broke into the camp and continued their work of death. The troops were surprised and recoiled from the sudden shock. The artillerists were so rapidly shot down that the guns were useless. Gallant charges were made by Colonel Darke, after whom this county was named, but not having sufficient riflemen to support him, his troops only exposed themselves td more 224 - GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. certain destruction. General Butler was killed. in the early part of the engagement, and as the only hope of saving the remnant of the army, St. Clair "resolved. upon the desperate experiment" of charging upon the flank of the Indians and gaining the road, of which the Indians had possession. The charge was led by the General in person and was successful. The road was gained, but not until more than six hundred of his brave men lay dead upon the field. The soldiers now abandoned the artillery, threw away their arms and equipments, and never paused in their headlong flight until they reached Fort Jefferson, twenty-nine miles \distant from the location of the battle. Many were killed in this bloody retreat, and forty years afterward the farmers in the northwestern part of the county would frequently find the remains of soldiers who gallantly lost their lives in this unfortunate encounter. History informs us that Adjutant-General Sargeant wrote in his diary that the army had been defeated and at least half had been killed and wounded, making a loss of over nine hundred men. Following the army were about one hundred women, wives of officers and men, only a few of whom escaped. General Wilkinson, who succeeded St. Clair in the command of the army, sent a detachment from Fort Washington to the battle ground in the following February for the purpose of burying the dead. The bodies were horribly mutilated, and those who had not been killed outright during the battle had been put to death with tortures too terrible and revolting for descripti0n. There being a deep snow upon the ground at this time they failed to find many of the bodies. In September, 1794, nearly three years after the battle, General Wayne .sent a detachment to build a fort upon the scene of the disaster, which was done, and the structure was very significantly called Fort Recovery. It is said that in order to find all the remains there unburied rewards for finding skulls were offered. The ground in places was literally covered with bones; the detachment found m0re .than six hundred skulls. On Some the marks of the scalping knife were. plainly visible. Some were hacked or marked by, the tomahawk, while others again were split 0pen by a. blow of that weapon. The remains were buried, and these facts prove the correctness 0f General Sargeant's statement, that more than nine hundred men lost their lives in this bloody .affair. Two desperate attempts were made by the Indians to obtain possession of Fort Recovery, but in each attempt they were repulsed with severe loss. These transactions render Fort Recovery one of the most memorable in the history of our country. On the 7th of July, 1851, many of the remains of these soldiers were found partly exposed, and on that and the two following days they were taken up by the citizens of Fort Recovery, and on the l0th of the following September were reinterred at a mass meeting of citizens from Kentucky, Indiana, Virginia and Ohio, the meeting being called expressly for that purpose. Thirteen coffins were prepared, and it was intended to fill each one partly full, but the remains entirely filled these coffins, and also a large box prepared for this purpose. They were interred in the old cemetery at Fort Recovery, by the side of Samuel McDowell, one of their comrades who died and was buried there in 1842, where they now rest—a low circular m0und of earth and stone marking the spot. GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD - 225 These soldiers lost their lives in the defense of their country and while in the employment of the United States government. A committee appointed by congress investigated the facts and details of this campaign and exonerated General St. Clair from all blame. It was the result of the fortunes of war, and we can only honor our noble dead by respecting their memory in the proper way. No other place in American history is more deserving of a suitable monument to commemorate our nation's loss and to mark the spot of her fallen heroes than is Fort Recovery. Five or six acres of ground within the limits of the fort should be procured suitable for a park. Let this be done and a monument worthy to commemorate these sad events be erected there; the remains of these soldiers should be transferred to this monument as a suitable location for their last resting place. This is a matter that concerns the states of Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Kentucky and Indiana, as well as Ohio. But these soldiers did not sacrifice their lives for the protection of the citizens of these states merely. It was to protect and defend a territory belonging to the general government from the encroachments of a savage foe instigated by the emissaries of a government glad to seek an opportunity to continue a strife, that by treaty had been settled in the independence of our country years before. It is earnestly hoped that congress will soon take such action, and that a suitable monument commemorating the events herein named will be erected at Fort Recovery. In June, 1794, General Wayne commenced his campaign against the Indians of the northwest, marching from Greenville with a force of about three thousand men; When near the northeastern line of Darke county, the Indians held a council for the purpose of settling the question as t0 the expediency of attacking Wayne's army at once. Some of General Wayne's scouts, disguised as Indians, with their faces painted with all the hideousness of the savage on the warpath, attended this savage council, listened to all the arguments there advanced, and reported the same to the General. Major George Adams, who had so far recovered from wounds received five years before as to be in the service of Wayne's army, was present at this council, disguised in full Indian rig and paint. He reported that Little Turtle strongly urged that an onslaught be made before morning. This advice was withstood by the Crane, head chief of the Wyandots, and by the Shawnee and Pottawatomie chiefs, and the head men of other tribes who were in the Indian force. The reasons given by those who opposed the Turtle's council were that they desired Wayne to be farther away from his home, as they designated Fort Greenville, and that they could better engage him when they were near their friends, as they designated a British fort and garrison on the Maumee, which had been kept up in defiance 0f the stipulation of the treaty of 1783 ; but the true reason of their opposition to the Turtle's advice was their distrust of him excited the previous autumn at Fort Recovery. Major Adams had previously been a soldier in General Harmar's army, again in the service as a captain of scouts under Wayne, as above intimated, and nearly twenty years later commandant of the garrison at Greenville, during the negotiations preceding the execution of the treaty of 1814, and later in life was judge of the court of common pleas of Darke county, Ohio. He was five times shot and severely wounded in one of the 226 - GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. three several defeats of Harmar. He survived, and was carried on a litter between two horses to Cincinnati, although on the way a grave was dug for him three evenings in succession. With his ashes in the Martin cemetery, three miles east of Greenville, are two of the bullets of the five which he carried in his body from 1789 until his decease in 1832. On the 20th of August, 1794, the battle of Fallen Timbers was fought, which for a number of years subdued the Indians and caused them to sue for peace, which lasted until 1812, when Tecumseh stirred up the Indians to such an extent as to bring on the war resulting in the battle of the Thames. This celebrated Shawnee chief was born at what was known as the ancient town of Piqua, located on the north side of Mad river, and about five miles west of Springfield. In 1805 he and his brother, Lau-le-was'-i-ka, the prophet, took a large part of his tribe to Greenville, and built an Indian town on what i known as the Wiliam F. Bishop farm on Mud creek. One writer says that Tecumseh and the prophet resided from 1805 to 1808 on the tongue of land between Mud creek and Greenville creek, which place is still known as Tecumseh's Point. This point was held sacred by the red men, and to such an extent did this feeling prevail among the Indians that when orders were issued in 1832 to remove them from the settlements at Wapakoneta to their reservation beyond the Mississippi river, the officer in charge designed taking them through Miami county to Cincinnati, but they insisted on being taken through Greenville that they might once more visit the home of their chief and prophet, and their request being granted, they remained several clays. The two loca tions are about three miles. apart, and there seems t0 be but little doubt 0f the brothers having resided at b0th places. Here they lived, and as the early settlers testify, they carried on their thieving propensities the same as they had done at "Old Piqua,". from which place they had been driven because of these depredations. Nothing that the settlers owned was safe, and they lived in constant dread that they would not only lose their property, but they felt that their lives were not safe while surrounded by these savages. Shortly after coming to Greenville the prophet announced an eclipse of the sun, and that, happening at the time he predicted, increased the belief in his sacred character. Hostile movements resulted in the expedition led by General Harrison, who, on the 7th day of November, 1811, encountered the Indians at Tippecanoe,. Indiana, and gained a decisive victory over them. Tecumseh was not present at the battle, but the Indians were commanded by the prophet, who had promised them an easy victory. Not accomplishing what he as a prophet foretold, he lost the confidence of the Indians and was never able to restore his influence over them. In 1812 Tecumseh was early in the field. He fought at Brownstown, was wounded at Magreaga and made a brigadier-general by the British. He took a part in the siege of Fort Meigs, and fell, bravely fighting, in the battle of the Thames, in the forty-fourth year of his age. His death shot is ascribed to a pistol in the hands of Colonel Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky. We thus make brief mention of these renowned leaders of the aboriginal races to whose lands we have become heirs, and in whose biography Darke county has the honor of being so prominently connected. GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD - 227 MURDER OF THE WILSON CHILDREN. The early settlers of Greenville suffered many hardships, and were exposed to many dangers from 1808 to 1816. Indians were numerous, and while they were generally considered friendly, the settlers lived in constant alarm, and a ceaseless dread of treachery and violence hung like a threatening cloud over them. There were many Indian tribes at that time friendly to the whites, and while scouts were constantly on the move and vigilant in their efforts to give the first alarm of danger, these friendly Indians were supplied with white flags, properly marked, which permitted them to pass the outposts of the whites in safety. This feeling of dread was not produced by the acts of the Indians alone, but the whites did much to increase the anxiety and danger. At one time a party of. whites discharged a volley into a body of Indians carrying one of these flags, and approaching with the utmost confidence. Two Indians were instantly killed, a third was wounded, and the rest were taken prisoners and robbed. One of the settlers, Andrew Rush, was killed by the Indians, and it was reported that a trader at Fort Recovery had been killed by his partner, but the Indians were accused of the crime. Greenville was then a stockade, and in the summer of 1812 many of the men were away rendering military service to the government, and but few men remained at the fort. It is said about this time a number of white men came upon a party of Indians with their women and children. The whites treated the Indian children with cruelty, taking them by the feet and swinging them around their heads, and when the Indians remonstrated and asked them to desist, 0ne man dashed out the brains of one of the children. An attempt would have been made to punish the murderer immediately, but the whites were too strong, and the Indians awaited a future time in which to obtain their revenge. This time soon came. In July, 1812, Patsy and Anna Wilson, daughters of "Old Billy Wilson," and aged respectively fourteen and eight years, accompanied by their brother older than they, left the stockade in the afternoon to gather berries. The brother took a gun with him for safety, as it is said that some time previous he had been chased by the Indians, and being hard pressed he took shelter behind a tree, then placed his hat on the muzzle of his gun, exposed the same to the fire of the Indians, and while they stopped to load their guns he made his escape. The three crossed Greenville creek near N. Kuntz's saw-mill, and were picking berries under the trees when they were attacked by three Indians. The brother had left his gun near by, and the three were some distance apart at the time of the surprise. Not being able to secure his gun, the brother escaped by swimming the stream. His cries and the screams of the girls attracted the attention of Abraham Scribner and William Devor, who immediately ran to the spot, but the Indians had fled, after killing the girls by blows on the head with the poll or back 0f their tomahawks and scalping one of them, they not having time to scalp the other 0ne. When the help came the girl that had been scalped was already dead, the other gasped a few times after they reached her. The dead bodies were carried into the fort and the alarm given, but the Indians escaped. Two innocent lives were thus sacrificed in retaliation for the death of the Indian child. The sisters were buried under the tree near where 228 - GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. they were murdered, and this was the last tragedy of those perilous times. It was not safe for Indians to show themselves in this vicinity after that atrocious butchery, and the war being carried to the northwest, followed by the treaty of 1814, left the inhabitants of Greenville in comparative safety: About the 1st of July, 1871, the remains of these two sisters were taken up, and on the fourth of the same m0nth, the "Nation's Birthday," they were deposited in the Greenville cemetery with appropriate ceremonies, a large assembly of the people being in attendance to 'show their respect for the dead. On the same day a large granite boulder, weighing perhaps four tons, swung under a wagon drawn by six horses, was driven into the cemetery and placed over their grave. Here let them rest in peace, and may their monument be a constant reminder t0 us of the trials and dangers thr0ugh which the early settlers of our peaceful city passed, and may it admonish us of the importance of properly appreciating the privileges and blessings we enjoy. ANDREW RUSH. About the 28th of April, 1812, Andrew Bush started for a little mill which had been built on Greenville creek, a few rods above where the Beamsville road to Greenville marks a crossing. He got his grist and set out to return home. On his way home he stopped to make a call on Daniel Potter, who, with Isaac Vail, Was occupying each his own end of a double log house, which stood between the late residence of Moses Potter and the creek. The two settlers from some cause had become fearful of trouble, and had gone down the Miami for assistance to take back their families to their former homes. Mrs. Potter .asked Mr. Rush if he were not afraid of Indians, and he put his hand through his hair and replied jokingly, "No: I had my wife cut my hair. this m0rning so short that they could not get my scalp." Some time about 4 p. m, he left for home, and had not proceeded half a mile when he was shot from his horse, tomahawked and his scalp taken. Uneasiness was felt because of his not returning home, but all the forenoon next day rain fell steadily and it was thought he might have stayed with a settler; but in the afternoon Mr. Hiller's oldest son and Mr. Rush's brother-in-law took a horse. and set 0ut to look for him. The boys followed the track made by Rush to Greenville creek, just above the place kn0wn as Spiece's Mill, and there found the body lying on the sack 0f meal, mutilated as described. The boys then visited the houses of the settlers,: but found all the cabins silent and deserted. They then chastened to the cabin of Henry Rush, and it was abandoned. The truth was evident that a panic had seized upon all, and they had fled for their lives. Next morning men from Preble county moved out on the road to the body of Andrew Rush and gave it burial. AZOR AND ABRAHAM SCRIBNER. Among the first settlers of Greenville was Azor Scribner. Late in 1806 or early in 1807, he came to Greenville with a small stock of Indian goods, including tobacco. and whisky, and began business in a cabin built by a Frenchman who had deserted the-same two years before because of the thieving depredations 0f the Indians. He did not bring his family, consisting of a wife and two daughters, from Middletown until 18̊8, but what time of the year is not known. It is conceded that the first white man who, with a wife and children, emigrated to the GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD - 229 county and settled in Greenville township was Samuel Boyd, who came in 1807 and bulit himself a cabin about two and one-half miles north by east of the site of Fort Green• yule on the bank of a branch that yet goes by the name of Boyd's creek. Boyd was a native of Maryland, had lived in Kentucky, and was probably married there before he emigrated to Ohio and had, as far as we are able to learn, stopped one or two years near the Miami in Butler county, before emigrating, to the wilderness, that, two years afterward, created the county of Darke. Boyd lost his wife about 1816. and she was the first person buried in the old graveyard below the railroad bridge; the early settlers having previously used as a cemetery the lot on which the Catholic church is erected, but during the occupancy of the foil by General Wayne's army his hospital was located on the lot now ocupied by Judge George A. Jobes, while his graveyard was located upon the lot now occupied by the dwelling house of R. S. Frizell. Boyd died in 1829 or 1830 ; one of his daughters, the wife of John Carnahan, had died in 1821 or 1822 ; and another, the wife of Robert Martin, lived until about thirteen years ago, recognized as the oldest inhabitant of the county at that time. Soon after Boyd came, Azor Scribner removed his family and, abandoning the cabin on the west side of the creek, occupied one of the buildings of the fort that had escaped the fire which in a measure destroyed the fort inside of the pickets. Azor died in 1822 and his widow, in the early part of 1825, married a Yankee adventurer, who in less than a year deserted her, and the last ever heard of him was that he was in jail in Canada, on a charge of treason, having been involved in what was there known as McKenzie's rebellion. Abraham Scribner, brother of Azor; came to Greenville in the summer or early fall of 1811. He had previously been master of one or more vessels engaged in the navigation of the Hudson river, from New York to Troy, or in the coasting trade from Passanimaquoddy bay to the capes of the Chesapeake, and, sometimes, as far south as Cape Hatteras. When he came to Darke county he was about thirty years old. From exposure while commander of a vessel a year or tw0 before he nearly lost the sense of hearing, and this infirmity in connection with some, other peculiarities made him a man singular and exceptional in character and deportment. Part of his time he spent in Greenville, in the family of Mrs. Armstrong, until his death in January, 1812, and part of the time in Montgomery county in the family of John Devor, one 0f the proprietors of Greenville, whose daughter Rachel he married in 1814. What he did to make a living for himself for a year or more after he came to this county none now living knows. He appeared: tc be always busy, and yet no 0ne could tell whether he was doing anything. Being at Dayton in the spring of 1813, he enlisted in Colonel Dick Johnson's mounted regiment, and with it went to upper Canada where, in the fall of that year, he participated in the battle of the Fallen Timber, where Proctor was defeated and Tecumseh was killed. After being discharged from the service he married Miss Rachel Devor, and having entered the prairie quarter-section of land above the mouth of Mud creek, now owned by the estate of J. W. Sater, deceased, he erected a log house upon it ; also brought his wife from Montgomery county, and began housekeeping. In about two years Scribner sold his quarter-section, on which he had paid only 230 - GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. his entrance money, eighty dollars, to John C0mpt0n, of -Dayton, f0r sixteen hundred d0llars, and took his pay in a stock of g00ds at retail price, and opened out a store. In the summer 0f 1821 Scribner lost his first wife, and, after an interval of a few weeks, married a second wife, Miss Jane Ireland, of the vicinity of New Paris, who als0 died in the summer of 1822. After the death of his second wife, he. sold 0ut his stock of go0ds, and having placed his children among friends, went to the Maumee, where he purchased land in Henry county, and squandered his money in half clearing some land, and having several thousand rails made, concerning which, five years afterward, Jacob DeLong wrote to him that "they were lying in the woods and getting no better very fast. In a few months he returned to Greenville and resumed the mercantile business, in which he continued the residue of his life. In January, 1825, he married his third wife. He died in March, 1847, in the sixty-sixth year of his age. Mr. Scribner was a peculiar character. During ten or twelve years of his life he was the power of the county. He was the autocrat and ruler of the Democratic party,, and discharged all the functions of caucuses, primary elections and nominating conventions. Those he allowed to run for office ran and were elected, and those he forbade had to keep shady and hold their peace. But at last he switched off from Jackson Democracy, although he would be "right in line" now among Democrats, for he was an uncompromising adherent to the resolutions of 1798.. His last wife died several years ago, as did Mrs. S. J. Arnold, who was the last of the children of his first wife, and was the wife of Henry Arnold, deceased, for many years a successful dry-goods merchant in Greenville. ABRAHAM STUDABAKER. A pioneer of Darke county, Ohio, Abraham Studabaker was born in Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, about the year 1785, and died in Darke county, Ohio, March 16, 1852. He was brought with his father's family to Ohio in the year 1793, and passed his youth in Clinton county, where, his parents died. In the spring of 1808 he became one of the first settlers of Darke county, which was then a wilderness, inhabited by wild beasts and Indians. At this time there were but two habitations in the territory that now corn, pries the county. He erected a third rude log cabin, having a chimney built of sticks cemented with mud, as a home for his family, a wife and one young child. Mr. Studabaker's experience was a good illustration of some of the difficulties that disheartened the early settlers. He brought with him a horse and cow, and after awhile his little stock of domestic animals was increased by the birth of a calf. During the first year he cleared an acre or two of ground, which he planted in corn. He had just gathered his little crop when his faithful horse died of milk-sickness, and shortly afterward the calf was killed by wolves. Hoping to catch some of these ravenous beasts, he baited a wolf trap with the mangled remains of the poor calf, and the cow, in hunting for her lost baby, put her head into the trap which fell and broke her neck. Soon after the breaking out of the war of 1812, he erected a block-house in the vicinity of Gettysburg, as a protection against the Indians. All other families fled the surrounding part of the country, but he remained through the clangers of the struggle. He used to remark that he was too poor to get away. For about two weeks after dangers began to thicken GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD - 231 he was housed up in his wooden fort, himself, wife and one young child being the only occupants, threatened with all manner of barbarities and outrages by the frenzied Indians, against which as a means of defense he had but two rifles and a small amount of ammunition.. The second (or garret) story of this structure projected on all sides a few feet over the first or ground story, thus giving its inmates a fair chance to repel parties attempting to break in, or to fire the building from below. For protection against this latter mode of attack on the part of the Indians, he kept constantly ready two hogsheads filled with water. After he had for about two weeks been in this isolated and dangerous condition, the government, greatly to his relief, sent six soldiers with arms and ammunition for the protection of his little family. This block-house, which Studabaker had charge of during the war, served as an inn, a port of refuge. official headquarters and other valuable purposes. Upon one occasion he captured five armed Indians and turned them over to the government officer. They, however, subsequently escaped and killed two United States soldiers near Greenville, named Stoner and Elliott. While Abraham Studabaker and his family escaped the barbarities of this savage conflict, his brother David was murdered by the Indians near the site of Fort Wayne. Indiana. After the war closed Mr. Studabaker was employed by the government to furnish cattle to feed the Indians till the treaty of peace could be consummated. Upon the organization of Darke county in 1817, he was placed on the first board of commissioners and served with it for thirteen years. He was also a captain in early day militia. He was reared and lived amid scenes of pioneer privation and hardships, and as a natural result his education was exceedingly meagre. He was, however, endowed with fine natural business abilities, and had a most successful financial career. He was largely instrumental in securing the first railr0ad through Darke county, formerly the Greenville and Miami, now the Dayton and Union. He also advanced the money to build the first court house in the county. He was a man of excellent judgment, great sagacity, large hospitality, and of unquestionable integrity. He spoke his mind without reserve, and was very decided in his opinions, and in politics strongly Democratic. His first wife was Mary Townsend, daughter of William Townsend, of Clinton county, Ohio, and she bore him seven children. His second wife was Elizabeth Hardman, of Butler county, Ohio, who bore him five children. She died in the fall of 1868. David Studabaker, second son of his first wife, was born in the old blockhouse, September 17, 1814. On February 13, 1835, he married Maria, daughter of William Folkerth of Darke county, wh0 bore him five children. Mrs. Studabaker died in April, 1846. On December 13, 1849, he married Jane, daughter of Samuel Culbertson, of the same county. David Studabaker was one of the movers in the organization of the county agricultural society, also a prominent participant in securing the first railroad through the county, and for two years was president of the company. By occupation he was a farmer, and a very active, industrious and a good citizen. He also held the office of county commissioner, being elected on the 232 - GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Democratic ticket. This office he filled with honor; no better financier, and no one more honorable and trustworthy than he, has ever filled the responsible position; he died several years ago. JOHN DEVOR. John Devor was born in Pennsylvania and came to Darke county in 1808. He died in Greenville in the year 1828. He and: one Rachel Armstrong entered the first half-section of land within the present limits of the county, being the west half of section 35, township 12, range 2 east, and laid out the town of Greenville in 1810. The legislature of Ohio, in session at Zanesville, by their act 0f January 3, 1809, created the county of Darke out of the territory previously forming a part of the county of Miami and, within a year afterward, a commission appointed by the legislature established the seat of justice of the newly formed county at Terry's, town of Greenville, north of Greenville creek ; but there being some dissatisfaction, it may be well to state that by the enactment of the legislature at its session of 1810-11 a new commission was created, to whom was confided the duty of relocating the seat of justice of the county. This commission consisted of two members from Miami county and one from Preble. and after considering the proposition of Terry, Briggs, and that of Devor and Mrs. Armstrong, and looking to the material benefits to the county, as proffered by the parties, accepted the proposition of Devor and Mrs. Armstrong, and selected as the future county seat the town laid out at Wayne's old fort of Greenville. The accepted proposition covenanted to donate to the county one-third of all the town lots then laid out, or that they or their heirs might thereafter lay out, on the adjoining lands in the west half of said section 35, in which their town plat was located. Some years after, Mrs. Armstrong having died in the meantime, Devor, for himself, and on behalf of the heirs of Mrs. Armstr0ng, pursuant to. the order of the court of common pleas, executed their contract s0 far as the lots then laid off was concerned, by conveying to the Commissioners of Miami county in trust for the county of Darke, when it should thereafter be organized, thirty-two of the ninety-six lots then laid out, but, although additional town lots on the adjacent land of the half-section have since been laid out by the heirs of Devor, and also by the heirs of Mrs. Armstrong, no further donation or conveyance has ever been made, nor have the commissioners of Darke county ever demanded or required any further performance of their covenant. John Devor's son, James, was born near Maysville, Kentucky, while their family were 0n their way from Pennsylvania, in 1795. He learned surveying from his father and for a number 0f years was county surveyor of Darke county. He was the first auditor of Darke county, from May, 1844; to October, 1847, he was county treasurer,: and for a number of years was a justice of: the peace ; he died in October, 1855. His wife, Patience Dean, was a daughter of Aaron Dean, one of the early settlers of the county. They were married March 1, 1828, and ten children were born unto them, of whom five now survive, John and Elijah being prominent attorneys of the Greenville bar, the latter being also a referee in bankruptcy, under the late United States bankruptcy law. John Devor is a prominent politician, an unswerving Republican and a warm personal friend of Hon. John Sherman. He was the Republican elector for the GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD - 233 fourth congressional district in 1888 and had the honor of casting his vote for Hon. Benjamin Harrison for president of the United States. JOHN LEOPOLD WINNER. Merchant, banker and legislat0r of Greenville, Ohio, J. P. Winner was born in Franklin, Warren county, Ohio, November 19, 1816. His parents were Isaac and Mary (Powell) Winner, natives of New Jersey. They were married in Philadelphia and in 1816 came to Ohio, where they passed. their lives. Mrs. Winner died in April, 1832, and her husband in October, following: For about four years subsequent to his father's death our subject worked at the cooper's trade. In April, 1836, he came to Darke county and located in Greenville, where he extensively identified himself with the business of the community and also held prominent places in the political councils 0f the County and state. In November, 1837, he married Miss Charlotte Clark, daughter of John Clark, Esq., of Warren county, Ohio. For some five years Mr. Winner was in the grocery business. Eight years he kept a hotel. Four years he kept a drug store. In 1853 he engaged in banking in company with the late Colonel J. W. Frizell, and thus continued till May, 1865, when he became a stockholder in the Farmers National Bank of Greenville, and in January, 1866, he was made cashier of that institution, which position he held until January, 1872. In April, 1873. he opened the Exchange Bank of Greenville and conducted the business of that flourishing institution. His wife died August 12, 1863. She possessed in a high degree those noble qualities 0f mind and heart so essential to a true wife, and was revered in the community for her sweet ness 0f disposition and sympathizing charity for the poor and unfortunate. She left an. only daughter, Hattie, who inherited the sterling qualities of her mother, but the loss of her mother so affected her that she survived her but a few weeks, dying at the age of fifteen years. On April 1, 1867, Mr. Winner married Mrs. Jane Crider, of Greenville, daughter of John W. Porter, of the same place. In 1863 Mr. Winner became a member of the firm of Moore & Winner, which for a long time was 0ne of the leading. dry-goods firms of the county. In 1846 he was appointed auditor of Darke county, and from 1857 t0 1861 he represented Darke county in the legislature of the state, and fr0m 1867 to 1871 he served in the state: senate. In 1874 he was elected mayor of Greenville and served two years. In politics he was a Democrat. Although his school advantages were very meager his active mind grasped a knowledge of men and things that fully compensated the loss.. During the years 1861-63 he was treasurer of the committee to secure a county fund to encourage enlistments in the Union army and gave the subject much attention. He died several years ago. W. A. WESTON. Washington Allen Weston, deceased, of Greenville. Ohio, was born in Alexandria, Virginia, March 3, 1814, and died at Greenville, Ohio, April 24, 1876. His father, William Weston, was a sea captain and perished at sea. His mother, Rebecca Conyers. was an English lady, and died soon after the death of her husband. When an orphan boy of fifteen he came to Ohio, and was six years a salesman in a mercantile house in Dayton, Ohio, where he made a record for fine business talent, industry and 234 - GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. honesty. About 1835, with a small capital, he began business in Piqua, Ohio, but the financial crisis of 1836-37 swept away every dollar he possessed. Nothing daunted, however, he soon began again in Covington, Miami county, where he prospered and became leader in the public affairs of the community. In 1847 he was elected on the Whig ticket to the general assembly of Ohio and acquitted himself with credit. In the fall of 1848 he located in Greenville and opened the first hardware store of the place. In 1856 he purchased the Dayton Paper Mills and for seven years conducted a thriving business in that city. In 1863 he returned. to Greenville, resumed the hardware trade and in January, 1866, became one of the organizers of the Farmers' National Bank of Greenville and president of the same, remaining such until his decease. He was prominently active in the local enterprises of the community and his generosity was as universal as mankind, with a heart ever open and hand ever extended to relieve the necessities of the poor and unfortunate. He possessed a fine literary and scientific taste and had a very fair education was a good conversationalist, excelled as a writer and contributed a number of timely articles to the public press of the day. The guiding principle of his life was the golden rule and he practiced its teachings in his daily business. Ever industrious and careful he accumulated a large competency, provided well for his family and was respected by all who knew him. In his death this community suffered the loss of a good financier and a worthy citizen. W. M. WILSON. William Martin Wilson, lawyer, judge and legislator, was born near Mifflin, Juniata county, Pennsylvania, March 11, 1808, and died in Greenville, Ohio, June 15, 1864. His parents were Thomas Wilson and Jane Martin and in 1811 they came to Ohio, passed about a year in Fairfield county, and in 1812 settled in Butler county, where Mr. Wilson was raised. He was educated in Miami University, at Oxford, Ohio, studied law with the late Hon. Jesse Corwin, of Hamilton, Ohio, was admitted to the bar in 1832 and then began practice in that place. In the fall of 1835 he located in Greenville and at once took a leading position as a lawyer. For a number of years he served as prosecuting attorney of Darke county. On September 19, 1837, he married Miss Louise Dosey, of Greenville, Ohio. She was born in Butler county April 23, 1815, and died August 2, 1856. In December, 1837, he started the Darke County Advocate, which, with a change of name, is now the Greenville Journal. In October, 1840, he was elected auditor of Darke county and was twice reelected, thus serving six years. In the fall of 1846 he was elected to the Ohio senate, from the district composed of the counties of Darke, Miami and Shelby, and held the seat two years, during which time he rose to a very prominent position in that body, and came within one vote of being elected state auditor, having already gained the reputation of being one of the most efficient county auditors in the state. This one lacking vote he could have supplied by voting for himself, a thing which his manly modesty forbade. In the fall of 1856 he was appointed by Governor Chase as common pleas judge of the first subdivision of the second judicial district of Ohio to fill a vacancy. His decisions were distinguished for great research and ability. Being too old to enter the service during the war for the Union, GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD - 285 he was, nevertheless, as a member of the military committee of his district, an active and earnest supporter of the government. He stood for many years at the head of the Greenville bar and was regarded as one of the best jurists in Ohio, and by his moral worth gave a higher character to the profession. He was a man of unusually quiet and retiring disposition ; his words were few, but well chosen, and his sarcasm and repartee were like a flash of lightning on an opponent. At the same time he bore a heart of the warmest and tenderest sympathies. For a number of years he held the office of elder in the Presbyterian church of Greenville. He lived and died an honest, upright man, in whom, as friend, neighbor and citizen, the community had the fullest confidence. THOMAS DUNCAN STILES. This gentleman, physician, surgeon and legislator, at Fort Jefferson, Darke county, Ohio, was born near Carlisle, Pennsylvania, August 6, 1809. His father was Edward James ,Stiles, and his mother, Ann Stiles, was a daughter of Thomas Duncan, who for many years was one of the supreme judges of the state. In his early days our subject attended school at Carlisle and was then admitted to Mount St. Mary's College, near Emmitsburg, Maryland, where he spent nearly three years. During this time Rev. Eagan McGeary and Rev. John B. Purcell were presidents. He subsequently entered a military school at Mount Airy, Germantown, Pennsylvania, taught by Colonel A. L. Roumfort, where he remained until lie was appointed a cadet to the military academy at "West Point. Remaining there for over two years, he returned to Carlisle, commenced the study of medicine under Dr. D. N. Mahon and attended medical lectures at the University of Pennsylvania. After completing his medical studies he located at Nashville, Tennessee, where he remained about eighteen months, and then went as surgeon 0n the whale-ship North America, of Wilmington, Delaware, which vessel, after an eight-months cruise, was lost on the coast of Australia. After the wreck of this vessel he made his way to China and engaged in the opium trade about two years, when he returned to the United States. Finding his mother dead and his home broken up, he again went on a voyage to Montivideo, in South America. On the arrival of the vessel at that port he quarreled with his captain, left the vessel and went to Buenos Ayres. Finding that country engaged in war with Montivideo he entered the army as a captain, but not having received the stipulated salary he resigned, and returning to Montivideo entered the naval service of that country. Finding the prospects of payment no better than before, he withdrew and returned to the United States in the sloop of war Decatur, under command of Captain, afterward Admiral, Farragut. After spending a. few months with his friends in Philadelphia he went to the Rocky mountain country, and for more than a year was engaged in trading with the Indians. Returning to the United States he resumed the practice of medicine near the mouth 0f Red river, in the state of Louisiana, but finding the climate injurious to his health he remained but a short time, and in 1843 came to Ohio, settling at Fort Jefferson, Darke county, where he resided until his death, which occurred several years ago, with the exception of a few years passed in Lewisburg, Preble county. While in Lewisburg he served in the capacity of mayor, and upon his return to 236 - GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Darke county he was elected to the Ohio assembly, in 1872, and served two years. Upon the opening of the civil war Dr. Stiles entered the three-months service in the Eleventh Ohio as a private, although his military qualifications would have secured for him a high official rank. In August, following, he enlisted in the same capacity in the Fifth Ohio Cavalry and after one year's service was discharged on account of ill health. Upon the invasion of his native state by the rebels, in 1863, he enlisted in the heavy artillery service in the Eleventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served one year, when he was honorably discharged. In 1878 he was appointed by Governor Bishop one of the trustees of the Dayton asylum for the insane and on the organization of the board was elected president. He was twice married. His first wife was Sarah Jane DeCamp, whom he married in 1846. She died in 1854, having been the mother of three children, all now deceased. In 1856 he :married Mrs. Eliza, widow of Samuel Hannah, and daughter of Thomas and Mary Beatty. The result of this union were two children, a son, James Buchanan Stiles, a teacher by profession, and a daughter. In politics Mr. Stiles had always been a firm and consistent Democrat. Dr. Stiles when advanced in years was remarkably hale and hearty, and buoyant and mirthful in spirit. He was a man of clear head, strong feelings, independent but conscientious in his opinion, which upon proper occasion he expressed without reserve. WILLIAM HENRY EMERSON, general of militia and a banker, was born in Butler county, Ohio, May 8, 1808, and died in Greenville, Ohio, December 11, 1877. His parents were James and Eve Emerson ; the former born in Vermont, July 17, 1783, died January 31 1853 ; the latter born April 3, 1788, died May 13, 1847. He was a distant connection of the American author and lecturer, Ralph Waldo Emerson. When our subject was eight years of age the family settled in Darke county, Ohio. His wife, Catharine Buckingham, was born near Baltimore, Maryland, November 6, 1807, and he married her in Fort Nesbit, Preble county, Ohio, November 2, 1826. From this marriage were born one son, Martin Van Buren, and four daughters, Malinda, Sarah Ann, Mary Jane and Elizabeth. Mrs. Emerson's father was Mash Buckingham, born in Maryland, June 31, 1785. At an early day Mr. Emerson held the position of brigadier-general in the militia, and was also for a number of years justice of the peace. For several years he conducted the business of a banker in Hollansburg, Darke county, and in 1865 moved to Greenville, where he became a director in the Farmers' National Bank of that place, of which for nearly two years he was president, holding the position at the time of his decease. He was also for several years president of the Darke County Pioneer Society. He was a man of very decided traits of character, and was conceded to be a leader in all circles in which he moved. In natural ability he was far above the average, but his early opportunities were such as to afford him nothing more than a very ordinary education. He possessed unusual good sense,: and was a very superior counselor. All his business transactions were characterized by the greatest particularity and caution, as also by impartial dealing. He ,was plain, prompt and positive in all he did. His social qualities were attractive, and his powers of imitation wonderful. He would have made a GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD - 237 first-class comedian. His memory also was very remarkable. He is said to have been the shrewdest financier that Darke county ever had. He was exceedingly careful in his business and accumulated a handsome fortune. ANDREW R. CALDERWOOD. Andrew Robeson Calderwood, attorney-at-law of Greenville, and one of the old settlers of Darke county, was born in Montgomery county, Ohio, September 14, 1818, and died at Greenville several years ago. He was a son of George and Margaret (Robeson) Calderwood, natives of Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania. They were married September 14, 1811, and in the fall of 1817 moved to near Dayton, Ohio, going thence in 1832 to Darke county, where George Calderwood died September 7, 1849. His wife survived him until August 12, 1873, when her death occurred. George Calderwood was of Scotch parents and though uneducated was a man of sound judgment, great firmness and courage, of large stature and possessed of an iron constitution. He was kind and generous to a fault. Margaret Robeson descended from Scotch, Welsh and Irish ancestry, and was a woman of remarkable good sense, fine natural talent and great kindness. Our subject was employed in early life upon a farm, digging ditches, mauling rails, etc. His education was meager, but being called upon to serve as juror, he was so inspired by the eloquence of some of the attorneys in the case that he resolved to become a lawyer and at once commenced the study of law, being admitted to the bar and beginning practice in 1851. He was elected probate judge in 1854 and after serving three years he entered the Union army as second lieutenant; was promoted to captain of Company I, Fortieth Ohio Volunteer Infantry; resigned his commission on account of injuries received from being thrown from a horse, and on regaining his health he was re-commissioned by Governor Tod, and by Colonel Cranor was assigned to the command of his old company. After six months' service in the above position, by loss of his voice and previous injuries, he was again compelled to leave the active service of the army and acted in the capacity of recruiting officer until the close of the war, after which he resumed the practice of law. On December 3, 1876, he assumed the editorial control of the Sunday Courier, a leading organ of the Republican party of Darke county. He was three times elected mayor of Greenville, and in 1868 the Republicans of Darke county presented his name in the fourth congressional district of Ohio for congress, his competitor, Mr. McClung, being n0minated by a small majority over him. He always had a liberal share of the law practice in this county and enjoyed more than a local reputation as a criminal lawyer; at the forum his abilities were best known; he had an original faculty of developing a subject by a single glance of the mind, detecting as quickly the p0int upon which every controversy depended. There was a deep self-conviction and emphatic earnestness in his manner, and a close logical connection in his thoughts. He wove no garlands of flowers to hang in festoons around a favorite argument, yet for impromptu appeals and eloquence he stood among the first of his profession, and, by his great knowledge of human nature he was acknowledged to be one of the best judges of a jury at the bar. 238 - GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. WILLIAM J. BIRELEY was born in Frederick county, Maryland, in 1812, and died suddenly in Adams township, Darke county, Ohio, several years ago. He was the son of John and Barbara Bireley. John was born in the first county above named and Barbara was born in Hagerstown, Maryland. Her maiden name was Brindle. The grandfather, John Bireley, was born in Saxony and emigrated to this country before the Revolutionary war. The grandmother was from Wurtemberg, Germany, and also came to this country prior to the Revolutionary war. Mr. Bireley's father came to Lancaster, Ohio, in the spring of 1822 and in the fall following went to Montgomery county, where he lived until his death, which occurred in 1827. Mr. Bireley, the subject of this sketch, came to Darke county, October 15, 1830, and located in Greenville. He carried on the boot and shoe business for William Martin, Sr., and continued with him about five months, when he returned to his mother, in Montgomery county, where he remained until 1833, when, on January 24th, of the same year, he was united in marriage with Elizabeth Martin, daughter of Christopher and Elizabeth Martin, Sr. They were born at Sewickley, Pennsylvania, came to Ohio in 1814.; and located in Butter county in 1815, settling about five miles east of Greenville. After raising a large family of children they moved to Greenville, where they lived and died. Mr. Bireley, in May, 1833, came back to Greenville and entered upon the manufacture of earthenware, which occupation he followed for twenty-eight years, doing an extensive business. He then bought a farm of one hundred and fifty acres, one mile out of the corporation of Greenville, and in 1851 he moved his family to this farm. In 1858 he sold this farm and bought another, five miles east of Greenville, upon which several quarries of limestone were located. He engaged in the manufacture of lime and continued at this business until January, 1880, when he rented the place to Martin Smith and Emanuel Hershey for five years, receiving four hundred dollars yearly, or two thousand dollars for the five years. In 1870 Mr. Bireley moved from the farm into Greenville, where he resided for a number of years, or until the expiration of the above lease, when he moved back on the farm, where he resided at the time of his death, and where his widow now resides with her daughter, Mary R. Mr. Bireley was the father of ten children, seven of whom are now living : Henry P., Elizabeth E., William W., Barbara C., Harry H., Wade G., all married and settled in life, and Mary R., the youngest, who remains at home with her mother. Mr. Bireley United with the Methodist Episcopal church in 1835, lived a consistent Christian life and the record he has left here upon the pages of time is surely a worthy example for all future generations to follow. JOHN WHARRY. John Wharry, surveyor, lawyer and judge, Greenville, Ohio, was born in what is now Juniata county, Pennsylvania, November 27, 1809. His parents were James and Margaret (Crone) Wharry, the former born in Juniata county, Pennsylvania, July 3o, 1780, the latter in Frederick county, Maryland, February 7, 1780. They came to Ohio in 1810, and after spending two years in Butler county, settled in Columbus, in December, 1812, at which time there were only three log cabins on GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD - 239 the present site of that city. In the summer of 1812 he was a member of General Findley's regiment that was sent to Detroit to assist General Hull,.but he was taken sick on the march and was compelled to return home. His occupation was that of a carpenter, and he made .the desks- for The first state house in the city of Columbus. He died in that city March 19, 1820. His widow died in Richmond, Indiana, in May, 1848. In 1824 our subject, then a lad of fifteen years of age, came to Greenville, Ohio, and for several years was engaged as a store clerk. He obtained a very fair mathematical education, with some knowledge of Latin. By assisting at the work of survey ing and by personal application he obtained sufficient knowledge to become a practical surveyor, and engaged in this business from 1831 to 1851, for most of which time he filled the position of county surveyor. In the fall of 1851 he was elected probate judge of Darke county and served three years. In the spring of 1855 he was admitted to the practice of law, having previously read under the late Judge. John Beers, of Greenville, Ohio. April 21, 1838, he married Miss Eliza. Duncan, of Warren county, Ohio, who bore him ten children. Mrs. Wharry died December 6, 1868; Until the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, in 1854, Judge Wharry vas a Jacksonian Democrat, but fr0m that time until his death he was a Republican. He was endowed with a remarkable memory and at the time of his death had, doubtless„ the best recollection of early events of any man in Darke county. He was a member of the County Pioneer Association. For thirty years he had been connected with the Presbyterian denomination. He was one of the best draftsmen in the county, and an excellent penman, his records in the department of the interi0r, in 'Washington city, being pronounced unexcelled. He was a fine surveyor, a good legal counselor, a superior business man, and a much respected citizen. Two of his sons served through the late war-James Wharry as captain and Kenneth as assistant surgeon. D. H. R. JOBES. D. H. R. Jobes, lawyer, judge of probate and teacher, was born in Montgomery county, Ohio, September 14, 1829, and died in Greenville, Ohio, January 13, 1877. He was a man of noble traits of character. His parents being poor he was early thrown upon his own resources, but by a faithful improvement of limited privileges obtained a good English education, and for a number 0f years followed the occupation of a teacher. In October, 1857, he was elected probate judge of Darke county and served nine years, during which time he devoted his spare time to reading law under the direction of D. L. Meeker, of Greenville, Ohio, and was admitted to practice in January, 1867. He formed a partnership with his preceptor and so continued until 1872. On January 1, 1875, he formed a law partnership with C. M. Anderson, of Greenville,. which was dissolved by the death of Mr, Jobes. He was cut down in the meridian of life, and in the height of the practice of his profession. His death was the occasion of an unusually cordial action on the part of the members of the Greenville bar, in resolutions and speeches expressive of deep regret at his demise, tender sympathy for his bereaved family, and exalted appreciation of his moral worth. On this occasion, among other remarks, J. R. Knox, Esquire, said : "During the nine years of service as probate judge, I had frequent occasion to ap- 240 - GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. pear before him and observe his conduct in that capacity, and I take pleasure in this solemn hour, as I have always done, to say. that as by law recognized next friend of the widow and guardian of the orphan—the highest and most sacred trust which the law imposes upon that officer—and in the various duties of his position, he was a careful, impartial and vigilant accountant, and deserving the honored name of a just and upright judge. As a practitioner at the bar, none, stood fairer than he. We had not among us a more diligent office lawyer, nor any safer or more thoughtful counselor or adviser than Judge Jobes; and when he addressed himself to the court and jury the weight of his character for integrity and fairness made his appeals forcible and influential, carrying. conviction." C. M. Anderson, Esquire, a law partner of the deceased, as well as formerly his pupil, said : "His was a mind that did not require the light of precedents. He was a chancellor by nature, and only needed the advantages of an early education in the law to have marked him as one of the foremost and most powerful jurists of his time." Judge William Allen reverted to the fact that the integrity, the honor, the moral worth and nobility of heart which made him pre-eminent as a public officer and private citizen during his maturer years were the graces that adorned his life in his earlier years. During the three consecutive terms he held the office of probate judge of this county no lawyer nor litigant ever called in question his integrity as an officer or doubted the honesty of his motives. David Beers, Esquire, said ; "In boyhood and manhood, he ever pursued a moral, upright, honorable course which gave him a deserved and enviable position in society." C. G. Matchett said : "His many virtues and great worth are best expressed by the couplet, `None knew him but to love him, None named him but to praise.' " He left a wife and two sons. Mrs. Jobes is a lady of talent, a leader in the Christian church of Greenville, and an active worker in moral and religious enterprises. She is a daughter of Isaac and Sarah Reed, of Darke county, Ohio, and was married to Mr. Jobes May 6, 1858. Her father died January 18, 1871, aged sixty-two. He was 0ne of the pioneers of Darke county, kind and obliging in disposition, a good neighbor and a Christian gentleman. He was respected by all who knew him. GABRIEL MIESSE. Gabriel Miesse, physician and surgeon, Greenville, Ohio, was born in Berks county, Pennsylvania, March 26, 1807, and died in Greenville some time ago. His parents, Jac0b and Catherine (Dundor) Miesse, were both natives of the same county: Indications of superior mental energy and practical talents were developed in the person of our subject at an extremely early age. His education was begun when he was a There child and was conducted chiefly under the direct superintendence of a private teacher, Dr. Charles Quinedon, a finely cultured physician from Prussia. This instruction was supplemented by an attendance upon lectures at the medical college in Philadelphia. His beginning in life was very humble. He left Philadelphia 0n foot, with a few surgical instruments, a small stock of medicines and a few dollars in money, to seek a location. On a pleasant mid-summer day he found himself about one hundred miles west of the city, and weary and disheartened he sat down t0 examine the con- GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD - 241 tents of his purse, when to his surprise and mortification he found it contained but seventy-five cents. .Being an entire stranger, "in a strange land," and without any prospect of location, he was on the verge of despair, but having been religiously' educated he resolved to appeal to the source of infinite wisdom for direction, and falling upon his knees offered a fervent prayer for guidance. To his great astonishment, on rising from his position a voice responded, "All right, sir !" His eyes rested on the person of an old gentleman but a few steps distant, who had providentially been passing by and whose attention had been arrested by the actions and prayer of the young stranger, and through the assistance of this "friend in need," he was introduced into the community and rapidly obtained an extensive practice. In the spring of 1831 he located near Lancaster, Fairfield county, Ohio, and on August 24, 1832, married Mary Wiest, whose father, Jacob Wiest, had moved there from Pennsylvania. In 1848 Dr. Miesse settled in Greenville, Darke county, Ohi0, and by application and perseverance in the years previous to his death he acquired an enviable reputation as a good citizen, an eminent practitioner of medicine and a distinguished surgeon. Notices of his remarkable cures and delicate experiments in surgery frequently appeared in the pub& prints and in medical j0urnals of the west. The Doctor had always been a temperate man, "after the strictest sect," and never used ardent spirits or tobacco. He claimed a number of imp0rtant discoveries in medical science. One, in search of which he had been more or less engaged for many years, was the cause of that fatal malady known as sick stomach; or milk-sickness, and which annually resulted in the loss of thousands of valuable animals and in great sacrifice of human life. The cause of and remedy for this disease he believed he had discovered, and said that a few days attention to it, if known by farmers, would be sufficient to eradicate this poison from any ordinary-sized farm. He did not live long enough to bring this matter before the public, to have his discovery of the origin of the disease and the remedy. thoroughly tested. Dr. Miesse possessed a highly cultivated, esthetic taste, and his cabinet of relics, curiosities, etc., would in its size and choice selection have done credit to a university. Among the finely executed works of art that at one time adorned the walls of his parlors were some that were the handiwork of his accomplished wife, and one in particular, an oil painting, would compare favorably with the finest specimens of professional artists. His family comprised eight children. His oldest son, Dr. Gabriel Miesse, Jr., of Lancaster, Ohio, is distinguished as a physician and surgeon, and possesses rare musical qualifications. His third son, Dr. Americus Miesse, is a prominent physician of Lima, Ohio. His youngest son, Dr. Leon Miesse, is a noted physician and surgeon of Chicago, Illinois. Three of his daughters are now widows, Priscilla, widow of John Harper, a gifted photographer ; Sophia, widow of A. F. Koop, a successful hardware merchant, and at the time of his death cashier of the Second National Bank, of Greenville, Ohio; and Mary, widow of the late Dr. Jacob L. Sorber, who at one time represented the Ross county district in the Ohio senate. Dr. Sorber was a thorough physician, a distinguished surgeon, and was by Governor Tod commissioned to serve professionally in the late war of the Rebellion. He designed and constructed a planetarium for illustrat- 242 - GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. ing the movements of the various planets of the solar system, and including the periodical visits of certain comets. Lanassa is the wife of J. K. Turner, a dealer in real estate, and Hirondo has for a number of years been truant officer of Greenville. PHILIP ALBRIGHT.. Philip Albright was born in Korth Carolina, in the year 1797, and emigrated to the state of Ohio in 1818, settling on Twin creek, in Harrison township, Preble county. He remained here until the year 1822, when he removed to east Tennessee, settled in Anderson county, and cleared a farm.. He remained there, following the occupation of a farmer, until the year 1835, when he returned to Ohio, and settled in Twin township in Darke county, in what is now known as the fertile "Painter Creek" valley, not far from the town of Arcanum. He was 0ne of the early settlers in this locality, and having a large family of eight boys and four girls, soon had a fine farm in a good state of cultivation. Mr. Albright was a good mechanic and led all others as a builder of houses and barns, both frame and stone. He was one of the leading stone masons of Darke and Preble counties, and . lived to witness the wonderful change of the dense forests to the fertile fields, and the mud roads to the finely graveled and macadamized pikes, and he saw the. building of the railroad, and the thriving village of Arcanum, Gordon and Pittsburg spring up in his locality as if by magic. He was universally respected, and died in his eighty-fourth year. He was an extraordinary man, physically large and strong, and strictly temperate in his habits, liberal to the needy, foremost in all public gatherings where physical strength and endurance were in requisition, and by his influence and example he induced many to live sober and exemplary lives. Notwithstanding the fact that schools were poor and continued in session only a few months of the year, he had in his family among his sons three regularly ordained ministers of the gospel, and seven of his children followed, successfully, the occupation of teaching. One of his sons, mentioned elsewhere, was killed in the late Civil war. Mr. Albright was not only an advocate of temperance, but he lived a consistent Christian life, and died in the full hope of a blessed immortality. MILITARY. We think it appropriate to introduce in this connection a few thoughts relative to Darke county's soldiers of the war of the Rebellion. On April 24, 1861, three volunteer companies, enlisted for three months, had left the county for the seat of war. Two of these were from Greenville, led by Captains J. W. Frizell and J. M. Newkirk, and one from Union City, led by Captain Jonathan Cranor. These were followed in quick succession by many others, and all in any way familiar With Darke county know that she did her duty nobly. The enlistments in the fall of 1861 were for three years. On October 28, 1861, the ladies of Greenville met at the court house and organized as "The Ladies' Association of Greenville for the Relief of the Darke County Volunteers." Public meetings were held at various points, and on November 6 it was reported that the county had turned out two hundred volunteers within twenty days. Letters came from men in the field, some containing the sad tidings of the death of a soldier, who fell nobly fighting for his country. Am0ng these noble men we may mention Colonel J. W: GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD - 243 Frizell, who led one of the first companies into the field as its captain. He was soon made lieutenant-colonel of the Eleventh Ohio, and when the colonel of this regiment, having incautiously exposed himself, was captured, the command devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel Frizell. Resigning this position, he was afterward appointed colonel of the Ninety-fourth Ohio, and while gallantly leading his regiment in the battle of Stone river he was severely wounded and compelled to resign his position on account of his injuries. He died at his home in Greenville, Ohio, a few years ago. Jonathan Cranor, who entered the service as captain of a company in the three months service, afterward became colonel of the Fortieth Ohio, served in that capacity with distinction and died a few years ago. We note that R. A. Knox was captain of a company of the Eleventh Ohio and Charles Calkins, first lieutenant in the same company, afterward captain in the Eighty-seventh Ohio, both of whom are now deceased. James B. Creviston served with honorable distinction as adjutant of the Fortieth Ohio. He followed the profession of teaching after the war and died a few years ago. William H. Matchett served as assistant surgeon of the Fortieth Ohio, and died at his home in Greenville, Ohio, in August, 1898. C. G. Matchett entered the service as sergeant in the three-months service ; was afterward captain of Company G, Fortieth Ohio, for awhile commanded the regiment, was honorably Mustered out of service, followed the profession of law, and died a few years ago. A. R. Calderwood entered the service as captain of Company I, Fortieth Ohio ; resigned on account of injuries received ; practiced law in Green ville ; was a noted criminal lawyer and died at his home a few years ago. James Allen was promoted to captain while in the service, and is no longer among the living here. Clement Snodgrass served as captain in the Fortieth, and was killed in battle July 21, 1864. B. F. Snodgrass, also a captain in the Fortieth, was killed in battle September 20, 1864. Cyrenius Van Mater, first lieutenant of C0mpany G, Fortieth Regiment, was killed at Chickamauga. J. W. Smith, captain of Company I, Fortieth Ohio, served with honor through the campaigns of this regiment ; was honorably mustered out of service at the close of the war ; carried on a livery business in Greenville after his discharge, and died at his home a few years ago. Of the officers of the Sixty-ninth Ohio, we mention Eli Hickox, who went int0 the service with the regiment as captain. For bravery on the field of battle and meritorious conduct he was promoted to major of the regiment ; was mustered out at the close of the war, and died a few years ago, universally respected. Color-Sergeant John A. Compton, Lieutenants Jacob S. Pierson and Martin V. Bailey, Corporal Daniel T. Albright, and privates Stopher and four others fell in the battle of Stone River. Color-Sergeant Allen L. Jobes, after whom Jobes Post, G. A. R., Greenville, Ohio, is named, and fiye men were killed at the battle of Jonesboro. Of the Ninty-fourth Regiment Captain T. H. Workman and H. A. Tomlinson, second lieutenant of Company F, have died since the war, and Sergeant Leonard Ullery, of the Eighth Ohio Battery, was killed in the service. In addition to those already mentioned, we wish to refer to Jacob W. Shivley, second lieutenant of Company D, Sixty-ninth Regiment, 244 - GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. who served his company gallantly as a soldier, was honorably discharged and died at his home in this county not long ago. Jonathan Bowman, sergeant of Company D, same regiment, was honorably discharged and died in Greenville, Ohio, some years ago. Isaac N. Arnold, sergeant of Company E, same regiment, was honorably discharged ; was candidate for probate judge on the Republican ticket, and died at his father's home near Jaysville, Ohio. Alexander McAlpin, captain of Company G, Eighth Ohio Cavalry, served in the army with distinction, was honorably discharged and died shortly after returning home. Of the One Hundred and Fifty-second Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, we note in addition to those mentioned elsewhere : Edwin B. Putnam, adjutant, practiced law after his discharge from the army and died many years ago. Elias Harter, captain, and C. B. Northrop, first lieutenant of Company B, were honorably discharged and are now deceased. A. H. Hyde, first lieutenant, and Harrod Mills, second lieutenant of Company H, were honorably discharged and are now dead. Walter Stevenson, second lieutenant, Alfred Townsend, first sergeant, and William Pearson, sergeant of Company L, were all honorably discharged and are now dead. Many others of our noble dead deserve honorable mention here, but our knowledge of their personal history. is too limited and uncertain to enable us to do justice to their memory. We will close this chapter by inserting a paper read at the late banquet of the Greenville bar on the subject of Our Deceased Members. "It has been said that every person departing this life leaves behind a record that exerts an influence upon the lives of the living to a greater or less extent, and as the subject presented to us in this 'toast' is Our Deceased Members outside of the influence of personal recollections, which you all may have, their records, if any, will be found in the epitaph or biography they have left, and to which we can refer and profit by the lessons they teach. "A visit to our cemetery and the last resting place of many of our members disclosed a dearth of information on this subject that is remarkable. Examining twenty-six graves of our deceased members, while we found quite a number who had entered the military service of their country and had given the best days of their lives to its protection and perpetuation, the company and regiment to which a few of these only belonged are the only records engraved upon their tombstones. But is not that simple inscription as grand and enduring as any that was ever made? It tells that the members lying beneath that monument saw the tide of victory roll backward and forward, at times seeming to engulf all hopes for the preservation of the Union, yet finally sweeping onward in one grand, irresistible swell to victory and peace. They saw the Union preserved, the contending armies quietly returning to their homes and a new reign of peace and good will inaugurated. They were personal actors in that drama which was the most sublime and thrilling that human pen can relate, and which points to but one moral, that the institutions which they knew were worth fighting for so nobly are worth preserving, that the Union which has cost us so much blood and treasure, which has brought us freedom and prosperity must be cherished as the most precious possession we can transmit to future generations.. "On this list of our country's defenders we are proud to enroll the names of J. W. GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD - 245 Frizell, A. R. Calderwood, David and Theodore Beers, C. G. Matchett; Charles Calkins and J. W. Sater. Inscribed on the monument of Hiram Bell is the following : 'Died December 21, 1855.' He was a lawyer by profession, represented this district in the legislature of Ohio and in the congress of the United States and his record is on high. On the monument of D. H. R. Jobes is inscribed, 'Died January 13, 1877. To live in hearts we leave behind is not to die. On that of Joseph McDonald, 'Died August 17, 1885. Farewell, my companions.' These are the only epitaphs we could find. Twelve .graves are not marked by monument, and on twenty-three no epitaph. So sleep our deceased. brethren. Their work on earth is done. With the labors and success of many of them in the legal profession many of you are familiar, and I could add but little to that knowledge were I to make the effort. Suffice it to say that we do not think any of them were of that peculiar class of lawyers of whom the great Master said, 'Woe also unto you lawyers for ye lade men with burdens grievous to be borne. and ye yourselves touch not the burden with one of your fingers.' From the epitaphs we pass to biography and history and note extracts 0nly concerning those members who have left them on record, and first that concerning David P. Bowman, who died May 30, 1878. He was entirely devoted to his chosen profession. His knowledge of the law was both accurate and profound. His preparation was thorough. He believed in the Bible and in the efficacy of the attonement made on Mount Calvary. In the biography of William Allen we note : Mr. Allen, although he had risen from poverty to affluence by his own unaided exertions, is one of the most charitable of our citizens, and his integrity has never been questioned; his positive character, while it wins friends true as steel, also makes bitter enemies, but even his enemies conceded to him great ability and unflinching honesty of purpose. He represented this district in the thirty-sixth and thirty-seventh congresses of the United States, being elected in the fall of 1858 and again in 1860. "Of the Hon. D. L. Meeker it is said : `He is one of the most highly respected citizens in Darke county and his repeated calls to the highest office in the gift of the people of this county is an index of the universal esteen in which Judge Meeker is held in this section of Ohio.' "Of J. W. Sater it is written : 'While on the bench he had the well deserved reputation of being one of the most able judges who ever held court in this district.' "Of A. R. Calderwood it is said : 'He is endowed with superior natural abilities, which have been developed by industrious personal application ; he stands in the front ranks of his profession and is one of the best criminal and jury lawyers in the state.' "Of Charles Calkins we write : It was accorded to him unanimously by the Greenville bar that he was the most able, conceptive, decisive and successful lawyer in this section of Ohio. "Of J. E. Breaden, Jr. : He attended law school at Cincinnati and having read law was admitted in January, 1879. "L. B. Lot represented Darke county one term .in the legislature. "C. G. Matchett : 'He entered the service immediately after the firing on Sumter and remained till the close of the war. In 1865 he resumed the practice of law in Greenville and stands prominent in the profession.' 246 - GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. "J. T. Meeker, admitted to the bar in 1873, was probate judge seven years ; retiring, he entered upon the practice of law. "Of Swan Judy it is said : 'With the natural ability, high legal education, force of character, honest and pure determination that he possesses (health permitting) he is surely destined to reach the summit of his profession within the near future.' "In the action taken by this bar relative to the death of J. R. Knox occurs the following 'He despised a court or jury that teas not unsullied. He left the world better for having lived therein and his upright life and noble virtues will survive him for the emulation of all who knew him.' "We note on our list twenty-six deceased members, many of whom have left us n0 written biography or epitaph, and our knowledge of their qualifications and success in the profession is too limited to even venture a statement. Their lives are before us and we are susceptible in a greater or less degree to their influence, and we believe that influence never dies. No thought, no word, no act of man ever dies. They are as immortal as his own soul. Somewhere in this world he will meet their fruits. Somewhere in the future life he will meet their gathered harvest, it may be and it may not be a pleasant one to look upon. Take care of your influence, consecrate it to virtue, to humanity, and our lives will be like a star glittering in its own mild lustre,. undimmed by the radiance of another. Earth is not man's only abiding place. This life is not a bubble cast upon the ocean of eternity to float another moment upon its surface and then sink into nothingness and darkness forever. No, the rainbow and clouds come over us with beauty that is not of earth, and then pass and leave us to muse on their faded loveliness. The stars which hold their festival around the midnight throne and are set above the grasp of our limited faculties, are forever mocking us with their unapproachable glory, and our departed brethren, we trust, are now enjoying those high and glorious aspirations that are horn in the human heart, but are not satisfied in this life. "Brethren, we are born for a higher destiny than that of earth. There is a realm where the rainbow never fades, where the stars will spread out before us like the islands that slumber on the ocean, and where the beautiful impressions that here pass before us like visions will stay in our presence forever. This is that far-away. home of the soul, where hill and dale are enriched by divine liberality, the inhabitants clothed in all the beauties of moral perfection, every society cemented by the bond of friendship and brotherhood, and displaying all the virtues of angelic natures. May we not trust that our departed members are now inhabitants of that home, where the storms of this life never beat." JACOB T. MARTZ. Jacob T. Martz, lawyer and educator, Greenville, Ohio, was born in Darke county, Ohio, September 14, 1833. He is the son of John Martz, who was born in Somerset county, Pennsylvania, June 1, 1798, settled in Darke county in 1829, and died at the home of his son, January 5, 1883, aged eighty-four years, seven months and four days. His wife, Barbara Hardinger, the mother of our subject, and a native of Bedford county, Pennsylvania, died in 1841. Jacob T. Martz attended the Ohio Wesleyan University, at Delaware, at which institution he was graduated in June, 1856. GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD - 247 During the nine succeeding years he was engaged in teaching, and superintending the. schools of Greenville. During part of this time, and while engaged in teaching, he also read law under Judge D. L. Meeker, and was admitted to the bar in June, 1860. In March, 1865, he resigned the superintend-. ency of the Greenville school and formed a law partnership with the Hon. J. R. Knox. In August, 1865, he was appointed receiver of the Cincinnati & Mackinaw Railroad Company, which work occupied his time for nearly five years. In 1871 the superintendency of the Greenville school was tendered to him without his solicitation. This he accepted, but at .the end of that school year he asked to be relieved by the board of education from further supervision of the school, but his work had been done so well, having brought the schools out of a state 0f chaos, as it were, to one of order and efficiency, that the board prevailed upon- him to continue his good work, which he did for seventeen consecutive years, and closed his labors as superintendent on the 1st 0f June, 1888. In this year the enumeration in the district was twelve hundred and eleven, and the enrollment in the school for the year was ten hundred and ninety-eight, showing that ninety-one per cent of the entire enumeration was enrolled upon the school registers, while in efficiency the school stood second to none in the state. Under his supervision he saw the school grow so steadily that the corps of teachers was increased from four to twenty-two. When he took charge of the school there was no laboratory, no apparatus and no geological cabinet, except a few ordinary specimens, but, in June, 1888, over six hundred dollars had been expended for educational and philosophical apparatus of various kinds, and there was a large and convenient laboratory arranged with all the modern conveniences, geographical maps and globes, and physiological charts, enabling the teacher to illustrate and explain all the modern methods of teaching, together with a human skeleton procured, prepared and mounted by Mr. Martz and, the janitor of the old school building, and which they have kindly permitted to remain in the laboratory, for the benefit of the students in physiology and hygiene. The cabinet containing various specimens of value, including the bones of the mastodon found in this county, and which are in a remarkable state of preservation, are the result of Mr. Martz's personal purchase and labor. During all these years, modern methods of teaching and government were introduced by the superintendent and adopted by the teachers, so that tardiness was measurably controlled by the teacher, and truancy, except in a few chronic cases, was almost a thing of the past. Order, system and good government prevailed in all the rooms and in the deportment of pupils, while improper language was seldom 'heard on the play-grounds, and so potent was the influence of the superintendent in maintaining order and decorum among the pupils on the play-ground that it became the pride of all, even the most combative element among the boys, the moment they reached the school grounds to stand upon their good behavior. The high school course of study contained no more branches than could be mastered by every pupil of ordinary intelligence in the five years given to complete the same, while the elocutionary drill and composition writing, in all the grades in which they were taught, strengthened the memory and exercised the reasoning faculties to the great 248 - GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. benefit of the pupils. No partiality was shown in these exercises as all were expected to do their part. The method of graduation from the high school was Mr. Martz's suggestion and it has been adopted by at least four union schools in this county, and the one hundred and four alumni, all graduated under his supervision, speak of good order, management and efficiency of the school. Superintendent Martz with two other teachers organized the Darke County Teachers' Association in 1859, and though for several years it struggled for existence, yet by his untiring energy .and enthusiasm for its success it increased in numbers and interest almost beyond expectation. During the greater part of this time he presided over its deliberations. He was also a member of the board of county school examiners for about twenty-two years, and assisted greatly in advancing the qualifications of the teachers in the county. He has also taken an active part in developing the resources of the county, and was for six years secretary of the Darke County Agricultural Society, and was mainly instrumental in selling the old grounds of the society and purchasing the large and commodious grounds it now owns. For eight years he was secretary of the first building association organized in this county, having closed out the same, and he has been for more than eight years secretary of the largest company of the kind now doing business in the county. Mr. Martz has always manifested a deep interest in the moral and religious influences in the county, has for a long time been identified with the Methodist Episcopal church, has been superintendent of the Sabbath school for a number of years, and for more than eight years has been recording steward of its official board. For the past years he has been associated with his law partner of 1865 and the mayor of the city of Greenville in the legal profession. He has also assisted in all the local enterprises that were intended to advance the public good ; has been associated with the trustees of the Greenville cemetery as their secretary since 1865, and assisted in bringing about that order and system which has resulted in beautifying, adorning and enlarging those grounds to meet the public wants. On September 19, 1860, he married Miss Esther M., daughter of James H. Jamison, of Delaware, Ohio, with issue of four sons : John H., born November 8, 1861; Adelbert, born September 28, 1868 ; James J., born May 8, 1872, and Benjamin F., born December 18, 1874. John H. is married and is engaged in farming and raising fine registered stock. Adelbert is also married and is teller of the Greenville Bank. James J. is a teacher in the Greenville high school, and Benjamin F. is engaged in farming his father's place. WILLIAM COX. In the year 1816 the Cox family was founded in Darke county, and through the intervening years the name has been inseparably interwoven with the history of this locality on account of the prominent part its representatives have borne in the development and progress of this section of the state. It is therefore with pleasure that we present to our readers the record of William Cox, who is known as a successful and highly esteemed agriculturist of Washington township. His grandparents, Jacob and Eve Cox, were the first of the name of whom we have authentic record. They had eight Children, and in 1816 the entire family emigrated west- GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD - 249 ward to Darke county, Ohio, from Fayette county, Pennsylvania. A settlement was first made in the northeast portion of German township, and they were among the first to take up their abode in what was then an almost unbroken wilderness. The trip from Pennsylvania had been made with teams and wagons, and often they had to mark out a road for themselves or follow an old Indian trail. There in the midst of the woods Mr. Cox, assisted by his children, made a small clearing and erected a rude log cabin, in which they began life on the frontier in true .pioneer style. Of sturdy and courageous spirit, they were well prepared to meet the hardships of such a life and in a short time they had a portion of their land under cultivation. Year by year the cleared tracts were .enlarged and improved, and when Mr. Cox passed to his final rest the home farm presented every appearance of thrift and prosperity and was regarded as one of the valuable properties of this section of the state. The land was inherited by his son, Henry Cox, who shortly afterward disposed of it and removed to Missouri, but when a few years had passed he returned to Ohio, faking up his abode in Miami county, near Pleasant Hill, where he spent his remaining days, The other two sons of the family, Jacob and Martin, came to Washington township, Darke county, after the death of their father, and were the first white men to enter claims in his locality. Jacob Cox, Jr., the father of our subject, was born in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, on the 14th of July, 1887, and, as before stated, came west with his people, living with them in German township until 1817, when he and his brother removed to Washington township. They took up adjoining claims, and the first cabin was erected where the home of Samuel Cole now stands. In that little home both brothers with their families lived for some time, or until a cabin could be erected on the land owned by Jacob Cox, now the property of his son, William. The little pioneer home stood on the site of the present handsome residence, and in this rude domicile, the second one to be erected in Washington township, the sturdy pioneer family began life in the midst of the forest. With characteristic energy the father continued to clear away the trees and transformed the tract into rich and fertile fields. He was a man of undaunted energy and perseverance, and soon a valuable farm indicated what may be accomplished by people of determined purpose who are not afraid to meet the obstacles and difficulties in their, path. At the time of his death Jacob Cox owned four hundred and eighteen acres of valuable land, and was considered one of the most prominent and successful farmers and influential citizens of Darke county. In the early days the Indians often camped in a small ravine near his home, but they were friendly and occasioned no trouble to the settlers. Jacob Cox married Elizabeth Wise, who was a native of Hardy county, Virginia, and removed to Ohio with her parents, who afterward went to Indiana, where they spent their last days. Twelve children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Cox : Jesse, who was horn April 24, 1817, and died September 28, 1873 ; Job, who was born February 8, 1819, and died September 28, 1834; Hannah, who was born May 20, 1821, and became the wife of Lorenzo Dixon, their home being now in Greenville township, Darke county; Samuel, who was born October 7, 1823, and died April 16, 1849; Martin, who was born June 20, 1826, and died December 14, 1876; Jacob, who was born January 2, 1829, and died on the 22d of Oc-