CHAPTER X.   III - WARTIME IN-1863.   The battle of Stone River was the first important military event of this year. Begun December 31 it closed with Bragg's retreat during the night of January 3. In this obstinate struggle 1,730 men were killed and 7,802 were wounded. Many of the Ohio regiments were engaged and shared largely in the losses. The condition of the wounded and sick on the field, exposed to the inclemency of midwinter, appealed strongly to the sympathies of the people and made renewed claims upon the work of the aid societies of the State. Governor Tod immediately sent thirty nurses and surgeons to the battlefield, from which Mr. F. C. Sessions, who again represented Columbus in this good work, wrote on January 12:   We have about 2,000 wounded here and in the vicinity, and all are well cared for ; a better supply of hospital stores and medical supplies than there were either at Fort Donelson, Shiloh or Antietam. The Government supplies were good, and the United States Sanitary Commission, under the direction of Doctor J. S. Newberry, Western Secretary at Louisville, had forwarded sixty or seventy tons of all kinds of clothing, dried and canned fruit, concentrated beef, and chickens, etc , necessary for the comfort of the sick and wounded. Doctor Reid, their inspector, with his assistants, was busy night and day, distributing articles to the surgeons and hospitals, arranging and systematizing the operations, removing our wounded from rebel hospitals, etc., etc. Eight wagonloads of supplies were sent on Monday and seven on Wednesday from Nashville, and a large amount distributed among our 4,000 wounded in Nashville. It was an exceedingly gratifying sight to see the boxes of sanitary goods at the different hospitals with the imprint of "Soldier's Aid Society, Cleveland ; " boxes marked with contents "From Soldier's Aid Society, Columbus." Our soldiers think, as one said, they come from " God's country." I told one of our men at the first hospital we stopped at that Governor Tod had sent the Surgeon•General and others to look after them and send them to Ohio, if permitted. One replied, " God bless the Governor, and the man that uttered that sentence."   In order to accommodate the increasing number of sick and wounded brought to Columbus, Governor Tod rented the Ladies' Seminary building then known as the Esther Institute, on East Broad Street, for hospital purposes. 1 The building was furnished for the accommodation of 350 patients. The building was also used as a place of confinement for female prisoners of war. Of its arrangement and use for this purpose we have the following account under date of April 24 : 2   [125]   126 - HISTORY OF THE CITY OF COLUMBUS.   General Mason [commanding at Columbus] has under his control the female rebel prisoners at this post and the arrangement of the new hospital. The upper story of the residence in front of the Heyl Seminary [commonly socalled from the name of its Principal, Lewis Heyl] has been fitted up for the females, of whom there are now five in number: Airs. Samuels, of Nashville, Tennessee, and two daughters ; Miss Booker and Miss Battles. The two latter occupy a separate room furnished with two single beds, chairs, &c. They are permitted to write letters, subject to inspection, to their friends, read papers and books, walk in the open air under guard, and enjoy more than the ordinary comforts of prison life. These young belles persist that the southern army contains braver boys than the northern, and that there is no danger of their long imprisonment, for, say they, Morgan will be in Columbus before two years. They are directly under the charge of Mrs. Powers, who, though firm in her government, exercises every possible kindness to them. The hospital into which the main building is being converted is under the supervision of Major Stanton. New bedsteds (iron) and beds are furnished. A patrol of soldiers guard the premises night and day in consequence of the location of the prison. It will be ready for occupancy in a few days.   Medary's Crisis newspaper was mobbed by soldiers March 5. An account of this affair has been given in the history of The Press. General Irvin McDowell, accompanied by Mrs. McDowell and staff officers, was entertained during the evening of March 11 at the residence of Governor Dennison. The company was large and included numerous prominent persons. On March 31 the death of General James Cooper, who had been in command at Columbus, was announced. He was a prominent Pennsylvania politician, and had studied law with Thaddeus Stevens at Gettysburg.   On March 30, while General Burnside's Army Corps was passing west, by rail, through Columbus, some of the men, occupying three long trains which halted briefly at the station, quitted the cars and undertook to pass up town, but were turned back by the local provost guard which had been stationed there to prevent straggling. Enraged by this, and being, it is said, somewhat intoxicated, the men who were repelled assailed the guard, first with verbal abuse but finally with sticks and stones. The guard was reinforced and had the advantage of being armed while the soldiers were not, but the latter were quickly joined by several hundreds of their comrades from the trains, and their number being thus made far greater than that of the guard, they made a rush upon the opposing line determined to break through it. Thereupon, says a contemporary account, the guard opened fire, but discharged its pieces mostly over the heads of its assailants.   Sergeant Clough, however, cooler than the others, drew his revolver and ordered the soldiers to fall back. They paid no heed to the order, but were rushing upon him when he fired three successive "shots and every shot brought its man. Others of the guard now began to apply the bayonet and one of the soldiers received a severe thrust. Intimidated by the firmness of Sergeant Clough, who stood there like a hero, with determination stamped on every line of his countenance, the soldiers halted in their mad career. At this moment orders came from Captain Skiles, commanding the guard, to cease firing. At the same time officers began to arrive from the depot and ordered the soldiers to the cars, which were then, at the suggestion of Captain Skiles, about to start from the depot. The soldiers, seeing that matters were becoming decidedly serious for them, soon after   III. - IN WARTIME-1863 - 127   returned to the cars, and were immediately carried off by the moving train. One of the soldiers was taken up as dead. Two others remained, severely wounded. They were sent to the hospital and everything was done for them that possibly could be. Two of them are mortally wounded ; the third will probably recover. The whole matter was a sudden and impulsive outbreak, incited by bad liquor, with which the soldiers had been supplied from some source unknown to the officers who did all that was possihle to quell the disturbance which occurred so suddenly that no means could have been taken to prevent it.3   The following incident is recorded as having taken place in the Chamber of the Ohio Senate April 11 :   Sergeant Elisha Mason, of Company A, Twentyfirst 0. V. I., who is one of the immortal twenty-two [Andrews raiders] that about a year ago stole a locomotive from a rebel train in Georgia and ran it at a fearful speed for one hundred miles with the intention of destroying and cutting certain communications, was presented to the Senate by Governor Tod. This honor was conferred upon him because he is one of the few privates in the volunteer army who has [sic] been presented by the War Department with a gold medal in consideration of his daring and meritorious services and recommended for promotion. After a statement of the circumstances, including the fact that he had been a prisoner for eleven months and had suffered untold hardships, the Governor in the presence of the Senate, who had risen to their feet to receive the soldier, presented him with a lieutenant's commission, a promotion made upon the recommendation of the Secretary of War. The performance was applauded by the Senators, and President Stanton made a neat responsive speech. It was twelve o'clock, and the Senate adjourned to take the lucky soldier by the hand. 4   On May 22, a number of the " Squirrel Hunters " who had participated in the defense of Cincinnati were presented with their certificates of discharge in the presence of several hundred people at the West Front of the Capitol. Speeches were made by Adjutant-General Hill, Colonels Wilcox and Parrott and Hon. Samuel Galloway.   On May 23, Joseph D. Price was arrested on a charge of illicit possession of a large amount of Government clothing, concealed in a building on Oak Street. He was imprisoned at Camp Chase. A groggery keeper named Thompson was implicated with Price.   At ten A. M., July 4, the following bulletin was issued from Washington :   The President announces to the country that the news from the Army of the Potomac to ten P. M., of the third, is such as to cover the army with the highest honors and promise a great success to the cause of the Union, and to claim the condolence of all the many gallant fallen ; and that for this he especially desires on this day that He whose will, not ours, should ever be done, should be everywhere remembered and reverenced with the profoundest gratitude.   Such was the first official announcement of .National success in the greatest and the turning battle of the war — the battle of Gettysburg. " For about four days past," said the Ohio State Journal of Monday, July 6, " we have been receiving news from the scene of battle in Pennsylvania, that, while it encouraged hope, nevertheless filled the mind with anxiety, but the dread uncertainty which hung about the final issue has at length given place to the assurance that a   128 - HISTORY OF THE CITY OF COLUMBUS.   splendid victory has been achieved." The same paper of July 8, had this further annoucement to make :   While yet in the midst of rejoicing and congratulations over the achievements of the army of the Potomac under Meade on the Fourth of July, we are now thrilled with new joy over the success that crowned the efforts of the Army of the Mississippi under Grant, on the same hallowed day. Vicksburg was on that thrice glorious day surrendered to the Union army, and the bright and brave old flag of the Union was on that day once more unfurled over the conquered ramparts of that rebel city. No wonder that this news, coming up to the ear of the people while still glorying in the success of our arms on the Potomac, should create the wildest enthusiasm which found manifestations in the most extravagant demonstrations of joy. The moment that the magic words Vicksburg surrendered met the eye of the multitude which crowded around the Journal's bulletin board, there went up such a shout — three wild huzzas and " three more for Grant," as never issued from unloyal lungs. Old men wearing the silver crown of honor that time weaves for age threw up their hats and led in the wild chorus of shouts that made the midday welkin ring. Neighhor grasped the hand of neighbor while the triumph of the moment beamed fourth from every face and lighted up every eye.   In the evening a great bonfire was built at the corner of Town and Third streets, over which an effigy of Jefferson Davis was suspended from a gallows. In various other places in the city Confederate effigies were burned. The scenes of popular joy and enthusiasm, both day and evening, were unprecedented in Columbus.   During the closing hours of its session in the spring of this year, the General Assembly passed a long and complicated law to organize and discipline the State militia. This law, says Reid, was "the basis of the organization that afterward enabled Governor Brough, at scarcely two days notice, to throw to the front at the critical hour of the eastern campaign the magnificent reinforcement of forty thousand Ohio National Guards." While the Adjutant-General was addressing public meetings in explanation of this statute and otherwise endeavoring to bring about the organization it provided for, an event happened which soon became a powerful auxilliary to his efforts. That event was the unexpected and daring raid of General John Morgan's cavalry through Indiana and Ohio. Having made his way through .Burnside's lines in Kentucky, Morgan reached and crossed the Ohio River sixty miles below Louisville July 9. He had with him 2,460 men. Having made a quick and brilliant dash through Southern Indiana and produced, as he intended, a wild state of consternation and confusion among the inhabitants thereof, he struck the Ohio border on Sunday, July 12. On the same day Governor Tod issued a proclamation calling out the militia to repel the invasion. Part of the force thus summoned was directed to report to General Burnside at Cincinnati, other portions were ordered to assemble at Marietta and Camp Dennison. As the Governor was apprehensive that the capital of the State would be attacked and the State Treasury pillaged, he directed the militia of Franklin, Madison, Clark, Greene, Pickaway and Fairfield counties to report immediately to Brigadier-General John S. Mason at Camp Chase, there to be organized and officered, In pursuance of this call nearly fifty thousand militia took the field, but not half of them ever "got within threescore miles of Morgan.'" 5 The bold   III. - IN WARTIME-1863 - 129   raider's principal purpose was to produce a big scare, and in that he succeeded. Completely bewildering everybody as to his real intentions, and generally also as to the direction of his march, he crept around the suburbs of Cincinnati in the night, and on the morning of July 14 halted and quietly fed his horses within sight of Camp Dennison. The commotion produced by these movements was tremendous. Reid thus describes it:   Thrifty farmers drove off their horses and cattle to the woods. Thrifty housewives buried their silver spoons. At least one terrified matron, in a pleasant inland town forty miles from the rebel route, in her husband's absence resolved to protect the family carriagehorse at all hazards, and knowing no safer plan led him into the house and stabled him in the parlor, locking and bolting the doors and windows, whence the noise of his dismal tramping on the resounding floor sounded, through the livelong night like distant peals of artillery and kept half the citizens awake and watching for Morgan's entrance.   Meanwhile the militia were hastily mustering, and crowded railway trains were bearing them to their places of rendezvous. Camp Chase suddenly became once more a scene of activity and excitement. But Morgan came nowhere near. Taking his way through Washington Courthouse, Piketon, Jackson, Berlin, Pomeroy and Chester he made for, and, on the evening of July 18, reached the Ohio River ford at Buffington Island. There he was overtaken by Judah and Hobson, failed to cross the river as he intended, and after a fight drew off with 1,200 of his men, the remainder having been captured. Twenty miles farther up the river Morgan again essayed to cross, and actually got 300 of his men over when he was intercepted by gunboats on the Ohio and with the remaining 900 of his band resumed his flight northward through the eastern portion of the State. He was finally ridden down and captured near Salineville, Columbiana County, July 26. When he perceived that he was surrounded, and his escape hopeless, he surrendered to a militia captain named Burbeck whom he was at the time using as a guide, and from whom he exacted a promise that his officers and men should be paroled. These terms were rejected by Governor Tod, and the Confederate chieftain and his principal subordinates were consigned to the Ohio Penitentiary, their subsequent escape from which, on November 27, will be described in the history of that institution. 6   General Morgan, accompanied by many of his staff officers and subordinates, all under guard, arrived at Columbus by rail from Steubenville on the afternoon of July 27. Their presence at the railway station attracted a great crowd which lingered until the train bearing the party departed for Cincinnati. The Confederates were in the custody of General Shackelford, and were visited at the train by Governor Tod and various military officers. After investigation of the question of parole they were brought back to Columbus and imprisoned, as above stated.   On August 4 a flag bearing the names of Vallandigham and Pugh was torn down by soldiers from the place where it was suspended over the grocery of A. Neiswander. Another soldier who expressed approval of the act was beaten by Neiswander's friends who afterwards paraded the streets and serenaded their po-   9 *   130 - HISTORY OF THE CITY OF COLUMBUS.   litical favorites. A new flag was presented to Neiswander, bearing the same legend as the one which had been removed from his premises, and two soldiers convicted of tearing down the first one were each fined twenty dollars and costs.   Particulars of the Chickamauga battle began to be published in Columbus September 21. News that Captain J. M. Wells, formerly with Randall & Aston, had fallen in the fight was received September 24. The funeral of Captain Wells took place from Wesley Chapel November 1. Extended lists of the killed and wounded of the battle were published during the first days of October. In the course of the same month, B. D. Brown was commissioned by Governor Tod to remove the Ohio dead at Gettysburg to grounds purchased by the State for their interment on that field. The excavation for the United States Arsenal building was begun during this month. The removal of General Rosecrans from command of the Army of the Cumberland excited much unfavorable comment. The Ohio State Journal said : " When a few more such earnest, bravehearted men as Butler and Fremont and Curtis and Rosecrans, who have won many victories and never lost a battle shall have been put out of Halleck's way in order that his mediocrity may seem self-luminous, then it may be that the people will be provoked into an investigation into his claims to infallibility." The paper goes on to observe that the President's mind seems to have been poisoned against Rosecrans, an observation which subsequent revelations have gone far to justify. 7   A courtmartial for the trial of F. W. Hurtt, Quartermaster, on charges of em bezzlement and misapplication of public funds and property, convened in Cincinnati about the 1st of December, but was dissolved by order of the War Department and the case transferred to Washington. Reference to this trial and a statement of its results have been made in the history of the Press.   On July 1, Brigadier-General A. J. Slemmer, of the New York Volunteers, and Major Roger Jones, Inspector-General of the United States Army, visited Columbus as commissioners to investigate as to the condition of convalescent commissioned officers required to report there in pursuance of general orders. A commission to examine and audit old and irregular military claims closed its labors December 15. It was created by the General Assembly and comprised the Auditor of State, Oviatt Cole ; the Quartermaster-General, George B. Wright ; and the State Treasurer, G. V. Dorsey. A general courtmartial of which Captain Charles E. Goddard was Judge-Advocate, was summoned to meet at Columbus January 4, 1864.   An event which indicated a new departure in the conduct of the war was thus recorded under date of June 19.   Yesterday afternoon a company of colored recruits marched through our streets to the music of the drum and fife. In the afternoon they assembled on the Eastern Terrace of the Capitol to the number of sixtyfive, formed in line and dispatched their recruiting officer to His Excellency, the Governor, with a request that he address them. The Governor complied and was received with much enthusiasm. In his speech he gave them some good advice and said that he had no doubt from present indications that in twenty days a full regiment of colored troops would be reported at headquarters. On yesterday the Governor received   III. - IN WARTIME —1863 - 131   twelve or thirteen personal applications from enthusiastic military gentlemen for the colonelcy of the colored regiment.   This regiment was ordered to rendezvous at Delaware and to be enlisted for three years or during the war. David Jenkins was appointed its general recruiting agent. Its ranks filled up slowly until G. W. Shurtliff, of Oberlin, a captain in the Seventh Ohio, was appointed its Lieutenant-Colonel: Contemporary with this appointment the name of the organization was changed from that of One Hundred Twentyseventh Ohio Infantry to Fifth United States Colored Troops. Recruiting then progressed actively, and in November the regiment, then containing nine full companies, was ordered to Norfolk, Virginia. It afterwards formed a part of the colored division of the Eighteenth Army Corps.   Impelled by the northward movement of General Lee's army, and its attack on Winchester, the President, on June 14, issued a proclamation calling into active service one hundred thousand militia to be mustered into service at once and to serve for the period of six months unless sooner discharged. Ohio's quota under this call was thirty thousand; that of Franklin County about 750. Appeals were made by General Burnside and Governor Tod for a prompt response to this call, and on June 29 a " war meeting" was held on the East Terrace of the Capitol. This meeting was conducted by Doctor William M. Awl as chairman, and was addressed by Governor Tod, who stated that he had official information from different sources which led him to believe that the State was in danger of invasion from two directions within the ensuing ten days. Hon. Henry C. Noble also addressed the meeting and a committee to take such action as might he deemed necessary was appointed as follows : Donald Frazer, Albert Buttles, John Ijams, H. Lindenberg, James O'Kane, Lucien Buttles, H. J. Winey, J. E. St. Clair and Daniel Miner. Ward committees for the city were also appointed. An adjourned meeting was held June 30 and still another large and enthusiastic one July 2. At this latter meeting, of which M. Halm was chairman, a finance committee which had been appointed at the meeting of June 30 reported through B. F. Martin recommending: That the proper way to raise sufficient funds to put the requisite number of sixmonths volunteers into the field from Franklin County was to levy a county tax and thereby equalize the burden ; that since this tax could not be levied until authorized by the General Assembly, interestbearing scrip to the amount of $67,500 should be issued by the County Commissioners; that the meeting recommend to the Commissioners the issue of this scrip at such rate of interest as they would deem proper, depending on the patriotism of the General Assembly to legalize their action; and that, in addition to the Government bounty and pay there should be paid to each man who should respond to the sixmonths call a bounty of ten dollars besides a monthly stipend of ten dollars to his family during the term of his enlistment. This report was signed by L. J. Critchfield, William G. Deshler, H. R. Beeson, Isaac Eberly, C. Barth, John Van Yorx, B. F. Martin, John Noble and W. B. Hubbard. A committee to confer with the County Commissioners was appointed as follows: Joseph R. Swan, Allen G. Thurman, George M. Parsons, Abram Sharp, J. P. Bruck, John L. Gill, David Taylor and   132 - HISTORY OF THE CITY OF COLUMBUS.   W. H. Grinnell. The meeting was addressed by Governor Tod, Ex-Governor Dennison and Mr. Ijams. Under the sixmonths call only two infantry regiments were organized. These were the Eightysixth — reorganized as successor to the three-months regiment of that number —and the One Hundred Twentyninth. Both were mustered out at the expiration of their term of service.   On October 17 the President called for 300,000 more volunteers, and under this call a quota of 29,352 was assigned to Ohio. The quota of Franklin County was seven hundred. In an appeal of November 7 to the military committees Governor Tod stated that all the recruits to bo raised were intended for regiments already in the field and that no new organizations would be attempted. " Gallant and brave men," he said, " who have already earned their commissions are to be sent home to receive from me the promotions upon condition that they raise a given number of recruits."   The Ohio State Journal of February 14 contained this choice bit of satire :   The boys of the Eighteenth Regulars at Camp Thomas have in many instances been furnished with new board tents. We would suggest that the Governor put up brick or stone structures that will last a long time, and lay out a cemetery, for those soldiers will doubtless die of old age before they are ordered to the field.   Within a very few days after this appeared orders were received directing the officer commanding the regulars at Camp Thomas to take them to the front.   Among the notable movements of troops past Columbus during the year was that of Burnside's Corps transferred from the East to Kentucky, in March. Reference to this movement, in connection with a street collision which took place between some of Burnside's men and the provost guard of the city, has already been made. An appeal to the ladies of the city to provide refreshments for these troops during their momentary sojourn at the railway station in transit was very liberally responded to and elicited grateful acknowledgments.   On July 16 the Eightysixth, a sixmonths regiment, arrived from Cleveland and encamped in Goodale Park. From thence it moved on July 22 to Zanesville, to assist in intercepting John Morgan. Returning after the raid, it encamped at the Stone Quarry, from whence it departed August 9 for Kentucky. The Eighty-eighth, which had been guarding prisoners in Camp Chase, was relieved in that service by a detachment of the Invalid Corps, Colonel Johnson, and departed October 22 for Cincinnati. The regiment returned to its much disliked service at Camp Chase December 20. On October 26 a company of two hundred carpenters, blacksmiths and bridgebuilders passed through en route to the Army of the Cumberland. The movement of the Eleventh and Twelfth army corps, under General Honker, from the Army of the Potomac to the Army of the Cumberland, took place in September and October. A large part of these forces passed Columbus in their long journey, but the fact was not chronicled in the city papers, probably for military reasons. The same discretion probably prevented other local movements of forces from being mentioned. The Sixtysixth Ohio Infantry, Lieutenant-Colonel Powell, arrived December 26 on " veteran furlough," having reenlisted for three years. This was the first of the veteran regiments to return on leave,   III. - IN WARTIME-1863 - 133   Early in July we read of an adjourned meeting of citizens exempt from military service to volunteer to guard the prisoners in Camp Chase temporarily. Doctor William E. Ide was chairman and S. Taylor secretary. A committee was appointed to wait on the Governor and was informed that the guards would be needed as soon as they could be recruited. In the same connection we read that on July 3 an infantry company enrolled by Cornelius C. White and Addison Moore met at the City Hall to organize. On July 6 Captain John F. ljams's company of the Fifth Independent Cavalry Battalion was sworn into service for six months. This company was composed chiefly of residents of Columbus. Its First Lieutenant was Michael Halm, its Second Lieutenant J. W. Cox. Captain Ijams was authorized to enlist 300 more men for the battalion, and on August 2 a fourth company was organized. Its officers were: Captain, James B. Rusk ; First Lieutenant, John Nelson ; Second Lieutenant, Thomas Roberts. On September 8 the battalion was ordered to report to General Cox at Cincinnati, from whence it was sent into Eastern Kentucky.   A company calling itself the " Silver Grays," composed of citizens exempt from military service on account of age, was organized July 5; Captain, J. E. St. Clair ; First Lieutenant, S. Taylor; Second Lieutenant, N. Upton. This company volunteered to do guard duty at Camp Chase, as above narrated.   From the trustees of the different wards in the city notices were given requiring all persons between the ages of 18 and 45, eligible for military service, to meet at places designated July 4 and elect one captain and two lieutenants for each military district. Accordingly Company B, of the Third Regiment of Ohio Militia met at the City Hall and elected : Captain, C. C. White ; First Lieutenant, Addison Moore ; Second Lieutenant, Charles H. Parsons. On August 5 a meeting was held at the same place by the companies of the regiment, all recruited in Franklin County, to elect field officers. The companies were : A, Captain William B. Hayden, Columbus ; B, Captain Cornelius C. White, ditto ; C, Captain Joseph M. Clark, Mifflin; D, Captain Job Wilson, Plain ; E, Captain Joseph Steely, Clinton ; F, Captain G. S. Innis, Montgomery; G-, Captain William Ewing. Washington ; H, Captain Hiram C. Tipton, Pleasant; I, Captain Lawrence C. Meacham, Blendon ; K, Captain 0. Sells, Orange and Washington. The field officers chosen were : Colonel, William B. Hayden ; Lieutenant-Colonel, G. S. Innis ; Major, Joseph M. Clark. On October 24 a third regiment of Franklin County Militia elected : Colonel, A. 0. Mitchell; Lieutenant-Colonel, Samuel Thompson ; Major, H. J. Rushmer.   In November, 1862, H. M. Neil, George W. Taylor and A. B. Alger were authorized to recruit the Twenty-second Ohio Battery, and by April 1, 1863, men enough had been obtained to man two of its guns. This section found employment in the enforcement of the draft in Holmes County, and in the movements to intercept John Morgan. The battery was wellnigh filled up in July and on August 4 changed its quarters from Camp Chase to Camp Thomas. From thence, on August 12, it departed for active service in Kentucky.   During the greater part of the year the commandant at the post of Columbus, including Camp Chase, was Brigadier-General John S. Mason, Captain Edwin L.   134 - HISTORY OF THE CITY OF COLUMBUS.   Webber, of the Governor's Guard (Eightyeighth Ohio Infantry), was for a time commander at the camp. He succeeded Major Zinn in April. D. W. Tolford was assigned to the camp as its Chaplain, and in July T. W. Tallmadge was named as its Commissary.   Under the date of August 30 we find the following statement : " At the instance of Colonel Neff, the new commander of Camp Chase, J. T. Carpenter, of Cincinnati, Medical Director of Ohio, Doctor David Stanton, Post Surgeon, and other prominent officers, made an examination of that camp with a view to removal nearer the railroad and river. They unanimously reported in favor of removal and forwarded their views to Washington."   Camp Tod, named in honor of the Governor, was located about August 1 in the vicinity of the old State Quarry, three miles from the city. It was for a time occupied by the Eightysixth Ohio, a sixmonths' regiment. Still another rendezvous, comprising frame buildings and a drill ground on the east side of North High Street, a short distance north of the railway station, was given the name of Tod Barracks. The grounds had a frontage of 316 feet on High Street, with a depth of 750 feet, and were surrounded by a board fence twelve feet in height. The buildings comprised, besides six lodginghouses, a guardhouse, a dininghall 32x190 feet, officers' quarters and a kitchen. The paradeground measured 262x425 feet. Construction of the buildings was begun October 20 and completed in time for their occupation about December 1. The place was intended as a rendezvous for recruits and sick and wounded soldiers, and for the temporary custody of deserters. It was placed under command of Captain J. W. Skiles, Provost Marshal of the post, who removed his guard and headquarters thither early in December. Captain Skiles had been in command of the general guardhouse and provost headquarters known as the City Barracks since early in the year, and had redeemed it from a condition of extreme filthiness to one of tolerable decency.   On March 23 an order was issued by Major-General Wright, commanding at Columbus, requiring that all officers found in the city without leave from competent authority should be arrested and sent to their regiments. Another order from the same source forbade the sale of arms or ammunition to any person within the city or vicinity without permission from the commandant. The sale of citizens' clothing to soldiers was stringently forbidden by orders issued in April. All sojourning officers were required to report to Provost Marshal Skiles, register their names and exhibit their documentary authority for being in the city. Officers and soldiers found on the streets without proper permit were arrested by the patrol. In this way the city was cleared of loungers, disturbances were prevented and military shirks and malingerers, those who wore shoulderstraps as well as those who did not, were obliged to rejoin their commands.   Desertion became during this year an enormous evil and required summary treatment. In March an authentic statement was made that the deserters from thirtythree Ohio regiments then in the field numbered five thousand. Under the caption " Seven Hundred Deserters from Camp Chase " the Ohio State Journal of January 14 contained the following   III. - IN WARTIME-1863 - 135   On Monday General Cooper issued an order to Captain Burr to furnish transportation for 1,200 exchanged prisoners from Columbus to Nashville, Tennessee. Accordingly the Captain made arrangements with Mr. J. W. Doherty, of the Little Miami Railroad, to furnish the requisite cars and telegraphed to Captain Dickerson, at Cincinnati, to see that steamboats were employed to transport them down the river. On Tuesday (yesterday) afternoon Captain Burr was informed that there were no more than 600 men who could be mustered, and the number constantly diminishing. Somewhat amused at the rapid reduction of numbers, we visited the depot in the evening to see how many Colonel Tafel could muster and found him in command of just about three hundred men! The authorities were unwilling to forward a special train for so small a force, so they were detained till 10 o'clock this morning, when they were attached to the regular passenger train. This affair develops the fact that at least 700 soldiers (?) of the One Hundred Fourth Illinois and the One Hundred Sixth and One Hundred Eighth Ohio have deserted between the time of issuing the order on Monday and the departure of the train this morning. To add to the disgrace and ridiculousness of the call to the field is the great dissappointment caused to the railroad and steamboat companies who, if they are disposed, can hold the government to account for costs. Who says shame ?   It would be interesting to know how many of these alleged soldiers who forsook the flag of their country in the time of its sorest need are now drawing pensions for disabilities incurred after the war.   In May we read:   Large numbers of deserters are now being captured and forwarded from this point to their respective places; the trade averages no less than fifteen per day from Columbus.9   Captain Skiles yesterday [May 28] started seventeen deserters south to join their regiments.   Paragraphs of this kind are of frequent occurrence in the newspapers of the year. Those reproduced will suffice for illustration. Whether the policy of sending such men to the front instead of dismissing them from the service was a wise one may be seriously questioned. As a rule a willful deserter was not worth to the army cost of his transportation to the front, and in a great many cases such persons, without going into battle, found occasion to make a " hospital record" which would be useful to them in after years.   In April Colonel E. A. Parrott, of the First Ohio, became Provost Marshal of Ohio, with his headquarters in Columbus. The Provost Marshal appointed for the Seventh District, including Franklin County, was Colonel J. A. Wilcox.   The members of the Military Committee of the county during the first five months of the year were : John Miller, chairman ; David Taylor, L. W. Babbitt, and Peter Ambos. In June a new committee was named by the Governor as follows: Chauncey N. Olds, L. W. Babbitt, David Taylor, B. F. Martin and Peter Ambos.   Among the prisoners of war received during the year were Brigadier General Churchill and staff, captured at Arkansas Post, and brought to Camp Chase about the end of January. Three women-a mother and two daughters - who had been arrested for giving information to the enemy, were brought from Nashville   136 - HISTORY OF THE CITY OF COLUMBUS.   February 4, and were lodged in Camp Chase. They were afterwards transferred to the Heyl Seminary, on Broad Street. On February 13, about one hundred prisoners of war were released on recommendation of Special Commissioner Galloway. On March 29 Camp Chase was relieved of 483 Confederates sent to City Point for exchange. These were joined at the station by 250 from Louisville bound for the same destination. On April 23 Colonel Adler, a Confederate prisoner at the camp, took the oath of allegiance to the United States. On April 28 fifty Confederates were brought in from the Kanawha Valley. One of these, it was said, had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States at the camp the year before. The arrival of another squad via Cincinnati May 20 is mentioned. On May 22 seven female secessionists arrived from Western Virginia. Among them was the wife of a clergyman. Twenty Virginians and Kentuckians were released May 29 on taking the oath of allegiance. On June 12 about 1,700 captives taken. by General Grant's army in Mississippi passed Columbus en route to Fort Delaware On June 14 three hundred and fortyfour Confederates were removed from Camp Chase to Johnson's Island. These were more than replaced July 6 by the arrival of 411 captives taken by General Rosecrans. On July 14 Camp Chase contributed 900 of its prisoners of war to Fort Delaware. In lieu of these 300 of John Morgan's men and 140 captives from Bragg's army were received July 27. About 450 arrived August 7 and 200 August 10. On the nineteenth of that month Camp Chase received 3,150 Confederates, most of whom were ordered to Camp Douglas a few days later. Further arrivals occurred in October almost daily. Under date of November 7 we read :   Night before last, about nine o'clock, a rebel prisoner at Camp Chase, approaching too near the line of the guards, was ordered to halt, which he refused to do, whereupon one of the guards fired his musket at him. The man died almost instantly after being struck with the ball. We did not learn his name.'̊   Eighty-eight captives taken by Averill's cavalry near Lewisburg, Virginia, arrived November 18. On October 13, the following general order was issued from department headquarters at Cincinnati by General Burnside :   In consequence of the large number of applications in this department, from prisoners of war to take the oath of allegiance, Brigadier-General N. C. McLean, will, by authority of the Secretary of War, examine such causes, and when satisfied of the honesty of their intentions will release the applicants on their taking the oath and furnishing sufficient bonds. All communications for prisoners of war must pass through the office of Brigadier-General N. C. McLean, Provost-Marshal General of this Department.   About 150 paroled prisoners arrived at Camp Chase February 3; in April 530 paroled men were transferred from Camp Chase to Camp Morton. Seven hundred taken at Murfreesboro in December reached Camp Chase May 3. On June 10 two hundred were brought from Vicksburg. On June 7 one hundred and fifty paroled Indianians were sent from Columbus to Indianapolis.   The manufacture of ammunition at the State Arsenal was continued until August, when, owing to the difficulty of procuring powder, it was discontinued.   III - IN WARTIME-1863 - 137   Among the canards of the year was a report of April 7, that Charleston had been captured by Union forces. The following information was given out by the Ohio State Journal, May 6 :   It is rumored, and upon grounds that we deem quite reliable that Lee has actually surrendered his army to General Hooker. The announcement comes through sources we are not permitted to make public, and is altogether in conformity with the facts given in our dispatches. If such be the case, then the rebellion is virtually crushed.   The day of publication of this news was that on which Hooker's army retreated across the Rappahannock. The same paper of May 11, contained this :   We have the startling announcement that Richmond is taken and that the flag of the Union now floats over the capital of Rebeldom!   On the next day the same columns contained this bit of news which if true would have been highly important :   It is now rendered certain that Lee has skedaddled from the Rappahannock and that Hooker is hard after him. There must now be a footrace, with Richmond for the winning post. The line of rebel defenses is utterly broken and Richmond is bound to come this time.   The same paper of May 29, had a report "via Chicago and Toledo " that Vicksburg had fallen. " Thus, then," the editor commented, " the long agony is over !" On the strength of this news the city was "well ornamented," we are told by the display of flags.   On July 2, a report was current that Grant had attacked the defenses of Vicksburg and had been repulsed with a loss of ten thousand men. The Confederates also had this news and imparted it to the writer while their captive on the field at Gettysburg. It is tolerably well known now that Grant marched into Vicksburg two days later.   NOTES.   1. Since known as the Irving House, and now the property of Trinity Church and known as Trinity Heuse. 2. Ohio State Journal. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. So says Reid. The exact number of men who reported for duty and were paid was officially stated by the Adjutant-General as 49,357. Franklin County furnished fortynine cempanies, numbering in the aggregate 3,952 men, to whom was paid the sum of $10,441.59. 6. The erder of commitment was as follows:   "EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, COLUMBUS, July 30, 1863. " NATHANIEL MERION, ESQ., " Warden of the Ohio Penitentiary : " You have been advised by a formidable and destructive raid threugh our State of a band of desperate men under the lead of the notorious John Morgan ; also their capture by the military forces of the Federal Government, aided, however, materially by the militia forces of our State.   138 - HISTORY OF THE CITY OF COLUMBUS.   " Upon consultation with Major-General A. E. Burnside, commander-in-chief of this Military Department, I learn from him that he has not subject to his command a secure place in which to keep the principal officers of said band. I have therefore tendered to the Federal Government the use of our Penitentiary as a place of safekeeping for them until other provision can be made. You will therefore please receive from the officers of the United States Government the said John Morgan and thirty others, Confederate officers, captured with him (a list of whose names is herewith handed you), and safely and securely keep them within the walls of the Penitentiary until other provisions shall be made for them. You will carefully search each prisoner as he may be handed over to you and take from him all arms and articles of value (money included) and carefully preserve the same until you may receive further directions touching the disposition thereof. You will keep said prisoners, so far as possible, separate and apart from the convicts. You will furnish them everything necessary in the way of food and clothing for their comfort, and impose only such restrictions upon them as may be necessary for their safekeeping. You will permit no one to hold interviews or communications by writing or otherwise, except by written or telegraphic orders from general Burnside. You will employ such additional force for guard or other duty as you may deem necessary. Should clothing be required for the prisoners you will make requisitions upon me for the same. You will keep an accurate account of all increased cost to the institution consequent upon a compliance with this request and report the same to me from time to time as you may require funds to meet the expenditure.   " Respectfully yours, "DAVID TOD, " Governor and Commander-in-Chief."   7. A few weeks later the same paper heartily approved of the removal of General Schofield from the command of the Missouri Department, saying the step indicated that "treason in disguise" was no longer to be tolerated therein. 8. Ohio State Journal. 9. Ohio State Journal, May 16. 10. Ohio State Journal.   CHAPTER XI.   IV. - IN WARTIME-1864.   Hon. John Brough was inaugurated as Governor January 11. His assumption of office was opportune for the exercise of great executive talents. With such talents, among the rarest of all human endowments, he was superlatively gifted. Enormous tasks, novel responsibilities and sudden emergencies, both state and national, soon put them to the task.   The spring opened with Lieutenant-General Grant in chief command in the field and plans laid for a simultaneous advance of all the armies, from the Potomac to the Mississippi. The Army of the Potomac, directed by Grant in person, broke up its camps and crossed the Rapidan May 4. The battles of the Wilderness began May 5. General Sherman's army advanced at nearly the same time from the line of the Tennessee. On the James, the Shenandoah and the Mississippi the Union hosts were all pushing to the front and challenging their foes to one last supreme effort. Grant crossed the James River June 14; on July 20 and 22, Sherman fought two great battles before Atlanta. Pending these general movements Banks was routed on the Red River, Sigel met a like fate in the Shenandoah Valley, and Early's Confederate army menaced Washington. Atlanta fell September 2 ; in the same month Sheridan defeated Early in the battle of Opequan. On September 22, Sheridan won another great victory over Early at Fisher's Hill, and on October 19, still another at Cedar Creek. On November 14, General Sherman set out from Atlanta for the seacoast, and on December 21, captured the city of Savannah, of which he made a Christmas gift to the President. Meanwhile, in August, the lionhearted seacaptain, Farragut, had won one of the most splendid victories of the war in Mobile Bay. Such, briefly mentioned, were some of the leading military events of the year ; their recapitulation is useful as an interpretation of contemporary events at Columbus.   Among all the loyal states which participated in this mighty game of war, Ohio fulfilled the most conspicuous part. This was due scarcely less — perhaps more — to the quality and numbers of the led, than to the great leaders, which she contributed to the armies in the field. With the work of recruiting and organizing the fresh levies called for by the new emergencies of the struggle the capital of Ohio was closely identified. Columbus was the principal theatre of that work as well as the principal rendezvous of the forces collected and organized.   [139]   140 - HISTORY OF THE CITY OF COLUMBUS.   When Governor Brough came into office he found Ohio's quota in the national armies, under all the calls which had been made upon her, complete. Over twenty thousand veterans of the old regiments had reenlisted for three years, and when the year closed these sturdy and faithful organizations which had enlisted twice over without expectation of bounty, were beginning to arrive at Columbus on " veteran leave." They, and such as they — men who fought for no reward, who knew, yet shunned not, the hardships of the field, and who disdained to seek promotion at the rear however unfairly denied them at the front— men who loved more the turmoil and the 'scars of battle than all the cheap laudation and meretricious honors to be won at the recruiting station — were the very bone and sinew of the armies, and deserved, as History assuredly will give them, the first honors of the war.   The reenlistment of these men imparted to the National cause fresh moral as well as numerical strength. It put Ohio ahead in her quota, stimulated general recruiting and facilitated the supply of men necessary to meet the additional calls soon to be made. First of these calls was that of February 1, for 500,000 men for three years. Of these Ohio was required to furnish 51,465; on March 15 the President additionally demanded 200,000, Ohio's share this time being 20,595. A third proclamation of July 20 summoned 500,000 more men to the field, Ohio to furnish 50,792. On December 19 a fourth call was made, asking for 300,000 volunteers, of whom Ohio was requested to furnish 26,027.   Unfortunately for the good of the army a demoralizing system of bounty-paying had been adopted in the recruiting service of the State. Governor Brough, we are told, deeply regretted this system ; his regrets were wellgrounded. After considerable observation of its results the writer firmly believes that the national cause would have been more effectively served had not one dollar of bounty ever been paid. The patriotism of the people properly appealed to, was quite sufficient to furnish all the men needed without resort to purely mercenary expedients. The best soldiers were those who volunteered from patriotism and not for money. The stimulus which bountypaying gave to desertion, and the fraudulent enrollment, bounty-jumping and substitute brokerage which it produced were evils of the first magnitude.' The Republic, when in jeopardy of its life, is entitled to the military service of every ablebodied citizen. If this service is not voluntarily and freely given when solicited, it should be compelled. But when once adopted, the bounty system could not easily be dispensed with, and in Ohio its inducements and its evils alike became more and more aggravated. " Government, State, township bounties, hundreds piled on fresh hundreds of dollars, till it had come to such a pass," says Reid, " that a community often paid in one form or another near a thousand dollars for every soldier it presented to the mustering officers, and double as much for every one it succeeded in getting into the wasted ranks at the front."   Early in the year Governor Brough conceived a plan of calling out a sufficient militia force to guard the forts and railways so as to make every veteran engaged in this service available for active duties in the field. At his suggestion the Governors of Indiana, Illinois and Iowa met him in Washington to consult upon this plan, and at that meeting a proposition to the President was formulated offer-   IV. - IN WARTIME-1864 - 141   ing eighty-five thousand infantry troops, to be furnished within twenty days from date of acceptance, for a term of service of one hundred days. These troops were to be mustered, armed, fed and paid in the same manner as other United States Infantry Volunteers, and were to serve in fortifications or wherever they might be needed " within or without their respective states." No bounty was to be paid them nor were their services to be charged or credited on any draft. The number tendered from Ohio was thirty thousand.   The proposition, presented to the President April 21, was accepted two days later, and on. Monday, April 25, the following general order was issued under instructions from Governor Brough by Adjutant-General B. R. Cowen :   The regiments, battalions and independent companies of infantry of the. National Guard of Ohio are hereby called into active service for the term of one hundred days, unless sooner discharged. They will be clothed, armed, equipped, transported and paid by the United States Government.   These organizations will rendezvous at the most eligible places in their respective counties (the place to be fixed by the commanding officer and to be on a line of railroad if practicable) on Monday, May 2, 1864, and report by telegraph at four o'clock P. M. of the same day the number present for duty.   The alacrity with which all calls for the military forces of the State have been heretofore met furnishes the surest guarantee that the National Guard will be prompt to assemble at the appointed time. Our armies in the field are marshaling for a decisive blow, and the citizen soldiery will share the glory of the crowning victories of the campaign by relieving our veteran regiments from posts for the more arduous labors of the field.   The business and work of the season had just fairly opened when this call appeared ; a great many of the militia were men who had business or industrial interests or engagements needing their personal attention ; the weather was inclement ; nevertheless, on the day appointed for the regiments to assemble, the Adjutant-General was able to telegraph to the Secretary of War : " More than thirty thousand National Guards are now in camp, ready for muster." So prompt and generous was the response that on May 2 Governor Brough issued an address to the National Guard in the opening sentences of which he said : "This manifestation of loyalty and patriotism is alike honorable to yourselves and your noble State. In the history of this great struggle it will constitute a page that you and your descendants may hereafter contemplate with perfect satisfaction.".   The work of organization was assigned to Colonel W. P. Richardson, of the Twentyfifth Ohio Infantry, at Camp Chase, and soon the troops came pouring in. The celerity with which the regiments assembled and were dispatched to their places of usefulness is indicated by the following message sent by Governor Brough on May 18 to the Secretary of War:   Ohio has sent regiments as follows : Four to Baltimore, Maryland, two to Cumberland, thirteen to Washington, and the fourteenth will leave tonight; three to Parkersburgh, four to Charleston, three to New Creek, three to Harper 's Ferry. Has stationed one at Gallipolis, two at Camp Dennison, two at Camp Chase, two and a battalion of seven companies at Johnson's Island ; being forty regiments and one battalion, comprising an aggregate of thirtyfour thousand men. This work has been completed in sixteen days. The National Guard regiments mus-   142 - HISTORY OP THE CITY OP COLUMBUS.   tered in or out, or both, at Camp Chase, were the One Hundred Thirtyfirst, -second, third, fourth, -fifth, -sixth, -seventh and -ninth ; the One Hundred Forty-second,- third, -fourth and fifth ; the One Hundred Fiftyfirst, -third and -seventh ; the One Hundred Sixtyfirst, -second and -third, and the One Hundred Seventieth and One Hundred Seventysecond.   Eleven new oneyear regiments, numbered from 173 to 183, were organized during the year. Of these, the One Hundred Seventyfourth, Colonel John S. Jones, was organized at Camp Chase September 23, and left two days later for Nashville ; the One Hundred Seventysixth, Colonel Edwin C. Mason, was organized at Camp Chase September 21, and left at once for Tennessee; the One Hundred Seventyeighth, Colonel J. A. Stafford, organized at Camp Chase September 29, was also dispatched at once to Nashville ; the One Hundred Seventy-ninth, Colonel Harley H. Sage, organized at Camp Chase September 28, arrived at Nashville, October 8 ; the One Hundred Eightieth, Colonel Willard Warner, organized at Camp Chase October 9, departed for Nashville October 15 ; and the One Hundred Eightysecond, Colonel Lewis Butler, organized at Camp Chase October 28, arrived at Nashville November 6. The Thirtyseventh Iowa which passed Columbus September 1, was said to contain no soldier or officer under forty-five years of age.   The various efforts made and means employed to meet the different demands for troops during the year were attended by some curious local incidents. On May 3 a much-dreaded draft took place at the City Hail on Fourth Street, in the presence of a committee, the members of which were Provost Marshal James A. Wilcox, Commissioner S. S. Hinkle, Surgeon S. Lemon and G. K. Armstrong, clerk. A newspaper account of this proceeding ran thus:   Having called the vast assemblage to order, the Provost Marshal took his stand upon the platform on which the ominous looking keg was placed, which, in a few moments, would hold the fate of many an anxious individual who was waiting with impatience to draw a prize. Captain Wilcox explained in a lucid manner the modus operandi, after which he requested the audience to name a person, without regard to his political bias, who should draw the names from the wheel of fortune. No one responding to the request, the Captain named Mr. John Olstot, who was unanimously endorsed by the multitude present. After preliminaries were all arranged, Commissioner Hinkle stated [that] the subdistrict of the Seventh Ward, being the first ward whose quota was deficient, they would proceed to draw seven men from the number enrolled. The whole number enrolled in this ward of both classes was 505. The name of each person enrolled was written upon a card and the Provost Marshal proceeded to place them in the keg, and as they were silently dropped in Mr. Otstot, in a loud, clear voice, called out the numbers. . . . A handkerchief was then tied over the eyes of Mr. Otstot. . .. The Provost Marshal then taking hold of the crank of the " churn " turned it round in a rapid manner, frequently reversing the order of circumlocution until they [the cards] were completely mixed, when Mr. Otstot drew out the first name. The first prize was awarded to Jacob Bower, and in like manner proceeding he drew out the remaining six prizes which were awarded to the following gentlemen : George Weaver, John Woodward, Charles Shank, Jeremiah Crawley, Charles Keintz and S. H. Witte. Thus ended the anxious fears of the Seventh Warders.   IV. - IN WARTIME —1864 - 143   In September another draft was ordered, supplementary to which still another for delinquent subdistricts in Columbus took place at the City Hall.   In reciting the probable difficulties to be met in filling the National Guard regiments pursuant to Governor Brough's call, the Ohio State Journal of April 29 said :   In regard to substitutes there seems to be a holding off for higher prices. So far they have been obtained from $50 all the way up to $200, and some are now asking $300.   The same paper of July 23 contained this:   There are a great many scoundrels who make a business of enlisting as substitutes, receive their pay, and the first opportunity which presents they invariably skedaddle to some other point and repeat the operation. . . . Even in this city, at Tod Barracks, where every precaution is taken, quite a number have managed to make their escape.   Advertisements of " substitutes for hire " were sometimes seen in the newspapers. In October a Cyprian was offered as a substitute, under the name of Charles Henry Brown, by a Jackson County bounty broker. The fraud was detected by an. examining surgeon. Two bountyjumpers, " elegantly attired in citizens clothes," were arrested as they were on the point of leaving the city January 10, 1865. One of them, it was stated, had " jumped " a bounty of one thousand dollars. The Ohio Statesman of February 4, same year, contained this : Two men, John Connelly and James Starkey, of Cincinnati, were arrested at Camp Chase on Tuesday evening under the following circumstances: It seems they had enlisted a recruit, got half his local bounty, and had taken him to Camp Chase. They then undertook to inveigle him out of camp for the purpose of reenlisting him and playing the same game over again. With this design in view, they procured a hack, put the recruit into it, made him lie down, and covered him over with blankets.   The same paper of January 21, 1865, referred to the mercenaries then in the market in this style:   Prices unsettled, with an upward tendency. Buyers, alias recruit brokers, abundant and the number constantly increasing. Substitutes demanding $800 for one, $1,000 for two and $1,200 for three years. Very few, however, wish to sell for a longer time than one year. Recruits asking for one year $450 @ $500, and sometimes effecting a sale at a higher figure than the one last quoted.   The same paper of May 2, 1865, mentions a bountyjumper then under sentence to be shot at Camp Chase. He was said to have " jumped " bounties eighteen different times.   The opening of Tod Barracks as a military rendezvous for certain purposes deprived Camp Chase of much of its activity and interest. On March 3, the commandant's quarters were destroyed by fire. Early in May, 230 Ohio soldiers who had escaped the terrible catastrophe caused by explosion of the boilers of the steamboat Sultana, near Memphis, April 27, arrived at the camp. About 1,500 paroled soldiers were in the camp at this time. A general courtmartial convened at the camp in December and continued in session about two months,   144 - HISTORY OF THE CITY OF COLUMBUS.   All through the year the collection and forwarding of military waifs and wayfarers at Tod Barracks was active. During the months of February and March some hundreds of soldiers were sent to the front daily. On some days the numbers thus dispatched reached seven or eight hundred. Over one thousand paroled men were received and fed at the barracks April 6. On the same date Major Skiles forwarded 187 stragglers and 87 deserters. One hundred substitutes were forwarded May 8, and on June 7 one hundred more, the latter, it was stated, being " of a better class " than the former lot. On July 10 one hundred substittutes, and on July 12 a large squad of substitutes and drafted men were sent from the Barracks to replenish some of the old regiments. On October 4 the number of men which Major Skiles had sent to the front from his post during the preceding two months was thus summarized : Substitutes, 3,200 ; recruits, '2,000 ; deserters, 238; stragglers, 483; convalescents, 896. Within eight days next preceding October 19, the total number of men of these different classes sent off was ahout 2,000. Five hundred exchanged Union soldiers arrived at the Barracks from Annapolis March 15. About five hundred paroled from the same place arrived March 20. Sick, disabled and paroled man to the number of 125 arrived from Alexandria May 16.   Major-General Heintzelman, appointed early in the year to command the Northern Department, established his headquarters in Columbus. On April 21 he was serenaded at the Neil House, but refused to respond to the compliment. One of his orders, issued in September, deplored certain depredations committed by disorderly soldiers upon the property of loyal citizens residing near Columbus, and directed that the amount of pecuniary injury done should be ascertained.   During a transfer of Confederate prisoners from Camp Chase to Rock Island, by rail, in January, some desperate men cut a hole in the bottom of one of the cars and escaped from the train while it was running at a high rate of speed. Basil Duke, of Morgan's raiding party, was transferred from the Penitentiary to Camp Chase in February. On February 24 one thousand Confederates were sent from Camp Chase to Fort Delaware. A transfer of Morgan's officers in the Penitentiary to the same destination was ordered by the War Department in March. Among the arrivals of Confederate captives at Camp Chase during the year were the following : 130 March 11; an indefinite number from the southwest April 7; 22 from Helena, Arkansas, May 17; 250 — described as being " as ragged as Lazarus " and " as dirty as they could possibly be not to have been literally rolled in the mud" — from General Crook's department, in Virginia, May 27; 1,163, captured before Atlanta, August 1. The number of prisoners of war in the camp August 6 was about 3,500. On July 4 some of the prisoners attempted to escape but were fired upon by the guards, and two of them were severely wounded.   On December 18 about two hundred exchanged Union soldiers who had been confined in the Confederate stockade at Florence, South Carolina, arrived at Columbus. Their condition is described as very pitable, as wore also the stories they told of their sufferings while in captivity.   IV. - IN WARTIME-1864 - 145   Among the local military organizations of the year, not hitherto mentioned, was that of the Meade Rifles. Upon the organization of the One Hundred Thirty-third Infantry, of the National Guard, this company was assigned to that regiment.   A " jollification " over Sheridan's victories in the Valley of Virginia took place on Saturday evening, September 24. Telegraphic dispatches were read and numerous speeches were made. General Thomas's Nashville victory caused great rejoicing in the city. A salute of fifty guns was fired at the northeast corner of the Capitol Square. On September 5 one hundred guns were fired at the United States Arsenal in honor of Farragut's victory in Mobile Bay.   The Eighty-second Ohio Infantry arrived at Columbus from Tennessee, on veteran furlough of thirty days, January 21. It reassembled at Camp Chase on its return to the front February 26. On January 26 the Eightysixtli passed through to Cleveland to be mustered out. The Fiftythird arrived on veteran leave about February 1. The Sixty-second arrived February 6, direct from Port Royal, the Twentyninth, veteran, passed through, to Louisville, February 10. The singular fact was at this time noted that many of the reenlisted veterans who were furloughed for thirty days returned to the front before the period of their leave expired. In explanation of this, one of them stated that he was homesick and wanted to return to his " home in the army."   On February 25, the Thirteenth Ohio Infantry arrived on veteran leave, and a detachment for the Sixty-eighth passed Columbus en route to Vicksburg. The Sixty-eighth, which had been engaged in the Meridian raid, passed Columbus to Cleveland on veteran leave late in March. On March 13, the arrival of the Forty-sixth, Colonel C. C. Walcutt, was signaled by rockets fired from the Statehouse. The regiment was met at the station hy the local military companies and citizens, and was welcomed in the rotunda of the Capitol by Governor Brough. In the evening the officers and men of the regiment sat down to a dinner spread for them by Lindeman & Co. at Ambos Hall. The regiment quitted the city on its return to the front April 16.   The Seventy-sixth arrived from Alabama on veteran leave February 8 ; on March 15, it passed Columbus from Newark, returning to the front. The Fifty. first, veteran, arrived from Tennessee February 10; returned to the front March 16. On the latter date the Twentyfifth, veteran, quitted Camp Chase for South Carolina, and while passing the Capitol for the railway station delivered its service-worn colors to Governor Brough, by whom, at the same time, a new set of flags was presented to the. regiment. The Thirtysecond, veteran, arrived on leave March 14; on March 19 the Seventyfourth, veteran, returned from leave to rejoin Sherman's army. The Seventyeighth, veteran, arrived at Tod Barracks, on leave, April 2; it set out to rejoin the Army of the Tennessee May 7. The Sixtieth, a new battalion of six companies, quitted Camp Chase for Virginia in the latter part of April. On April second 2,900 men of the Ninth Army Corps, then passing westward, took supper at the Tod Barracks. The Eightieth, veteran, passed the city April 7 and May 9, coming from and returning to the Army of the Tennessee. The Thirtieth, veteran, arrived from and returned to Sherman's Army April 8 and   10*   146 - HISTORY OF THE CITY OF COLUMBUS.   May 9. It reassembled, on the expiration of its furlough, at Camp Chase. The Fiftysixth, veteran, which had been knocked to pieces in Banks's illadvised and ill-managed Red River expedition, arrived from New Orleans, via New York, June 5, on veteran leave. It set out on its return to the Gulf Department at the expiration of its furlough. A portion of the Fiftyeighth, German, arrived from Vicksburg on veteran leave June 10. The Twentyfourth returned from Sherman's army, then in front of Dalton, and was mustered out at Camp Chase June 24. The Fourth Ohio Infantry, Hancock's Corps, Army of the Potomac, returned for musterout June 12. The Second Ohio Infantry, Sherman's Army, arrived at Camp Chase for musterout September 25. The Sixteenth Ohio Infantry arrived from Louisiana for musterout October 14.   Among the canards of local circulation during the year was a report of May 27, derived from " an Ohio man, perfectly reliable, just from, Dalton, Georgia," that Sherman's army was then " in the immediate vicinity of At lanta."3 The capture of Atlanta was c1urrently reported July 16. The death of Jefferson Davis was rumored December 23.   During Governor Tod's administration state military agencies for the assistance and care of sick, wounded, penniless and otherwise needy soldiers were established at Columbus, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Crestline, Bellair, Washington City and other points of military movement or rendezvous. On Governor Brough's recommendation the number of these agencies was increased to twelve, James E. Lewis being appointed agent at Columbus. A considerable part of the supplies obtained by popular donation were distributed through these agencies.   NOTES.   1. On March 14, 1864, Governor Brough wrote to the Secretary of War referring to the bounty system in a deprecatory vein. He expressed a decided preference for the draft. On February 6, 1865, he wrote to General R. C. Schenck, then in Congress :   I can say to you confidentially that of the thirty thousand men raised, credited and mustered in Ohio during the last call, over ten thousand failed to reach the front. About eleven hundred men have been forwarded to Camp Chase under the present call, and of these two hundred and sixtythree were on the lists last night as " absent without leave," and this although the money brought here with them is taken from them on arrival. Still they have been mustered and credited, and fill so much of the " quota," though not of the army. The State swarms with bountybrokers, bountyjumpers and mercenaries of every description. Men take contracts to fill " quotas " as they would to furnish hay or wood. They take the largest share to themselves, and frequently the recruit deserts because he says he has been swindled in his bounty. Patriotism and love of the cause are supplanted to a large degree as a motive of filling our armies, by the mercenary spirit of making money out of the operation. . . . We have strength enough, but we are throwing it away ; we are weakening our armies by every call and draft instead of strengthening them ; we are piling up enormous debts and taxations upon our people; we are impairing the confidence of the thinking and earnest portion of our people, and pampering the desires of the weak and profligate ; we are making a traffic of the holiest duty we owe to the country, and procrastinating a struggle that we have the power to speedily terminate if our means were less popularly and more earnestly directed."   2. Ohio State Journal, May 4, 1864.   3. Ohio State Journal.   CHAPTER XII   VICTORY AND SORROW-1865.   The field operations of this momentous year began almost with its advent. Fort Fisher was captured by General Terry, January 15, and within a few days after that event General Sterman's army began its winter campaign in the Carolinas. Columbia felt into the possession of that army February 17, on which date also the Confederates abandoned Charleston. On March 2 Sheridan again routed Early; on March 19 Sherman's forces fought their last battle in the war at Bentonville. General Lee abandoned Richmond and Petersburgh April 2, and on April 9 he surrendered his army to Grant at Appomattox. The practical conclusion of the war took place April 26 with the capitulation of General Johnston's army to General Sherman.   Intelligence of Sheridan's victory at Five Forks, southwest of Richmond, began to reach Columbus on Sunday evening April 2, and revealed, as hy sunburst, the beginning of the end. When-the news of Richmond's fall flashed over the wires in the course of the next day, flags were flung out all over the city, even vehicles on the streets were dressed with them, and the first dashes of an ocean of fervid enthusiasm swept over the community. In the evening a great crowd assembled as by common impulse at the West Front of the Capitol where so many meetings had been held during the gloomy episodes of the war, and there listened to the latest dispatches, read hy Governor Brough, who also addressed the people and interpreted to them the good.news. Further addresses were made by G. V. Dorsey, Octavius Waters, Joseph H. Geiger and Samuel Galloway. The Tod Barracks Band helped, if help was needed, to swell the emotions of the multitude. The meeting closed with the doxology, sung by the crowd, and a benediction pronounced by Chaplain Drake, of the army.   On Sunday evening, April 9; the following dispatch from General Grant electrified the country :   HEADQUARTERS ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES, April 9-4:40 P. M.   Hon. E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War : General Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia this afternoon upon the terms proposed by myself. The accompanying additional correspondence will show the conditions fully.   U. S. GRANT, Lieutenant- General,   [147].   148 - HISTORY OF TILE CITY OF COLUMBUS.   This news, conveyed in a special dispatch to Governor Brough, reached Columbus the same evening, and the popular delight which it produced found instantaneous expression. " Churches," we are told, "gave up their congregations, hotels their occupants, and one grand, loud, continued, shouting song told the people's joy. Cannon thundered, bells clanged, bonfires blazed. A monster crowd collected and was addressed by Governor Brough, Hon. Octavius Waters and others." On the following 'morning the newspapers gave additional particulars, accompanied by delirious editorials and ecstatic headlines.   A general celebration of Grant's victories in Virginia took place the following Friday, April 14. The day was opened with the ringing of bells, blowing of whistles and firing of cannon, and at an early hour the streets were thronged with people. Business was generally suspended. The day was one of thanksgiving as well as of joy, and services were held at the principal churches. At noon the bells of the city were again rung, with accompaniments of steam whistles and the thunder of an artillery salute fired in the Capitol Square. At two o'clock the people assembled in great mass at the East Terrace of the Capitol, where Hon. George M. Parsons was called to preside, and, after prayer by Rev. Granville Moody, Hon. John Sherman addressed the happy multitudes for nearly an hour: Following are some of Mr. Sherman's most striking sentences :   Four years ago I went to Washington around Baltimore. The motto of the First Regiment of Ohio Volunteers was," to Washington through Baltimore." We thought it a feat when they made their motto good. I was in Washington when the rebel flag floated in sight of the Capitol. It blockaded the Potomac, and might have signaled across the continent. We all remember the battle of Bull Run,the seven days on the Chickahominy, the second Bull Run and the battle of Antietam. We all remember the dark days that preceded- Gettysburg and Vicksburg—yes, even the past summer, until Atlanta and Mobile shed their light upon us. Through what dangers and storms has the good old Ship of State gone safely The hattle of Gettysburg was the turning physical battle of this war and the civil strife of 1863, here in Ohio, was the turning political contest of the war. What if Lee had won at Gettysburg? What if Vallandigham had won in Ohio ? We would not thus have been rejoicing over a restored and strengthened Union. I look back upon the dangers we have passed, not with unkindness, but with thankfulness. . .   That all the Southern States will soon 'return to :the Union, and be again represented in Congress I do not douht. . .. The people can confide in the promise of the President that no act of amnesty, that no exercises of the pardoning power, that no military convention will endanger either Union or emancipation. The conceded and secured reconstruction in the South cannot be very difficult. It is easy to raise theoretical and constitutional questions, but Mr. Lincoln has a homely and direct way of solving these, and of doing it at the right time. 1 do not fear hut that after the war, and in due time, we can settle all the complicated political questions growing out of it, and without conceding to the rebels an terms that are not assented to by the body of the people.   In February, 1861, I ventured to prophesy to the leaders of this rebellion, then in the House of Representatives, that if they attempted to execute their threats of secession, we would find power in the Constitution, and among the decided masses of the northern people, to whip them into submission to the constituted authorities. I now prophesy that,' during the present term of Mr. Lincoln, all the Southern States, and Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, Idaho, New   VICTORY AND SORROW-1865 - 149   Mexico and perhaps Utah will be represented in Congress, and that slavery will be abolished by constitutional amendment with the assent of South Carolina, or what is left of it.   At the close of Mr. Sherman's remarks " three cheers" for Grant, Sherman and Sheridan, and three for " Old Abe," were called for by Rev. Granville Moody, and heartily given. Evelyn Evans then read two selected poems, one entitled Where's Sherman ? and the other, Sheridan's Ride. A song by the choir followed, then a speech by State Treasurer Dorsey, then a song, Victory at Last, and a very lively address by Hon. Samuel Galloway. In the evening the whole city was illuminated, there being scarcely anywhere a single dark window. The Capitol glittered with lights from foundation to cupola, and the fences around its grounds were hung with lampions. Emblems and devices in fire and on illuminated canvas were frequent. The names of Grant, Sherman and Sheridan were brilliantly emblazoned, as were also such mottos and expressions as Peace, Liberty and Union, United States Army and Navy, and Glory to God. Various humorous devices were attempted.   In the course of the evening a torchlight parade passed through the streets, led by the Eightyeight Ohio Infantry, Lieutenant-Colonel Weber. The other participating organizations, named in their processional order, were the One Hundred Ninety-seventh Ohio Infantry, Major Hill ; a torchbearing battalion of 500 paroled prisoners, Lieutenant-Colonel Ewing ; the Tod Barracks Band, the Veteran Reserve Corps, Lieutenant Peterson ; the Columbus Brass Band, the Rescue Hook and Ladder carriage, gaily decorated ; the Ridgway and Miller steam fireengines, with their hosereels, and the Fourth Ward " Hackmen's Delegation," marshalled by P. Eagan.   A large and highly enthusiastic evening meeting, on the Capitol Square, opened with the song of the " Star Spangled Banner," and was addressed by Granville Moody, Colonel Given, A. G. Byers and E. E. White. Various patriotic and popular songs interspersed the speaking, while from a platform on the grounds a brilliant display of fireworks was made. At the close of the meeting the people sang the doxology, and dispersed, we are told, "full of joyous emotions," alas, very soon to give place to emotions of a very different nature!   On the following morning — Saturday, April 15 — while the city was yet dressed with the insignia of rejoicing, the whole community was startled with the news that President Lincoln had been assassinated the preceding evening at a theatre in Washington. A suspension of business immediately ensued, and the people, eager for particulars, gathered in great crowds around the newspaper bulletin boards, and silently, many of them tearfully, discussed the dire calamity which, in the very hour of its deliverance, had befallen the country. Suddenly Rev. Granville Moody appeared in the midst of one of these anxious throngs, and after some conversational remarks began an address, which, after some minutes, ho concluded with a fervent prayer. A sombre spirit pervaded the entire city, as though death's shadow had fallen upon every spirit. Flags were halfmasted, and the Capitol and other prominent buildings were draped with emblems of mourning. A dispatch stating that Mr. Lincoln had expired blotted out many hopes still