400 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY a time when Columbus could not boast one or more brass band organizations capable at least of street parade music and sometimes of concert performances of genuine artistic merit. As early as 1852 Columbus attracted National attention by entertaining the North American Saengerbund in its annual Saengerfest. By that time the German singing interests had become thoroughly organized and ever since have added materially to the musical life of Columbus. In 1865 Columbus again entertained this national organization, and in 1888 it was for the third time host to this national movement in German song. The Welsh were a little later in starting to organize. The first Eisteddfod is recorded for Christmas of 1875 and two years later this event was repeated. To list all the musical organizations that for a brief period might have been important in Columbus would in itself require a volume. Considering those which have made more than a local impression or prevailed for longer than a single generation, gives a standard which reduces the matter but still makes a creditable showing for the city. The oldest musical organization in point of continuous activity is the Columbus Maennerchor. It was organized October 24, 1848. From that time forward it has never failed to make material contributions to the musical interests of Columbus, more particularly in the support of music native to the Fatherland. Another organization which has national significance is the Republican Glee Club. Organized in 1872, it has maintained a continuous existence, participating in political activities for the Republican Party and attending all but one of the Republican Presidential inaugurations since that date. As this is written the sole surviving charter member is Willis G. Bowland. The Women's Music Club, which in 1912 recorded a membership of 3,500 achieved by that fact a reputation of being the largest organization of its kind in the world. Starting in the early eighties, in a simple way, for the purpose of study and mutual enjoyment, it came by organization to sponsor the outstanding artists' series of HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY - 401 its earlier years and then to embark in about every form of musical philanthropy common in this country. Under the leadership of Mrs. Ella May Smith, for many years its president, it acquired an international reputation. The large pipe organ, which is part of the equipment of Memorial Hall, is the gift of this organization to the public of Franklin County. The Orpheus Club, started in 1882, and the Arion Club, in 1884, both male singing organizations and for many years rivals, brought to the attention of Columbus music lovers many artists and many musical offerings which would not otherwise have been possible. Their history, like that of most of the local impressarios, was that Columbus, while interested, did not make such ventures profitable and the aggregate of losses incurred by those who sought to advance artistic standards in music in the capital of Ohio would run into a staggering sum of hundreds of thousands of dollars. It is a fact, which is its own saddest commentary, that the initial concert in Columbus of such celebrities as Melba, Paderewski, Schumann-Heink, Nordica, Caruso, Kreisler, and many others record a substantial loss to those who promoted them. Since 1900 there is probably no one who could be called a world celebrity in music who has not been heard in Columbus. In their earlier days, however, several events achieved historic note due to some unusual quality of their success. Outstanding in this list must be placed the concert of Jenny Lind, the Swedish Nightingale. Although the name of P. T. Barnum is associated in the public mind chiefly with circuses, the facts are that before the Civil War he was frequently an impressario and it was due to his foresight and daring that this woman, then the highest priced singer in the world, was brought to America. At that time Columbus, with a population of only a few thousand, could hardly have hoped for a concert. But R. E. Neil posted a guarantee of $10,000, which insured the diva's appearance in Columbus. The concert was given in Odeon Hall. There was no midnight sleeper in those days and the star remained over in Columbus for a second day and was induced to give a second concert. Out of the proceeds of this latter event, she gave $1,500 towards the endowment 402 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY of the Capital University. Tickets to her concert were $2, $3, and $4 each, then an unheard of extravagance, but every seat in the hall was taken by noon of the day the sale opened. Ole Bull, a famous Scandinavian violinist, appears first on the Columbus concert list in 1845, but returned many times afterwards, always with more or less success. Adelina Patti, who was later to succeed to the world acclaim of Jenny Lind, appeared as a child-artist in 1853. Parepa-Rosa, Christina Nillson, Pauline Lucca, Sigismond Thalberg, were among the world celebrities who brought musical cheer to Columbus before the city had reached anything like metropolitan proportions. Selections from opera and operatic concerts were heard even before the Civil War, but it was not until 1863 at the opening of the Comstock Theatre that a production of Verdi's "Il Trovatore" was given. From that time forward at intervals of a year or two, desperate efforts were made to give a number of standard operas. The smaller traveling companies in French, German and Italian opera at long intervals made an appearance and were given a hearty welcome with seldom sufficient financial support to encourage a return. It was not until February, 1927, that the Civic Opera Company of Chicago made Columbus in its regular itinerary. From that time on a brief season of opera comparable in every way with that of the best the larger cities have to offer has been available in Columbus. A musical event which attracted national attention to Columbus was that of the pageant "The Wayfarer," given nightly from June 20 to July 13, 1919, at the specially reconstructed auditorium at the State Fair Grounds. In that time more than 100,000 persons heard the performance, which included in addition to soloists from the East, a massed chorus of 2,000 voices, an orchestra of 100 pieces, under the direction of Edgar Stillman Kelley, and a specially installed pipe organ. Produced by J. E. Crowther, the work had the assistance of William J. Kraft of Columbia University, Dr. John Oxenham of London, L. H. Rich of New York and Livingston Platt of the same city. No musical production in the history of Columbus involved so large an initial expenditure or was heard by so large a number of persons. Columbus seems never to have achieved world wide distinction in the person of any of the devotees of music who went forth to the HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY - 403 professional stage. A few names, however, have become household words by reason of some single achievement. Benjamin Hanby, a student at Otterbein, Westerville, where he lies buried, in writing "Darling Nellie Gray" made a place for himself among America's musical immortals, although no other achievement of his life arose above mediocrity. Oley Speaks, a brother of General John C. Speaks, congressman from the Twelfth District, has devoted his life to music, first in Columbus and later in New York. By providing the score for Kipling's "On the Road to Mandalay," his name has found a place on the concert program the world over and on the still larger stage offered by the radio. The same is true of Tod B. Galloway, for many years judge of the Probate Court of Franklin County, and the son of a Civil War congressman. Purely for his diversion he devised a number of musical settings for popular poems, among them Kipling's "Gypsy Trail," first on the phonographic records and then on the radio. This number had been heard 'round the world. In the more serious field of music, Cecil Fanning, who spent a number of years on the concert stage, achieved distinction by furnishing the book of one of the few American grand operas. This work, entitled "Alglala," which deals with Indian life, enjoyed a number of performances in musical centers of the United States in 1925 and 1926. In the field of orchestral music, Columbus took its cue from Cincinnati and the fame which early followed Theodore Thomas in that city had its echo in Ohio's capital. The first performance of the Thomas Orchestra is recorded as December 12, 1869. In that day it was one of the three or four symphony orchestras of America. In the intervening years, the several orchestral organizations of Boston, Chicago, New York, Minneapolis, Detroit, St. Louis and other cities, including several of Europe, repeatedly have been heard in Columbus. Intermittently for more than fifty years Columbus has had organizations which call themselves symphony orchestras, although none ever has risen to the true classic measure of that institution. Their existence, however, has served to cultivate a love for, and a skill in, 404 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY a variety of musical instruments which find expression only in the larger symphonic numbers. Since 1925 Columbus has enjoyed the efforts of the Symphony Club of Central Ohio, which has sponsored the appearance of at least four visiting symphony orchestras per year. It is only fair to add in this connection that from the days of Jenny Lind to the operas and symphonies of the present, Columbus never has lacked in public spirited men who without any personal appreciation nor deep interest in the higher forms of music have been willing to contribute of their means so that many higher expressions of music have been heard in Columbus which public support itself would not have made possible. Equally to be remembered are those unsung heroes and heroines, including such persons as General John Speaks, Mrs. Ella May Smith, Miss Kate Lacey, Charles Bryson, Joseph O'Leary and others, who gave generously of their substance and energy, and in some cases of their very lives, that Columbus might hear outstanding world celebrities in the field of music. That form of art which is represented by the work of the brush and chisel, almost universally enjoys an official patronage. Much of the best art of the old world owes its existence to courts, to the church, and to municipalities. Less than either the drama or music, pictorial art was necessary to the early life of Columbus. Yet because it was the capital, certain pictures began early to make their appearance and have persisted to this day, because it has been traditional to preserve in oil the features of the governor and other leading factors in the public life. In music and in the drama, the history of Columbus was the history of these arts, but in painting and sculpture, there is a definite contribution by the state without which the local record in many cases would be poor indeed. The state archives contain an unbroken series of oil portraits of governors of Ohio from the day of Arthur St. Clair to Myers Y. Cooper. It happens, therefore, that there are several rather good paintings in the list. Charles W. Peale painted the portrait of Governor Thomas Worthington, while no lesser person than Gilbert Stuart is credited with HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY - 405 the likeness of Arthur St. Clair, although this authorship has been disputed and seems not susceptible of proof. John Henry Witt has signed no less than twelve of these pictures and Witt, in addition to having been a citizen of Columbus from 1862 onward, came to be a man of considerable importance in the field of art, achieving membership in the New York Academy of Fine Arts and being listed as the artist of some of the most important pictures which hang in official places in Washington. In later years another painter, Albert C. Fauley, for many years a resident of Columbus, was to achieve five separate State House portraits. In 1913, John Henry Newman, the state librarian, made a survey of the canvasses in the State House and estimated their value at $80,000. This by a bit of left-handed reasoning might be considered an evidence of art in Columbus. One of the paintings in the State House, that of George Washington, bears the signature of the earliest known Columbus artist, William Bambrough. Born in England, he came to make his home in this country in middle life, and became a citizen of Columbus in 1819. He lived here until his death in 1860. His skill as an artist was of probably greater service to science than it was to art. His contribution of plates to Audubon, the great naturalist, have won him a permanent place in history. Mention has been made of the Walcutt Museum and the fact that there were three brothers, all artists, gives their contribution to this museum a greater importance than the idea would suggest to the modern mind. The Walcutt brothers were David B., William and George E. Of the three, William seems to have achieved the greatest success. Not only is he responsible for the Doctor Smith monument which now stands in front of the St. Francis Hospital, but he also is credited with the Perry Monument at Cleveland. Current criticism probably would not apprise the Walcutt art in the highest terms. But in its day it satisfied the demands and tastes of its generation. William Walcutt became an art authority and spent the latter part of his life in New York, where he inspected importations for the government and acted as advisor to men who were beginning to form art collections. 406 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY Another early name which had some significance in art circles is Silas Martin, who was a pupil of Witt, mentioned above. Martin was born in Columbus in 1841 and spent most of his life here or in Westerville. His success lay chiefly in portraits and the great and near-great of Columbus in his day furnished the inspiration for his brush. Included in the catalogue of his subjects are these men, who were important in Columbus history : David W. Deshler, Henry T. Chittenden, Edward Orton, Sr., Emerson McMillen, and William McKinley. Albert C. Fauley was born in Fultonham, Ohio, and studied at Philadelphia and abroad before coming to make his home in Columbus. While he has five portraits to his credit in the State House, being those of Governors Campbell, McKinley, Bushnell and Chief Justices Swan and Williams, his chief work was in the field of landscape art and many of the choice bits of scenery in Ohio have been perpetuated by his skill. Mrs. Fauley was also a landscape painter, and they gave frequent joint exhibitions of their work in the late nineties and the early years of 1900. In Alice Schille and George Bellows, Columbus contributed two distinguished representatives to the fine arts, who have received world wide recognition. Miss Schille was born in Columbus, and after getting the foundation of an art education in her home city, perfected herself in the New York School of Art and later in the Academy Colorassi of Paris. Miss Schille's pictures have been hung in the world's finest exhibits and are a part of a number of important permanent collections. George Bellows took himself to the larger world of New York after a course at the Columbus Art School and casual recognition in his home city. A disciple of Henri, the critics came in a later day to consider that he surpassed his master. Bellows scarcely lived to enjoy the reputation he made at an early age. He died in New York, January 8, 1925, at the age of forty-five. Columbus owns one of his most famous pictures. Miss Josephine Klippart, Maurice Hague, Clara Blesch, August Lunberg, Carl Springer, Carlford Dalton, in a lesser way served to uphold the cause of art when it was still struggling in the days following the Spanish-American War. HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY - 407 The art school, which came into being January, 1879, has struggled valiantly until the present when with a faculty consisting of Miss Schille, Robert Chadeayne, Mark Russell, Chester R. Nicodemus, and Walter C. Kinnelly, under Karl S. Bolender, as director, it is challenging attention with similar institutions of cities as large or larger than Columbus. Despite these achievements, art always has had a struggle in the capital of Ohio. It was not until 1894 that the first traveling exhibit of paintings of world artists came to its doors. For more than thirty years after the nucleus of a fund for an art gallery had been subscribed, Columbus was without facilities for housing a permanent collection such as Toledo, Cleveland, Cincinnati and Indianapolis enjoyed even then. As this is being written (fall of 1930) the long deferred day of a Columbus Art Gallery is in sight. Dedication of a structure costing approximately $750,000 on a site worth somewhere near $250,000 is an event set for 1931. For this beautiful marble structure there is at the outset a mere handful of pictures available and suitable for a permanent collection. There are, however, in a few of the Columbus homes a number of choice examples of Old World art which will ultimately find their way to this permanent collection. Its character and rank with other cities of similar size is, therefore, assured at a future date. Since the days when the Greeks adorned their cities with statuary, the art tendencies of a community have been measured more or less by the permanent features in marble and bronze, which have added to its beauty. Of marbles, Columbus can hardly be said to have anything to which to point, saving only a couple small pieces in the State House. Of bronzes, there are several that are entitled to a record. Whatever the actual merit of a bronze may be, it is definite evidence that, at one period in a city's history, the subject was considered of importance and whoever executed it must needs have ranked as an artist in his day, and the whole event had a certain importance, because a bronze statue never has been other than a luxury. For a long while the most conspicuous attempt at art was the Doctor Smith monument, where it stood at the corner of Broad and 408 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY High Streets. This was one of the achievements of William Walcutt, mentioned above. Because this statue originally designed as a fountain ceased to function in that capacity, and because it stood away from the sidewalk, it became a menace to traffic when the automobile became a fact and was moved to its present location in front of St. Francis Hospital. All the other bronzes in the State House yard are of more recent origin than it. The McKinley Memorial ranks as one of the masterpieces of Herman A. McNeil. Details of its construction and dedication are given elsewhere in this book. By reason of its position, the McKinley Memorial is the outstanding bronze in the State House Park. It was anti-dated by a number of years, however, by the statue "These Are My Jewels," which originally stood with the Ohio exhibit at the World's Fair in Chicago in 1893, and was transferred from there to the State House grounds. The characters in this statue, gathered beneath a symbolic figure representing Ohio are Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, Stanton, Garfield, Hayes and Chase. On the north front is a beautiful figure of Peace, set in an impressive background of marble. This work was erected in 1923 by funds raised by the Woman's Relief Corps, Department of Ohio. It is the work of Bruce Wilder Saville. The last addition of bronze to the State House was the Doughboy standing on the pedestal on the western espinade. This heroic figure was provided by funds from the state revenues in memory of Ohio veterans of the Spanish-American War. It was dedicated June 23, 1928. Sharing honors with the McNeil statue is probably the most artistic thing in bronze which Columbus has to offer to sightseers is the statue of Frederick Schiller, the German poet, which stands on a pedestal in what has been variously called City Park, Schiller Park and Washington Park. The details of this contribution to Columbus are given elsewhere in this volume. Matching this statue historically is one of Dr. Lincoln Goodale, which adorns Goodale Park. It was provided by funds from the city treasury. HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY - 409 Next to the State House, the campus of Ohio State University has more to show in the way of bronze than any other area in Co. lumbus. A figure which demands instant attention is that of Dr. W. O. Thompson, done in heroic size and placed immediately in front of the east entrance to the library. This statue is unique in that it was done and dedicated while its subject was living and an important citizen of Columbus. Immediately to the rear of the same library is a small bronze of Doctor Miller in recognition of his work in the field of dentistry. Another heroic doughboy of the World War is a figure on the north front of the Archaeological Building. Ultimately this building will probably have a number of bronzes, as the architectural scheme provides appropriate places for them. A bronze of more than usual interest is that of Christopher Columbus, which finds a place in the shaded walks of the old Josephinum College in East Main Street. This statue was erected in 1892 when the school was being governed by the Reverend Father Jessing. It is nine feet high, and is the only monument of Columbus in the largest city of the world bearing that name. A small work which has attracted much attention and favorable comment is the work of a Columbus sculptor, Miss Mae E. Cook, which adorns the plaza in front of the Public Library. This was a contribution from Charles Munson in memory of his son, George, erected in 1927. Another bronze of at least semi-public character is that of George Washington in the main hall of the Masonic Temple in Fourth Street. This list, small as it is, contains all in the way of permanent art that has come to grace the out-of-doors of Columbus. If the capital of Ohio were visited by a catastrophe, as was Pompeii, it would be these few bronzes that would testify to future centuries the art instincts and tastes of the capital city of Ohio. CHAPTER XXVI COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS. THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY-ITS FOUNDATION AND FIRST BUILDINGS-FIRST PRESIDENT AND FACULTY-TUTTLE, MENDENHALL, ROBINSON AND LORD- PROFESSOR ORTON-THE LAW SCHOOL-PHENOMENAL GROWTH-DR. W. 0. THOMPSON-PRESIDENT RIGHTMIRE-OTTERBEIN COLLEGE-FOUNDATION AND GROWTH-HIGH STANDING UNDER DR. CLIPPINGER-CAPITAL UNIVERSITY-EARLY LOCATIONS-PRESENT SITE -ENDOWMENT-ROSTER OF PRESIDENTS-THE JOSEPHINUM-LIFE OF RIGHT REVEREND JOSEPH JESSING-NEW LOCATION AND EQUIPMENT-THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS-THE FIRST AMERICAN KINDERGARTEN. Within the possible natural life of its first student body of ninety, the Ohio State University has grown to one of the foremost educational institutions of the United States, and from an unimproved farm of 331.11 acres in a rural- district two miles north of the Ohio capitol building in 1870 to a university property covering 439 acres and embracing overy forty modern educational buildings. This institution is now the crown of the Ohio state public school system. Need of an agricultural school in Ohio was suggested as far back as January, 1839, when it was proposed by the Ohio Agricultural Society. The next agitation for such a school was started at a meeting of the Ohio State Agricultural Convention in 1845, and again in 1854. The first definite step leading to the founding of an agricultural school and experimental farm was taken by Congress, July 2, 1862, when it passed an act, granting each state in the Union 30,000 acres of land for each senator and representative the state had in Congress. The proceeds of these grants were to endow at least one college in each state for instruction in the branches, besides scientific and classi- - 410 -   HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY - 411 cal studies, of agriculture and mechanical arts. This offer was accepted by the Ohio State Board of Agriculture in the following November, but was not accepted by the Ohio General Assembly until February 9, 1864. Certificates of scrip were accordingly received for 630,000 acres of land and these were deposited in the state treasury, April 13, 1865. There followed a considerable scramble by the various colleges of the state for a share in this grant but a strong sentiment prevailed for one central agricultural college and experimental farm. For six years procedure was practically stopped, while this question was debated. Governor R. B. Hayes strongly favored the one central institution and finally in his official capacity endorsed that policy. In recognition of this support one of the later halls erected on the Ohio State University campus was dedicated Hayes Hall in his memory. While preliminaries to establishment of the school were being ironed out, an agricultural school was founded at Oberlin by Honorable Norton S. Townsend and others. This to all intents and purposes was the parent of the Ohio State University. Wooster was in 1868 selected as location for the agricultural school and experimental farm, but it was not until August 13, 1870, that Franklin County was selected through a competitive process as the permanent location of the school and the present site, then known as the Neil farm was purchased at a cost of $115,950. Franklin County agreed to raise $300,000 by taxation to assist in founding the school and an additional $28,000, to be so applied, was raised by subscriptions of private citizens and railroads. It was in 1870 that the General Assembly gave to the state institution the name of the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College and created the board of trustees with one member from each congressional district of the state, the members to be appointed by the governor. The first board met at Columbus, April 18, 1870 and elected Valentine B. Horton, president ; R. C. Anderson, secretary, and Joseph Sullivant, treasurer. Erection of the first building on the campus, the old University Building, still standing, was authorized in 1871. The plans were prepared by Jacob Snyder of Akron and R. N. Jones was appointed superintendent of construction. 412 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY W. B. McClung was appointed the first superintendent of the college farm. The first course of study was proposed by Joseph Sullivant, and the first faculty included: Thomas C. Mendenhall, of Columbus, professor of physics and mechanics ; Sidney A. Norton, of Cincinnati, professor of general and applied chemistry ; Edward Orton, of Yellow Springs, professor of geology, mining and metallurgy ; Joseph Milliken, of Hamilton, professor of English and modern languages; William G. Williams, of Delaware, professor of Latin and Greek languages, and Norton S. Townsend, of Avon, professor of agriculture. Professor Orton declined the appointment, but in the following April accepted the presidency of the school and the chair of geology. Professor Williams was released at the request of the Ohio Wesleyan University, with which he had been connected. In 1873 Professor R. W. McFarland of Oxford University was called to the department of mathematics and civil engineering of the state school. John H. Wright, graduate of Dartmouth, was appointed assistant to the professor of languages. Professor Albert H. Tuttle came to the chair of zoology in January, 1870, and Thomas Mathews of Columbus was appointed instructor of drawing. In 1875 Professor William Colvin came from Cincinnati to the chair of political economy and civil polity and Miss Alice Williams was appointed assistant in the department of English and modern languages. Professor Wright resigned in June, 1876, and Professor Josiah R. Smith, then instructor in the Columbus high school, was appointed in his place. Military instruction was installed in the school when First Lieutenant Luigi Domia of the Fifth United States Artillery was assigned by the War Department to take charge of that department, and at the expiration of his term in 1881 First Lieutenant George H. Ruhlen of the One Hundred and Seventy-fourth United States Infantry was assigned to succeed him. In 1877 the department of mining engineering and metallurgy was created and Professor John A. Church was appointed to the chair. Additions to the school in 1879 included erection and equipment of the mechanical laboratory and the appointment of John T. Short to the chair of history and philosophy. Professor Mendenhall resigned the chair of physics and mechanics in 1878 to accept a similar posi- HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY - 413 tion at the Imperial University of Tokio. He was succeeded here by Professor Stillman W. Robinson, a civil engineer. In 1879 Nathaniel W. Lord was appointed assistant professor of mining and metallurgy. In June, 1881, Professor Orton resigned as president but retained the chair of geology. He was succeeded by Walter Quincy Scott of Easton, Pennsylvania, who also took the chair of philosophy and political economy. In the same year Professor Samuel Carroll Derby of Antioch was appointed to the chair of Latin languages and literature and Professor W. S. Lazenby, B. S., of Cornell University, accepted the chair of the newly created department of horticulture and botany. President Walter Quincey Scott resigned in June, 1883, and Dr. William H. Scott, then president of the Ohio University at Athens, was elected president of Ohio State, and to the chair of philosophy and political economy. He held these positions with distinction until June, 1895, when he resigned the presidency to devote his entire attention to the department of philosophy. He was succeeded by Dr. Hulme Canfield, formerly chancellor of the University of Nebraska. By endowment provided for in the will of Henry Folsom Page, amounting to $208,863.84, the present Page Hall was erected. On account of this provision, the will was contested and the case was pending in the courts for a number of years. Emerson McMillin donated $10,000 for erection of the astronomical observatory and later other donations to the University Library, and for the beautification of the grounds. The observatory was equipped with a twelve-inch telescope and Henry C. Lord was appointed professor in charge. The law school was established in June, 1890, with Hon. Marshall Williams, chief justice of the Ohio Supreme Court, as dean. The university from the beginning has been co-educational and many women student activities have developed along with the general growth of the institution. During the period in which the United States was engaged in the World War, 1917-1918, all student activities were carried on and kept up to standard by the women students. The Ohio State University closed the fourth decade of its existence in 1910 with lands, buildings and equipment valued at approximately $5,000,000. Its income for the year 1909-1910 was $911,237.84. Growth during its first forty years was from one building to thirty- 414 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY eight ; from one college to seven, including agriculture and domestic science, arts, philosophy and science, education, law, pharmacy, and veterinary medicine ; from seven members of instructional force to 244 ; from an enrollment of ninety to a student body of 3,566, and from a graduating class of six in 1878 to 370 in 1910. The number of degrees that had been granted up to and including 1910 was 3,410. The last 20-year period, 1910 to 1930, has been one of phenomenal growth in physical property, in educational facilities and in enrollment. It was at the beginning of this period that William Oxley Thompson, then president of the Ohio State University, voiced the opinion that the university "should no longer live by years ; it should live by decades." He predicted that the attendance of the school would practically double within the next decade and his utterances became the slogan of the time. It sounded far and wide, calling alumni and state to the work of providing the needed facilities. It was at this time that the university faculty was created to have jurisdiction over matters pertaining to the internal operations of the school. It consisted of the president, professors and high school visitors. The faculty in turn granted certain powers to the faculties of the several colleges, reserving rights of supervision. This covered the educational organization. Later under a further reorganization the business operation was revamped under a broad and comprehensive plan, both business and educational organizations to report directly to the president, the president being directly responsible to the board of trustees. Under this plan of operation and through the exceptional executive ability of President Thompson, the Ohio State University developed from a school accommodating a total student body of 3,566 in 1910 to one with a total enrollment in June, 1929, of 13,657 students. At the close of the first half century of the university thirty-eight buildings had been erected and during the last ten years the construction operations on the campus included twenty-five buildings. Some of these were women's building (Pomerene Hall), chemistry building, medical research building, Mack Hall (girls' dormitory), commerce building, journalism building, administration bulding, Star- HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY - 415 ling-Loving Hospital, Ives Hall, educational building, engineering experimental station and a new residence for the president. After twenty years' service Dr. W. O. Thompson resigned in 1925 as president of the university, and upon his retirement, George W. Rightmire of the college of law was designated by the board of trustees as acting president. He was unanimously elected president of the university March 1, 1926, and still occupies that position. OTTERBEIN COLLEGE. The founding of Otterbein College, at Westerville, was authorized by the United Brethren General Conference at its session of 1845. Dr. Lewis Davis, long a prominent figure in his denomination, is given credit for bringing about the establishment of a school of higher education for the benefit of the young people of his church and much of the credit for shaping its earlier course. In April, 1847, the board of trustees held its first session in Westerville and the college was opened the following September. The college equipment at starting was valued at $1,300. There was only one professor with three assistants and they were not overworked in taking care of the score of students enrolled at that time. Today the college has a plant and endowment valued at more than two million dollars ; there are forty-five professors and instructors, and last year there were 422 students enrolled. The physical equipment comprises eleven buildings. Otterbein is a co-educational school and the second college in the world to admit women on an equality with men. This is a small school, as colleges go today, with all of the advantages accruing from close contact between faculty and students and the spirit of mutual interest resulting from the fact that the student body is drawn from the same classes of American homes. There is probably more college spirit fostered in one of these little schools than in any of the great state universities. There is unity instead of diversity. In colleges of this class there are some valuable lessons that do not need to be taught ; the students have learned them at home. During the Civil War Otterbein was practically depopulated of its male students—they took a four year course in saving the 416 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY Union ; many of them never returning. Otterbein has been identified with the temperance movement throughout its history. Dr. H. A. Thompson, one of its presidents, was a candidate for vice-president of the United States on the Prohibition ticket in the days before the Anti-Saloon League took over the prohibition field. The college has been fortunate in its presidents, its officers and instructors. Two Franklin County trustees, Edgar L. Weinland and Dr. Andrew Timberman, have shared in bringing about the remarkable development that has broadened the school's more recent history. In the past the faculty has been distinguished by the services of such men as Henry Garst, John Guitner, the two McFaddens and John Haywood, and among its present faculty are Dr. George Scott, Dr. Thomas J. Sanders and Dr. Charles Snavely. Within the past twenty years the growth of the school in standing, equipment and influence has been almost phenomenal. The plant now includes eleven creditable college buildings and the institution has received recognition and been approved by the various university and college associations. To Dr. Walter G. Clippinger, who has been its president for twenty-one years, is due a great measure of the school's present prosperity and high standing. Thoroughly imbued with the ideals for which the institution stands, Dr. Clippinger has devoted his great energies to arousing the interest of his church in its own institution as well as to procuring the assistance of the great philanthropists of the country. He is a high type of the modern college president—an executive rather than a pedagog. With the undoubted trend back to the small schools on the part of young people seeking a cultural rather than a vocational training, the usefulness of Otterbein is sure to be even greater in the future than in the past. CAPITAL UNIVERSITY. The Capital University, now located in Bexley, had its beginning in 1831, when a theological seminary was opened under the auspices of the Lutheran Synod of Ohio. Its first home was a two-story building on the corner of College and South High Streets, and the plant included two log cabins serving as dormitories for the students. HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY - 417 It was soon made apparent that students preparing for the ministry needed some elementary education. In 1850 the preparatory department of Capital University was opened in a building in Town Street and the Theological Seminary became a part of the university. During this first year the students in all departments numbered 111. In the course of the second year Dr. T. G. Wormley became a member of the faculty as professor of chemistry, geology and natural history. The growing institution needed money for expansion. Larger and better quarters were demanded. One effort in this direction enlisted the sympathy and practical response of Jenny Lind, then on a concert tour in America, and she donated to the struggling college the proceeds of her concerts in Columbus. In the fall of 1853 the university moved into its new home on the corner of High and Goodale Streets. The Railway Y. M. C. A. is now occupying the main building which, for many years after the removal of the college, was the Park Hotel. The university occupied this location for twenty-three years. In 1876 two buildings were constructed in Bexley and the institution moved to its present home. With the beginning of the present century the college became the beneficiary of the growing demand for higher education. President Otto Mees, with the aid of an able faculty, succeeded in inspiring the people of his own church, as well as many people outside the church in Franklin County, with greater interest in the school and its growth has been rapid and substantial during the thirty years just passed. The institution now has a productive endowment of over six million dollars. The presidents of the university since 1850 have been : Dr. W. M. Reynolds, 1850-54 ; Rev. C. Spielman, 1854-57 ; Rev. W. F. Lehman, 1857-1880 ; Dr. M. Loy, 1881-90 ; Dr. C. H. L. Schneth, 1890-94 ; Dr. F. W. Stellhorn, 1894-01; Dr. L. H. Schuh, 1901-12 ; and Dr. Otto Mees, the present incumbent. THE JOSEPHINUM. The Pontifical College Josephinum for the Propagation of the Faith, the new Catholic college and seminary which has been erected on High Street, near Flint, in the northern part of Franklin County, has had a remarkable history and a remarkable development. The 418 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY title to the property, under the terms of the will of the founder and under such limitations as he thought wise, is vested in the Roman See and it is therefore independent of parochial and diocesan control, although all its activities are carried on with a view to the most harmonious relations with the Roman Catholic Church everywhere. The founder of the college, Right Reverend Monsignor Joseph Jessing, was a most remarkable man. Had his activities been launched into the world of business there can be but little doubt that he would have been one of the captains of industry. Had he remained in the martial field there is no reason to doubt that he would have achieved fame in war as he achieved success in the peaceful and useful life that he chose. Father Jessing was born in Munster, in Westphalia, November 17, 1836. His father was a mechanic of no learning. When Joseph was four years old, his father died, leaving to the mother the care of two sons and a daughter. Joseph was the only one of these children to survive the years of youth, and his mother earnestly desired that he at least should have the advantages of learning. He had to work, but after twelve hours of labor he carried on at home nightly the studies in which he had been grounded in school, aided by his mother as far as her acquirements would permit. He was a precocious child, both in intellect and in body. From 1855 to 1860 he served in the Prussian artillery, advancing through the grades of gunner, noncommissioned officer and sergeant. Having completed his required service in the Prussian army, he entered the papal army, but found opportunity to study the humanities, philosophy and theology in the Tyrol. His mind had early been turned to religion and his loss of father and brother and sister had made him especially tender of orphans. When Prussia went to war with Denmark in the dispute over Schleswig-Holstein he was again called to the colors and entered as a commissioned officer, lieutenant or commander of a battery. His military record was brilliant and he was five times decorated for special gallantry in advancing his battery farther than any other. Had he elected to remain in the army his advancement was assured. But in one of the engagements of the short war he lost his closest HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY - 419 and dearest comrade and this cut the last tie between him and the world outside the church. Resuming his studies, he decided to come to the United States. He landed at Baltimore, July 27, 1867. He intended to go to Cincinnati, where were so many Germans, but instead he came to Columbus, where, in St. Patrick's Church, July 16, 1870, he received at the hands of the late Bishop Sylvester H. Rosecrans, formal admission into the priesthood. His first services as a priest were in Hamilton, whence, in 1870, he went to Pomeroy, this state, to take charge of the parish there. Father Jessing not only had not lost his interest in the cause of orphaned children, on the contrary it had grown and in Pomeroy in 1875 he established an orphanage, which he conducted in addition to looking after his parochial duties. To support his orphanage, for the Father made it a rule never to take up any venture until he had the means at hand to assure its success, he started a small paper, printed in the German language, and first known as "Die Ohio." All the work of getting this paper out was performed by Father Jessing. He gathered all the material for the articles appearing in it, wrote them, set up the type and ran the paper off on a little press. He achieved in this venture a phenomenal success, indicating that in the field of journalism he had fine abilities. Pomeroy became too small for his activities and in 1877 he came to Columbus, purchased a large brick residence and commodious grounds at Seventeenth and Main (then Friend) Streets, and removed his orphanage there. His paper, now changed in name to "Der Waisenfreund," which means "The Orphans' Friend," prospered beyond the dreams of its founder. It attained a circulation which was several times that of the three dailies of the city combined at that time. He bought a farm close to the County Infirmary, where orphan boys who gave no promise of usefulness in other lines or who showed preference for such a life, were taught practical farming and where many of the supplies for the orphanage were raised. He added to the activities of the institution a wood carving department, where altars and altar ornaments were made. These commanded a wide and ready sale and helped build the college which Father Jessing had in his mind's eye. He also did general printing of church literature. 420 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY Of Father Jessing's work among the orphans too much could not be said, yet with the modesty of a great and good man, he has left little record of it beyond the scrupulously kept records of the business of the institution. It is known, however, that he rescued many thousands of orphaned lads from the misery and criminal environment of the streets and alleys, fed them, clothed them, gave them what education they could assimilate, trained them to useful pursuits and sent them out into the world good citizens, when, if it had not been for his care, most of them would probably have been derelicts. The boys from the Josephinum Orphanage were in demand all over the country. The Father's recommendation opened places of employment for any one who had ever been under his care. And, almost unbelievable as it may seem, it is not known that one of his many thousands of charges ever went wrong. He was an iron disciplinarian. His massive frame, his military deportment indicated that. But beneath that exterior was the kindest of hearts, and his facility in reading character was almost uncanny. He never permitted his interest in an orphan to lapse after the lad had left the school, but made it an invariable rule to maintain a correspondence with him or his employers. In that way his fine influence went with the boy into the outer world. Affairs prospered so marvelously with his institution that in 1888 Father Jessing was able to establish in connection with it a seminary for the education of youths who wished to be and showed signs of being worthy to be priests, but were too poor to pay for their education. Since then hundreds of young priests have been sent out to the work of the profession who never could have attained that goal if it had not been for Father Jessing. In 1892 the college, with all its appurtenances, passed by donation of the founder, into the possession of the Holy Apostolic See and was raised to the rank of a Papal College. On June 5, 1894, the college was incorporated under the laws of the state of Ohio, its legal title being "The Pontifical College Josephinum of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith." It was authorized to confer all degrees and titles of honor that may be conferred by colleges and universities in this country. HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY - 421 On November 2, 1899, Father Joseph Jessing, who had been raised by the Holy See to the dignity of Monsignor, died, but he had lived to see his seminary and college grow until it occupied several large buildings which he had erected with his own earnings and had attained an enviable standard of scholarship. His successor, Rt. Rev. Joseph Soentgerath, served at the head of the institution for nineteen years, carrying on the founder's plans successfully, and he then was compelled by ill-health to retire, and the present rector, Rt. Rev. Joseph Och, Dr. Rer. Pol., was named to succeed him at the head of the Josephinum, now a rich and growing school. Father Och is the first alumnus of the Josephinum to be placed at its head, and, when this was accomplished, one of the fondest wishes of the founder had found fruition. It was the hope of Father Jessing that the college would as soon as possible honor one of its own graduates by making him its president. Such a consummation would be the final seal of approval on the foundation. Even from its restricted quarters the Josephinum, up to the close of its forty-second year, had sent out 260 priests, and the applications for admission to the course of strict study that had been established made it imperative to look for larger quarters. The farm had been sold and the woodcarving department had passed into other hands, yielding the institution a profit by its sale. The foresightedness of the founder had placed the college on a sound financial basis, and the liberality of admirers and friends made it possible to take a long step toward meeting the public demand for more room. A farm of 120 acres, running from High Street to the Olentangy River, was bought at such advantageous terms that it could have been resold immediately at a handsome profit. Before the temporary collapse in real estate values it was listed as worth a thousand dollars an acre. On this site the college authorities have erected buildings which, to be completed by 1931, will have cost more than one million dollars. These buildings will house the seminary students, the academic students, the orphans and the faculty. The original care of Father Jessing will never be abandoned. The Josephinum is still to be the refuge of unfortunate lads and from their numbers, in fact, many priests are chosen. Every boy who shows aptitude and the proper spirit is encouraged to adopt the sacred profession and the way to 422 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY that end is made possible for him financially. The students for the priesthood pay absolutely no fees for board, lodging or tuition. The college has actually been built and supported by the paper, Der Waisenfreund, but, as this was likely to prove precarious, especially as it did when the World War almost put an end to papers printed in the German language, the plan has been adopted of having scholarships founded by the bequest of generous admirers of the work. A bequest of $5,000 establishes a perpetual scholarship, the money being put at interest for the support of a student, and a number of such bequests have been made. The college and seminary faculty comprise forty-four members, including the rector, and all the branches of a liberal education are taught, besides those necessary to a degree in theology. The school will now accommodate between 200 and 300 collegiate and seminary students and there are always in residence from twenty to seventyfive or more orphan lads who are under instruction. Members of the faculty, students and orphans all live within the limits of the college and a strict but kindly discipline is maintained. The Josephinum is truly a noble monument to the memory of a wonderful and noble man, its founder, Rt. Rev. Joseph Jessing, artisan, soldier, scholar, editor and publisher, priest, college president, remarkable business man, and, above and beyond all, a great humanitarian. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. In the national legislation providing for the establishment of the Northwest Territory provisions were made for public schools by setting aside certain portions of the public lands to be leased or sold to provide funds for educational purposes. While the proceeds from these sales never went far toward the support of the schools, the action of Congress set the pace for subsequent legislation, and the states carved out of that great territory have ever been dotted with school houses. In the early pioneer period of Franklin County the schools were private institutions, some of them already mentioned. In 1816 William T. Martin taught a school in Town Street, near High ; in 1819 Doctor Sisson conducted a classical school in Pike's Tavern ; in 1826 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY - 423 the Ohio Gazeteer mentions four or five private schools and a classical seminary in a town of 1,400 inhabitants. During this year the first public school was established in Columbus. The organized development of the public school system in Columbus may be said to have begun with the selection of Dr. Asa D. Lord as superintendent of public schools in 1847. Doctor Lord had begun to teach at the age of sixteen and when he was but twenty-three became principal of the Western Reserve Seminary, at Kirtland, Ohio. In Columbus he organized the first graded schools in the state. During his seven years' service he gave great impetus to public sentiment in favor of schools and set the course that has been generally followed since. David P. Mahew succeeded Doctor Lord in 1854, but in July, 1855, resigned to accept a chair in the Michigan State Normal School, of which he afterward became president. Doctor Lord then returned for another year, after which he became superintendent of the Ohio Institution for the Blind, and was succeeded by Erasmus D. Kingsley. At this time there were five public school buildings in Columbus. William Mitchell became superintendent in 1865 and served for six years. He was followed by Robert W. Stevenson in 1871, who served during a notable period for eighteen years. J. A. Shawan began his administration in 1889. There were then twenty-five school buildings with an average attendance of 13,504 and there were 279 teachers. In 1891 the erection of a second high school was begun, at Fourth and Dennison Avenues, and in 1898-99 high schools for both the south and east sides of the city were provided. West High School soon followed. During the twenty-seven years of Superintendent Shawan's administration the public school development fully kept pace with the growth of the city. Upon his resignation John H. Francis, superintendent of the Los Angeles schools, became his successor. During the war Doctor Francis was given a leave of absence to serve in war work at Washington, returning to finish the term of his contract. The present superintendent, Dr. J. G. Collicot, came to Columbus with the opening of the fall term of the schools in 1920. His administration has been a period of great expansion in school equipment. New high schools have been built in each quarter of the city, many 424 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY new grade schools have replaced old buildings and the better class of the old buildings have been repaired and modernized. The Columbus schools of today will bear comparison with any in the country. In the meantime the village and township schools in the county, outside Columbus, have fully kept pace with the rise of city schools. With six hundred miles of good roads and school busses, there is a graded or high school available to every child in the county. To Columbus belongs the honor of being the home of the first kindergarten in America. In a tiny one-story building in this city Miss Louisa Frankenberg, a pupil of Frederick Froebel, planted the seeds of this great branch of modern education in 1836. She had come to America largely because Froebel himself had pointed out that the United States, by virtue of its spirit of freedom and true home life, was best fitted to receive his message and partly because two of her brothers, with their families, had already moved to Columbus. For more than a year Miss Frankenberg strove, against all sorts of odds, to establish herself in Columbus, but in 1840 temporarily gave up the effort and returned to Germany, where she taught, under Froebel's direction, at Keilau, at Dresden and Bautzen. In 1858 she again sailed for America and returned to Columbus. She succeeded in establishing a school in Rich Street, just east of High Street. Here she worked for several years and the merit of her methods is testified to by persons still living who were in her classes. In 1865 she established the system of kindergarten teaching in the Lutheran Orphanage at Germantown, Pennsylvania, and while at this institution she was visited by Miss Elizabeth Peabody, of Boston, who spent several months with Miss Frankenberg, received her instructions, and returned to Boston to initiate the kindergarten work in that city and lay the foundation for the erroneous claim Boston has made to being the home of the kindergarten in America.