HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES CHAPTER I. THE PRE-HISTORIC RACE. ONLY the earth monuments enclosing a few relics of rude art and the last lingering remains of mortality—crumbling skeletons which literally turn to dust as the places of their sepulture are invaded—have endured to silently and solemnly attest in the nineteenth century the existence of a vast and vanished race, a people whose origin, nature, progress and ultimate destiny are shrouded in a gloom that cannot be dispelled, and only feebly pierced by a few faint rays of light. Strive as we may by what little there is of the accumulated light of study, we can know but little of the people who occupied this continent prior to the age at which its written history begins. The race to which we ascribe the name of Mound Builders is one of which no chapter of history can be produced. No record has been left; no misty legends or traditions have been handed down to give us an idea of the character and condition of the ancient race. We can only gain an uncertain and unsatisfying glance behind the great black curtain of oblivion, and upon the vastest questions concerning the people, can obtain no absolute knowledge. We may search the silent monuments that stud a thousand landscapes of the Mississippi valley, and deduce conclusions from the facts discovered, in regard to the magnitude of the ancient population, and to some extent of its degree of civilization; but as to the greater questions, whence did it come? and whither did it go? we can only indulge in speculations, fanciful, fascinating and—futile. It shall be our endeavor in this chapter to convey to the reader general ideas of the extent and nature of the antiquities abounding in Ohio, and without advancing speculations of our own, or attempting to indicate the probable origin of their builders or the cause of their disappearance, to briefly summarize the deductions and the theories of some of those students who have given this great subject the most careful consideration. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. The ancient works commonly attributed to the Mound Builders are spread over a large extent of country. They dot the valleys from the Alleghenies to the far northwest and extend from the lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. They are to be found upon the Missouri, a thousand miles from its junction with the Mississippi; upon the Kansas and Platte, and on other remote western rivers. They spread over the valley of the Mississippi, and line the shore of the gulf from Texas to Florida, and extend in diminished numbers into South Carolina. They occur in great numbers in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida and Texas, and are less numerously distributed through the western parts of New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia and North and South Carolina, as also in Michigan, Iowa and the Mexican possessions. That the earthworks are distributed evenly over this territory should not be imagined. They are confined principally to the valleys of the rivers and large streams and those discovered elsewhere have been small. Many points of resemblance exist between the works in various parts of the country, which go to establish a kindred origin, but notwithstanding this fact they may be properly separated into three great geographical divisions. In the region bordering the upper lakes, in Wisconsin and, in a lesser degree, in Michigan, Iowa and Missouri, are found a succession of very peculiar remains, which bear only a slight analogy to those found in the other groups. These are great basso relievos upon the face of the earth, bearing the forms of beasts, birds, reptiles and occasionally of men. They have been discovered in great numbers, and usually in ranges which seem to have some connection or relation to each other. They extend across Wisconsin in a southwestern direction from Fond-du-lac to the Mississippi, and are found also in other parts of this State and those heretofore mentioned. What may be called the second geographical division, includes the Sciota valley earthworks, which will be more specifically considered in this chapter than those of the country at large. This division may be described as lying mostly within the valley of the Ohio and its tributaries. The third division may be defined as embracing the States along the Gulf of Mexico and the Southern Mississippi. The mounds in this division are of increased size and regularity of form and they seem more closely allied to the Teocalli-shaped structures that abound in Mexico, while the enclosures, on the other hand, which are nufnerous farther north, are diminished in size and importance. Here, too, traces of bricks are found in the mounds and in the walls of the enclosures. (9) 10 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO. It is not within the province of this chapter to give an extended account of the southern or far northern and western groups of earthworks, but to dwell more particularly upon those of the great central division, and in conclusion to present some theories and speculations upon the race of people by whom they were built. "The number of tumuli in the State of Ohio may be safely estimated at ten thousand, and the number of enclosures at from one thousand to fifteen hundred."* They are most numerous, as heretofore stated, along the larger streams, and the seats of the most dense population of the ancient people seem to have been along the Ohio, the Scioto and the Miamis, although they are scattered more or less numerously over almost the whole State. Not far from one hundred enclosures and five hundred mounds are found in Ross county, and along the fertile valley of the Scioto from the Ohio to Columbus it is safe to say there were at least three times this number of ancient remains. Surprising as their number, their extent is equally a matter to excite the wonder of all who give this subject any study. Lines of embankment, varying in height from five to thirty feet, and enclosing areas of from one to fifty acres, are common, and enclosures of from one to two hundred acres are not unfrequently to be seen. Occasionally even. this great size is exceeded. The mounds are of all sizes, from those but a few feet in height and a few yards in diameter, to the size of the great mound at Miamisburgh, Montgomery county, Ohio, which is sixty-eight feet in perpendicular height and eight hundred and fifty-two in circumference at the base, containing over three hundred thousand cubic feet of earth. Mounds of this size are most common in the South, and the usual dimensions of those in the section of country represented in this work are considerably less than those of the mounds above mentioned. The greater number are from six to thirty feet in height by forty to one hundred in diameter at the base. Flint, in his geography, says : " We have seen mounds which would require the labor of a thousand men employed upon our canals, with all of their mechanical aids and the improved implements of their labor, for months." Lewis and Clark describe an enclosure on the Missouri river which they estimated to contain six hundred acres. All of these constructions are composed of earth or stone, and sometimes these materials are mixed, though rarely. In some instances the earth and stone composing these works are foreign in the locality, and must have been 'brought a considerable distance, but in the greater number of cases it has been removed from the surrounding plain. Deep pits often exist near the embankments or mounds. These are the wells of Caleb Atwater and other early writers on American antiquities. It is possible that a few were wells, or that the earth having been removed to be used in the erection of an elevation, they may have been secondarily designed for cisterns, reservoirs, or wells. The larger portion of the enclosures are regular in * Squer and Davis "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley." outline; and the forms of the square and circle most often occur, either singly or in combination. Some are parallelograms, some ellipses, others polygons, regular or irregular. The irregular works are those which partake most of the character of defences, and are usually made to conform to the nature of the ground upon which they are situated, running along the brows of hills or cutting off the approaches to strong natural positions. The regular works, on the contrary, are found upon the level river terraces, great care having evidently been taken to select those least broken. It is in such localities that the combination of the square and circle is found, sometimes communicating with irregular modifications of these forms by avenues consisting of parallel lines of embankment. Detached parallels are also numerous. The mounds are usually simple cones, sometimes truncated and occasionally terraced with graded or winding ascents to the summits. Some are elliptical and some. pear-shaped, and others squares or parallelograms, with flanking terraces. Another variety of remains are the causeways or roads and the graded descents to rivers. The alluvial terraces or river bottoms, as has been already remarked, were the favorite locality with the builders. The principal remains are found where the bottom is the widest and the soil most fertile. Some of the largest and most singular are at"that thetion of streams, as at Marietta, the mouths' of Grave creek, of the Muskingum, 'Scioto, and Great Miami and other places. "It is worthy of remark," say Messrs. Squier and Davis, in their admirable work, "that the sites selected for settlements, towns and cities by the invading Europeans are often those Which were the especial favorites of the Mound Builders and the seats of their heaviest population." In confirmation of this remark may be mentioned the towns of Marietta, Newark, Portsmouth, Chillicothe, Circleville and Cincinnati, in Ohio; Frankfort, in Kentucky, and St. Louis, in Missouri. "The centers of population are now where they were at the period when the mysterious- race of the mounds flourished." The earth and stone works may be divided into two classes—Endlosures and Tumuli, or Mounds. These constitute a single system of works, but for obvious reasons it is proper to classify them as above. The two great classes may again be divided into minor classes, viz.: En-. closures for Defence, Sacred and Miscellaneous Enclosures, Mounds of Sacrifice, Temple .Mounds, Mounds of Sepulture, etc. The general character of these aboriginal monuments having been briefly indicated, we shall endeavor to give the reader a more particular description of each of the several classes of remains, DEFENSIVE WORKS. A large and interesting class of the Mound Builders' works are of such a nature that the object for which they were constructed is indisputable. This kind of enclosures, or "forts," as they are commonly called, are to be found throughout the length and breadth of the Mississippi valley, from the Alleghanies to the ranges of the HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO - 11 Rocky mountains. The rivers that flow through this vast basin have worn their valleys deep into what was originally a plain, leaving broad terraces. The sides of these terraces are generally steep and difficult of access, and sometimes absolutely inaccessible. These are the very points that would naturally be selected by any people as the sites of defensive works, and hence it is not a matter of surprise that these heights are found to be occupied by strong and complicated works. The locations have evidently been chosen with great care. They occupy the highest points of land, are never commanded from neighboring positions, and while' rugged and. steep on most sides, have one or more points of easy approach, in the protection of which the builders seem to have exerted their skill to its utmost. The usual defence is a simple embankment thrown up along and a little below the brow of the hill, varying in height and substantiability according to the degree of protection afforded by the natural declivity. Upon the side where the peninsula or promontory merges with the main land of the terrace or plateau, the enclosure is usually found to be guarded by double or overlapping walls, or a series of them, having sometimes an accompanying mound, designed, it may be, for a lookout, and corresponding to the barbican in the system of defence of the Britons of the middle ages. Works have been found which must originally have been by the side of streams, but from which the latter have receded in some cases half a mile. There is .no instance any fortification, enclosure, tumulus or other relic of the race of Mound Builders, having been found upon the lower or latest formed river terraces or bottoms. This is an important fact, and in connection with the one which precedes it affords strong evidence of the remoteness of the age in which the valley of the Ohio was the abiding place of this pre-historic people. Works of defence are found at Bourneville, Ross county, where the top of a high hill, having an area of one hundred and forty acres, is enclosed by a stone wall ; in Butler and Highland counties upon the Little and Great Miami rivers ; in Licking county, Greene, Warren and Preble counties, and a great many other places, that might be mentioned. These works considered in a military point of view as forts, are in well chosen localities invariably, are well guarded, and with an adequate force, it seems rational to surmise, may have been absolutely impregnable to any mode of attack practiced by a rude or semi-civilized peo ple. As natural strongholds they could not be excelled, and the amount of labor and skill expended in the artificial strengthening of the positions can not but arouse the admiration of the most stolid, and cause surprise to every student of our American antiquities. Some of these works are enclosed by miles of wall from ten to fifteen feet in height, measuring from the bottom of the ditch. With all of the facilities and labor-saving appliances of. the present age, the construction of such extensive works would be a large undertaking ; and when we reflect how comparatively rude, at the best, must have been the means in the possession of the people who raised the defensive works that abound in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi and their tributaries, we have some means of judging or the number of inhabitants the country must have had in the pre-historic era, and of the character of these people. Some of the " forts " have " dug holes " which contain at the present day large quantities of water, and which, it is not improbable, may have been designed as reservoirs from which a vast number of people, in a state of siege, may have drawn their water supply. All of the details of constructIon, in the more important of these works point conclusively to the character of the works. That they were intended for military defence does not admit a doubt. The fact that the walls following the angles of the hill formed strong natural bastions, that the embankments are highest where the natural defence was slightest, and that the gateways where ascent was practicable are guarded by double walls or successive series of walls, go to sustain. the conclusion. Every avenue is strongly guarded ; the principal approaches, at the only points of easy access, are rendered doubly secure, often by the most intricate arrangement of fortifications. In or near almost all of these enclosures of a defensive nature there is a mound which may have been a watch or signal tower. Some of the remains of fortifications show large numbers of openings which it has been surmised by various students of archaeology were not all intended for places of ingress and egress, but were for the most part occupied by block-houses or bastions, composed of timber, which has long since, perhaps many centuries ago, decayed. A notable enclosure in which this peculiarity occurs is "Fort Ancient" in Warren county, Ohio. Here, too, is shown a strong evidence of the skill of the ancient race, and of their design. Across an isthmus connecting a singular peninsular-like hill with a large plateau the artificial wall is not less than twenty feet in height, or twice as high as that which skirts along the top of the precipitous descent. From the many manifestations that these works afford of the military judgment of their builders it is safe to conclude that the fortifications were in all particulars the best to secure the objects they sought, and that what may seem to us evidences of weakness or insufficiency might appear very differently had we a knowledge of the Mound Builders' system of warfare, and of the nature of the people who were their opponents. One great principle may be laid down, from an examination of the ancient remains, viz.: those works that were primarily and principally intended for defence were situated upon the best natural sites, and they were irregular in form. What scenes of slaughter, deeds of bravery and heroism, may have been enacted upon and within these walls on which the grass has been growing for centuries; upon which great monarchs of the forest have slowly developed and rotted away, we can only imagine. But that here was felt the awful shock of war we cannot doubt. Such vast works were not raised because of any groundless fears; they were for defence against a known and powerful enemy; they were constructed through the exercise of a wonderful industry and steadfastness of purpose. It is safe to suppose that the race who toiled to rear 12 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO. these almost imperishable walls of earth had the hardihood and the courage to fight to the last against any foe—to conquer if they could, die if they must. In regard to the military works and the people by whom they were built, an eminent writer upon that subject* has advanced a theory from which we shall quote. After speaking of the small defensive works that form a line through the northern part of the State from Conneaut to Toledo, this archaeologist says: "The most natural inference in respect to this cordon of works is that they were constructed either to protect the advance Of a nation landing from the lake and moving southward for conquest, or that they formed a line of resistance for a people inhabiting these shores and pressed upon by their southern neighbors." Nearly all of the works at the north are comparatively small, and they are indisputably works of defense. At the south, on the other hand, agriculture and religion seem to have chiefly occupied the attention of the ancient people. "In view of these facts," continues the writer, "we may venture to suggest a hypothesis without undertaking to assign to it any more than a basis of probability. Upon the assumption that two distinct nations occupied the State--that the northern were warlike and the southern peaceful and agricultural in their habits—may we not suppose that the latter were overcome by their northern neighbors, who built the military works to be observed upon the Ohio and its tributaries, while the more regular structures are the remains of the conquered people." Messrs. Squier and Davis in their work upon the Mound Builders combat this theory. They say: "The differences pointed out are not greater than would naturally be exhibited between the structures of a sparse frontier population and those erected by more central and dense communities. The vast amount of work necessary to the construction of these forts precludes the notion that they were hastily constructed to repel a single or unexpected invasion. On the contrary there seems to have been a system of defences extending from the sources of the Susquehanna and Allegheny, in New York, diagonally across the country through central and northern Ohio to the Wabash. Within this range the works that are regarded as defensive are largest and most numerous. It may be inferred from the facts above stated that the pressure was from the northwest or that if the tide of emigration flowed from the south it was checked by this line. If, on the other hand, we suppose that in this region originated a semi-civilization which subsequently spread southward, constantly developing itself in its progress until it attained its culmination in Mexico, we may draw the inference that the savage hordes before whom the less warlike Mound Builders gradually retreated, or under whose onslaughts those who occupied the frontier entirely disappeared, came from the north. The contest was in either Case a protracted one, the immense change a slow one. The resemblances between the defences of the Mound Builders and those exhibited in Mexico and Peru are numerous, and point to the conclusion that they were * Charles Whittlesey, Esq., of Cleveland. the work of the same class of people, though in different eras of the progress of civilization. The consideration of other classes of monuments, especially the sacred enclosures, will show equally strong resemblances, but we shall not just here enlarge upon this branch of our subject, reserving it for consideration in another part of this chapter. SACRED ENCLOSURES. The existence through southern Ohio, and particularly in the Scioto valley, of a class of works very different in form and position from the military works, has been one of the most interesting facts that the students of archaeology have had to claim their attention, and has been one of the most important as a source of light by which to study the nature of the ancient race. Evidences of a very satisfactory nature are afforded by this class of remains, that. the Mound Builders were a religious race, for it has been demonstrated beyond a doubt, by those who have delved for secrets in some of these earth remains, that they were intended and used for sacred purposes. The small dimensions of most of the works, their regularity of construction, the occurrence of the ditch, interior to the embankment and the fact that many of them are completely commanded by adjacent heights, are circumstances which combine to show that the works were not intended solely or principally for defence. It being evident that this class of remains were not built for military purposes, the above conclusion is inevitable. In general character these works offer an appearance very different from those which have already been described. They are most commonly to be found on the low, level, broad river bottoms, and seldom occur upon the table lands, or where the surface of the earth is broken or undulating. They are usually square or circular in form, and often these forms are found in combination. Very frequently they are to be seen in groups, though many instances are known of their being isolated. The greater number of the circles are of small size, with a nearly uniform diameter of two hundred and fifty or three hundred feet, and the ditch or fosse invariably appears interior to the wall. These circles have one gateway, which usually, though not always, opens toward the east. Mounds occur within them which are called sacrificial mounds. The small circles usually occur within larger works of a different character. Numerous little circles, from thirty to fifty feet in diameter, are found in proximity to larger works, and it is conjectured that they were intended for the foundations of lodges or structures of some kind, perhaps the habitations of the chiefs or priests. The larger circles are oftenest found in connection with squares; some of them embrace as many as fifty acres. They seldom have a ditch, but where they do, it is within the wall. As in the case of the rectangular works with which they are combined (and which it is believed never have a ditch), their walls appear to have been constructed of material brought from a distance, or removed evenly from the surface enclosed. It is apparent that care has been taken in the construction of these works to leave the surface of the land enclosed by and adjacent to the structures as unbroken HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO - 13 as possible. As it has been shown that the builders of these works displayed in the construction of their military fortifications a knowledge of the value of the exterior fosse, this fact alone affords almost positive proof against the hypothesis of military design. The walls usually have been found to be slight, not exceeding a height of from three to seven feet, though in some cases, as in the great circle at Newark and in the works at Circleville, they were much higher, being at the first-named place thirty feet and at the latter from fifteen to twenty. The square or rectangular works found in combination with the circles are of various dimensions, but it has been noticed that certain groups are marked by a great uniformity in size. Quite a number are exact squares and measure exactly one thousand and eighty feet across. This uniformity could not possibly be accidental, and it clearly establishes the fact that the builders had some standard of measurement. The square enclosures have almost invariably eight gateways, at the angles and midway between upon each side, all of which are covered by. small mounds. In some of the larger enclosures the openings are more numerous. A few remains, probably constructed for the, same purpose or purposes as the squares and circles, have been discovered which are of an octagonal form. Near Chillicothe there is one of this character. The parallels, consisting of slight embankments, seven or eight hundred feet in length, and sixty or eighty feet apart, are considered as belonging to the general division denominate sacred enclosures. The works are so varied in the forms exhibited and combinations effected that it is impossible to convey an adequate idea by description. If they were intended as the temples and consecrated grounds of the ancient race, how great must have been the religious zeal and enthusiasm that led to their erection. The magnitude of these works affords perhaps the greatest objection to the theory that they were formed entirely for the purpose which we have here supposed. Is it not more probable that the largest of these works, such as that at Newark, which includes within its walls a. little less than four square miles, or even those which existed at Circleville, may have subserved several different purposes—that they may, in addition to having been places for worship, have been the theaters where games were indulged in, where marriages may have been celebrated, and great councils held? May they not have been occupied with the tents or houses or temples of the priesthood, or of those among the people who were great in authority, and, lastly, is it improbable that they were intended, also, in case of necessity to serve as places of refuge from an enemy? With the possibility, however, that the large and sometimes complicated enclosures were used for the several purposes above indicated, there remains the probability that they were more expressly designed for the celebration of religious or superstitious rites, and upon a colossal scale. There is reason to believe that the religious system of the Mound Builders, like that of the Aztecs, wielded among them a vast and probably controlling influence. Their government may have been a government of the priesthood, one in which their religious leaders exercised also the civil authority, and through its strong sway secured the erection of these monuments, which challenge the wonder of men, as the temples of an unknown God. Messers. Squier and Davis, in their work, say that these works "were probably like the great circles of England and the squares of India, Peru and Mexico, the sacred enclosures, within which were erected the shrines of the gods of the ancient worship and the altars of the ancient religion. They may have embraced consecrated groves." We know that it has been a practice common to almost every people in every time to enclose their shrines, their places of worship, that they might be guarded from the profanation of man and the desecration of animals. We may reason, therefore, from analogy that the class of remains which we have been considering were sacred enclosures. But it may be inquired, what has become of the enclosed shrines ? It must be conceded that any edifices not composed of stone or other imperishable material must have long ago disappeared and left no trace of existence. Nevertheless, within these enclosures are and have been found the sacrificial altars upon which human beings have undoubtedly been immolated, and pyramidal structures are to be seen which, except that they are composed of earth instead of stone, and have winding, graded ways leading to their summits instead of broad flights of steps, are similar to those found in Mexico. If these sustained edifices for worship they were doubtless composed of wood, which ages ago crumbled into dust. This class of works has been found and carefully surveyed and examined, at various localities in Ross county; at Newark, Licking county ; at Circleville ; in Athens county ; Pike county ; at Marietta ; at the mouth of the Scioto ; in Montgomery county ; in Franklin county, and at 'various other localities in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and along the Mississippi valley. SACRIFICIAL, SEPULCHRAL, TEMPLE AND MEMORIAL MOUNDS. Stately marble palaces and temples have fallen into shapeless masses of ruins, while the simple mounds erected by a more rude and primitive people have withstood the elements and retained almost perfectly their original forms and proportions. Therefore we find scattered throughout a wide country the mound monuments raised by an ancient race. These were among nearly all races, in their infancy, the first objects of which ambition and adoration prompted the erection,. the primitive memorials of all peoples. They are the principal storehouses of ancient art ; they enclose the sacred altars reared in the name of a lost religion ; they hold in sepulture the bones of the distinguished dead. As disclosed by the pick and spade these mounds and their contents serve to give the investigating archaeologist the most extensive knowledge he can obtain in regard to the customs of their builders and the condition of the arts and sciences among them. The mounds found in Ohio and elsewhere are most commonly divided by the students of this class of an- 14 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO. tiquities into several classes, viz.: Sepulchral, Sacrificial, Temple, Memorial or Monumental, Anomalous Mounds and Mounds of Observation. There is also a class of Effigies (which seldom occur except in the northwest) that are variously styled Animal, Emblematic or Symbolical mounds. Like the enclosures elsewhere described, these mounds are usually composed of earth, though stone mounds are by no means rare. It occasionally happens that a mound of stone occurs in a group of those composed of earth, as' is the case of those which were within the limits of the city of Chillicothe. In respect to the positions of the mounds it may be said that those in Ohio occur mostly within or near enclosures; sometimes in groups but oftener isolated. Such is believed to be the case generally throughout the Mississippi valley. Messrs. Squier and Davis examined with especial reference to this point the works along the Ohio, from the Scioto to the Guyandotte, and found none of large dimensions in the form of enclosures, though mounds, chiefly small ones, were found in abundance. They were placed sometimes in lines as if by design. On the tops of the hills bordering the valleys in which earthworks are found; mounds occur in considerable numbers, the most elevated and commanding positions being frequently crowned with them. It is conjectured, and upon grounds of the strongest probability, that the mounds of this class were used for the same purpose as the cairns of the ancient Celts, that is as signal or alarm posts, and they have consequently been denominated signal mounds or mounds of observation. Colonel W. Marshall Anderson, of Circleville, an enthusiastic student of American antiquities, who has devoted much time to the examination of the Mound Builders' remains, holds to the above theory and has demonstrated by actual survey, made at his own expense, that these signal posts or watch towers which occur in the Scioto valley, formed a regular chain or system, and that by means of fires upon them signals could be sent up or down the country, to give warning of the approach of an enemy or to convey other intelligence. It is by no means improbable that centuries ago stirring information of danger, of defeat or of victory may have been flashed from station to station by means of beacon fires, the whole length of the Scioto and that messages of vast import may have been almost as quickly sent by this means in the pre-historic age, as they now are by electricity. It is an astounding but in every respect a reasonable conclusion that before the discovery of America by Columbus or by the Norse adventurers intelligence may have been sent from the Ohio river to the interior of what is now the State of Ohio with at least as great "rapidity as in the present age by the steam-driven mail train that sweeps up the valley from Portsmouth to the Capitol! On the eastern border of the Scioto valley, from Chillicothe to Columbus, about twenty mounds of the class commonly called mounds of observation, occur, so placed in respect to each other that were the forest of the country somewhat modified, signals of fire might be transmitted along the whole line. There is one upon the hill nearly six hundred feet high, called. Logan, near Chillicothe, which includes in its range the Circleville works and others up and down the Scioto valley. These mounds vary in size according to the height of the natural eminences upon which they are placed. Sometimes they are found so far back from the crests of the hills as to be invisible from the valleys—a fact which, while it does not harm the hypothesis that many of the mounds were intended, primarily, for signal posts, clearly indicates that others were intended for different purposes. Some bear upon their summits the traces of intense heat, whether of fires kindled to serve as signals, or for the celebration of some religious rite, it is not always safe to conjecture. The lines of classification can never be rigidly drawn. There are many mounds that must be regarded as anomalous. The altar or sacrificial mounds have several distinctive characteristics. They occur only within or near the enclosures of that class commonly considered as the sacred places' of the ancient race; they are usually stratified, and they contain symmetrically formed altars upon which are found various remains, all of which have been subjected to the action of fire. The altars are usually of stone or burnt clay, evidently brought from a distance; are of regular form, and rest upon the surface of the original earth at the center of the mound. Upon these altars have been found calcined bones, ashes, charcoal, igneous stones, beads., stone implements and pottery. Sacrifices of animals were, without doubt, here offered to propitiate the gods, and it is probable that human sacrifices also occurred. Although the altars are symmetrical, they are by no means uniform in shape or size. Some are round, some oblong, others square, and they vary from two to fifty feet in length, the usual dimensions being from five to eight feet. The remains found in the sacrificial mounds are, in numerous cases, such as to indicate that the altars had been covered up before the fires upon them were extinguished. The stratification of the mounds is not horizontal, but conforms to the convexity of their shape, and consists of alternate layers of sand, gravel and pebbles. Why the altars were covered is a question that cannot be answered. It may have been in conformance to some religious law, or to preserve them from the profane gaze of the people of another faith than that of these builders. Sepulchral mounds are more numerous than any of the other classes of tumuli. They are generally of conical form, and vary in size from six to eighty or ninety feet in height, the average altitude being perhaps twenty feet. They usually stand outside of the walls of enclosures, and often occur in localities remote from any other monuments, though there are many cases in which they are found in groups, exhibiting a dependence that probably has some meaning. These mounds invariably cover a skeleton, and in rare instances, more than one. The skeletons most .commonly have evidences of having been enveloped at the time of their interment in bark, or coarse matting, of which the traces and casts sometimes remain. Occasionally a rude chamber of stone or timber surrounded the human remains., Burial by fire seems to have been frequently practiced by the Mound Builders in Ohio and the other Northern States, and urn burial HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO - 15 undoubtedly prevailed in the Southern States. With the skeletons are found various remains of art, rude utensils of different kinds, ornaments and weapons. The fact that such articles are always found in close proximity to the human remains indicates that the Mound Builders, like the North American Indians, had the superstitious and delusive notion that the implements and weapons would be useful to the deceased in the future state. It is vulgarly believed that the ancient race reared mounds over the resting places of all their dead, an idea which is readily dispelled by reflection upon the immensity of their population and the comparatively small number of mounds. A people so numerous as the Mound Builders must have been, and living in the country, as there is evidence they did, for a long period, must have had vast cemeteries. The conclusion to which all archaeologists have come in regard to this matter, is, that only the illustrious chieftains or priests of the race were honored by the rearing of mounds over their places of sepulture, and that the greater number, the common people of the race, were buried by the simple process of interment. Day after day, and year after year, since the present race pushed westward into the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi, the ploughshare has uncovered remains which have well-nigh returned " to the dust whence they came." So common has been the occurrence of unearthing human remains in some parts of the country that the discovery scarcely elicits remark. The wasting banks of the rivers occasionally display vast cemeteries, and names have been given to several localities from such exposures. At various places thousands of graves are said to occur, placed in ranges parallel with each other, and extensive ancient burial places are well known in Missouri and Tennessee. It is not to be wondered at that when the bones in the mounds have so nearly crumbled into shapeless fragments, those buried in the common plain, and which are necessarily less protected from moisture, should in many cases have passed to that condition nearly or quite indistinguishable from the mould that surrounds them. There are doubtless grand depositories of the dead who thronged our valleys and raised the silent monuments of their toil all about us. We know not when we tread the earth of our village streets or the green turf of. the fields, but that we walk over the remains of thousands of forms, which an age ago were pregnant with the same life and spirit of which we are possessed. By some students it is maintained that the size of the sepulchral mounds bears some relation to the rank and importance, when living, of the personages over whom they have been erected. It is conjectured that where several tumuli are found in juxtaposition, the largest covers the remains of some hero or .chief among the people and the small ones those of members of his family, or perhaps those who were his counsellors and aids. In many instances the remains of Indians have been found in the mounds, usually interred near the surface. The comparatively recent date of their entombment is established by the fact that with the remains have been discovered silver ornaments, objects such as have never been found in the lower depths of the tumuli, and clearly of such origin as would point to their manufacture or introduction by the early French or English explorers. In instances where large numbers of human remains have been unearthed in the digging down of mounds, the verdict of those qualified by research to judge, has been that they were the skeletons of Indians. It is probable that the ceremonies of interment among the Mound Builders were conducted with great regularity of system, and that they were deliberate and solemn observances, regulated by religious customs and celebrated with all of the pomp and dignity that have characterized similar ceremonies among most superstitious races. It is not improbable that in certain cases a special practice may have been observed. The presence or absence of charcoal layers and also the evidences of in cremation or of simple inhumation may be accounted for upon this hypothesis.. The greatest of the mounds of this class is. at the mouth of Grave creek, upon the Ohio, twelve miles. below Wheeling, in. the State of Virginia. Its height is about seventy feet, and its circumference at the base about one thousand. When excavated, in 1838, it was found to contain two chambers; one upon the level of the surrounding plain, containing two skeletons, and another thirty feet above, which contained but one skeleton. It is conjectured that the latter was placed upon the top of the mound as first erected, and that earth was then piled upon it until the mound reached its present proportions. With the remains in this great mound were found between three and four thousand shell beads, a number of ornaments of mica, bracelets of copper, and various articles carved from stone. Small mounds, of the kind which has here been described, abound along the valley of the Ohio and the Scioto. The Temple mounds are not numerous in Ohio, and it is believed only occur at Marietta, Newark, Portsmouth, and in the vicinity of Chillicothe. They are usually in the form of truncated cones, and when of other form than the cone have invariably flattened or ley' el tops. Some have a large area and slight elevation, and are called platforms. Some are terraced, and some have graded ways or spiral ascents to their summits. The object for which the mounds of this class were reared was, it is conjectured, to furnish sites for temples or " high places " for the performance of the religious rites of the people. Along the Mississippi river the further southward investigations have been carried the larger and more perfect are tumuli of this kind found to be. They constantly increase in size until they merge by imperceptible degrees of improvement into the form and magnitude of the Teocalli of Mexico. Some remarkable temple mounds occur in Kentucky, on the Cumberland river, and elsewhere. In Whiteby county is one three hundred and sixty feet long, one hundred and fifty wide and twelve high, with graded ascents.; and at Hopkinsville, Christian county, is one of great size, upon which the court house is built." * These mounds, whether found in the north or south, are generally of large. base and small altitude. " The supposition is that the summits of these temple mounds were crowned * Squier and Davis. 16 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO with structures of wood that served the purpose of temples, all traces of which, owing to the perishable nature of the material used in their construction, have disappeared." Memorial or monumental mounds belong to the class of tumuli that were constructed to perpetuate the memory of some important event, or in honor of some great personage. Many of the mounds found along the Ohio, and in fact throughout the country from the lakes southward, are believed to be of this class. The practice of raising mounds of stone or earth among the ancient Hebrews and other nations of antiquity is a well authenticated matter of history—religious and profane. It is supposed that the Mound Builders, like those races, and like the civilized people of the present age, reared many of their mounds to serve simply as monuments or memorials of great deeds accomplished. Beside the classes of tumuli already described are many others of various construction and characteristics, as the stone heaps, for instance, which occur in connection with the works and sometimes alone, and the mounds composed of what appear to be ashes and portions of charcoal. By far the most striking and peculiar constructions, however, are the animal mounds of the northwest. The field in which this class of remains occur is embraced within the southern part of Wisconsin and extends from east to west about one hundred and fifty miles. The effigies or animal mounds are simply raised figures or great basso relievos of beasts, birds, reptiles and sometimes of men. They are from a foot to six feet in height. The belief has been expressed by some good authorities that these works were intended to be heraldic symbols, or symbolical mounds, which may have been erected as objects of worship or as altars upon which sacrifices were offered, or that perhaps they "served some other purposes connected with the religious worship of their idolatrous and superstitious constructors." "Of the three most notable examples of effigies in our State," says Mr. Smucker, of Newark, "two are situated in Licking county. One of these is near the center of an ancient work commonly called 'The Old Fort,' which is an enclosure of high banks, within a mile of Newark, containing within its embankments nearly thirty acres. It is called Eagle mound from its supposed resemblance to an eagle on the wing. At all events it represents a bird of immense proportions with its wings outspread.. * * * * Its length is, approximately, two hundred feet and it measures about the same from tip to tip of wings. Excavations into the middle of this effigy brought to light an altar which gave indications of the action of fire upon the earth and stones composing it, while the presence of ashes and charcoal strongly suggested sacrificial offerings." The other, called Alligator mound, is situated upon the summit of a hill about six miles west of Newark. The shape and form are distinctly represented. Near Brush creek, in Adams county, is the most extensive and remarkable effigy mound in Ohio. "It is in the form of a serpent [we quote from Mr. Smucker] of more than a * Isaac Smucker. thousand feet in length, his body forming graceful curves and his tail terminating in triple coils. The embankment which constitutes the main body of the serpent is about five feet in height, measures thirty feet in width and diminishes in size both toward the head and tail." The mouth is Widely open, as if in the act of swallowing or ejecting an oval figure, which rests partly within the distended jaws. "The combined figure has been regarded-by some as a representation of the oriental cosmological idea of the serpent and the egg." A singular class of remains is found in Missouri. They consist of small tumuli having, as a general thing, the form of an ellipse, and measure about twenty-five by eighteen feet. They are very numerous in some localities, always occur near the streams, and are arranged in straight lines, with regular streets between them, as if they were the. remains of mud houses, or the foundations upon which some kind of structures had once stood. THE ART REMAINS found in the various earth works of the Mound Builders consist mostly of articles of pottery and implements, weapons and ornaments made of flint, bone, ivory, shell, stone and metal. No traces of wooden utensils are found. If the ancient race had such they have perished completely. But few and faint evidences have been found of materials which formed articles of dress. The Mound Builders seem to have attained a considerable degree of skill in the art of making pottery, and the various specimens that have been found exhibit a delicacy of modeling and finish. which compare favorably with the ancient Mexican and Peruvian pottery, which they resemble in many particulars. They are superior to anything of known Indian origin. The material of which they are composed is a fire clay, usually worked nearly pure, though sometimes containing an admixture of sand, pulverized quartz, or mica. The articles found have been urns, bowls, vases, pipes, and rude sculptures, probably idols, representing men and animals. But comparatively few of these specimens have been found in Ohio. They are more numerous, and of finer and larger proportions, in the South. Articles of metal have been discovered in considerable numbers. They are of such appearance as to indicate that the makers had no knowledge of the art of reducing metals from the ores or of forming them by the aid of fire. Most of the implements and ornaments appear to have been shaped by hammering. Copper is among the metals that occur most commonly, and of it axes, breast-plates and various ornaments are composed. Silver only occurs as the plating or covering of other metals. It is laid on with great delicacy, over copper, in thin leaves. Copper axes and drills or chisels, hammered from rods of this metal, have been found at various places in Ohio—in the Scioto valley and other sections of the State. Ornaments of copper have been found encircling the arms of skeletons in the sepulchral mounds and are not unfrequently discovered upon the altars enclosed in the sacrificial mounds. Gorgets or breast-plates of the same metal frequently occur, as do also discs, HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AN I) PICK AWAY COUNTIES, OHIO - 17 tubes, beads, etc. These articles, like the axes, have not only been found in the tumuli of the Southern States, but in those of the Northern, and specimens of all have been picked up at Chillicothe, Circleville, and other places in the vicinity of the Scioto. Implements of stone, flint arrow and spear heads, and axes of obsidian greenstone, porphyry and granite are among the articles found in the largest quantity and variety. The axes vary in size from two to ten inches in length, and from slight weight up to that of a dozen pounds. They were evidently intended, in most cases, to be attached to handles, and were designed for various uses, as battle axes, or simple cutting or crusting imstruments, of value in the arts of peace and industry. Awl and needle shaped instruments made of polished bone, and horn, are of frequent occurrence The immense quantities in which these pipes have been unearthed would indicate that the Mound Builders were great smokers. They are of an almost infinite variety of forms, sizes and substance, some simple and others very elaborate in design. Most are worked in porphyry and display a finish which would indicate that their makers were considerably advanced in the arts. A large proportion of the articles found in the mounds may be classed as ornaments. Beads may be counted in some instances by hundreds, and even thousands, each one of such appearance as to indicate no inconsiderable labor of production. They are formed of metal, bone, ivory, shells and other materials. Pendants of quite elaborate workmanship are common. Many of the beads, pendants, gorgets and nameless ornaments are of peculiar and oft-recurring form, a fact that leads to the conclusion that they had a conventional significance and were worn as insignia or badges of distinction. Mica seems to have been much regarded by the Mound Builders, and has frequently been found in the sepulchral mounds and elsewhere, both in its crude state and in the form of various ornaments. The sculptures from the mounds belong to the highest grade of remains left by the ancient race. There is nothing imposing about them, but they are remarkable for the faithfulness with which they represent animals and birds of other climes than those in which they are found, and they thus are of value as indicating the emigration, extensive communication, or a cotemporaneous existence of the same race over a vast extent of country. The sculptures, like all the other remains, are more numerous toward the gulf of, Mexico than in the north. Representations of the human head have been found under such circumstances as to leave little doubt that they belonged to the mound era. Images of animals are much more common than those of the human head or figure. Their leading characteristics are such as to point to an identity between them and the larger and more elaborate sculptures found in Mexico. The art remains are immeasurably beyond anything that the North American Indians are known to have produced, even at this day, with all of the suggestions of European art and the advantages afforded by steel instruments."* * Squier and Davis. REMAINS IN PICKAWAY AND FRANKLIN COUNTIES. The ancient remains in Pickaway and Franklin counties number at least a hundred distinct works, and there are doubtless even more. The larger portion of them are in Pickaway county, and the most important are to be found in the vicinity of Circleville, which was unquestionably a densely settle center of population, as was evidenced by the extensive works which give the present town its name and which are fully described elsewhere in this volume. (See history of Circleville.) There is upon the place of D. M. Pontious, within the Circleville incorporation limits, a small mound, partially destroyed by excavation. Just outside of the corporation is a lookout or signal mound upon the land of N. Julien, upon the Lancaster pike. There is also upon Edward Smith's property, a mound upon a natural eminence corresponding to that which stood where the Episcopal church now is, and perhaps belonging to the same system. It was opened a number of years ago by Col. W. Marshall Anderson, who removed from it same small articles of copper and a finely preserved skull, which is mentioned by Prof. Wilson in his work on Pre-historic Man. There is upon John J. Lindsey's place, near the river, a small mound which may, however, be of natural formation. In Washington township there is a simple tumulus upon the farm of Jacob Hitler, and in Pickaay there are several tumuli, among the most important being those upon the farms of S. H. Evans and James Rader, and one in the forty-fourth section, the latter probably as large as any tumulus in the county.. That upon the farm of Mr. Rader is upon a natural elevation and is about twenty feet high. In Jackson township there is a conical mound about thirty-five feet high, near John Renick's house, on Darby creek. It corresponds to the signal mounds in Circleville and Wayne townships, and commands a view of several of them. Another mound in this township is upon the river, on land owned by W. B. Caldwell. It is a regular conical shaped tumulus, about twenty-five feet high, and was doubtless, like most of the other mounds in this vicinity, used as a signal station. Upon land owned by Washington McLean and situated upon Darby creek, is another large mound, and not far away the washing of the creek has disclosed large quantities of human bones, buried at a depth of only two or three feet. It is conjectured, from the manner of burial, that the beings whose bones were laid here perished in battle and were hastily interred. In Wayne township there is an enclosure on the William Fleming farm. The walls were about ten or twelve feet in height and the area enclosed not far from fifty acres. It is known as the "Old Fort." Another enclosure is upon the Scioto river about two miles north of Yellow Bud and crossed by the old Franklinton road. It consists of a single wall and ditch cutting off a high promontory, formed by the declivity of the table land and the bank of a wide and deep ravine. The banks are not far from one hundred feet in height, and in most places absolutely inaccessible. It has a single gateway opening towards •a spring. The wall is four feet high, and the 18 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO. ditch of corresponding depth. There are no mounds within this enclosure nor in its immediate vicinity. The enclosure was undoubtedly designed for defence. Mounds occur upon the farms of John Kirkindall, James Westenhaver and George Bartelmas. There is a tradition that an inscribed stone was found near the enclosure last described, but it does not have the credence of those who have made. the mounds a study. In Scioto township, near what is known as "Mound riffle," is a mound, now half washed away, upon the land of George Hall. Immediately above, on the farm of David Williams, upon a bluff bank, is what was once a vast cemetery. Many of the .bones have been washed from their burial place by the high water. There is a tumulus upon the farm of V. I. Williams. 'In .this township, near the north line of the county and upon the right bank of the Scioto is an enclosure evidently for defensive purpose. It is only remarkable for possessing three lines of embankments, with the corresponding ditches. In Muhlenburgh township is one of the most perfect mounds to be found in the county. It is upon the level bottom of Darby creek, on the farm of Jesse Gulick. Another is to be seen upon the property of Milton M. Thomas, a mile and a half south of that first mentioned. Walnut township contains several ancient remains. Those at Ringold are the most noteworthy. A small circle is visible still, and three mounds, composed principally of red stone, are near by. In Salt Creek there is a small mound of stone which may possibly have been formed by the Indians. It is near Adelphi, upon the farm of Mrs. Susannah Shoemaker, and upon one of the highest elevations in Pickaway county. The mound itself is about thirty feet high. Near Tarlton, in the narrow valley of Salt creek, is a remarkable specimen of the ancient remains in the form of a Greek cross. It occupies .a narrow spur of land at a prominent point in the valley. It is ninety feet between the ends, and elevated about three feet above the adjacent surface. It is surrounded by a slight ditch. In the center is a circular depression, twenty feet across and about as many inches deep. The sides of the cross correspond very nearly with the cardinal points. Immediately back of it is a small circular elevation of stone and earth, denominated an altar. Several small mounds occur near by, and upon the high hill are several large ones. Mounds are quite numerous in this little valley and upon the hills bordering it, but it is not known to contain any enclosures. * One of the most notable of the ancient remains in Franklin county is a defensive fortification four and a half miles north of Worthington, on the left bank of Olentangy creek. The artificial defence consists of a wall, which is now about three feet in height, with an exterior ditch. The natural defence is a bluff of slate one hundred feet in height. This work was surveyed, many years ago, by Charles Whittlesey, esq. The same archaeologist and antiquarian, in a contribution to the Smithsonian publications, (volume III), has a brief description,. with an accompanying plate, of'-some * Squier and Davis. ancient remains about three miles southwest of Columbus, on the Harrisburg turnpike. There were here plainly visible, a few years ago, two almost exact circular enclosures, one about eight hundred, and the other about five hundred feet in diameter. The walls were only slight elevations, and measuring from the bottom of the ditch (which in this case was exterior) to the top of the embankment, the distance was nowhere found to be more than three feet. No evidence was discovered that palings had ever crowned this low embankment. Mr. Joseph Sullivant, who, at his own expense, a number of years ago, had surveys made of many works in Ohio, has drawings of an oblong enclosure on William Vining's land, on the Olentangy, at a point where a small run comes in. A truncated mound is represented upon the southern embankment, and there is a small circular enclosure with an opening to the east, near by, and another with three openings, in a northwesterly direction from the large enclosure. None of the embankments were more than three feet high when the examination was made, and maps drawn, which Mr. Sullivant has in his possession. The purpose for which this enclosure was intended is not clearly revealed. Its location gives some indication that it might have been for defence, but the conformation of the embankment tends to controvert that theory. The walls were not of sufficient height to have formed a defence of any value, unless they had been surmounted by palings. A small work at the mouth of a run which empties into the Olentangy, above Worthington, shows a conformation which would indicate that it was for defensive purposes. It 'is simply a low embankment in the form of an arc of a circle, and running from the river bank to that of the creek. It is marked in the drawing as situated upon the DeWolf lot. Mr. Sullivant, at an early day, observed many small and irregular elevations and enclosures about Franklin-ton, which have since, of course, been entirely obliterated. Parallel lines of embankment occurred in several places. The observations of the gentleman whom we have named have extended over a wide field and a long period, and his conclusions have, therefore, the Weight of a most excellent authority. It is interresting to note that upon one important matter, at least, his investigations have led to the same discovery that another careful student—W. Marshall Anderson, of Circleville—has made. We refer to the evident location of the mounds along the river in such places as made signaling from one to another possible. Mr. Sullivant found small tumuli all along the Scioto, from Dublin southward, each of which commanded a view of the next immediately above or below, and that their location was so fixed intentionally he has no doubt. These tumuli, which have usually been called signal mounds, or mounds of observation, are usually not of large size. There is a noticeable increase in their elevation and general dimensions the farther south they occur in the valley of the Scioto, as, in fact, there is in other valleys, and as has been heretofore stated, in the great valley of the Mississippi. HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO - 19 We may add here that Mr. Sullivant believes that a race of men existed here anterior to the age of the Mound Builders, and he cites, as one evidence of this theory, shell heaps mingled with charcoal, which he has discovered under many feet of earth by the side of the river and laid bare by its washings. The shells are those of a mussel, but different from that which is at present found in our streams. The more common classes of earthworks—the tumuli known as mounds of observation, and as sepulchral or commemorative mounds — were, and are still, very numerous in Franklin county, though many have been obliterated by the plowshare or dug away by seekers after curiosities. They occur in greatest number along the Scioto, the Olentangy, and other streams, and many may still be seen in Washington, Norwich, Perry, Sharon, Clinton, Blendon, Mifflin, Montgomery, Franklin, Hamilton, and Jackson townships. They are, or were, most numerous in the vicinity of Columbus (giving evidence again that the centers of the old population were in the same vicinities as the present) and upon the east side of the river. There was a mound in Franklinton made of clay, and the brick of which the old court house, the first in the county, was constructed, were made of the clay which the ancient people had handled and reared into a memorial-or monument. Another mound stood upon ground now covered by the penitentiary, and was demolished at an early day. The location of one mound in Columbus, which was long since destroyed, is imperishably fixed by the naming of a street. The tumulus which stood where the court house now is, at the corner of Mound and High streets, was found to contain, when it was demolished, many human bones and some remains of rude art. There is an object of the latter class, taken from this mound, in possession of Joseph Sullivant, esq., which is quite unique. It is the figure of an owl, carved in stone, and is about seven and a half inches long and five inches in height. There is a funnel-shaped cavity in the back, communicating with another, drilled at nearly a right angle, and it is conjectured that the figure may have been used as the bowl of a pipe. The old State House was partly constructed of bricks manufactured from the clay of this mound. The following lines called forth by the razing of this mound, published in one of the city papers at .the time, well reflect the regrets that many felt when the interesting monument was demolished. They were written by 'Thomas Backus, of Columbus, and appeared over the signature of " Fabius." " Oh, Town ! consecrated before The white man's foot ere trod our shore, To battle's strife and valor's grave, Spare ! oh pare, the buried brave. " A thousand winters passed away, And yet demolished not the clay, Which on yon hillock held in trust, The quick of the warrior's dust. " The Indian came and went, He hunted through the lengthened plain ; And from the mound he oft beheld The present silent battle field. " But did the Indiau e'er presume, To violate that ancient tomb ? Ah, no ! he had the soldier grace Which spares the soldier's resting place." “It is alone for Christian hand. To sever that sepulchral band, Which ever to the view is spread, To bind the living to the dead." DEDUCTIONS AND SPECULATIONS. The reader, taking into consideration the general facts which have been presented in this chapter, will be able to deduce his own conclusions in regard to the probable number and nature of the ancient population. In regard to the numerical strength of the race, it is safe to conclude that it was great and widespread, and in customs, government and religion was homogeneous. But whether the Mound Builders were ever at one time spread over the entire country in which we find their works, or whether they migrated slowly from one part to another, seeking a more genial climate, or pressed by another and hostile people, we cannot know, nor does such questions effect the correctness of the conclusion above stated. The differences pointed out between the works in the northern, middle and southern divisions are not sufficient to indicate that they were the works of different nations. The features common to all are numerous and authorize the belief that they belong to one grand system. The immensity of many of the remains, and the great number of the smaller ones, point to the conclusion that the race was one of vast number. Caleb Atwater, in his contribution to the Archaeologia Americanna, published in 1819, says : "The State of Ohio was probably once much more thickly settled than it now is, when it contains a population of about seven hundred thousand inhabitants "—a conclusion which has been assented to by nearly every student of western antiquities. Some parts of the State were doubtless uninhabited, but the dense population in the localities of Circleville, Chillicothe, along Paint creek, at the mouth of the Scioto, and in other places along the valleys of the Ohio and its tributaries, must have made the population as large as that claimed by Mr. Atwater, and in the localities named above very likely as large or larger than it is at present. Beside the evidence afforded by the size of the works and their elaborate character, the immense number of human bones found in the earth all through Southern Ohio and along the valley of the Mississippi attest the fact that there was a dense population resident for a long period. That this people were under a single and strong government seems highly probable, because under any other the performance of such an immense amount of labor could not have been secured. Very likely some sort of servitude or vassalage prevailed.* It follows of necessity that if the Mound Builders were a numerous people, they were also an agricultural people. The population was much too large to have been sustained by' the spontaneous yieldings of the earth, by the products of the streams and lakes, or to live by the chase. They were not savages or barbarians, but attained to * Isaac Smucker. 20 -HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICK AWAY COUNTIES, OHIO. that condition of life best described as semi-civilized. The general features of the works prove this. They had some military skill, as is shown by the construction of their fortresses, and some knowledge of mathematics or of something analogous to modern methods of surveying, as is evidenced by the regularity of the geometrically formed enclosures, many of which are absolutely perfect circles, squares or octagons, as the case may be, and uniform in size. They had, as has been shown, some skill in constructive art, and in the working of metals. Undoubtedly the ancient people had great regard for their religion, as is shown by the great number and size of those works which were incontestably constructed for religious observances. The sacrificial character of their religion is beyond doubt. Some of the wisest students of ancient remains have not hesitated to say that the Mound Builders worshipped the elements, also the sun, moon and stars, and that they offered up human sacrifices to the gods whom they worshipped. This latter conclusion has been deduced from the fact that calcined human bones have been often found upon the altars unearthed in various parts of the country. Incremation may, however, have been practiced, and the remains thus left have afforded grounds for the foregoing supposition. When and from whence came the Mound. Builders, and when and whither did they go? These are questions to which there comes no answering voice. Only the smallest evidence, and that of the apochryphal kind, has been received that the ancient race had a written language. The two or three tablets that have been discovered, even if genuine, may have been only trophies that the Mound Builders secured from some other race, and which, perhaps, were handed down for ages as precious heirlooms. Were it possible to decipher them there is but little reason to believe that any knowledge of the origin of the people in whose works they were found could be gained. It Is improbable that any discoveries will ever be made which will settle this mooted question. Those who do not argue that the Mound Builders were an aboriginal race, generally agree that they had their origin in the Orient, traveled eastward across Asia, finally crossed the Pacific Ocean or Behrings Straits, and then passing southward and eastward, increasing as they went, reached the middle region of the northern United States, and from thence, by slow process of migration, made their way southward through the Mississippi valley and ultimately into Mexico. The resemblances between the tumuli of the United States and the Teocalli of Mexico suggest some connection between the people whom we know as the Mound Builders and the semi-civilized races that formerly dwelt in the latter country, in Central America and. Peru, and who erected the vast structures which lend such an absorbing interest to those regions. Another theory is that the race, instead of journeying southward, improving constantly in condition and. increasing largely in • population, had their origin in Mexico, or some other part of tropical or semi-tropical South or North America, and migrated northward, gradually retrograding in civilization until they reached the lake region and became so barbarian in their habits of life as to have lost their early habits of industry, their civilized customs, and their government. This theory has but little support, its opposite—previously stated—being, as has been heretofore said, the one which most archaeologists have favored. Beside the fact that the similarity between the ancient works in the northern part of the United States, those along the Mississippi and those in Mexico, points to their creation by the same race, the history and traditions of the ,early Mexican people, which extend back to the seventh century, afford something of a corroboratory nature. The people of Montezuma, as that unhappy ruler informed Cortez, knew by their looks that they "were not natives, but strangers who came from a great distance." Thus it will be seen, if the Mound Builders were the progenitors of the race to which Montezuma belonged, they must have arrived in Mexico prior to the close of the seventh century. The Aztecs are said by Mexican authorities to have arrived in the year 648. To that race they ascribe the Teocalli with which their country abounds. If we allow Ourselves to be influenced by the above date, supposing, indeed, that the Aztecs were the descendents of the Mound Builders, we must necessarily regard the ancient remains of our country as belonging to a period prior to the date given. The same or a greater degree of antiquity is indicated by other evidence. The exceedingly decayed condition of the skeletons in the mounds, the amount of vegetable accumulation in the excavations, the age of trees standing upon embankments, the shifting of the river channels and the facts that none of the Mound Builders' works stand upon the latest terraces or river bottoms or north of the northernmost lake ridges, 'all lead to the conclusion that great time has elapsed since the 'ancient race inhabited the country. Some of the trees are positively known. to have an age of from six to eight hundred years, and they are surrounded by the mouldering trunks of others undoubtedly of equal original size. Allowance must be made for a reasonable time for the encroachment of the forest after the works were abandoned by the builders, and then how great seems the antiquity of these remains when we reflect that they have been covered by at least the second full growth of forest. Speculating upon a people of a less remote age, we might exclaim With Halleck, " What tales if there be tongues in trees, These giant oaks could tell Of beings born and buried here !" But the hoary antiquity of the stateliest monarchs of the wood cannot carry us back to the time when the builders of the enduring earth monuments dwelt in our land. We can only know that a vast population filled our valleys and passed away ; that a nation existed and is gone, leaving no page of history to carry through the ages the story of its origin and destiny. All that the student desires to know, that for which he has anxiously but vainly sought, has been engulfed in the illimitable oblivion that holds so much more of the history of human life—how much we cannot tell. And here another thought arises HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO - 21 —the conception of a possibility so stupendous and awe-inspiring as to render the subject of our former speculation, large though it is and fraught with mysterious interest, dwarfed by the comparison. Vast as may have been the age that has elapsed since our land was the theater of this unknown race, it is but a brief period in the cycles of time that have swept by since the first day dawn of the world, and ancient as we are accustomed to regard the Mound Builders of America, they may have been only the last in a series of vanished races of men—the blood of the earth that has gone forth at every pulse beat of creation, every heart throb of the Infinite. CHAPTER II. THE INDIANS. THE next race of men occupying our land after the disappearance of the immense semi-civilized population which reared the countless earth memorials of their existence, .was the savage Indian race, vastly weaker in numbers than their mysterious predecessors, and, unlike them, having less prominent habitations and subsisting chiefly upon the spontaneous yieldings of earth and stream, and following the chase for their simple food and other necessities. The history of the Indian tribes of the territory that now constitutes the State of Ohio, begins at about the middle of the eighteenth century. Knowledge concerning them before. 1750 is meagre, and consists almost wholly of their vague traditions. Indian traders and explorers began, a little before the middle of the last century, to contribute some accurate information in regard to the tribes among whom they made their journeys, and Colonel Boquet's expedition to the villages on the Tuscarawas and Muskingum rivers resulted in the attainment of the most definite and authentic knowledge that had, up to that time, been secured. The principal tribes were the Wyandots, called Hurons by the French, the Delawares and the Shawanoes or Shawnees, both of the Algonquin group, the Miamis, the Mingos, an offshoot from the Iroquis or a fragment of the Six Nations, and the Ottawas and Chippewas. The Wyandots occupied the country about the Sandusky river; the Delawares the valleys of the Tuscarawas and Muskingum; the Miamis the valleys of the Great and Little Miami; the Mingos were in greatest number on the Ohio river about Mingo bottom, below Steubenville, and also on the Scioto river; the Ottawas had their headquarters in the valleys of the Maumee and Sandusky; the Chippewas were confined principally to the south Shore of Lake Erie, and the Shawnees, who are most properly the subject of this chapter, had their greatest strength in the valleys of the Scioto and Mad rivers. All of the different tribes, however, frequented, more or less, lands lying outside of their regular divisions of territory. They commingled, more or less, with each other, and so it occurred that in the Scioto valley and elsewhere, at the period when the first definite knowledge of the Ohio Indians was obtained, numbers of them belonging to the Wyandot, Delaware, Mingo, and Miami divisions were found. The Wyandots, or Hurons, according to the greatest weight of authority, were among the earliest red men who dwelt within the territory at present included in Ohio. Then came the Delawares, who claimed to be the elder branch of the Lenni-Lenape, and. called themselves the grandfathers of the kindred tribes, but recognizing the superiority of the Wyandots: This division has been awarded a high rank by nearly all writers upon the Indians. The Ottawas lived originally upon the banks of the Canadian river which bears their name, remaining there until driven away by the Five Nations. They were then scattered through Ohio and Canada along the shores of Lake Erie. The Ohio Indians, as a rule, were fine specimens of their race. None were more so than the Shawnees, Shawanese, Shawnoes or Shawanoese. * They were the only tribe among the Indians of the northwest who had a tradition of foreign origin, + and for some time after the whites became acquainted with them held a yearly festival to celebrate the safe arrival in this country of their ancestors. There is considerable conflicting testimony in regard to them. It is generally conceded that they, at an early date, separated from the other Le-nape tribes and established themselves in the southern States, through which part of the country they migrated and roamed from Florida to Kentucky. The main body of the tribe, encouraged by their friends; the Miamis is supposed to have crossed the Ohio and, pushing northward up the fertile and beautiful valley of the Scioto, made an extensive village and there remained until the war with the .Five Nations, when, with their allies, they were dispersed. After a period of nomadic life they formed a kind of an alliance with the Wyandots and again concentrated in the Scioto valley, consummating what was, undoubtedly, a long cherished plan. The nation was here again re-united by the arrival of that part of the tribe which, when dispersed by the Five Nations, .had made forcible settlements on the head. waters of the Carolina and in the Creek country. It is conjectured by some students that this southern party lived upon the. Suwanee river, and that that well known name was derived from them, being a corruption of the tribe name. Tecumseh, whose name and fame add lustre to the annals of this tribe, is said to have been born of a Creek woman whom his father married during the southern migration. It was about the year 1750 that this nation became reunited in Ohio, and for forty years thereafter they were engaged in almost constant warfare against the whitest They were among the most active allies of the French, and after the conquest of Canada, continued, in concert with the Delawares, hostilities which were only terminated after the successful campaign of Colonel Boquet. The first permanent settlers in Ohio were annoyed and harrassed by the Shawnees until 1794. They took an * The name is variously spelled by different authors, that first given being most commonly used. + Colonel John Johnston, Agent for Indian Affairs, 1819, "Archaeologia Americanna." 22 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO. active part against the Americans in the war for Independence and in the Indian war which followed and which was terminated in 1795 by the treaty of Greenville. A part of them, under the leadership of Tecumseh, joined the British in the war of 1812. A title -commonly applied to the Shawnee. s was "the Spartans of the race," and their constancy in braving danger and enduring the consequences of defeat seems to have made them deserving of the appellation. They have also been styled the "Bedouins of the American wilderness," which, considering their extensive and almost constant wanderings, is not inappropriate. The Shawnees upon the Scioto had, in 1764, according to Colonel Boquet, five hundred warriors. Their principal villages were " Old .Chillicothe," " Cornstalk's Town " and " Grenadier Squaw Town," and a number of others, all of which, situated upon or near the vicinity of .the " Pickaway Plains," we shall have eccasion to speak of more fully in the succeeding chapter. There was another town called Chillicothe upon the north fork of Paint creek, in Ross county, the present site of Frankfort. At these villages, of which " Old Chillicothe " was the principal one and the residence of Logan, the Sharenees were congregated in considerable force. The loveliness of the surroundings, the fertility of the plains and of the bottoms upon which they raised corn, and the strong ties of association and of tradition, all made this spot a desirable one, and it is not strange that the red men contended to the last for this their place of residence, in which were combined so many favorable conditions. The interest which attaches to a section of country embracing these old Indian towns is not exceeded by that of any locality in the State. It is emphatically " the classic ground of Ohio." Lying in what may appropriately be called the garden of the State, embracing lands• which, when the first white settlers came into the country, produced a hundred bushels of corn or fifty bushels of wheat to the acre, blooming and beautiful with nature's most mild and tranquil expression, a benizon seems to have been breathed upon it by the great Author. As it lies to-day, in summer, covered with the russet yellow of ripening grains, its broad expanse bathed in sunshine, an undulating, shimmering, golden sea, in which, like great green islands, fields of waving corn appear, there is certainly nothing to suggest the turmoils of savage war or the wild scenes that have been enacted here. Yet its present people are of the third race of men who have dwelt here, and they plow from their fields the relics left by their predecessors, the ancient, pre-historic people, and the red men. Here burned the council fire of the Indian, at which the affairs of the nation were discussed and peace or war decided upon. On these plains, at the old Indian villages, prisoners of war were put to death by horrible processes of torture. It was here that the tribes of Indians marched forth, fierce in their war paint, to meet General Lewis ; it was here that Logan made his famous speech, full of burning eloquence, and here that the campaign of Lord Dunmore was brought to a close by the truce at Camp Charlotte. It has been commonly remarked that it was at Grenadier Squaw-town that Stover underwent the terrible ordeal of apprehending his death torture, and made his famous escape. An investigation, in which, among other authorities, Stover's own thrilling but simple account of his capture and escape, has been consulted, shows no ground on which this supposition can be reasonably based, but that terrible tortures were here inflicted upon others there is not the slightest reason to doubt. There are traditions that the Indians have practiced the horrible custom of burning at the stake their prisoners of war, and elevated situations in the vicinity of Grenadier Squaw-town, Old Chillicothe, and Cornstalks-town, are pointed out as the probable scenes of the savage, inhuman orgies. The Black Mountain, a ridge-shaped hill, near the sites of the old Indian villages, was used as a look-out. It is about eighty or one hundred feet in height, and from its summit a clear view could have been had over a large extent of country. No foe could approach in the day time without being seen at a great distance. There were, and are now, but few trees upon the lands called Pickaway plains, and as the Indians were accustomed to burn over the ground and thus destroy the tall, thick grass, the advantage afforded by the lookout was greater than, upon first consideration, it might appear. The Shawnees were divided into four tribes, the Piqua, Kiskapocke, Mequachuke and Chillicothe. According to a poetical Indian legend, the Piqua tribe had its origin in a man who sprang from the fire and ashes. As their old men used to tell the whites who first came in contact with them, the chief warriors and wise men were once sitting around the smouldering embers of what had been a council fire, when they were startled by a great puffing of fire and smoke, and from the ashes and coals there sprang into being a man of splendid form and mein, the original of the tribe of Piqua—named Piqua as signifiying the man born of ashes.* 'This legend of the origin of the tribe of Piqua, truly beautiful in its simplicity, has been commented upon by leading writers upon the red race, as showing, in a marked degree, their capabilities for imaginative inventiveness, and as a proof of their romantic susceptibility. Mequachuke signifies a fat man filled—a man made perfect, so that nothing is wanting. This tribe had the Priesthood. Its leaders were endowed with the privilege of celebrating the religious rites of the nation. The Kiskapocke tribe was inclined to war, and its braves were among the most fierce and crafty of the Indian tribes of the Northwest. The celebrated prophet Elsquataway, and Tecumseh his brother, were members of this tribe. Chillicothe is riot known to have been interpreted save as meaning a dwelling place. + Famous among the members of the Shawnee division who lived at the Pickaway towns was Cornstalk and his sister, the Grenadier squaw, who, like him, was of large * 'Pickaway is a Corruption of the Indian name Piqua, and was first applied to the plains now having that appellation, and afterwards to the county. + The information in regard to tribal divisions of the Shawnees is derived from a letter of John Johnston, Agent for Indian Affairs, written from Piqua in 1819, and published in the "Archlogia Americanna." . HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICK AWAY COUNTIES, OHIO - 13 stature and of unusual mental development. Cornstalk was great in war but foremost in making peace, and his character was one which showed much true nobility. His eloquence was remarkable, and his influence over his tribe wonderful. If he led in battle, his voice, sounding from the front, " Be strong, be strong," incited the warriors to their utmost efforts, and if he counseled peace, his words were equally potent. When he made the peace speech before Lord Dunmore, Col. Wilson, one of the staff, was deeply impressed. He said afterwards, " I have heard many celebrated orators, but never one whose powers of delivery surpassed those of Cornstalk on this occasion." Cornstalk was the leading chieftain of the Scioto Shawnees; "a man whose energy, courage, and good sense placed him among the very foremost of the native heroes of this land. This truly great man, who was himself for peace, but who found all his neighbors and men there, of his own tribe, stirred up to war by the agents of England, went over to the American fort at Point Pleasant, at the mouth of the Great Kanawha, to talk the matter over with Captain Arbuckle, who was in command there and with whom he was acquainted. This was in the early summer of 1777, and the Americans, knowing that the Shawnees were inclining to the enemy, thought it would be a good plan to detain Cornstalk and a younger chief, Red Hawk, who was with him, and make them hostages. The old chief finding himself entrapped, calmly awaited the result. Ellinipsco, the son of Cornstalk, who came the next morning to see his father, was also detained. Toward night, one of the white hunters having been shot by an unknown Indian, the soldiers raised a cry, " Kill the red dogs in the fort," and immediately carried their bloody thought into execution, the commander endeavoring, though almost unheeded, to dissuade them from their purpose. Cornstalk fell pierced by seven musket balls, and his son and Red Hawk met the same fate. Cornstalk saw his assassinators coming and met them at :he door of the hut in which he was confined, his arms Folded upon his massive chest, and his whole mien expressing a magnificent stoicism. This was by no means the only shameful act of treachery on the part of the whites. The murder very naturally aroused an intense feeling of hatred for the whites throughout the Shawnee division, and was the cause of much future bloodshed. Cornplanter was another chief noted for courage in battle, and for the burning eloquence he displayed in several speeches, made on different occasions, in council and treaty. Logan was a Mingo, or Mohican, son of Shikellimus, or Shikellamy, a celebrated chief of the Cuyagas, who lived on the Sesquehanna. His real name was Tah-gahjute, and he was named in English after James Logan, secretary of Pennsylvania, of whom his father was a personal friend. Logan removed to Ohio about 177o, having been driven from his home in Pennsylvania, and took up his residence with some of his followers, in the Shawnee country, where we find him in 1774, at the time of the Lord Dunmore war. The Indians in the territory of what is now Franklin county were, at the time the whites came among them, mostly Wyandots, though there was a sprinkling of other tribes. On the site of Columbus they had a large village, and they cultivated extensively the plains upon the opposite side of the river, raising corn, and, at times, though in small quantity, other crops. Jeremiah Armstrong, for many years a resident of Columbus, was captured, when a boy, by some Indians of this tribe, and brought from his home in Pennsylvania, nearly opposite Blannerhasset's island, to Ohio, accompanying his captors in their wanderings through the State, and becoming familiar with their mode of life. He was adopted into the Deer tribe, and his brother into that of the Turtle. The Indians encamped upon the site of Franklinton, below the mill-dam, where there was a deep hole called Billy's hole, from Billy Wyandot. He witnessed a war dance upon the ground where the penitentiary now stands. Armstrong was at the battle of the Maumee, and it was there that his friend and adopter, the Indian who saved his life when his mother, two sisters and a brother were massacred, was killed by one of Wayne's soldiers. After this battle a party of the Indians, with whom was Armstrong, returned to Franklinton. Armstrong, who when captured in the spring of 17.94 was nine years of age, was released by the Indians to a brother, who went after him to. Detroit about two years. later. He went to Franklinton, where he grew up, and, in 1813, purchased a lot on High street, where he afterward kept hotel. Robert Armstrong, also of Pennsylvania, when a boy was taken prisoner upon the Allegheny river by a party of Wyandots and Senecas, who killed his employer. He was brought to the Indian town on the site of what was aftewards Franklinton, and lived, married and died among the red men. He was occasionally an interpreter for the United States. John Brickell, who became a resident where Columbus now is, in 1797, one of the first three or four settlers, was taken from his home on the Youghiogeny river in February, 1791, and remained with his captors (Delawares) for about four years, during which time he traveled over and became familiar with the country which is now included in the limits of Franklin county. Mr. Brickell died in Columbus in 1844. The Wyandots, who had principal possession of the northern part of the Scioto valley, and, as has been already stated, of the lands now included in Franklin county, were a superior tribe of red men. General Harrison says of the Wyandot : " He was trained to die -for the interest or honor of his tribe, and to consider submission to an enemy the lowest degradation." The highest type of the tribe was undoubtedly Tahre, or the Crane, their great sachem. Historians very generally have held him up as an example of high moral character and good intellectual ability. There is one particularly painful incident in the later history of Indian affairs in this region—the cruel execution of an old Wyandot chief, Leatherlips, on the charge of witchcraft. We find' an account in Drake's Life of Tecumseh. There has been a great variety of opinions 24 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO. as to who was responsible for the old man's murder, though General Harrison and a correspondent of Mr. Heckewelder's, quoted in his History of the Indian Nations, writes in the supposition that the order came directly from Tecumseh and his brother, the prophet. Tahre, the Crane, and Roundhead, a leading chief, are each claimed by different authorities to have led the party that executed the order for the old chief's assassination. It is supposed that the party went directly from Tippecanoe to the Scioto, where Leatherlips was found encamped, about fourteen miles north of Columbus. A council was held for two or three hours, the accusing Wyandots, six in number, speaking with a great deal of passion and bitterness, and Leatherlips answering as calmly as if the question to be decided was not of his life or death, but one of very slight importance. The sentence of death, which had been pronounced with the accusation, was re-affirmed and Leatherlips was commanded to make ready for death. Some whites, who were present, made an effort to dissuade the Wyandots from their purpose of putting the accused to death, but the pleas for his 'life were unavailing. The prisoner "walked slowly to his camp, partook of a dinner of jerked venison, washed and arrayed himself in his best apparel and afterwards painted his face. His .dress was very rich, his hair gray and his whole appearance graceful and commanding." When the time set for the execution had arrived Leatherlips shook hands in silence with all of the spectators, and then turning from his wigwam moved slowly away, chanting, in a voice of great strength and most pleasing melody, his death song. He was followed closely by the warriors who were to be his executioners, all keeping time in their march to the measure of his wild and melancholy dirge. The white men came last in the strange procession. All was silence, save the sound of the mournful music of the condemned man's song. After going a distance of less than a hundred yards, and halting, the white men were surprised to find themselves by the. side of a newly-made, shallow grave, which had been dug without their knowledge, and probably before the executioners had made their presence known to him who was to be their victim. By the brink of this grave the old man knelt down, and in solemn tone of voice, sufficiently strong to be heard by all the bystanders, addressed his last prayer to the Great Spirit. When he had finished, the leader of the Indian band knelt beside Leatherlips and prayed in a similar manner. Both spoke in the Wyandot tongue. The prisoner arose and after a few moments delay again sank upon his knees and prayed in the same manner as before. He still continued in a kneeling posture, when he had ceased speaking. As all the rifles had been left behind, at Leatherlips' wigwam, the men whose curiosity had led them to remain and witness the tragedy which they could not prevent, were at a loss to know how the murderers would accomplish their purpose. After the conclusion of the last prayer all had been silence. Neither the prisoner nor any of the Indians had changed their position in the slightest degree. Suddenly the painful stillness was broken by the sound of a movement and one of the Indians stepped forward, drawing from the folds of his garment a keen, glittering tomahawk. He walked directly up behind the kneeling chief, raised the weapon high over his head, paused a moment, and then, with his whole strength, sunk it in the skull of his victim. Leatherliqs fell prostrate upon the ground, and after he had lain for a time in the agonies of death the captain of the executioners directed the atten of the white men to the drops of sweat which were gathering upon his neck and face, and remarked with exultation that it was proof of the dying chief's guilt. After a few minutes' delay, the same Indian who had before struck, inflicted two or three more heavy blows. Life was soon entirely extinct. The body, with its apparel and decorations, was hastily buried, and the assemblage dispersed. Leatherlips was a peaceable and harmless old Indian. A rude pile of stone for many years marked his grave, on the Kosciusco lands, near the northern county line. During the years of the early settlement along the Scioto, the Indians were in the custom of roaming through the county, and some of them lived among or in close proximity to the whites. As late as 1813 the Indian boundary was only fifty miles from Franklinton, and the inhabitants' of that village and of the other settlements in this part of the State were in a state of feverish anxiety, and there was a constant dread that the Indians would begin hostilities, and that their families would be massacred and their houses burned. There was a great feeling of relief, therefore, when on June 21st of that year the Indians, at a council held in Franklinton, solemnly agreed to remain at peace, thus satisfying the spirit of all former treaties.* An eloquent descriptiont of this council has been pre-. pared, and as the event forms a pleasant scene which practically concludes the Indian history of this part of the State, we cannot do better than to present it to the reader. The council was held on the grounds of Lucius Sullivant. The memorial continues : "The Delaware, Shawnee, Wyandot, and Seneca tribes were represented by about fifty warriors. General Harrison represented the government, and with him were his staff and a brilliant array of officers in full uniform. Behind .them was a detachment of soldiers. In his front were the Indians. Around all were the inhabitants of this region, far and near. "The object was to induce these tribes, who had heretofore remained neutral in the war, to take an active part in the ensuing campaign for the United States, or at least give a guarantee of their peaceful intention by remaining with their families within the settlements. "The general began to speak in calm and measured tones, befitting the grave occasion, hut an undefined oppression seemed to hold all in suspense, as with silent and almost breathless attention they awaited the result of the general's words. These seemed to fall on dull ears, as the Indians sat with unmoved countenances, and smoked on in stolid silence. At length the persuasive voice of the great commander struck a responsive chord, and Tahre, or the Crane; the great Wyandot chief, slowly rose to his feet. Standing for a moment, in a graceful and commanding attitude, he made a brief reply. When he, with others, passed forward to grasp the hand of Harrison, in token not only of amity, but in agreement to stand as a barrier on our exposed frontier, a terrible. doubt and apprehension were lifted from the hearts of all. * The title to every foot of Ohio soil was perfected by honorable treaty with the Indians, and their claims properly compensated and extinguished. + The Sullivant Memorial, by Joseph Sullivant. HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO - 25 Jubilant shouts rent the air, women wept for joy, and stalwart men thrilled with pleasure as they thought of the assured safety of their wives and children, from a cruel and stealthy foe. They prepared at once, with alacrity, to go forth to the impending battles." The Indians were faithful to this agreement, and the country was spared a re-enactment of the bloody scenes of her earlier history. CHAPTER III. THE STORY OF LOGAN---LORD DUNMORE'S INVASION. The map represents a section of country about seven miles square. It is reduced from one made many years ago for Felix Renick, by P. N. White, and is substantially correct. The famous Pickaway plains appear at the left. A represents the plan of the ancient earthworks, on which Circleville now stands, and from which its name is derived. B is the cabin of Logan, at Old Chillicothe (now Westfall). C is the Black Mountain, a ridge of dark-colored, gravelly earth, which it is supposed the Indians used as a coigne of vantage from which they could obtain a view of the surrounding country, watch the movements of the buffalo and deer, and discover the approach of an enemy. D is the Council House at Grenadier Squawtown. E the point where Lord Dunmore met with and stopped the army of General Lewis when he was marching to attack the Indian towns. F is the site of Camp Lewis. The dotted 1 ne from Old Chillicothe to Camp Lewis represents as old and much used Indian trail, and the line extending southerly from the site of Circleville shows the present Chillicothe road. The site of Camp Charlotte is upon the old Winship farm, in the southwest quarter of section twelve—the land now owned by Mrs. Martha Jacobs and Jacob Ludwig. The site of Camp Lewis is in the southeast quarter of section thirty. John Boggs was the original, and Daniel Lodwick the present, owner of the land where Cornstalk's town was located, and Jacob Hitler is the owner of the site of Grenadier Squawtown. The name of Logan is inseparably connected with the history of Lord Dunmore's campaign in .1774. The hostilities which took place in that year were brought about, principally, by the wanton and cruel butchery of the great chief's kindred—one of the most. shameful and inhuman acts of the whites toward the Indians that blot the pages of our early history.  It will be our endeavor, in this chapter, to present to the reader a succicnt account, in proper chronological order, of the circumstances which transformed the peace-loving Logan—the warm friend of the whites—into the murderous demon Logan, their bitter enemy. Let it be remembered that Logan was, according to the best authorities (those pioneers of Western Pennsylvania and Virginia who were acquainted with him), a savage of noble nature, strong but sensitive, full of dignity and pride, generous and just, brave and true. No act of perfidy on his part gave excuse for the white man's atrocities. Judge William Brown, of Mifflin county, Pennsylvania, said of the noble-hearted Logan : " He was the best specimen of humanity I ever met with, either white or red."* When the atrocities of the whites were perpetrated, his great soul underwent a collosal revulsion, and he became as terrible in his violent enmity as he had been admirable in his fervent friendship, and after the tempest of his passion had been spent—his "vengeance glutted "—he relapsed into that bitter, gloomy misanthropy that is too apt to be the lot of all- strong and good natures, either civilized or savage, that are blasted by a giant evil or wrong. Logan, upon coming into Ohio, in 177 2, located at a Mingo village on the Ohio river, at the mouth of Indian Cross creek, which—such was his prominence and popularity among his people—was named after him before he had long been a resident. In the spring of 1773 Dr. John Connolly, determining to assert the claims of Virginia to the country about Pittsburgh, proclaimed the jurisdiction of Virginia, rebuilt Fort Pitt, named it after Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, made himself the commandant, and almost immediately commenced the exercise of tyranny toward all who were in the interests of Pennsylvania, and it was alleged, endeavored in various ways to involve the frontier in an Indian war, having, as has been suggested, a motive in so doing. It is a matter of history that he wrote letters to the Virginian exploring parties along the Ohio, which assisted materially to precipitate hostilities. The Indians had been accused of thefts from the encampments and settlements of the Virginians, and as Connolly's letters constantly suggested that the Shawnees were not to be trusted, and that the people should be ready to retrieve any losses or revenge any wrongs they might sustain, they were put in such spirit that only a trifling wrong act on the part of the Indians was necessary to bring down upon them the artfully nursed wrath of the whites. On the sixteenth of April a canoe owned by a Pittsburgh trader was attacked upon the Ohio river by the Cherokee Indians, and one white man was killed. The alarm spread, and a party of Virginians, led by Michael Cresap, went down the river to revenge the murder of the trader. While the party were at Wheeling letters were received from Connolly asking the men to remain there and await further developments, and telling them that war was imminent. War was formally declared, and the same evening some of the scouts who had been sent out to scour the country brought in two scalps, probably those of friendly Indians. The next day a skirmish occurred with a small party of Indians, and the same evening it was resolved to march the next day against Loganstown. The men started on the * Sherman Day's " Historical Collections of Pennsylvania." 26 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO. expedition, but they gave up their purpose after .a march of five miles, and returned to their camping place. Sometime afterward, probably on the thirtieth of April, Captain Daniel Greathouse went up the river to the mouth of Yellow creek, and there, accompanied by circumstances of great perfidy and atrocity, murdered ten Indians, some of whom were the kindred of Logan. The act was the more dastardly because committed against men, women and children known to cherish no hostile feeling toward the whites. The Indians, encamped on the Ohio side of the river, crossed over to where the Virginians were stationed, and there, by the .direction of Greathouse, rum was given them and three of them became drunk. Two men and one woman, who refused to drink, were shot down. This was done by a few of the party, the greater. part protesting against the commission of the act. The. intoxicated Indians were killed by tomahawking. A. child was spared through some lingering idea of humanity. The Indians, hearing the gun-shots, sent two of their number in a canoe to ascertain the cause. They Were both shot as soon as they landed upon the bank. Another, and a larger, party followed, and were nearly all killed. Those who escaped exchanged shots across the river with the murderous whites, but not one of the latter was wounded. The Indians who were killed were all scalped. The survivors escaped down the river. A short time before this massacre Logan, in an Indian council, had strongly urged peace. Cornstalk had sent his own brother, only a little time previous, to escort and guard Pittsburgh traders in their journeys. Logan's advice had been regarded and the hatchet buried, when the news of the Yellow creek massacre was received. Six or eight weeks intervened between the time of the Yellow creek outrage and the avenging stroke. The Shawnees and Senecas endeavored to secure the assistance of the Delawares, but were unsuccessful. It is 'probable, however, that many of the young braves of this tribe took to the war path. Before the middle of July the Shawnees and the Mingos, with some Cherokees and a few Delawares, were in the field. Logan, burning with hatred toward the people who had murdered his women and' other kindred, was anxious to strike the blow of vengeance where it would produce the greatest consternation. With a small band of chosen braves, he made his way to the head waters of the Monongahela; where twelve or thirteen scalps were taken, and several persons made prisoners. The Indians eluded pursuit, and mde a safe return. The captives were taken to a village on the Muskingum. Among them was William Robinson, with whom Logan was on terms of friendship on the journey, and whose life he saved when the other Indians were about to burn him at the stake. Robinson was taken to the wigwam of the famous chief and adopted as his brother in the place ofone killed at Yellow creek. On the twenty-first of July—testified Robinson—Logan brought to him a piece of paper and requested him to write a letter, which he did, with ink prepared from gunpowder. Logan dictated as follows : CAPTAIN CRESAP :—What did you kill my people on Yellow creek for? The white people killed my kin at Conestoga, a great while ago, and I thought nothing of that. But you killed my kin again, on Yellow creek, and took my cousin prisoner. Then I thought I must kill too, and I have been three times to war since ; hut the Indians are not angry, only myself.* CAPTAIN JOHN LOGAN. The Virginians, after Logan's bold dash into Pennsylvania, marshalled under the command of Colonel McDonald and marched upon several Indian villages, which they destroyed. This foray only added to the general irritation, and in August, Lord Dunmore, who was undoubtedly, from all accounts, anxious to gain military renown, resolved to carry the war into the enemy's country. Three companies were raised west of the Blue ridge under the command of General Andrew Lewis, and an equal force was mustered from the interior, to be commanded by the governor himself. The total number of men was about twenty-five hundred. The two armies were to Meet at the mouth of the Great Kenhawa and, under the leadership of Dunmore, proceed against the Indian towns of Ohio. It was subsequently decided to move directly upon the Scioto river towns and there to form 'a junction of the armies. On the tenth of October, General Lewis started with his men for the Scioto, but was suddenly and unexpectedly attacked by about a thousand Indians of the allied tribes,—Shawnees, Mingos (or Senecas), with members of the Delawares, Wyandots and other divisions, who.,. under the command of the celebrated Cornstalk, had marched from the Pickaway plains to meet his army before it could effect a union with the other wing. The fight that ensued, known as the battle of Point Pleasant, has been generally characterized. by historians as "one of the most sanguinary and best fought battles in the annals Of Indian warfare in the west." Colonel Charles Lewis, brother of the general, and Colonel Fleming were both killed, and the line, at first, was forced back by the savage onslaught of the red warriors. It was afterwards reinforced and the Indians, in turn, retreated. The battle raged from early morn until past noon, unabated, and a scattered fire continued until sunset. The Indians had secured a rise of ground about the middle of the day, and they took almost constant advantage, according to their established rule of warfare, of the protection afforded by trees and logs. A part of the time, however, the "lines were not more than twenty yards apart and often within six yards, and sometimes closer, tomahawking one another." + Tradition says that Logan, Ellenipsco, Red Hawk, Cornstalk, and other noted chiefs, were in the foremost of the fight, encouraging the warriors both by word and example. Cornstalk's voice was heard high above the din of the conflict, calling to his men " Be strong ! be strong !" He is said to have tomahawked one 'of his own tribe who showed signs of cowardice. Seventy-five officers and men of Lewis's army were killed and one hundred and fortywounded. The loss on the part of the Indians, who retreated in the night, was probably about the same. * Logan was misinformed in regard to the author of the Yellow Creek outrage. It was very natural that, knowing  Cresap to be commander of the expedition, he should hold him accountable for the murder. + Letter from a Virginia soldier, November 4, 1774. HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO - 27 After the battle, General Lewis' command, being reinforced by the addition of three hundred men, under command of Colonel William Crawford, marched eighty miles through the wilderness to the Indian towns of the Scioto. In the meantime Lord Dunmore and his army, which had been at the mouth of the Hockhocking when Lewis fought the battle of Point Pleasant, ascended the river to the present town of Logan, Hocking county, from whence he marched westward to Scippo creek, about seven miles southeast of Circleville. Near this place Lord Dunmore was met by a white man named Elliott, who bore a flag. of truce and was commissioned with a message of submission from the Shawnee chiefs. It was requested by the Indians that an interpreter should be sent to their town, with whom they could make arrangements for the establishment of peace. Their request was granted by Lord Dunmore, and he ordered the encampment of his force at a spot of ground in the southwest quarter of section twelve, township ten, range twenty-one. It was named Camp Charlotte. Lord. Dunmore then sent out a messenger to intercept General Lewis' army. General Lewis and his hardy, adventurous, brave men, were eager for another encounter with the Indians, and pushed onward in pursuit of them until they reached the banks of the Congo, in Pickaway township, October 24th. Here, within striking distance of the Indian towns, Camp Lewis was laid out. Lewis, .who was smarting under the loss of his brave brother, and his men, who thirsted to revenge the many border murders, were dissatisfied with Lord Dunmore's negotiations for peace, and it was with the utmost difficulty that they could be prevented from pressing forward and destroying the villages that lay before them. The dissatisfaction led almost to a mutiny, or rebellion, in the army. Lord Dunmore went in person to enforce his order, and as General Lewis showed an intention to disobey him, he drew his sword and threatened to kill him if he further refused to obey orders. Thus was another scene of bloodshed averted. Lord Dunmore, it is said, was anxious to bring the hostilities to a close, that he might return to Virginia, where already the muttering thunders of the coming storm of 1776 were beginning to be heard. The soldiers of Lewis' army accused the governor of attempting to force an alliance with the Indians whereby they should assist Great Britain against the colonies in the event of revolution. It is by no means a certainty, though it is a possibility, that he had such a design. While the events we have mentioned were taking place among the whites, there was history being made upon the other side of the river, in the Indian towns. The almost universal voice was for peace. When Cornstalk returned from the battle of Point Pleasant he called a council of the nation to consult as to what should be done, and expressed his displeasure that he had not been permitted to make peace, as it is said he desired to do on the eve of battle. " What," said he, "will you do now? The Big Knife is coming on us and we shall all be killed. Now you must fight, or we are undone." He was silent then a little time, and no one answering, he. said: "Then let us go and kill all our women and children and fight till we die." Still there was no response, and at length, springing from the ground, the great chief struck his tomahawk into a post and exclaimed: "I'll go and make peace." To this there was a general assent. Cornstalk and all of the principal chiefs of the allied tribes, except Logan, were present at the council held at Camp Charlotte, and readily assented to the terms of peace proposed. So apprehensive was Dunmore Of .treachery that he would admit only a few Indians at a time, even within the outer line of his camp, and they were compelled to leave their arms under a guard. The greatest of the chiefs were first admitted to the presence of the royal governor, and afterward many others were allowed in the camp. According to the account of the celebrated pioneer, Simon Kenton, who was present at the treaty of truce, the Indians came from their villages to the camp five hundred strong, most of them riding ponies in single file, and making a most striking and magnificent appearance. The faces of the warriors were painted one-half black, and one-half red, signifying that they were about equally divided in their minds between peace and war ; that they were indifferent as to the result of the treaty. This, however; was an act of bravado. They were really very anxious to have peace established.* In regard to the result of the treaty, the best authority is a letter froth Colonel William Crawford to George Washington.+ It reads as follows: "STEWART'S CROSSING, Nov. 14, 1774 " I yesterday returned from our late expedition against the Shawnese, and I think we may with propriety, say we have had great success, as we have made them sensible of their villainy and weakness, and I hope made peace with them on such a footing as will be lasting, if we make them adhere to the terms of the agreement, which are as follows: First, they have to give up all the prisoners ever taken by them in war with the white people; also negroes and all of the horses stolen or taken by them since the last war. And further, no Indian for the future is to hunt on the east side of the Ohio, nor any white man on the west side; as that seems to have been the cause of some of the disturbance between our people and them. As a guarantee that they will perform their part of the agreement, they have given up four chief men, to be kept as hostages,. who are to be relieved yearly or as they may choose. T The Shawnese have complied with the terms, but the Mingoes did not like the conditions and had a mind to deceive us. But Lord Dunmore discovered their intentions, which were to slip off while we were settling matters with the Shawnese. The Mingoes intended to go to the lakes and take their prisoners with them and the horses which they had stolen. * * * The Mingoes were not a party to the treaty, their chief, Logan, scorning to appear at the council. This tribe had, in 1774, three villages within the present limits of Franklin county—one on the high bank near the Morrill house, a mile and a half below Columbus, one near the present location of the Harrisburgh bridge, on the west side of the river, and the third near where the penitentiary now stands. *Simon Kenton is quoted by Joseph Sullivant, esq., in an address delivered before the Franklin County Pioneer Association, 1871. Mr. Sullivant had this from his own lips. Not one of the many written accounts of the Dunmore war, or invasion, even allude to this interesting feature. + Letters of Washington and Crawford, Concerning Western Lands; edited by C. W. Butterfield. ++ The note in the volume of correspondence says: " Nowhere else, it is believed, are the terms of the agreement between Lord Dunmore and the Shawnese to he found—at least so full as the above." 28 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO. Lord Dunmore, angered at the Mingoes because they would not assent to any terms of peace, resolved to punish them, and ordered the destruction of these towns. Colonel Crawford briefly tells the story of the expedition against the Mingoes in the continuance of the letter of which we have already given the first part : * * * * * * " Lord Dunmore ordered myself and two hundred and forty men to set out in the night; we were to march to a town about forty miles distant from our camp, up the Scioto, where we understood the whole of the Mingoes were to rendezvous the next day in order to pursue their journey. This intelligence came by John Montour, son of Captain Montour, whom you formerly knew. Because of the number of Indians in our camp we went out of it under pretense of going to Hockhocking for more provisions. Few knew of our setting off anyhow, and none knew where we were going to until the next day. Our march was performed with as much speed as possible. We arrived at a town called the Salt-lick town* the ensuing night, and at daybreak we got around it with one-half our force, and the remainder were sent to a small village half a mile distant. Unfortunately one of our men was discovered by an Indian who lay, out from the town some distance, by a log which the man was creeping up to. This obliged the man to kill the Indian. This happened before daylight, which did us much damage, as the chief part of the Indians-made their escape in the dark; but we got fourteen prisoners, and killed six of the enemy, wounding several more. We got all of their baggage and horses, ten of their guns, and two hundred white prisoners. The plunder sold for four hundred pounds sterling, besides what was returned to a Mohawk Indian who was there. The whole of the Mingoes were ready to start, and were to have set out the morning we attacked them. + Lord Dunmore has eleven prisoners, and has returned the rest to the nation. The residue are to be returned upon his lordship's demand." * * * * When this town was attacked one very cruel deed was committed, of which there is no mention in the letters of Colonel Crawford, or in any contemporary correspondence. Mr. Sullivant says in his address, upon the authority of Jonathan Alder, a white man whom he well knew, and who had been in captivity among the Indians, that a squaw with a young child fled down the river bank and across the bed of the stream to a wooded island. There was a rattling discharge of muskets, and the Indian woman fell dead, killed by one of the shower of bullets, just as she reached the bank. The child, described as about three years of age, unhurt, fled like a wild creature, up the bank and disappeared in the bushes. Two days after it was found alive in a hollow sycamore tree, which for many years remained standing, and was one of the objects of traditional interest to the early pioneers. We now resume the story of Logan. Lord Dunmore had been very anxious to have the proud and disconsolate Mingo present at the council, even if he was unwilling to approve of the treaty, and, to accomplish this end, he had sent Colonel John Gibson to see Logan and prevail upon him to attend, or give his reasons for not attending. The messenger found Logan at Old Chillicothe (now Westfall), where he spent most of his time. He, who had scorned to attend the council, at first seemed in sullen mood, and refused to converse with Colonel Gibson. He at length, however, became in better humor, and under the persuasive influence of fire- *This village sometimes called Seekonk or Seekonk, a corrupnion of Kscek-he-oong, "a place of salt." + The destruction of the Salt-lick town, by Crawford, was the only actual fighting done by that portion of the army which was under the command of Dunmore in person. water and skillful handling, was moved to give Gibson an interview. He went out of the wigwam where he and Gibson had been, and beckoning the latter to follow, " he . went into a solitary thicket near by, where, setting down on a log, he burst into tears, and uttered some sentences of impassioned eloquence, charging the murder of his kindred upon Captain- Cresap." Then and there was composed and delivered the simple speech, full of burning eloquence, which was published in the great journals of the old world, translated into half a dozen different languages, and which has been made familiar in all the succeeding generations of this country by its introduction into the school books and wide circulation in the literary magazines and papers of the land. Here we have the strange occurrence of an utterance from the mouth of a savage in the western wilderness, which has become a classic, the admiration of all civilization, a model expression of mingled pride, courage and sorrow, which, as Colonel Charles Whittlesey says, " elevated the character of the native American throughout the intelligent world." Logan's words were committed, in translation, to paper, by Colonel Gibson immediately upon his return to Camp Charlotte, and was doubtless read in council and in the presence of the army. Three different versions, alike in all essential particulars, are in existence, viz.: One contained in a letter from Williamsburgh, Virginia, dated February 4, 1775, and preserved in the American archives; another published in New York February 16, 1775, as an extract from a Virginia letter, and the third, which we here reproduce, given by Thomas Jefferson in his "Notes on Virginia," published in 1784, and substantiated by Gibson's affidavit.. As has been heretofore stated, Logan was misinformed in regard to the author of the crime at Yellow creek. It was Greathouse, and not Cresap, who led the party that murdered his people; There is a difference of opinion in regard to the merits of Logan's speech. Those who detract from its value as an eloquent utterance are very well represented by Mr. Isaac Smucker, of Newark, Ohio, who says : "It was neither a speech, an address, a message, nor. a promise to assent to, or comply with, the provisions of a treaty, but simply the wild, excited, passionate utterances of a blood-stained savage."* The general verdict has, however, been of a different nature* from the opinion above quoted, Mr. Jefferson's prime object in publishing the translation was to disprove the assertions of Buffon and Raynal, who alleged the inferiority of the American race. Following is his version of LOGAN'S SPEECH : " I appeal to any white man to say if ever he entered Logan's cabin hungry, and he gave him not meat; if ever he came cold and naked, and he clothed him not. " During the course of the last long and bloody war, Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate for peace. Such was my love for the whites, that my countrymen. pointed as they passed, and said, ' Logan is the friend of white men.' I had even thought to have lived with you, but for the injuries of one man. Colonel Cresap, the last spring, in cold blood and unprovoked, murdered all of the relatives of Logan, not even sparing my women and children. There runs not a drop of my * Historical sketch in Ohio Secretary of State's Report, 1877. HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO - 29 blood in the veins of any living creature. This called on me for revenge. I have sought it. I have killed many. I have fully glutted my vengeance. For my country, I rejoice at the beams of peace. But do not harbor a thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan ? Not one." Mr. Jefferson says of this production : "I may challenge the whole orations of Demosthenes and Cicero, and of any more eminent orator—if Europe has furnished any more eminent—to produce a single passage superior to the speech of Logan, a Mingo chief, to Lord Dunmore, then Governor of Virginia." Again he speaks of it as "a marvel of eloquence." Campbell, in his "Gertrude of Wyoming," thus paraphrases the sentiment of Logan's utterance: " He left of all my tribe Nor man nor child, nor thing of living breath. No! not the dog that watched my household hearth, Escaped that night of blood, upon our plains! All perished; I alone am left on earth, To whom nor relative nor blood remains; No! not a kindred drop that runs in human veins." Logan engaged in various subsequent hostile crusades against the early settlers. He marched at the head of a war party upon Ruddell's amd Martin's stations, in Kentucky, where many captives were taken. He also went upon an expedition against the Holston river settlement in 1779. Hostilities were kept up constantly for a number of years. Most of the ill feeling grew, directly or indirectly, out of the massacre of Logan's kindred. Logan revenged, and the frontier men retalliated with determined spirit. Logan's future was dark, gloomy, full of tragedy. All of the kindness of his great heart was turned to bitterness. He became melancholy and miserable, and at times was sullen, harsh, vindictive and cruel. He said that life had become a torment to him; he knew no more what pleasure was; he thought it would have been better if he had never existed; he knew he had two souls—one bad; the other good. When the bad soul ruled, he delighted in blood; when the good soul had possession of him, he was humane and kind. He wandered about from tribe to tribe, a solitary and lonely man; dejected and brokenhearted by the loss of his friends and the decay of his tribe. He became, in a degree, delirious, and several times said that he should take his own life. To drown his sorrow he resorted to the stimulus of strong drink. His condition was most abject and miserable. His mournful and melancholy later career closed with a tragedy. While sitting by his camp fire, in profound reflection, or living over again, in imagination, the joys and sorrows of his life, his head sunken upon his hands and covered with his blanket, an Indian stole stealthily behind him and, burying the tomahawk in Logan's brain, sent the famous and unfortunate chief upon his journey to the happy hunting grounds. Thus closed a life, the history of which has appealed irresistibly to the sympathies of our whole race. He was a savage, it is true, and, in the paroxysm of his grief, he horribly avenged his private wrongs; but that, before his soul was shocked by the cruel murder of his friends and kindred, his nature was a kind and noble one, cannot be denied. He had great provocation, too, for the enormities that he committed. The massacre of his kindred, at Yellow creek, was the most wanton and shameful crime in the long list that the whites perpetrated upon the Indian race. The place where Logan met his death is in dispute. By some it is said to have been at a point near the shore of Lake Erie, between Sandusky and Detroit, but there is good reason to believe that it was in the vicinity of Urbana that the closing tragedy occurred. CHAPTER IV. THE PIONEERS. In nearly all great and thoroughly organized armies there is a corps of active, brave men, usually volunteers, whose self-imposed duty it is to go ahead and prepare the way with axe, and mattock and pick, for the advancement of the army—the fighting rank and file. They are called pioneers. They are armed with guns, as well as implements of labor, for their position and their work is a dangerous one. They are obliged to keep a constant lookout for an ambush, in momentary fear of a sudden attack, for the enemy, with a full knowledge of the country, which to the advancing corps of pioneers is a terra incognita, is liable at any instant to send a sudden volley of arrows or rifle balls into their midst, or to hem them in with a superior force. The men who pushed their way into the wilderness along the Scioto, an& all those earliest settlers of Ohio, from the river to the lake, were the pioneers of one of the grandest armies that earth ever knew; an army whose hosts are still sweeping irresistibly ahead, and which now, after eighty years, has not fully occupied the country it has won. It was the army of peace and civilization; that came, not to conquer an enemy with blood and carnage and ruin, but to subdue a wilderness, by patient toil; to make the wild valley blossom as the rose ; to sweep away the forest, till the prairie's pregnant soil, make fertile fields and hew out houses, which .were to become the abodes of happiness and plenty. The pioneers were the reliant vanguard of such an army as this. The first hardy and resolute men who penetrated the valley of the Scioto, coming up the stream from "la belle rivere," found a land fertile as heart could wish, fair to look upon, and fragrant with the thousand fresh odors of the woods in early spring. The long, cool aisles of the forest led away into mazes of vernal green, where the swift deer bounded by unmolested, and as yet unscared by the sound of the woodman's axe or the sharp ring of the rifle. They looked upon the wooded slopes and the tall grass of the. plains, jeweled with strange and brilliant flowers, where once the red man had his fields of corn. All about them were displayed the lavish bounties of nature. The luxuriant growth of the oak, the walnut, of the sycamore, sugar trees, the beech, chestnut and the tulip tree, with the lesser shrubs, the dogwood, the wild plum and crab apple, the red bud, the paw-paw, the 30 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO. heavy-hanging grape vines, the blueberry and raspberry; gave evidence of the strength of the virgin soil and the kindness of the climate; . The forest covered the land with an abundance of food for the smaller animals, and the deer, as common-as the cattle of to-day, grazed upon the rich grass of the prairies, and browsed upon the verdure in the little glades. Other animals were abundant. The opossum, raccoon, rabbit and ground-hog existed in great numbers. The wild hogs roamed the woods in droves, and fattened upon the abundant mast or "shack." The bear the buffalo and the elk were occasionally seen. Wild turkeys appeared in vast flocks, and in the season came the migratory fowls, and tarried by the streams. The river had its share of life, and fairly swarmed with fish. But the pioneers came not to enjoy a life of lotus-eating and ease. They could admire the pristine beauty of scenes that unveiled before them; they could enjoy the vernal green of the great forest, and the loveliness of all the works of nature. They could look forward with happy anticipation to the life they were to lead in the midst of all this beauty, and to the rich reward that would be theirs from the cultivation of the mellow, fertile soil; but they had first to work. The seed time comes before the harvest in other 'fields, too, than that of agriculture. The dangers; also; that these pioneers were exposed to, were serious ones. The Indians could not be trusted, and the many stories of their outrages in the earlier eastern settlements made the pioneers of the Scioto country apprehensive of trouble. The larger wild beasts were a cause of much dread, and the smaller- ones were a source of great annoyance. Added to this was the liability to sickness which always exists in a new country. In the midst of all the loveliness of the surroundings, there was a sense of loneliness that could not be dispelled, and. this was a far greater trial to the men and women who firstfirstt in the western country than is generally imagined. The deep-seated, constantly-recurring feeling of isolation made many stout hearts turn back to the older settlements and the abodes of comfort, the companionship and sociability they had abandoned in Virginia, Pennsylvania and the Southern and Eastern States, to take up a new life in the wilderness. The pioneers, coming first down the Ohio and then making their way up the Scioto, and later making the tedious, journey from the east by the rude trails, arrived at the places of their destination with but very little with which to begin the battle of life. They had brave hearts and strong arms, however, and they were possessed of of invincible determination. Frequently they came on without their families to make a beginning, and this having been accomplished, would return to their old homes for their wives and children. The first thing done after a temporary shelter from the rain had been-been provided to prepare a little spot of ground for some crop, usually corn. This was done by girdling the trees, clearing away the underbrush, if there chanced to be any, and sweeping the surface with fire. Ten, fifteen, twenty or even thirty acres of land might thus. be prepared and planted the first season. In the autumn the crop would be carefully gathered and garnered with the least possible waste, for it was the food supply of the pioneer and his family; and life itself depended, in part, upon its safe preservation. While the first crop was growing the pioneer has busied himself with the building of his cabin, which must answer as a shelter from the storms of the coming winter, a protection from the ravages of animals, and, possibly, a place of refuge from the red man. If a pioneer was completely isolated from his fellow: men,. his position was certainly a hard one; for without assistance he could construct only a poor habitation. In such cases the cabin was generally made, of light logs or poles, and was laid up roughly, only to answer the temporary purpose of shelter, until other settlers had come into the vicinity, by whose help a more solid structure could be built. Usually a number of men came into the country together, and located within such distance of each other as enabled them to perform many friendly and neighborly offices. Assistance was always readily given one pioneer by all the scattered residents of the forest within a radius of several miles. The commonly followed plan of erecting a log cabin was through a union of labor. The site of the cabin home was generally selected with reference to a good water supply, often by a never-failing spring of pure water, or if such could not be found, it was not uncommon to first' dig a well. When the cabin was to be built the few neighbors gathered at the site, -and first cut down, within as close proximity as possible, a number of trees, as nearly of a size as could be found, but ranging from a foot to twenty inches in diameter. Logs were chopped from these and rolled to a common center. This work, and that of pre= paring the foundation, would consume the greater part of the day, in most cases, and the entire labor would most commonly occupy two or three days—sometimes four. The logs were raised to their places with handspikes and "skid poles," and men standing at the corners with axes notched them as fast as they were laid in position. Soon the cabin would be built several logs high, and the work would become more difficult. The gables were formed by beveling the logs, and making them shorter and shorter, as each additional one was laid in place. These logs in the gables were held in place by poles, which extended across the cabin from end to end, and which served also as rafters upon which to lay the rived "clapboard" roof. The so-called "clapboards" were five or six feet in length, and were split from oak or ash logs made as smooth and flat as possible. They were laid side by side, and other pieces of split stuff laid over the cracks so as to effectually keep out the rain. Upon these, logs were laid to hold them in place, and the logs were held by blocks of wood placed between them. The chimney was an important part of the structure, and taxed the builders, with their poor tools, to their utmost. In rare cases it was made of stone, but most commonly of logs and sticks laid up in a manner similar to those which formed the cabin. It was, in nearly all cases, built outside of the cabin, and at its base a huge opening was cut through the wall to answer as a fire-place. The HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO - 31 sticks in the chimney were held in place, and protected from fire, by mortar, formed by kneading and working clay and straw. Flat stones were procured for back and jambs of the fire place. An opening was chopped or sawed in the logs on one side of the cabin for a doorway. Pieces of hewed timber, three or four inches thick, were fastened on each side, by wooden pins, to the ends of the logs, and the door (if there were any) was fastened to one of these by wooden hinges. The door itself was a. clumsy piece of wood-work. It. was made of boards, rived from an oak log, and held together by heavy crosspieces. There was a wooden latch upon the inside, raised by a string which passed through a gimlet-hole, and hung upon the outside. From this mode of construction arose the old and well-known hospitable saying; " you will find the latch-string always out." It was only pulled in at night, and the door was thus fastened. Very many of the cabins of the pioneers had no doors of the kind here described, and the entrance was only protected by a blanket, or skin of some wild beast, suspended above it. The indow was a small opening, often devoid of anything resembling a sash, and very seldom having glass. Greased paper was sometimes used in lieu of the latter, but more commonly some old garment constituted a curtain, which was the only protection from sun, or rain, or snow, The floor of the cabin was made of puncheons—pieces of firm ber split from trees, about eighteen inches in diameter, and hewed smooth with the broad-axe. They were half the length of the floor. Many of the cabins first erected in this part of the country had nothing but the earthern floor. Sometimes the cabins had cellars, which were simply small excavations in the ground, for the storage of a few articles of food, or, perhaps, cooking utensils. Access to the cellar was readily gained by lifting a loose puncheon. There was sometimes a loft, used for various purposes, among others as the " guest chamber " of the house. It was reached by a ladder, the sides of which were split pieces of a sapling, put together, like everything else in the house, without. nails. The furniture of the log cabin was as simple and primitive as the structure itself. A forked stick set' in the floor and supporting two poles, the other ends of which were allowed to rest upon the logs at the end and side of the cabin, formed a bedstead. A common form of table was a split slab, supported by four rustic legs, set in auger holes. Three legged stools were made in similar simple manner. Pegs, driven in auger holes in the logs of the wall, supported shelves, and others displayed the limited wardrobe of the family not in use. A few other pegs, or perhaps a pair of deer horns, formed a rack where hung the rifle and powder-horn, which no cabin was without. These, and perhaps a few other simple articles, brought from the "old home," formed the furniture and furnishings of the pioneer cabin. The utensils for cooking and the dishes for table use were few. The best were of pewter, which the care ul housewife of the olden time kept shining as brightly as the most pretentious plate of our later day fine houses. It was by no means uncommon that wooden vessels, either coopered or turned, were used upon the table. Knives and forks were few ; crockery very scarce, and tin-ware not abundant. Food was simply cooked and served, but it was of the best and most wholesome kind. The hunter kept the larder supplied with venison, bear meat, squirrels, wild turkeys and the many varieties of smaller game. Plain corn bread, baked in a kettle, in the ashes, or upon' a board in front of the great open fire-place, answered the purpose of .all kinds of pastry. The corn was, among the earlier pioneers, pounded, or grated, there being no mills for grinding it, for some time, and then only small ones at a considerable distance away. The wild fruits, in their season,. were made use of, and afforded a pleasant variety. Sometimes especial effort was made to .prepare a delicacy, as, for instance, when a woman experimented in mince pies, by pounding wheat for the flour to make the crust and used crab apples for fruit. In the lofts of the cabins was usually to be found a collection of articles that made up the pioneer's materia medial, the herb medicines and. spices—catnip, sage, tansy, fennel, boneset, pennyroyal and wormwood, each • gathered in its season; and there were also stores of nuts, and strings of dried pumpkin, with bags of berries and fruit. The habits of the pioneers were of a simplicity and purity in conformance to their surroundings and belongings. The men were engaged in the herculean labor, day after day, of enlarging the little patch of sunshine about their homes, cutting away the forest, ,burning off the brush and debris, preparing the soil, planting, tending, harvesting, caring for the few animals, which they brought with them, or soon procured, and in hunting. While they were engaged in the heavy labor of the field and forest, or following. the deer, or seeking other game, their help-meets were: busied with their household duties —providing for the. day and for the winter coming on, cooking, making clothes, spinning and weaving. They were fitted, by nature and experience, to be the consorts of the brave men who first came into the western wilderness. They were heroic in their endurance of hardship, and privation, and loneliness. Their industry was well directed and unceasing. Woman's work then, like man's, was performed under disadvantages, which have been removed in later years. She had not only the common household duties to perform, but many others. She not only made the clothing but the fabric for it. That old, old occupation of spinning and of weaving, with which woman's name has been associated in all history, and of which the modern world knows nothing, except through the stories of those who are grandmothers now—that old occupation of spinning and of weaving, which seems surrounded with a glamour of romance as we look back to it through tradition and poetry, and which always conjures up thoughts of the graces and virtues of the dames and damsels of a generation that is gone—that old, old occupation of spinning and of weaving, was the chief industry of the pioneer women.. Every cabin sounded with the softly-whirring wheel and the rythmic thud of the loom. The woman of pioneer times was, like the woman described by Solomon : " She seeketh wool and flax, and worketh willingly with her hands ; she layeth her hands to the spindle, and her hands hold the distaff." 32 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO. Almost every article of clothing, all the cloth in use in the old log cabins, was the product of the patient woman-weaver's toil. She spun the flax and wove the cloth for shirts, and pantaloons, frocks, sheets and blankets. The -linen and the wool, the "linsey-woolsey" woven by the housewife, formed all of the material for the clothing of both men and women, except such articles as were made of skins. The men commonly wore the hunting shirt, a kind of loose frock reaching half way down the thighs, open before, and so wide as to lap over a foot or more upon the chest. This generally had a cape, which was often fringed with a raveled piece.of cloth of a different color from that which composed the garment. The bosom of the garment answered as a pouch, in which could be carried- the various articles that the hunter or woodsman would need. The hunting shirt was always worn belted. It was made of coarse linen, of linsey, or of dressed deer-skin, according to the fancy of the wearer. Breeches were made of heavy cloth or of deerskin, and were often worn with leggings of the same material, or of some kind of leather, while the feet were most usually encased in moccasins, which were easily and quickly made, though they needed frequent mending. The deerskin breeches, or drawers, were very comfortable when dry, but when they became wet were very cold to the limbs, and the next time they were put on were almost as stiff as if made of- wood. Hats or caps were made of the various native furs. The women were clothed in linsey petticoats, coarse shoes and stockings, and wore buckskin gloves or mittens when any protection was required for the hands. All of the wearing apparel, like that of the men, was made with a view to being serviceable and comfortable, and all was of home manufacture. Other articles, and finer ones,-were worn sometimes, but they were brought from former homes, and were usually the relics handed down from parents to children. Jewelry was not common, but occasionally some ornament was displayed. In the cabins of the cultivated pioneers were usually a few books--–the Bible and hymn-book, Pilgrim's 'Progress, Baxter's Saints' Rest, Harvey's Meditations, AEsop's Fables, Gulliver's Travels, Robinson Cruso, and the like. The long winter evenings were spent in poring over a few well-thumbed volumes by the light of the great log fire, in knitting, mending, curing furs, etc. Hospitality was simple, unaffected, hearty, unbounded. Whiskey was in common use, and was furnished on all occasions of sociality. Nearly every settler had his barrel stored away. It was the universal drink at merry-makings, bees, house warmings, weddings, and was always set before the traveler who chanced to spend the night or take a meal in the log cabin. It was the good, old-fashioned whiskey—"clear as amber, sweet as musk, smooth as oil"—that the few octogenarians and nonogenarians of to-day recall to memory with an unctuous gusto and a suggestive smack of the lips. The whiskey came from the Monongahela country, and was floated down the Ohio and thence boated up the Scioto. A few years later many stills were set up by the settlers, and an article of corn whiskey manufactured that was not held in such high esteem, though used in great quantities. As the settlement increased, the sense of loneliness and isolation was dispelled, the asperities of" life were softened, its amenities multiplied. Social gatherings became more numerous and more enjoyable. The logrolling, harvesting, and husking-bees for the men, and the applebutter - making and quilting parties for the women, furnished frequent occasions for social intercourse. The early settlers took much pleasure and pride in rifle-shooting, and as they were accustomed to the use of the gun as a means, often, of obtaining subsistence, and relied upon it as a weapon of defence, they exhibited considerable skill. A wedding was the event of most importance in the sparsely settled new country. The young people had every inducement to marry, and generally did so as soon as able to provide for themselves. When a marriage was to be celebrated, all the neighborhood turned out. It was customary to have the ceremony performed before dinner, and, in order to be on time, 'the groom and his attendants usually started from his father's home in the morning, for that of the bride. All went on horseback, riding in single file along the narrow trail. Arriving at the cabin of the bride's parents, the ceremony would be performed, and after that, dinner served. This would be a substantial backwoods feast of beef, pork, fowls, and bear or deer meat, with such vegetables as could be procured. The greatest hilarity prevailed during the meal. After it was over, the dancing began, and was usually kept up till the next morning, though the newly-made husband and wife were, as a general thing, put to bed in the most approved fashion, and with considerable formality, in the middle of the evening's route. The tall young men, when they went on to the floor to dance, had to take their places with care between the logs that supported the loft floor, or they were in danger of bumping their heads. The figures of the dances were three and four-handed reels, or square sets and jigs. The commencement was always a square four, which was followed by " jigging it off." The "settlement " of a young couple was thought to be thoroughly and generously made when the neighbors assembled and raised a cabin for them. During all the early years of the settlement, varied with occasional pleasures and excitements, the great work of increasing the tillable ground went slowly on. The implements and tools Were few, and of the most primitive kind, but the soil, that had long held in reserve the accumulated richness of centuries, produced splendid harvests, and the husbandman was well rewarded for his labor. The soil was warmer then than now, and the season earlier. The prairie fields were often, by the first of March, as green as fields of grain now are by the first of April. The wheat was pastured in the spring to keep it from growing up so early and so fast as to become lodged. The harvest came early, and the yield was often from thirty-five to forty, or more, bushels per acre. Corn grew fast, and roasting ears were to be had by the Fourth of July in some seasons. There was great difficulty in obtaining flour and meal. There was no mill nearer than Chillicothe—the floating HISTORY OF FRANKLIN ANT) PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO - 33 mill upon the river—for a number of years. Only the commonest goods were brought into the country, and they sold at enormous prices, being packed from Detroit, or wagoned from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, thence floated down the Ohio to the mouth of the Scioto, and thence brought up the stream in boats, or packed along the banks. Tea was worth two or three dollars a pound for a number of years after the settlement of the Scioto valley had extended up as far as Columbus. Coffee brought from seventy-five cents to a dollar ; salt, five to six dollars per bushel, of fifty pounds, and the commonest kinds- of calico were sold at a dollar per yard. Long journeys upon foot were often made by the pioneers to obtain the necessities of life, or some article, then a luxury, for the sick. Hardships were cheerfully borne, privations stoutly endured ; the best was made of what they had, by the pioneers and their families, and they toiled, patiently on, industrious and frugal, simple in their tastes and pleasures, happy in an independence, however hardly gained, and looking forward, hopefully, to a future of plenty, which should reward them for the toils of their earliest years, and a rest from the struggle amidst the benefits gained by it. Without an iron will and indomitable resolution, they could never have accomplished what they did. Their heroism deserves the highest tribute of praise that can be awarded. During the war of 1812, many of the husbands and fathers volunteered their services to the United States, and others were drafted. Women and children were then left alone in many an isolated log cabin all through Ohio, and there was a long reign of unrest, anxiety and terror. It was feared by all that the Indians might take advantage of the desertion of these homes by their natural defenders, and pillage and destroy them. The dread of robbery and murder filled many a mother's heart, but happily the worst fears of this kind proved to be groundless, and this part of the country was spared any scenes of actual violence. After the war, there was a greater feeling of security than ever before; a new motive was given to immigration. The country rapidly filled up with settlers, and the era of peace and prosperity was fairly begun. Progress was slowly, surely made; the log houses became more numerous in the clearings; the forest shrank away before the woodsman's axe. Frame houses began to appear; the pioneers, assured of safety, laid better plans for the future, resorted to new industries, enlarged their possessions, improved the means of cultivation. Stock was. brought in from Kentucky and from the east. Every settler had his horses, oxen, cattle, sheep and hogs. More commodious structures took the places of the old ones; the large double log cabin, of hewed logs, took the place of the smaller hut; log and frame barns were built for the protection of stock, and the housing of the crops. Then society began to form itself, the school-house and the church appeared, and the advancement was noticeable in a score of ways. Still there remained a vast work to perform, for as yet only a beginning had been made in the western woods. The brunt of the struggle, however, was past, and the way made in the wilderness for the army that was to come. CHAPTER V. SETTLEMENT AND POPULATION. THERE is one great and striking peculiarity in the settlement and population of the Scioto valley that is more clearly exemplified in Pickaway county than in Franklin, or any other. It is the difference between the people upon the east and west sides of the river. There is, probably, no other county or section of country, of equal size, in the State of Ohio which contains two such clearly defined and different elements as the population of Virginian descent upon the west side of the river, and that of Pennsylvanian origin upon the east side: The cause of this peculiarity is, of course, directly attributable to the formation of the land grants, or reservations. Virginia having retained, as is fully explained in the chapter headed "Title to Ohio—The Land Grants—The Survey," all of the lands west of the Scioto and east of the Miami, they came, very naturally, to be settled by the pioneers who emigrated from that State. They brought with them the ideas, and manners and customs of the Old Dominion, which, taking root in the new soil of the frontier, sprang up and produced their like, modified, to be sure, by various forces, but retaining strong general resemblance to the parent stock. The land upon the east side of the river being within the United States military, congress and refugee tracts, was, for obvious reasons, settled and developed by pioneers from a wider range of localities, though the greater proportion, especially in Pickaway county, were Pennsylvanians. Franklin county, from the fact that it is farther north than Pickaway, received more of its early population from the east; an admixture from New England and New York State, as well as from the northern part of Ohio, in later years. Upon the west side of the river the early settlers were, as in Pickaway, from Virginia, but upon the whole, the population of Franklin was, and is, much more cosmopolitan in its character than that of Pickaway; the river has been less clearly the dividing line between the Virginian and other pioneers, and the difference in the mode and degree of the development of the country has been conspicuous. The different elements in the population of Pickaway, and the effects produced by the two peoples, is worthy of more than a passing word. At present there is not exhibited the wide diversity there once was. It has been modified by the influx of other than the original elements of population, by intermingling of the people, change of residence, and various other causes. The land in Pickaway, which is a part of the Virginia military grant, was mostly held by wealthy men, in large tracts, and a 'system of tenantry was brought in vogue at an early day, through this circumstance. Upon the west side of the river, there is within the county a territory of about two hundred and ninety square miles, and this territory, about the year 1843, according to a small historical pamphlet then published, contained a population of only eight thousand, three hundred and seventy-six, an average of less than thirty to the square mile, while the land upon the east side of the river, containing about eighty less - 5 - 34 - HISTORY OF FRANKLIN AND PICKAWAY COUNTIES, OHIO. square miles, sustained a population of eleven thousand, three hundred and forty-nine, an average of almost fifty-five to the square mile. The popular disposition being to take up large tracts of land, the insecurity of title, and other causes, created the tenant system under which the lands were never so fully improved as where actual ownership, and division into smaller farms, was the rule. Forty or fifty years after the settlement of the county began, the difference between the lands east and west of the river was very conspicuous. Upon the east side, where the Pennsylvanians were in the majority, the farms and fields were of moderate size, well improved, and thoroughly worked by men who lived upon them, in comfortable* homes, and who were their owners. Upon the west side there were occasional houses of much pretension, and immense farms but partially improved, and often cultivated in a lax and slovenly way. Upon one side the wealth of the country was quite equally divided; upon the other were to be seen the extremes of wealth and poverty. The price of land of the same quality east and west of the river was very often nearly twice as great upon the former side as upon the latter, and as the lands east of the Scioto were surveyed in small tracts and parcels, thus being within reach of the poorer class of pioneers, this part of the county was first to gain a good average of population. The habits brought with the first emigrants underwent a gradual change, new elements of .population entered the country, the large farms, upon the death of their original owners, were cut up and divided among the members of the family, and the peculiar differences between the appearance and character of the country upon the east and west sides of the river grew slowly less observable until, at the present, very little is noticeable. THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. In Pickaway county the first permanent white settlements were made in 1796, or the following year. The first cabins were erected upon the " truce," or trail leading from the crossing of the Hockhocking (now Lancaster) by the Pickaway plains, to Chillicothe. There was one three or four miles. south of the plains, and another at the eastern edge. The land upon which stood the old Indian town of Chillicothe became the property of Abel Westfall, who laid out the village which to-day bears his name. The rich body of lands known as the Pickaway plains was crossed by the great thoroughfares leading from the eastern settlements to Chillicothe, and to Cincinnati and the Miami settlements. Numerous "squatters" had, at an early day, erected cabins along these roads, and yet these lands were not sold until nearly all of the soil lying around them had been taken up. Consequently the settlement upon the plains could not be regarded as permanent. It involved no possessive rights. Settlements were made on Darby creek by Jonathan Renick; on Deer creek by Abraham Shanton, and on Walnut plains by David Denny, as early as 1800. A few cabins were erected six or eight miles apart, upon the trail leading from Chillicothe to Franklinton through Westfall, as early as 1797-8. Following are the dates of settlement of the several townships, as nearly as can be ascertained :