950 - GREENE COUNTY, OHIO Of a squadron of that regiment, with title of major, later raised to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and with that command served with the punitive expedition sent into Mexico under General Pershing's command, remaining with his regiment until July, 1917, when he returned. to his established home at Wilberforce, where he is now (1918) awaiting further orders. Since his return from Santo Domingo in 1907 Colonel Young has had a residence in the immediate vicinity of Wilberforce, on the Columbus pike Out of Xenia. The Colonel has many souvenirs of his travels in his home and can tell some entertaining tales connected with some of them. Besides the official monograph above referred to he has written considerable and his book, "Military Morale of Nations and Races," was regarded as of sufficient technical value as to warrant its publication. Colonel Young also has written some plays, which are still in manuscript, and some music, and is a performer on the pipe organ and piano. In 1903, just prior to his departure for Santo Domingo, Colonel Young was united in marriage to Ada Barr and to this union two children have been born, C. Noel, born in 1907, and Marie A., 1909. By religious persuasion the Colonel is a Universalist. His wife is a Catholic. CAMPBELL L. MAXWELL. Among the alumni of Wilberforce University there are many persons who in one and another walk of life have attained honor and fame or who have reflected a more than usual degree of credit upon their alma mater, as well as upon the race in whose behalf that institution has for many years exercised so beneficent an influence, but in the whole long roster of this alumni there are few names more widely known than that of Campbell L. Maxwell, of Xenia, a life trustee of Wilberforce University and dean of the law department of that institution, former consul-general to the Republic of Santo Domingo, former city clerk of Xenia and for many years engaged in the practice of law in that city. Campbell L. Maxwell is a native son of Ohio, born on his father's farm in Fayette county, not far from Edgefield, fifth in order of birth of the eleven children born to Campbell and Henrietta (Hill) Maxwell, both of whom were born in Virginia, but who, soon after their marriage, about 183o, came over into Ohio and settled in Fayette county, where Campbell Maxwell 'became the owner of a farm near the town of Edgefield, where his wife spent the remainder of her life, he moving to Xenia alter his second marriage, where he remained until death. Campbell Maxwell was a son of James Maxwell and wife, both of whom also were born in Virginia and who, not long after their son Campbell came .to Ohio joined him and his family and pres- GREENE COUNTY, OHIO - 951 ently bought a little farm in the vicinity of Plymouth, where their last days were spent. Campbell and Henrietta Maxwell were the parents of eleven children. The mother of these children died in the early '70s and Campbell Maxwell married again, his second wife having been a Mrs. Armstrong, but this second marriage was without issue. He was a member of the African Methodist Episcopal church and both he and the mother of his children were devoted to the proper education and training of those children, the benefits of this training being noted in the after courses of the lives of these children, several of whom besides the subject of this sketch have achieved success in the gospel ministry, in educational circles and in the marts of trade. Joshua C. Maxwell, the eldest son, was for years a grocer in the city of Xenia, where his last days were spent. The Rev. J. P. Maxwell, another son, long a resident of Wilberforce and formerly and for years secretary of Wilberforce University, is now the pastor of the African Methodist Episcopal church at Lancaster, Ohio. Another. son, the Rev. George W. Maxwell, also entered the ministry and is now the presiding elder of the Cincinnati district of the African Methodist Episcopal church. He has for years made his home at Xenia. Charles F. Maxwell early became qualified as a teacher and is now connected with the public schools' at Spencer, Indiana. John M. Maxwell, another of these sons who turned his attention to teaching was for many years principal of the colored high school at Louisville, Kentucky, where his death occurred several years ago. Daniel S. Maxwell, now deceased, also became a teacher and was connected with the schools of New Albany, Indiana, at the time of his death. There were four sisters in this family. Of these Mary J., widow of Samuel Finley, is now living at Detroit, Michigan. Martha, widow of Thomas Jones, a veteran of the Civil War, is living on her farm in Paulding county, this state. Celia, now deceased, married Charles Upthegrove and lived in Fayette county. Her death occurred in Xenia. Nancy, the only one of these children who did not grow to maturity, died at the age of fourteen years. Reared on the home farm in the vicinity of Edgefield, Campbell L. Maxwell received his early schooling in the district schools of that neighborhood and when eighteen years of age entered the public schools cf Xenia and after a course there entered Wilberforce University, in which institution he completed a special course preparatory to entering the law school of the university, from which latter department he was in due time graduated. Upon receiving his diploma Mr. Maxwell was admitted to the bar of Greene county and also was admitted to practice in the supreme court of the state. Not long after his graduation from the law school Mr. Maxwell married and was about that time appointed principal of the colored schools in the neighboring county seat of Springfield, which position he held for several years, at the end of which time he left the school room and returned to Xenia, 952 - GREENE COUNTY, OHIO where he opened an office for the practice of his profession. Not long afterward he was elected clerk of the city of Xenia and for six years held that office. During the administration of President Harrison he was appointed American consul to Santo Domingo and with his family moved to that island, where he lived for three years, or until his retirement under the administration of President Cleveland. During the McKinley administration Mr. Maxwell was returned to the island republic of Santo Domingo as United States consul-general and for four years served his government in that important capacity. Upon his retirement from public life he returned to his home in Xenia and has since resided there, continuing the practice of his profession. Mr. Maxwell is a life member of the board of trustees of Wilberforce University and for several years has been dean of the law school of that admirable institution. In 1873 Campbell L. Maxwell was united in marriage to Mary E. Cousins, who was born in Xenia, daughter of Edward and Catherine Cousins, the latter of whom is still living, and to this union two children have been born, a son and a daughter, Earl F. and Minnie Pearl, the former of whom is associated with his father in the practice of law at Xenia, and the latter, a teacher in the Xenia public schools, at home with her parents. Earl F. Maxwell was graduated from the Xenia high school and early turned his attention to the study of law, later entering Ohio State University and after being graduated from that institution was admitted to the bar and became associated with his father in the practice of his profession at Xenia, under the firm name of Maxwell & Maxwell. He is married, his wife having been Helen Garnes before her marriage. Minnie Pearl Maxwell attended and was graduated in French and Spanish from the Instituto de Senoritas de Santo Domingo during the time of her father's service as consul-general to Santo Domingo and there became proficient in the use of both French and Spanish. She later attended and graduated from Wilberforce University and has for some years been connected with the Xenia schools. The Maxwells are members of St. John's African Methodist Episcopal church at Xenia, in which Mr. Maxwell has for years been an office bearer and is at present a member of the board of trustees of the same. Mr. Maxwell has for years taken an active interest in the affairs of the colored Masonic organization and was for many years secretary of the grand lodge of that order in Ohio. He was at one time affiliated with the blue lodge, the council, the chapter and the commandery at Xenia and has done much to promote the proper development of Masonic principles among the men of his race in this state. Mrs. Maxwell was before and after her marriage a teacher in the public schools and it is to her wise counsel and steadfast devotion that Mr. Maxwell attributes. much of his success in life. GREENE COUNTY, OHIO - 953 GILBERT H. JONES, M. A., PH. D. Dr. Gilbert H. Jones, dean of the liberal arts department of Wilberforce University and one of the best-known young colored educators in the country, was born at Ft. Mott, in Calhoun county, South Carolina, August 23, 1883, and is a son of Bishop Joshua' H. Jones, former president of Wilberforce University and a bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal church since 1912, who is still making his home at Wilberforce, and regarding whom "Who's Who. in America" says : "Jones, Joshua H., bishop; b. Pine Plains, Lexington Co., S. C., June 15, 1856; s. Joseph and Sylvia J.; B.A., Claflin U., S. C., 1885; student Howard U., Washington, D. C. ; B.D., Wilberforce (Ohio) U., 1887 (D.D., 1893) ; in. Elizabeth Martin, 1875; in. 2d, Augusta E. Clark, of Wilberforce, Nov., 1888. Local preacher A. M. E. Ch. at 18; pastor in S. C., Wheeling, W. Va., Wilberforce, 0., Lynn, Mass., Providence, R. I., and Columbus, O. ; presiding elder Columbus dist., 1894-9; pastor Zanesville, 0., 1899; pres. Wilberforce U., 1900-8; bishop A. M. E. Ch. since 1912. Home: Wilberforce, 0." Gilbert H. Jones was but a boy when his parents moved from South Carolina to Providence, Rhode Island, and in that city he received his first public-school training. The family later moved to Columbus, Ohio, and there in 1898, he then being but fifteen years of age, he was graduated from the Central high school. The next year he entered Ohio State University and after three years of study there transferred his attendance to Wilberforce University and was given his Bachelor of Arts degree by that institution in 1902, receiving his Bachelor of Science degree from the same institution in 1903. For three years after his graduation Doctor Jones was employed as principal of the Lincoln high school at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in the meantime pursuing his studies in Dickinson College at that place, and in 1.905 received from that institution the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy,- the, same institution two years later conferring upon him the degree of Master of Arts. While at Carlisle he was invited to accept the chair of classic languages in Langston University at Langston, Oklahoma, and after a year of service in that connection decided to finish his studies abroad, and in July, 1907, went to Europe and for two years thereafter was engaged in study in the University of Goetingen, in Berlin, in the University of Leipsic and in the University of Jena, receiving his Doctor of Philosophy degree from the latter institution in 1909. Upon his return to the United States, Doctor Jones was invited to accept the chair of philosophy in St. Augustine Collegiate Institute at Raleigh, South Carolina, and after a year of service there was asked to return to Langston University and resume his former place there as teacher of classic languages. He accepted the invitation and was thus 954 - GREENE COUNTY, OHIO engaged at Langston for four years, or until 1914, when he was called to accept the position of dean of the College of Liberal Arts at Wilberforce University, which position he has since' occupied. Since taking charge of the liberal arts department of the university Doctor Jones has modernized the procedure in that department, has expanded the work to include general biological research, securing for that department an admirably equipped laboratory, and has directed special summer-school work there.. The Doctor is a member of the American Academy of Political and Social Science and for several years has been working on a couple of books which he will shortly have ready for publication, one relating to the subject of psychology and the other having to do with the principles of teaching. On June 8, 1910, Dr. Gilbert H. Jones was united in marriage to Rachel Gladys Coverdale, who was born at Germantown, Pennsylvania, and to this union two-children have been born, Gladys Havena, born in May, 1911, and Gilbert H., Jr., September 25, 1914. Doctor and Mrs. Jones are members of the African Methodist Episcopal church and the Doctor is the Ohio state superintendent of the Allen Endeavor Society of that church. WILLIAM SANDERS SCARBOROUGH, M. A., LL. D., PH. D. SCARBOROUGH, WILLIAM SANDERS, university pres.; b, Macon, Ga. Feb. 16, 1952; s, Jeremiah and Frances S.; A. B. Oberlin College, 1975, A. M., 1979; Ph. D., Ky. State U., 1992; (LL. D., Liberia Coll. W. Africa. 1992; Ph. D., Morris Brown Coll.. Ga., 1908: F. Ph., St. Columba's Coll., Eng., 1909) ; in, Sarah C. Bierce, of Danby, N. Y., August 2, 1881. Prof. classical Greek, Wilberforce U., 1977-91; prof. Hellenistic Greek, Payne Theol. Sem. (Wilberforce U.). 1991-5; prof. classical Greek, v.-p. and head of Classical Dept., 1895-1908, pres. since 1909, Wilberforce U. Exegetial editor of the S. S. pubis. A. M. E. Church; del. Ecumenical Meth. Conf., London, 1901 ; del. Congress of Races, London, BEng., 191 1. Mem. Am. Philol. Assn., Archaeol. Inst. America. Modern Lang. Assn. America, Am. Folk-Lore Soc., Am. Dialect Soc., Am. Social Science Assn., Am. Acad. Polit. and Social Science, Royal Soc. of Arts, London. Author: First Lessons in Greek, 1991; Theory and Functions of the Thematic Vowel in the Greek Verb; Our Political Status, 1984: Birds of Aristophanes, a Theory of Interpretation, 1996; also many articles on Negro folk-lore, the Negro question; classkal, philol. and archaeol. subjects. Address: Wilberforce, O. The above from "Who's Who in America" gives in a nutshell the outstanding facts in the life of Dr. W. S. Scarborough, president of Wilberforce University and for many years one of the most conspicuous figures in 'the world in the cause of Negro education and uplift. Doctor Scarborough has been a resident of Greene county ever since his call to Wilberforce University as the head of the classical department of that institution in 1877. His early and continuous devotion to the cause of education and his lifelong interest in behalf of the youth of his race have given him a standing in educational circles throughout the country and even in Europe that places him in a high rank among educators. Doctor Scarborough began to attract the attention of the leading educators of the country not long after he became a . GREENS COUNTY, OHIO - 955 member of the faculty of Wilberforce University, when, in 1881, he published his notable Greek text-book, "First Lessons in Greek," the first and only Greek book ever written by a Negro. So Simple and comprehensive were the lessons arranged by the young Negro scholar—for Doctor Scarborough was not thirty years of age at that time—that the text-book attained instant recognition and was ,widely adopted as one of the most helpful aids to the student of Greek ever written. His utter devotion to the cause of education and his continued and undivided interest in behalf of the youth who came from all parts of the country and even from Europe and Africa to gain the benefit of the advantages offered the race at Wilberforce, naturally kept Doctor Scarborough's influence effective in the institution to which he had early devoted his life and it was regarded as eminently fitting that when the vacancy occurred in the executive chair of that institution in 1908 he was elected to fill the same. It is but proper further to say that the wisdom of this choice has been demonstrated throughout the years that the Doctor has been serving as president of Wilberforce University, for the many notable improvements that have been made in the institution since he took charge as executive head have proved to all concerned that he indeed is "the right man in the right place." Doctor Scarborough's various scholastic activities have been briefly mentioned in the paragraph from "Who's Who in America," quoted above, but those strictly formal items of information barely touch .on the greater and wider activities which have marked his loving nurture of the interests of the great institution of learning of which he has been the head since 1908 and to which' he has so unselfishly and ungrudgingly devoted his life since his arrival there away, back in 1877, when, as a young collegian and with all a collegian's enthusiasm for the work that thus opened before him, he entered upon the labors which have been so wonderfully effective. No written page ever can carry the full story of those activities, for, even as is every proper- labor of love, they have been of a character that the written word but coldly and ineffectively delineates. The story of these activities, however, has been written in indelible and imperishable characters upon the hearts of thousands of the youth who have gone in and out before Doctor Scarborough at Wilberforce during the past forty years and are reflected in characters that glow wherever the better elements of a Negro population congregate in this country today. And wherever the wonderful story of the uplift that has marked the progress of the Negro race since the cruel days of slavery is told in this country today there is mentioned the name of Doctor Scarborough ; and wherever there are found gathered two or more of those 'of all those thousands who have benefitted by reason of his benevolent instructions, there his name is spoken in loving and grateful remembrance. A few years ago the university published the following brief biography 956 - GREENE COUNTY, OHIO of President Scarborough : "William Sanders Scarborough, president of Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio, U. S. A., was born in Macon, Georgia, in 1854. He received his early education in his native city before and during the Civil War. In 1869 he entered Atlanta University, where he. spent two years in preparation for Yale University, but entered Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, instead, in 1871, and was' graduated from the department of Philosophy and the Arts with the degree of A. B. in 1875. Later he received from his alma mater the degree of M. A. He -has since been honored by various colleges with the degrees of Ph. D. and LL. D. He spent a part of the year following graduation in Oberlin Theological Seminary in special study of the Semitic languages and Hellenistic Greek. "In 1877 he was elected head of the classical department in Wilberforce University. In 1881 he published, through A. S. Barnes & Co., a Greek text-book—`First Lessons in Greek'—the first and only Greek book ever written by a Negro. This book was widely used by both white and colored schools of the country, especially in the North. He has also written a treatise entitled 'The Birds of Aristophanes—a Theory of Interpretation'— aside from numerous tracts and pamphlets, covering a variety of subjects, classical, archaeological, sociological and racial. He has written V many , papers for various societies to which he belongs, especially the Philological Society. In 1891 he was transferred to the chair. of Hellenistic Greek in Payne Theological Seminary of Wilberforce University, upon the opening of this school. In 1897 he was again re-elected as professor of Latin and Greek in the university and was made vice-president of the same. In 1908 he was elected president of Wilberforce University, a position which he now holds. "In 1881 he married Sarah C. Bierce, a lady of high literary attainments, and a writer for many magazines. "President Scarborough has long been a contributor to the press of his country, including the leading magazines. He has been for many years the exegetical editor of the A. M. E. Church Sunday school publications. He is a member of a number of learned societies : American Philological, American Dialect, American Science, Archaeological Institute of America, American Spelling Reform, American Folk-Lore, American Modern Language, American Political and Social Science, the Egyptian Exploration Fund Association, National Geographic Society, American Negro Academy, of which he is first vice-president. He has several times been one of the invited orators at the Lincoln League banquet of the state of Ohio. At a conference of the Negro leaders in Columbus, Ohio, he was elected president of the Afro-American. State League, designed to further the interests of the Negro throughout the country. He was appointed by the governor of Ohio a delegate to the national conference in St. Louis in the inter- GREENE COUNTY, OHIO - 957 est of Negro education. He is the only Negro representative on the board of the Lincoln Memorial Association of Ohio, which is presided over by the governor. "He has now in press a volume of his work on the race question. He was a delegate to the Ecumenical Methodist Conference held in London in 1901, representing the African Methodist Episcopal church, and Was in attendance upon the Universal Race Congress in London, representing Wilberforce University, of which he is president." PROF. GEORGE THOMPSON SIMPSON. "If there is such a thing as king of singers, Mr. Simpson is entitled to that honor." When the Baltimore American voiced the above sentiment it was not indulging in mere newspaper "puffery." When the Wheeling Intelligencer, referring to the same singer, said : "He has a beautiful, pure voice, under rare cultivation, especially sweet and true in the highest rotes," that paper was not merely filling space to give a complimentary account of a concert. When the Pittsburgh Post referred to the same singer as one "whose vocal possibilities are so favorably compared to those of Campanini," it stated but a fact long recognized by musical critics, and when the Chillicothe (Ohio) News. referred to the same gifted master of song as "one of the most melodious tenor singers in the world," it voiced the opinion of all who have ever sat under the spell of the wonderful tones of one of the sweetest singers of his race, the man who won a wide reputation as soloist during the world tour of the Fiske Jubilee Singers and who for the past twenty years has been the dean of the department of voice culture and theory of music at Wilberforce University. George Thompson Simpson was born at Coal Hill, in Muskingum county, Ohio, son of M. M. and Martha (Guy) Simpson, both of whom were born in that same county, the former a son of Turner and Jemima Simpson (freeborn), who came to this state from the neighborhood of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in 1823 and settled in Muskingum county, leaders of a considerable colony of colored people that made their way into that county in that year and established homes in the then wilderness. Turner Simpson and his wife Jemima started a church and a school there and exerted an influence for good that is still felt in the third and fourth(: generations of the descendants of those who made up that colony. Turner Simpson was a shoemaker as well as a farmer. He and his wife were the parents of nine children and the descendants of these in the present generation form a numerous connection, many of the name having become well known among the leaders of their race, active as „teachers or in the professions. 958 - GREENE COUNTY, OHIO  M. M. Simpson, father of Professor Simpson, grew up in Muskingum county and was trained by his father to be a shoemaker. He married Martha Guy, daughter of Andrew and Mary (Beard) Guy, who had come from Hagarstown, Maryland, into Ohio and had settled in the colored colony in Muskingum county. M. M. Simpson was foreman of the cutting room of the shoe factory of Bethel & Delong for twelve years. In 1870 he moved with his family to Zanesville, Ohio, and went in business for himself. In 1899 he was made head instructor in the shoemaking department of the manual-training section of Wilberforce University and his last days were spent at Wilberforce, his death occurring there on June 18, 1903, he then being seventy-seven years of age. His widow survived him for six years, or until 1909, she also being seventy-seven years of -age at the time of her death. They were members of the African Methodist Episcopal church and he was for years a steward in the same. They were the parents of nine children, of whom five are still living. Of these Professor Simpson is the eldest,' the others. being M. J., residing- in Zanesville, this state; 'Martha, also a resident of Zanesville; Mrs. Nannie A. Luebers, also of Zanesville, and Mrs. William Clark, of Saginaw, Michigan. George T. Simpson received his early schooling in the schools of Zanesville, and from. his father learned the trade of shoemaker. From the days of his boyhood he had taken delight in singing and was _encouraged to cultivate this natural gift. In 1887 he entered the Conservatory of Music at Oberlin, working his way through that institution by "sticking to his last." Two years later he entered upon a course of instruction under' a special teacher at Cincinnati and for thirteen months was drilled there in voice culture. In the meantime, in 1889, he was engaged as soloist for the Fiske Jubilee Singers and with that organization made a tour of the world, singing in concert in England, Ireland, Scotland, France, Switzerland, Italy, Egypt, Arabia, Ceylon, India, British Burmah, Pennang, Singapore, Johore, Borneo, China, Japan, the Philippines and Honolulu, returning by way of San Francisco after a tour of two years. Upon the conclusion of this tour Professor Simpson made an extensive independent concert tour of the United States and Canada, singing in the chief cities of the country. In the meantime he continued his studies, attending summer courses at Northwestern University at Chicago during the years 1903-05 and in the latter year was graduated from the American Institute of Normal Methods as applied to the teaching of music. For two years, 1896-97, he was employed as teacher of singing in Morgan College at Baltimore and in 1898 he was invited to take the place of chief instructor in theory of music and voice culture at Wilberforce University, an invitation he accepted and which position he ever since has occupied, now having about two hundred and fifty pupils in his department. In 1912 and in 1915 he took supplemental summer courses a t North- GREENE COUNTY, OHIO - 959 western University. The Professor has written quite a bit of music and the fifth edition of his adaptation of "Jesus Lover of My Soul," has already sold beyond five thousand copies He still occasionally responds to demands upon his time for concert work. Professor Simpson has been twice married. On August 31, 1898, he was united in marriage to Lillian Kelly, of Baltimore, Maryland, who died on August 2, 1899. On October 19, 1912, he married Mary Elizabeth Denham, who was born at Bethel, in Clermont county, this state, daughter of Erasmus and Emma (Brown) Denham, both now deceased. The Professor and his wife own a house just recently completed at Wilberforce. They are members of the local African Methodist Episcopal church and ever since entering upon his professional duties at Wilberforce in 1898 the Professor has had charge of the musical part of the vesper services at the university. He is a member of the colored organization of Masons at Xenia, affiliated with the subordinate lodge, the chapter, the commandery and with the Western Temple of the Mystic Shrine at Springfield, and his wife takes part in the work of the Eastern Star lodge. CHARLES H. SCOTT. Charles H. Scott, caterer and manufacturer and distributor of confectionary, ice-cream products and soft drinks and one of the best-known colored residents of the city of Xenia, was born on a farm in Xenia township, not far from the city, a son of John and Julia (Scurry) Scott, natives of Tennessee, who were married in that state and later came up into Ohio, settling in Greene county, where the_ father became engaged as a farm laborer. John Scott and his wife were the parents of . two children, the subject of this sketch having had a sister, Sallie, who died at the age of sixteen years, and they were members of the African Methodist Episcopal church. Charles H. Scott received .about five years of schooling in the public schools as a child and when eleven years of age began making his own way in the world, working at such jobs as. his hands could find to do. In 1896 he started in as a porter in the depot. restaurant at a wage of three dollars and fifty cents „a week and his board and *later took charge of the dining room. It was in that same restaurant that Thomas Taggart, former United States senator from Indiana, also worked when a boy. In the year just named Charles H. Scott married and he and his wife decided to start out "on their own" instead of working for others. With this end in view they opened a small ice-cream "parlor," making their own ice .cream in a hand-freezer, and it Was not long until they found themselves on the way to the creation of a real business in the city of Xenia. In 1900 Mr. Suitt located 960 - GREENE COUNTY, OHIO in his present quarters at 412-14 East Main street, rebuilt and remodeled the same, and has ever since been engaged in business there, three auto deliveries now being required to cover the field of trade he has built up. He and his wife also make a specialty of catering to fashionable parties: In addition to his business house and residence in Xenia Mr. Scott owns a farm of one hundred and ;twenty acres in Spring Valley township, besides residence property in the city. In 1896 Charles H. Scott was united in marriage to Florence E. Russell, who was born in Xenia, daughter of Levi and Ella Russell, both of whom are now deceased, and to this union one child has been born, a daughter, Gladys, born in 1897, who was graduated from the Central high school at Xenia and is now attending the University of Illinois, where she is taking special courses in household science and in languages and who was the first colored girl ever given a place on the honor, list of that university. The Scotts are members of the First African Methodist Episcopal church at Xenia and Mr. Scott is one of the stewards of the same. He is a Republican and, fraternally, is affiliated with the local lodge of colored Masons. REV. SAMUEL THOMAS MITCHELL, A. M., LL. D. When the historian of the future comes to make up the record of the growth and development of Wilberforce he will perforce need to reserve space for a review of the life and works. of the late Rev. Samuel. Thomas Mitchell, who for, a period of sixteen years served as president .of that institution and who. while thus engaged rendered an inestimable service in behalf of the race which he thus so unselfishly„ devotedly and ably represented in its highest aspect. Not only was Doctor Mitchell recognized as one of the leading Negro educators of the world, but as a minister of the gospel he took high rank and in the councils of his church was long recognized as one of the foremost figures there, his work as an intellectual and moral educator being so closely interwoven that it was almost impossible to speak of one without the other. Compelled, in June, 1900, on account of failing health, to resign the presidency of. the educational. institution to which he had so long and so untiringly devoted the best energies of his mind, of his heart Sand of his body, Doctor Mitchell did not long survive, his death occurring at Wilberforce on April To, 1901, and his, body was laid to rest at Cedarville. Samuel Thomas Mitchell was born in the city of Toledo, Ohio, September 24, 1851, a son of William and Nancy A. Mitchell, both of whom were born in the state of North Carolina. William Mitchell was a freeman and was on his .way from the South to Canada, where he hoped to secure a degree of recognition .that was denied him in his native state, but upon GREENE COUNTY, OHIO - 961 reaching Toledo found conditions there favorable to his location and he stopped in that city, for several years thereafter being there engaged working at his trade, later moving to Cincinnati and thence to Indiana, where his last days were spent. His widow later became a resident of Wilberforce, keeping house for her sons while they were attending the university, the family occupying the old brick mansion which is now occupied by the students of the theological seminary, and there she spent the remainder of. her life. William Mitchell and wife were the parents of ten children, of whom the subject of this memorial sketch was the last-born. The eldest son, the Rev. John G. Mitchell, for years one of the foremost clergymen of the African Methodist Episcopal church, was a graduate of Oberlin College and during the time his brother, Doctor Mitchell, was president of Wilberforce University was dean of the Payne Theological Seminary of that institution, and in his time occupied some of the most influential pastorates in his communion, for some time pastor of a church at Pittsburgh and later, of the Metropolitan church at Washington, D. C. Having been but a child when his parents moved from Toledo to Cincinnati, Samuel Thomas Mitchell received his first schooling in the public schools of the latter city and was fourteen years of age when in 1865 he accompanied his mother to Wilberforce, where he grew to manhood, a student in the university, from which he was graduated in 1873 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Two years later he was licensed by the African Methodist Episcopal church to preach ; in 1881, received from his alma mater the degree of Master of Arts, and in 1889 received from the Kentucky State University the degree of Doctor of Laws. Even while pursuing his studies in the university Doctor. Mitchell had earned the right to teach and during the closing semesters of his course there was engaged as a teacher in the lower classes. Upon receiving his diploma he was engaged as a teacher in the colored school's at Wilmington, in the neighboring county of Clinton, and was thus engaged for two years, at the end of which time he was called to accept the principalship of Lincoln Institute, a state school for colored pupils at Jefferson City, Missouri. For three years he occupied that position and then returned to Ohio to accept the position of principal of the colored schools at Springfield, which position he occupied for five years, or until 1884, when he was elected president of Wilberforce University and thus entered upon a new period of service in behalf of his beloved alma mater. The history of Doctor Mitchell's service as president of Wilberforce does, not need to be told here. It is a part of the unchangeable history of the university and is also written on the hearts of that great multitude of students who came under the influence of his personality during the period (6o) 962 - GREENE COUNTY, OHIO of his service there. It is but proper to say., however, that during Doctor Mitchell's, presidency Wilberforce witnessed its greatest growth, its capacity being largely increased and the scope of its activities greatly extended. It was during that period that the military department of the university was inaugurated and it was also due to the Doctor's well-directed efforts that the state by legislative enactment' inaugurated here the Combined Normal and Industrial Department which has done so much to widen the influence and the efficiency of the university. Doctor Mitchell was an able organizer as well as, a ripe scholar. In 1884 he was a delegate to the general conference of his church at Baltimore and was the author of the measure which led to the inauguration of Endowment Day and the effective general educational scheme under which the African Methodist Episcopal church has since carried on its aid to schools. He was for years one of the most active and influential members of the Colored National Teachers Association, president of the same at the time of his death, and during his term. of service as principal of Lincoln Institute effected the organization of the Missouri Colored State Teachers Association and was elected first president of the same. During the progress of the Columbian Exposition or World's Fair at Chicago in 1893 Doctor Mitchell was one of the vice-presidents of the educational congress held there and under his direction Wilberforce University was represented at that exposition, at the New Orleans Exposition and at the Paris World's Fair, and received from the Columbian. Exposition a special award for excellence of methods. On June 24, 1876, at Wilberforce, Dr. Samuel Thomas Mitchell was united in marriage to Malvina Fairfax, who was born in Fairfax county, Virginia, daughter of Carson and Ellen (Beckley) Fairfax, the former of whom was a slave, but the latter, a free woman, hence Mrs. Mitchell was born free, as was her husband. Carson Fairfax came to Ohio with his family from Virginia in 1859 and located at Waynesville, in the neighboring county of Warren, later moving to Wilberforce, where he and his wife spent their last days. Their daughter Malvina was but six years of age when they came to this state and here she grew to womanhood, completing hey schooling at Wilberforce and afterward, engaging in teaching school, continuing thus engaged for six years, two years in Kentucky, two years at Wilmington, this state, and two years at Wilberforce, where she was living at the time of her marriage to the young collegian who afterward became president of Wilber. force University. To that union were born six children, namely : Ethel, who married Cantwell Magee and is now teaching. in the state school for colored pupils at Nashville; Tennessee; Charles Sumner, who is engaged in the railroad service, making his home at Cleveland, this state ; Pearl, who has but recently finished a supervisor's course in music at Oberlin College; GREENE COUNTY, OHIO - 963 Bessie, who, following her graduation from Wilberforce University, entered the Indiana State Normal School at Terre Haute, from which she was graduated, later and for six years was engaged in teaching at Indianapolis and is now living at home with her mother ; Samuel; who makes his home at Toledo, Ohio; and Dr. O'Neill Mitchell, who studied dentistry at the Michigan State University at Ann Arbor and at Northwestern University at Chicago, and is now engaged in the practice of his profession at Chicago. After her husband's deith Mrs. Mitchell became matron of Shorter Hall, the girls' dormitory at Wilberforce, and when Emery Hall was erected became matron of that new dormitory and so continued until S. T. Mitchell Hall was completed, the same being dedicated to the memory of her late husband, when she was matron of that hall and is still thus engaged. Mrs. Mitchell has done much for the institution to whose interests she has been devoted since the days of her girlhood and whose development she has watched almost from the days of its beginning. JORDAN ROBB. Jordan Robb, a retired merchant of Xenia, who is now engaged in truck farming on a tract of land in the corporation limits of that' city, is a native of Tennessee, but has been a resident of Xenia since the days of his boyhood. He was born in the hills of eastern Tennessee on March 15, 1855, son of Alfred Robb and his wife Maria., the latter of whom was' a light-colored mulatto woman. Col. Alfred Robb was a native of Tennessee, a typical mountaineer, six feet and four inches in height, who had been admitted to the bar and was just beginning to Practice law at Clarksville, Tennessee, when the Civil War broke out. He was commissioned colonel of the Tenth Tennessee Regiment of the Confederate army, known as "the Irish Regiment," and was killed while in command of the same at the battle of Ft. Donnelson in 1862. He was a Catholic and his wife was a Methodist. Jordan Robb was seven years of age when his father was killed in battle. When his father's estate was adjusted he was sent to Chicago in charge of a freedman named Thornton Johnson, an old servant. of the. Confederate General Johnson, who had freed, him, the old servant, being entrusted. with the boy's share of the estate with instructions to take care .of him until he came to a more understanding age, and the lad lived with Thornton Johnson until he was eleven years of age, when he ran 'away, leaving -whatever money. eventually might have come to him, and started out to make his own way in the world, presently making his way to Xenia. When sixteen years of age, a red-headed, ragged, unlettered boy, he came to 964 - GREENE COUNTY, OHIO the notice of William Reid, uncle. of Whitelaw Reid, who was looking for a boy to help about the house and he was taken into the Reid household. This was the turning point in the life of Jordan Robb. The Reids treated him gave him right ideas of religion and morality, taught him to read and write and generally put him on the right path, opening the way for a better' condition in life than he otherwise might dared to have hoped for. After about three years spent with the Reids he enlisted in the regular army, with a view of becoming a soldier, but six weeks later it was discovered that he was under eighteen years of age when he had enlisted and he was discharged. In the meantime he had been developing a natural taste for mechanics and when he came home from his little jaunt in the army J. B. Fleming employed him in his tanning shop, starting him at a wage of fifty cents a day, and he remained in that shop for eight years. He then entered the employ of the Shawnee Agricultural Machine Company and was for seven years employed there. He then was made mechanical foreman of the Forsythe saw-mill at Xenia and was thus engaged for a year, at the end of which time he bought from C. E. Hall a grocery store on East Church street and, he having meanwhile married, operated the grocery with the help of his wife until the latter died. Mr. Robb continued in the grocery business for thirty years, or until. 1915, in which year he sold his store and bought a tract of ten acres within the corporate limits of Xenia, where he has since been engaged in truck-gardening. In 1898 he built a house at 525 East Market street and still lives there. Mr. Robb is a Republican, has served as a member of the county visiting committee and for the past ten years as a member .of the Xenia board of health, and in the spring of 1915 was elected one of the members of the 'committee of fifteen chosen to draft the new city charter, which later was adopted preparatory to the city entering upon a new' administrative era under a commission form of government: Jordan Robb has been twice married. On October 12, 1878, he was. united in marriage to Lizzie Collins, who was born in Cincinnati, daughter of James and .Nancy Collins, the former of whom also was born in Cincinnati and the latter, in Kentucky, and both of Whom spent their last .days in Xenia. James Collins was a ship carpenter and was for years employed in. the United States navy yards. Mrs. Lizzie .Robb died on August 5, 1887, she then being twenty-nine years, of age, leaving two daughters, Viola and Elizabeth. On June 27, 1906, Mr. Robb married Laura Virginia Phelps, who also was born in Cincinnati, a daughter. of Samuel and Anna Phelps, both now deceased, and who died. on January 27, 1915, without issue. Both of Mr. Robb's daughters were graduated from the Xenia high school and the elder, Viola, later was graduated' from Drexel Institute in Philadelphia, where she took bookkeeping and millinery. She married Christopher An- GREENE COUNTY, OHIO - 965 derson and still lives in Xenia. The younger daughter, Margaret, was graduated in dressmaking from the Young Woman's Christian Association School at Cleveland. She married Raymond Borden, who is engaged in the plumbing business in Xenia, and she and her husband make their home with her father on East Market street. PROF. THOMAS H. JACKSON, D. D. Prof. Thomas H. Jackson, D. D., chair of introduction and practical theology, Payne Theological Seminary, Wilberforce University, and a colored writer of more than local note, was born in the City of Brotherly Love, reared in New Orleans and Louisville, early turned his attention to the acquisition of learning, finished his schooling at Wilberforce University,. a member of the first class graduated from that institution, became a minister. of the African Methodist Episcopal church, later and for years rendered service in the cause of education as president of Shorter College at Little Rock, Arkansas, and in 1912 returned to Wilberforce and has since then continued connected with his alma mater, with the faculty of which he had first become connected in 1870, being thus regarded as the oldest member of the .faculty in point of service. Doctor Jackson was born in the city of Philadelphia on March 13, 1844, son of George and Elizabeth (Williams) Jackson, the former of whom was born in Maryland, one generation removed . from Africa, and the latter of whom was of Pennsylvania-Dutch extraction, who were the parents of two children, the subject of this sketch having had a sister. who died in 'infancy. George Jackson was a sailor and was lost at sea when his son Thomas was but 'a baby. His widow' survived him many years, her. death occurring at the home of her son, Doctor Jackson, at Wilberforce, in 1898, she then being sixty-nine years of age. She' had moved from Philadelphia to St. Louis in 1851 and in the latter city married Thomas Lucas,. a steward in the riverboat trade, for some time thereafter living in New Orleans and then in East St, Louis and in the city of Louisville. During his residence in the latter city Thomas Lucas was engaged in the river trade on a boat plying between Louisville and Henderson, Kentucky, and while thus engaged met his death while attempting to escape from a band of the Ku Klux Klan which had attacked the boat on which he was serving as steward. He hid himself in the boat's wheelhouse and was struck' by one of the wheel's paddles and carried down to his death. It was during the time of the family's residence at New Orleans that young Thomas H. Jackson, then about eight years of age, received his introduction to. letters, under the tutorship of 'a Mr. Lawrence, a kindly white man, who inspired in his breast a desire for further learning. 966 - GREENE COUNTY, OHIO He also while in that city received some instruction from the Rev. John N. Brown, pastor of a local African Methodist Episcopal church, who later became bishop of the church. When the family moved to Louisville in 1853 young Thomas Jackson received further instruction from William Gibson, who was connected with the African Methodist Episcopal church, and in 1856, when the (white) Methodist Episcopal church opened. the school at Xenia which later developed into Wilberforce University he became one of the first students of that Southern school on Northern soil, his first instructor there having been Professor Parker, the second principal of the school, and his second, Dr. Richard S. Rust, later president of the school, and for two terms he pursued his studies in the .school to which students by the score had been attracted from the South to the free state of Ohio. He then returned to his home in Louisville and became engaged working on the steamboats plying between Louisville and New Orleans, and was thus engaged until 1864, when, he then being twenty years of age, he re-entered Wilberforce University, which the year before had passed into the possession of and under the control of colored men, and was thus a student there when a year later; on the very day of the assassination of. Abraham Lincoln, the school building was destroyed by fire. This disaster so seriously interrupted the work of the school that it was not until 1870 that the class of which young Jackson was a member, the first class graduated from Wilberforce, was enabled to complete its course. There were but three :members in that class, Doctor Jackson, John T. Jenifer and Isaiah Welsh, the latter of whom is now deceased. Upon receiving his diploma Doctor Jackson was ordained a deacon in the African Methodist Episcopal church and a year later was made instructor in Hebrew, theology and homiletics in Wilberforce University, remaining thus connected until 1873, when he accepted a call to the pastorate of a church at Columbia, South Carolina. In 1884 Doctor Jackson returned to Wilberforce and resumed .his former position as teacher of Hebrew, theology and homiletics and was thus engaged until 1892, when he became' engaged in college work at Little. Rock, Arkansas. Two years later he accepted the presidency of Shorter College at Little Rock, Arkansas, which position he occupied from 1895 to 1904, in which latter year he was made dean of the theological department of that college and continued thus engaged until his election in 1912 to the chair of introduction and practical theology in the Payne Theological Seminary of Wilberforce University. The Doctor accepted that call and has since been thus connected with his alma mater. Doctor Jackson has written on a wide variety of subjects, a contributor to theological magazines and church papers, and has published pamphlets, including one on "Will" and one on the "Life and Labors of Bishop Payne." He is the owner of property both at Wilberforce and at GREENE COUNTY, OHIO - 967 Little Rock. The Doctor ranks high among colored Masons and Odd Fellows and for years was the grand chaplain of the latter order in the state of Ohio, as well as master for the third district, and while living at Little Rock helped materially in the erection of the colored Masonic temple in that city. Doctor Jackson has been twice married. On the evening of the clay of June, 1870, on which he was graduated from Wilberforce University, he was united in marriage to Julia Frances Early, of St. Louis, who had also been attending the university. To that union were born two daughters, the late Elizabeth Louisa Jackson, who was graduated from Wilberforce University and was later elected principal of the female department there, and Julia Edna, also now deceased. The mother of these daughters died in 1896 and in December, 1897, Doctor Jackson married Susan Pattillo, who was born in Arkansas and who was a member of the first class graduated from the colored high school at Little Rock, later teaching in Shorter College and later attending and graduating from Wilberforce University. To this union two children have been born, Thomas Henry, Jr., born in September, 1901, now (1918) a senior in the academic department of Wilberforce University, and Geraldine Edith, who was graduated from the classical department of the university in 1918. PROF. DUDLEY W. WOODARD, Sc. M. Prof. Dudley W. Woodard, head of the department of mathematics at Wilberforce University and a charter member of the American Mathematical Society, has been engaged in educational work ever since his graduation from Wilberforce in 1903, one of the strong and growing force of Negro educators in this country. He was born in the city; of Galveston, Texas, son and only child of Dudley and Geneva (Anderson) Woodard, both of whom were born in that same city, but who are now living at Austin, Texas, where the former is engaged in the undertaking business. They are members of the African Methodist Episcopal church and their son was reared in that faith. Following his graduation from high school at Galveston in 1899 Dudley W. Woodard entered Wilberforce University and was graduated from that institution in 1903 with the degree of Bachelor of Science. He then returned to Galveston and during the two years following, 1903-05, was there engaged in high-school work, a teacher of mathematics. Following this practical experience he entered the University of Chicago and in 1906 was graduated from that institution with the degree of Bachelor of Science, the same university the next year conferring upon him the degree of Master of Science. In 1907 Professor Woodard was called to Tuskegee Institute 968 - GREENE COUNTY, OHIO at Tuskegee, Alabama, to take charge of the department of Mathematics of that institution and was thus engaged there for seven years, or until the spring of 1914, when he accepted the call to enter upon a similar service in behalf of Wilberforce University, where he ever since has been thus engaged. Professor Woodard is a charter member of the American Mathematical Society, a learned association whose object is to encourage and maintain an active interest in and to promote the advancement of mathematical science. In 1911 he published a text-book, "Practical Arithmetic," and he also is a frequent contributor to educational journals. On August 4, 1908, at Tuskegee, Prof. Dudley W. Woodard was united in marriage to Gertrude Hadnott, who was born in Alabama, was graduated from Fiske University at Nashville, Tennessee, and was teaching at Tuskegee Institute when Professor Woodard met her, and to this union one child has been born, a son; Dudley H., born on June 29, 1909. Professor Woodard and his wife are members of the African Methodist Episcopal church at Wilberforce. REV. THEOPHILUS GOULD STEWARD AND S. MARIA STEWARD, M. D. In the varied activities of Wilberforce University there are few more prominent factors or more popular individuals than the Rev. Theophilus Gould Steward, chaplain and vice-president of the university and pastor of the African Methodist Episcopal church at Wilberforce, or than was his late wife, Dr. S. Maria Steward, formerly and for years resident physician and member of the faculty of the university, lecturer on hygiene and physiology before the girls' classes, and who also was engaged in general practice in and about Wilberforce. Doctor Steward, who died on March 7, 1918, had been a resident of Wilberforce ever since 1898, having located there when her husband went to the Philippines as chaplain of the regiment which he had served in that capacity since the days of President Harrison's administration, and Chaplain Steward has been stationed at Wilberforce since 1907, when he was made a member of the faculty, professor of history and languages, later being elected vice-president of the institution. Chaplain Steward has a pleasant home, "Oakview," on. the Columbus pike, in the immediate vicinity of the university. The Rev. Theophilus Gould Steward, more familiarly known locally as Chaplain Steward, is a native of New Jersey, born at Gouldtown, in Cumberland county, that state, April 17, 1843, son of James and Rebecca (Gould) Steward,. both of whom were born in that- same vicinity and the latter of whom died .4h 1877 at the age of fifty-seven years, the former surviving GREENE COUNTY, OHIO - 969 until 1892, he being past seventy-seven years of age at the time of his death. James Steward for thirty years was foreman of the finishing department of the Cumberland Nail and Iron Works at Bridgeton, New Jersey. Though a man of small education he recognized the advantages of schooling and he and his wife, the latter of whom had been a teacher in the days of her young womanhood, instilled into the breasts of their children a desire for learning that inspired all their after lives. The parents were members of the African Methodist Episcopal church and their children were reared in that faith. There are six of these children, all of whom are still living, the .youngest being now sixty-nine years of age, and of whom Chaplain Steward was the fourth in order of birth, the others being the following: Margaret, who married Lorenzo F. Gould, farmer, justice of the peace and veteran of the Civil War, and lives at Gouldtown, New Jersey ; William, who for years has been engaged in newspaper work at Bridgeton, New Jersey, a writer of stories and a correspondent for metropolitan newspapers; Mary, wife of the Rev. Theodore whose service she draws a pension from the government, and Stephen S, a carpenter, also residing at Gouldtown. Chaplain Steward knows little about his paternal grandparents, his grandmother, Margaret Steward, having gone to Santo Domingo and with her what records the family had, but regarding the Goulds, his mother's family, he has a long and interesting history, the Goulds having been represented at Gouldtown, New Jersey, ever since the founding of the colony. When the English came into possession of New Amsterdam in 1664 the colony which the Dutch had settled at Bergen before 1620 'came under the control of the Duke of York, who finally made over the whole to Sir George Carteret, from whose native island of Jersey the provinces were named. Later, John Fenwick, styled knight and baronet, second son of Sir William Fenwick, baronet, representative from the county of Northumberland in the last parliament under the Commonwealth, came into possession of a considerable tract of this land in the south part of New Jersey, chartered a ship and with his children and their families and effects sailed for the colonies. Fenwick's wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Walter Covert, of Sussex, and among their children was a daughter, Elizabeth, who had married John Adams, a weaver, who with his wife and three children (one, a daughter Elizabeth) formed a part of the new colony, which in 1675 settled on the eastern shore of the Delaware river. Johnson's "History of Fenwick's Colony," written in 1835, says : "Among the numerous troubles and vexations which assailed Fenwick, none appears to have distressed him more than the conduct of his granddaughter,. Elizabeth Adams, who had attached herself to a citizen of color. By his will he deprived. her of any share in his estate 'unless the Lord open her eyes to see her abominable trans- 970 - GREENE COUNTY, OHIO gression against him, me and her good father, by giving her true repentence and forsaking that Black which hath been the ruin of her and become penitent for her sins.' From this connection has sprung the families of the Goulds, at a settlement called Gouldtown, in Cumberland county." Further on the same historian says : "Elizabeth Adams had formed a connection with a Negro man whose name was Gould." Elizabeth Adams, granddaughter of Fenwick, had five children by Gould, one of whom was a son named Levi. Three died young. All trace of Levi has been lost. The other son, Benjamin Gould, was the founder of Gouldtown and the founder of the family with which Chaplain Steward is connected through the maternal line.. It is quite probable that when Benjamin Gould grew up there were no women of his own color in the settlement with whom he could have associated had he desired to do so. In 1627 Swedes and Finns had settled on the Delaware, regarding that country as part 'of the province of New Sweden, and upon Fenwick's arrival there were numerously represented in what are now the counties of Salem and Gloucester, and it is recorded that Benjamin Gould married a Finn by the name of Ann. Benjamin and Ann Gould had five children, Sarah, Anthony; Samuel, Abijah and Elisha, Who, it is recorded, were fair skinned, with blue eyes and light hair, the force of the mother's Ugrian blood evidently, having. been dominant in this progeny. Abijah Gould, born about 1735, married Hannah Pierce, who was born in 1756, third daughter of Richard and Mary Pierce, and the first-born son of this union,. Benjamin Gould, born in 1779, married Phoebe Bowen, who was born in 1788, in Salem county, New Jersey. Benjamin Gould (second) died in 1851, at the age of seventy-two years. His widow survived him until 1877, she being eighty-nine years Of age at the time of her death. They were the parents of nine children, Oliver, Tamson, Lydia (who lived to the great age of one hundred and two years), Jane, Abijah, Sarah, Rebecca, Phoebe and Prudence. Of these children,, Rebecca Gould, mother of Chaplain Steward, was born on May 2, 1820. In 1838 she married James Steward and was the mother of the children noted in the preceding paragraph, including Chaplain Steward. James Steward's parents had gone to Santo Domingo with the Bowyer expedition in 1824 and it was known that they there became engaged in coffee growing, but after a few years nothing more was heard of them in this country. James Steward had been indentured to a man who ill-treated him so shamefully that before he was nine years of age he ran away and found shelter in the household of Elijah Gould at Gouldtown, where he was reared, later marrying Rebecca Gould, as set out above. Chaplain Steward,, received excellent scholastic . training for the ministerial duties he has so .long and so faithfully' performed. Upon completing the course in, the local schools at Bridgeton he for two terms taught GREENE COUNTY, OHIO - 971 school. He early had turned his attention to the ministry and in due time was ordained as a minister of the African Methodist Episcopal church and held local charges. During the reconstruction period following the Civil War, .1865-71, he labored in Georgia and South Carolina, and after some further service entered the West Philadelphia Divinity School, associated with the Protestant Episcopal church, and was graduated from that institution at the head of his class in 188o, afterward being given charges in Brooklyn, Philadelphia and Wilmington, Delaware, and had charge of a church in Baltimore when, in 18913 he was appointed by President Harrison chaplain of the Twenty-fifth Regiment, United States Infantry. For seven years thereafter Chaplain Steward was stationed with his regiment in Mon-. tana and then, in 1899, went with that regiment to the Philippines, where he remained for three years, at the end of which time he returned with the regiment and for some time thereafter- was stationed at Niobrara, in Nebraska,. later being stationed at Laredo, Texas, in which latter post he was serving when 'retired in 1907. After a trip to the City. of Mexico he returned to Wilberforce, where his wife had installed her home upon his departure for the Philippines, and at once was made instructor in history and languages in the university, two years later being made vice-president of the university, which latter position he still occupies, as well as serving as pastor of the local African Methodist Episcopal church. Chaplain Steward has published several books, including "The Haitian Revolution, 1791 to 1804," "Genesis Re-read" and "Death, Hades and the Resurrection." In 1909 and again in 1911 he and his wife made trips to Europe, in the ,latter year both the Chaplain and his wife being representatives from the African Methodist Church in America to the Inter-racial Congress held in London in that year, both having places on the program of the meetings scheduled for that occasion. Chaplain Steward has been twice married. On January 1, 1866, he was united in marriage to Elizabeth Gadesden, of Charleston, South Carolina, and to that union were born eight children, five of whom survive, namely : Dr. Charles Steward, a dentist, now practicing his profession at Boston ; Capt. Frank R. Steward, who commanded Company G, Forty-ninth Regiment, United States Infantry, during the Spanish-American War and is now practicing law at Pittsburgh ; Dr. Benjamin Steward, who attended the medical department of the University of Minnesota and is at present employed by the United States government as assistant inspector in the Chicago stock yards ; Prof. Theophilus B. Steward, instructor in English in the Lincoln high school at Kansas City, Missouri, and Gustavus Steward, present secretary to Archdeacon Russell, of St. Paul's (Episcopal) School at Lawrenceville, Virginia. The mother of these children died in 1893. She was a member of one of the old free families of Charleston and a woman 972 - GREENE COUNTY, OHIO of exalted character. It is doubtless to her teaching and example that Chaplain Steward and her sons now living owe much of their success in life. Although of a very affectionate nature, she was nevertheless endowed with a large practical intellect and very sound judgment. Her family furnished one brother alderman of the city of Charleston, one assistant postmaster, and another, a prosperous butcher, who at one time commanded a troop of show cavalry composed of young colored, men of the city who- furnished their own horses and equipments. She is buried in the Gouldtown cemetery and over her grave stands a beautiful shaft on which is inscribed the just encomium : "The model wife and mother." On November 27, 1896, Chaplain Steward married Dr. Susan Maria (Smith) McKinney, widow of the Rev. William G. McKinney, an Episcopal minister at Charleston; South' Carolina, and the mother of two children, the Rev. William S. McKinney, a recently ordained minister of the Episcopal church, now a resident of Jamaica, Long Island, and. Mrs.. Anna Maria Holly, now a teacher in public school No. 109 .Brooklyn, New. York. Mrs. Holly was graduated from the public schools of Brooklyn and later entered Pratt Institute in that city, where she took the full course, being the first colored graduate of the high school department of that institution. Dr. S. Maria Steward, who, as noted above, died at her home at Wilberforce in the spring of 1918, was one of the best-known women of her race in the United States, and for years exerted a remarkable influence for good in and about Wilberforce, where she had been practicing her profession for the greater part of the time since 1898, resident physician at the university since 1907 and a member of the faculty, giving lectures on hygiene and physiology to the girls. She was born at Brooklyn, New York, daughter of Sylvanus and Ann. Elizabeth. (Springsteel) Smith, the latter of whom also was born in Brooklyn 'and the former, at Little Neck, Long' Island, and who were the parents of five daughters, Doctor Steward having had four sisters, the late Mrs. S. J. S. Garnet, who, for years was principal of one of the public schools of Greater New York ; the late Mrs. Emma Thomas, who also was a teacher ; Mrs. Clara T. S. Brown, a successful teacher of music in Brooklyn, and Miss Mary Smith, who became quite successful in business. Doctor Steward was given excellent educational advantages in the days of her girlhood in Brooklyn and upon completing a normal course became engaged as a teacher at Washington. D. C. In the meantime she had been devoting her leisure to the study of medicine and two years later entered the New York Medical College, from which she was graduated in 187o, valedictorian of her class. She later attended clinics at Bellevue Hospital, in the meantime engaging in practice in Brooklyn, and in 1878 took a post-graduate course in the Long Island Hospital and College. After her first marriage she continued GREENE COUNTY, OHIO - 973 in practice in Brooklyn, her practice not being limited by color or creed. She was a member of the Kings County Homeopathic Society and of the New York State Medical Society. In addition to her knowledge of medicine, Doctor Steward was also a musician of skill-and for twenty-eight years served as organist of the Bridge Street African Methodist Episcopal church and for two years, of the Bethany Baptist church. Her removal from Brooklyn was the outcome of her marriage to Chaplain Steward. After that marriage in 1896 she was for a time stationed with the Chaplain in the West and in 1898, when it became known that he would have to. go with his regiment to the Philippines, she' located at Wilberforce, where she resumed the practice of her profession and was thus engaged there until her husband's return in 1902, when she rejoined him and was with him in Western army posts, still practicing, however, until his retirement and return to 'Wilberforce in' 1907. Upon her return, to Wilberforce she resumed her practice and in that same year was made resident physician and member of' the faculty of the university, both she and her husband thus devoting their energies to that institution. In addition to her membership in the New York Medical societies noted above, Doctor Steward was a Member of the Ohio State Medical Society. She took an active interest in the work of the Red Cross Society and of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and proved a strong force for good among the young women of the university community. She had written and read numerous papers before the various medical societies with which she was affiliated; in 1911 read a paper on "Colored Women in America" before the Inter-racial Congress held in London in that year, and in 1914 read a paper, ."Woman in Medicine," before the meeting of .the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs at Wilberforce. This latter paper was published in pamphlet form and has had wide circulation. She was buried in Greenwood cemetery; Brooklyn, New York. JOHN JACKSON TURNER. John Jackson Turner, proprietor of "Turner's Dairy and Stock Farm" in the neighborhood of Wilberforce and one of Greene county's colored farmers and stockmen, is a native of the Blue Grass state, but has been a resident of Ohio and of Greene county for the past twenty years and more, having come here in order that his children might have the benefit of the educational advantages offered by Wilberforce University in behalf of the young people of his race. He was born in slavery on the Haines plantation in the vicinity of Richmond, county seat of Madison county, Kentucky, February 27, 1855, son of Cyrus and Esther (Haines) Turner, both of whom also were born in slavery on that same plantation and the former of whom 974 - GREENE COUNTY, OHIO spent all his life there, his death occurring in 1907, he then being seventy-five years of age. His widow is still living, now a resident of Richmond, Kentucky, and is past eighty-four years of age. During the Civil War Cyrus Turner served. as a soldier of the Union and for years before his death received a pension from the government, his widow continuing in receipt of a pension granted for that service. After the war Cyrus Turner continued to make his home on the Haines plantation, a place of fifteen hundred acres of blue-grass land owned by the Misses Katie and Margaret Haines, the survivor of whom left at her death a legacy of fifteen hundred dollars apiece to Cyrus Turner and his wife and each of their then nine living children. Cyrus Turner and his wife were Baptists and their children were reared in that faith. There were ten of these children, the subject of this sketch having had one brother and eight sisters. All of the younger daughters attended nearby Berea College. Being the eldest in the family of ten children born to his parents, John J. Turner was required to work hard in the -days of his youth and thus did not receive the educational advantages that were given his younger sisters, .although he was able for a while to attend Berea College. After his marriage in 1877 he continued to make his home on the Haines plantation, helping to work the place. Upon receiving the legacy of fifteen hundred dollars above referred to he bought a part of the Haines place and began farming on his own account, remaining there until 1897, when he sold his farm there and came to this county with' his family and bought the Alton farm of sixty-seven acres in the vicinity of Wilberforce. A year. later he bought the Samuel Stevenson farm of one hundred and eighty-three acres .adjoining and later bought the adjoining Leffel farm of sixty-five acres on the Columbus pike, where he makes his home, calling his place "Turner's Dairy and Stock Farm." For ten years-he kept a herd of thirty dairy cattle, but of late years has been giving his special attention to the buying and selling of live stock and hay. On April 5, 1877; John J. Turner was united in marriage to .Mary Eliza Arthur, who was born at Richmond,, in .Madison county, Kentucky, on March 28, 1857, daughter of Anderson and Sophia (White) Arthur, both of whom were born in slavery, in that same county and. there spent all their lives, the latter dying in August, 1865. Anderson Arthur later married Angeline Tribble and died in 1877, he then being sixty-five years. of age: Sophia (White) Arthur, mother of Mrs. Turner, was a daughter of George White, a slave, born in Madison county, Kentucky, who bought his own freedom and then in turn bought the freedom of all of his six children and their families, all then making their home on a bit of land he had. purchased in the vicinity of the village of Cleveland, in his home county. To John J.