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peace, for "misconduct in office" ; just what the said misconduct was, the record failed to state. The state demanded one dollar of him for his misconduct and furthermore ordered him to "stand committed until performed." This second session also witnessed the first civil case in the county, an action brought by one Wallingford against one Vandolah for slander. The defendant had called the plaintiff a liar, or at least, so Wallingford alleged. A jury heard the evidence, decided that Vandolah had so denominated the plaintiff, and ordered the guilty wretch to pay the maligned plaintiff damages in the amount of twenty-five cents. Thus was justice dealt out in those early days.

SOME COURT CASES OF GREENE COUNTY.

There was a time in Greene county when men were imprisoned for debt, although to the present generation it is a matter of wonder how a man could be expected to meet an obligation while languishing in jail. The early records also tell of whipping as a punishment, and Greene county has few cases of this kind on record. Swearing and gaming were frequent causes which found their way into court, and although both misdemeanors are still recognized as such, yet it has been many a year since the last man was arrested for swearing. But in the days of our forefathers they never arrested a man for spitting on the sidewalk, or exposing to dust the food offered for sale in his grocery, or allowing his pigs to run loose in the streets, or' whipping his horse, or putting water in his milk. In this generation a different view of the purpose of laws is held. Formerly they were merely to punish the unfortunate victim, with no idea of trying to make the punishment fit the crime, and certainly with no idea of attempting to help the man to a better view of life. Such a thing as kindness to a prisoner was not to be thought of under the regime of the judges of a hundred years ago ; they were criminals before the bar, and criminals they must remain. Justice tempered with mercy is a thing of the last half century. We are attempting now to adjust our laws to man icy such a way that he is made a better man for having come in contact with them, instead of sending him headlong into a criminal life from which there is hardly any possibility of escape. Hence, we have abolished imprisonment for debt; we have abolished public whipping; we are gradually abolishing capital punishment ; we are no longer treating the first infraction of a law with the severity we mete out to a confirmed violator.

The first jails of Ohio were invariably fitted out with what was called a debtor's room. , Some debtors were confined to the room all the time ; others were allowed the liberty of the jail grounds; still others were allowed the privilege of wandering considerable distance from the jail—over the county seat itself in some instances. For, be it known, there was a so-called

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"prison bounds," a term long since dropped from the statutes of Ohio. The General Assembly of Ohio, with the act of January 12, 1805, entitled "An act regulating prison bounds, provided that every person imprisoned for debt should be permitted the privilege of what were designated as prison bounds. These "bounds" were limited to, an area defined by a radius of not more than four hundred yards surrounding the jail. Any prisoner to have the privilege of the bounds had to give a proper bond before he could exercise the freedom of the bounds. At no time and under no circumstances was the debtor to go beyond the hounds, and, in. case he did, his bond was forfeited and he was committed to close confinement.

This act, with some few modifications, continued on the statute books until abolished with the act of March 19, 1833. In 1833 the law was changed to make the prison bounds co-extensive with the limits of the county in which the prisoner lived. There were many arrests and convictions in the early history of Greene county for debt. Some had friends to come to their rescue after they had been convicted, and thereby escaped the fateful room. Others were found to have sufficient property to liquidate the debt, but in case the court found that the debtor had nothing, or not enough to satisfy the judgment, he was brought before the commissioner of insolvents (there was such an official in the early history of the county) and discharged. In any case the unfortunate man had to lay in jail a while, pending the disposition of his case. By the thirties cases of this sort were infrequent and the General Assembly finally abolished imprisonment for debt with the act of March 1.9, 1838.

THE PROBATE COURT.

There was no separate probate court under the first constitution of Ohio, all probate matters coming under the jurisdiction of the common pleas court. The office of probate judge as now constituted was created by the constitution of 1851 (Art. IV, Sec. 7), the section in question providing that "There shall be established in each county, a Probate Court, which shall be a court of record, open at all times, and holden by one judge, elected by the voters of the county, who shall hold his office of three years, and shall receive such compensation, payable out of the county treasurer, or by fees, or both, as shall be provided by law."

Subsequent constitutional changes and statutory enactments have changed the tenure, defined the jurisdiction of the court and made it an efficient working arm of the judiciary of the state. The jurisdiction of the court extends to all probate and testamentary matters, the appointment of administrators and guardians, the settlement of the accounts of executors, administrators, and guardians, the issuing of marriage licenses, the sale of

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land by executors, administrators, and guardians, and "such other jurisdiction as may be provided by law." The court also has cognizance of all matters relating to the care and protection of children. In effect, therefore, the court is a juvenile court. It also appoints the board of visitors ; has general charge of the administration of the mothers' pension act, and determines commitments 'to the insane asylum, children's home, poor farm, etc.

The constitution .does not specify any qualifications for the office of probate judge, and there has been no statutory legislation touching this important point. As far as the law is concerned, the judge is not required to read and write. He may have never opened a law book of any kind before entering the office; in fact, there have been judges of probate of this kind in Greene county in the past. Within recent years, however, there has been a demand for probate judges with previous legal training.

James W. Harper, the first probate judge of the county, and an incumbent of the office longer than any other judge, was born in Rockbridge county, Virginia, August 4, 1809. He came to Ohio and located in Greene county with his widowed mother and other children of the family in 1834. He followed the trade of cooper in the county for sixteen years after locating here. He was ,married on March 29, 1839, to Jane Shields and they became the parents of three children, John, Laving and William. He served as justice of the peace, and in 1841 became county recorder for a three-year term. He was the first probate judge elected for Greene county after the adoption of the constitution of 1851, and served continuously until 1861. He was again elected to the same office in the fall of 1867 and was re-elected from term to term, serving until 1885, thus being in the office for a total of twenty-eight years. He died on Christmas Day, 1893, and is buried at Xenia.

Charles W. Dewey, the second probate judge of the county, serving from 1861 to 1864, was .a practicing lawyer of the county for several years. Thornton Marshall, judge from 1864 to 1867, was not a layer. J. Harvey Cooper, who served two terms beginning in. 1885, was a drygoods merchant at Xenia when he was elected to the office. James M. Stewart, who followed Cooper in 1891 for two terms, had been a dry-goods merchant at Yellow Springs, and had served as deputy under Cooper for six years. Since 1897 the office has been filled with lawyers. The list of probate judges follow : James W. Harper, 1852-1861; Charles Dewey, 1861-4864; Thornton Marshall, 1864-1867; James W. Harper, 1867-1885; J. Harvey Cooper, 1885-1891 ; James M. Stewart, 1891-1897; Joseph N. Dean, 1897-1906; Marcus Shoup, 1906-1909; Charles F. Howard, 1909-1917, and J. Carl Marshall, 1917-1921.

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THE SUPERIOR COURT OF GREENE COUNTY.

The present generation of lawyers of Greene county have little knowledge concerning a special Greene county court which flourished more than forty years ago. In the early part of the '70s the regular common pleas court, which handled all of the business of the county, became so clogged with cases that it was deemed advisable to ask the General Assembly of the state to create a special court to relieve the congested condition. The Legislature was appealed to for relief, a bill for a special court was prepared, and on February 20, 1871, an act was passed creating what was called "The Superior Court of Greene County" (Laws of Ohio, Vol. 68, pp. 22-27).

This court was given jurisdiction over original civil causes but was not to handle any criminal cases. It was to try no bastardy cases, divorce suits, insolvent debtors or hear appeals from the justice of peace courts. It was to hold regular sessions every month in the year except during July and August. The judge was to receive one thousand dollars from the county and one thousand five hundred dollars from the state. He was to be elected for a term of three years, the first election to be held on the first Monday of April, 1871, and succeeding elections at the time of the regular elections for county officials.

The first judge of the court was Joseph A. Sexton, and, by re-election, he served throughout the existence of the court. By 1875 it was felt that the regular common pleas court could handle all of the court business of the county, and, as a result of this condition, the General Assembly with the act of March 27, 1875 (Laws of Ohio, Vol. 72, pp. 89-90), provided for its dissolution, the court to close its business on May 1, 1875. All cases then pending were to be turned over to the regular common pleas court for final disposition. There has been no special court in the county since 1875, the common pleas court having been able to handle all of the court business of the county.

COMMON PLEAS JUDGES.

Greene county did not have a resident common pleas judge until 1864. From 1851 up to that time the judges who presided over the district to which Greene county was attached were residents of other counties in the district. James J. Winans, the first resident judge of the county, was appointed to the bench in February, 1864, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Judge "William White. Judge Winans was elected in the fall of the same year to fill the unexpired term of Judge White, and was re-elected in the fall of 1866 for the regular five-year term. He resigned in the fall of 1868 to make the race for Congress and was elected, serving from March 4, 1869, to March 4, 1871.

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Upon the resignation of Judge Winans in the fall of i868, Edmund H. Munger was appointed to serve until the election a short time later in the same fall. He was elected to fill out the unexpired term of Judge Winans and served until February 9, 1872. He was defeated for renomination by James M. Smith, of Lebanon. From 1872 to 1874 Greene county was without a resident common pleas judge, Leroy Pope, of Wilmington, and James M. Smith being the judges of the local court during this short period. On February 9, 1874, Greene county saw its third resident common pleas judge elevated to the bench in the person of Judge Moses Barlow, and since that year the county has always had a resident judge of the court.

Judge Barlow was on the bench until February 9, 1879, being followed on. the latter date by Judge James E. Hawes for two terms. Judge Horace L. Smith assumed the bench on February 9, 1889, for two terms, retiring in favor of Judge Thomas E. Scroggy on February 9, 1899. Judge Scroggy served one full term and was re-elected for a second term, but resigned in 1904 to make the race for Congress. He was elected and served one term. Judge Charles H. Kyle was appointed to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation and by subsequent elections has filled the office since that year.

Of these several judges of the county there is only one former judge now living. Horace L. Smith, judge from 1889 to 1899, is still in the active practice of law in Xenia. The last one of the others to die was Edmund H. Munger, whose death occurred on March 21, 1918. Thomas E. Scroggy died on March 6, 1915.

PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS OP THE COUNTY.

Greene county has had a local prosecuting attorney since 1808. The first two prosecutors connected with the local court were Daniel Symmes, 1803-1804, and Arthur St. Clair, Jr., 1804-1808, neither of whom were residents of the county. Beginning with John Alexander in 1808 there has always been a local attorney elected to the office and among the twenty-four men who have held the position there have been some of the best lawyers of the county. Two of them, John Alexander and John Little, served in the halls of Congress; others became common pleas judges ; one, Charles C. Shearer, became a member of the circuit court of appeals of the state. The full list follow : Daniel Symmes, 1803-04; Arthur St. Clair, 1804-08; John Alexander, 1808t14;. William Ellsberry, 1814-16; Joshua Collett, 1816-18; John Alexander, 1818-32 ; Cornelius Clark, 1832-36; William Ellsberry, 1836-38 ; R. C. Poland, 1838-42 ; R. F. Howard, 1842-44; J. G. Gest, 18445i ; M. D. Gatch, 1851-55; John W. Lowe, 1855-56; J. A. Sexton, 1856-60; E. H. Munger, 1860-66; John Little, 1866-69; James E. Hawes, 1869-73 Charles C. Shearer, 1873-77; Hugh McOuiston, 1877-79 ; T. L. McGruler,

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1879-81.; C. L. Spencer, 1881-83 ; Joseph N. Dean, 1883-89; W. F. Trader, 1889-95; Marcus Shoup, 1895-1901; Charles F. Howard, 1901-04; William F. Orr, 1907-11; Frank L. Johnson, 1911-17, and Harry D. Smith, 1917-19.

SOME LAWYERS OF A PAST GENERATION.

During the one hundred and fifteen years of the county's history there have appeared at least one hundred and twenty lawyers in the county. A large number of these remained in the county only a short time, while many more were here for. only a few years. Some of those who remained in the county a number of years left very little impress on the life of the community, and but little is known of them. It is impossible to give much definite information concerning a great majority of the men who have practiced before the local bar, but there are a few who are briefly noticed in the succeeding paragraphs. There may be others equally deserving of being mentioned, but no data was available to make a sketch of them. In the biographical volume will be found interesting sketches of a majority of the lawyers of today, as well as of several who are deceased. Such prominent lawyers as Charles L. Spencer and Edmund H. Munger are represented in the biographical volume, while a number of others may also be found there. In the following paragraphs may be found short sketches of several of the lawyers who are not elsewhere represented.

Francis Dunlavey, although not a resident of Greene county, yet was the first common pleas judge to preside over the court in the county. Most of his career in Ohio was spent in the neighboring county of Warren. He was born near Winchester, Virginia, December 31, 1771, and died at Lebanon, Ohio, October, 1839. He was an interesting character in many ways. Serving in the Revolution from 1776 to 1779, he later taught school a while, read law, was admitted to the bar before 1800, and settled in Warren county, Ohio, at the opening of the nineteenth century, making that county his home until his death. He was twice a member of the Legislature of the old Northwest Territory, a member of the first constitutional convention of the state, and was one of the first three common pleas judges elected by the General Assembly in 1803. He served in this capacity for fourteen years, concluding his service on the bench in 1817. During these years he presided over the circuit which included Greene county, and according to all accounts he made a very satisfactory judge.

There have been three lawyers bearing the name of Alexander in Greene county—John Alexander, the first lawyer in Xenia, his son, William, and his grandson, William J. The first Alexander, John by name, was born in South Carolina in 1777, and was a lawyer of several years' experience when he located in Xenia in 1803. He had been married some years before com-

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ing to Ohio, having first located in Butler county upon coming into the state. In that county he had taught school as well as practiced law, but when he heard of the new county of Greene being organized he immediately decided to cast his lot with the infant county. Accordingly the year 1803 found him in Xenia, being here in fact before the court had been removed from the log cabin of Davis on Beaver creek. He became prosecuting attorney in 1808 and served as such until 1813, resigning the office to take a seat in Congress to which he had been elected in the fall of 1812. He served two terms in Congress, from March 4, 1813, to March 4, 1817, the first congressman to be elected from Greene county. As soon as he returned from Congress he again became the prosecuting attorney of the county and filled the office term after term until he refused to hold it any longer. He concluded his last term in the office in 1832. During this long period in the prosecutor's office he was elected to the state Senate and served there one term, 1822-24, but immediately took up the duties of prosecutor upon the expiration of his term in the senate. He died in Xenia in 1848.

William Alexander, a son of John, was born in South Carolina. The local court records indicate that he was admitted to the Greene county bar in 1817. Little is known of his career as a lawyer.

William J. Alexander, a son of William, was born in Spring Valley township, Greene county, Ohio, June 10, 1827. He worked on the farm until 1857, when he began the study of law at home under the tutelage of C. W. Dewey, of Xenia. He was examined by Judge Sexton, Benoni Nesbit and John Little for admission to the bar in 1860. In 1877 he was admitted to practice in the United States courts after an examination by R. F. Howard, E. H. Munger and John Little. He eventually became one of the large land owners of Spring Valley township, owning at the time of his death more than 'six hundred acres of land. He was married on February 28, 1850, to Elizabeth Weller, and they were the parents of two sons, Perry A. and-Charles F. Mr. Alexander died on April 18, 1897.

James J. Winans, member of the Legislature, common pleas judge, and member of Congress, was born in Maysville, Kentucky, June 7, 1818. He was a son of Mathias Winans, one of the early physicians of Greene county, and the father of James Winans, who also became a lawyer. He studied law in the office of Huston & Simpson in Lexington, Kentucky, and was admitted to the bar about 1840, shortly after he had reached his majority. Soon after his admission to the bar he removed to Jamestown, this county, where his father was practicing medicine, and began the practice of his profession. Evidently there was not much legal business in the village, and he decided to go to Indiana to locate permanently. He removed .to Noblesville;

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the county seat of Hamilton county, Indiana, in the spring of 1842, but February, 1843, saw him again back in Jamestown. Two years later he was elected clerk of the court of common pleas and he served in this capacity until 1851. He then devoted all of his time to his law practice until he was elected to the state Senate in 1858 for one term. In January, 1863, he took his seat in the lower house of the General Assembly, but resigned in February, 1864, to accept an appointment as common pleas judge to fill out the unexpired term of Judge William White who had resigned to accept an appointment as a member of the supreme court of Ohio. In the fall of 1866, Judge Winans was elected for the regular term, but he resigned in 1868 to make the race for Congress. He was elected and served from March 4, 1869 to March 4, 1871. He then returned to Xenia and practiced law until his death on April 28, 1879. He was married on September 26, 1843, to Caroline E. Morris. They were the parents of six children, all of whom, as well as his wife, were living at the time of his death in 1879.

William Ellsberry, who was one of the first. lawyers in Xenia, was identified with the history of the county from 1811 until his death, March 23, 1863. Born in 1783, he came to Xenia in 1811, and two years later was serving as prosecuting attorney. The records show that he filled this office from 1813 to 1816 and again from 1836 to 1838. He was in the state Senate from 1830 to 1834. This sums up his official career, but that was only a very small part of his life in Xenia. He was one of those active citizens who are interested in everything about them ; such a man as was needed in the early history of any county. A "beautiful and perfect portrait of their venerable friend and legal brother," painted in the '50s by the artist McClurg on the order of some of Ellsberry's brothers at the bar to this day "adorns the court room where he displayed his legal learning and wit, and where in after years it will speak of one who first in the county and place unfolded the mysteries and intricacies of the legal profession. That genial, life-like portrait will be a speaking memorial of pioneer days, and exert, we trust, a silent influence in mellowing the asperities coincident with the conflicts of litigation," to quote from a newspaper of that period.

Roswell F. Howard, one of the leaders of the Greene county bar for half a century, was born in Hamilton, Ohio, July 20, 1813. He received a collegiate education at Miami University and at Augusta College, Augusta, Kentucky. He then entered Cincinnati Law School and was graduated from that institution in 1837. He at once located in Xenia, where he made his home until his death, June 28, 1892. He was married in 1849 to Margaret Steele. of Xenia, and to this marriage were born seven children, two of whom are living, William S., an attorney of Xenia, and Charles F., also a lawyer of Xenia, and now president of the Peoples Building and Savings

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Company. In 1873 the wife of Mr. Howard died and in 1876 he married Mary Pollock. Mr. Howard applied himself assiduously to the practice of his chosen profession from the day he located in Xenia in 1837, and eventually became recognized as one of the ablest attorneys of this section of the state. He served as prosecuting attorney, 1842-1844; as a member of the General Assembly in 1848 and again from 1866 to 1870; as mayor of Xenia ; and as a member of the county board of school examiners for twenty years.

Aaron Harlan, one of the most famous of the early lawyers of Greene county, a member of the state Legislature, a member of the constitutional convention of 1850, a member of Congress, and an orator of the first rank, was born in Warren county, Ohio, September 8, 1802. He was admitted to the bar in 1825 and at once located in Xenia where he soon rose to the front rank of the local bar. His public career started with his election to the lower house of the General Assembly in 1831, where he served one term. In 1838 he became a member of the state Senate and served one term ; he returned to the Senate in 1849, but resigned to make the race for delegate to the constitutional convention of 1850. He served in the convention with signal ability, and it was probably due to his work in that body that his district elected him to Congress in the fall of 1852. He served three terms in Congress, from March 4, 1853, to March 4, 1859. This concluded his public career, although he made the race for Congress in 1860. He was defeated because he was too outspoken in his denunciation of the action of the Southern states in threatening to secede. He was an uncompromising Republican and did not hesitate to flay those who disagreed with him in political matters. He removed to San Francisco a short time before his death, dying in that city on January 18, 1868.

Thomas E. Scroggy, common pleas judge and member of Congress, was connected with the life of Xenia for nearly half a century. Born in Harveysburg, Warren county, Ohio, March 18, 1843, he grew to manhood in that county, and at the opening of the Civil War enlisted and served throughout the war. Immediately after being mustered out in 1865 he came to Xenia and for a time was in the millinery business, later buying a grocery store. He had little education, but was possessed of considerable native ability. He eventually became a justice of the peace and then became interested in the legal profession. He read law, was admitted to the local 'bar and in the fall of 1898 was elected common pleas judge. He served by re-election until 1904 when he resigned to become a candidate for Congress. He was elected and served one term. After retiring from Congress he went to Tulsa, Oklahoma, where he was living at the time of his death on March 6, 1915.

Benoni Nesbit was one of the interesting figures of Xenia for sixty

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years, 1837-1897. Born on October 18, 1814, he was clerking in a store in Springfield, Ohio, at the age of twenty-three. He seems to have been the owner of a store there in 1837, at least, in that year he removed to Xenia with a store and continued in the mercantile business in the latter place until 1843. For some reason he decided to become a lawyer, and to this end he disposed of his store in 1843 and began the study of law with R. F. Howard. He was admitted to the bar two years later and from that time until his death in Xenia, April 11, 1897, he was connected with the life of this city.

Charles C. Shearer, the oldest practicing attorney in Xenia, was born in this city on October 8, 1840, the eldest son of John and Mary E. Shearer. He enlisted for service in the Civil War, but was discharged for physical reasons and was thus unable to serve his country as he had so ardently desired. He began the study of law in 1864 and was admitted to the local bar in 1866. He has now been in continuous practice for more than half a century, a record which is not equalled by many practitioners in the state. He became associated in ,the practice with John Little in 1872 and this partnership continued until February 9, 1887, when he took his seat as a member of the circuit court of appeals of Ohio, serving on the bench until February 9, 1899. He had previously served as city clerk of Xenia from 1869 to 1873, and as prosecuting attorney from 1873 to 1877. In July, 1871, he became United States commissioner, a position which he filled for several years.

LAWYERS OF GREENE COUNTY, 1803-1918.

The historian has compiled a list of one hundred and twenty lawyers who have been identified with the county for varying periods of time. There have probably been others in the county, but they remained such a short time that they left no record of their presence. A volume might easily be written about these followers of Blackstone. In this list may be seen the name of Coates Kinney, the poet, who although admitted to the local bar, yet never seems to have practiced very much. Certainly, future generations will not remember him as a lawyer. John W. Lowe came to the town from Dayton in 1855 and at the opening of the Civil War raised and became the captain of the first company that went to the front from this county. He was shortly after made the colonel of his regiment and was killed at the battle of Carnifix Ferry on September 18; 1861, the first field officer of Ohio to be killed on the field of battle. Forest W. Dunkle and Charles L. Darlington are now in the National Army, the former as lieutenant and the latter as captain. Daniel G. Younkin was captain of the local company that went to the Mexican border in 1916, being compelled to resign his commission because of ill health. The list of

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lawyers for the past one hundred and fifteen years is given alphabetically, those italicized now being residents of the county :

THE GREENE COUNTY LAW LIBRARY.

The Greene county law library is one of the best equipped and most complete that can be found in any county seat of its size in southern Ohio and this fact should be a source of pride not only to the members of the law library association and the local bar, but also to the county as well. This library, which represents twenty-four years of effort on the part of the law

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library association, is located on the second floor of the court house where it occupies a large, exquisitely furnished and well-appointed room extending along the north side of the corridor.

The law library resulted directly from the organization of the Greene County Law Library Association at a meeting of the Greene county bar in the common pleas court room in the old court house on October 26, 1894. At this first meeting for this purpose Judge H. L Smith was elected chairman and Frank N. Shaffer secretary. The chairman appointed a committee of three to draft rules and regulations for the association. Soon after at another meeting of the bar the rules were submitted and adopted. The association was to be known as the Greene County Law Library Association, of which members of the local bar could become members by paying the initiation fee of ten dollars and five-dollar annual dues. The library is a half-public, half-private institution, because the county allows it a small annual subsidy, and whenever a member of the association dies, his share in the institution automatically becomes the property of the county.

The charter members of the association were the following : Wilbur F. Trader, E. H. Munger, Marcus Shoup, F. N. Shaffer, Thomas E. Scroggy, M. J. Hartley, H. L. Smith, R. W. Douglass, Horace Sabin, Charles Darlington, C. L. Maxwell, C. L. Spencer, John Little, R. L. Gowdy, Milo R. Snodgrass, P. R. Schnebley, Charles H. Kyle, F. P. Cunningham, T. L. McGruder, J. E. Hawes and H. C. Armstrong. By the constitution, a president, a vice-president, a secretary-treasurer and five trustees were to be elected by the association. The first officers were the following : E. H. Munger, president ; Charles Darlington, vice-president ; Frank N. Shaffer, secretary-treasurer, and H. L. Smith, E. H. Munger, Charles Darlington, M. J. Hartley, T. E. Scroggy, trustees. Officers are elected annually. The present officers of the association are the following : Charles H. Kyle, president ; Wilbur F. Trader, secretary-treasurer ; W. L. Miller, librarian ; M. J. Hartley, Judge Charles H. Kyle, H. D. Smith, Michael A. Broadstone and Charles L. Darlington, trustees. The membership of the association now numbers about eighteen.

One of the first actions taken after the association's organization was the authorization of a debt of one thousand dollars to be spent for books. The success of the undertaking was assured from the beginning and no small amount of its early progress can be credited to the efforts of Charles Darlington. At present the association has no indebtedness and upon the shelves of the library are twelve thousand dollars worth of books, some of them so valuable as to command almost fabulous prices in the market today. The library contains approximately four thousand books, including the court reports of thirty-eight states complete, all the United States court reports

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and statutes and an index of citations which extends over a period of two hundred years. The library is also well fitted with law encyclopedias, and the "American and English Encyclopedia of Law and Procedure." Among the state reports are those of Maine, New Hampshire and Rhode Island, all of which now are out of print, which makes them very valuable.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.

Some one has said that if Eve had not eaten the apple in the Garden of Eden, there would be no need of physicians in the world—but she did eat of the apple. There are few people who have any particular desire to die if they can keep from it and as long as the desire to live is in the human breast so long will there be a demand for physicians.

Greene county had only been fairly organized when the first doctor arrived on the scene, and from that day to this he has been an integral part of the county's life. No one can gainsay his value to the community; even the undertaker must admit that the physician has his place in our scheme of civilization.

TAXING GREENE COUNTY PHYSICIANS.

It is not generally known that physicians, and also lawyers, were placed on the tax duplicate at so much per head during the two decades prior to the adoption of the constitution of 1850. Basing their right to such action on an act of the General' Assembly, the Greene county commissioners on June 1, 1830, decided to schedule the physicians for taxation, an order of that date reading as follows : "The commissioners and auditor proceeded to estimate the annual income of the practicing lawyers and physicians, and to charge a tax upon each; which tax as charged is attached to their respective names on the lists returned by the assessor to the auditor."

Whether the annual income of the physician was estimated from what he actually collected during the year, or from the gross amount of his business, is not known. The tax on the physicians ranged from one to three dollars each, and it is presumed that every physician in the county had to pay the tax before he could practice. It is evident that this taxing of the physicians continued up to 1850, but only one of the original tax schedules listing the physicians has been found by the historian.

This ancient document of 1830 lists under the heading of "Physicians and Surgeons" the following men : Joshua Martin, Joseph Johnson, Joseph Templeton, Jeremiah Woolsey, William Bell, Mathias Winans, Horace Lawrence, Robert E. Stephens, Eulass Ball, Randolph R. Green, Leonard Rush and M. P. Baskerville (or Baskanelle, the name being very illegibly written). This would seem to indicate that the county had only these twelve

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physicians in 1830. The document in question does not state their annual income nor the amount of tax they were to pay. Nor is there anything to indicate their location in the county, how long they had been practicing here, nor any other. fact of their professional career.

But there is another class of healers listed in 1830 on this same venerable document, and just what they were, or just how they, treated their patients is not certain. They were listed as "Steam Doctors," eight in number, and were presumably recognized by the law as having a status apart from the regular physicians. These "steam" specialists were Stacy Hains, Maurice Hawkins, Frederick Beemer, Amasa Read, James Hays, Childrip Askew, Thomas P. Moorman and Abraham Gause. Nothing has been discovered of any these men except Moorman, who was a Quaker of Sugarcreek township, a school teacher, farmer and doctor of the steam variety—a combination of occupations which evidently insured him plenty of work to do to keep busy all the time. He is credited with having settled in the township as early as 1812.

Since the "steam" doctor has long ago steamed his last victim, it is difficult to ascertain his modus operandi. From the best information which can be gained it seems that they did not employ actual steam in their treatments, but rather used such concoctions and infusions as heated their patients to a point where the patient was caused to perspire profusely. The historian has .seen an account of a "steam" doctor who lived in Champaign county, Ohio, in the '30s and '40s, and her—she was a woman—treatment has been described by one of her victims. It is probable that her steam brethren of Greene county followed the same procedure. One of her patients left a written account of her efforts to sweat him to health, saying, among other things, "that her stuff had made him so hot that his clothes smelled like burnt rags for a month." After filling her patients with the hottest mixture she could concoct, the infusion being a compound of "yarbs," she wrapped him in blankets, tucked him in bed, had the room heated to as high a temperature as the cabin would allow and then left him in this heated contdition "to extract all the juice out of his anatomy possible, then sponged him off with cold water, and wound him up in a woolen blanket to get well or die." It is small wonder that, as was sometimes said, internal spontaneous combustion was narrowly averted.

But the "steam" doctor had his day. Medical science was not as definitely established in those days as it is at present. The newspapers of antebellum days tell of all kinds of sotcalled doctors. Some called themselves "calomel" doctors ; others boldly advertised that they did not use calomel ; still others relied on a kind of salve, others on smoke from native herbs, others on ordinary clay. Soaking feet in water containing a strong solu-

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tion of tobacco was a sovereign remedy for rheumatism, and, strange as it may seem, a colored barber of Xenia in 1917 informed the historian that he had just tried the tobacco remedy for the same complaint.

NEWSPAPERS OF EARLY DAYS VS. MEDICAL PROGRESS.

A few of the early physicians advertised themselves in the columns of the Xenia papers, but it is evident that most of them did not feel it necessary to call the attention of the public fo their profession. When a physician first made his appearance in the town he usually ran an advertisement for a time in the papers. For instance, Dr. L. Marshall announced his location as follows (Ohio People's Press, May 30, 1828) :

DOCTOR L. MARSHALL

Respectfully acquaints the public that he has commenced the practice of PHYSIC & SURGERY in Xenia. His shop is on Main Street, one door east of Mr. Newcom's Grocery.

No other physician advertised his calling in that paper during 1828 and Doctor Marshall's card ran for but two months. Some of the early physicians announced through the papers that they did not use calomel ; others that they did. They all claimed to be surgeons, and in as far as they were capable of lancing a patient for bleeding purposes, they were all surgeons. But it is apparent that the physicians of ante-bellum days were not prone to advertise themselves.

However, if the physicians did not feel called upon to use the columns of the local papers, the makers and venders of patent medicines were not averse to extolling the merits of their concoctions. There was as much, if not more, patent medicine humor seventy-five years ago than there is today. For years before the Civil War, the local papers advertised Parker's Vegetable Renovating Panacea for the cure of "Rheumatism, Liver Complaint, Ulcers and Syphilitic Diseases." This superior medicine not only was a "sure and swift specific" for the diseases mentioned, but it also cured jaundice, indigestion and all "complaints incident to- the change of seasons." Month after month and year after year, so one local paper advertised, "A few bottles of the above valuable medicine are for sale at the office of the People's Press."

By the '50s, practically half the advertising space in the local papers was given over to patent medicines. Some of these concoctions claimed to cure nearly every disease then known to mankind. Brandreth's Pills are "ninety-two years old and are equally good for "man, woman or infant :" "a genuine cure" for paralysis, St. Vitus Dance, epilepsy, rheumatism, cholera morbus, etc." As early as 1840 it is to be noted, that there was a "Great Remedy for Consumption" and at the same time, this same panacea

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—Winter's Balsam of Wild Cherry—was a specific for pleurisy, asthma, bronchitis, hemorrhages and all affections of the pulmonary organs. $1.00 per bottle.

Another old friend appeared in the '50s. Doctor Jayne's Family Medicines, still on the market, were with our grandfathers in the '50s. Jayne had six different medicines advertised at that time and there is not a disease to which human flesh is heir that could not be cured by one—or a combination of two or more—of these six ; at least, the reader of the advertisement was so informed. But valuable as the Jayne medicines were, they were not to be compared with "The Greatest Medicine of the Age," namely Hunt's Liniment. This medicine cured as many diseases as could be printed in a paragraph of ten lines, and for each disease it was "a certain, safe and speedy cure." Here are a few of the common diseases it would cure : Tic doloreux, quinsy, nervous diseases, rheumatism (all early patent medicines cured rheumatism, scrofula, bunions, corns, hives, paralysis and mosquito bites. It takes half a column to set forth appropriately the merits of this wonderful liniment.

Ayer's Cherry Pectoral was engaged in the laudatory work of "arresting the prevailing disease and terror of our climate—consumption" as early as 1845. This same concoction was in the same "arresting" business until the pure food and drug act of 1906 came into existence, and it is still on the market. And there were other "consumption cures" in the days before the Civil War, all of which made weekly use of the local papers to chronicle their merits. Dr. Rodger's Compound of Liverwort and Tar was headed with the startling announcement that "Upwards of Ten Thousand Cured!! —Consumption can be Cured." This concoction duly set forth that by its use a number of people can testify that they have been "cured of a continual spitting of blood," "snatched from a premature grave, and saved when even my physicians thought I must die of consumption."

But enough has been quoted from the early papers of Greene county to show that the patent medicine advertisement of today is not a recent thing in the realm of wit and humor. It is no wonder the old-time editor did not feel it necessary to run a separate column of jokes. Who could not enjoy this : "Joy to the World. Perry Davis' Pain Killer in the West." Doctor Townsend consumed half a column to inform the female public that his Compound Extract of Sarsaparilla is "A Wonder and Blessing, the Most Extraordinary Medicine in the World." To read his advertisement one would be led to believe that there would be no women left in this world

today if he had not appeared on the scene with his medicine. "Six times cheaper, pleasanter and warranted superior to any sold." $1.00 per quart.

One more reference to the medical columns of the early papers. It

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would seem that the physicians of Greene ,county would have little to do, judging by the wonderful medicines which were then ready-made for people's use. Here is one that ought to have given the ordinary physician heart failure : "Detergent and Diuretic, Sarsaparilla, Wild Cherry & Dandelion Compound," the masterpiece of one Doctor Myers, whoever he may have been. This "universal" 'medicine had a more comprehensive curative field than any of the others which the historian found in the ,early papers. It actually "cured"' everything from dandruff in the hair, consumption of the lungs, gravel in the kidneys and bowel complaints to blisters on the heel and corns on the toes. It must have been what its advertiser called it—"The Universal Medicine."

SOME EARLY PHYSICIANS.

An effort has been made to compile a list of all the physicians who have practiced in Greene county since 1803, and it has been found that they number more than two hundred. Of course, a large number of these were in the county only a short time, and consequently left very little impression on the county. In the following pages are presented brief sketches of a few of these physicians who are. now deceased. It is not presumed that this list includes all the worthy men of the profession, but it does include those concerning whom sufficient. information has been preserved to make a brief sketch. The later careers of some of the number is not a matter of local records.

The following physicians are given special mention in the following pages : Andrew W. Davidson, Joshua Martin, Joseph Johnson, William Bell, Joseph Templeton, Samuel Martin, Mathias Winans, Horace Lawrence, Ewlass Ball, Henry Good, Jeremiah Woolsey, John W. Greene, John M. Reid, Alexander Reid, Reuben C. Hoover, Edward F. Searl, Micajah P. Moorman, Camaralza. H. Spahr, J. S. Dillon, John George Folck, Joseph M. Folck, Barbara A. Shigley Folck, Susan Folck, C. B. Jones, George Watt, Doctor McCune, J. M. Stewart,' Andrew Winter, W. A. Hagenbuck, Oscar M. Marquart, R. S. Finley, John Turnbull, Frank M. Kent, Clark M. Galloway, William P. Madden and Raymond W. Smith.

Andrew W. Davidson has the honor of having been the first physician to locate in Xenia. He was a young unmarried man when he came here in 1805 and soon became one of the most active men in the infant village. He was married on June 15, 1807, to Rebecca Todd. In 1811 he built the first brick house in the town, and three years later built the first stone house in town. In addition to his medical practice he found time to be a tailor and' village merchant, this triplicate line of activities probably being necessary to make a comfortable living. During the winter of 1820-1821 Doctor

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Davidson moved his family to Columbus, Indiana, and subsequently located in Madison, Indiana, where he died in his thirty-ninth year.

Joshua Martin, who if not the second physician to locate in Xenia was one among the first, was born in Loudoun county, Virginia, March 23, 1791, and died in Louisville, Kentucky, November 30, 1865. He graduated from a medical school at Lexington, Kentucky, and in a short time located in Xenia, reaching the village in the fall of 1813. His method of treating an epidemic known as the "cold plague" was so successful that he was soon in wide demand throughout this whole section of the state. His practice was so heavy that he began to fear for his own health, and consequently after two years left the village for Lawrenceburg, Indiana, where he went into the mercantile business with his brother. Within a year he was back in Xenia, having lost all his money in the business venture. He married Hester Whiteman, daughter of Gen. Benjamin Whiteman, on June 4, 1818. She died in February, 1834, and in April, 1835, he married Sarah Poague. His second wife died in 1841, leaving him with an infant daughter. Subsetquently, he brought his four unmarried sisters to Xenia, one later dying in 1851, while the other three, together with his daughter, lived with him until his death in 1865. He died at Louisville and his body was brought back to Xenia for burial.

Joseph Johnson was in the county only a few years, but he was one of the strong men of his day. He located in Xenia in 1814 for the practice of medicine and six years later was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly to represent Greene county. He subsequently moved to Galena, Illinois, where he died June 5, 1847, in his sixty-fourth year.

William Bell was in the county as early as 1830, appearing on the list of physicians taxed in that year, and he may have been here for several years before. that. He first located at Bellbrook, but eventually moved to Xenia where he practiced until his death.

Joseph Templeton came from western Pennsylvania to Xenia in 1826 and was one of the leaders in his profession during his career in the town. He was married when he came here, and his wife is said to have been the first person to have started a school for the colored children in the little village. The doctor was a very outspoken abolitionist. About 1834 he returned to his former home in Pennsylvania on account of family ties, disposting of his practice to Dr. Samuel Martin. A few years later Doctor Templeton returned to Xenia and was again a resident of the city for a number of years, kit. in 1843 he again returned to his Pennsylvania home. His last trip to Xenia in 1865 was followed by his death a few days after he returned to his home in the east.

Samuel Martin was born in Ireland in 1796, educated in Glasgow Uni-

(38)

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versity, Scotland, and was supposed to enter the service of the British navy upon his graduation. However, he did not go to sea, but instead married and settled to practice in Ireland. His wife died less than a year afterwards, and Doctor Martin at once came to America. He liked the country and was soon happily located at Noblesville, Pennsylvania, where he later married Helen Anderson. In 1834 he bought the practice of Dr. Joseph Templeton, of Xenia, Ohio, and made this city his home from that year until his death on June 21, 1879, being in his eighty-third year. His wife died in 1859, and he later married Nancy Liggett, who survived him. Probably more young men read medicine in his office than in any other office in the county. Seven physicians who had been his students attended his funeral and four of them, all residents of Xenia, acted as pall-bearers.

Mathias Winans, one of the first physicians at Jamestown, came from Maysville, Kentucky, to Greene county in 1820. He bought a farm in Silvercreek township, although he lived in the village of Jamestown. In his later years he associated his son-in-law, John Dawson, with him as partner. Doctor Winans was the father of Judge James Winans, while two other sons became physicians. He died in July, 1840, in Cincinnati, his burial being at Jamestown.

Horace Lawrence was practicing in the county as early as 1830. He had his humble shop about five miles east of Cedarville, near Bloxsoms bridge, at the point where the Columbus pike crossed Massies creek. He had two nephews who became physicians : Horace, a son of his brother Levi L., and Deluna. The former was accidentally killed at Kenton, Ohio, while the latter died of consumption in his young manhood.

Ewlass Ball combined the practice of medicine with the keeping of a store at Clifton as early as 1827. He was taxed as one of the county's physicians in 1830. Two other physicians at Clifton in early days were Joshua Wilson and John H. Prescott. The latter forsook the pill bag of the physician for the green bag of the lawyer, and still later in life became a preacher. Prescott located in Xenia about 1840 and died there, November 16, 1872, at the age of sixty-four. He is buried at Xenia.

Henry Good practiced in Xenia for several years after locating here in 1817, subsequently moving to Madison, Indiana. Jeremiah Woolsey was in Xenia as early as 1827, but he practiced in the village only a few years. He removed to Cincinnati, where he died on February 6, 1834. He was probably the first physician in the country to use cold water to reduce the temperature of fever patients. Such was his success with his methods of handling fever cases that his services in the treatment of this disease were in demand over a wide stretch of territory. He was the grandfather of Dr. Ida C. Woolsey, who is still practicing in Xenia.

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John W. Greene, a son of Dr. Randolph R. Greene, was born in Bath township, Greene county, Ohio, February 24, 1825. His father was the first physician to locate in Fairfield and one of the first to settle in the county. Dr. R. R. Greene was born in Pennsylvania in 1787, educated in his native state, located at Fairfield in 1820, and continued there in practice until his death of cholera in 1849. Dr. J. W. Greene graduated from Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, in 1846 and practiced with his father until the latter's death in 1849. He then continued in practice at Fairfield.

John M. and Alexander Reid were Scotchmen who came to this country in the '30s. Since they knew that a goodly number of their countrymen who were members of the Seceder church of which they also were members, were residents of Greene county, they came directly here, and settled about two miles south of Xenia, resuming the practice of their profession soon after they became residents of Greene county. Unfortunately they were not fully aware of the Calvinistic morals of the people of this community, for they employed a woman as their housekeeper. This was considered by their neighbors an affront to the morals of the community, and they appointed a committee to take the matter up with the two brothers, who assured the committeemen that their conduct was entirely above reproach. Nevertheless the explanation did not satisfy the committee and the two doctor brothers found it necessary to make different arrangements concerning their living conditions. Dr. John M. Reid was the elder of the two brothers. He was born in 1780 and was graduated from St. Andrew University on September 5, 1818. His diploma of parchment and written in Latin is framed and is now hanging in the laboratory of the Xenia Hospital, an interesting relic- of the medical fraternity in Greene county. He later obtained the degree of Master of Arts, to which he added the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He doubtlessly practiced his profession while in Scotland and was a leader in his profession, for he left a volume of lectures which he compiled on medical subjects. He did not long enjoy living in this new country, for his death occurred on July 12, 1840. Dr. Alextander Reid; the younger of the brothers, was born in 1782. He followed in the footsteps of his elder brother, for he entered the same profession, obttained the same degrees, immigrated to this country and practiced medicine here in Greene county. He survived his. brother fourteen years, his death occurring on May 16, 1854.

Reuben C. Hoover was born in Shippensburg, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, June 1, 1821. He read medicine under his uncle, Dr. Joseph M. Smith, in Adams county, Ohio, and then entered the Jefferson Medical School, Philadelphia. Subsequently he graduated from the Pennsylvania Medical College of the same city, practiced for ten years in Cumberland

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county, in his home state, and in 1854 located at Springfield, Ohio. The following year he came to Greene county and located at Osborn, where he remained for several years. He married Catherine Smith in 1843 and they became the parents of five children, two of whom became physicians : Calvin, who died at the age of thirty-two, and Reuben C., Jr., who was graduated from the Cleveland Medical College in 1876.

Edward F. Searl was born in New York state, September 27, 1841, and was reared in Portage county, Ohio, where his parents moved the year of his birth. He was graduated from Cleveland Medical College in 1861, and at once located in Huron, Ohio. In May, 1863, he came to Greene county and opened his office at Fairfield, where he practiced for many years. He was married in 1866 to Margaret Campbell.

Micajah P. Moorman was born in Sugarcreek township, this county, February 8, 1824, and commenced the practice of medicine in Jamestown in the spring of 1858. He Was a Quaker, and, so it appears, was one of the so-called "steam doctors." One of the Moormans—Thomas P.—was listed and taxed under the head of steam doctors in 1830.

Camaralza H. Spahr was born east of Xenia on January 30, 1826. In the fall of 1846 he began the study of medicine with Dr. E. Owen, of Champaign county, Ohio, later graduating from Starling Medical College. He located at Jamestown on February 2, 1854. He married Mary A. Peters on March 11, 1858. Doctor Spahr had one brother, B. E., who was a physician, dying in 1861.

J. S. Dillon was born in Logan county, Ohio, in 1840. Few men of the county went through the experiences he did before he finally settled in Xenia for the practice of his profession. At the age of nineteen he was in Kansas in charge of a hotel which was left on his hands at the death of his father. The business was not exciting enough for him, so hi sold out at the opening of the Civil War and went into speculating in army supplies, eventually becoming a sutler with one of the armies of the North. He followed this business until the close, of the war and with $50,000 worth of goods he went into Mexico to make his fortune. He did not meet with much success, finally getting rid of all his goods and having only four thousand sheep to his credit. These he took to Montana, where he sold them at a big sacrifice. His next venture was in attempting to fill a government contract of beef for the Navajo Indians in New Mexico. While taking a herd of three thousand cattle to the Indian reservation he 'was set upon by a party of Comanche Indians, and ten of his men were killed and he managed to arrive at his destination with only two hundred and eighteen head of his cattle. Then he decided to settle down to the practice of medicine, a knowledge of which he seemed to have collected in some way, and located in Arkansas.

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After about seven years in that state he came to Xenia in the latter part of the '70s, but he was never considered much of a practitioner.

There is no family in Greene county which has furnished more physicians than the Folck family, who became identified with Bath township as early as 1802. John George Folck, the first of the family to locate in the county, came here from Pennsylvania and seems to have had a reputation as some kind of a healer when he arrived in the county. At least, for several years his services were in demand throughout his section of the county. Dr. John George Folck died in 1839, leaving each of his four sons a farm. Daniel, one of the sons, received the old homestead, but died two years later, leaving five children : Joseph M., John, Barbara, George and Mary Ann. Joseph M., born July 9, 1824, in the township became the best known physician of the family. He married Barbara Ann Shigley, also a physician, and he and his wife practiced together for nearly forty years. She had an extensive office practice while her husband attended to the traveling cases. One of Dr. J. M. Folck's brothers married a physician, and Dr. Susan Folck is remembered as a faithful physician of the community for many years.

C. B. Jones was born in Greene county in 1849, one of nine children born to George W. Jones and wife. He graduated from one of the medical colleges of Cincinnati in 1872 and at once located in Xenia to practice. In 1874 he married Alice Ewing, and the following year became the regular physician in charge at the Ohio Sailors and Soldiers Orphans Home at Xenia.

George Watt, a physician and dentist, was born in Greene county, Ohio, in 1820. He was a nephew of James Watt, of Glasgow, Scotland, discoverer of the composition of water. Doctor Watt was surgeon of the One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Regiment, Ohio Volunteer. Infantry, from May 2, 1864, to September 4, 1864, when he was compelled to resign on account of physical disability. He held a professorship in the Ohio College of Dental Surgery of Cincinnati for twenty years, and for fifteen years was editor of the Dental Register. He was twice elected professor of chemistry of two different colleges in New York City, but was unable to accept on account of his health. He was the author of a widely used volume entitled "Watt's Chemical Essays," published in 1867, and he also published hundreds Of special articles on chemical and allied subjects. Doctor Watt married Sarah J. McConnell, of Xenia, in 1845.

Doctor McCune is credited with being the first physician in Cedarville township, having located there about 1833, He is not listed among the physicians of the county in 1830, a fact which would indicate that he did not come into the county until after that year. Some of the older residents

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have claimed he came to the county before 1830. It is not known how long he remained in the township, nor when or where he died.

J. M. Stewart was born in York district, South Carolina, early in the nineteenth century, probably in the '20s. He came with his parents to Greene county when a boy and located three miles east of Xenia. He completed his education in Xenia and then taught school for eight years. He had been reading medicine in the meantime with Doctor Martin, of Xenia, and in 1846 began the practice of his new profession at Cedarville. He was married in 1848 to Rosanna Orr and they became the parents of five children. He continued to practice in Cedarville until his death.

W. A. Hagenbuck was born in Northampton county, Pennsylvania, in 1831. His parents came to Greene county in 1836 and located at Fairfield. He finished his elementary schooling in the Springfield schools and in 1852 began reading medicine with Dr. J. J. Mcllkenney, of Fairfield, remaining with him three years. He then entered Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, graduating in 1855. He first located at Fairfield, but the following year moved to Alpha where he practiced for a number of years. He was married in 1860 to Sarah J. Harbine.

Oscar M. Marquart was born in Clark county, Ohio, June 5, 1858. He graduated from Miami Medical College of Cincinnati, in 1884, and immediately located at. Enon, Clark county, for practice. The following year he removed to Osborn, Greene county.

R. S. Finley was born in Winchester, Adams county, Ohio, in 1827, and came with his parents to Xenia when a small boy. He graduated from a Cincinnati Medical School in 1850 and immediately began the practice of his chosen profession in Xenia. He was first called an eclectic physician, but later in life became a homeopath. He died in Xenia in 1906.

Edwin I. Thorn, a son of Isaac Thorn, also a practicing physician of the county, was born at Yellow Springs, October 31, 1847. Dr. Isaac Thorn died of cholera at Springfield in 1849. Dr. Edwin I. Thorn was reared in Springfield, but before reaching his majority began the study of medicine with his uncle, Dr. Elihu Thorn, at Yellow Springs. He then attended for a time the medical department of the University of Michigan, completing his medical education with a year of study in Ohio Medical College at Cincinnati, graduating from the latter institution in 1868. He at once located in Yellow Springs and practiced with his uncle, Dr. Isaac Thorn, until the latter's death on October 2, 1876. Following the death of his uncle, Dr. Edwin I. Thorn continued the practice of his profession in Yellow Springs.

Frank M. Kent was born in Bellbrook, Greene county, Ohio, on August 31, 1864. He began teaching at the age of nineteen and later took up the study of medicine by reading in the office of Dr. W. H. Finley, then of

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Spring Valley, now of Xenia. He entered Ohio Medical College in 1887 and was graduated two years later. His first location was at Lowell, Ohio, but in 1896 he removed to Spring Valley where he practiced until 1905, when he located at Bellevue, Ohio. He was married on June 3, 1891, to Martha Graham.

Clark Madison Galloway was born in Greene county on April 20, 1843, and became recognized as one of the most scholarly men the county has ever produced. After taking an active part in the Civil War as a member of two different regiments, and seeing some of the hardest fighting of the war, he was mustered out at its close, being then only twenty-two years of age. He at once became a student in Xenia College and after completing its course entered Miami University, graduating therefrom in 1871. He was espetcially attracted to the classics, and as a result of his university work he was well qualified to assume the duties of professor of Greek, Latin and mathematics in Xenia College upon his graduation in 1871. He remained with the local college four years, teaching in the summer normal school connected with the college. Meanwhile, he had decided to study medicine, and with this end in view he entered the Medical College of Ohio and completed its full course in the spring of 1877. He at once located in Xenia where he practiced alone until his brother, William A., began practice in 1890. The two brothers then practiced together until the death of the elder brother on November 2I, 1914. Dr. C. M. Galloway was active in everything which pertained to the general welfare. Broadminded, sympathetic, and with a comprehensive grasp of men and affairs, he stood as a leader among men. There was no worthy enterprise which did not find in him an enthusiastic supporter. He was coroner of Greene county for eight years member of the board of education of Xenia for twelve years ; physician and surgeon to the Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Orphans Home for three years (18881891) ; for several years secretary of the Xenia board of United States pentsion examiners ; assistant surgeon of the old Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad for years; member of the city council of Xenia for two years, and a member of the city board of health for the same length of time. He was an active worker in the local post of the Grand Army of the Republic, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Presbyterian church, the Masonic fraternity, and in various medical societies.

William P. Madden was born in County Galway, Ireland, March 14, 1842, and came to this country in his youth, serving four years in the Civil War. He graduated from the Eclectic Institute, of Cincinnati, in 1875. He first located at Cedarville, Ohio, and later removed to Xenia where he practiced until his death on May 30, 1908.

The late Dr. Raymond Wesley Smith received his secondary education